The invention relates to an apparatus for the electrolysis of water which operates under pressure and can be started up without injecting nitrogen. A set of valves arranged in the electrolyte circulation circuit upstream and downstream of the stack of electrolytic cells isolates the stack from the remainder of the apparatus when the apparatus has finished operations, with the result that a specific pressure is maintained within the cells until the apparatus is next started up.


AbstractEarthquake-induced damage to the built infrastructure can generate enormous societal impact, ranging from displacement of individual families and businesses to disruption of entire economic...


EXPERIMENTS carried out on cytologically marked normal F1 recipients implanted with a thymus from a newborn donor of the parental type have shown that cellular traffic from the host to the thymus graft can take place1. Using neonatally thymectomized2–4 or thymectomized and irradiated5 recipients it has been possible to show that cells can also migrate from a thymus graft to the peripheral lymphoid tissue and that these may respond mitotically to immunological challenge6,7. In the situations in which thymic repopulation has been investigated in detail, it has always been possible for cells of thymic origin to react against some of the antigens of the F1 host. It is possible that this antigenic difference between the host and thymus graft might affect the repopulation process. In order to investigate this problem CBA/H recipients and cytologically marked CBA/H-T6T6 thymus graft donors have been used. There is no difference between these strains at the histocompatibility loci3. The cytological constitution of (a) the thymus graft at various times after grafting, (b) the spleen 30 days after thymus grafting and (c) the spleen following injection of antigen at 30 days has been determined.


To identify changes in vascular morphology on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with cirrhosis and to compare these findings to liver donors.


INTRODUCTION Patients with permanent airway obstruction often require tracheotomy. Usually, a tracheotomy cannula (TC) is necessary to keep open the soft tissues of the neck and the tracheal fenestration. In nonhospitalized patients, a rigid TC (metallic or plastic) with an outer and an inner cannula is frequently used. In case of an obstruction, the inner cannula can be easily removed and cleaned either by the patient or his or her family. The TC is usually chosen according to its shape, diameter, and length. Although a large range of choices of TC is commercially available, patients with a complex anatomical structure may need a custom-made TC. The length and diameter of the TC are usually easily measured, but its shape may be difficult to determine. We used virtual bronchoscopy (VB) for improving the form of a TC in two patients who needed a custom-made TC because of an abnormal airway anatomy. One patient (whose case is described in "Case Report") was a 23-yearold man with Hunter syndrome. The other patient was a 17-year-old boy with muscular dystrophy, which was causing severe scoliosis. In this patient, the shape of the laryngotracheal complex was completely distorted and it was not possible to insert any commercially available TC. Virtual bronchoscopy was used in both cases in which the unusually complex anatomy prevented an adequate decision on the desired shape, length, and diameter of the custom-made TC. The method in which VB was used for constructing a custom-made TC is described at length. CASE REPORT A 23-year-old man with Hunter syndrome arrived in the emergency room with airway obstruction. He presented for the first time in our department with upper airway obstruction when he was 7 years old. At that time, laryngoscopy showed severe supraglottic and subglottic obstruction and a tracheotomy was performed. Since then, progressive tracheal stenosis and malacia resulting from mucopolysaccharide deposits had developed. Because the obstruction was developing cephalocaudally, several changes of the cannula were required to lengthen it. In addition, the patient also had dwarfism, severe aortic and mitral stenosis with cardiac insufficiency, and a mixed type of hearing loss. However, his mental status was normal, and he was evidently leading quite a normal life. A fiberoptic examination performed through the TC in the emergency room revealed a 3-cm-long stenosis below the tip of the TC, reaching the carina. Other, less significant stenoses were seen inside the right and left sides of the main bronchus. The TC was removed, and a No. 7 (9.6-mm-diameter) endotracheal tube (Portex, SIMS Portex Limited, Hythe, Kent, UK) was inserted as far as the carina. The length of the endotracheal tube from the stoma to the carina was 12.5 cm. Because a ready-made, rigid TC of this length and diameter was unavailable, we were obliged to order a custom-made TC. A three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) scan with VB was then performed with the endotracheal tube in place, and a three-dimensional model of the desired TC was obtained (Fig. 1A–C). Its length, diameter, and shape were sent to Pilling's Company (Fort Washington, PA), where the custom-made TC was prepared (Fig. 2). The custom-made TC was then inserted into the patient's stoma. A fiberoptic examination confirmed its location. The patient died 4 years later, of cardiac insufficiency, but no further episodes of airway obstruction occurred during these 4 years.


The invention provides a drug storage information managing system for pharmacy, comprising a basic information managing module, an in-storage managing module, an out-storage managing module, an inventory managing module, a statistic information managing module and a system managing module, wherein the basic information managing module is used for maintaining and managing the staff information, maintaining and managing the information of pharmaceutical suppliers, and maintaining and managing the patient information; the in-storage managing module is used for managing in-storage operation, storage location, in-storage query and in-storage drug-return; the out-storage managing module is used for managing manual out-storage operation, out-storage query and out-storage drug-return; the inventory managing module is used for managing inventory query, inventory alarm and inventory transfer function; the statistic information managing module is used for managing the statistic of the staff information, the statistic of the information of suppliers, the statistic of the in-storage drug, the statistic and analysis of the in-storage drug, the statistic of the out-storage drug, and the statistic and analysis of the out-storage; and the system managing module is used for managing the system users, the user passwords, the data backup, the data restoration and the authority. After adopting the drug storage information managing system for the pharmacy, the pharmacy management is automated and normalized and becomes scientific, and the whole efficiency of the system is improved.


The Unified State Register of Soil Resources (EGRPR) illustrates a modem soil cover model of Russia. The geographical part of the model is denoted by soil polygons, boundaries of administrative regions (subjects) of the Russian Federation (RF), boundaries of soil-ecological regions and points showing a location of representative soil profiles. The attributive part comprises a relational structure made of morphological-analytical description of soils included in the EGRPR and derived from morphologicalgenetic and analytical data of representative soil profiles, characteristics of the soil resources of subjects of the RF and description of soil-ecological regions.


Ruth Millikan's biological view of language and thought depicts language devices as being like biological devices in two related respects: they are members of reproductively established families (henceforth, 'REFs'), and in virtue of being so, they have proper functions. That is, they are produced by being (in some way) copied from previous similar individual devices, and this copying has continued up through the present token because (among other things) previous tokens performed, at least often enough, a particular useful role or roles.1 But a given heart is not produced by being copied, directly, from a previous heart. Instead my heart is produced by a certain segment of my genome, which in its turn was copied from a segment or segments of previous genomes. It is (so Millikan says) these successive genetic segments which in the basic sense belong to a REF and which might be said to be characterized, by virtue of that membership, by a proper function of producing hearts. The hearts themselves could then be said to make up a REF in a derivative sense they compose, that is, a secondorder REF and could be assigned the traditional proper function of pumping blood. But it is just here that Paul Davies charges that Millikan's account of proper functions is open to a fatal objection, one which brings down the entire account of language and thought as well.2 To attribute a proper function to my heart, Davies points out, Millikan must assume that there is a particular segment of my genome which is especially responsible for the development, in me, of this heart, and must assume that this segment belongs in a first-order REE Even if one grants that there is such a segment, Davies argues a claim which it requires some delicacy to defend, he maintains it is simply not credible that that segment belongs in a first order REF For my genes are copied from the genes of two parents, not just one. Hence it is reasonable to suppose that the segment of my genome that is responsible for my having my particular heart is copied, in half its extent,


External forms of marine structures directly influence their performance. Therefore, it is important that their shapes are optimized in the design process. Modern design optimization techniques often require fast evaluation of large number of design alternatives, and morphing techniques have the ability to generate a large number of designs on demand. Morphing is a geometric interpolation technique that changes one object into another and is capable of creating an infinite number of intermediate forms from parent models. This paper discusses the application of a morphing technique for rapid generation of marine structures. In addition, the paper presents several supporting techniques for addressing some of the problems associated with morphing. It has been found that the morphing technique is a useful additional tool for product design optimization.


The global financial crisis and strengthening of market position of Russia in development and making of anti-crisis decisions cause relevance of the effective organization of production processes in a local level of the national economy, namely of a chemical industry enterprises. External factors influencing the development of the industry are caused by global changes happening in a chemical industry of Russia in recent years: joining the World Trade Organization and transition to international standards, activation of processes of globalization of the organizational and economic relations in chemical and petrochemical industries. Internal factors of development of chemical industry entities are restrained by technological backwardness and high depreciation of fixed assets, low level of innovation and investment activity, limiting the level of capacity utilization of the most important types of petrochemical products. To maintain the competitiveness of the chemical industry It is necessary to develop reasonable directions of further development of the industry on the basis of an analysis of recent trends in its economic development, the state of the resource and power supply sources, environmental conditions and other important factors. Thus, this research is directed to provide the significant potential which is concentrated in the chemical industry with release of a wide range of end products most of different purposes in order to form key strategic parameters of its activities.


Calls for moving from a deterministic to a probabilistic view of weather forecasting have become increasingly urgent over recent decades, yet the primary national forecasting competition and many in-class forecasting games are wholly deterministic in nature. To counter these conflicting trends, a long-running forecasting game at Rutgers University has recently been modified to become probabilistic in nature. Students forecast high- and low-temperature intervals and probabilities of precipitation for two locations: one fixed at the Rutgers cooperative observing station, the other chosen for each forecast window to maximize difficulty. Precipitation errors are tabulated with a Brier score, while temperature errors contain a sharpness component dependent on the width of the forecast interval and an interval miss component dependent on the degree to which the verification falls within the interval. The inclusion of a probabilistic forecasting game allows for the creation of a substantial database of forecasts...


This paper takes a network perspective t oinvestigate how rural households in developing countries form the links through which they provide and get economic support. I test the hypothesis that indirect contacts (e.g. friends of friends) matter for link formation. An estimation procedure of a network formation model a la Jackson and Wolinsky (1996) is proposed and applied to data on a single village in Tanzania. Results show that when agents evaluate the net advantage of forming a link they also consider the wealth and the position of indirect contacts. The network externalities from indirect contacts are negative, which suggests a mechanism of competition over scarce resources. This paper proposes the first structural estimation of an endogenous network formation model, and also contributes to the development literature by overcoming the dyadic regression approach and providing evidence that village-level network structure has an explanatory value disregarded by all previous studies.


We introduce and analyze a method for learning based on minimizing the empirical risk over a carefully selected "skeleton" of a class of regression functions (concepts). The skeleton is a covering of the class based on a datadependent metric, especially fitted for classification. The method is shown to outperform empirical risk minimization and other non-datadependent skeleton-based estimates.


3,4,5,6,16,17-Hexadehydro-16-(methoxycarbolyl)-19(alpha) - methyl-20(alpha) -oxyohimbanium (alstonine) is a fluorescent alcaloid which is known to stain tumor cells more efficiently than normal. The interactions between alstonine and biological macromolecules were first investigated to provide the rationale for preferential labelling. Molecular filtration and spectrosfluorometric techniques with different macromolecules and isopolynucleotides have demonstrated that binding occurs only in the presence of uridyl rings. For the binding affect only the fluorescence intensity of alstonine it can be assumed that it involves only the side chain of the fluorescent compound. The capability for preferential staining was verified in culture using SK-OV-3 cells and rat hepatocarcinoma cells as tumor cells and Mouse fibroblasts or rat liver cells as controls. Techniques of image analysis have demonstrated the efficiency of cellular labelling even in aggregates of rat hepatocarcinoma. These experiments lead the way to the detection of tiny tumors developed on thin visceral walls, using a fiber optic device.


ABSTRACT In so far as the nuclear-weapons possessors do not accept the Ban Treaty, practically it will not reduce nuclear weapons nor abolish them as a matter of law. However, if the treaty is accepted by an overwhelming majority of states, it will significantly strengthen the norm against the nuclear weapons. A norm binds everybody irrespective of legal acceptance of a treaty. Thus, it exposes any violator to the risk of international punishment. The Ban Treaty will help bring the movement towards nuclear abolition forward and reduce incentives to own nuclear weapons. The international humanitarian law that was the main basis for the Ban Treaty needs to be upheld firmly. The set of norms under international humanitarian law will serve to limit the justifiable cases where nuclear weapons can ever be used. The Non-Proliferation Treaty and the efforts to prevent nuclear proliferation must be sustained even after the Ban Treaty comes into force.


From the study of numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities, there is convincing evidence and accumulating information of a direct karyotype to phenotype correlation. Knowledge of phenotypic consequences of a specific chromosomal imbalance is important for genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis. However, for unbalanced non‐Robertsonian translocations a precise karyotype to phenotype correlation is difficult to predict for several reasons: (I) unbalanced non‐Robertsonian translocations are rare, (II) the published case reports are often not age‐matched, (III) varying breakpoints result in different lengths of the monosomic and trisomic segments and therefore the phenotype will depend on additional genes present or the loss of coding regions, and (IV) the combination of the same trisomy with different monosomies, or vice versa, can result in diverging phenotypes. Therefore, the study of the karyotype to phenotype correlation in affected relatives of the same age and the identical unbalanced translocation provides a good model to investigate phenotypic consequences of a specific genetic imbalance. We report of two second trimester fetuses with the identical major partial trisomy 9 (9pter‐9q22.2) and minor partial trisomy 7 (q35‐qter) resulting from a familial translocation (7;9)(q35;q22.2)mat. One fetus presented with a Dandy–Walker malformation, polymicrogyria, and mild dysmorphic features, whereas the other fetus showed unilateral cleft lip and palate without cerebral anomalies. Potential mechanisms for this different phenotypic expression of the same unbalanced translocation resulting in partial trisomy 9 and 7 in the two cousins and possible consequences for genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis are discussed. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Abstract : A patient was bacteriologically monitored during a 12-day period of confinement within a patient isolator. The combined effects of isolation and antimicrobial skin cleansing agents upon the normal cutaneous microflora were examined. Data derived from daily microbiological examination of selected cutaneous and body orifice microflora revealed the following: Use of a soap containing 2% hexachlorophene affected only a temporary reduction in the skin microflora; maximum reduction was obtained with a 3% hexachlorophene lotion. Repopulation of bacteriologically denuded skin surfaces was due primarily to recolonization by organisms of enteric origin; no repopulation by organisms of respiratory origin was detected. The indirect transmigration of enteric microorganisms to nonperineal surfaces was demonstrated. At no time was there bacteriological evidence of a failure in the microbial barrier of the isolator.


In the construction of commercially available and newly developed tractors and agricultural machines there are widely used sline joint for transmitting power from the power unit to the propeller, working bodies and other components of the machine. The nature of the damage of sline joints is considered. Special attention is paid to the runout of the working surfaces of the sline joint, on the basis of which an effective method of Electromechanical hardening (EMH) of working surfaces of the splined bushing is offered. Tool for implementing the proposed method is designed and manufactured. Laboratory studies of the influence of the electric current to changes in microstructure and microhardness of hardened surfaces of splined bushings are carried out. Joint power and high-temperature effects on steel with EMH gives the surface a unique properties: structureless martensite has simultaneously high hardness and toughness, which can significantly improve the durability of the spline mates, working in conditions of abrasive runout and high contact loads.


In article the essence of concept is opened «innovative potential» research activity, the basic approaches to formation on activity of students and post-graduate students (competence, activity, system-sinergetichesky, culturological, informationtechnological), directions of its optimization are presented.


This paper describes a world-wide web based system which allows a speech data corpus developer to interact with a system for the comprehensive description of a spoken language data corpus. The interface at the browser allows the user to define the speaking environment that is to be described and then progressively to describe it and all the data files arising from it in a modular fashion. The quality of the description can be tested incrementally and the feedback generated used to further update the description. The user is effectively guided through the necessary modules in a way that reminds but does not demand adherence to a strict pattern. The complete data description can be displayed on screen and also downloaded in a simple text form to the user. Users may register as clients of the system in which case they can store descriptions on the system and upgrade these descriptions at any time.


Exact analytical steady-state solution of the time-dependence Schrodinger equations at resonance in hf electric field of finite amplitude is found as well as expression for hf active conductivity. It is shown that if the energy levels in each quantum well which form the common resonance level of the whole structure have the different parity, the common resonance level width and integral hf structure conductance can rise many times and quantum efficiency of radiative transitions between dimensionally quantized levels can be up to 80 %. Respectively, the electron life time in structure fall many times, so the conditions for electron to leave the structure without electron-phonon collision can be simply realized, and one has the real way for realization of ballistic electron transport quantum-cascade laser


We have examined overexpression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) to determine if it modifies the anti-proliferative effect of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β against MCF-10A human mammary epithelial cells. Exogenous TGF-β inhibited cell proliferation and induced Smad-dependent transcriptional reporter activity in both MCF-10A/HER2 and MCF-10A/vector control cells. Ligand-induced reporter activity was 7-fold higher in HER2-overexpressing cells. In wound closure and transwell assays, TGF-β induced motility of HER2-transduced, but not control cells. The HER2-blocking antibody trastuzumab (Herceptin) prevented TGF-β-induced cell motility. Expression of a constitutively active TGF-β type I receptor (ALK5T204D) induced motility of MCF-10A/HER2 but not MCF-10A/vector cells. TGF-β-induced motility was blocked by coincubation with either the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor U0126, the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB202190, and an integrin β1 blocking antibody. Rac1 activity was higher in HER2-overexpressing cells, where both Rac1 and Pak1 proteins were constitutively associated with HER2. Both exogenous TGF-β and transduction with constitutively active ALK5 enhanced this association. TGF-β induced actin stress fibers as well as lamellipodia within the leading edge of wounds. Herceptin blocked basal and TGF-β-stimulated Rac1 activity but did not repress TGF-β-stimulated transcriptional reporter activity. These data suggest that 1) overexpression of HER2 in nontumorigenic mammary epithelial is permissive for the ability of TGF-β to induce cell motility and Rac1 activity, and 2) HER2 and TGF-β signaling cooperate in the induction of cellular events associated with tumor progression.


Spontaneous non-traumatic brain hemorrhage has been investigated for clinical manifestations, possible etiologic factors, and different epidemiological indices in stroke patients hospitalized in Shafa Medical Center, Kerman from March 1998 to March 1999. In this cross-sectional prospective study, data analyses is performed using X2 and t-test. The prevalence of spontaneous brain hemorrhage is observed 15.5/100,000 in the general population and 123/100,000 in the high-risk population (above 50) respectively, in Kerman city. Approximately 85% of patients above 50 years of age had a previous history of primary hypertension, which was assumed to be the main precipitating factor. CT scan data revealed that the ganglionic region is involved in 53% of cases, and subarachnoid or ventricular hemorrhages are seen in 61% of cases.


There have always been differences and misunderstandings on the moral values of Machiavelli in history.Although Machiavelli's theory has flaws,it is a kind of prejudice to regard it to be "Machiavellism" which was accused of being corrupt morals,advocating evil.This paper tries to clarify such prejudices and misunderstandings,and to re-recognize the originally significant realistic moral values of Machiavelli by studying the background of the times and his experience and works.


There are 42 mine wells in four major mine areas,Jixi,Hegang,Shuangyashan and Qitaihe,in Heilongjiang province,China,70%of which are high gas mine wells.Eight wells have been abandoned so far,and another five wells will be sequentially abandoned by the year 2005.With the wells abandoned,large amount of gas remaining in the coal seams and tunnels keep leaking to the outside,severely influencing the local environment and polluting the atmosphere.In this paper,the analysis on the conditions of gas draiuage and abandoned wells in each mine area shows the bright market prospects for gas drainage and utilization in mine wells in Heilongjiang province.


Heating and pressing simulation experiments of typical source rocks(type I-II_1,II_2 and III) of Zhu 1 depression are performed in the closed vacuum system.Peak stages of oil and gas generation and their generating ratios in different thermal evolvement stages have been studied.Also discussing modes of hydrocarbon generation and expellation,oil and gas affinity,hydrocarbon generation potential and TOC recovery coefficients of different source rocks in the different stages.The results of this paper provide the experimental basis and basic data to theidentification of the effective source rocks and evaluation of forming condition of oil reservoir in the prospective basin.


ABSTRACT Capsule: Large numbers of Herring Gulls Larus argentatus and Lesser Black-backed Gulls Larus fuscus from a traditional colony in the Netherlands visit an urban area for food in the chick rearing period, causing nuisance while doing so. Aims: To assess the potential contribution of large gulls breeding in a traditional colony to gull–human conflicts in cities. Methods: Colour-ringed gulls from a nearby colony were counted in the study area throughout the 2014 breeding season. The average numbers observed daily per species and sex were compared between different breeding phases. Results: Fluctuations in numbers of both species could be explained by breeding phase. Numbers of females of both species and male Lesser Black-backed Gulls dropped significantly during laying and incubation. Numbers peaked post-hatching, coinciding with increased engagement in nuisance events and more frequent displacements within the study area. Conclusion: Large gulls from a traditional colony frequently visited the urban study area, especially when food demand for chick provisioning was high, suggesting that city visits are motivated by accessibility of urban food. The proportion of rooftop breeding gulls in this area is low. Therefore, measures to avoid nuisance should focus on reducing food availability rather than controlling gull breeding.


The present study extends our previous work that concerned the effective permittivities and absorptivities of particulate composites consisting of graphite-type microsphere inclusions in a dielectric matrix, and their suitability as radar-absorbing materials. Whereas in that work spheres of one size (radius a=50 μm) had been considered only, we here study the dependence of the results on the sphere radius of up to one or several millimeters, and find sizable effects on permittivities for a⩾1 mm, and below that for the absorptivities, indicating the increasing importance of multiple scattering effects. While the multiple-scattering formulas utilized here are based on a low-frequency approximation, we devise a modification of these formulas in order to extend their validity to higher frequencies (or larger particle sizes).


Achieving nonblockingness in supervisory control imposes a major challenge when the number of states of a target system is large, often owing to synchronous product of many relatively small local components. To overcome this difficulty, in this paper we first present a distributed supervisory control problem, then provide an aggregative synthesis approach that computes nonblocking distributed supervisors. The key to the success of this approach is a newly developed automaton abstraction technique, that removes irrelevant internal transitions at each synthesis stage so that nonblocking supervisor synthesis can be carried out on relatively small abstracted models.


Correspondence Robyn Carston, Department of Linguistics, University College London, Chandler House, 2 Wakefield Street, London WC1N 1PF, UK. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Polysemy, understood as instances of a single linguistic expression having multiple related senses, is not a homogenous phenomenon. There are regular (apparently, rule-based) cases and irregular (resemblancebased) cases, which have different processing profiles. Although a primary source of polysemy is pragmatic inference, at least some cases become conventionalised and linguistically encoded. Three main issues are discussed: (a) the key differences between regular and irregular cases and the role, if any, of a "core meaning"; (b) the distinction between pragmatic polysemy and semantic polysemy; and (c) the role of syntactic meaning in both generating and constraining polysemy.


With the ever increasing heat flux from next-generation chips forced convection cooling is beginning to reach its limits within current standard heat sink capabilities. Methods of extending the air cooling capabilities prior to a transition to liquid or refrigerant-based cooling which is seen as costly and complex, have become more critical. This paper investigates the enhanced heat transfer by the addition of active components upstream of a longitudinally finned heat sink. This paper addresses piezoelectric fans for natural and forced convection environments. Experimental measurements are taken for a low powered DC fan operating at a frequency of 114Hz. For the forced convection experiments a fully ducted flow was used. The main thrust of the paper is to determine the effects of piezoelectrics in augmenting forced convection systems at hot component locations. The effects on pressure drop, thermal resistance and pumping power with the addition of the technology are presented. The paper concludes by reporting on the performance enhancement and limitations of the piezoelectric fans compared to the conventional longitudinally finned heat sink geometry.Copyright © 2010 by ASME


A knowledge based production line development management system framework for planning car body production line was presented through a careful analysis of planning features alone all the main stages. Product model, manufacturing resource model and process knowledge model based on product data management (PDM) theory were established respectively. The three models carried out the process information management of the product, manufacturing resource and process knowledge. Composed of the three models, a process relation model with an operation core was established to represent the production factors and their relations synthetically. Application of the process relation model shows that the planning framework fulfills the requirements of process information management and the reuse of process planning knowledge for car body production line planning, which definitely helps to improve the innovativity of domestic car manufacturers.


The content of hydrogen is a key quantity in condition assessment and fault diagnosis of power transformer. Based on the density functional theory DFT, the adsorption mechanism of Cu-doped SnO2 surface toward H2 has been systematically studied in this work. Firstly, the relaxation, the bond length, and overlap population of both the pure and Cu-doped SnO2 are computed. To determine the optimal doping position, the formation energies of four potential sites i.e., Sn5c, Sn6c, Sn5c-s, and Sn6c-s are then compared with each other. The adsorption energy and the electronic structure of SnO2 surface are analysed and discussed in detail. Furthermore, to estimate the partial atomic charges and the electrical conductance, the Mulliken population analysis is also performed. It has been found that the bridge oxygen is the most favourable position. The partial density of states of H2 after adsorption is broadened and shifted close to the Fermi level. A large amount of charges would be transferred and then released back into its conduction band, leading to the reduction of resistance and the enhancement of sensitivity toward H2. The results of this work provide references for SnO2-based sensor design.


Highlights:

Most urinary tract infections are caused by Gram-negative bacteria with E. coli being the most common bacteria.
Antibiotics with the highest susceptibility for Gram-negative bacteria were ertapenem, meropenem, amikacin, and imipenem.
Antibiotics with the highest susceptibility for Gram-positive bacteria mainly were susceptible to chloramphenicol,streptomycin, vancomycin, rifampin, tigecycline,  teicoplanin, and ampicillin.

Abstract:
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections. Inappropriate antibiotic use for UTI treatment may lead to antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to provide an updated bacterial and antibiogram profile from urine specimens of patients diagnosed with UTI. This study was a retrospective study using urine culture and antibiotic susceptibility test results obtained from Clinical Microbiology Laboratory in a tertiary general hospital in Surabaya, Indonesia for a two-month period patients. Most aged more than and/or equal to 59 years, in both sexes. Gram-negative bacteria, particularly , was being the most between June to July 2019. There were 215 patients with significant urine culture results of 54.4% from Escherichia coli female bacteria were carbapenem antibiotics and amikacin, while teicoplanin and vancomycin were some antibiotics susceptible to gramcommon bacteria that caused UTI, followed by K. pneumoniae. Some antibiotics with the highest susceptibility to gram-negative positive bacteria. This study result indicated that there was an urge to conduct local antibiogram profile investigation due to the low susceptibilities shown in recent empirical therapy recommendations, such as trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, fluoroquinolone, nitrofurantoin, and fosfomycin.


When Dean Feller did me the honour of inviting me to give the Lionel Cohen lecture for 1973 one of the subjects I submitted, and the one accepted by him, was "Reforming the Law of Evidence—The English Experience". For me those were the halcyon days before the publication of the 11th Report of the Criminal Law Revision Committee; the law of evidence in civil cases had been modernised by the Civil Evidence Acts of 1968 and 1972, and I pictured the draft Criminal Evidence Bill annexed to the 11th Report going merrily through Parliament, if not without some protest and amendment, at least with celerity and the certitude of becoming law. Alas, this was not to be. To describe the reception of the Report as "unenthusiastic" would be the understatement of the century; but, although I must confess to considerable pessimism concerning the questions when and to what extent the draft Bill will become law in England, I am pleased that it should continue to be the subject of my lecture, although the title of the latter had perforce to undergo some change in order to cater for the fact that the English experience of reforming the law of evidence is too incomplete to allow for profitable discussion.


Morris Fishbein was born in St. Louis in 1889 and moved, before he remembered anything, to Indianapolis, where he grew up, advancing along the socioeconomic scale as his father's business changed a...


Check out the BIG NEWS: some stupid flouncy British pop star
is getting married to some other stupid poncy British
celebrity. Again. And once again, the BBC have decided this is front
page news.


Monthly wage inequality in Germany continued to increase in the early 2000s, which is mainly explained by a rising part-time employment share. After 2010, inequality returned to the level of 2000. About half of the recent decrease is due to the introduction of the national minimum wage in 2015. While employment effects of the minimum wage are negligible, we find strong wage increases among the existing workforce. The minimum wage lowered wage inequality within eastern and western Germany but also led to a convergence of the east-west wage differential. The increased labor incomes were not offset by decreasing social benefits.


The purpose of this work is the study, the simulation, and the analysis of a solar flat plate collector combined with a compression heat pump. The system suggested must ensure the heating of a building without the recourse to an auxiliary energy source in complement of this heating system. A numerical model is developed to study the influence of the volume of storage tank and the area of the solar collectors on the performance of the system. The system is used to heat a building using heating floor. The building considered is located in Constantine-East of Algeria (Latitude 36.28°N, Longitude 6.62°E, Altitude 689m). For the calculation, the month of February was chosen, which is considered as the coldest month according to the weather data of Constantine.


This chapter covers one of the most intriguing statements found in the vast opus of R. Solomon Yitshaki (Rashi), in which he claims that the people of Israel in exile are sons of prophets. It tackles the distinction between the biblical terms 'prophets' and 'sons of prophets', including their implications or the rabbinic sources used by Rashi when referring to Jews as sons of prophets. It also highlights the centrality of custom as something that unifies all Jews in exile and also ensures their elevated spiritual status. The chapter describes the mode of behaviour and specific type of performance that is quintessential for maintaining the quasi-prophetic element in all Jews. It cites the claim that post-biblical Jews are potential sons of prophets, which implied continuity between the biblical and medieval times in both a ritual and spiritual sense.


As agriculture is a very important field in the Economy and social life, there exist many challenges to overcome. In this aspect, plant disease detection is one of the major issues to farmers for early detection. Many research methods had come up with the lowest turnaround time and to produce an accurate result for early identification of plant disease through proposing many algorithms and techniques. Even though there are many pitfalls found then and there, each of the techniques has given its unique results by choosing appropriate datasets and algorithms. In this paper, we studied and investigated existing techniques for the detection of early plant diseases.


Primary factors determining surface figure of optics, including the velocity and pressure distributions, have been analyzed and improving methods provided accordingly for the pad continuous polishing (CP). With a septum on the exterior of the workpiece pre-pressing the pad, the inevitable depression on the edge of the workpiece incurred by the elastic response of the pad has been relieved obviously. By introducing the driving wheel system, the rotation speed of the septum & workpiece can be regulated and adjusted to that of the lap/pad, which produces a uniform velocity distribution on the polishing surface. Diamond conditioners with ring & disk patterns are employed to planarize the annular polyurethane pad and hence uniformise the pressure distribution on the workpiece/pad interface. Polishing experiments (Fused silica flat, 320 mm in diameter x 30 mm thick) conducted on the typical CP machine have demonstrated advantages of these methods.


This chapter focuses on several important postcyberpunk works from the 1990s by Neal Stephenson, William Gibson, and Bruce Sterling. All these works celebrate transportation technologies such as skateboards and bicycles, technologies that challenge the car and its dominance over the road. Furthermore, an interest in transport machines helps these texts demonstrate some of the key features that scholars have identified as setting postcyberpunk apart from the classic cyberpunk of the 1980s, as well as some of the features they see as building continuity between the two.


Objective Describe the characteristics of elderly suicides who had serious medical illnesses at the time of death and compare those with and without a concurrent mental illness. Methods Psychiatrists conducted independent,psychological autopsy interviews with family members and associates of 304 suicides 55 years of age from 23 geographically representative disease surveillance points from around China. Among them,178 (58.6%) had a serious medical illness in the year prior to suicide. Results Among these 178 suicides the mean (sd) age was 70 (9) years; 41.6% were women; 79.2% were from rural villages; 58.4% had never attended school; 38.8% were widowed; 25.8% had made a prior suicide attempt; 10.7% had a family history of suicidal behavior in first-degree relatives; 43.3% ingested pesticides or rodenticides,32.6% hung themselves; 68.0% had a diagnosable mental illness at the time of the suicide,primarily major depressive disorder; and in 5.1% the suicidal behavior occurred in the presence of someone else. There were no statistically significant differences between those with and without a mental illness in terms of social,demographic and economic status,prior suicide attempt,family history of suicidal behavior,acute and chronic stress due to negative life events,and quality of life in the month prior to suicide (all Ps0.05). Conclusions The most frequent methods of suicide among elderly suicide with a serious physical illness are ingesting poisons and hanging; two-thirds of them had a mental disorder. Socioeconomic characteristics and negative life experiences of elder suicides in China with a physical illness,do not distinguish those with and without a mental illness.


The design optimization of complex energy conversion systems requires the consideration of typical operation conditions. Due to the complex optimization task, conventional optimization methods normally take into account only one operation point that is, in the majority of cases, the full load case. To guarantee good operation at partial loads additional operation conditions have to be taken into account during the optimization procedure. The optimization task described in this article considers altogether four different operation points of a cogeneration plant. Modelling requirements, such as the equations that describe the partial load behavior of single components, are described as well as the problems that occur, when nonlinear and nonconvex equations are used. For the solution of the resulting non-convex mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem, the solver LaGO is used, which requires that the optimization problem is formulated in GAMS. The results of the conventional optimization approach are compared to the results of the new method. It is shown, that without consideration of different operation points, a flexible operation of the plant may be impossible.Copyright © 2007 by ASME


This study aims to determine the financial performance of a company by using an analysis of cash flow statements for companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2016-2020 period. This research uses qualitative and quantitative descriptive research types that aim to describe the conditions that occur in order to see, reveal, and accurately describe the things that are being faced and draw conclusions. The data analysis technique used is the ratio analysis of cash flow statements. The results of the research from calculating cash flow reports and analyzing cash flow statements show that the effectiveness of PT Berlina Tbk's cash flow performance over a period of 5 years (2016-2020) is less effective. Judging from the calculation of cash flow statements, there are more ratios below number 1 which illustrates that the company unable to fulfill its obligations and commitments. This is because during 2014-2016 PT Berlina Tbk has not presented a cash flow report and conducted an analysis of cash flow reports so that the cash flow performance cannot be known earlier for improvement efforts to be made, especially in increasing the company's cash flow.


Symposium program titled "The Once and Future River: Imagining the Mississippi in an Era of Climate Change" which took place at Northrop on April 8-10, 2015. Program includes program information about the 2015 Sawyer Seminar "Making the Mississippi: Formulating New Water Narratives for the 21st Century and Beyond" and participants, as well as the schedule of presentations at the symposium, and brief biographies of the participants.


Video traffic demand over mobile networks have been difficult task, the quality of service get reduced when there is a gap between the traffic demand and link capacity. The quality of video streaming gets poor when there occurs the long buffering and intermittent disruptions. In the cloud computing technology, we propose a new mobile video streaming framework consist of AMES cloud, which is dubbed with: adaptive mobile video streaming and efficient social video sharing these construct a private agent to provide video streaming efficiently for each mobile user. AMO uses the scalable video coding technique to adjust the streaming. SOV monitors the social network interactions among mobile users and as to pre fetch video in advance. The website will have a user-friendly interface, allowing users to easily navigate and access the content of the website. The website will also provide features such as creating playlists, sharing content with friends, and rating videos. Additionally, the website will provide a way for users to upload and publish their own videos. The website will also include a search engine to help users find content quickly and easily.


Based on the structure, transmission function and model of tractor electric-hydraulic hitch system, it uses the PID control strategy to electric-hydraulic hitch system and simulates the system with MATLAB. The simulation result shows that the PID control is stable, the model has high precision and rapid response ability.


The characteristics of single-element and multielement prism deflectors were calculated for different electrode-structure parameters. Prism deflectors were prepared and investigated. An optical three-channel switch was made, based on a single-element deflector, which had a switching voltage per channel of ~ 2.5 V and a crosstalk rejection factor of ~ 10 dB.


A new ac to ac frequency converter which uses two six-pulse fully controlled bridge rectifiers and converts three-phase power frequency to a single-phase higher frequency is introduced in this paper. The power elements in the bridge rectifiers may be power transistors or thyristors provided with external means of commutation. The basic operation of the system with variable frequency and variable voltage is described for a resistive load. Analytical expressions for the frequency converter with a resistive load are presented and the results are compared with the existing three-pulse frequency converter. The operation of the system with a series RLC load is described and experimental results are presented from which pertinent characteristics of the frequency converter are discussed. Compared with the existing three-pulse frequency converter, the six-pulse frequency converter provides the advantages of improved input power factor and hence reduced input filter size and a wider range of power control without an increase in the KVA per unit output power rating of the power devices.


This paper describes the pedagogical design of a non-credit online course for professionals in the field of healthcare. It is shown and discussed that participants establish a "virtual community of practitioners". The online learning environment and personal tutorial support facilitate the communicative and collaborative process of learning towards community building. Many authors in the field of e-learning or "distributed learning" (cf. Lea & Nicoll, 2002) apply the "community of practice" concept from Lave & Wenger (1991) to describe learning communities in online courses. However, the authors question if structured distance learning courses with a fixed curriculum or syllabus provide the space for "legitimate peripheral participation", which is essential for a community of practice in the sense of Lave & Wenger.


Reforming higher education,and servicing economic and social development of Fujian,is inevitable choice to improve the economic competitiveness of Fujian,is objective requirements of implementing the strategy ProvinceI and building human resources province,is actual needs of independent innovation establishment of innovative province.Since reform and opening,Fujian higher education is rapidly devolping,but there are still problems,for example,lagging behind economic development,Widespread structural imbalance,quality of personnel training and service level of the building should be improved Hercynian,input mechanism and management mechanism is not perfect.Deepening the reform of higher education,Party committees and governments should attach great importance,emphasis on team-building universities,increase capital investment,optimize investment structure,to give greater autonomy to improve the innovation capability,to promote research integration,strengthen cooperation between Fujian and Taiwan schools,improve the depth and level of cooperative education.


In this paper, a finite element model has been developed to numerically calculate the temperature field and velocity field of fluid in laser material remelting process. The effects of fluid flow on the temperature field and the shape of laser pool are investigated carefully and presented graphically to display the subtle changes of temperature field. The numerical results show that (1) in general, there are two opposite vortices in the pool and one is greater than other due to the translation of workpiece; (2) the mainly driven force in the pool is the thermocapillary force compared with the nature convection; (3) the shapes of the molten pools, due to the convection of flow, become flat compared with that without the effect of fluid flow.


It is shown that laser driven hohlraums obtain significant internal pressures which affect the hydrodynamics of high-energy density shock-tube experiments. By incorporating this previously neglected hohlraum pressure effect (in addition to the usual x-ray drive) into computer simulations which model the NOVA laser driven supernova remnant experiment [R. P. Drake, S. G. Glendinning, K. Estabrook, B. A. Remington, R. McCray, R. J. Williams, L. J. Suter, T. B. Smith, J. J. Carroll III, R. A. London, and E. Liang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 2068 (1998)], calculations are able to reproduce the observed structure of hydrodynamic features.


Calcium is a major mineral nutrient that is a cation with two positive charges. When bound to anionic compounds like carbonate, it is water soluble. The most abundant mineral in the body is calcium, and greater than 99 percent of it is stored in bone tissue. Although only 1 percent of the calcium in the human body is found in the blood and soft tissues, it is here that it performs the most critical functions. Blood calcium levels are rigorously controlled so that if blood levels drop the body will rapidly respond by stimulating bone resorption, thereby releasing stored calcium into the blood. (This is discussed in further detail shortly.) Thus, bone tissue sacrifices its stored calcium to maintain blood calcium levels. This is why bone health is dependent on the intake of dietary calcium and also why blood levels of calcium do not always correspond to dietary intake. A fall in blood calcium is not due to diet but abnormal regulatory control of blood levels.


Modern high energy physics experiments require massively parallel special purpose computers (triggers) to reduce the extremely large primary data flow to manageable amounts. We present a prototype processing ASIC intended as the basic computational unit in a first-level calorimeter trigger for the ATLAS collider detector to be built at CERN, Switzerland. The proposed trigger is a compact highly parallel pipelined system with 4096 systolic processors partitioned into 256 weakly-interacting custom-designed ASICs. Local results from these ASICs are then merged by a second, less complex type of ASIC. Data is received at 800 Mbit/s by bipolar input circuits, while the processing is performed in CMOS at 320 MHz, using the true single phase clocking scheme (TSPC). This method promotes fast and compact implementations well suited for pipelined bit-serial applications. A 0.5 /spl mu/m BiCMOS process with 4 metal layers was chosen for the implementation.


Green accounting is a new and evolving concept of accounting consisting of eco marketing with well-defined standards for production consisting of wide-ranging eco-friendly products and processes, satisfying environmental friendly standards and norms. The article focuses on the significance of green branding, green processing and environmental standards which stresses on innovations in practices with a view to develop a sound and sustainable environment. The article examines how green consumerism can be linked to green-marketing and the extent that can influence the environment within and outside the business. The scope of involving green marketing and adopting green processes can be linked with ISO standards. Most highlighted part of the article focuses on the amalgamation of profitability of the organisation with the environmental concerns of the nation suggesting typical ways through which such mammoth task can be achieved fully. Finally, the article studies, at some length, the operational aspect of implementing environmental management system in production and processing of goods and services.


In this paper we obtained hybrid ZnO/3D graphene structures through hydrothermal growth of ZnO nanoparticles on 3D graphene substrate obtained by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) method in order to use them as electrode in solar cells. The influence of hydrothermal process parameters on structural and morphological properties of the obtained ZnO nanoparticles was studied. The temperature and the duration of the process had an important influence on the ZnO nanostructures obtaining.


Theophylline disposition (clearance, volume of distribution, and half-life) was measured in 31 normal volunteers and 26 acutely ill patients with airway obstruction within 24 hours of hospital admission and again when intravenous aminophylline was discontinued 2 to 10 days later. Sex, age, race, the diagnosis of asthma, and the diagnosis of chronic bronchitis were not significantly correlated with clearance. Clearance was significantly increased in smokers and significantly decreased in patients with congestive heart failure, pneumonia, and severe bronchial obstruction. The volume of distribution was not correlated with these variables. Within 24 hours of admission, the mean clearance in our patients without congestive heart failure or pneumonia was 44.5 ml per hour per kg of body weight, 40 per cent less than the value on which the widely used 0.9 mg per kg per hour dosage is based. The unexplained interindividual variability of clearance was significantly higher among patients than control subjects, but...


ABSTRACT The present study aimed to assess the influence of pruning on the starch yield and nutritional value of the aerial parts of industry- purpose cassava clones adapted to the Cerrado region of Central Brazil. Four elite clones were submitted to either total shoot pruning or no pruning at 12 months after planting, in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Plants were evaluated eighteen months after planting. Clone 330/09 presented the highest root yield with and without pruning, and also higher starch yield, green and dry mass yields, and crude protein yield of aerial parts without pruning. In plants that were pruned, clones 117/09 and 359/09 stood out, with higher yields of the crude protein content of the aerial part and a higher in vitro digestibility of the dry matter. These clones are therefore an option when using the aerial parts of cassava in animal feed. Total pruning at 12 months of age significantly increased the crude protein content and in vitro digestibility of the dry matter of the aerial parts, improving its nutritional value. Pruning did, however, reduce the starch yield of the roots and the total yields of the roots and aerial parts.


Analysis of long-term care for the elderly people can lose the status quo, field research in elderly care hospital in Henan Province, Zhengzhou Erqi apartments for the elderly and community health services involved in Luohe disabled elderly long-term care model in which community health services mode of long-term care, community health service station stationed pension agency model, social home care model, discuss community health services long-term care system in the role in urban disabled elderly; proposes should accelerate China's national conditions of long-term care service system construction, promote the combination of community health services long-term care service system, the establishment of the basic framework..


The present invention relates to a sigma-delta structure for a digital high-frequency transmitter, and more specifically relates to a sigma-delta structure for a digital high-frequency transmitter for outputting an input signal, received as input from a modem, as a ternary signal in a high-frequency band. Consequently, the present invention is advantageous in that it can stop switch power losses by outputting the ternary signal, and also in that it eliminates the phenomenon of increased out-of-band noise by combining a delay signal with the output signal.


Simulation is the limitation of a dynamic system using a computer model in order to evaluate and improve system performance. Tutus Medika Polyclinic as case study in this paper, currently serving two health services, namely public service and dental service. Tutus Medika Polyclinic has large number of patien ts resulted a queue where patients have to wait in a long period of time to obtain medical care, especially if there is a patient's health condition that is not possible to wait any longer. The problem that arises is how to determine how many doctors that possible to s~rve patients. This research aims to desien a simulation model of patient, that can assist manaeement in systems analysis and decision "1aking of current conditions system so it can improve the quality ·of service to patients. From the research desien of a simulation model usine Pro Model software. obtained the result that the proposed improvement to occur in the form of performance improvements increase the number of patients served by a chane:e of 63.88%. the time change in the system for the general doctor patients for 60.2% and the change in time within the system to the dentist at 38.9%.


Abstract: Collaborative processes oriented on large data sets are presented. Security requirements are defined. Metrics for collaborative processes, for working with large data sets and for minimization of the effects generated by vulnerabilities resulted from the use of distributed applications are proposed. Specific risk factors are identified for the interactions developed for collaborative processes. For each one of the identified risks, solutions are found for keeping an acceptable level of security. Architecture is proposed for optimization of collaborative processes security level. The behaviour of large data sets applications, in conjecture with the security framework, is analyzed for collaborative banking system flows. Keywords: collaborative, security, large data sets, metrics, optimization, modelling. 1. Collaborative processes A collaborative process means all the actions performed by several agents in a distributed environment, in order to achieve a common goal. The collaborative process is defined as a cybernetic system, containing inputs, processes and outputs. This representation of the collaborative process is shown in figure 1:


With the availability of very high resolution multispectral imagery from sensors such as IKONOS and Quickbird, it is possible to identify small-scale features in urban environment. Because of the multiscale feature and diverse composition of land cover types found within the urban environment, the production of accurate urban land cover maps from high resolution satellite imagery is a difficult task. In the present study, a multilevel object based classification method based on hierarchical segmentation and shape descriptors was proposed. Hierarchical segmentation was first performed by multichannel watershed segmentation and dynamics of the contours in watershed. Traditional watershed transformation defined for gray level image was extended to multispectral image segmentation by computing multispectral gradient image through a vector based approach, which uses extended dilation and erosion operations. The hierarchical multispectral image segmentation was then conducted by an improved method for dynamics of the contours. After segmentation, spectral features and shape features from different segmentation levels were calculated and combined in subsequent classification. The shape features used in the study were the Hu's invariant moments, the useful shape descriptors. A hierarchical object based classification method was proposed, which combined pixel based and object based classification methods. The vegetation classes and shadow area were extracted by pixel based classification and a post classification processing. Non-vegetation classes were classified through an object based classification, which combined the spectral and shape features at multiple scales. The proposed method was compared with several classification methods, using a subset of Quickbird image covering Beijing urban area. The results showed that the proposed method produced higher overall classification accuracy, compared to other classification methods. ∗ Corresponding author


Women are the backbone of any civilized society. Be it a role of friend, daughter, sister, wife, mother or a role of a working women, women have facilitated this male dominant society in every aspect. Women constitute approximately 50% of the World's population. But she does not have equal share at, nutrition, work place, property ownership and especially education. Though the law ensures equality in men and women in all aspects, yet still there are many women who remain uneducated due to orthodoxicity, security concerns, traditions and cultures etc. of many societies worldwide. Sustainable Development is that kind of development which aims at meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Hence if it is needed, we need to concentrate on women education which still remains an unattainable goal in India since independence. In the words of Shahi Tharoor (Times of India, 2013), "Even today after 65 years of Independence, the literacy rate of women is just at 65.5% compared to the more healthy 82.1% for men". So if we want India to develop and to sustain that development, women education need a serious concern. This paper is an attempt to throw lights on various aspects related to women education and its need for sustainable development so that the future remains bright.


The fast biased polynomial transform (FBPT) is defined directly over a ZN − 1 ring instead of the conventional cyclotomic polynomial rings. For N prime, these FBPTs can be used for the efficient evaluation of the 2D prime length DFT.


Aircraft loss of control (LOC) is a leading cause of fatal accidents across all transport airplane and operational classes, and can result from a wide spectrum of hazards, often occurring in combination. Technologies developed for LOC prevention and recovery must therefore be effective under a wide variety of conditions and uncertainties, including multiple hazards, and their validation must provide a means of assessing system effectiveness and coverage of these hazards. This requires the definition of a comprehensive set of LOC test scenarios based on accident and incident data as well as future risks. This paper defines a comprehensive set of accidents and incidents over a recent 15 year period, and presents preliminary analysis results to identify worst-case combinations of causal and contributing factors (i.e., accident precursors) and how they sequence in time. Such analyses can provide insight in developing effective solutions for LOC, and form the basis for developing test scenarios that can be used in evaluating them. Preliminary findings based on the results of this paper indicate that system failures or malfunctions, crew actions or inactions, vehicle impairment conditions, and vehicle upsets contributed the most to accidents and fatalities, followed by inclement weather or atmospheric disturbances and poor visibility. Follow-on research will include finalizing the analysis through a team consensus process, defining future risks, and developing a comprehensive set of test scenarios with correlation to the accidents, incidents, and future risks. Since enhanced engineering simulations are required for batch and piloted evaluations under realistic LOC precursor conditions, these test scenarios can also serve as a high-level requirement for defining the engineering simulation enhancements needed for generating them.


Benchmarking study on eighteen methods, including MP2, B2PLYP-D3, B2PLYP-D3BJ, ωB97xD, M05-D3, M06D3, M052X-D3, M06HF-D3, PBE0-D3, PBE0-D3BJ, B3LYP-D3, B3LYP-D3DJ, TPSS-D3, TPSS-D3BJ, BP86D3, BP86-D3BJ, BLYP-D3, BLYP-D3BJ and ten basis sets: cc-pVDZ, cc-pVTZ, aug-cc-pVDZ, cc-pVQZ, def2SVP, def2-TZVP, def2-TZVPP, def2-QZVP, 6-311++G** and 6-31G**, for each method, have been performed, calculating interaction energies in (1) unsaturated/unsaturated systems (2-butene dimers), (2) unsaturated/saturated system (between butane and 2-butene) and (3) saturated/saturated (butane dimers). The calculated interaction energies are compared with accurate CCSD(T)/CBS energies. The data shows that most levels of theory have the highest errors for systems with butane dimers, and calculated interaction energies in these systems are overestimated. The best levels, overall for all systems, are BLYP-D3BJ/def2-QZVP and BLYP-D3BJ/cc-pVQZ with similar root mean square deviation (RMSD) values of 0.056 kcal mol and 0.060 kcalmol compared to CCSD(T) values. The best level for (1) 2-butene dimers is B3LYP-D3BJ/aug-cc-pVDZ; for (2) interactions between 2-butene and butane is BLYP-D3BJ/def2-SVP; while for (3) butane dimers is BLYP-D3BJ/def2-QZVP. The difference in calculated energies among several method are not high, however, it is important that most of the DFT methods overestimate interactions in butane dimers.


During subaerial eruptions, volatiles are often considered the driving force of explosive volcanism. However, for subglacial eruptions, this role is complicated by the effects of changing pressure on volatile solubility, and the additional possibility of magma-water interaction. We are using the 1918 Katla (K1918) eruption to investigate the relative roles of these processes. K1918 was the last confirmed eruption of Katla, which is located in South Iceland. It was a VEI 4 basaltic eruption that took place under the Mýrdalsjokull glacier, resulting in a 14 km high ash plume that blanketed half of Iceland in ash and one of the largest floods of the Quaternary; a jokulhlaup with discharge rates of >300,000 m3s-1. Samples were collected from both the jokulhlaup and air-fall deposits. Discrete layers were observed at both locations and were sampled from; thus we have a record of sequential deposition at both localities. H2O concentrations were determined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were acquired at various scales, and then processed using ImageJ and FOAMS to allow a detailed quantitative investigation of both bubble and crystal populations. Preliminary results suggest that the jokulhlaup samples have retained more H2O, have higher bubble number densities (BNDs) and vesicularities, and lower crystallinities compared to the air-fall samples, indicating more rapid decompression and quenching. Many of the air-fall samples have larger bubbles in the centre of the clasts, implying continued vesiculation post fragmentation. There are also textures, particularly in the jokulhlaup samples, that are suggestive of clast recycling and open system degassing, involving the transportation of both gas and ash particles, including high Si material derived from the country rock. Our interpretation of the results is that the jokulhlaup samples mainly experienced magmatic fragmentation, before the magma had reached the ice interface. This was driven by a high vesicle content and rapid decompression, however, due to volumetric confinement, clast recycling, and magma shocking also played important roles. Once the clasts were expelled, they were quenched rapidly, preserving a wealth of textures that record various magmatic processes (such as particle transportation). In contrast, we believe the vesicle-poor air-fall samples mainly experienced phreatomagmatic fragmentation, but were quickly expelled through any meltwater and instead quenched slowly in the hot plume where they were able to continue degassing to atmospheric pressure. These interpretations offer a potential explanation for the exceptionally fast melting rate of the glacier and why such a powerful jokulhlaup was created.


Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary's College of California, 1928 Saint Mary's Road, Moraga, California 94556 Received September 23, 2011; E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com ______________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: A number of cross-coupling reactions involving the iron catalyst, Fe(acac)3, were performed in order to couple an aryl group and a decyl chain. Cross-coupling of decylmagnesium bromide and an aryl chloride, for example, 4-chloro-2-fluorobenzaldehyde dimethyl acetal, was efficiently achieved via a one pot reaction as exemplified by the preparation of compound 1. Although the coupling was compatible with an ester group on the ring, coupling with an aldehyde group or a ketone group on the ring was difficult to obtain due to direct attack by the Grignard at the carbonyl. In addition, it was also discovered that having a fluorine substituent on the ring helps to further promote the coupling.


Hose design has been neglected as an engineering topic. Hose Technology, 2nd ed., Colin W. Evans, applied science publishers, Essex, England, 1979; has been cited as a design resource. This paper recommends a correction to the Evan's design equation. The hose nipple and hose tube inside diameter determine the forces the reinforcement has to support. Introduction: This paper documents how to determine the hydrostatic forces developed within the hose construction. Method/Approach: The articles use a conventional force balance approach. This paper uses force balances to show how the forces and the reinforcement geometry align to establish equilibrium. The assumption of the hose design equation requires the forces, R, to be equally distributed among the reinforcement strands. The number of strands, N, is empirically determined. Conclusion: The forces are developed at the wetted surfaces and those forces must be supported by the reinforcement.


The south-north relations on the Korean Peninsular is the key matter of national interest to South Korea.The new government of South Korea hopes to strengthen the close cooperation with China in terms of North Korean nuclear issue.The new government of South Korea is also quite concerned about the reconstruction of North-East China's former industrial base and has taken positive measures to get integrated into the logistics network of Dongbiandao railway in North-East China.As an important coastal country in North-East Asia,South Korea hopes to strengthen the cooperation with China on the development of ocean economy.


Following his participation in James Cook's circumnavigation in HMS Endeavour (1768-71), Joseph Banks developed an extensive global network of scientists and explorers. His correspondence shows how he developed effective working links with the British Admiralty and with the generation of naval officers who sailed after Cook.


During retinal microsurgery, surgeons cannot adequately visualize subsurface anatomical structures. In our previous work, a customized B-mode optical coherence tomography (OCT) probe was integrated into an ophthalmic robotic system to provide depth perception. This paper presents new approaches for implementing and achieving real-time feedback and assistive robotic control based on B-mode OCT imaging. The robotic system was comprised of a parallel robot, a micro-injection tool, and a telemanipulation master interface. A method for calibrating the B-mode OCT image scaling and distortion was presented using thin plate splines. Determining the OCT scanning plane relative to the robot base frame is presented through experiments and analyzed for sensitivity. A dual-rate controller using low frequency OCT feedback and high frequency position servoing was presented and tested for accuracy and latency. Three-dimensional assistive telemanipulation virtual fixtures based on microscope and OCT feedback are presented. The experimental evaluation demonstrated following target anatomy and semi-automated micro-injection. These results present the key steps towards achieving an integrated system for OCT feedback control using a miniature intraocular B-mode probe.


A thin film transistor comprises a gate electrode 11, an active layer 13, and a gate insulating layer 12 comprising a diamond-like carbon layer 12-1, formed between the gate electrode and the active layer. Diamond-like carbon with a good insulating property is used as a gate insulating layer of the TFT, so a production yield of a TFT employing the diamond-like carbon increases. The carbon layer 12-1 is deposited by plasma enhanced C.V.D of a gas such as CH 4 , C 2 H 6 , C 2 H 2 or C 3 H 8 . A silicon nitride layer 12-2 is also deposted on the carbon layer enhanced C.V.D and the active layer of hydrogenated amorphous silicon, amorphous silicon or polysilicon is deposited on the silicon nitride layer.


Looks at how the country way of life has changed over the past hundred years. Farming has become more large-scale, farmworkers have shrunk in numbers, and the social composition of many villages has changed. This book should be of interest to students and teachers of social history, anthropology, urban history.


Under background of the earthquake geological disaster emergencies in Sichuan region and the states' acroeconomic tightening monetary policy, this paper establishes a model of Perpetual American Call options about downward price jump- diffusion, analyzes the impacts on the real estate investment decision- making in Sichuan region after 5·12 earthquake.


Through the research on settlement of Jishixia dam before and after immersion in construction period,the paper obtained the deformation law in natural state of dam and during immersion period.It also analyzed the settlement of actual measured of Jishixia CFRD and compared with Gongboxia dam.Results showed that the dam deformation monitoring instruments is normal;the dam measured settlement distribution law is reasonable,the maximum settlement is less than 1% of the feasibility study report.The final conclusion is that compared with Gongboxia dam,the late Jishixia deformation is very small and dam settlement convergence rate significantly accelerates.The immersion accelerates dam settlement and the deformation effect is significant.


Molecular design to develop a stable biochemical probe for a study of the role of prostacyclin (PGI2) in the brain led to the discovery of (15R)-16-m-tolyl-17,18,19,20-tetranorisocarbacylin (referred to as 15R-TIC), that selectively bind to a novel PGI2 receptor, IP2, expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). This artificial prostaglandin with the 15R configuration exhibits high binding affinity for the IP2 receptor in the thalamus (IC50 = 32 nM) and weak affinity for the peripheral-type PGI2 receptor, IP1, in the NTS (IC50 = 1.2 μM). The length of the ω side-chain and the position of the methyl substituent on the aromatic ring strongly influence the binding characteristics. The features of the IP2 receptor were elucidated by quantitative mapping, specificity studies, and Scatchard analysis, as well as by a study using knockout mice with a tritium-labeled 15R-TIC and related radioligands. In order to conduct in vivo PET studies, a rapid methylation reaction using methyl iodide and an excess amount of...


For many years, the law has resolved the issue of child custody at divorce or separation by giving one parent primary custody of the child and the other parent visitation rights. Although a recent trend in the law has favored joint decisionmaking authority between parents post-separation, divorce has often meant that the parent with custody would have greater decisionmaking authority for the child while the parent with visitation rights would have most of the responsibility for child support. Most often, this has meant that the mother gets the responsibility for custody of the child and the father gets responsibility for supporting the child. This commentary considers the changes proposed in the American Law Institute's Principles of the Law of Family Dissolution and the effects they will have on child custody law. It also considers how gender fairness plays into child custody determinations. The Principles begin with the notion that the parents are the best arbiters of a parenting plan for their children after their marriage or relationship has ended. The Principles call upon the parents to make a parenting plan that will work for their children and the relationships in their family. When the parents are unable to do so, the Principles provide a means for a decisionmaker to develop the parenting plan. The parenting plan is divided into component parts of custodial responsibility and significant decisionmaking responsibility. The Principles contain an objective formula for making each determination. The Principles also make it much less likely that a decisionmaker will be influenced inappropriately by matters of gender. The Principles make it clear that neither the sex of a parent, or of a child, or the sexual orientation of a parent can be considered as factors in determining a parenting plan. The Principles also make it possible for the decisionmaker to consider the rights of a de facto parent, a person who may not be a legal parent but who has spent significant time raising the child, so that person has standing in the proceeding to develop the parenting plan.


Significance Hundreds of failed clinical trials with Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients over the last fifteen years demonstrate that the one-target–one-disease approach is not effective in AD. In silico, structure-based, multitarget drug design approaches to treat multifactorial diseases have not been successful in the context of AD either. Here, we show that M344, an inhibitor of class I and IIB histone deacetylases, affects multiple AD-related genes, including those related to both early- and late-onset AD. We also show that M344 improves memory in the 3xTg AD mouse model. This work endorses a shift to a multitargeted approach to the treatment of AD, supporting the therapeutic potential of a single small molecule with an epigenetic mechanism of action. Alzheimer's disease (AD) comprises multifactorial ailments for which current therapeutic strategies remain insufficient to broadly address the underlying pathophysiology. Epigenetic gene regulation relies upon multifactorial processes that regulate multiple gene and protein pathways, including those involved in AD. We therefore took an epigenetic approach where a single drug would simultaneously affect the expression of a number of defined AD-related targets. We show that the small-molecule histone deacetylase inhibitor M344 reduces beta-amyloid (Aβ), reduces tau Ser396 phosphorylation, and decreases both β-secretase (BACE) and APOEε4 gene expression. M344 increases the expression of AD-relevant genes: BDNF, α-secretase (ADAM10), MINT2, FE65, REST, SIRT1, BIN1, and ABCA7, among others. M344 increases sAPPα and CTFα APP metabolite production, both cleavage products of ADAM10, concordant with increased ADAM10 gene expression. M344 also increases levels of immature APP, supporting an effect on APP trafficking, concurrent with the observed increase in MINT2 and FE65, both shown to increase immature APP in the early secretory pathway. Chronic i.p. treatment of the triple transgenic (APPsw/PS1M146V/TauP301L) mice with M344, at doses as low as 3 mg/kg, significantly prevented cognitive decline evaluated by Y-maze spontaneous alternation, novel object recognition, and Barnes maze spatial memory tests. M344 displays short brain exposure, indicating that brief pulses of daily drug treatment may be sufficient for long-term efficacy. Together, these data show that M344 normalizes several disparate pathogenic pathways related to AD. M344 therefore serves as an example of how a multitargeting compound could be used to address the polygenic nature of multifactorial diseases.


Flash memory has become increasingly requestion for the importance and the demand as a storage due to its low power consumption, cheap prices and large capacity medium. This research is to design a high performance flash memory structure for the substitution of a hard-disk by dynamic prefetching of aggressive spatial locality from the spatial smart buffer system. The proposed buffer system in a NAND flash memory consists of three parts, i.e., a fully associative victim buffer for temporal locality, a fully associative spatial buffer for spatial locality, and a dynamic fetching unit. We proposed new dynamic prefetching algorithm for aggressive spatial locality. That is to use the flash memory instead of the hard disk, the proposed flash system can achieve better performance gain by overcoming many drawbacks of the flash memory by the new structure and the new algorithm. According to the simulation results, compared with the smart buffer system, the average miss ratio is reduced about 26% for Mediabench applications. The average memory access times are improved about 35% for Mediabench applications, over 30% for Spec2000 applications.


This research work presents an analysis of the media coverage and the dissemination of fake news and hoaxes through the social network Twitter and the work of verification and denial by different fact-checking platforms, in this case, Newtral and "Maldito Bulo" The investigation will focus on hoaxes about the measures taken by the Government of Spain during the "State of Alarm", period caused by the crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic The purpose of the investigation will be determined by the contribution of the media to the issemination of hoaxes, increasing sensationalism and ignoring the principle of public service information by which the media should be governed © 2020, Associacao Iberica de Sistemas e Tecnologias de Informacao All rights reserved


In this note we generalize the definition of partial permutations of Ivanov and Kerov and we build a universal algebra which projects onto the m-centraliser algebra defined by Creedon. We use it to present a new proof for the polynomiality property of the structure coefficients of the m-centraliser algebra and to obtain upper bounds for the polynomial degrees.


Changes in densities of microorganisms were analysed in Cognetia sphagnetorum Vejd. cultures at normal and low numbers of microorganisms. Different abundance of microorganisms was achieved by using captan and oxytetracycline. During 14 weeks, the following variables were measured: total numbers of bacteria and fungi by plate method, the biomass of microorganisms by PLFA method, content of ions, and activity of acid and alkaline phosphatase and urease. Numbers of enchytraeids increased with numbers of fungi. The presence of animals reduced the activity of soil enzymes and the content of Cl, SO4, Na, Ca, and Mg ions in soil leacheates. An increase in the content of N-NO3 and N-NH4 was not significant.


This paper presents some Expert Systems for the dagnostics and trouble-shooting of gas turbine apparatuses. The Systems use information useful for constructing probabilistic relations among symptoms and faults. This information is encoded as particular structures called Belief Networks. They represent the most important part of Knowledge Bases of Expert Systems. By using probabilistic Expert Systems, delicate maintenance actions may be carried out fast and effectively. ..I The paper shows all activities done for developing both codes and Knowledge Base. Finally the paper shows some example of Expert Systems utilization. 1 .-INTRODUCTION ' .*' Expert Systems are one of the Artificial Intelligence fields. Since their first appearing they have been used for different activities ranging from the disease diagnosis to the financial planning and forecast (I), (2), (3), (4). Expert System may be also powerful tools for activities linked to aircraft engine and apparatus maintenance (5). From this point of view Expert Systems allow fast and reliable fault detection by addressing the user to the right area of engine and by suggesting the most effective maintenance action to perform. It is possible to construct different Expert Systems for trouble-shooting and diagnostics with different degree of complexity. In any case the Expert Systems must take into account that sometimes information is poor and the same symptoms do not lead to a unique cause of malfunction. The earliest Expert Systems were deterministic in the sense that they used the certainty in relationship among behaviour and causes. In other words the shifting of some parameters, with respects to baseline values, was supposed to be due to a single fault in a well stated component. ' Copyright 1999 American institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved For complex apparatuses, just like. gas turbine engine, this. approach may be not right and it may lead'to wrong diagnosis causing the loss of engine readiness as well as the ineffective use of human and economic resources. This problem may be overcame by Expert Systems using probabilistic relationships among failures and symptoms. The Knowledge Bases of these Systems ,are formed by probabilistic information coded as Belief Networks (6). This way any fault has an established probability to happen and there is a fixed probability that a set of symptoms is due to a particular fault. This paper describes the activities carried out for 'developing probabilistic Expert Systems, based on Belief Networks, for the diagnostic of gas turbine apparatuses. The target of this study was the development of a package useful for any gas turb,ine apparatus. In other words the codes are quite general and the Knowledge Bases are con'structed in manner that they may be quickly changed. The paper also shows the construction of Expert System and of Knowledge Base. Moreover some examples of Expert System utilization are presented. 2.-THE PROBABILISTIC EXPERT SYSTEMS It is possible to construct different types of Expert Systems (7), (8), (9) (10); they are characterized by: l the degree and the type of interaction with the user; l the possibility to guide, step by step, the user towards the fault detection and the most effective maintenance actions; l the degree of the use of history of both engine and maintenance actions. In any case the Expert Systems for trouble-shooting and diagnostics must take into a.ccount that sometimes information is poor and the same symptoms do not lead to a unique cause of malfunction. The earliest Expert Systems were deterministic in the sense that they were ruled-based. This way their reasoning-was carried out by logical chaining of /f..Then...E/se . . . . rules. The main feature of these Expert Systems, as well as their main limitation, was the use of certainty in relationship among apparatus behaviour and causes. In other words the shifting of some parameters with respects to bseline values was supposed to be due to a single fault in a well stated component. For complex apparatuses, just like gas turbine engine, this approach may lead to wrong diagnosis. This fact' causes loss of time as well as the ineffective use of human and economic resources. As an example let us consider a two spool mixed flow turbofan engine with low pressure compressor. Let us assume that the Engine Pressure Ratio is constant (11). Moreover the engine shows the following deviations of some parameters with respect to the baseline values of an 'healthy' engine: . . the speed of low pressure shaft decreases; l the speed of high pressure shaft.increases; l the fuel flow increases; l the Exhaust Gas Temperature increases. For these symptoms the suggestions, given by a classical Expert System and derived from overhaul manual information, address to the following component ma lfunctions: 0 fan efficiency 0 low pressure compressor efficiency l high pressure compressor efficiency l low pressure turbine efficiency The Expert System is not able to detect the right cause of fault and it is not useful for an effective diagnostic activity. This means that more information about engine behaviour are required and more resources and longer time must be emp loyed. In order to avoid this very sad circumstance, that is quite frequent with complex machinery, it is useful to use probabilistic Expert Systems. These Systems use probabilistic relationships among causes and effects, i.e. failures and symptoms. The Knowledge Bases of these System are formed by probabilistic mode l coded as Belief Networks. A Belief Network is a graph, formed by nodes, representing the faults and their causes, and arcs, representing the probabilistic dependencies among them. Each node contains a conditional probability distribution describing the relationship among the node and the parents of that node (6). F ig. 1 shows an example of the structure of a very simple Belief Network. 3.-THE CONSIDERED GAS TURBINE APPARATUSES The aim of this study is the development of Expert Systems useful for the ma intenance of Auxiliary Power Units (APUs). The Knowledge Bases of these Expert Systems contain also probabilistic information encoded as Belief Networks. ,' : _:' The APUs have an important role on aircraft. They are not directly involved in thrust or power generat ion but they assure the energetic autonomy of aircraft when ma in engines are not running. For instance, APUs permit both the lightning and the air conditioning when aircraft is at boarding gate. Moreover APUs deliver the necessary power for starting ma in engines. APUs are gas turbine .engines and some of them deliver high quantity of electrical, pneumatic and mechanical power. This paper investigates three different Auxiliary Power Units (APUs) with different degree of complexity. Two of them are used by m ilitary aircraft while the third one is installed on a civil aircraft. For two of considered APUs the Belief Networks are derived from ma intenance manuals where each symptom is l inked to a particular fault by its probability to happen. The Belief Networks of third APU are obtained by experimental way. In other words, five years of working of a particular type of APU are examined. A statistical study of the occurred faults and the correlation with symptoms is carried out. The obtained information are used for constructing the Belief Networks The following sections illustrate the Expert Systems for the considered APUs as well.as some examples of their utilization. ._-. . _ .: : ~.':-.-~.-i_-_... . ._ > Y


A fast and precise obtainment of static background in image sequence is key step in monitor control system. A real-time algorithm of dynamic extraction for static background is put forward by means of the characteristics in environment and moving objects with static background. Large amounts of experimental results demonstrate that the algorithm has the properties of rapidity, simplicity, applicability and a small dependence with weather.


The present study was aimed to find out the effect of multiple dose (7 days) treatment of amiodarone, an antiarrhythmic drug on the hypoglycaemic activity of pioglitazone and nateglinide in normal rabbits. The study was intended to determine the pharmacodynamic parameters of drug interaction between pioglitazone, nateglinide and amiodarone in normal rabbits. The experiment was conducted in four stages. Six normal rabbits were selected for each stage of experiment. These studies were conducted in the same group of rabbits after the washout period of the administered drug (Pioglitazone 45 mg/Kg body weight, Nateglinide 370 mg/kg body weight, and Amiodarone 100mg/Kg body weight) i.e. after the complete elimination of the drug. The drugs were administered orally. The blood samples were collected by marginal ear vein at predetermined time intervals and glucose levels were estimated using GOD/POD method. The results indicated that multiple dose treatment of amiodarone an antiarrhythmic drug altered the hypoglycaemic activity of pioglitazone and nateglinide when administered alone and along with pioglitazone and nateglinide in normal rabbits. This may be due to the pharmacokinetic interaction of amiodarone with pioglitazone and nateglinide. The preliminary studies indicate the combination may be unsafe in diabetes associated with arrhythmia.


While the monophyly of the largest avian order Passeriformes as well as its suborders suboscines (Tyranni) and oscines (Passeri) is well established, lower phylogenetic relationships of this fast radiated taxon have been a continuous matter of debate, especially within the suborder oscines. Many studies analyzing phylogenetic relationships of the Passeriformes using molecular markers have been published, which led to a better resolved phylogeny. Conflicting hypotheses and still remaining uncertainties, especially within the Passerida, have repeatedly stimulated further research with additional new markers. In the present study we used a combination of established molecular markers (RAG‐1, RAG‐2, c‐myc) and the recently introduced ZENK. We accomplished phylogenetic analyses using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference, both separately for all genes and simultaneously. To assess the phylogenetic utility of the different genes in avian systematics we analyzed the influence of each data partition on the phylogenetic tree yielded by the combined approach using partitioned Bremer support. Compared with the other single gene analyses, the ZENK trees exhibited by far the best resolution and showed the lowest amount of homoplasy. Our data indicate that this gene is—at least in passerines—suitable for inference of even old taxonomic splits.


Reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) are a class of antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV infection. Lamivudine is one of the prominent reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Recent clinical studies have shown that, due to the prominent usage the resistance has increased against lamivudine, hence we modeled three new analogs of lamivudine. The drug likeness and molecular properties of the analogs are analyzed and further used in docking studies. The structure of a catalytic complex of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase is selected for performing the docking studies with the new analogs. Prior to docking, the protein structure is inserted in water and molecular dynamics simulations were performed. The energy minimized structure is obtained from the MD simulations and used in docking studies. The new analogues showed good interactions when compared with the lamivudine prototype. Our multidirectional approach indicates good ligand efficacy in addition to stable binding affinities to HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, and should be potent candidates for HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibition.