The thermal behavior of a disk-pad brake during a braking has been analyzed for a high speed of 300km/h. Using a coupled thermal-mechanical analysis, the contact stress and thermal distortions at the rubbing surfaces between disk and pad have been investigated based on the convective heat transfer environments. The FEM results indicate that multiple spot pads shows good thermal characteristics compared with those of the flat pad for a increased portion of braking energy.


We came from Mexico or Central America, speak a different language, and are old, isolated and without many resources. You, Erin, Chelsea, Jennifer, Jessica, Laura, and Emily truly listened to our stories. Our voices are being heard. We came from an agrarian, war-torn African country and culture. You, Kimberly, Katie, Jessie, Emily, Sammy, and Lauren identified obstacles to understanding health care and created tools to help us with understanding.


In this paper five short wavelength cyanine dyes have been studied with the comparison of their spectral sensitizations on silver chloride emulsions by UVVis spectroscopy and other methods.The results show that three cyanine dyes can be adsorbed on silver grains effectively indicating these good spectral sensitization can improve the sensitivity of the silver chloride emulsion in the short wavelength.


Information is presented on taxonomic traits of Callistochiton pulchellus (Gray, 1828) collected at thirteen sites between Iquique (20°12'S-70°09'W) and Pabellon de Pica (20°54'S-70°08'W) in the north of Chile. Sampling sites were at least one km apart. The species was found at only three of the thirteen sampling sites (23%), and only underneath boulders sunken in sand. A new southern limit for this species was recorded in Chanavayita, 54 km south of Iquique. The most important characteristics of its habitat are presently discussed, as well as the the most relevant morphological differences of this species in comparison with Calloplax vivipara (Plate, 1902) which it closely resembles in form and tegmental ornamentation. C. pulchellus had a greater number of radial lines on the cephalic plate (♠ 12) than C. vivipara (♠ 9). It was also noted that the central plates in the former species were more rectangular than those of the latter species.


The program rsource runs the Rterm command of R from inside Stata, using an R source file, if R is installed on the user's system. The output and/or the source file can be listed to the Stata log file and/or to the Stata Results window in an interactive Stata session. If the R directory on the user's system is not on the user's default path, then the user must set the global macro Rterm_path to contain the path for the Rterm command, possibly in the profile.do file (see on-line help for details).


In this work, graphene oxide (GO) was first functionalized with branched polyethyleneimine (PEI). The obtained PEI–GO was incorporated into a brominated poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (BPPO) matrix by a covalent bond interaction to form a cross-linking network. Then, a novel ultrafiltration (UF) membrane was prepared via casting and phase-inversion methods. The PEI–GO/BPPO membrane showed highly improved water flux, which was almost 6 times higher than that of the pristine BPPO membrane and 2.5 times higher than that of the GO/BPPO membrane, whereas the rejection of PEI–GO/BPPO membrane was still maintained at a high level. The improvement of membrane performance could be attributed to the special property of PEI–GO and the interactions between PEI–GO and the BPPO matrix. First, a cross-linking network of PEI–GO/BPPO membrane was formed because of the reaction between PEI–GO and the BPPO matrix to provide passageways for water rapidly passing through. Second, the high hydrophilicity of PEI–GO could accelerate the exchange rate between solvent and non-solvent, resulting in a rougher and more hydrophilic surface, higher porosity and a more porous structure. Third, the good dispersion and compatibility of PEI–GO promoted the formation of a uniform structure with fewer defects. Proper molecular weight of PEI was very important for the modification of GO, subsequently resulting in an overall enhancement in membrane performance. Anti-fouling experiments and stability tests of the membranes were also conducted. All of these results were confirmed by various characterizations, such as SEM, TEM, AFM and, etc.


This paper proposes a dynamic subchannel and power allocation algorithm for the MC-CDMA system.In the proposed scheme,data is transmitted over the user's best subcarrier rather than over all subcarriers and power control is applied to the selected subcarrier.Analysis and simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the conventional MC-CDMA in BER performance.


The study was conducted to investigate the optimal hormone treatment for rooting in bitter melon and the effect of defoliation on rooting and polyamine levels. Commercial preparation (diluted 1:10 and 1:20) gave extensive rooting within five days after treatment. The presence of leaf with the stem cutting was necessary for optimal rooting as defoliation drastically reduced rooting even when the rooting time was extended from 5 to 10 days. The presence of leaf also promoted the levels of putrescine three days after the hormone treatment just at the time of root emergence. Cuttings that did not have leaf did not show an increase in putrescine levels and did not produce roots. Spermidine levels also increased in the cuttings that rooted but there was no change in the levels of spermine in the cuttings that rooted. It appears that putrescine and spermidine play a role in regulating rooting in bitter melon cuttings. The vegetative propagation conditions described show that it is a practically viable technique for small growers to produce large number of plantlets at the farm for selection and cultivation.


Ocean acoustics is a rich field of study embracing unique modes of sound propagation, specialized means of acoustic transduction, meteorological, biological, and man‐made noise, sophisticated signal processing, and exploration on a vast scale. This special lecture is intended to give all members of the Society a broad view of an important area of acoustics which is the primary field of interest for nearly one‐fifth of the membership.


This action research is realized by the landslide disaster mitigation activities in the area of Perumnas Bukit Beringin Lestari, Gondoriyo, Ngaliyan Semarang using Vetiver Grass Technology. Implementation of Vetiver Grass Technology carried out with the active participation of citizens. Residents work together to mitigate landslide in their own environment. There are two stages in this activity. The initial stage, the residents asked the Perumnas as the developer to carry out re-installation of gabions and gabion installation at the disaster site. This is done so that subsequent landslides do not occur again. It was followed up a month later by the Perumnas. The next stage is, people install Vetiver Grass Technology in the former disaster areas to rehabilitate the degraded land and protect embankments, gabion, and building houses.


We experimentally show the system impact of group-delay ripple on system performance when considering a single fibre Bragg grating (FBG) and cascaded FBGs. We find that, for single gratings with different GD ripple, shorter pulse-widths can reduce the penalty induced by GD ripple, meanwhile, the impact of ripple becomes more and more serious as the data rate increases.


A man who had been operated 34 years previously for bilateral cryptorchidism presented with a large swelling of the left testis, which histologically proved to be a typical seminoma. The problems related to the oncogenesis from cryptorchid dysgenesis are discussed and the need for careful follow-up of the patient, especially in the case of bilateralism.


Based on the Symmetry-Adapted Product Operator (SPO), the Moltiple Quantum Coherence Product Operator (MQCPO) formalism is introduced in this paper. The modified density operator theory is universal for the description of modern multiple pulse and two-dimensional NMR experiments performed on InS(I = 1/2, 5 = 1/2; n = an arbitray integer number) spin systems. In fact, MQCPO is a Hermitian combination of irredusible tensor operators for a compsite particle, and reveals symmetry properties of the spin system in a different aspect from SAPO. There exist simple linear relations between MQCPO and SAPO for In(I = 1/2, n = 2,3) spin systems, the SAPO forms of MQCPO are listed as a usual example. MQCPO shows a simple cyclic commutation relationship with the free procession Hamiltonian, but not with the Hamiltonian of a pulse effect. Therefore, MQCPO is convenient for description of evolution period. Using the linear relations between MQCPO and SAPO, as well as the permutation properties for the coordinate indices of Cartesian components in a SAPO, the description of a pulse action tarns out to be easy and direct under the "Z''-representation. Analyses of the pulse sequences for heteronuclear spectra editing and spin topology filtration have shown the power of this formalism.


Solutions of variously acetylated chitin in formic acid were prepared by freezing with addition of dicholoroacetic acid or organic solvent, and spun into diisopropyl ether to give acetylchitin fibers. 1.0 Acetylchitin fiber was also obtained by the direct acetylation of chitin fiber in a perchloric acid–acetic anhydride mixture. 1.1 Acetylated chitin fiber showed the maximum tenacity, elongation, and knot strength among the variously acetylated chitin fibers, while a maximum Young's modulus was shown by the 1.6 acetylchitin fiber. Acetylchitin fibers have the advantage of greater tenacity and elongation in comparison with chitin fiber. These advantages contribute to the practical usefulness of chitin in spite of its poor solubility in most solvents and poor reactivity toward chemical reagents. Also the acetylchitin film prepared from formic acid–dichloroacetic acid mixture is softer and thus more pleasing to the touch than chitin film.


ion or lack of it is a subject of endless speculation. Was he a Catholic, as Clare Asquith suggests in her recent book Shadowplay? Was he a conforming Anglican, as A.L. Rowse steadfastly affirms in his numerous biographies? Or was he even an atheist, as Gary Sloan suggests in the April Freethinker? The answer, surely, is that the dramatist was a liberal Christian. Firstly, his works make an extensive use of the Bible and there is hardly a book in the Old or New Testament which is not represented by some chance word or phrase in one or other of the plays. Peter Milward cites numerous examples in Shakespeare's Religious Background (Sidgwick and Jackson, 1973). Thus Adriana's speech on the ideal relationship between husband and wife in The Comedy of Errors (2:1) makes reference to Psalm 8, and her speech beginning 'How comes it now, my husband' (2:2) alludes to Ephesians 5. This passage is also used by Katherina in her speech on the duty of wives to their husbands in The Taming of the Shrew (5:2). Again, Portia's whole speech on mercy in The Merchant of Venice is a tissue of texts from the Old and New Testaments. The same applies to Isabella's similar speech in Measure for Measure, a play whose very title echoes Jesus' words in the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 7:2). It has often been claimed that, nevertheless, the great pessimistic speeches of Hamlet, Macbeth and Lear are in no way biblical. Macbeth's 'tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow' speech about life being a 'tale told by an idiot... signifying nothing' seems to be a powerful expression of existential nihilism and nothing to do with Christianity. But this view is mistaken. 'Out, out brief candle' seems to be taken from Job 18:5-6: "The light of the wicked shall be quenched...and his candle shall be out out with him". From the Psalms come the references to 'dusty death' (Psalm 22:15 – 'dust of death'), a 'walking shadow' and 'all our yesterdays' (Psalm 39:6 – 'every man walketh in a vain show'; Job 8.9: 'We are but of yesterday and are ignorant: for our days upon earth are but a shadow'), and 'a tale told by an idiot' (Psalm 90:9 – 'we spend our years as a tale that is told'). Of course, some of the works, particularly the last plays, have a pagan setting, but we should bear in mind the 1606 act in restraint of 'abuses of players', by which any actor jestingly or profanely using the name of God, Jesus Christ, the Holy Ghost or the Trinity, was liable to a fine of £10. And in any case the playwright makes continued use of the Bible and Christianity in these plays. Since they look beyond death to resurrection and new life, they are surely expressing, at least in part, the Pauline ideal of the 'new man, the 'new creation', the 'new life' in Christ which the Christian first receives in baptism. Even Paulina's name in The Winter's Tale suggests St Paul. Her words to the statue transform the appearance of death into the reality of life for both Hermione and Leontes: "Bequeath to death your numbness, for from him Dear life redeems you". In The Tempest Christian symbolism is superimposed on pagan myth. Many Renaissance humanists including Shakespeare tried to reconcile ancient Greek and Roman religions with Christianity. Prospero is both Orpheus, who was the greatest musician and poet of Greek myth, and the Christian God; Ferdinand, who 'dies' during the masque and then ascends to heaven, is a Christ figure, Miranda is the 'bride' of Christ and Caliban is the devil. Ariel is not only the Greek Hermes, the messenger of the gods, but also plays the part assigned in the Old Testament to the Angel of the Lord and in the New Testament to the Spirit. In the Gospel story it is the Spirit which descends upon Christ when he has risen from the baptismal water and which leads him up to wander in the wilderness. Similarly, it is Ariel in the play who brings the travellers out of the sea to wander in the maze of the 'desolate isle'. The dramatist has consciously woven together pagan and Christian mythology because, as Colin Still argues in Shakespeare's Mystery Play, they share a 'timeless theme', namely man's spiritual pilgrimage in which through redemption and rebirth he can reverse the Fall. It is the story of the upward struggle of the human spirit, individual or collective, out of the darkness of sin and error, into the light of wisdom and truth. So, despite their secular appearance, the Shakespeare plays often conceal a deep undercurrent of religious meaning, a meaning which has been woven into the very fabric of the works in such an unobtrusive manner that some critics have been led to imagine that it is not even there. This meaning can also be easily missed because of the nature of its content. For Shakespeare's Christianity is undogmatic and tolerant in the tradition of Erasmus and Renaissance Humanism in general. There is, for example, never any argument on points of theology. Philosophy and religion should be kept separate because: "There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, Than are dreamt of in your philosophy" (Hamlet) The supernatural cannot be fathomed, and therefore rational argument is useless: 'the rest is silence'. As Lafeu suggests in All's Well that Ends Well: "They say miracles are passed; and we have our philosophical persons to make modern and familiar things supernatural and causeless. Hence is it that we make trifles of terrors, ensconcing ourselves into seeming knowledge when we should submit ourselves to an unknown fear" (2:3). This unknown fear must not be reasoned about but accepted as inevitable: "Must must endure Their going hence, even as their coming hither: Ripeness is all" (King Lear, 5:2). Shakespeare's Humanism


We studied the mechanical stress during the adsorption process of polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH) and polystyrenesulfonate (PSS) polyelectrolytes using highly sensitive micromechancial cantilever sensors (MCS). Single side adsorption was achieved by functionalizing individual MCS with a 2-mercatoethylamine (2-MEA) self-assembled monolayers. Exposure of the MCS to PAH solution resulted in a constant surface stress change of 1.6±0.2 N/m between the 2-MEA functionalized and silicon sensors. We attribute the surface stress change to the formation of a stable PAH polyelectrolyte layer on top of the silicon surface. We found that a second layer consisting of PSS did not result in a negligible surface stress change. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2006.96]


This paper explores investor's decision on investment and deductible insurance,from the insured's perspective of maximization the discounted cash flow.A deductible contract model with investment and the constraint of limited compensation is built,and the optimal investment strategies and the optimal deductible insurance are obtained.A numerical example is presented,which illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed model.


This paper argues that the "posthuman" is a dominant trope for SF, providing a justification for trans-and-posthumanist SF as inherently fantastic. To do so, it reads Bruce Sterling's Schismatrix stories as offering trans-and-posthuman representations definitive for twenty-first century SF, ones in which embodiment and materiality are prized over disembodied forms. Ultimately, these foundational stories represent posthumans within the context of the modern fantastic, an impulse in modern studies that foregrounds the increasingly imaginary elements defining contemporary, Western culture.


Education is an inalienable right of human beings and a fundamental requirement for individuals to have access to goods and services available in society. A formal education hierarchically structured with a chronologically graded "education system" runes from primary school through the university. In turn, informal education is a truly lifelong process and enables individuals to acquire attitudes, values, skills and knowledge from daily experience. This work shows how a group of university students enrolled in the graduation program of Biology and Geology (BG) at University of Minho, Braga, Portugal can learn some biochemical subjects by creating 3D pieces. These are both relevant for students´ learning of the particular scientific topic under study but also for promoting and disseminate some informal knowledge about the same topic to different publics. The created objects were exhibited under the name "Water: why do we need it?" in a public library during 15 days, on behalf of the celebration of The World Water Day, promoted by the United Nations. Simultaneously, a set of hands-on activities designed for children between 6 and 10 years old and having as theme "Water – Value the Drop!" was promoted during a Saturday morning, in collaboration with an association of undergraduate students enrolled in the degree of Applied Biology, at the same University. The children also visited and explored the exhibition having the BG students as monitors. The different pieces presented have an interactive and itinerant character and can be shown at several places (with more or less pedagogical character) where they can be the motto for the exploration of different themes conveyed in the exhibition.


W ASHINGTON, DC—Even small doses of low-level ionizing radiation have the potential to cause an increased risk of adverse health risks including cancer, according to a new report from the National Research Council (NRC), a component of the National Academy of Sciences here. The report, the seventh in a series from the NRC written to advise the federal government on the health effects of ionizing radiation, for the first time includes estimates of cancer incidence (including non-fatal cancers) as well as cancer mortality. Previous reports in the series focused on cancer mortality. The committee that prepared this seventh report defined low doses as exposure from nearly zero to about 100 millisievert (mSv) of ionizing radiation. "Ionizing radiation has sufficient energy to change the structure of molecules, including DNA, within cells," said the Chairman of the NRC committee that wrote the comprehensive 712page report, Richard R. Monson, MD, ScD, Associate Dean for Professional Education and Professor of Epidemiology at Harvard School of Public Health. He noted that once changed, some cells cannot repair themselves, laying the groundwork for multistep changes that increase the risk of cancer. The committee focused on low-dose, low linear energy transfer (LET) ionizing radiation (such as x-rays and gamma rays) that has enough energy to break biomolecular bonds and damage DNA. Speaking at an NRC news briefing here, Dr. Monson said the committee's review of available scientific evidence—which has mushroomed since the NRC's 1990 report on the health risks of low levels of ionizing radiation (see box)—strongly supports the linearNRC Committee: Even Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation Can Raise Risk of Cancer, but Public Should Be Reassured about Medically Necessary Radiation PAGE 9 / AUGUST 25, 2005


Safety pharmacology is an integrated discipline that has evolved from the distinct fields of pharmacology, physiology and toxicology. Safety pharmacology studies identify, monitor and characterize potentially undesirable pharmacodynamic activities in non-or pre-clinical studies. In this paper the actuality of safety pharmacology is analyzed, the basic request of experiment design is discussed, and the standardization of design for the experiment of central nervous system, cardiovascullar system and respiratory system is discussed.


Settlement reducing pile foundation has recently been proposed as an important progress in the design theory of pile foundation, which is one type of deformation-based foundations. Compared with the common design method, settlement reducing pile foundation can greatly reduce the number of required piles. Aimed to the influence of pile cap, cushion, pile spacing, pile length on bearing behavior of settlement reducing pile foundation, the indoor tests on steel pipe settlement reducing pile foundation for immersed tunnel were carried out in sand. Based on uniform design, the six groups of tests with 3×4 pile groups were conducted, furthermore, earth pressure, axial force of pile shaft, and foundation settlement were measured. When the load applied increased, the plastic failure of the soil occurred under the corner of immersed tunnel. The result shows that the earth pressure distribution against immersed tunnel is similar to the normal base reaction in sand which is big in the center and small in the border. The correlation analysis result indicates that apply pile cap, reduce cushion thickness, increase pile spacing and increase pile length can increase the pile load sharing ratio. Compared with the average value of correlation coefficient of each influencing factor, pile length has the most remarkable effect on the pile load sharing ratio, then cushion and pile cap, and pile spacing has the minimal effect among these influencing factors. The research can provide a reference for design of relevant projects.


A 0.58mm2 40nm CMOS message-passing detector (MPD) is designed for a 256-QAM massive MIMO system supporting 32 concurrent mobile users in each time-frequency resource. Leveraging channel hardening in massive MIMO, a symbol hardening technique is proposed to reduce MPD's complexity by more than 60% with minimal SNR loss. The MPD is implemented in a 4-layer 2-way interleaved architecture to enable a 2.76Gb/s throughput (average 4.9 iterations at 27dB SNR with early termination) using 76% smaller area than a fully parallel architecture. With dynamic precision control and clock gating to exploit algorithmic properties, the energy is reduced to 79.8pJ/b (or 2.49pJ/b per TX antenna).


This paper presents the results of measurements of the field dependence Fp(H) and angle dependence Fp(α) of the pinning force in an YBa2Cu3O7−δ crystal that contains various concentrations of point defects. A comparison of the Fp(H) and Fp(α) dependences gives decisive reasons for assuming that, when the vortices travel at low velocities υ, the minimum on the Fp(α) dependence corresponds to the order-disorder transition in the vortex lattice (VL). It is shown that the minimum on the Fp(α) dependence shifts toward larger angles α at large velocities υ, and this is caused by the partial dynamic ordering of the disordered VL.


Several universities, government, and private sector research laboratories have actively investigated the use of biodiesel as a fuel for use in diesel engines during the last decade. The National Biodiesel Board has utilized input from these entities to develop a market plan for the commercialization of Biodiesel as a transportation fuel in the United States. The procedures used to identify research that was needed for each market is identified and as well as the specific research needed.


This chapter adopts a long-term analysis to put the recent emergence of China in the world economy into a broader perspective. This will show that since its reopening in the 1980s, China is progressively reclaiming the place it enjoyed in the world economy prior to the industrial revolution. However the re-emerging Chinese economy is now expanding in a globalised world economy characterised by a high degree of interdependence rather than relatively independent, inward-looking 'world economies' as Braudel described the economic world system prior to the sixteenth century. This contribution will outline how the recovery of China's relative size in today's world economy is generating a profound shift in the global balance of power. It will attempt to assess to what degree the rise of China will erode the current US hegemony and will generate increasing tension. Finally, this contribution will determine to what extent this rebalancing of the world economy is comparable to the erosion of the British hegemony in the world economy during the late nineteenth century, which generated a multi-polar capitalist global economy characterised by major conflicts and crisis until a clear hegemonic position was established by the end of the First World War.


Using the method of weight function and the technique of real analysis,and introducing two pairs of conjugate exponents and an independent parameter,some extended Hardy-type integral inequalities are given.The equivalent forms and some particular results including the basic Hardy-type integral inequalities without a parameter are considered.


Laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA) is a plasma-based electron beam accelerator technology that can deliver electron beams with energies up to several GeVs, depending mainly on the power of the used laser system and the electron injection scheme. Here, we present the results from a GeV electron accelerator with a high reproducibility and a charge up to 30 pC using 110–120-TW laser pulses and by employing the well-established self-truncated ionization injection (STII) mechanism. These electron beams can be further used via bremsstrahlung in high-Z solid materials for the generation of gamma-rays and positron beams, therefore, composing a compact radiation source for various applications. Here, we use the Monte Carlo simulation code "Geant4" for studying the properties of those radiations. As expected, the characteristics of the generated gamma-rays and positron beams showed a strong dependence on the incident electron beam, target material, and thickness. The trend of positrons and gamma-rays energies and yield is shown for different high-Z to low-Z targets with the same areal mass density. Thicknesses of the target material in terms of its radiation length have been varied periodically in order to find the optimal thickness for obtaining the maximum energy and yield of the radiations. A trend can be seen in terms of energy spectra of the gamma-rays and positrons while increasing the thickness of the targets. The amount of radiation yields is also crucial to the choice of appropriate thickness of the target. In addition, this paper provides a brief description of the electrodynamics processes such as bremsstrahlung and electron–positron pair production initiated by LWFA electron beams.


Objective To analyze the clinical value of induced labor with small water bag in full-term pregnancy. Methods 100 patients with full-term pregnancy admitted to the hospital between January 2013 and December 2014 were randomized, at the time of admission, for induction with either small water bag(the treatment group, n=50) or oxytocin(the control group, n=50). The clinical effects were compared between the two methods. Results There were statistically significant differences in success rate of labor induction, as well as in clinical indicators, between the treatment group and the control group, P 0.05. Conclusion In full-term pregnancy, induced labor with small water or it assisted with oxytocin when necessary can promote cervical ripening and shorten induction time, therefore they are worthy of application.


In the present paper, the field emission cathodes of planar-type on the base of diamond-carbon composite are studied. Carbon was deposited inside porous dielectric diamond compacts which were fabricated by diamond particles pressing.


Moderate-to-severe or severe functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) is associated with higher rates of hospitalizations and with increased mortality in heart failure (HF). Transcatheter mitral valve repair by MitraClip® implantation (TMVrMC) may effectively reduce severe MR, and is associated with symptomatic improvement. However, the long-term clinical effects of this procedure are not well defined.

 We analyzed outcomes for rehospitalization and survival in HF patients with moderate-to-severe or severe FMR treated by either medical treatment (MT) only versus TMVrMC+MT by meta-analysis.

 By systematic search of bibliographic databases, we evaluated publications comparing HF patients with FMR treated by MT only versus treatment by MT combined with TMVrMC. Studies with a minimum of 25 enrolled patients and a follow/up period of at least 12 months were deemed eligible for this meta-analysis. We identified n=7 studies enrolling 2,884 HFrEF patients, divided into two study arms: TMVrMC+MT (n=1,618), versus FMR patients receiving MT only (n=1,266). At 12 months, there was a significant reduction in all-cause mortality favoring TMVrMC+MT (OR: 0.65; CI 95% 0.53–0.79), compared with the MT only patients. At 24 months, a significant reduction of all-cause mortality in the TMVrMC+MT patient group (OR: 0.54; CI: 95%: 0.43–0.67; p<0.001) was calculated. TMVrMC+MT was associated with significantly lower rates of unplanned re-admissions for heart failure compared with MT only at 12 months (OR: 0.69; 95%; CI 0.53–0.89; p<0.001) and at 24 months (OR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.39–0.71; p<0.001). In one publication, a survival benefit of TMVrMC+MT over MT alone was shown at 5 years post intervention (HR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.69–0.94; p=0.012) after weighting for propensity score and controlling for age.

 This meta-analysis on n=2,884 patients with moderate-to-severe or severe FMR reveals that TMVrMC+MT, as compared with MT alone, is associated with a significant reduction of rehospitalizations and improvement of survival up to 24 months after MitraClip implantation. However, the discordant results of 2 randomized controlled trials (MITRA-FR and COAPT) warrant further clarification, i.e. of the eligible FMR patient profiles who might benefit from TMVrMC+MT in terms of improvement of prognosis. These data imply additional evidence for TMVrMC in eligible HF patients with relevant FMR, which might be important for an update of the corresponding guidelines.

 Type of funding source: None


In work presented the possibility of using the method of clustering data mining to improve the accuracy of location in multiposition passive range-difference system. A comparative analysis of mountain clustering algorithms with existing processing of measurement results in the multiposition passive range-difference system to select the optimal (as close to the truth) the location of the radio source in the presence of measurement errors.


Scientific examination was carried out on the screws fixed on the reverse of the triptych and its frame in order to establish a chronology of interventions. The screws date from the 18th and 19th centuries.


Near-infrared organic photodetectors (NIR-OPDs) nowadays have become a hot research filed because of their advantages such as flexibility, solution-processed preparation and low cost. However, in the region of NIR window II (900–1700 nm), as an important and key role in biological detection and imaging due to its better penetration in tissues, the relevant research results are still insufficient. Here, we construct a binary bulk heterojunction by utilizing non-fullerene narrow band gap materials, that is employing PPHTQ:IEICO-4Cl hybrid film as photosensitive layer. The dark current of the NIR-OPD we prepared is low to 3.66×10−11A when no bias is applied. Meanwhile, a good responsivity of approaching 100 mA/W is achieved. Therefore, a nice detectivity which is over 1012 Jones at 940 nm in near-infrared window II is realized. In the view of the high-performance characteristics of the device and the well penetration characteristics at 940 nm in NIR window II, we carry out real-time monitoring of human being pulse behaviors. From the obtained arterial signals, we can get the heart rate, cardiac cycle, diastolic period, the systolic period and dicrotic notch as the key physiological parameters. Our NIR-OPD provides a new strategy for building high-performance near-infrared window II organic photodetectors and its significant applications of signal detection in biological or human body.


Washington - Hair removal lasers were originally invented for Caucasians; in fact, people of color, including African- Americans, Native Americans, Indians, Latinos, and others, are contraindicated for hair removal with the laser, reported Eliot F. Battle Jr., M.D.


Address for Correspondence: Res. Asst. Mehmet Karasu, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Faculty of Letters, Department of Psychology, Campus of Zeve, Tuşba / Van. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Q methodology can be described as a technique which aims to reveal similarities or differences between self-referenced viewpoints of individuals with a holistic approach (Brown, 1993). Basically, a set of statements are given to the participants and they are asked to sort the statements according to an instruction (such as agree/ disagree, like/dislike). The data obtained from this process is subjected to between-person factor analysis and the clusters of subjective viewpoints are interpreted. The methodology was presented by William Stephenson as inversion of classical factor analysis and this seemingly simple novelty opened a new way of studying subjectivity. As Brown (1996, p. 561) stated, Q methodology "combines strengths of both qualitative and quantitative methods". To clarify, Q methodology can be considered as qualitative method for its endeavor to reveal subjectivity and it is considered as quantitative method for its quantitative features in measurement and analysis.


In Protagoras (P) dialog is not questioned the logic of argumentation in the favor of teaching or learning virtue, but especially the nature of the arguments involved and also the claim of the sophists being able to offer to somebody else what they consider to have beyond any discussion – the knowledge of virtue. From Socrates point of view (alias Platon) both of them are unsupported and they will stay still as long as the sophists don't offer a definition of the virtue or at least a minimal clarification of the epistemic status of the concept of the virtue. My aim in this article is a comparative analysis of that two opposite positions – sophist vs. socratic –, not in the order to establish a subordinate argumentative relationship between them nor to reject the sophist thesis, but rather to underline the philosophical problem launched by Socrates while he ask the sophists to declare their position according with requirements of clarity and coherence. This problem is twofold – discursive paradox and the insufficiency of the experience when we deal with the definitions of the concept of virtue, which in my opinion require a specific reflection.


Methods and Systems for electronics assembly System con Sultation and Sales build upon an approach to modeling and Simulation of Such Systems in which the System is modeled at a preselected level of abstraction, which in the preferred embodiment of the invention is the material flow level of abstraction. Models capable of producing accurate results, but that avoid predicting System events at too low a level of detail, in turn permit the generation of configuration options for a customer, along with Substantiated performance pre dictions, within a comparatively short period of time, one that permits various assembly System configurations to be proposed and evaluated within the course of a particular customer Visit.


The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a CIGS thin film and a CIGS thin film solar cell manufactured using the same. The method for manufacturing a CIGS thin film comprises the steps of depositing an electrode layer on the upper part of a substrate; and simultaneously sputtering treating a CIS single target including copper (Cu), indium (In), and selenium (Se) and a CGS single target including copper (Cu), gallium (Ga), and selenium (Se) and depositing a light absorption layer, thereby manufacturing the CIGS thin film solar cell having excellent structural, optical and electrical properties. Therefore, according to the present invention, the CIGS light absorption layer can be deposited by a single sputtering process using the respective single targets of CIS(CuInSe_2) and CGS(CuGaSe_2), thereby simplifying the processes and manufacturing a thin film having various properties by adjusting the composition ratio of indium (In) to Gallium (Ga).


Pitaya peel (Hylocereus polyrhizus), which consists approximately 22% of the whole fruit weight, is discarded during juice processing. Physico-chemical properties of the discarded pitaya peel were determined in order to evaluate its potential for recovery of any value-added materials. The moisture content of the peel was approximately 92.7% and it was low in total soluble solids, protein, ash and fat content. Betacyanin pigment (150.46 ± 2.19 mg/100 g) and pectin (10.8%) were high in the peel. Glucose, maltose and fructose were detected in the peel but not sucrose and galactose. The peel also had very high insoluble and soluble dietary fibre which had exhibited a good ratio of insoluble dietary fibre to soluble dietary fibre (3.8: 1.0). Therefore, it would be an economic advantage to the food industry if pitaya peel could be reutilized instead of being discarded. In our study, pitaya peel was converted into spray dried powder since it was a good source of fibre, pectin and natural colorant. Optimization of the spray dried conditions was carried out using response surface methodology (RSM). A central composite design (CCD) was employed to study the effect of inlet air temperature (155-175 ˚C), outlet air temperature (75-85 ˚C) and maltodextrin DE10 concentration (8-22% w/w) on the pitaya peel powder. The powders were analyzed for betacyanin retention, color, moisture, water activity, hygroscopicity and solubility. Spray dried pitaya peel powders were pink in color, high in betacyanin pigment retention, low in moisture content and had a water activity of 0.233-0.380. The significant (p 0.85), ranged from 0.896 to 0.979 were fitted for the experimental data, thus indicating a satisfactory adjustment of the reduced response models for predicting the characteristic of pitaya peel powder as a function of spray dryer conditions. The result also indicated that linear term of maltodextrin concentration was found to be the most significant (p 0.05) was found between the experimental values and predicted values for all responses indicated that the optimum region obtained was valid. The storage stability of packed spray-dried pitaya peel powder during accelerated storage (45 ± 2 °C, 14 weeks) and room temperature (28 ± 2 °C, 6 months) were studied. Aluminium laminated polyethylene (ALP), amber glass bottle (GL) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) were used as packaging materials. The betacyanin pigment retention, moisture content, water activity, solubility, hygroscopicity and the color of peel powder were evaluated throughout the storage period. Storage temperatures and the type of packaging materials significantly (p < 0.05) affected all the studied parameters. Degradation of betacyanin pigment in the powders followed the first order reaction kinetics. The half life of betacyanin in peel powder kept at both accelerated and room temperature storage were calculated to be [ALP (t1/2 = 93.65 weeks), GL (t1/2 = 87.72 weeks) and LDPE (t1/2 = 76.15 weeks)] and [ALP (t1/2 = 103.43 months), GL (t1/2 = 62.43 months) and LDPE (t1/2 = 38.29 months)], respectively. The results demonstrated that pigment retention of peel powder after storing at both 45 °C (86.96-89.61%) and room temperature (89.04-95.84%) was high and thus implied that the spray-dried pitaya peel powders maybe used as a commercial food colorant. ALP was the best packaging material for keeping spray-dried pitaya peel powders.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the high-quality development (HQD) strategy of Chinese mineral resource enterprises, which is important for Chinese mineral resource enterprises to improve the efficiency and benefit of resource utilization, reduce the intensity of resource and energy consumption and gradually form resource-saving and environment-friendly enterprises.

Design/methodology/approach
This study establishes an evaluation index system with four dimensions: economy, environment, society and management innovation. The entropy value method assigns weights to them and then uses the system dynamics (SD) model for case simulation.

Findings
The results of the SD simulation conclude that the fulfillment of social responsibility and the implementation of management innovation can accelerate the realization of HQD of mineral resource enterprises; profitability plays a crucial role in economic indicators; the improvement of energy-saving volume has the most significant impact on environmental benefits; the social contribution is the key element to measure social indicators; and the sales rate of core products has the most significant impact on the benefits of management innovation.

Originality/value
Based on the few studies on the evaluation of the development strategy of mineral resource enterprises, this study establishes an evaluation index system that considers the interactions between indicators, combines the entropy value method with SD and uses the SD model to comprehensively and systematically analyze the impact and degree of each factor on the HQD of mineral resource enterprises.


When an organization is process-oriented, it is important that it can accurately measure process performance so as to be able to work with continuous improvements. Past studies on process- oriented ...


We report herein a rare example of enantiodivergent aldehyde addition with β-alkenyl allylic boronates via chiral Brønsted acid catalysis. Chiral phosphoric acid ( S )- A 2 -catalyzed asymmetric allylation using β-vinyl substituted allylboronate gave alcohols with R absolute configuration. The sense of asymmetric induction of the acid catalyst in these reactions is opposite to those in prior reports. Moreover, in the presence of the same acid catalyst, the reactions with β-2-propenyl substituted allylboronate generated homoallylic alcohol products with S absolute configuration. Unusual substrate-catalyst C-H ••• π interactions in the favored reaction transition state were identified as the origins of observed enantiodivergence in these reactions through DFT computational studies.


The invention relates to a battery (1) with at least two battery cells (2) which are interconnected by at least one electrical connection element (3), and a higher-level control device (6), each of the battery cells (2) at least one galvanic element, a a battery cell case for accommodating the galvanic element, at least one sensor device (7, 8, 9) for detecting a physical and / or chemical property of the battery cell (2) and a communication device (10, 11) for communicating with the higher-level control device (6), wherein the higher-level control device (6) is adapted to control a flow of energy in at least one of the battery cells (2) and / or of at least one of the battery cells (2) in dependence upon the physical and / or chemical properties of the battery cells (2). The invention also relates to a motor vehicle with such a battery (1).


Radical cataloging seeks to give a voice to people and concepts that are difficult to access through library subject searches. This article will explore four areas of radical cataloging: cataloging rules and the inequities and hierarchical problems inherent in classification itself, the use of cataloging to further a cause, the challenges of language in subject headings; and cataloging efforts around unconventional collections, such as zines.


In this paper, the main aspects to consider from a evolutionay genetic point of view in gene conservation are summarised. Most traits of adaptive significance are quantitative which means that no distinctive classes are segregating in the progeny. These traits are regulated by many genes, most of them have a small and identical effect on the trait, and one gene may be substituted by another resulting in the same effect. Therefore, there is no need to conserve rare genes in gene conservation. Presence of additive variance for a trait is a prerequisite for change via natural selection. Evolution is change of genetic set-up of a population. Natural selection, genetic drift, and mutations cause evolution while gene flow and phenotypic plasticity are constraints to it. All of them may act simultaneously, leading to a very dynamic situation. The continued existence of rare genes (< 1 % in a population), is dependent on chance events whether the gene contributes to fitness or not. The present genetic set-up is one out of many possible and it is transient. Therefore, it should not be the target in a dynamic gene conservation. A random selection of 500 trees in a population capture almost all genetic variation of importance for natural selection. It is important to distinguish between what is useful for a population for natural regeneration (Darwinian fitness) and what is demanded for production of human utilities (domestic fitness). Gene resource populations and breeding populations need a large additive variance. Production populations only need the amount of genetic variation that is satisfactory for production of the utilities demanded.


In the title compound, [Fe(C5H5)(C20H23)], the two five-membered cyclopentadienyl rings are nearly parallel, with a dihedral angle of only 3.8 (1)°. The dihedral angle between the indenyl plane and the substituted cyclopentadienyl ring is 58.1 (2)°.


Yao Hua is a famous theorist of calligraphy and painting of the late Qing Dynasty. He defined Chinese painting as a kind of metaphysical art and believed that the painting should be out of nature and"painter's pen follows where his mind reaches". In terms of the painting pattern,he thought that painters should eliminate all prejudices,go beyond the traditional restraints and seek for a state of "self-comfort". In terms of the painting's conception and appreciation,he proposed two famous aesthetic ideal theories: "if the artists are blindly eager for beauty,the truth will be neglected,and vise versa. "and"to appreciate beauty while it's not".


Introduction Colby has just built a new biomass plant, and is committed to sourcing the wood from no more than 50 miles away. The plant is expected to need 22,000 tons of biomass annually. The question we chose to investigate is how much biomass is available within 50 miles, and whether Colby's biomass use will have an impact on the surrounding forests. To quantify this, a GIS analysis was carried out using land cover and woodlots data. The 50mile distance was measured in two ways: a radius from Colby and using roads.


Due to the high burstiness and high-bandwidth characteristics of the services, optical interconnect in intra-datacenter networks has attracted much attention. Many datacenter applications in the environment require lower delay and higher availability with the end-to-end guaranteed quality of service. In this paper, we propose a novel latency-aware software defined networking (LaSDN) architecture for OpenFlow-based optical interconnect in intra-datacenter networks, by introducing a latency-aware service scheduling (LaSS) strategy. LaSDN can arrange and accommodate the applications with required QoS considering the latency factor, and enhance the responsiveness to quickly provision for intra-datacenter demand. The overall feasibility and efficiency of the proposed architecture are experimentally verified on our testbed with real OpenFlow-enabled tunable optical modules.


In this paper we discuss background considerations, domain properties, and some design principles for collaborative modeling environments combining the Business Rule Management approach and the Collaborative Modeling approach. The context focused on is that of translating law texts to operational processes and systems for implementing those laws in the public sector. The process of operationalizing law is very difficult to tackle: a diversity of stakeholders have to be involved to reach consensus on semantics, goals and business service design. We consider collaboration techniques crucial in order to create the required broad basis of acceptance regarding operational policies and their formulation. Collaboration techniques also enhance the efficiency and transparency of the process. We discuss the new role of collaboration in relation to the governance processes of the organizations. We illustrate a design case by describing an environment we are developing. We reflect on some lessons learned, concluding that adopting collaborative modeling techniques alone is not enough. Explorations show that additionally, rules and mechanisms are needed to structure and facilitate the group decision making process.


For an arbitrary left Artinian ring $R$, explicit descriptions are given of all the left denominator sets $S$ of $R$ and left localizations $S^{-1}R$ of $R$. It is proved that, up to $R$-isomorphism, there are only finitely many left localizations and each of them is an idempotent localization, i.e. $S^{-1}R\simeq S_e^{-1}R$ and ${\rm ass} (S) = {\rm ass} (S_e)$ where $S_e=\{1,e\}$ is a left denominator set of $R$ and $e$ is an idempotent. Moreover, the idempotent $e$ is unique up to a conjugation. It is proved that the number of maximal left denominator sets of $R$ is finite and does not exceed the number of isomorphism classes of simple left $R$-modules. The set of maximal left denominator sets of $R$ and the left localization radical of $R$ are described.


Despite relatively low working-class church attendance over the nineteenth century, evidence of religious practice in working-class households and a more diffuse religious mentality have been identified by historians, even until the mid or late twentieth century. Yet little analysis has been undertaken into how such a mentality was created. While Cox noted of late nineteenth- century Lambeth that the most successful churches were those which contained vast philanthropic networks, elsewhere he claimed that 'philanthropy … did little to promote definite Christian belief. Indeed, both he and Williams regarded schools as the primary agency for conveying religious teaching: Cox claiming that Board schools were more effective than Sunday schools, Williams, that Sunday schools provided not only a means of instilling religious belief in children but a form of 'religion by deputy' for their parents.


Quantitative assessment of biodiversity provides invaluable information for ecosystem conservation and the sustainable use of biological resources. Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding has been used as a powerful tool for identifying community composition, but it does not necessarily provide quantitative information due to several methodological limitations. Thus, the quantification of eDNA through metabarcoding is an important frontier of eDNA-based biomonitoring. Particularly, the qMiSeq approach has recently been developed as a quantitative metabarcoding method and has attracted much attention due to its usefulness. The aim here was to evaluate the performance of the qMiSeq approach as a quantitative monitoring tool for fish communities by comparing the quantified eDNA concentrations with the results of fish capture surveys. The eDNA water sampling and the capture surveys using the electrical shocker were conducted at a total of 21 sites in four river systems in Japan. As a result, we found significant positive relationships between eDNA concentrations of each species quantified by qMiSeq and both the abundance and biomass of each captured taxon at each site. Furthermore, for seven out of eleven taxa, a significant positive relationship was observed between quantified DNA concentrations by sample and both the abundance and biomass. In total, our results demonstrated that eDNA metabarcoding with the qMiSeq approach is a suitable and useful tool for quantitative monitoring of fish communities. Due to the simplicity of the eDNA analysis, the eDNA metabarcoding with qMiSeq approach would promote further growth of quantitative monitoring of biodiversity. ______________________________________________________________________________


This paper is part of the "Goblin Spider PBI" project, a world-wide revision of the spider family Oonopidae (http:// research.amnh.org/oonopidae). Oonopidae is one of the world's most diverse spider families with over 1000 described species in 88 genera (Platnick 2012). Mostly six-eyed and tiny (1–3 mm), they are not often noticed by people because of their small size and secretive lifestyle. Most have a body shield of abdominal scutae (hardened plates). The Oonopidae are most diverse in tropical and subtropical regions (Platnick and Duperre 2010), yet they also occur in other locations such as at high altitudes in the Himalayan Mountains (Baehr and Ubick 2010).


We present new optical emission-line and continuum images taken with the Hubble Space Telescope of the shocked bubble HH 168 (GGD 37) associated with the massive star formation region Cepheus A. The new images clearly resolve the interface between the molecular flow, defined by near-IR images of H2, and the shocked, optically emitting gas. The H2 emits in a clumpy sheath that surrounds the optical emission, in what appears to be a precursor or a C-type shock. This region also emits in [S II]. Hence, unlike most other Herbig-Haro (HH) regions, where [S II] radiates only behind Hα in a cooling zone, in HH 168 the [S II] emission leads Hα when H2 emission is present. The [S II] in the precursor C-shock separates spatially from the H2; hence, this region is not isothermal. H2 emission is absent and [O III] is bright near the apices of the high excitation bow shocks in the flow, as expected from theory. Radial velocities of H2 derived from high spectral resolution slit maps of the two highest excitation HH objects lie within ∼30 km s-1 of the molecular cloud velocity, consistent with the precursor scenario. Some of the H2 emission in the region is redshifted and apparently unrelated to the HH 168 bubble. Additional discoveries include numerous bright pointlike Hα emission objects, some of which may be T Tauri stars, a bright jet unrelated to the bubble flow, a bumpy morphology to the bright bow shock S, and several locations where "fingers" of H2 terminate in optically visible HH emission, similar to what is seen in the Orion Nebula.


The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of peer scaffolding on students' reasoning skills and learning performance in online collaborative learning. This study has been carried out for 6 weeks and has involved 60 secondary school students taking Information and Communication Technology (ICT) subject. The independent variable of this study is the six types of scaffolding given by peers, and the dependent variables of this study are students' reasoning skills through argumentation and students' learning performance. The pattern of peer scaffolding in the online collaborative learning environment (OCLE) for students with different reasoning skills and performance has then been analyzed. This study has been implementing quasi experimental research design which involves control and experimental groups. The data gathered are quantitative and qualitative data which then have been triangulated to answer the research questions. The findings of this study may present a guideline for teachers to facilitate students to scaffold their peers while helping them to enhance their reasoning skills and academic performance.


Negative of an art work depicting a dead Japanese gunner lying on the ground near his weapon. Place: Cape Gloucester, New Britain, 10 Dec. 1943. Govt. Collection # G.O.1. Oil on canvas, 42 x 36. By Capt. Barse (or Bairse?) Miller, C. E., 1944.


Not only sucrose but the five isomeric a-D-glucosyl-D-fructoses trehalulose, turanose, maltulose, leucrose, and palatinose are utilized by Klebsiella pneumoniae as energy sources for growth, thereby undergoing phosphorylation by a phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system uniformly at O-6 of the glucosyl moiety. Similarly, maltose, isomaltose, and maltitol, when exposed to these conditions, are phosphorylated regiospecifically at O-6 of their non-reducing glucose portion. The structures of these novel compounds have been established unequivocally by enzymatic analysis, acid hydrolysis, FAB negative-ion spectrometry, and H and C NMR spectroscopy. In cells of K. pneumoniae, hydrolysis of sucrose 6-phosphate is catalyzed by sucrose 6-phosphate hydrolase from Family 32 of the glycosylhydrolase superfamily. The five 6%-O-phosphorylated a-D-glucosyl-fructoses are hydrolyzed by an inducible ( 49–50 Kda) phospho-a-glucosidase from Family 4 of the glycosylhydrolase superfamily. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.


This paper presents a technique which generates encrypted codes from embedded error detection arithmetic coding called continuous error detection (CED). The proposed technique offers secure communication while keeps data free from errors in noisy channel. The proposed codec performs source coding, channel coding and data encryption at the same time. The proposed technique is not affect compression and error detection performance compared to CED.


A theoretical model to simulate spark ignition and subsequent flame propagation is presented. The model incorporates physical models of the breakdown process, which include effects of the blast wave generated during breakdown and chemical kinetics of fuel combustion. The energy and species equations are solved using a control volume method. A three step mechanism is used to simulate chemical kinetics for fuel combustion and nitrogen chemistry. Plasma ionization is included and its composition is calculated by assuming local thermal equilibrium using statistical thermodynamics and molecular theory. The effects of power input, spark energy, and mixture equivalence ratio on the kernel growth and flame propagation are obtained and compared with experimental and computational results available in the literature.


A study was performed to examine the role of consistency in the development and transfer of automatic processing. Subjects performed a rule-based memory search task in which they compared multidimensional probes to either one, two or three memory set rules. Results indicated that learning occurred in the absence of consistency at lower levels of task description (e.g. mappping of individual task components to responses) as long as higher level consistencies existed in the task (e.g. consistent mapping of task components to a conceptual framework). High positive transfer was obtained despite replacement of the exemplars of the memory set rules, suggesting that learning was not specific to the items encountered during training. On the other hand, the magnitude of positive transfer was reduced when the rules were replaced suggesting that most of the learning took place at the level of specific rules. Some evidence was also obtained for more general process-based learning.


Cells may die from accidental cell death (ACD) or regulated cell death (RCD). ACD is a biologically uncontrolled process, whereas RCD involves a carefully programmed ritual of a tidy death. Under physiological conditions programmed cell death (PCD) and regulated cell death (RCD) are synonymous. ACD occurs from exposure to severe toxicological injury or higher degrees of hypoxia (a process often called necrosis). RCD involves tightly structured signaling cascades and molecularly defined effector mechanisms in response to various lethal stimuli (a process often called apoptosis). A growing number of novel non-apoptotic forms of RCD have been identified and are increasingly being implicated in various human pathologies.  Programmed apoptosis consists of apoptosis, as well as anoikis. Multiple mechanisms and phenotypes compose programmed non-apoptotic cell death, including vacuole-presenting cell death (autophagy, entosis, methuosis and paraptosis), mitochondrial-dependent cell death (mitoptosis and parthanatos), iron-dependent cell death (ferroptosis), immune-reactive cell death (pyroptosis and NETosis), as well as other types, such as necroptosis. The in-depth comprehension of each of these lethal subroutines and their intercellular consequences may uncover novel therapeutic targets for the avoidance of pathogenic cell loss.  In the present review article, the hallmarks of different cell death modes are systematically described. At the end, we proceed to discuss how different forms of RCD and mitochondrial dysfunction are involved in the pathogenesis of Covid-19 and can be therapeutic targets. *Correspondence to: Alcibey Alvarado. Clínica de Diagnóstico Médico. Torre Médica. 3 piso. Paseo Colón, San José, Costa Rica, Tel: 50622237134, 50622566439, 50687351858; Fax: 50622216754; E-mail: email@example.com


A number of recent studies characterize AS-level topology of the Internet by exploiting connectivity information contained in BGP routing tables. In this paper, we present an alternative method for discovering AS connectivity by inferring individual AS connections from the Internet's router-level topology. This methodology has several advantages over using BGP routing tables. First, it allows us to obtain AS-level connectivity information at a finer granularity (e.g., multiple connections between a pair of ASs); second, we can discover ASs aggregated in BGP routing tables; and third, we can identify AS border routers, which may allow us to further characterize inter-AS connections. Since border routers have, by definition, multiple interfaces, each with an address in a potentially different AS, a major challenge of our approach is to properly map border routers to their corresponding ASs. To this end, we present in this paper several mapping rules and heuristics for inferring the ASs of border routers and report on results showing the effectiveness and validity of these rules and heuristics.


Literature on the size of particles ingested by bivalves and crustaceans was examined. In bivalves, particles above a minimum size (from 1 to 7µm diameter) were preferentially ingested, and particles above around 50µm were rejected because they did not fit in the groove in the Ctenidium. Inorganic particles of any size were less likely to be accepted than digestible particles. However, examination of gut contents revealed that much larger particles than this, up to the order of 400µ m, were sometimes ingested and could remain in the gut for much longer than food items, so that the risk of contamination associated with eating these particles would seem to be higher than their low rate of ingestion would indicate. Bivalves became much less selective when suspended particle concentrations were low. The prevalence of these large particles in the gut appears to be greatest in oysters, but this may be a bias in the studies, since large particles were also found in cockles. There is much less information on particle selection by decapods. Many small decapod species and larvae apparently consumed large food items, but these were organic, in effect prey items, so the maximum size of inorganic particle that may be ingested is uncertain. Given the prevalence of bivalve species in the prey of many decapods, the limit size of particles ingested by bivalves would constitute a lower estimate for this. Filter feeding gastropods preferentially consume particles up to around 60µ m, although there is limited evidence of larger particles being ingested.


ABSTRACT Powers have been transferred and delegated to varying degrees of depth and scope at both the sub- and supranational levels. The resulting competence overlap is sometimes substantial. This has driven a number of regional authorities to demand a greater say in future power dispersion movements to the supranational level, so as to pre-empt their proportional disempowerment. We investigate what drives these demands using interview data collected from over 300 senior regional officials in 60 regions and five countries. Controlling for economic and demographic characteristics, we find that the status quo institutional arrangement in place for each region, both supranationally (the Committee of the Regions) and domestically (shared rule and self-rule) significantly affects such demands. These findings have implications for our understanding of how different public authorities cope with power dispersion. They also shed some light on the factors which shape their preferences for alternative institutional arrangements.


Modem China has undergone a tortuous process in dealing with foreign countries. Before the Opium War, China was a feudal country. When the doors of this ancient country were forced open by the bombardment of the British cannons, capitalist influence flooded in like a swift current, bringing misery and humiliation to the Chinese nation, leading the whole society, step by step, into the position of a semi-colony. By the early twentieth century, China had signed unequal treaties with almost every capitalist country in the world. By these unqual treaties, Chinese territory was ceded, harbours forcibly occupied, tariff sovereignty seized, financial lifelines manipulated, and economic rights to railways and mines snatched. Foreign powers' intluence extended throughout the country, state sovereignty was torn to pieces, the national economy was depressed, and people were living in untold misery and suffering. These historical facts of more than half a century have proved that foreign invasion and oppression by the feudal rulers of the country were the fundamental reasons for China's povertv and backwardness. The only way, therefore, to turn China into a sovereign, integrated, strong and prosperous country, was to rid it of the shackles o f foreign oppression, and make it an independent country. Foreign invasion had another impact on China. Chinese society had for a long time been stagnant due to its self-sufficiency and its policy of closing its doors t o the outside world. thus limiting information about new productive torccs. This oppressive situation finally ended with the invasion of the foreign powers. The advanced production technology of the foreign capitalists stimulated the developnient of Chinese national capitalism. And Chinese liberal intellectuals. intluenced by enlightened Western thought and culture, began to demand a change in the status quo, and campaigned for a new economic formation. In these two ways, foreign invasion helped promote factors conducive to social revolution in China.


This paper reports on research investigating a nongrouted sleeve-type connection used to attach fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) decks to steel girders. The connection system was investigated for stiffness, strength, fatigue resistance, and degree of composite action. Static and fatigue tests were conducted first at the component level on push-out specimens to obtain P-Δ (load-displacement) and S-N (stress range–fatigue life) relationships, from which design formulas were developed. Then tests were conducted at the system level on a 1∶3 scaled-bridge model by using this sleeve-type connection, and the results showed this shear connection can satisfy requirements from AASHTO specifications for fatigue, strength, and function. Further, three-point bending tests were conducted on a T-section model cut from the scaled bridge, and approximately 25% composite action was achieved for two different connection spacings. The structural efficiency of this shear connection is shown, and this connection design is applie...


The mental health problems of college students are particularly prominent under the influence of the rapid development of society and the epidemic situation in recent years. The introduction of big data technology can solve the shortcomings of current college students' mental health education, provide new solutions for college students' mental health education, and also help to improve the scientific nature of college students' mental health education. While big data technology brings opportunities, it also brings challenges to data supervision. In the face of the lack of long-term and individualized mental health education for college students in the era of big data, this paper puts forward ideas on the construction of a long-term mechanism for mental health education for college students from four aspects: team building, platform construction, data management and upgrading and optimization, and has carried out preliminary application in colleges and universities. It is of great significance to promote big data to serve college students' mental health education and the innovative development of college students' mental health education.


With improvements in superalloy technology only modest increases in operating temperatures for components of airbreathing propulsion systems can be achieved. The necessarily resulting augmentation of component cooling might require so much compressor bleed air that there would be a significant decay in the expected increase in engine efficiency. The need for advanced materials with the required properties led to the development of thermal barrier coating systems. The current status and future trends of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are reviewed with regard to gas turbine applications. This includes the TBC deposition process, the failure mechanisms and results of testing under service-like conditions


The study was carried out between 1994–2000 with three objectives, viz. a) to ascertain the various aspects of deaths due to poisoning, b) to analyze the probable reasons for the same and c) to find remedial measures to bring down the incidence of deaths by poisoning. Only those cases with a positive history of intake of or contact with some poisonous substance, thereby causing death, were included in the study. Age, Sex, Socio-economic and marital status, the poison alleged to have been consumed and its approximate quantity etc., were ascertained from various sources. The incidence in deaths due to poisoning was found to be persistently increasing. The age-group of 21–25 years, followed by 15–20 years, was the most prone to poisoning deaths. Male: female ratio was 2.5:1. Rural: urban ratio was 1.7:1. Among the male victims, married outnumbered the unmarried in rural community, while in the urban, reverse was observed. Among the females married outnumbered the unmarried in both the rural and urban communities. Aluminium Phosphide was found to be the drug of choice for suicides and suicide was the most common mode of poisoning. Based on the conclusions of the study various suggestions relating to decreasing the tensions of the modern mechanical life style, equal status for women in the society, educating the public in general, the rural population and the girl child, in particular; the use, storage and availability of the various insecticides and rodenticides, etc. have been put forward.


: With the progress of science and technology and the personalized needs of users, complex curve surface has been widely used in aerospace, ship, vehicle, molds, medical devices and other industries. Efficient and precise manufacturing of complex curve surfaces is an important research direction of the advanced manufacturing technology. This paper research the NC machining tool path for a complex curve surface, and for the feature of the surface to choose the variable contour milling strategy. Optimization of the cutter axis vector, achieve the projection from cutting point of the cutter to the cutter axis is the largest when cutting the surface. So as to achieve the maximum cutting speed and improve the surface quality. This paper constructs the change model of the cutter axis vector of the cutting process, and the optimization of the rotation angle of the cutter axis vector is completed. The design and precision requirements, high surface quality and precision can be obtained by using this strategy and model.


To protect a battery for running from rear-impact shock, by using as a shock absorbing member an auxiliary battery arranged in a rear room together with the battery for running. The battery for running (31) and the auxiliary battery (32, 33) are arranged in the rear room (3) at the rear of a vehicle. In this battery system element arrangement structure for an FF plug-in hybrid vehicle, the battery for running (31) is arranged in a vehicle front-side space of the rear room (3). The auxiliary battery (32, 33) is arranged at a position that overlaps with the battery for running (31) in the vehicle front-rear direction, said position being a space further on the vehicle rear side than the battery for running (31).


Carried out the analysis of the behavior of the most common polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the region: anthracene (An), phenanthrene (Phen), naphthalene (Naph), pyrene (Py), fluoranthene (Flu), chrysene (Chr), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), perylene (Pl). PAHs can be considered as reliable indicators of the formation and interaction of components within the marginal filter, including the development of  anthropogenic processes. In the present material a phenomenological model of migration and formation of associations of the most persistent compounds in the range of geochemical barriers was developed. Based on the scheme of PAHs flows in the components of the aquatic system confirmed the predominant of their migration on suspended material, including biota. The specificity of the chemical structures of the PAHs determines the characteristics of the transition of PAHs in different zones of the marginal filter in case of interaction in systems "snow–ice", "ice–water", "water–suspensions" (including seston), "water–bottom sediments". Evaluated the relationship between important physical and chemical properties of PAHs as factors in their migration activity and real distributions of activity migration and transformation of complexes of PAHs in different zones of the marginal filter. Identified active and passive PAHs from the point of view of their migration and accumulation in the components of aquatic systems. Carried out the typization of PAHs according to the conditions of their migration through barriers considering their physicochemical properties.


Yang-Mills gauge theories have become an important way in which to describe matter at a fundamental level. This book explores some of the aspects of their structure, quantization applications and formalism in detail. The subject matter is approached from a number of different points of view. The path integral technique is used to study and quantize the theory. Some solvable low dimensional models are introduced as well.


Neural machine translation models, such as Recurrent Neural Networks, Long Short-Term Memory networks and the Transformer, are widely used in many translation tasks. Neural machine translation models often use the deep encoder and decoder as multiple layers to capture more semantic information. However, these models leverage the encoder top layer and decoder only when they process a sequence, which omits other layers' useful information. This paper, we propose an approach that includes two strategies. First, we propose a strategy called layer fusion to make full use of all layers. Then, we make the hierarchical interaction between the encoder and the decoder by using the output of each encoder layer as the part input of the corresponding decoder layer. We take the Transformer as an example in this work since it has achieved the best performance. The experimental results on the English and German translation data of WMT14 demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, and it is also applicable to other models.


Primates usually locate food resources using visual cues and memory, yet the potential for olfactory‐guided (or olfactory‐assisted) food location remains relatively unexplored. Here we report observations of wild Propithecus diadema that strongly suggest that olfaction is used to locate the inflorescences of two subterranean parasitic plant species (Langsdorffia sp. and Cytinus sp.). These valued but seasonal food resources are found obscured in leaf litter, and sifakas spend considerable time on the ground engaged in what appears to be olfactory exploration before they locate the inflorescences. Because they are visually obscured and occur within a substrate that is rarely used by sifakas, accidental discovery of these resources seems unlikely. Individuals may learn to exploit them by watching conspecifics. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1–6, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Sustainable development is becoming the main topic for discussion of social and economic development. Population is the most active factor of sustainable development. But there is more serious population problem in our country which restricts economy to develop sostenuto、 quickly and healthily. The paper discusses the relation between population and sustainable development, analyzes current population problem in our country and advances corresponding countermeasure at last.


By incorporating diprotonated terpyridine cation and hexacyanometalate(III) anions into supramolecular hybrid salts, room temperature Photoinduced electron transfer (PET) was achieved with the involvement of [MIII(CN)6]3− (M = Fe, Co) ion....


The invention discloses a transformation ratio tester verification system. The transformation ratio tester verification system comprises an upper computer, a complex programmable logic device CPLD, an induction voltage divider and a transformation ratio tester; the upper computer sends out a control order, is connected with the complex programmable logic device CPLD through a data line and receives the value measured by the transformation ratio tester; the complex programmable logic device CPLD receives data codes which are sent from the upper computer, obtains the corresponding data codes through logical operation and transmits the corresponding data codes to the induction voltage divider; the transformation ratio tester receives the standard transformation ratios which are output from the induction voltage divider, obtains the measured result through analysis and operation, and transmits the measured result to the upper computer through a serial port. According to the transformation ratio tester verification system, the transformation ratios required for the verification regulation are displayed on a computer interface in the form of a table, the actual transformation ratios are output in one-key operation mode, and accordingly the operation is facilitated.


Introduction Current flexor tendon suture techniques consist of a multiple-strand core suture and a circumferential suture designed to withstand the stress produced by an early active mobilization protocol. Repaired tendons by the 6 strand core suture technique were obtained satisfied results clinically, however, this technique was more complicated and more traumatic compared with the conventional 2 strand core suture. We decreased the number of core sutures and developed a new repair technique that was easy to handle, yet enough strong to allow an active mobilization protocol. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical properties and histological healing of flexor tendons repaired by this technique using an early active mobilization protocol in cadaveric and animal studies.


Abstract In this paper, new extremal doubly-even self-dual codes are obtained by using some newly constructed Hadamard matrices of various orders. In particular, many inequivalent extremal doubly-even self-dual codes of length 40, 48, 56 and 64 are presented. These codes derived from Hadamard matrices of the same order.


Background: Parkinson's disease can adversely affect the quality of life. Aims: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of global literature on the quality of life of patients with Parkinson's disease and examined the association between patient characteristics and quality of life. Methods: We searched Embase, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science from January 2000 to January 2020. We included articles published in English that used the Parkinson's disease questionnaire to estimate the quality-of-life score and to identify the determinants of quality-of-life in patients with Parkinson's disease. Results: In total, 41 studies with data from 4060 patients who had Parkinson's disease met our inclusion criteria. The overall quality-of-life score was 32.37 (95% confidence intervals (CI): 28.72–36.01). Age and duration of disease were inversely related to quality-of-life (P < 0.001). South America had the highest score on the questionnaire (39.73, 95% CI: 28.66–50.79, P < 0.001), indicating the lowest quality-of-life of patients with Parkinson's disease. Of the 6 World Health Organization regions, the Eastern Mediterranean Region had the highest score (36.28, 95% CI: 23.44–49.13, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Although the global score in patients with Parkinson's disease indicated an acceptable quality-of-life, there is a possibility for improvements. The findings of this study can inform evidence-based strategies by health policymakers and clinicians to enhance the quality-of-life of patients with Parkinson's disease.


ABSTRACT:This essay identifies some divergences in understandings and applications of the terms "women" and "gender" since the 1980s. It suggests how these divergences might help us to analyze the Ghana-focused scholarship in relation to broader trends in African studies, women's history, and gender history. Gender has permeated Ghana Studies in articles and special issues on contemporary migration, work, households, health, sexualities, and politics; but comparatively few articles have aimed to complement this thematic breadth with historical depth. The essay concludes with some reflections on the chronological distribution of research interests, the dissemination strategies of historians, and the place of country-specific journals within the broader publication landscape.


Abstract – Recently, many advanced countries are devoted to the development of eco-friendly new-renewable energy to prepare for the depletion of resources. Korea belongs to the absolute lack of energy to import from abroad 97% of energy use. So, development and supply of eco-friendly energy such as small hydro power has been required even more. Our country has a large number of small-sized reservoirs and dams. So, hydro generator has been installed at the small reservoirs and dams with the economy. Since the discharge flow of agricultural reservoir is not constant, the guide vane of wicket gate is used for adjusting the output of the generator.In this study, we have confirmed that the guide vane control of water turbine under the conditions of flow variation will improve the output and efficiency of induction generator.Key Words : Agricultural Reservoirs, Induction generator, New Renewable Energy, Power Efficiency, Small Hydro Power†Corresponding Author : Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Gangneung-wonju National University, Korea E-mail : email@example.com* Rural Research Institute, KoreaReceived : January 29, 2015; Accepted : April 15, 2015


The pattern of growth of crime against women across 19 Indian states during the period 20012015 reveals that states like West Bengal and Assam have the largest growth rate of crime against women, while Tamil Nadu shows negative growth, suggesting an efficient utilisation of crime control measures by the state. While exploring the role of different socioeconomic factors that largely influence crime against women, by using econometric analysis it has been identified that female education and the size of the female Scheduled Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST) population have strong positive roles in increasing crime against women but the sex ratio, urbanization, and female workforce participation has a negative impact on it. The prevalence of power relation and intersectionality of crime against women can be addressed through appropriate structural policy.3


This study is aimed to research the current situation, different background variables effect, correlations, forecast, and intermediary effect among cultural capital , time management and learning attitude of junior high school students in Taoyuan City. The method including the questionnaire survey and semi-structured interview is mixed methods research. The approach in this study adopts questionnaires and uses stratified random sampling to investigate 1069 samples from 60 schools. Data collected in this study are analyzed by the statistical methods of independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation, multiple regression, SEM and cluster analysis. Additionally, to fortify the research, ten people are selected to interview. The results can be concluded as follows: 1.The cultural capital, time management and learning attitude perceived by the junior high school students in Taoyuan City are significantly above theoretical average. 2.Students with different background variables have significantly different perception in cultural capital, time management and learning attitude of public junior high schools in Taoyuan City. 3.There is a moderate correlation between every two variables of cultural capital, time management and learning attitude. 4.Cultural capital and time management have the significant prediction toward learning attitude. 5.Time management is a moderate variable between cultural capital and learning attitude. 6.In Taoyuan City, nine districs, township and town presents in different groups in this research with three variable scores. 7.Explore the difference causes of quantiative research through the results of qualitative research. Based on the results above, the study offers suggestions for the educational administrative institutions, junior high school principals , teachers, parents and future researchers.


Landscape ecology is vital and significantly contributes to the country's social and economic growth. This concept is directly linked with sustainable development goals, and a growing potential exists that landscape ecology will replace conventional landscaping practices as the authoritative framework for environmentally responsible landscaping. Decentralizing spatial planning policy requires local actors to work together to determine what physical changes must be made to the environment to reflect their respective values. To be applicable in such bottom‐up landscape‐development processes, this study checks the relationship between the landscape ecological perspective and the financial development of China over the period 1995–2021 by using the autoregressive distributed lag model. The findings indicated that green investment, environmental pressure and energy consumption play a significant role in China's financial development. Landscape ecological research should pay more attention to these dilemmas as a unifying common ground to produce a joint knowledge base that can be incorporated into multifunctional, actor‐led landscape development. This research adds value to the modern pattern‐process model in landscape ecology by developing this idea into a knowledgeable framework. Subsequently, this study promotes green investment activities and consumption of energy sources so that landscape ecology aims should be obtained through interdisciplinary research. Future research can be done by taking the emerging economies into account.


The present invention relates to a wiping member 10, the wiping member includes a coating provided on at least a portion of the outer surface of the elastomer-based material, the elastomer-based material. At least a portion of the surface of the assembly consisting of the elastomer-based material and the coating has a cross-linking also increase over at least a surface thickness of the assembly. The present invention also relates to a method for processing a windshield wiper blade and the wiping member.


Abstract Background An increasing number of studies show that the intestinal flora is closely related to spinal cord injury. Many researchers are exploring the changes in the richness, diversity, and evenness of intestinal flora in spinal cord injury animal models to identify the characteristic bacteria. Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted using three databases: PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. A meta-analysis was performed using R 4.3.1 to evaluate the comparison of microbiota diversity, richness, and evenness and the relative abundance of intestinal microbiota in animals with spinal cord injury and blank controls. Results Fifteen studies were included in the meta-analysis, of which 12 involved gut microbiota distribution indicators and 11 included intestinal microflora relative abundance indicators. Meta-analysis of high-dimensional indicators describing the distribution of the gut microbiota identified a substantial decline in the evenness and richness of the intestinal flora. In addition, the Actinobacteria phylum and Erysipelotrichales and Clostridiales orders were significantly different between the spinal cord injury and sham groups; therefore, they may be the characteristic bacteria in spinal cord injury models. Conclusion Our meta-analysis suggested that the gut microbiota in the spinal cord injury animal model group was altered compared with that in the control group, with varying degrees of changes in richness and evenness and potentially pathogenic characteristic flora. More rigorous methodological studies are needed because of the high heterogeneity and limited sample size. Further research is needed to clinically apply intestinal microbiota and potentially guide fecal microbiota transplantation therapy.


A study on the preservation techniques of Lactobacillus cultures was conducted by
freeze-drying the cultures in different formulations of protectants and storage at
-20°C, 4°C and room temperature for 1 to 6 months. Among the six formulations
used, cultures preserved with 10% sucrose or 10% skim milk remained unchanged in
their viability after freezing and after freeze-drying. All the freeze-dried formulations
showed no viability losses after I month and 6 months of storage at _20° C, while a
little loss at 4°C after 6 months of storage was observed. The viability in all the
formulations was reduced after I month of storage at room temperature, in particular
cultures stored in 10% skim milk. There was no viable count for all the formulations
at 10-1 dilution, except for samples stored in 10% sucrose (6 x 103 CFU/ml) after 6
months of storage at room temperature.
A feeding trial using 480 one-day-old broiler chicks and eight diets was conducted tor
6 weeks. The diets were designed to determine the effects of Mitsuokellajalaludinii (a
new phytase-producing bacterial species) and Lactobacillus cultures (as probiotics) on
minerals (Ca, P, Zn, Cu and Mn) and nitrogen utilization, and growth performance of


and inflammatory conditions including immune-mediated bone marrow failure and the often-profound pancytopenia seen in those patients treated with interferons. Apparently , IFN-␣ and IFN-␥ have similar effects in this Irgm1 pathway (Margaret Goodell, personal communication, June 2011). These observations have immediate clinical consequences as an easier-to-tolerate pegy-lated form of IFN-␣ has been shown to induce complete clinical remission in a majority of patients with polycythemia vera 1 and essential thrombocythemia 11 and to decrease JAK2 al-lelic burden and, in some cases, decrease the proportion of cytogenetic abnormality. Previously , Liu and coworkers 2 have also shown that IFN-␣ is the only shown agent that can convert clonal polycythemia vera myeloid he-matopoiesis to polyclonal hematopoiesis. As presented at the 2010 American Society of Hematology Meeting, pegylated IFN-␣ in some patients selectively decreased the JAK2V617F allelic burden without rescuing nonclonal hematopoiesis in some patients, yet in other patients, it resuscitates normal hema-topoietic cells with a conversion of polyclonal cells without much change of JAK2V617F allelic burden. Whether these observations could be explained solely by the effect on stem cells is not clear, as alternate mechanisms, or a combination of other mechanisms (such as stimulation of so-called testicular cancer antigens and the immune response against them) as has been shown in chronic myelocytic leukemia and more recently in polycythemia vera, 12 or direct suppression of JAK2V617F-bearing hemato-poietic progenitors 13 remains to be determined. It also remains to be shown if the inter-feron effect on the stem cells selectively stimulates clonal JAK2V617F Ϫ , stem cell of JAK2V617F ϩ subclone, or normal dormant hematopoietic cells (figure panel B). Finally, the salutary effect of interferon therapy, which has been used in clinical practice without a full understanding of its mechanisms , is becoming clearer. One can hope that the direct targeting of the control mechanisms that protect stem cells from their depletion without other systemic detrimental effects of interferon, such as depression or promotion of autoimmune complications, could be transferred to a more targeted clinical benefit. Conflict-of-interest disclosure: The author declares no competing financial interests. ■ REFERENCES 1. Kiladjian JJ, Cassinat B, Chevret S, et al. Pegylated interferon-alfa-2a induces complete hematologic and molecular responses with low toxicity in polycythemia vera. Prchal JT. Discrimination of polycythemias and thrombo-cytoses by novel, simple, accurate clonality assays and comparison with PRV-1 expression and BFU-E response to erythropoietin. Weksberg DC, et al. Irgm1 protects hematopoietic stem cells by negative regulation …


Wave directionality plays a major role in port and coastal engineering applications. In the present overview directionality is examined and how it can be expressed analytically in terms of the energy spreading function. It is also shown how the numerical models currently in use can be deduced. Some common methods of analysing field measurements are reviewed: and finally a new array geometry of probes is proposed. to obtain the transformation of the energy spread function as the waves propagate inshore. 1 Directionality of water waves Water waves travel along a direction that depends on the frequency of each wave component and changes in space and time for a changing wind field and varying topography. Wave directionality is quite important in engineering applications since it affects crucially the layout of port installations. such as basin entrances, wave penetration studies. design of coastal structures. etc. Directionality in water waves can be adequately represented by the directional spectrum S(f,0). a function of frequency f and angle of propagation 0. In a directional wave spectrum S(f,0) the energy associated with a particular frequency and direction can be expressed in terms of the amplitudes of the wave components by the relation Transactions on the Built Environment vol 58 © 2001 WIT Press, www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3509 146 Coastal Engineering V: Computer Modelling of Seas and Coastal Regions l k s is a formal expression of the directional spectrum when wave-wave interactions are ignored. It also represents the variance of the free surface elevation due to waves of frequency f travelling along the direction 0. Thus, the total variance of the elevation q is given by The elevation of the free surface can be expressed through the directional spectrum by the following stochastic integral equation (Pierson et al., 1955): It is customary to assume that the directional spectrum can be deduced fiom the one-dimensional spectrum S ( f ) by factorising the latter by the directional spreading function G(f,0). This function distributes in a realistic way the wave energy among the various directions 0. In order to conserve the total amount of energy, G(f,0) should be normalised according to the following condition:


Successful dual cultures of a powdery mildew pathogen and Rhododendron ponticum plantlets were achieved using a tissue culture technique. Sporulation was observed within 1 week of inoculation. Comparative in vitro cultures were grown at 10, 15 and 20°C with host tissue transferred to fresh media at 2-monthly intervals. Viable conidia capable of infecting host tissue in vivo were obtained from cultures maintained at 10 and 15°C after culture for more than 6 months. Isolates from three sources (Auchincruive, Benmore and Perth) were introduced into culture. Cultures inoculated with Perth and Benmore isolates exhibited increased host growth at 10 and 15°C, respectively compared with control plantlets. These effects may result from pathogen-induced changes to host regulatory metabolism. The culture technique allows the long-term maintenance of pathogen cultures under sterile conditions without requiring subculture.