Nowadays, many enterprises manufacture and distribute their products or services globally, and quite a number of smart organizations are formed on the Internet and are expected to evolve to a strategically important e-business model. Although information and communication technologies (ICT) and knowledge management plays an important role in linking the core and partner companies, it remains subservient to the humans that form the smart organizations. This chapter identifies two instances in which trust-based evaluations of partners in the smart organizations are applicable. A review of the literature indicates that neither researchers nor practitioners agree on a single model of interfirm trust that applies to all partner evaluation contexts. A decision-support system based on neural network and data mining technologies is proposed. A case example is given to illustrate a trust-based evaluation in real situation. IDEA GROUP PUBLISHING This paper appears in the publication, Integration of ICT in Smart Organizations edited by Istvan Mezgar © 2006, Idea Group Inc. 701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200, Hershey PA 17033-1240, USA Tel: 717/533-8845; Fax 717/533-8661; URL-http://www.idea-group.com ITB12143


The focus of this article was greenhouse research of AC-94,377 with the overall objective to learn how it behaves in greenhouse soil before evaluating it out in the field. The emergence response of dormant wild mustard seed was used to study factors limiting the activity of this substituted phthalimide plant growth regulator. In fact, stimulation of emergence was due to enhanced germination of dormant seed.


Objective To study the effects of substance P(SP) on improving the wound healing of skin injury in diabetic rat.Methods Forty-eight diabetic rats,each rat had two round-shaped-wounds through the whole skin by the side of the spine on the back.The rats were divided into two groups: control group and experimental group,each group consisted of 24 rats.200μl of substance P,10-7each wound,was injected around each wound of the experimental group,two times a day.While the same volume of normal saline was injected in the same site to the control group.The area of the wounds was measured at different time.The content of hydroxyproline was measured at the same time.The changes of the collagen type I and collagen Ⅲ were estimated by immunohistochemical staining.The healing time was recorded after wounding.Results The wound area decreased obviously in the experimental group as compared with control group on the 4th,7th,10th,14th day after injury(P0.01).The healing time shortened in the experimental group as compared with the control group.The content of hydroxyproline within granulation tissue increased on the 4th,7th,10th day.The same changes with the collagen type Ⅰ and collagen Ⅲ(P0.01) were found.Conclusion The healing of the wound on the back of diabetic rat was improved by substance P.


Text classification consists in attributing text (document) to its corresponding class (category). It can be performed using an artificial intelligence technique called machine learning. However, before training the machine learning model that classifies texts, three main steps are also mandatory: (1) Preprocessing, which cleans the text; (2) Feature selection, which chooses the features that significantly represent the text; and (3) Feature weighting, which aims at numerically representing text through feature vector. In this paper, we propose two algorithms for feature selection and feature weighting. Unlike most existing works, our algorithms are sense-based since they use ontology to represent, not the syntax, but the sense of a text as a feature vector. Experiments show that our approach gives encouraging results compared to existing works. However, some additional suggested improvements can make these results more impressive.


Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its advanced stage, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), are the most common causes of chronic liver disease in the United States. NASH features the metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and fibrosis. Probiotics exhibit immunoregulatory and anti‐inflammatory activity. We tested the hypothesis that probiotic VSL#3 may ameliorate the methionine‐choline‐deficient (MCD) diet–induced mouse model of NASH. MCD diet resulted in NASH in C57BL/6 mice compared to methionine‐choline‐supplemented (MCS) diet feeding evidenced by liver steatosis, increased triglycerides, inflammatory cell accumulation, increased tumor necrosis factor α levels, and fibrosis. VSL#3 failed to prevent MCD‐induced liver steatosis or inflammation. MCD diet, even in the presence of VSL#3, induced up‐regulation of serum endotoxin and expression of the Toll‐like receptor 4 signaling components, including CD14 and MD2, MyD88 adaptor, and nuclear factor κB activation. In contrast, VSL#3 treatment ameliorated MCD diet–induced liver fibrosis resulting in diminished accumulation of collagen and α‐smooth muscle actin. We identified increased expression of liver peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors and decreased expression of procollagen and matrix metalloproteinases in mice fed MCD+VSL#3 compared to MCD diet alone. MCD diet triggered up‐regulation of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), a known profibrotic agent. In the presence of VSL#3, the MCD diet–induced expression of TGFβ was maintained; however, the expression of Bambi, a TGFβ pseudoreceptor with negative regulatory function, was increased. In summary, our data indicate that VSL#3 modulates liver fibrosis but does not protect from inflammation and steatosis in NASH. The mechanisms of VSL#3‐mediated protection from MCD diet–induced liver fibrosis likely include modulation of collagen expression and impaired TGFβ signaling. (HEPATOLOGY 2009.)


Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) are regarded as the best alternative to lithium‐ion batteries due to their low cost and similar Na+ insertion chemistry. It is still challenging but greatly desired to design and develop novel electrode materials with high reversible capacity, long cycling life, and good rate capability toward high‐performance SIBs. This work demonstrates an innovative design strategy and a development of few‐layered molybdenum disulfide/sulfur‐doped graphene nanosheets (MoS2/SG) composites as the SIB anode material providing a high specific capacity of 587 mA h g−1 calculated based on the total composite mass and an extremely long cycling stability over 1000 cycles at a current density of 1.0 A g−1 with a high capacity retention of ≈85%. Systematic characterizations reveal that the outstanding performance is mainly attributed to the unique and robust composite architecture where few‐layered MoS2 and S‐doped graphene are intimately bridged at the hetero‐interface through a synergistic coupling effect via the covalently doped S atoms. The design strategy and mechanism understanding at the molecular level outlined here can be readily applied to other layered transition metal oxides for SIBs anode and play a key role in contributing to the development of high‐performance SIBs.


The paper presents the outcomes of AI-COVID19, our project aimed at better understanding of misinformation flow about COVID-19 across social media platforms. The specific focus of the study reported in this paper is on collecting data from Telegram groups which are active in promotion of COVID-related misinformation. Our corpus collected so far contains around 28 million words, from almost one million messages. Given that a substantial portion of misinformation flow in social media is spread via multimodal means, such as images and video, we have also developed a mechanism for utilising such channels via producing automatic transcripts for videos and automatic classification for images into such categories as memes, screenshots of posts and other kinds of images. The accuracy of the image classification pipeline is around 87%.


We develop a new method that allows us to deal with two-photon intermediate states in a lattice QCD calculation. We apply this method to perform a first-principles calculation of the $\pi^0 \rightarrow e^+ e^-$ decay amplitude. Both the real and imaginary parts of amplitude are calculated. The imaginary part is compared with the prediction of optical theorem to demonstrate the effectiveness of this method. Our result for the real part of decay amplitude is $19.68(52)(1.10) \ \text{eV}$, where the first error is statistical and the second is systematic.


The Internet has grown tremendously in the recent and many of its applications have been used by people all over the world. On-line shopping which is a recent phenomenon in the field of e-commerce is definitely going to be the future of shopping in the world. It seems that online shopping has been one of the ways that customers shop nowadays especially to the younger generations and working people. Most of the young working people have accessed to Internet and many have started to sell and buy online. Though online shopping is quite common now, its growth in Malaysian market is still not in line with the global market. The potential growth of online shopping has triggered the idea of conducting an exploratory study on online shopping in Malaysia. A survey was carried-out with 168 part-time students who work in Klang Valley area and also currently study in UKM. In addition to the survey, 15 face-to-face interviews were carried-out with available respondents after they answer the survey. The purpose is to find out how well they understand about online shopping and what factors contribute to their online shopping behaviors. The results of study reveal that customer satisfaction, motivation and influence from other buyers are among the critical factors for customers to shop online. Respondents since to mimic other customers in buying online. The results of the study could be further used by the researchers and practitioners for conducting future studies in the similar area.


We present a WDM transponder that balances the power between the SD-FEC receiver and the Chromatic Dispersion compensator according to the selected modulation format. Simulations show DSP power gains of 31% at the scale of a continental WDM network.


A grid-connected inverter is getting more attention for photovoltaic power generation and smart grid systems, and it must be designed for stable operation. For stability analysis of the system based on the impedance method, its frequency characteristics are needed to assure its stability. This paper proposes a new simple frequency analysis method for a grid-connected inverter system also with a digital controller. Then this also proposes a new frequency analysis method which considers parameter tolerances. It is a sort of the tolerance analysis based on the Monte Carlo method. The frequency characteristics are computed numerically and efficiently by the modified nodal analysis. The proposed computation method is general for any LTI averaged grid-connected system.


The intelligent exploring module is precondition of the Fire-sprinkling System effective-working.The NN-based intelligent exploring module explores the condition of the cabin and fuses all the explored information, including temperature, flame, smog, pressure.The method is effective to improve the performance of the system.


*C.J.Q. 68 There is a common agreement that arbitration is private and confidential and it is also widely assumed that confidentiality is one of the main advantages and reasons why the parties have chosen arbitration as the means of resolving disputes. 1 This widely acknowledged characteristic leads the parties to believe that they can keep their disputes from the gaze of the outside world and potential court proceedings at the enforcement stage. While the arbitration proceedings remain undisputedly private to outsiders, no international consensus has been reached on the issue of the duty of confidentiality. The duty of confidentiality is not provided in important international documents in relation to international commercial arbitration, such as the New York Convention and the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law's (UNCITRAL) Model Law. The only reference to the issue of confidentiality is the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules. The relevant provision is mainly concerning the confidentiality of awards, rather than a general duty of confidentiality in relation to the information used in the arbitration proceedings.


A hypothermic state represents intense stress accompanied by a massive release of catecholamines. Their estimation can be used to confirm this mechanism of death. We investigated four cases of fatal hypothermia and 12 controls with short and longer agonies on which were performed estimations of adrenaline/noradrenaline and volatile substances (ethanol, methanol, propanol-1, -2, acetone). – In cases of cold death always a predominance of noradrenaline was present (approx. 10-to 32 fold). This corresponds to cases with longer agony. The mean quotients adrenaline/noradrenaline ranged between 0.10 and 0.79. Significant differences were seen especially with cases characterized by short agony in which adrenaline levels were remarkably higher than those of noradrenaline (factor of approx. 4 to 10, quotients varying from 3.8 to 17). Elevated acetone levels were only found in ethanol-free cases while acetone and propanol-2 were both high. In hypothermia with relevant alcoholisation these were within the physiological range what can be due to an antilipolytic effect of ethanol. – Therefore, combined estimation of catecholamines and volatile substances in several compartments can have diagnostic value to verify fatal hypothermia.


The rapid growth of the Internet has multiplied bra nd and product-related websites and repeat buys now account for over half of all e-tailer sale (Balabanis et al., 2006). These developments offer compelling advantages in terms o f branding and e-commerce and call for a deeper understanding of consumer navigation behav ior. This research demonstrates that visitors satisfied with the overall website experie nc are more inclined to revisit and recommend the website and are more disposed to deve lop positive attitudes toward the brand and purchase intention. These relations are stronge for customers who subscribed to relationship tools such as consumer magazines or ne wsletters.


Against the prevailing critical understanding of J. M. Coetzee's 1999 novel Disgrace, written contemporaneously with the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission hearings, as a politically evasive duplication of the refusal to confess it portrays in David Lurie, its protagonist, this reading purports to complicate the status of this alleged wilful silence. In reading Lurie's refusal to show contrition within the development of the narrative, it constitutes this silence as one moment in the novel's "reconfigurating of the rules of discourse" which will allow other silences, this time outright inabilities to speak, to become audible. Through Lurie's encounter with animals and his renewed experience with literature, I show, via the novel's negotiations of the works of Maurice Blanchot and Emmanuel Levinas, how it narrates the development of an ethics that no longer configures language and silence in the mutually exclusive ways the Truth and Reconciliation hearings did. If read on the terms of the redefinition of the genre of the novel it performs, Disgrace becomes both a critique of the ethic of expressive unconcealment underlying these hearings, and a novelistic response to the political context urging this expression.


Abstract This study explores the impact of the monetary policy of the National Bank of Romania, with its instruments and objectives during the Covid-19 pandemic, on the banks lending in Romania, considering the data provided by the NBR for the last 6 years. Overall, our findings confirm that the increasing bank lending channel for global monetary policy was active during the pandemic crisis.


In suming up, it can be laid down as a fact that the law of heat conduction and state
equation modified for an explicit, linear case can be used in the investigations of dynamical
problems of thermoelasticity.


REVISED ABSTRACT RATIONALE: Behavioral abnormalities (BA) including affective difficulties are common in patients with right temporal lobe epilepsy (RTE). This study examines the preoperative incidence of and the postoperative effect of surgery on these complaints. METHODS: We performed retrospective chart reviews of 50 adult patients with RTE who underwent right temporal lobectomy (RTL) between 1991-2000. All complaints of mood and behavioral difficulties (e.g., depression, anxiety, explosive disorder) were tabulated. Intracranial electrodes were utilized in 21 procedures to define epileptic focality unclear from surface recordings. The left hemisphere was dominant in 44. MRI revealed unilateral right mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) in 30; bilateral MTS in 2; and other right structural lesions in 5. Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) was less than 80 in 5 patients. Pathology reported gliosis in 98%. Postoperative (postop) follow up ranged from 7-113 months. RESULTS: History revealed preoperative (preop) complaints of BA in 33/50. Postop early BA at 1 month showed worsening in 10 (20%), improvement in 12 (24%), and no change in 27 (54%). Of the 10 who initially worsened, 3 improved over the next year. All 50 patients had follow-up beyond 6 months. 33 (67%) had no BA or improved postop BA, of whom 22 (70%) had reported prior preop BA; 6 (12%) had worsened from preop status and 21 (43%) had no change. Of the 32 patients with MTS, 20 had preop BA which improved in 13 (65%); 4 of the MTS patients developed BA. Of the 16 patients without MTS, 11 had preop BA and 7 of this group improved. BA was present in all 5 with structural lesions, 4 improved and 1 had no change in BA. Three patients with low FSIQ had preop BA which improved in two. Seizure outcome was Engel Class I in 90%. CONCLUSIONS: 66% of our patients with RTE had BA preop. After RTL, 26% had persistent BA despite Class I surgical outcome. Persistent BA did not correlate with FSIQ or structural or pathological findings. The presence of preop BA does not preclude successful surgical outcome or improved behavior status. INTRODUCTION Patients with temporal lobe epilepsy have psychological symptoms ranging from affective disorders to psychosis. Temporal lobectomy may improve cognitive and affective function. The patient's behavioral status is considered one of the factors in choosing appropriate surgical candidates. We retrospectively reviewed 50 surgical patients with right temporal lobectomy (RTL) with regard to their behavioral status preoperatively and postoperatively …


This article seeks to explain Africa's current "period of unparalleled economic success," following decades of economic stagnation. Using newly available data, we investigate whether international commodity price increases (our "metals" hypothesis) or policy reforms (our "management" hypothesis) have driven Africa's recent reversal of economic fortune. Using cross-country growth analysis, we find that both "metals" and "management" have played a role. Because commodity booms are typically followed by commodity busts, better economic management may be critical for sustaining Africa's economic gains, particularly in the face of the present global economic crisis. We thus invite a reexamination of our "management" and "metals" hypotheses after a few years, when new data are available and the crisis has evolved.


In this thesis, a 10 GHz multiple-input multiple-output radio channel measurement system using four port vector network analyzer and virtual antenna arrays in both transmitter and receiver ends is presented. The channel measurement system measures each single antenna channel separately. The radio propagation environment is assumed to be static during the recordings. As an antenna element, a dual polarized patch antenna with two feeding ports is used. Linear stages and programmable stepper motors are utilized to build an XY-gantry to move the antenna element in a plane. The stepper motors and the vector network analyzer are controlled by the same measurement control software. The basic principles of the control software are also presented along the measurement system. Three channel measurement scenarios and their initial results are presented to verify the system operation and to demonstrate the system in different cases. A verification measurement is performed in an anechoic chamber to verify that the system does not cause internal spurious responses to the results. The next measurement is performed in a classroom to demonstrate the multipath propagation environment. Furthermore, an indoor wall penetration loss measurement from the classroom to another is made to show that the measurement system can also be applied for the measurements requiring an accurate antenna shifting between the measurement points. The results measured with this setup can be applied angular domain algorithms to estimate the direction of arrival and departure, respectively.


The Cartergate Development Brief has been prepared to guide the future development of land in Cartergate. The area is seen as an important Gateway between the mainly residential area to the west of Cartergate and the town centre to the east.


Abstract In this study, the recovery of boron from the clay waste of boron industry by leaching with sulfuric acid solution was studied in a batch reactor and the subsequent production of boric acid (H3BO3) was investigated. The effects of acid concentration, solid-to-liquid ratio and reaction temperature on the leaching process were examined. Experimental studies were carried out in the ranges of 0.1-1.0 M for acid concentration, 1-10 g/120 mL for solid-to-liquid ratio and 25-75°C for reaction temperature. The analysis of the experimental data showed that the kinetics of the leaching process fitted the Avrami model in the form of X = 1 – exp (–k t n). For the production of boric acid, the optimum leaching conditions were determined as follows: acid concentration, 0.1 M; solid-to-liquid ratio, 6 g/120 mL; reaction temperature, 50°C and reaction time, 60 min. Finally, boric acid was produced in the purity of more than 95% by crystallization of the leach solution.


Since the collapse of Rwanda's state institutions in 1994, including the state's security apparatus, the military has been at the centre of the country's politics and development. Crucial to the political and economic strategy of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) is the national army. However, analysis is scarce on the politics of the Rwandan military and how it has been constituted and forged since the RPF came to power. This paper seeks to address this under-researched area by investigating the processes used by the government of Rwanda to develop its national defence forces. In doing so it avoids simplistic narratives such as ethnic subjugation and instead highlights the unique factors leading to the creation of today's RDF and how it has been forged through various socialization experiences such as training, fighting together and peacekeeping as well as an emphasis on welfare and political education. Furthermore, it is posited that the military reflects the broader political landscape in Rwanda, and that decision-making is underscored by concepts of tradition, liberation and modernity. How these concepts interrelate is the key to understanding the military in Rwanda, but also wider governance mechanisms and strategies employed by the RPF.


This paper presents a numerical model to predict the wear of worm gear. This last is based on well-known Archard's wear formulation. The influence of lubrication is taken into account with a local wear coefficient, depending on the ratio between the minimum lubricant film thickness and the amplitude of the surface roughness. When material on a wheel flank is worn, it is then necessary to update the surface profile, consequently the contact pressure calculations. To compute the quasi-static load sharing and thus the contact pressures required for the wear model, the equation of displacement compatibility is solved, using the influence coefficient method, which allows a fast and accurate computing. The bending deflections of the worm and wheel, and the local contact deformations of mating surfaces are included. The Boussinesq theory is applied for calculating the local contact deformations. The bending is determined by the combination of only one standard finite element method computation and interpolation functions. This method allows taking into account the environment of the gear meshing, such as the actual shafts, rim, web, bearing locations, which affect the quasi-static results and thus the wear. In addition, the model allows to obtain numerous results, such as load sharing, contact pressures distribution, transmission error, stiffness, wear distribution, etc. A comparison between theoretical wear predictions and experimental results, issued from the literature, are also presented.


This encyclopedic compendium lists and categorizes organic reactions gleaned exhaustively from the primary literature. The first edition, published in 1989, summarized reactions reported in over 160 journals and books. This update adds complete listings of relevant reactions published in four premier synthetic journals (Journal of the American Chemical Society, Journal of Organic Chemistry, Tetrahedron Letters, and Synlett) from 1988 through 1995, plus reactions from many other journals, books, and reviews. The contents are arranged according to substance category (functional group) and reaction type. The major categories covered are: alkanes and arenes; alkenes; alkynes; halides; amines; ethers; alcohols and phenols; aldehydes and ketones; nitriles, carboxylic acids, and derivatives. Typically between 5 and 15 types of reactions (major processes) are given to form substances of each category. Representative examples of these reaction types are reduction, oxidation, ring-forming reactions, metal-promoted coupling reactions, elimination, alkylation, acylation, organoboranes, cyclization, rearrangements, condensation, carbonyla-


Abstract There are some experts who are dealing with research on locally made materials for building in the Ministry of Housing and Works in Nigeria. It has been discovered in the Ministry that lateriate clays can be fired and used for building even two‐storey buildings depending on the firing and the pressure (Ogunbamwo, 1975). The Ministry has constructed a block of bungalows of low‐cost housing units with mud at Ikoyi, off Kingsway Road. No one will know that these houses are mud houses if not at closer inspection. Unfortunately, no effort has been made to continue or improve on this laudable adventure in Nigeria.


Blake and history painting Recent commentary on Blake has tended to find the core of his achievement in the prophetic books of the 1790s and in the later prophecies, Milton and Jerusalem . These books speak now to a world that relishes their complexity, unresolved nature, and play between image and text. Yet they represent only a part of his achievement, and were the focus of his attention, as far as we know, only between 1788 and 1796, and again between 1804 and c. 1820.He was more continuously preoccupied with his work as a painter in tempera and watercolor of biblical and literary subjects, usually in series. Blake's "illustrations" are not a secondary activity but are quite as personal and imaginative as his prophetic work. It is true that there were artists like Blake's friend Thomas Stothard who made a living from designing illustrations to novels and other works, and Blake often engraved from the drawings. But such illustrations were clearly subordinate to the text. Blake's designs, on the other hand, constitute an active engagement with each text by an artist who never doubted that he was the peer of any author. Furthermore, his designs are informed by assumptions and traditions that belong to discourses of art rather than literature. They look back to the Italian Renaissance and to ancient Greece, and in later years to Gothic and even Hindu traditions. The fact that the starting point for almost all of Blake's temperas, watercolors, and some separate prints was a text written by another author no more diminishes them than Michelangelo's use of the Bible diminishes the Sistine Chapel. Blake argued that each of his tempera or watercolor designs had the potential to be hugely enlarged, and that his method of "portable Fresco" (E 527) would enable him to produce public paintings on a monumental scale.


Using joint Shannon entropy, we propose an inequality for a four-level system, which is satisfied in a noncontextual realist hidden variable model. We show that this entropic inequality is violated by quantum mechanics for a range of entangled, as well as product states. Our inequality can be experimentally tested using the existing technology.


Qingchengzi orefield, located in Liaoning province, is a large polymetallic orefield in Liaodong-Jinan metallogenic belt, NE China. This large orefield clustered several Pb-Zn, Ag, Au and Mo ore deposits with estimated reserves of 1.5Mt Pb and Zn metals, 1100t Ag and 200t Au metals. Previous studies have debates concerning sources and ore genesis of the coexisting polymetallic deposits. Controversial ore genesis models have been proposed: a magmatic hydrothermal origin (Xue et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2009), a metamorphic hydrothermal origin model (Zhang, 1984), a Proterozoic SEDEX origin (Wang et al., 1994) model and a reworking model with Proterozoic sedimentation modified by latter metamorphic and hydrothermal activities (Jiang and Wei, 1989; Li, 2005). We choose Pb isotope analysis to unlock the source of the ore-forming materials. Ore minerals and wall rocks were systematically collected for Pb isotope measurement. The ore minerals (sphalerite, galena, pyrite, argentite, etc.) were subdivided into four groups corresponding to different mineralization types: 1laminated Pb-Zn ore type, collected from conformable, stratiform ore bodies; 2the massive PbZn ore type, collected from unconformable, vein and irregular orebodies; Type1and2 belong to strata-hosted ores and 3 Pb-Zn ore occurred within intrusive bodies and 4the independent Ag ore type. Wall rocks in the orefield include igneous rocks (Triassic and Jurassic) and stratigraphic rocks (metamorphic rocks of Liaohe Group, e.g. marble and schist).


Based on the consistency of fuzzy complementary judgment matrix and the principle of logarithm least squares,it gives a new ranking method:fuzzy logarithm least squares method.It studies its free property,and apply it to LCD index evaluation.


This paper explores the evolution of supply chain management IT solutions and looks at how these relate to each other and the overall performance of supply chain operations. A number of different technologies that help companies master their supply chain are looked at, and major benefits and drawbacks with these are presented. The IT solutions are categorized in three areas: data management, data exchange, and data tracking. In addition, some related process models like vendor managed inventory (VMI) and collaborative planning, forecasting and replenishment (CPFR) are studied.


With the recent launch of Sentinel-2, the possibilities of image analysis increased especially in the field of land cover and crops mapping. The identification of different crop types is important particularly for agricultural field management and water resource monitoring. This paper aims to select a limited number of acquisition dates, from Sentinel-2 time series, to improve the accuracy of crop mapping method in the Haouz plain Marrakech, Morocco. First, the collected reference data was exploited to build the phenological shifts of the different crops present in the area of interest, namely: Apricot, Citrus, Olive, Cereals, watermelon and bare soil/fallow, using the derived NDVI layers. As a second step, the NDVI profiles were employed to distinguish different periods based on the spectral separability between the thematic classes. Then, crop classification independently for the 20acquired images, per period, was performed and evaluated in order to extract Overall Accuracy (OA) and kappa coefficient temporal evolution. The optimal acquisition dates per period were determined, relying on the calculated OA values, and classified based on the corresponding NDVI time series. By minimizing the number of optimal acquisition dates, different combinations were tested and analysed (3 dates per period, 2 dates per period, 1 date per period). The classification results, proved that the proposed approach found out that three acquisition dates, well distributed through the agricultural season achieve the best differentiation between five crops and bare soil with an OA of 85%.


Richard Rorty (1931–2007) became a highly controversial figure, both within and without the ranks of academic philosophy upon publication of his 1979 book, Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature. The controversy over Rorty intensified with his writings over the remaining years of his life and beyond. Co-edited by Randall Auxier, Eli Kramer, and Krzysztof Piotr Skowroński and including sixteen original essays, this new book, Beyond Rorty studies Rorty's work with the passage of the years following his death to re-assess his significance and to consider ways in which philosophers might both learn from and move beyond his work. The volume originated in a conference held on Rorty's work in 2013 at Opole University, Poland. It includes both papers presented at the conference together with additional submissions. The essays offer many perspectives on Rorty while seeking to move beyond his work in areas including metaphysics and epistemology, social philosophy, axiology, philosophy of religion, and more. The following review of Beyond Rorty discusses each of the essays in the volume together with the introductory essays by Auxier and Kramer to explore directions which contemporary philosophy might take to move beyond Rorty.


We calculate two-dimensional 2D photon-echo and double-quantum-coherence spectra of two coupled InGaAs/GaAs quantum dots at various distances, taking into account electron, hole, and exciton hopping. Signatures of direct and indirect excitons in two-exciton resonances are revealed. At short distances, electron delocalization contributes to the creation of new biexcitonic peaks, and dipole-dipole interactions shift the two-exciton energies.


His voluminous theological works have established Frederick Denison Maurice as one of the most eminent Anglican clergymen of the 19th century. Little attention has been given, however, to his important role as literary critic. This study is an overview of Maurice's literary criticism, highlighting the principles and convictions that governed his scrutiny of major (principally British) writers as reflected in his periodical essays, lectures, and personal correspondence extending over a period of nearly 50 years.


RAS guanyl-releasing protein 3 (RasGRP3), a member of the Ras subfamily of GTPases , functions as a guanosine triphosphate (GTP)/guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-regulated switch that cycles between inactive GDP- and active GTP-bound states during signal transduction. Various growth factors enhance hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) proliferation via activation of the Ras/Raf-1/ extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, which depends on RasGRP3 activation. We investigated the relationship between polymorphisms in RasGRP3 and progression of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected HCC in a Korean population. Nineteen RasGRP3 SNPs were genotyped in 206 patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) and 86 patients with HCC. Our results revealed that the T allele of the rs7597095 SNP and the C allele of the rs7592762 SNP increased susceptibility to HCC (OR=1.55, p=0.04 and OR=1.81∼2.61, p=0.01∼0.03, respectively). Moreover, patients who possessed the haplotype (ht) 1 (A-T-C-G ) or diplotype (dt) 1 (ht1/ht1) variations had increased susceptibility to HCC (OR=1.79 ∼2.78, p=0.01∼0.03). In addition, we identified an association between haplotype1 (ht1) and the age of HCC onset; the age of HCC onset are earlier in ht1 +/+ than ht1 +/- or ht1 -/- (HR=0.42∼0.66, p=0.006∼0.015). Thus, our data suggest that RasGRP3 SNPs are significantly associated with an increased risk of developing HCC.


We report on optically recorded microlenses in conventional liquid crystal cells doped with the azo-dye methyl-red. The focal length can be tuned electrically and changed in a wide range with just a small variation of the applied dc voltage. No patterned electrodes, built-in polymeric lens, or patterned molecular reorientation are required.


LEVEL OF SUBJECTIVE FATIGUE OF THE TAILORS
 IN CV KECAK GARMENT EAST DENPASAR
IN THE YEAR OF 2018

Study has been done in Kesiman Kertalangu Village
District of East Denpasar City Of Denpasar

ABSTRACT
CV Kecak Garment is a Manufacturer/ Exporter/ Trader of apparel. Every years CV Kecak Garment produces 500,000 clothes that are exported to USA. CV Kecak Garment began to stand in 1993 with the owner "Kang Dharma Wijaya". Based on the data of Department of Industry and Trade of Denpasar city in the year of 2015 there is a private garment industry in Kesiman Kertalangu village named CV. Kecak Garment. This garment industry that is located in Soka Street number 126 East Denpasar has 70 tailors. The aim of this research is to know the level of subjective fatigue of the tailors in CV Kecak in the year of 2018. The type of this research is descriptive observational. Population of the research is 70 tailors in CV Kecak Garment and it uses total population. The data collected in this research are primer and seconder data. Data was collected through questioner to grade the level of subjective fatigue of the tailors in CV Kecak in the year of 2018. The collected data was compiled and displayed in the format of table and graphic. The result of this research is 41 tailors (59%) has activity fatigue, 53 tailors (76%) do not have motivation fatigue, 39 tailors (56%) has physical fatigue and the level of subjective fatigue of the tailors is in the mid category (tailors of CV Kecak garment has the fatigue in the process of sewing) is 59 tailors (84%).

Keywords: Level, Subjective fatigue, Tailors


The article dedicate to the problem of failure of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy in patients with ureterolithiasis and reveal the changes which appear in the ureter in the location of the stone. The aim. Analysis of the results of treatment in patients, suffering ureteric stones, using the ureterolithotripsy procedure after failure extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy. Materials and methods. In 137 patients with ureteric stones, whom ureterolithotripsy procedure after failure extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy was conducted, the symptoms of the disease, the diagnostic methods value, efficacy of surgical treatment and reasons of the failure of previous method of treatment were analyzed. Results. In 135 patients endoscopic removal of stones has been succeeded, in 2 patients because of total obliteration of the ureter, uretero-ureteral anastomosis has been performed. If the symptoms, with are characteristic of ureterolithiasis, persists up to one week stones don't cause significant macroscopic changes to the ureter wall. If the stone persists in the ureter longer than a week we identified local appearing of oedema. Long–term (more than two months) ureteric stone persistence increase the risk of intramucosal «ingrowth» of the calculi greatly. Conclusion. The URS and ESWL are high effective and minimal invasive methods of surgical intervention for patients with ureterolithiasis, guaranteeing high level of postoperative «stone free rate». Prolongation of the stone insertion time in the ureter causes the ureteric wall changes, complicating performance of minimal invasive interventions (ureterolithotripsy and extracorporeal shock–wave lithotripsy) and reduce its efficacy.


N-Benzylmethylammonium pentachlorothallate (III) exhibits one phase transition at (T = 353 ± 2 K): phase (I) – 353 K → phase (II). This transition has been characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, electric measurements, and Raman scattering on polycrystalline samples. The room-temperature phase is monoclinic P21/c and the environment of the Tl atom is a deformed trigonal bipyramid. Spectral evolution analysis and analogy with a thallium homologous compound suggest a trigonal bipyramid → square pyramid transitory conformation. Transport properties in this material appear to be due to the reorientational motion of ions.


Abstract This study investigates the automotive magnetorheological (MR) shock absorber behaviour in conditions of changing temperature. Its temperature-dependent behaviour was quantified between ambient and maximal operating temperatures of the device. Aspects addressed include the temperature dependence of the control coil resistance in the absorber, the influence of operating current level on control coil temperature and the temperature dependence of the absorber force response and energy dissipation in the system. The results of experiments enabled us to evaluate the mechanical performance of the absorber at varied temperatures.


The aim of this study was to synthesize Zr doped SrAl2O4 via combustion synthesis method. According to XRD analysis, SrO-Sr phases were eliminated after Zr doped into the structure. Batch experiments were performed to investigate various parameters such as Zr loading amount, solution pH and contact time. The experimental data were analyzed by different isotherm and kinetic models. Among which, the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model was found to be the best model at evaluating the isotherm data and the maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 49.50 and 75.19 mg g−1 for Zr-SrAl2O4−0 and Zr-SrAl2O4–20, respectively. The kinetic data showed that pseudo-second-order kinetic model was well suited for this case and 22 h was enough to reach the adsorption equilibrium. In an acidic medium, a slight adsorption was achieved, while in a basic medium the adsorption of tetracycline increased sharply due to electrostatic attraction between positively charged Zr-SrAl2O4–20 surface and negatively charged tetracycline. Response surface modeling with Box-Behnken experimental design was used to examine the effect of independent variables on dependent variable (qe). Solid/liquid ratio (x1), pH (x2) and temperature (x3) were chosen as independent variables at three levels (−1, 0, 1). According to regression analysis of experimental data, a second-order polynomial was evaluated.


The present invention achieves a structure for a seal ring-equipped ball bearing (1a) that allows the outer-diameter dimension of a load-bearing surface (35a) to be made large, allows a large contact area with a speed-change gear (16) to be secured, and allows dynamic torque to be reduced. A seal lip (14a) that constitutes a seal ring (4a) that blocks opening sections on both sides of the seal ring-equipped ball bearing (1a) has a roughly horizontal V-shaped cross-section and is configured so that an outer-diameter-side inclined section (25) and an inner-diameter-side inclined section (26) are connected by a connecting section (27). The inner peripheral edge section of the inner-diameter-side inclined section (26), which is the front end edge of the seal lip (14a), is made to slide over the entire circumference of the outer peripheral surfaces of both end sections of an inner ring (8a), the end sections being cylindrical surfaces (30) without seal grooves. The angle ( α 1 ) of an inner connecting surface (29) of the connecting section (27) is at least 104° and the connecting section (27) is made to enter radially inward into a waveform retainer (10a), securing the entire length of the inner-diameter-side inclined section (26) lengthwise.


This study examined Japanese college students' (N=476) use of sexually explicit material in mass media (i.e., print, electronic, and the Internet) and its association with their sexually permissive attitudes and perceptions of women. Results indicated that Japanese college students were most exposed to sexually explicit material in the print media followed by the Internet and the electronic media. In addition, participants' exposure to sexually explicit Internet material (SEIM) was a stronger predictor of their sexually permissive attitudes than their exposures to sexually explicit material in the traditional media (i.e., print and electronic media) However, participants' exposures to sexually explicit material in the traditional media were stronger predictors of Japanese college students' perceptions of women than their exposure to SEIM. Furthermore, sexual interest mediated the relationship between exposure to sexually explicit material on the internet and perceptions of women. Results are discussed in light of cultivation theory, the uses and gratifications perspective, and prior literature in the use of sexually explicit material and its associations with sexually permissive attitudes and perceptions of women.


SEC. 2. (a) I t is declared to be the purposes of the Congress in this 33 use 1501. Act to— (1) authorize and regulate the location, ownership, construction, and operation of deepwater ports in waters beyond the territorial limits of the United States; (2) provide for the protection of the marine and coastal environment to prevent or minimize any adverse impact which might occur as a consequence of the development of such ports; (3) protect the interests of the United States and those of adjacent coastal States in the location, construction, and operation of deepwater ports; and (4) protect the rights and responsibilities of States and communities to regulate growth, determine land use, and otherwise protect the environment in accordance with law. (b) The Congress declares that nothing in this Act shall be construed to affect the legal status of the high seas, the superjacent airspace, or the seabed and subsoil, including the Continental Shelf. 88 STAT. 2126


The current energy transition combined with the modernization of power systems has provided meaningful transformations in the transmission, distribution, operation, planning, monitoring, and control of power systems. These advancements are heavily dependent on the employment of new computing and communications technologies, which, combined with traditional physical systems, lead to the emergence of cyber–physical systems (CPSs). In this sense, besides the traditional challenges of keeping a reliable, affordable, and safe power grid, one must now deal with the new vulnerabilities to cyberattacks that emerge with the advancement of CPSs. Aware of this perspective and the severity of the ongoing challenges faced by the industry due to cyberattacks, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive survey of the literature on cybersecurity in cyber–physical power systems. For this, clear definitions, historical timelines, and classifications of the main types of cyberattacks, including the concepts, architectures, and basic components that make up, as well as the vulnerabilities in managing, controlling, and protecting, a CPS are presented. Furthermore, this paper presents defense strategies and future trends for cybersecurity. To conduct this study, a careful search was made in relevant academic and industrial databases, leading to a detailed reporting of key works focused on mitigating cyberattacks and ensuring the cybersecurity of modern CPSs. Finally, the paper presents some standards and regulations that technical and international institutions on cybersecurity in smart grids have created.


Aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva is rare and usually presents after rupture. Dissection of the interventricular septum by the aneurysm is even more rare. A 50-year-old man presented with a 3-month history of nonproductive cough and exertional dyspnea. Cardiac auscultation revealed a grade III/VI "t


Two phenomena have been recently utilized to explain conflict onset: greed and grievance. The former reflects elite competition over valuable natural resource rents. The latter argues that grievance fuels conflict. Central to grievance are concepts of interethnic or horizontal inequality. Identity formation is also crucial to intrastate conflict, as it overcomes the collective action problem. Conflict can rarely be explained by greed alone. The greed explanation for conflict duration and secessionist wars works best in cross-country studies but has to make way for grievance-based arguments in quantitative country-case studies. Grievances and horizontal inequalities may be better at explaining why conflicts begin, but not necessarily why they persist. Neither the presence of greed or grievance is sufficient for the outbreak of violent conflict, something which requires the breakdown of the social contract


A randomized clinical trial assessed the value of regular anal dilatation in combination with a topical local anaesthetic in the treatment of 82 patients with a posterior fissure‐in‐ano. One month after treatment the fissure had healed in 43·6 per cent of patients using 2 per cent lignocaine gel alone and in 41·9 per cent of patients who also used a St Mark's Hospital anal dilator. Thus the regular use of such a dilator did not contribute to the success of conservative therapy in patients with a posterior anal fissure. A review of patients who presented with anterior or lateral anal fissures during the trial period revealed that healing was achieved in 73·3 per cent of patients without operation within 1 month of diagnosis.


The purpose of our research is to develop a new data acquisition scheme for myocardial single photon emission CT with a semiconductor detector. A gamma camera with a semiconductor detector enables us to measure projection data with arbitrary angles because the gamma camera with this detector is smaller than ordinary gamma cameras with a scintillation detector. The proposed data acquisition scheme is to measure projection data with angles where the signal to noise ratio in projection data is relatively high. We assumed that we could measure the heart with 20 projections. In the x-y plane the positions of the detector were /spl phi/=0/spl deg/,30/spl deg/,60/spl deg/, and 90/spl deg/ (anterior to LAO 90/spl deg/) and they were /spl theta/=30/spl deg/,60/spl deg/,90/spl deg/,120/spl deg/, and 150/spl deg/ to the z-axis. Then we decided the minimum number of projections required for an acceptable quality of images, and selected optimum projection angles. The criterion for selecting the projection angle was an integral value of the power spectrum for each projection. We listed projection data in descending order according to this integral value and made four projection subsets. A subset was composed of two projections, i.e., the projection which had the largest integral value and the other projection which was perpendicular to the former one. In the image reconstruction, we used the ordered subset expectation maximization method and used the above four subsets. As a result, even with only eight projection data we could obtain images of almost the same quality as those obtained with 60 projections.


In both quantum and conventional photonic technologies the ability to control light emission is a cornerstone of many modern applications. Spontaneous decay is a fundamental quantum property of emitters that can be controlled by placing the light source in a specially structured environment. Previous studies have shown the modification of spontaneous emission rate with simple nanostructures like nanospheres. However, more complicated structures have not yet been considered analytically. The recent developments in transformation optics have provided a powerful tool for controlling flow of light and surface plasmons, and have allowed for rigorous studies on plasmonic nanostructures. It has the advantage of a simple interpretation in terms of moving around electric and magnetic lines of forces whilst at the same time being exact at the level of Maxwell's equations. This powerful and intuitive design tool has enabled the realization of invisibility cloaks, exotic optical lenses, and a variety of metamaterial antennas. Here, we would like to add a new entry to the already long list of fields where transformation optics can make a difference, i.e., the study of spontaneous emission rate in complex plasmonic systems.


In recent decades we have gained a tremendous amount of knowl edge on our Universe. However, up to now astronomical observations have been restric t d to the electromagnetic spectrum. The detection of cosmic high-energy neutrinos ( & 1 TeV) will complement the information from these observations and at the same time provide completely n ew insights. The low interaction probability, which renders neutrinos perfect cosmic messe ngers, also poses a large challenge for their detection. Calculations indicate that neutrino tele scopes of km3-scale are necessary to detect neutrino fluxes from Galactic or extra-Galactic objects suc h as supernova remnants or gamma-ray bursts which are thought to produce neutrinos up to the PeV sc ale. KM3NeT, which is currently in the design phase, targets to instrument at least one km 3 of deep-sea water in the Mediterranean Sea, its field of view complementing the IceCube neutrino tel escope at the South Pole and exceeding it in sensitivity by a substantial factor. We report on the current status of the KM3NeT project and on possible solutions for the various technical ch lenges encountered when building an off-shore detector in water depths of several kilometers .


We established an efficient ultra-precision figuring process in which a numerically controlled plasma chemical vaporization machining (NC-PCVM) and a numerically controlled elastic emission machining (NC-EEM) are utilized serially. Intensity images of the X-rays reflected by total reflection mirrors greatly fluctuates with respect to the figure error having spatial wavelength ranging from the submillimeter to 10mm. In the present study, elliptical mirrors for the Kirkpatrick-Baez (K-B) focusing unit was manufactured by NC-PCVM and NC-EEM, and figure accuracy higher than 3nm (p-v) was achieved over the spatial wavelength range longer than 0.5mm. The focusing property was evaluated at the BL29XUL of SPring-8, and spot size of 0.2×0.2 μm2 (FWHM) was realized at 15keV.


Grassroots civic tech, or software for social change, is an emerging practice where people create and then use software to create positive change in their community. In this interpretive case study, we apply Engeström's expanded activity theory as a theoretical lens to analyze motivations, how they relate to for example group goals or development tool supported processes, and what contradictions emerge. Participants agreed on big picture motivations, such as learning new skills or improving the community. The main contradictions occurred inside activity systems on details of implementation or between system motives, instead of big picture motivations. Two most significant contradictions involved planning, and converging on design and technical approaches. These findings demonstrate the value of examining civic tech development processes as evolving activity systems.


A thermoporoelastoplastic analysis of a one-dimensional column consolidation is presented to identify the critical parameters that may influence the processes involved in coupled fluid flow, heat flow, and rock deformation. In comparing with the usual thermoporoelastic approach, the present study shows that non-linear' elastoplasticity may replicate certain porous media responses which cannot be reproduced by a linear elastic evaluation. These responses are: (a) Mandel's effect' in a one-dimensional geometry, (b) consolidation occurring at critical porosity, and (c) cataclastic pressure and temperature changes within plastic zones.


The main objective of this research is to analyse the lithic technology applied to obsidian, a raw material popular amongst pre-Columbian populations from Northwestern Argentina (NWA) because of its social and symbolic value. The analysed assemblage comes from the archaeological site of Villavil 2 (VV2), located in the Hualfín Valley (Catamarca, Argentina) and distant ca. 100 - 200 kms from the nearest sources of this raw material. VV2 was discovered in 2015 by one of the authors and shows a particular presence of rock art which had not previously been registered in this area. The site was associated to the Late and Inka Period (ca. 10th - 16th centuries CE). So far, we suggest that this was a place of temporal, but periodical use that best fits with what we would call a ceremonial space.
The assemblage comprises the totality of obsidian elements collected from both superficial and stratigraphic contexts. It was divided into three typological classes: tools (projectile points), flakes with natural sharp edges (FNSE) and waste products (WP). We did not identify the presence of cores. The analysis considered the following variables: knapping methods and techniques, size, amount of cortex, flake type and edge types.
At VV2, points are the only retouched tools made of obsidian. They correspond to the triangular unstemmed concave-based type, very common during the Late-Inka Periods, and they were shaped using the perimetral bifacial pressure technique, possibly from flake blanks. FNSEs' size is small, and they present scarce cortex. On the other hand, the abundance of very small-sized WPs is remarkable. They were found in the same stratigraphic context and attest a complete finish of the points (edge retouch).
The results let us infer that the point-shaping tasks were carried out in situ. Moreover, the implemented technology involved both major production efforts and skills, that contrast with those involved in local raw material knapping. It is possible that this curated strategy was not related to the difficulty of accessing this allochthonous material. Instead, these choices could reflect social and symbolic meanings. According to linguistic and ethnohistoric information, the obsidian brightness and transparency are propitiatory to win the favour of the w'akas. Furthermore, in NWA the obsidian long-distance exchange is an ancient pre-Columbian tradition that lasted for a long time. Obtaining obsidian could display the ability of a social group to access distant resources and legitimize their political status. Nevertheless, we cannot forget that this raw material also was very important for making different artefacts for subsistence activities.


The article presents the model of interaction and the main directions of cooperation between the UNESCO IITE, the Network of UNITWIN/UNESCO Chairs and the Interuniversity network UNITWIN RAO on ICT application in education and innovative pedagogics. The main areas of activities of the participants of the UNESCO global network are education, research, and innovationin thesphere of integration of ICT and pedagogy. The general scheme of interaction of the UNESCO IITE and participants of the Network assumes establishment of basic platforms or the coordination centers providing the corresponding researches and implementation of practical tasks.


This thesis empirically estimate the exchange rate pass through effects of import prices in transportation devices, sedans and trucks in Taiwan. Using monthly as well as quarterly data for the period between 1996 and 2008, the estimated elasticities of exchange rate pass through vary across industries. The exchange rate pass through effects of transportation devices is low because of the highly competitiveness in the domestic market. Highly market segmentation existed between domestic made and foreign made sedans cause the higher pass through effects in this item. There are insignificant negative pass through effect on the prices of imported truck, due perhaps to measurement errors. In the long run, prices of all three transportation equipments broadly or narrowly defined have shown lower elasticities of exchange rate pass through.


Behçet syndrome (BS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that damages blood vessels and affects multiple systems, including the skin, mucosa, joints, eyes, nervous system, and gastrointestinal tract. The disease follows a relapsing course, characterized by recurrent episodes of inflammation. Cutaneous lesions are a common manifestation of BS, presenting as ulcerations exhibiting the pathergy response, posing a challenge for healing. We report an unusual case of abdominal wall ulceration in a female patient with previously undiagnosed BS. The atypical characteristics and course of the ulcerations, as well as the data obtained from the patient's medical history and laboratory findings, prompted a multidisciplinary approach. The findings, in conjunction with the clinical suspicion, resulted in a diagnosis of BS. Following the diagnosis, the patient received appropriate management, including local wound care and medical treatment for BS, resulting in rapid wound epithelialization within a few days of treatment initiation. The patient was referred to a rheumatologist for further evaluation and long-term management of BS. This case underscores the significance of including BS in the differential diagnosis of unusual ulcerations.


Capillary elctrophoresis is a modern separation technique, especially the extremely high efficiencies and minimal requirements with regard to buffers, samples and solvents lead to a dramatic increase of applications in the last few years.This paper offers an introduction to the technique of micellar elektrokinetic chromatography as a special kind of capillary electrophoresis. Caffeine and other purine compounds have been determined in foodstuff (tea, coffee, cocoa) as well as in pharmaceutical formulations. Different sample preparation procedures which have been developed with regard to the special properties of the sample matrices are discussed in the paper.This preparation facilitates the separation in many cases. So students have to solve a relatively simple separation problem by variation of buffer pH, buffer components and separation parameters. By doing a calibration for the analyzed purine compounds they will learn about reproducibility in capillary electrophoresis.


In this paper, a remote screen control by mobile networks on embedded system is implemented. For this system a server program is ported on the embedded system connected with internet. And on the side of a mobile phone, a client program is ported using GVM. The embedded system can display the text from the mobile phone on its LCD. In the implemented embedded system, the text data from GVM emulator is sent to the system for display on its LCD. The realization of the proposed embedded system can display the text from a working mobile phone.


The Religion is a factor expected to influence demographic behaviour. The Catholic Church's long stand ing opposition to contraception for instance should have made it difficult for couples to control the size of their fam ily, and they are often assumed to have had larger than av erage ones. Since the work of Landes (1976), large families reflecting the groups intense Catholicism have been de scribed as one of the reasons behind northern France's rapid industrialization in the nineteenth century. A study of the demographic behaviour of the industrialists however reveals that this socio-economic group limited the size of its de scendence in response to economic constraint. Although re ligion probably had an impact on their fertility, it did not determine it.


Solvent extraction of samarium from aqueous solutions by two different types of extractants, namely D2EHPA and PC88A, in kerosene was investigated. Through identification of speciation diagrams, the chemically stable complex of samarium in different acidic solutions (H2SO4, HCl and HNO3) were studied. Regarding the various types of samarium species in sulfate medium in comparison with other acidic environments, H2SO4 and HNO3 media were chosen to examine the extraction behavior of samarium complexes. Thermodynamic parameters of samarium extraction reactions by D2EHPA and PC88A from aqueous solutions of HNO3 and H2SO4 were calculated as ∆G°D2EHPA-HNO3 , ∆G°D2EHPA-H2SO4 , ∆G°PC88A-HNO3 , ∆G°PC88A-H2SO4 equal to -5.58, 3.40, 6.70 and 14.26, and the corresponding ΔHo values were equal to -9.38, -2.75, 4.01 and 16.95 kJ/mol, respectively. According to the results, D2EHPA seemed to be a more efficient extractant than PC88A and nitric aqueous solution was a better media than the sulfuric type. The synergistic effect of binary extractants revealed that synergistic factors were 2.94 and 5.74 in sulfuric and nitric solutions, respectively, for a D2EHPA:PC88A ratio of 2:3. The compositions of extracted complexes by D2EHPA and PC88A in sulfuric and nitric solutions were SmH3A6 and SmH3B6, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters of extraction reactions were calculated as: Ke equal to 9.513, 0.254, 0.067, 0.003 and ∆S°D2EHPA-HNO3 , ∆S°D2EHPA-H2SO4 , ∆S°PC88A-HNO3 , ∆S°PC88A-H2SO4 values were equal to -12.75, -20.64, -9.03, and 9.03 (J mol-1) respectively.


The platinum(II) complex with notable antitumor activity shows a slightly distorted square-planar coordination and intramolecular C—H⋯Cl and intermolecular N—H⋯Cl and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.


This article pays attention to the emerging forms of online advertising deceptive contacts and analyzed its nature,expression,etc.It discoveres the cause of this online advertising form in terms of the main interests from advertising,relevant laws and regulations,network monitoring and other aspects.Then it reflects on the form of online advertising deceptive contacts from the moral and ethical aspects.The articles analyzes the innovation and principle of online advertising form,in combination with community reaction and proposes that the prospect of online advertising form is not positive,and the innovation should be consistent with social and moral ethics.


Anastomosis, the connection of two structures, is a critical procedure for reconstructive surgery with over 1 million cases/year for visceral indication alone. However, complication rates such as strictures and leakage affect up to 19% of cases for colorectal anastomoses and up to 30% for visceral transplantation anastomoses. Local ischemia plays a critical role in anastomotic complications, making blood perfusion an important indicator for tissue health and predictor for healing following anastomosis. In this work, we apply a real time multispectral imaging technique to monitor impact on tissue perfusion due to varying interrupted suture spacing and suture tensions. Multispectral tissue images at 470, 540, 560, 580, 670 and 760 nm are analyzed in conjunction with an empirical model based on diffuse reflectance process to quantify the hemoglobin oxygen saturation within the suture site. The investigated tissues for anastomoses include porcine small (jejunum and ileum) and large (transverse colon) intestines. Two experiments using interrupted suturing with suture spacing of 1, 2, and 3 mm and tension levels from 0 N to 2.5 N are conducted. Tissue perfusion at 5, 10, 20 and 30 min after suturing are recorded and compared with the initial normal state. The result indicates the contrast between healthy and ischemic tissue areas and assists the determination of suturing spacing and tension. Therefore, the assessment of tissue perfusion will permit the development and intra-surgical monitoring of an optimal suture protocol during anastomosis with less complications and improved functional outcome.


Sedimentary layer velocities are related with gas hydrate saturation,elastic properties and porosity based on Two-Phase theory and thermoelastic theory. A qualitative estimate of gas hydrate saturation can be obtained by comparing the theoretical P-wave velocity for full-water saturation to actual P-wave velocity. On the basis of resistivity,sonic logging,density data and geology data in ODP184,there exist gas hydrates in the continental slope of the South China Sea. Contents of gas hydrate at ODP sites 1146 and 1148 in South China Sea are 25%~30% and 10%~20% of the pore space respectively. At site 1148,local formation saturation comes to 40%~50%. Normally,the larger the difference between P-wave velocity in the normal sediment layer and that in gas hydrate-bearing sediment layer,the richer the gas hydrate saturation.


This paper deals with the subjective and objective image quality evaluation. The demand of an accurate image and video objective quality assessment tool is extremely important in modern multimedia systems. Possible enhancement of the performance in existent image quality assessment approaches using multiple quality measures with the support of the artificial neural network data processing is proposed. The analysis results of the known quality measures and their suitability for the particular image or video quality assessment problem are presented. The most suitable measures are used to implement the novel image quality assessment tool using artificial neural network data processing. Optimization of the proposed model has been done in order to achieve as highest generalization feature of the model as possible. Performance of the implemented model for the image quality assessment has been evaluated using the database of distorted images and subjective image quality assessment results with respect to the Mean Opinion Score (MOS) obtained by the group of observers. It is shown that the proposed image quality assessment model can achieve high correlation with the subjective image quality ratings.


In order to maximize potato tuber yield and nitrogen uptake, it is important to optimize the management practices related to dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) accumulation and partitioning. To evaluate the effects of water and N level on DM and N accumulation and partitioning during the tuber bulking stage in the potato, a pot experiment was conducted with three water levels (90%, 70%, and 50% of field capacity) and three N levels (0, 85.5 and 171 kg N ha-1). The results showed that potato tuber yield and tuber N uptake were significantly affected by the water levels, N levels, and the interaction between water and N. Under the watered and moderate N conditions (90% of field capacity and 85.5 kg N ha-1), the tuber yield and N uptake were the highest. Watered conditions, moderate N conditions, and the watered combined with moderate N condition increased the tuber yield and tuber N uptake by increasing the accumulation of total DM and N in the plant, while not by increasing the partitioning of DM and N to tubers. Therefore, these results suggest that optimizing water and N management to improve DM and N accumulation is the key to ensuring high tuber yield and N uptake in the potato.


Government of India's Centre for Development of Telematics (CDOT) has developed a modular, distributed telephone switching system. There is an ongoing effort to model, analyse, and optimise the teletraffic performance of this switching system. In this pdper we report the methodology and results of a part of this work. We use analytical queuing models to estimate the capacities of the Administrative Processor, and the Space Switch Controller. We formdate the system overload control problem as a constrained optimisation problem, solve the problem, and use simulations to evaluate various adaptive overload control algorithms.


Development of science and technology pushes the mankind into the informative society.People's living,thinking,work and education modes are changing accordingly.The integration of information,network technology and education changed the traditional teaching thought,concept,contents,methods,also changed the traditional talents cultivation mode.To ensure the teaching and training of military academy follow up the development of information technology,the accelerating the buildup of military education technical talents team became conspicuous.The paper analyzes and probes into the cultivation,mode and plans of promoting quality cultivation of education technical talents for military academies.


Using orthogonal experiments and Moldflow simulation,the process in the injection molding of lower plaques for A-pillars of vehicles was simulated.The influences of different molding process parameters such as mold temperature,melt temperature,injection time,and packing pressure on the warp deformation and residual stress were studied.It was found that the melt temperature constituted the most influential factor to warp deformation,packing pressure was the most influential factor to the residual stress.A set of optimal process parameters was found to be mold temperature 40 ℃,melt temperature 205 ℃,injection time 5 s,the packing pressure 45 MPa.Compared with regular processing parameters,warp deformation decreased from 3.847 mm to 3.121 mm,residual stress decreased from 66.95 MPa to 65.21 MPa.


This paper presents a study of the fuel cell system performance operating at low pressure and different temperature levels. A polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) is analyzed according with the possibility of using in transport applications. Therefore, it begin with the description of a parametric model of the fuel cell which has been developed using a combination between empirical and mathematics modeling techniques. This model enables to study the influence of the gases management (pressure) on the fuel cell stack performances. The study continues with the modeling and simulation of a blower as the active element for the compression air system.


Intestinal perforation is a common surgical problem, which need proper attention. It stands fifth among the acute abdominal emergencies. It is essential to have a correct pre-operative etiological diagnosis because prognosis ultimate depends on the cause of the perforation. Typhoid is the most common cause of bowel perforation, which mainly affects the small intestine. The commonest site of enteric perforation is terminal part of ileum. With the concept of a correct diagnosis of perforation in reference to its etiology and further study of etiological factor (typhoid) in relation to epidemiology, surgical treatment and outcome, the present study has been undertaken.


The invention relates to an underground continuous wall construction technique of multi-spindle long spiral drill pipe occluding pile, which belongs to deep foundation and underground continuous wall construction technique and is suitable for construction of deep foundation maintenance walls in civil engineering and deep foundation of buildings. In the construction technique, a plurality of long spiral drill pipes (3) are adopted, wherein continuously spiral blades are arranged along the whole length of the outer walls of the drill pipes, and the drill pipe cores are hollow. During work, a drive set (2) drives the long spiral drill pipes (3) to carry out drilling operation simultaneously in such a way that two adjacent drill pipes rotate in opposite directions, so that large-caliber and large-depth construction is realized; and the spiral blades of adjacent long spiral drill pipes rotate in opposite directions so that the spiral blades can occlude each other in the whole length all the time to effectively ensure the constructing quality of the buildings. The invention can reduce the use level of steel products, effectively reduces the cost of the engineering and only discharges dry soil during the construction so as to be beneficial to the spot management of the construction and achieve environmental-friendly construction.


This paper reviews the current progress in treatment of coarctation of the aorta(CoA)to reveal a better choice of treatment and opportunity.CoA was classified into 7 styles and comparison of different therapies such as surgery,interventional therapy and hybrid procedure was performed.Surgery,as a traditional way of treating complex CoA is still an important option.With the development of interventional therapy,percutaneous balloon angioplasty and endovascular stent implantation were reported effective in some CoA cases,while hybrid procedure gradually becomes the tendency.The time window for surgery depends on the classification of this disease.It is suggested from literature that severe CoA should be treated in infancy.Optimal outcome can be achieved by choosing proper regimes of treatment and time window for CoA.


My central argument that there's no principled line between people's purposes and merely biological purposes is (not that both rest on some form of selection but) that people's explicit purposes emerge from and are continuous with prior background purposes such as purposes derived from conditioning, from explicit recognition of what one finds rewarding itself the fruit of conditioning and natural selection from trial and error in thought, and so forth. I'm listening for Rosenberg's own principled answer to my question whether when you lightly touch the brake on a curve during an animated conversation or turn off the alarm in your sleep, it is your whole person that has the purpose or rather some "subpersonal" mechanism within. Rosenberg ignores that my "just so stories" are firmly anchored to studies in ethology, experimental work in animal psychology, experimental work in both cognitive and social psychology, and in neurology. Clearly, any proposed analysis of the main increments in the development from primitive behavior controls to human behavior controls can only be a matter of reasonable speculation. Is this out of place in science? In philosophy? (Or is it just that admitting it is unseemly?) Rosenberg is right that I don't offer a theory of the origin of detached representations of goal states. I explain that they are not needed for the guidance of a great deal of surprisingly sophisticated purposeful activity, but not where they come from evolutionarily speaking. I don't say where representations subject to negation hence sensitive to contradiction come from either. In both cases, I try merely to show what they do for us that couldn't be done with more primitive representations. Yes, there are real differences between ordinary seeing and seeing on television and between ordinary hearing and hearing through language. These differences are recognized in common speech and carefully discussed both in Varieties and in (Millikan, 2000). But I'm interested here in similarities that have standardly been missed between gaining information by ordinary perception and by testimony. Overlooking these


Physics is a science applicable to everything in everyday life, but nonetheless, it is taught essentially theoretically in classrooms. The teaching and learning of this subject has been hampered by the lack of physically trained teachers and the lack of methodologies that emphasize experimentation. Within this scenario, this work proposes a non-traditional teaching methodology based on the foundations of Project Pedagogy and aims to teach physics concepts to elementary school children through the use of Low Cost Educational Robotics, in order to alleviate the difficulties of students and teachers. To this end, the Future City project with elementary school children will be developed, which consists of building a model of a future city with robotic prototypes. Through this project students will build lasting knowledge in an interactive environment.


The article investigates the problem of incorporation of inclusive competencies into vocational preparation of future teachers of PE for work in inclusive education environment. The purpose of the article is a theoretical foundation of inclusive competencies implementation into vocational preparation of future teachers of PE for work in inclusive education environment. Appropriate staffing is of particular importance for inclusive education environment. There is no doubt that inclusive education environment is fostered by teachers, including by the teachers of PE. On our opinion, today not enough attention is paid to the staff preparation capable to work in inclusive education environment. In order to implement inclusive education in secondary education institutions, at first it is required to make changes in the organization of educational process at the level of higher education with an aim to develop inclusive competency of future teachers of PE. We have included inclusive competency into the system of professional competencies components that future teachers of PE must master during their training course and that of importance for work with children with special needs.


This study of the rise and fall of nature schools across Iran in 2014–2019 shows the environmental and educational context of modernization during and before the Iranian Islamic Republic commenced in 1979. The account provides the historical and cultural context for understanding the nature school movement. Ecologist Hossein Vahabzadeh's environmental entrepreneurship establishing nature schools strategically fitted these to institutional patterns of Iranian society. The later change of heart by the government, delicensing nature schools, curtailed an environmental education success story. Key discursive threads in Iranian culture, society and governance moulded the rise and course of the nature schools education initiative. Multiple intersecting causes identified continue in environmental education developments in the national education system. This outline of the social and cultural shaping of nature schools provides a basis for future scholarship to tell a fuller account. It identifies the nature school movement's complexity, seeing beyond simple terms of good, bad or failed.


. students with special needs needs more effort to study in university. The system of education in the university should be friendy with the students with spesial needs. The system include the curriculum, methods, and also the material to make the students easier to understand the materials.one of innovation to help the students with special needs is make a hypercontent module for microteaching subject. The module developed by ADDIE model and helped the stundents improve their ability.


In contrast to many countries, the prevalence of COVID‐19 in Australia and New Zealand has been low. We hypothesised, however, that a potential secondary effect of the COVID‐19 pandemic would be delayed presentation of paediatric appendicitis, with resultant higher rates of complicated appendicitis. This study was an initiative of the Australian and New Zealand Surgery in Children Registrars' Association for Trials collaborative, a trainee‐led research group based in Australia and New Zealand.


The mechanism structure and the mechanical measure method of the calculator are designed, which are the key technology of calculator for the quadratic equation with one unknown. Firstly, the basic principle of a kind of mechanical calculator for quadratic equation with one unknown is proposed. Secondly, the function and performance requirements of the system is analyzed and the linkage mechanism is selected as the core computing mechanism. Then the overall structure is designed. Finally, the control system is designed, after designing the system operation process, and the GUI is realized. The ability of solving quadratic equation with one unknown is verified through the physical prototype debugging.


We present observations of intermediate-velocity clouds (IVCs) found at positive velocities in the Canadian Galactic Plane Survey Phase I region (74° < l < 148°, -3.°5 < b < +5.°6). A catalog of 138 distinct IVCs and 13 IVC complexes has been compiled. From the global characteristics of our sample we demonstrate that the majority of these IVCs are directly associated with energetic phenomena, such as supernova explosions and massive star-forming regions, within the disk of the Galaxy and thus form a different population than the high-velocity clouds and high-latitude IVCs. We report what we believe to be the first detection of H I 21 cm absorption of a background source by an IVC and attempt to determine its physical properties and distance. We discuss in some detail a few of the IVCs that illustrate the connection between the clouds and energetic phenomena in the Galaxy. We suggest that the velocity shift of these IVCs away from the bulk of the Galactic H I emission provides an opportunity to study the structure of the low-latitude H I emission in a relatively confusion-free environment and present two examples of large (degree-scale) complexes of H I emission particularly suitable for such studies.


A new simple, sensitive, precise, accurate and economical UV spectrophotometric method of analysis for almotriptan malate both as a bulk drug and in tablet formulations was developed and validated. The method employed methanol as solvent and the drug shows maximum absorbance at 227 nm with molar absorptivity of 0.8532×105 L/mol.cm. The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plot showed good linear relationship with r2 = 0.9999 in the concentration range of 1–5 μg/ml. Results of analysis were validated statistically and by recovery studies


A 10‐d growth test and an emergence test were performed with Chironomus riparius Meigen in four unpolluted lake sediments (organic carbon content 0.5–57%) using different feeding levels (Tetramin® at 0.03, 0.06, 0.12, or 0.33 mg/larva/d in the growth test and 0, 0.15, or 0.30 mg/larva/d in the emergence test) to study how sediment type and feeding level affect larval growth. To examine effects of larval density on growth, another growth test was performed using densities of one larva per 24, 12, 4.8, or 2.4 cm2 and a feeding level of Tetramin at 0.12 mg/larva/d. Regardless of sediment type, feeding was necessary in the experiments started with first‐instar larvae. The effects of sediment physicochemical characteristics on larval growth and development could not be totally compensated for by food addition. When fed, larvae grew best in sandy sediment with low organic carbon content (0.5%). Acceptable survival was achieved with a very low food dose (0.03 mg/larva/d), but a somewhat higher dose (0.12 mg/larva/d) is recommended. Increment of feeding accelerated larval growth and development. Larval growth was correlated to the food dose per individual and to the density of food particles on the sediment surface.


Sense of virtual community (SOVC) is a feeling of belongingness and attachment to a certain virtual community when people communicate to each others online. SOVC is such a core concept that it not only strengthens the members' belongingness to the community, but also increases their loyalty that ultimately enhances the impact of the virtual community. Although several literatures have thoroughly discussed SOVC, however, the dimensions of SOVC and its consequences and antecedents have not yet been addressed properly. This study attempts to investigate the key dimensions of SOVC, explore the antecedents of SOVC, and then examine its consequences. Online Survey had been adopted in which 1,200 qualified sample participants of certain virtual communities were collected. The results of the empirical study point to the following findings. First, SOVC contains three key dimensions, belongingness of membership, influence, and immersion. Second, the results of structure equation model analysis show that three anteced ents-leaders' enthusiasm, perceived enjoyability, and perceived usefulness-have significant impacts on all dimensions of SOVC. Third, all the antecedents and the dimensions of SOVC lead to increasing member loyalty toward virtual community.


The bioflocculated sediment refers to the flocculation structure of sediment particles linked by biofilm,which is secreted by microorganism.It is a new problem in the crossover study of sediment science and environmental science,which has received little attention in the traditional sediment theory.In the study the fine sediment of Guanting Reservior was used as the carrier for biofilm calculation,the growth and variation of biofilm over time was described by using Logistic growth curve equation.The environmental scanning electron microscope and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used to observe the growth process of bioflocculated sediment,and some image processing methods were used to analyse the structural properties.At last,a dry bulk density formula for bioflocculated sediment is proposed,laying a foundation for the calculation of sediment transport.


The possibility of understanding self and others through the use of drugs has entertained and intrigued the imagination of man for centuries. The accidental discovery of d-lysergic acid diethylamide-25 (LSD) by Hofman in 1943 brought this possibility closer to realization than ever before.


Location service is unique to mobile systems, and is expected to increase mobile users. However, since location information is closely related to personal privacy issues, mobile operators are required to give careful consideration to privacy control when deploying location services into their network systems. Players related to location services are users, service providers and mobile operators. These players have different requirements in handling privacy information. In this paper, the authors propose to introduce the concept of granularity of information and a policy-based privacy control mechanism into location services platform. The proposed mechanism was implemented as an external gateway of mobile systems for prototyping, and scenarios for applying 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) and 3GPP2 systems are also studied.


In this paper, a theoretical approach to model free deformation of sheet metal via polymer injection pressure is presented. It is a general methodology that can be applied for any situation where a nonuniform pressure distribution is responsible for free deformation of sheet metal within a circular cavity. This approach is composed of two iterative approximation loops. In the outer loop, the radius of curvature at the tip of dome shape was optimized based on the boundary condition at the edge of clamped area while in the inner successive loop, principal stresses determined from plasticity theories were used to satisfy the equilibrium equations. While forming sheet metal via polymer injection is a revolutionary yet complex process, its modeling is challenging. Hence, before implementing this general approach to this process, the modeling methodology as such necessitates a simplified solution for melt flow analysis to obtain a pressure distribution encompassing the entire cavity. To evaluate the proposed model, a customized experimental setup was designed and fabricated, which allows sheet metal bulging with the plastic injection. The deformation of the AA1100-O sheet was investigated during the injection of the polypropylene–olefin compound. The comparison of the theoretical and experimental results shows that the general approach formulated here can be successfully applied to predict the surface strains and thickness distributions with maximum error of 6% while the deformed geometry remains within ±0.35 mm deviation in the final deformation stage.


This report contains a review of CMOS process technology in terms of radio-frequency (RF) performance around and beyond 1GHz. First, the use of integrated technology for wireless communications is justified and state-of-the-art commercial chipsets are presented. After CMOS is presented as a potential RF candidate, the major elements of the technology are evaluated in an RF context and current performance is listed. Elements include substrate, transistors, interconnects, passive devices, packaging technology, and design tools. Also the on-going process innovations are reviewed, and their impact on RF measures is discussed. T HE last few years, the wireless services industry has grown tremendously [70]. Due to the acceptance of the Internet, higher efficiency/mobility needs, and the massive advertisement performed by eager service provides, the requirements for more sophisticated wireless services are ever increasing [11, 40]. To get everyone connected "anywhere and anytime" is a primary goal [85]. To accommodate these needs, much research and development (R&D) is currently in progress to prepare third generation mobile communications for commercial launch [8, 59]. The chase for maximum performance of current and emerging technologies is the key to improved functionality and lower cost; two basic requirements for commercial success. Hence, R&D is performed at all levels, ranging from networking to radio access schemes. One major research area is optimization of the physical layer of the mobile terminal. This research project belongs to this category. From watching the on-going standardization work [59, 16], it is clear that future mobile terminals will have much greater complexity than current second generation terminals. The significant increase in complexity is due primarily to (i) much higher data rates, (ii) more complicated diversity algorithms, (iii) the need for multi-mode and multiband operation, as well as (iv) the availability of more-versatile terminal software to support multimedia applications [37]. As one of the most significant aspects for cellular service providers is to ensure low handset price and extensive stand-by and operating times [46, 11], new implementation technologies are sought to accommodate these needs. With a potential for low cost, low power consumption, small dimensions and weight, and high reliability of the handset; semiconductor technology is challenged to integrate as much of the transceiver circuitry as possible and especially the RF sections. Today, these parts are usually minimized by use of advanced packaging and component technology [60]. In the following, the aspects of applying integrated technology to the mobile phone functions are discussed. Next, Technical Report R98-1014 , October 8, 1998. RF Integrated Systems & Circuits (RISC) group, Aalborg University, Denmark. the basics of RF-IC technology are described and the performance of RF CMOS technology is reviewed. 1 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT TECHNOLOGY FOR MOBILE TERMINALS The use of integrated technology in mobile terminals is not a new asset. However, until recently, IC technology has been applied mainly to baseband functions. Today, fully integrated baseband solutions covering GSM, DCS1800, and PCS1900 are available from many manufacturers [5, 49]. Complementary-Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) is the dominant technology used for integrating these baseband functions including microprocessors, DSPs, memories, and digital logic. For the RF front-end, a solution with multiple chipsets and a significant number of external components is the common situation [28]. For most standard mobile phones a superheterodyne architecture is used containing typically one RF section and one IF section [6]. Many semiconductor manufacturers offer one RF-IC and one IF-IC that can be used in conjunction as a base for the complete front-end [4, 66, 65]. Most of these solutions support dual-band GSM/DCS1800 operation. Usually, these chips are fabricated using Bipolar-ComplementaryMetal-Oxide-Semiconductor (BiCMOS) processes. Although these chips include many of the functional blocks, some external off-chip components are still required. These are mainly components concerned with ensuring a clean oscillator signal; e.g. external reactive components or even VCOs. Also SAW filters, resonators, matching circuitry, and oscillators are hard to integrate and these are usually applied as external components as well [61]. Fortunately, much progress has taken place in miniaturization and price-reduction of these external components making possible the small handsets available on the market today [61]. More recent products entering the market are so-called "single-chip" solutions containing both the RF and IF parts of the transceiver. One such example is the Lucent Technologies W2020 GSM transceiver [48]. A simplified system diagram of the chip and required external components is shown in Figure 1. Note that the solution requires off-chip LNA, filters, duplexer, and power amplifier. A more recent innovation from Lucent Technologies is the W3020 transceiver. It is similar to the W2020 solution but requires an external frequency synthesizer to cover GSM/DCS1800/PCS1900 bands [49]. The setup shown in Figure 1 is representative for the highly integrated transceivers commercially available today [56, 48, 49]. Although existing solutions still have a large number of external components, the idea of a single-chip wireless solution is certainly being approached. To get a pointer for the future, it serves to look at how the manufacturers promote their existing transceiver solutions in application notes and data sheets. Summarized from references [5, 49, 66, 56], the following trends are observed: The way that current IC products are promoted is from their proximity to a single-chip wireless engine. There is a clear move towards higher integration of the RF front-end and, hence, a reduction of the component count. For the manufacturers of handsets, this simplifies the process of assembling and testing the front-end. Hence, the motivation for making a wireless communicator out of a few devices and software is surely there. TROELS EMIL KOLDING: REVIEW OF RF CMOS PAGE 2 Technical Report R98-1014 , October 8, 1998. RF Integrated Systems & Circuits (RISC) group, Aalborg University, Denmark. Power Amplifier Antenna Duplexer Low Noise Amplifier


The Kanamari language belongs to the language family Katukina and is spoken by about 3000 people in the Southwest region of the Amazonas State in Brazil. This paper presents some cases of variation of the first person possessive prefixes in the Kanamari language and proposes an interpretation, based on the syllable structure of this language, for theses occurrences that do not follow the general rule for this allomorphy. Through this analysis, we conclude that the restriction to the general rule of the allomorphs occurs to benefit the phonological patterns of this language.


The cracking in RD2 axle journal relief groove for railway freight cars and its harm are described.The causes to cold axle cut are analyzed.The history of forming of the RD2 axle journal relief groove and the forms of the axle journal root(relief groove) are introduced.The main quality problems of the axle journal relief groove are analyzed.And suggestions are given from seven aspects of improving forms and axle processing quality,etc.