Polyurethanes, manufactured from aromatic and aliphatic isocyanates (1), are an important class of high-performance materials. Aliphatic polyisocyanates are the preferred building blocks for coatings and most are based on hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). For the majority of applications, oligomers of HDI with significantly lower vapor pressure than that of the monomer are required. These oligomers are predominantly cyclo-oligomers, such as uretdiones 2, isocyanurates 3, and iminooxadiazinediones 4, which can be prepared by catalytic cyclo-oligomerization of monomeric isocyanates. Although phosphines, including tri-n-butylphosphine (5), have been used commercially as catalysts for more than 20 years, no information is available on the mechanism of the reaction. Based on the reactivity of nucleophiles towards heterocumulenes, the reaction may start by the nucleophilic attack of the phosphine on the carbonyl group of the isocyanate to form a zwitterionic intermediate A, followed by reaction with another isocyanate moiety to result in a second zwitterionic intermediate B (Scheme 1). Although an intramolecular nucleophilic attack by the O(RN) ion on the carbonyl group ofB could lead to the formation of 2 and 5, the addition of another isocyanate moiety could result in the formation of zwitterionic intermediates C1 and C2. Similarly,


We have developed a green and practical method for the Huisgen cycloaddition of water-insoluble sulfonyl azides with alkynes 'on water' at room temperature under catalysis of the inexpensive catalyst system CuX/PhSMe, and addition of the ligand (thioanisole) greatly inhibited cleavage of the N 1 -N 2 bond in the 5-cuprated N-sulfonyltriazole intermediates to amides and improved the yields of N-sulfonyltriazoles.


The two‐pore domain potassium channel TREK‐1 is a member of background K+ channels that are thought to provide baseline regulation of membrane excitability. Recent studies have highlighted the putative role of TREK‐1 in the action of antidepressants, and its antagonists might be potentially effective antidepressants. However, the mechanisms underlying the actions of TREK‐1 are not yet fully understood.


Abstract This research explores how older people construct their view on 'living in solidarity'. The data was collected during a cohousing project (from construction till occupation). Co-creation sessions with residents and project coordinators were analyzed. 7 conditions and success factors were unraveled that deemed important to realize 'solidary housing': 1) The challenge to unite individual and collective needs; 2) Continuous task to engage (candidate-) residents, from early beginning; 3) A targeted selection of residents; 4) Maximizing the competences of older people, 5) Developing a group identity consciousness, 6) Involving experts providing support for group- and individual trajectories, 7) Creating a climate of confidence. Solidary housing appeared to be a nuanced and layered concept which should not be overidealized. Participants demonstrate what is realistic, and how it can be shaped in daily practice. By discussing and deciding on group issues, the project coordinators created a shared platform for implicit and explicit agreements.


A method to control the dynamic range of a hearing device, which comprises at least one acoustic/electric input transducer followed by a signal processing unit which in turn is operationally connected to an electric/mechanical output transducer, by selectively switching an input impedance of the electric/mechanical transducer from one value to another.


The kinin B1 receptor contributes to vascular inflammation and blood‐retinal barrier breakdown in diabetic retinopathy (DR). We investigated the changes in expression, cellular localization and vascular inflammatory effect of B1 receptors in retina of streptozotocin diabetic rats.


Influence of such processes as molding powder production, pel-lets pressing and aging under different condit/ons on particle size of TATB ( 1,3,S-trlamino-2,4,6-trinltrobenzene ) and HMX (cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine) was experimentally studied. The results showed that parflele size of these explosives was greatly changed before and airier moldinu powder produc-tion, but for different size grade of explosive this change was not the same; pressing process had also great effect on explosive particle size, but before and after ageing process explosive par-tide size did not change seriously.


Often invoked as providing the genealogy of the study of religion, British imperial comparative religion entailed a triple mediation in which imperial theorists derived indigenous data through colonial middlemen. Focusing on the circulation of Africana religions in this enterprise, I examine the work of three South African scholars—the Zulu philologist uNemo (1865–1953), the Tswana historian S. M. Molema (1891–1965), and the Zulu dramatist and student of anthropology H. I. E. Dhlomo (1903–1956)—who intervened in imperial comparative religion by reversing the flow in knowledge production. While uNemo unsettled F. Max Müller's confidence in quoting colonial experts in South Africa, Molema and Dhlomo turned imperial theorists into informants for advancing their own intellectual projects in the historical and anthropological analysis of African religion in South Africa. For the study of Africana religions, this discussion highlights the dynamics of circulation in producing knowledge about religion and religions.


This article evaluates the system reliability of a manufacturing system with reworking actions, where the system reliability is an essential indicator to determine whether the manufacturing system is capable or not. Based on the path concept, we transformed the manufacturing system into a stochastic-flow network in which the capacity of each machine is stochastic (i.e., multistate) due to failure, partial failure, and maintenance. In such a manufacturing network, the input flow (raw materials/WIP; work-in-process) processed by each machine might be defective and thus the output flow (WIP/products) would be less than the input amount. To analyze the different sources processed by the manufacturing network, we decomposed the network into one general processing path and several reworking paths by a graphical technique. Subsequently, an algorithm for the manufacturing network was proposed to generate the lower boundary vector which allows sufficient products to satisfy the demand. In terms of such a vector, the system reliability can be derived easily.


We give an estimation for the sharp-unknotting number of certain types of torus knots, and decide it for 39 torus knots.


The entropy production paradox for anomalous diffusion processes describes a phenomenon where one-parameter families of dynamical equations, falling between the diffusion and wave equations, have entropy production rates (Shannon, Tsallis or Renyi) that increase toward the wave equation limit unexpectedly. Moreover, also surprisingly, the entropy does not order the bridging regime between diffusion and waves at all. However, it has been found that relative entropies, with an appropriately chosen reference distribution, do. Relative entropies, thus, provide a physically sensible way of setting which process is "nearer" to pure diffusion than another, placing pure wave propagation, desirably, "furthest" from pure diffusion. We examine here the time behavior of the relative entropies under the evolution dynamics of the underlying one-parameter family of dynamical equations based on space-fractional derivatives.


When we were students attending our first Society for Marine Mammalogy conferences, a small but devoted group of us would eagerly search the conference schedule for talks on cognition and social behavior. Although there were never many in the offering, we could almost always find a couple of great presentations. The latest works from the cognitive science laboratories of Herman (e., for example , were among the high points for us of each five-day, biennial event. And, if there were indeed any reports on social behavior from the field (see reviews, this issue), they would make the conference an especially exciting one for us. There were, of course, good logistical reasons why talks on such topics were so few and far between. Identifying individuals, tracking their relationships, and collecting data on their social interactions underwater pose a daunting challenge to even the most intrepid, and well-funded, field biologists. Maintaining marine mammals in the laboratory was likewise difficult and expensive, and funding for research on the cognition of these alien creatures, so different from ourselves, was, and continues to be, particularly hard to come by. But, inspired by the research that had, against these odds, provided such fascinating glimpses into the cognitive and communicative skills of these animals, we were determined to do more of the same. Many of the people who have worked to carry on that tradition are, happily, represented in this issue. We, the Guest Editors of this special issue, also went off to try and do our part. One of us (Herzing) established a field site in the Bahamas at which audio-video recordings of social interactions among wild, but human-acclimated, dolphins have now been the focus of study for over twenty years In recent years, however, Johnson has shifted to primarily studying primate behavior instead (Johnson et al., 1999; Johnson, 2001). It was this shift to comparative studies that provided the kernel that was to grow into the workshop upon which this issue is based. Given the close genetic relationship between humans and other primates, there long has been a strong impetus to study our simian kin, to learn more about both our origins and our uniqueness as a species. In both the laboratory and the field, research on primate sociality and problem solving has been pursued with great vigor and ingenuity, producing, over 100 years, a literature vast compared to that available, even now, on marine …


The performance of two strains of Nile tilapia (the Nyakabera and Lake Kivu) fed a commercial feed or either a fishmeal-based or a fishmeal-free feed formulated using local ingredients was evaluated for 99 days in Bukavu, eastern highlands of the DR Congo (Experiment 1). Strain × feed interaction was significant (p < 0.05) for final body weight (FBW) and condition factor (CF). Growth of both strains was best with the commercial feed. Fish-meal free formulated feed resulted in similar or better fish growth than a local fishmeal-based formulated feed depending on the strains. Lake Kivu strain had significantly (p < 0.05) higher FBW when fed the commercial and fishmeal-free feeds than the Nyakabera strain, but when fed the fishmeal-based feed the difference was not significant. The performance of the other three Nile tilapia strains (the GIFT-Congo Futur, GIFT-RATALBI and Tihange strains) fed a single commercial feed was evaluated for 84 days in Kinshasa, western lowlands of the DRC (Experiment 2). Male GIFT-Congo Futur and GIFT-RATALBI did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) in FBW and CF, but both performed better than the Tihange. FBW of the female GIFT-Congo Futur was significantly higher than that of the other two strains, while CF was not significantly (p > 0.05) different among strains in females.


The study uses linear sweep voltametry (LSV) to observe the efficiency of oxygen reduction on some oxides and their mixtures in 6 M KOH at 25 C. The investigated materials are Ag2O, MnO2, Sm2O3, Dy2O3 and NdO2. The electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) on Teflon-bonded, oxideþ graphite electrodes are studied. The oxygen reduction potentials for electrodes containing these materials as catalyst are seen as 60.67, 270.31, 111, 159.58 and 130.24 mV, respectively. Mixture combinations of these oxides give a higher ORR peak current thereby showing evidence of synergetic effect. Air–MH cells using some of the above investigated oxides as catalyst for air electrode are constructed and studied. Best performance is obtained with silver oxide. The LSV findings are in accordance with air–MH cell charge/discharge experiments and for best performance prefer shift of the ORR onset potential to more positive positions. a 2008 International Association for Hydrogen Energy. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights


A new test facility is being designed and constructed at the ISIS spallation neutron source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, for the purpose of developing and experimenting with new plasma power supply topologies and modes of operation. The test facility will allow better control of power supply parameters such as discharge pulse current and plasma ignition voltage along with the possibility for closed loop feedback control. The design and technical construction details are presented with an overview of the plasma power supply developments.


Measuring soil moisture is very important for monitoring global water cycle. In past years for more than two decades, measuring soil moisture by passive and active microwave remote sensing has been intensively researched. The significant advancements has been made in measuring soil moisture in bare soil field or less vegetation covered region. To measure soil moisture with vegetation cover, vegetation emissivity and opacity have to be included as two parameters to character radiation in vegetation layer. In this paper, we review the phenomenological model to treat radiation transfer in media comprised of vegetation and underlying soil surface. And then simulation of vegetation emissivity and opacity based on radiation transfer theory and combined with input of geometrical parameters and water content measured in winter wheat field was presented. Finally, the relationships between them, in particular of different frequencies and polarization, were been dug out and examined.


This paper presents a study of family reactions to African American adult daughters' conversions from Christianity to Islam. Examining qualitative data from interviews with Christian mothers and Muslim daughters in 17 family units, we explored reactions to a family member's religious conversion initially and over time. We also identified the specific challenges facing African American families when a daughter converts to Islam. We found a wide range of initial emotional responses to an adult daughter's conversion. Over time, the families showed marked changes, predominantly in the direction of increased respect and acceptance. Reactions to the change and the challenges facing the families are discussed in relation to several theories, including ambiguous loss, and implications for practice are described.


Burnout is a state of emotional and physical fatigue, low productivity, and feelings of isolation, often caused by work-related stress. People who experience burnout / burnout at a high level are mostly inclined to withdraw from their work so that the results of the work done are not optimal and have an impact on performance. The research method used in this research is Exploratory Research using a Quantitative approach, the focus of this study is to determine the Effect of Burnout with Performance. The sampling technique in this study used a Purposive sampling technique with a sample size of 71 respondents. After testing the validity and reliability. Then the data obtained were analyzed using simple linear regression. This study found a strong and significant negative effect between Burnout and employee performance at the Surabaya Command Center 112 Surabaya. This is proven by the t value of (-15.268) while the t table is 1.99495 with Sig 0.000 at a Significant level of 5%. This study also found a coefficient of determination of 0.878. This means that the Burnout variable contribution is 87.8% on performance, while 12.2% are not examined in this study.


The objective of this study is to develop preliminary assessment indicators of the external spaces for ecological housing complexes in Korea. For this purpose, assessment indicators from international and national research materials and assessment criteria, newly developed indicators were synthesized. These indicators were distributed by 4 principals of eco system which are circulation, stability, independence, and diversity, and were organized to the preliminary indicators pool. And then, the survey on the importance level of preliminary indicators has been done through experts who have design experiences of external spaces of housing complexes. Based on the survey results, applying priorities of assessment indicators were suggested. These assessment indicators can be used as a basement of developing assessment method of external spaces for ecological housing complexes, and it also can be used for developing assessment model and planning standards for the development of ecological housing complexes.


We studied the structure of the flowers of the Hippeastrum striatum. The morphometric parameters, morphology, anatomy, and vascular anatomy of the ovary and the flower are generally described. We registered that the following structural zones are present in the Hippeastrum striatum gynoecium: synascidiate, symplicate, hemisymplicate, and implicate vertical zones. Septal nectaries appear in the symplicate zone and extend to the ovary's entire height, and have a height of about 3280 μm. The peduncle of H. striatum contains 26 large and small vascular bundles. The trace of the ovules is single-bundle. Traces of the inner tepals comprise 20 vascular bundles, traces of the outer tepals comprise 28 vascular bundles. Traces of stamens are single-bundle; it branch out from traces of tepals.


In six producing regions of Cote-d'Ivoire (Abengourou, Aboisso, Divo, Gagnoa Daloa, Soubre), 280 farms were visited. Based on the farmers' knowledge of their planting materials, individual trees were selected which were promising for high yield potential, with low pest infestation (mirids) or with low Phytophthora pod rot incidence. Open pollinated seed progenies were collected from 561 trees. One seedling from each of these accessions was used to study the genetic diversity with 12 microsatellite markers. Parental clones from seed-gardens in Cote-d'Ivoire and African founder genotypes were used as control populations. The farm accessions revealed high within-region and low between-region diversity. Most of the farm accessions appeared to be hybrids between Upper Amazon (UA) and Lower Amazon (LA, Amelonado) or African Trinitario parental genotypes. However, a certain percentage of accessions appeared to be fairly pure UA or LA types. The best accessions for black pod resistance appear to be mostly hybrids between Upper Amazon and Amelonado. (Resume d'auteur)


Pasture measurement is one of the easiest and most effective management tools to boost the production efficiency and profitability within a pasture-based dairy system.


Background. BK virus (BKV) infection of kidney transplant patients is an increasing problem and is thought to be secondary to potent immunosuppressive therapy. BKV infection progresses to BKV nephritis (BKVN) in approximately 8% of transplants and in half of these cases the graft is lost. Methods. We used an interferon-gamma enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay to measure the cellular immune response to peptides encoding BKV large T antigen. Eight kidney transplant patients with BKVN were tested at the time of diagnosis of BKVN and then after resolution of active BKV infection. Results. When total spot counts from all peptide pools were combined, the mean ELISPOT signal per 10,000 cells at the time of BKVN diagnosis was 23.1 (range 3.4–59.7), with a median of 21.8. This increased to 70.2 (range 5.4–189.4) with a median of 37.0 (P=0.1216) after resolution of active BKV infection. To further increase specificity of response, we counted the number of peptide pools with ELISPOT activity of greater than 10 spots per well after subtraction of background. The mean number of pools fitting this criteria at the time of BKVN diagnosis was 2.1 (range 0–8) with a median of 1.5; this increased to 8 (range 1–18) and a median of 6.5 after recovery (P=0.0338). Conclusion. This demonstrates that recovery of cellular immune response to large T antigen corresponds with resolution of active BKV infection. This may prove useful in monitoring patients' cellular immunity and recovery from active BKV infection when treated with reduction in immunosuppressive therapy.


As an acting ward manager, I would argue that dignity issues should already be a part of the healthcare worker's responsibilities, not least ward managers and their counterparts (news April 26). Do we really need 'dignity nurses' to ensure that patients are treated with respect?


The challenge of percept the complex environment through visual recognition has turned the tide of research on image recognition toward panoptic segmentation by unifying the distinct task of instance and semantic segmentation into a single architecture. This work applies panoptic segmentation for the inner-city tram in the environment where the railway intersects with the road. Our study on Cityscapes, COCO-Stuff, and RailSem19 public datasets has limitations due to unsuitable semantic and instance masks for our mixed traffic scenario. Thus, we consider creating our self-curated dataset, which was collected on the route of the Batara Kresna railbus, for the model to generalize our local context better. The data consists of a combination of 1000 frames of images with a dense-pixel panoptic annotation. Among those sets, 200 of them are specified and taken using the front camera to maximize the occurrence of the railway. We decided to calculate the occurrence of an object and class distribution as an initial data quality assessment.


Platelet-mimicking nanoparticles enable the targeted delivery of small interfering RNA to tumors for anticancer therapy. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a powerful tool for gene silencing that has been used for a wide range of biomedical applications, but there are many challenges facing its therapeutic use in vivo. Here, we report on a platelet cell membrane–coated metal-organic framework (MOF) nanodelivery platform for the targeted delivery of siRNA in vivo. The MOF core is capable of high loading yields, and its pH sensitivity enables endosomal disruption upon cellular uptake. The cell membrane coating provides a natural means of biointerfacing with disease substrates. It is shown that high silencing efficiency can be achieved in vitro against multiple target genes. Using a murine xenograft model, significant antitumor targeting and therapeutic efficacy are observed. Overall, the biomimetic nanodelivery system presented here provides an effective means of achieving gene silencing in vivo and could be used to expand the applicability of siRNA across a range of disease-relevant applications.


The huayao brede is the treasure of China's minority folk arts.It was ranked as nonmaterial cultural heritage in first batch.In the particular geographical environment and special life style,the huayao brede utilizes special ways forming a kind of special art.This kind of art is so beautiful and surperising that people enjoy it very much.


Vanadium oxide nanorolls have for the first time been successfully used as cathode material in a rechargeable lithium battery. The rolls consist of vanadium oxide sheets arranged in a scroll-like manner. The layers are separated by structure directing templates ~e.g., primary amines! which can be readily exchanged by various metal cations without destroying the tubular structure. X-ray diffraction ~XRD! and transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate the morphology and structure of the rolls. Performance as an electrode material was tested by galvanostatic cycling in the potential range 1.8-3.5 V ~vs. Li/Li 1 ! .T he capacities were found to be closely dependent on the type of lithium salt used in the electrolyte. Three salts were tested, LiBF 4, LiPF6, and LiN~CF3SO2!2. The imide salt, LiN~CF3SO2!2, proved to give the best result with initial capacities .200 mAh/g. The material cycled reversibly for at least 100 cycles. XRD results indicate that the tubular structure is preserved, even after prolonged cycling.


People are often confused about the distinction between the pain and discomfort that may accompany orthodontic and dentofacial orthopedic treatment. The International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as ''An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage'' while discomfort is a disagreeable sensation, an annoying condition. Although a disagreeable sensation is common to both vocables, actual suffering is a component of pain while discomfort is merely irritating. But whether the condition is true pain or just discomfort isn't the end result similar, an unwelcome disturbance in the quality of the patient's life? Today, any patient can surf the Internet and find a multitude of sites devoted to pain in orthodontics. Many studies have shown the impact that pain and discomfort have on orthodontic treatment that can be forcible enough to make some patients abandon therapy. More often pain causes patients to become indifferent to their progress in treatment and to stop cooperating by not wearing appliances and auxiliaries like rubber bands and by failing to maintain good oral hygiene. As therapists, it is our responsibility to manage the unpleasant sensations that appliances cause as effectively as possible, always bearing in mind the subjective, complex, and multi-dimensional nature of pain. We must also be sure to take into account the wide range of individual variations.


This study aims to analyze the criteria and procedures adopted by companies for determining the budget communication. Specifically, we intend to identify how companies organize the system of deciding the budget and deal with the budget cuts throughout the process of implementation of promotional activities. The data collection involved in-depth interviews conducted with communications professionals from ten companies belonging to the ranking of the 300 largest advertisers in Brazil. As data analysis technique, we have chosen content analysis. The main results showed little or no participation by the communication manager's final decision on the budget area, the lack of criteria to justify budget cuts during the promotional period and the adoption by firms of judgment methods and percentage of sales to determine the budget amount of communication


In this paper we consider the locally backward self-similar solutions for the Euler system, and focus on the case that the possible nontrivial velocity profiles have non-decaying asymptotics. We derive the meaningful representation formula of the pressure profile in terms of velocity profiles in this case, and by using it and the local energy inequality of profiles, we prove some nonexistence results and show the energy behavior concerning the possible velocity profiles.


Tragedy of the kid junkie? How? Do it like TimeLifeHamillDailyUSNewsW tombstones in the eyes of a pink-cheeked kid who's caught a Jones. Wan face. The shivers on a hot day and sweating on a cold one. Do the desolation row bit. Relate to bombed-out houses; war image. Crouching in the rotted doorway and living in the abandoned slum building. O.D.'s in the empty rooms far away from mama. Even highschool football heroes are on scag. Middle-class addiction, so therefore it is now tragedy. What was the daily body-count before it moved into middle America? Junkies in Larchmont and Scarsdale and Riverhead and Croton and Greenwich, don't forget those. Put in a touch about the hypodermic, the works in a hardtop cigarette pack.This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website, where most recent articles are published in full.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.


Гребенюк Вячеслав Владимирович – д‐р мед. наук, профессор кафедры анатомии и оперативной хирургии Амурской ГМА; e‐mail: email@example.com ANtIbIOtIC-REsIstANt FORMs OF PAthOgENIC MICROFLORA IN PAtIENts wIth sURgICAL sEPsIs V.V. Grebenyuk1, K.A. Kovtunov2, A.A. Nazarov3, I.V. Chumachenko4 1 Amur State Medical Academy (95 Gorkogo St. Blagoveschensk 675000 Russian Federation), 2 Amur Regional Clinical Hospital (26 Voronkova St. Blagoveschensk 675028 Russian Federation), 3 Blagoveschensk City Clinical Hospital (32 Bolnichnaya St. Blagoveschensk 675000 Russian Federation), 4 411 Military Hospital (166/1 Naberezhnaya St. Blagoveschensk 676850 Russian Federation) background. In developed countries, the incidence of sepsis is 200–275 cases per 100,000 of population. Annualy in the United States it is re‐ corded up to 500,000 cases of sepsis with a mortality rate of 20–50 %. Methods. It was conducted a retrospective analysis of 363 cases of patients with surgical infections, who had been hospitalized to the City Clinical Hospital and to the Amur Regional Clinical Hospital, Blagoveshchensk in the 1985–2014. Results. It was revealed the etiological role of gram‐negative bacteria in patients with surgical sepsis. The role of microbial associations (Escherichia coli with Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and with bacteria of the genus Proteus) increased. The pro‐ portion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa increased among the sepsis pathogens (1.4 times) and fungi of the genus Candida (1.6 times). The number of mixed infections increased (up 16.9 %). Conclusions. The bacterial component in the etiology of surgical sepsis nowadays is characterized by a predominance of gram‐ne‐ gative bacteria, increasing of the frequency of microbial associa‐ tions and fungi of the genus Candida, the predominant sensitivity of pathogens to drugs of carbapenems group (meropenem, imipen‐ em, doripenem) and cephalosporins of III–IV generation (cefop‐ erazone, cefepime, cefpirome, cefotaxime).


This paper reviews the major studies of international and national approaches to media ethics and describes the various academic and global contexts for international media ethics study. A review of the literature to date reveals that comprehensive studies of international media ethics are necessarily incomplete. Not all countries have media codes or ethics or comparable instruments by which to scientifically test and compare national standards; moreover, countries frequently change, deregulate, officially censure, or discard formal ethical systems. This paper reviews the existing major studies, describes the surrounding contexts for international media ethics study, and suggests embryonic methodology for helpful comparison, and accurate pattern recognition, of trans-cultural common ground. The question of whether there are universals - common ethical values or guidelines - in national and cultural approaches to media ethics is explored. Three such universals are hypothesized based upon areas of common gr...


Estrogen deficiency increases the rate of osteoporosis, especially in menopausal women, by altering the bone tissue microarchitecture. Propolis has compounds that could be used as an alternative therapy to treat estrogen deficiency and to protect against bone damage. This study aims to determine the effect of propolis on bone quality and cortical bone thickness of femoral metaphysis in ovariectomized female Wistar white rats as a model for menopausal osteoporosis. The rats were divided into five groups: negative control group (not subjected to ovariectomy), sham group (subjected to ovariectomy), and treatment groups that were subjected to ovariectomy and given propolis orally at a dose of 180 mg/ kg BW, 360 mg/kg BW, and 720 mg/kg BW for 30 days. Bone quality and cortical bone thickness testing were undertaken on the 31st day. The osteoblast and osteoclast cell examination was evaluated using an Olympus BX 51 light microscope at 400x magnification for bone quality and the Betaview program, Beta 3.1MP Sony Exmor CMOS Sensor camera at 40x magnification for cortical bone thickness. Data were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA and continued with Duncan's multiple range tests. It was found that propolis had a significant effect on the ratio of osteoblast and femur bone osteoclasts (p0.05). The administration of propolis at a dose of 180 mg/kg BW, 360 mg/kg BW, and 720 mg/kg BW had an effect in decreasing the ratio of osteoblasts and metaphysical osteoclast cells of femoral metaphysics. However, propolis administration did not affect the thickness of the femoral metaphysical cortical bone.


The author notes that relationships and marriages are extensions to a happy and productive life. If your life is inherently unhappy and unproductive surely marriage is not the cure. (non-author abstract)


In this paper, we study synchronization of a dynamical network whose nodes are linear time-invariant systems and are interconnected through a shared communication network. Firstly, synchronization of a dynamical network with physical links and undirected topology is reinvestigated from a set stability point of view. An explicit Lyapunov function with respect to its synchronization manifold is constructed for such a network by using properties of undirected networks. Based on this Lyapunov function, a distributed event-triggered sampling scheme is designed which decides when a node should send its sampled state to its neighbors across the communication network in order to achieve asymptotic synchronization of a dynamical network with communication links. The proposed triggering rule only depends on the state of the node itself and the sampled ones that are received from its neighbors.


The pressure‐gradient–velocity correlation and return to isotropy term in the Reynolds stress transport equation are analyzed using the Yakhot–Orszag renormalization group. The perturbation series for the relevant correlations, evaluated to lowest order in the e expansion of the Yakhot–Orszag theory, are infinite series in tensor product powers of the mean velocity gradient and its transpose. Formal lowest‐order Pade approximations to the sums of these series produce a rapid pressure strain model of the form proposed by Launder et al. [J. Fluid Mech. 68, 537 (1975)], and a return to isotropy model of the form proposed by Rotta [Z. Phys. 129, 547 (1951)]. In both cases, the model constants are computed theoretically. The predicted Reynolds stress ratios in simple shear flows are evaluated and compared with experimental data. The possibility is discussed of deriving higher‐order nonlinear models by approximating the sums more accurately.


This paper presents a method to examine the communication system within a business enterprise in order to determine whether or not a drop in efficiency and productivity in a business enterprise is due to deficiencies in its communication system. Serious problems can exist in communication, especially in relation to superior-subordinate communication when employees are required to communicate with an alternate other than the owner or the designated superior. In addition, employees may have problems in their perceptions of the value given to their views by the owner of the enterprise or management and the advance notice and consultation by the owner of the enterprise or management on actions affecting the employees themselves. It is recommended that the owner of the enterprise or management revise some of its communication plans, develop and implement a special training program for business managers dealing with employees in an alternate capacity and to develop plans for effective response to employee suggestions. Finally, it is also suggested that the owner of the enterprise or management at least consult with employees on future plans that will have an important impact on their workplace and career environment. It is hoped that the recommendations will help any business enterprise to grow with its people.


We aimed to provide an overview of cancer burden in Sri Lanka including incidence, prevalence and mortality rates in 2018 by age groups.

 We used the data from GLOBOCAN 2018 which provided worldwide estimates of cancer incidence, prevalence and mortality for each country and regions.

 Highest prevalence in both sexes (total = 56,054) in Sri Lanka included cancers of the breast (n = 9,534, 87.5/100,000 population), lip and oral cavity (n = 5,904, 28.2/100,000), thyroid (n = 4,387, 20.9/100,000), colorectum (n = 3,634, 17.3/100,000) and leukaemia (n = 3,234, 15.4/100,000), respectively. In males, the highest incidence was reported for lip and oral cavity, lung and oesophageal cancers and in females, breast, uterine cervix, thyroid and ovarian cancers. Cancers causing highest mortality among Sri Lankan males included lung, lip and oral cavity, oesophagus and leukaemia and in females, breast, uterine cervix, leukaemia and ovary.

 The burden of cancer is increasing in Sri Lanka which is probably related to changing cancer risk factor profiles and rapidly aging population. New innovative strategies for prevention, early detection and improving the quality cancer treatment is essential to deal with this effectively.


Access to water and sanitation represent fundamental human rights that in recent years have been recognized by various actors and normative instruments of the international community. In this way, water related issues acquired a new connotation when analyzed from the human rights perspective. According to the constitutional guidelines of Argentina, challenges related to access to water and sanitation interpellate the national and provincial levels. In this context, the Argentine provinces elaborated strategies through their international decentralized cooperation with OFID to meet their local development demands regarding access to water and sanitation with a marked South-South tune.


This paper presents a laboratory for reform in the contemporary university,the bus is used for transmission can be realized by the network.Intelligent Circuit experimental system design.The system / model Students will be performed in the course of all the data collected through 485 and transmitted to the client.Client management system for students to complete the course of the data collection and processing The experimental results transmitted to the server through the LAN.Server Management System will enable teachers to the laboratory for all students have a thorough understanding of the situation,realize various functions.


The purpose of this review is to assess what is known about the importance of body weight as it relates to the diagnosis, pathophysiology and treatment of symptomatic patients with Chiari I malformation. It will attempt to answer several important questions. a. Does obesity cause Chiari I malformation? b. Does obesity cause syringomyelia in patients who have tonsillar ectopia and who are obese? c. What is the effect of weight loss or gain occurring in the signs and symptoms associated with this condition? d. Are obese patients at greater risk of failed surgery or complications of surgery for CM1 than are the non-obese. e. What is the relationship between CM1 and idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) that was previously called pseudotumor cerebri? f. What is the proper assessment of CM1 patients who are obese? g. What should be the physician's approach to these patients be? This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License ANN.MS.ID.000518. Archives in Neurology & Neuroscience Volume 1-Issue 4 Citation: Harold L Rekate. What is the Relationship between Chiari I Malformation and Obesity?. Arch Neurol & Neurosci. 1(4): 2018. ANN. MS.ID.000518. Page 2 of 6 the past. Menopause for her has been very trying and she gained over 60 pounds in this period of time. Her symptoms include severe chronic daily headaches that can be "blinding" in nature made worse by coughing or sneezing. Her MRI reveals a 17 mm descent of the cerebellar tonsils with severe distortion of the tonsils with pointing. She also has a bulge below the obex characteristic of a Chiari 1.5 malformation. She has severe sleep apnea as well. On exam she is obviously severely obese. Her BMI is 39. She had no papilledema seen on funduscopic examination and this has subsequently been confirmed by ophthalmology. Review of the MRI scans shows and empty sella turcica (Figure 1) and mild oval appearance of the globes with distension of the optic nerve sheath (Figure 2). Lumbar puncture was not recommended due to the radiographically severe CM1. These findings strongly suggest the presence of increased intracranial pressure. Figure 1: Sagittal T1 weighted image showing a bulge below the foramen of Monro sometimes noted as a Chiari 1.5. As well there is a concave nature of the pituitary gland in the sella turcica (empty sella). Figure 2: Axial T2 weighted MRI showing distortion of the globe into an oval shape and distension of the optic nerve sheaths. She was started on acetazolamide for control of the ICP, referred for possible bariatric surgery and counseled on the need for weight loss. Counseling by nutrition and psychology is part of her workup for bariatric surgery. Discussion What is known and what is conjectured about the relationship of CM1 and obesity? There have been no prospective studies of this relationship. As of now no study has suggested that the severity of obesity as assessed using Body mass index (BMI) should play a role in the treatment algorithm for CM1 patients although several have emphasized the increased risk that obesity plays in surgical complications and poor outcomes [3, 4,5,14]. One has recommended attention be paid to the management of obesity as part of the overall management of patients being treated for CM1 [11]. Does obesity cause CM1? There is only one article found that addresses this issue specifically. In a review of MRI imaging of the brain in 2400 individuals, 1310 had had a measurement of BMI within a year of the imaging. The average position of the cerebellar tonsils was above the foramen magnum in the entire study group. The average BMI was in the overweight category (BMI 26.4 kg/m2). A total of 46 patients 3.5% were found to have tonsillar descent of 5 mm or greater. This study found no correlation between BMI and degree of tonsillar descent. It therefore seems unlikely that the descent of the cerebellar tonsils significant enough to be read as CM1 is directly related to the BMI. The question then becomes does obesity in patients with descent of the cerebellar tonsils lead to symptoms? Does obesity cause syringomyelia in patients who have tonsillar ectopia and who are obese? One reference was found that spreads light on this question. Arnautovic and colleagues reviewed 60 adults who had been treated for CM1 [3] of this cohort 26 had associated syringomyelia. The average BMI was in the obese category (30.34±7.6 kg/m2). The degree of tonsillar descent did not correlate with the BMI. While there were no patients who developed syringomyelia related to BMI, patients had lengthening of the syrinx related to significant weight gain of 10 kg/m2. Also in one patient who did not improve following a second decompression surgery with no change in the syrinx, weight loss of 11.8 led to kg/m2 led to complete resolution of the syrinx [15,16]. In this study there is no evidence that obesity is the cause of syringomyelia, but the severity of the obesity does impacts on its severity both clinically and radiographically. What is the effect of significant change in BMI on the signs and symptoms of CM1? The name Chiari 1 malformation implies that the cause occurred as the skull and central nervous system were developing. It is clear that this is not always the case. Distortion of the cerebellar tonsils due to herniation through the foramen magnum often occurs later in life. It is a mechanical distortion of the tonsils due to mechanical forces. These can be related to the anatomy of the posterior fossa such as a short clivus or inadequate distention of the membranous bone of the occiput. A variant of this mechanism is felt to be the initiating factor in the truly malformative cause of the condition [17]. An acquired pressure differential across the foramen magnum


LOS ANGELES had never seen anything quite like it. The city's Staples Centre usually played host to Lakers and Clippers basketball games - or, in the off-season, rowdy rock gigs. It had certainly never seen a capacity crowd turn up to watch a bunch of geeks play video games. And it wasn't just the 13,000-strong crowd. It was the 32 million people watching online. The event was the League of Legends Finals, and the prize for the most skilled team was the Summoner's Cup - and $1m in cash. Tickets for the event sold out in under an hour, and subsequently popped up on third-party sites like StubHub with prices in the hundreds of dollars.


A field experiment was conducted at Derashe woreda, Sagan Peoples zone, SNNPRs, Ethiopia to evaluate the effects of application of different rates of N-P fertilizers on yield and yield components of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) this is owing to the rate of N-P fertilizer application varies from site to site due to several factors like soil nutrient status and so on. The aims of this research is to determine the effects of different rates of fertilizer of N-P for sorghum at Derashe woreda, and to determine the yield and yield components of sorghum by application of different rate of N-P inorganic fertilizers. Hence, there is a necessity to determine the definite nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer requirement of grain sorghum variety to obtain maximum yields and yield components, the experiment contained factorial combination of five levels of N/P (0/0, 23/10, 46/20, 69/30 kg,92/30 ha -1 ) and was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. The results from this study indicated that the inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer showed not statistically significant different effect on plant height and sorghum heads but revealed continues increment of height, and heads respectively were significantly increased by application of nitrogen and phosphorus. However, the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus were significantly different at (P < 0.05) and (P < 0.01) on plant height, plant lodging, grain yield and total biomass. In general, grain yield, biomass, plant height and sorghum with heads were tended to be recorded highest under NP 92/30 kg ha -1 treatment whereas on the contrast of this, the lowest grain yield, biomass weight, plant height, and sorghum with heads were obtained from control (0/0) NP treatment. Hence, the forthcoming investigations ought to focus on the way to the investigations encompassing, different agro-ecology and additional rates of nitrogen and phosphorus applications, under different management practices such as research and farmer's field's normal conditions, which perhaps enable pave the way for fertilizer recommendations for this specific sorghum crop for Derashe woreda. Keywords : Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer, Sorghum, yield and yield components.


The issues discussed in this paper relate to the axiological justification of planning decisions as part of development policy pursued by public authority bodies, using the example of Polish and Norwegian planning systems. This study derived from the premise that the contemporary model of planning for socio-economic development is crucially significant in terms of organizing the activities of public administration that aim to meet socio-economic needs. In addition to values, the article also identifies legal institutions through which the values in question may be integrated in planning decisions for the development pursued with public participation.


Overweight and obesity is a major public health issue worldwide impacting millions. The prevalence of increased body weight among children and adolescents is becoming a global phenomenon. The similar trend has been observed among residents of countries in the Persian Gulf region. The State of Qatar is also experiencing effects of obesity pandemic among adults and younger population. In order to examine obesity and overweight parameters, a literature review was carried out by using key scientific database systems. The results showed that the obesity is indeed a major public health issue among youth in Qatar. Furthermore, this mini-review examines the selected factors that could be associated with obesity and overweight situation among children and adolescents living in Qatar.


The assembly decided to examine these points under four heads namely problems of professional training, recent trends in journalism instruction and curricula development, improving professional training and international coordination of planning, exchanges and research. To facilitate work the Plenary Session appointed three Working Groups to discuss the various documents supplied by the participants themselves on the items of the agenda. Each Working Group held about six meetings and submitted its recommendations to the Drafting Committee that presented its final resolutions to the Plenary Session. Thus to make an appraisal of the deliberations of this conference, we have to glance through the pages of the final report passed by the Plenary Session. In the preamble it was clearly stated that the main objective was to improve the quality of information and this is assuming great significance for the growing interdependence of peoples, the complexity of world affairs and the rapid expansion of communications confront journalism in press, radio, television and films, with new responsibilities, challenges and opportunities. With no intention to impose any uniform standards, and with full realisation of the fact that the methods of training would vary from country to country, it


This paper explores political and phenomenological aspects of landscape through an ethnographic study of new access rights in Scotland. Drawing on a Nordic tradition of common access rights, the recent legislation in Scotland takes a radical approach to landscape by providing access to Scotland's outdoors in its entirety. Olwig's descriptions of 'customary' and 'natural' landscape law provide a basis for identifying the intentions of those involved in the access agenda in inculcating a national sense of an accessible landscape. But ethnographic evidence, beginning with the premise of moving subjects rather than static viewers of landscape, shows that the continuing divisions between higher ground and lower ground access issues are based on the qualities of walking that combine gesture, confidence, and features in the landscape. The political landscape thus comes into being through the progression of footsteps of those on the ground as much as through discourse in legislative centres.


The importance of the problem of the "stranger" and the principles (ideological, juridical, political) that define it are related to the great migrations of people within the globalised world. These themes are among the "new discomforts of society" (Kaes) and refer to the new psychoanalytic paradigm (Puget), which is the problem of links, alliances and unconscious pacts, relevant to the subject's inevitable dependence and participation to belonging groups, and to the prejudices related to them.


Along with the deepening and development of China's economic and financial reform, more and more people in the trade show increasing concern over the problem of bank difference expansion of deposit exceeding credit. The paper analyzes the causes for the formation of the problem and offers some countermeasures for its solution from the angle of comprehensive application of bank assets.


Objective To investigate the clinical characters of chronic hypodipsic hypernatremia with normal osmoregulation of arginine vasopressin (AVP). Methods The clinical data of two cases from the PUMC Hospital and three cases from MEDLINE were retrospectively analyzed. Results The following clinical characters of the five cases were discovered: ① the age of onset was before 15 and the course was chronic; ② all the patients suffered from hypodipsia with normal consciousness and retardation of growth and development; ③ hypernatremia was persistent and severe; ④ the level of plasma AVP was normal and the response of AVP to the change of plasma osmotic pressure was normal; ⑤ the hypernatremia could be corrected simply by drinking water. Conclusions The cases of hypodipsic and normal AVP regulation indicate that the neuronal pathways of thirsty regulation and AVP secretion are separated from each other. Drinking water is the major therapy for this subset of chronic hypernatremia.


Based on the reception of aesthetic theory,this paper analyzes and evalu ates the spreading of Tao Yuanmings (a famous poet in the Jin Dynasty) works and their reception among the readers. And with the division of several literary periods,the paper reveals the process of the works' being unknown,being misun derstood and doubted of their literary value and being affirmed eventually. When alive,Tao Yuanming lived in seclusion and therefore his poems were not known t o the public. Later on,his literary achievements were gradually recognized and affirmed,which had much to do with the political and cultural background,aesth etic model,the different aesthetic tastes of individuals and individual experie nce in the different literary periods. In fact,it was not until in the period a fter early Tang Dynasty,especially in the Song Dynasty,that Tao's poetic achiev ements were fully affirmed in the literary circles,in which Sushi made great co ntribution.


Teachers ethic ideal and basic demand lie in two different levels.At present,ethic standard of teachers is too high and ideal,and basic demand of teaches is ambigious.Ethic ideal and base line of teachers should be understood and dealt with correctly.Too high ideal of teachers' ethics should be avoided.Vague and general base line of teachers' ethics should be corrected.The separate apt of ethic ideal and base line of teachers should be prevented.After studying the essence of General Secratery Hujing Tao's speech,as far as demand of teacher's morality,three abilities should be trained,namely,the first ability is advanced and typical affinity,the second is self-control and the third is coordination.


This paper describes two new species of the genera Microtegeus and Archegocepheus. All type specimens are deposited in the Department of Biology,Norman Bethune University of Medical Sciences.


The current economic and social crisis has forcefully impacted on children especially in developing countries where premature insertion in the labor force is a serious social problem. Most child laborers studied by the International Labor Organization are aged 10-14 years but children as young as 6 or 7 years have been observed working in factories. Around 120 million children worldwide work full time and at least one-third are in dangerous occupations. An estimated 57% of rural Ecuadorian children work and 25% of girls are employed as domestics. Probably more than half of Latin American children live in poverty or extreme poverty. Lack of education early child bearing and lowering of the minimum working age to 12 years because of the economic crisis are factors in the increased prevalence of child labor. The number of child workers is greater in rural areas but hours worked are longer in urban areas. Working children do not have a place in the traditional educational system. Leaving school to work is wrongly regarded as an individual rather than system failure. An estimated 28-65% of children who attend school and work have serious academic difficulties. One of the greatest problems of child labor is the condition of abuse or unhealthiness in which their work is carried out. Governmental and societal intervention in Ecuador have not in general had a direct impact on child labor. Private sector programs manage to cover only a small proportion of the need mostly in urban areas. Eliminating child labor will be difficult because of the increase in poverty and the lack of a clear national policy to improve the quality of life of children.


Summary. A differential-difference equation governing the distribution of radiogenic heat in the crust has been obtained. The solution of this equation gives the exponential model of the heat production distribution with the logarithmic decrement as determiaed in Singh & Negi.


This paper proposes a simple and unifying model to price the interest rate contingent claims in a complete market where trading can be made in continuous time. The underlying dynamics of the yield curve is modelled by a random string whose trajectory produces a random surface described by a Brownian sheet. Generalising Black-Scholes' PDE methodology, we derive the Kolmogorov eld equation which describes the time-evolution of the contingent claims and obtain explicit pricing formulae for a large class of interest rate options including European calls, compound options, swaps, swaptions, caps and captions. This model can be thought of as an innnite-factor Gaus-sian model in the Heath-Jarrow-Morton framework and can be implemented without having to calibrate explicit parameters in the covariance function of the discount bond returns. Rebonato for their encouragement and stimulating discussions. She would also like to thank the directors of the Centre for Quantitative Finance, Nicos Christoodes and Gerry Salkin, for their support of this work.


This report presents the work carried out ot develop quasicrystal (QC) reinforced metal matric composites by casting route. The work involved preparation of stable Al62Cu25Fe13 alloy based quasicrystals by conventional casting route, and its incorporation in pure Al and Al-6.5Si alloy after pulverisation by ball milling. Two different particle size in the range -120+240 and -325+400 mesh were used for the present study. The study showed that smaller QC particles dissolved in the liquid Al metal during stirring and solidification.


The aerodynamic performance evaluation of the pump-drive turbines for a 10 ton thrust liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen (LOX and LH2) gas generator cycle propulsion system, which has dual-shaft series turbines, was tested mainly using cold nitrogen gas. At design equivalent speed and pressure ratio, the LOX turbine static efficiency was about 35 percent compared to the design value of 32.8 percent. The LH2 turbine static efficiency was very close to the design value of 45 percent. Equivalent weight flow of both the LOX and LH2 turbines was greater than design value. The specifications of the turbines were changed in order to utilize the present test results as much as possible. No aerodynamic design modifications were made on either turbine. So the aerodynamic performance of the LOX and LH2 turbines for the LE-5 engine is almost the same as the present results.


The aim of this research is to identify the user recognition towards the car style in the market
line up. To study the car style line up, a certain duration of the period that can show the car style changes
need to be observed. It is due to a car style changes happen at least within a year or more. This research
will support the designer in their quite long time of design development process. The survey one
(I) was done to observe the changes of car form in a series. 155 types of Japanese 2-box car with 248
models, which released in the mass-production from 1990 until 2010, were selected as the samples.
Twenty types of ratios based on the car specifications and basic scales were collected and analyzed by
Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The result of the survey one (I) showed that the first until seventh
components with 76.13 % of cumulative percentage of the total variance explain were taken for further
analysis. Two-box car style changes are towards the improvement on efficiency of space usage. The
car style is towards cubical, and the A-pillar position is moving to the front of car engine area. Then, the
survey two (II) was done to get the user evaluation towards the car style changes. Ten Japanese who
are in 20 to 25 years old were chosen as the respondents. Collected data was analyzed by MDS (Multidimensional
Scaling) and Cluster analysis. Four kinds of groups were identified, which were 'long body',
'wagon', 'high and long body' and 'high and box'. The results from both surveys were analyzed in detail.
The user recognized the car style direction similar with the actual car style changes in the market line
up. The user recognition on the car style has a similar direction towards the actual car style changes
that released in the market.


This paper deals with the numerical integration of a class of rate-independent elasto-plastic models. The backward Euler scheme is used to integrate the rate constitutive relations. The non-linear equations obtained are solved by the Newton method. The consistent tangent modulus is obtained by exact linearization of the algorithm. In the case of J 2 elastoplasticity with non-linear isotropic hardening and non-linear kinematic hardening (Chaboche-Marquis model), explicit formulas are derived, without any approximations


This paper describes the fabrication and testing of microminiaturized thin-film switching matrices made of thin-film titanium oxide diodes. The binary-to-decimal converters will find especially useful application in slow switching display devices.


RESEARCH AND PHILOSOPHY During the 2003 Annual Meeting of the Philosophy of Education Society, the role and position of philosophical inquiry in the field of education were much discussed. In many North American faculties or schools of education, philosophy departments are shrinking or disappearing, and philosophers are asked to justify conceptual work in a time when "data-driven policy" requires applicable empirical research. Yet it is precisely because of the enormous trust placed in "scientific" research in education that philosophical inquiry, for instance into the conceptual bases or ethical implications of the research, is important today. The view that philosophy serves a function in the analysis and clarification of the concepts underpinning "scientific" research is not new, of course, and in past decades has been defended especially by analytic philosophers.


Method of controlling the distribution of digital contents 116 is provided. Version 106 of the program 100 is required in order to use the content. Generated version of the plurality of program 100, each version is unique with respect to its position to be incorporated code fragments and / or associated. A plurality of code fragments 118, respectively, causes the processor to perform a respective test regarding data characteristics of a content to be processed by the program in order to limit the processing of the content is not given permission. Each code fragment 118, to obtain a version 106 of the program 100, incorporated at each position in the program 100.


e15560 Background: Multitargeted tyrosine kinase, VEGF and PDGFR inhibitor sunitinib is an standard of care in treatment of first line metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Clinical studies shows an imp...


According to UNESCO's documents, sustainable development is the 'ultimate goal of the Man-environment relationship', thus, the whole educational process should be reshaped for sustainable development (Lucie, 1996). So, Green Education is a key tool for sustainable development. It also considers the path throw which the community is empowered to engage in effective ecological action. The ignorance of Green Education is one of the problems that face sustainable development. It is a common understanding that the Green Education is vital for ensuring a future for generations ahead, so that this study examines the importance of Green Education for the sustainable development and discusses its role in sustainable development and how the effectiveness of Green Education for sustainable development based on active teaching and learning. This paper discusses the impacts of Green Education in tourism faculty that are responsible to prepare students for entry in the field of work. This study is based on theoretical desk research method and field study. This study further aims at investigating the challenges and opportunities of Green Education as a key driver for sustainable development in Egypt and giving number of recommendations on how to enhance Green Education in the Faculty of Tourism and Hotel Management in Egypt.


Sister Carrie is a famous naturalistic novelist-Theodore Dreiser's first novel in the first 20th century.It tells a story of a young rural woman Carrie how to become the red Broadway actress from the bottom of society,and the story vividly depicts the survival state and psychological and ideological process of Carrie.When it was published,it attracted attentions of critics from domestic and abroad at large,and they researched it from different perspectives.But most of their researches discussed from the materialism angle to concern with the expression of Determinism and Darwinism.So far,few people made the research from the topic of Carrie's pursuit of self-achievement and perspective of feminist.Actually,not only did Carrie restrict on the material pursuit,but also boldly in pursuit of the self-achievement of new women.This paper aims at Carrie how to pursue the selfachievement of new women,and the influence of feminist to Chinese modern women.


The present study examined the effects of group cohesiveness and leader behavior on subordinate satisfaction in a military organiza tion. A total of 203 cadets completed measures of group cohesiveness, leader initiating structure, leader consideration, and several satisfac tion scales. Analyses indicated that (1) subordinates were more satisfied with leaders who exhibited high levels of initiating struc ture and consideration; (2) subordinates in high-cohesiveness groups were more satisfied than subordinates in low-cohesiveness groups; and (3) leader initiating structure and consideration were more positively related to subordinate satisfaction in high-cohesiveness groups than in low-cohesiveness groups. The results demonstrate the necessity of including group process variables in leadership theory and research. Implications of the findings forgroup effectiveness are also discussed.


Current trends show that the number of people affected by natural disasters is likely to increase in coming decades. Today, more than half the world's population lives in cities and the number is expected to rise in the future. To make cities safe
is therefore vital. Making Cities Resilient is an ongoing global campaign in the area
of disaster risk reduction and aims to build resilient cities worldwide. This thesis is an evaluation of UNISDR's tools within the Making Cities Resilient Campaign, using a concept of societal resilience and a method for analyzing the capacities of disaster risk management systems developed by LUCRAM. The thesis was carried out as a
form of qualitative comparative analysis where LUCRAM's theoretical framework was used as a grid over the campaign tools. Data collection was done through studying literature as well as conducting interviews. The main focus was on studying whether the tools within the campaign include what LUCRAM's method emphasizes as essential to
attain resilient systems (e.g. cities). The main finding is that the tools within the campaign largely cover the aspects LUCRAM's method finds essential for good disaster risk reduction. However, there are areas within the campaign tools that can be developed further and a number of proposed measures are therefore presented.


Forge press frame is an important part of the forge press.The reliability and safety of the frame has an important effect on the forge press.This paper analyzed conducted stress and calculated fatigue strength of the frame,the analysis and calculation of the frame verified by the theoy of fatigue strength again,which provided theoretical guide for safety production.The calculation method of fatigue strength presented in this paper can be used as a theoretical reference for the structure design and improvement of the forge press frame.


The fundamental task of group testing is to recover a small distinguished subset of items from a large population while efficiently reducing the total number of tests (measurements). The key contribution of this paper is in adopting a new information-theoretic perspective on group testing problems. We formulate the group testing problem as a channel coding/decoding problem and derive a single-letter characterization for the total number of tests used to identify the defective set. Although the focus of this paper is primarily on group testing, our main result is generally applicable to other compressive sensing models.


This study investigates the orientations that college art-field learners hold toward the goal of learning English as a foreign language from a socio-psychological approach, and here is a case study of National Taiwan College of Arts (NTCA). A total of 374 freshmen at NTCA answered a questionnaire based on the predictive model of seven orientations that emerged in foreign language learning (EFL) by Dornyei (1990) and Clement et al.(1994). Afterwards, the interview was used as a support system about their English learning situations. Factor analysis was adopted to bring out the art students learning preferences. The orientations listed in the results tend to deny the relevance of the two-factor categorization of integrative and instrumental goals, provided by Gardner and Lambert (1972), which is inappropriate to the EFL context. Contrarily the results serve to indicate the need to adopt a multi-factorial concept of the orientations likely to emerge in EFL learning. The results also reveal a rich source of individual differences among art college students. Some important results show pedagogical implications to improve relevant EFL programs for the art college students.


Single-component plasmas are found to exhibit a reversal in the roles of cyclotron and upper hybrid resonances familiar in neutral plasmas. There is a global resonance at the cyclotron frequency ..omega.. = ..cap omega..equivalentqB/mc and a local field cancellation at layers where ..omega.. = ..cap omega../sub 1/ = (..cap omega../sup 2/-..omega../sub p//sup 2/)/sup 1/2/ ..omega../sub p/ being the local plasma frequency. Thermal effects limit the amplitude of the global resonance and produce energy absorption at the ..omega.. = ..cap omega../sub 1/ layers.


" Bouhezza " is an Algerian traditional fermented soft-ripened cheese, found and consumed in the Northeast of Algeria. The objective of this study was to explore the preparation process (traditional making diagram) of " Bouhezza " cheese and to study the effect of the type of raw milk (cow, goat and sheep) on the yield and organoleptic characteristics of the fresh " Bouhezza " cheese. " Bouhezza " cheese was handmade in a traditional way using milk of three species (cow, goat and sheep). The milk used has been the subject of physicochemical and bacteriological analysis. Cheese yield for sheep's milk is higher (p < 0.05) than cheese yield for cow's and sheep's milk. For sensory analysis, score registered for cheese of cow's milk ≥ 5 suggested higher acceptability for this cheese. Here, we exposed the " Bouhezza " cheese, its history, origin and manufacturing processes. From the physicochemical and bacteriological analysis of milk, results show that all criteria analyzed respond almost to the required standard. The sensory qualities of the three types of cheese show that cow cheese was classified as the most satisfactory cheese for the majority of criteria (taste. color and texture). Finally, and for higher yield, results supported the use of sheep milk as a raw material.


Stratiform clouds over mountains are subject to locally strong updrafts that impact snow growth. These vertical drafts occur at a range of horizontal scales and depth, and include vertically propagating gravity waves, shallow terrain-driven (evanescent) waves, embedded convection, and shear-driven overturning cells. The latter essentially are Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) waves; we find them to be remarkably common in deep stratiform precipitation systems associated with frontal disturbances over complex terrain, as is evident from transects of vertical velocity and 2D circulation, obtained from a 3-mm airborne Doppler radar. The high range resolution of this radar (~40 m) allows detection and depiction of KH waves in fine detail. These waves are observed in a variety of wavelengths (<100 m to > 1 km), depths, amplitudes, and turbulence intensities. Proximity rawinsonde data confirm that they are triggered in layers where the Richardson number is very small. Complex terrain may locally enhance wind shear, leading to KH instability.  In some KH waves, the flow remains mostly laminar, while in other cases it breaks down into turbulence. KH waves are frequently locked to the terrain, and occur at various heights, including within the free troposphere, at the boundary layer top, and close to the surface. They are observed not only upwind of terrain barriers, as has been documented before, but also in the wake of steep terrain, where the waves can be highly turbulent.  Doppler radar data and flight-level cloud probe data are used to explore the dynamics of KH waves and the response in terms of droplet growth, ice initiation, and snow growth.


[Objective] To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of transcatheter clousure of congenital heart dieases using homemade occluder. [Methods] Patients clinically diagnosed as CHD were recommended for further transthoracic echocardiographic assessment using multiple standard views. All procedures were performed under local or general anesthesia. Transthoracic echocardiography and X ray were used to monitor the procedure. [Results] The successful rate of device implantation was 98.3%, two patientes developed Ⅲ degree A-V block 3 - 7 days after the procedure, and EKG became LBBB 3 days after the temporary pace making. Hemolysis was observed in three patientes, and they recovered 7 days after medical treatment. [Conclusion] Transthoracic echocardiography is effective in screening patient for catheter closure of CHD. Transcatheter occlusion shows a promising therapeutic effect on CHD due to its low ratio of residual shunt and few serious complications.


Good chiral recognition of diketopiperazines has been obtained with a receptor that combines a xanthone with a phosphonamide as an asymmetric group. Silicagel plates impregnated with an enantiomerically pure diketopiperazine provide an easy and effective way to resolve the receptor racemic mixture. The strong (R,R. R) complex yields a spot with a larger Rf, probably because the complex is less polar than the free receptor.


The Intelligent Design of the building's energy, central air-conditioning system of energy-consuming occupies the first. To allow students will learn to apply knowledge of modern energy-saving control of emission reduction projects, we make use of existing SXK-2005 Electrical and Electronic Integrated Training and teaching equipment and programmable control devices, a typical central air-conditioning control system for Training Teaching. Enthalpy value based on parameters of the air operation of the air cold and heat-conditioning systems, to meet the comfortable environment of substantial energy saving results.


Pediatric renal tumors represent a diverse group, which include Wilms' tumor (WT), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), clear cell sarcoma of the kidney (CCSK), congenital mesoblastic nephroma, malignant rhabdoid tumor of the kidney (MRTK) and primitive neuroectodermal tumor. WT (85%) and RCC (8%) are the most prevalent types. WT predominates among the 1to 10-year age group, but RCC exceeds WT in children over age 10 years. Pediatric renal tumors are genetically, histologically and clinically heterogeneous. The overall survival for children with localized WT is currently more than 90%, whereas poorer survival rates are observed for anaplastic WT, metastatic WT, metastatic CCSK, MRTK, metastatic RCC and relapsed WT. Therefore risk-stratified treatment is important to minimize treatment morbidity while preserving survival. This review focuses on distinct characteristics of each tumor type and optimal stratified treatment. pISSN 2233-5250 / eISSN 2233-4580 https://doi.org/10.15264/cpho.2017.24.1.21 Clin Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2017;24:21∼36


Leishmania is a protozoan parasite responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Protozoan parasites of the genus leishmania are found as promastigotes in the sandfly vector and as amastigotes in mammalian macrophages. Mechanisms controlling stage-regulated gene expression in these organisms are poorly understood. Gene regulation in leishmania, like other trypanosomatides, performs in posttranscriptional and posttranslational levels. However, the correlation between mRNA content and protein contents is poor in these parasites. The completion of the genome sequence of several species of Leishmania has had a significant effect on the pathogenesis researches of Leishmaniasis. The prevalence of parasites becoming resistant to antileishmania drugs is increasing in several parts of the world including Iran. As protein is the most important target for drugs in response to a variety of signals including drugs, so, it seems protein profiles in both of the sensitive and resistant leishmania parasites could greatly promise about the mechanisms of responses to antileishmanial drugs. Also, many studies have been carried out to determine the factors associated with leishmania infection as well as their molecular mechanisms. In such studies, the new proteomics technology has been of great value. In fact one of the main objectives of proteomics is to identify and discover the disease-related pathologies and novel drug targets. In the current review article, proteomics based studies investigating leishmania spp. are introduced.


Data mining is a process of extracting hidden information from large databases. Data mining is basically focused on many areas like — communication, retail, Financial, and marketing organizations. It determines relationships among internal and external factors. Association rule is a method for identifying the relations between variables in large databases. It is determined to discover frequent patterns, identify rules and strong rules discovered in databases. The main objective of this research work is to find accurate and large number of frequent itemset by enhancing existing algorithms like FIN and RElim algorithm, frequent patterns are generated and strong rules are identified. Normally in Association rule mining common threshold value is given to find the frequent itemset but in the enhanced algorithms individual threshold values are given to every item in the transactional database to find out the frequent items. From the analysis it was observed that enhanced RElim algorithm gives best results than enhanced FIN algorithm.


Anonymous Referee #2 Received and published: 7 November 2012 This paper concerning the calibration of SO2 cameras is a timely contribution to the literature. Such cameras are growing more and more popular as a means of measuring volcanic SO2 emissions and the examination of calibrations that this paper addresses will be of value to the scientific community. It is critical that errors associated with such cameras are better known prior to more widespread use. The authors carefully address a number of possible errors with the 'calibration cell-only' method, effectively highlighting the need for integrated DOAS measurements for accurate quantification of SO2 emissions.


The measurement of soil moisture and air humidity is essential to many technological and environmental applications. Sensors provide information that is useful in order to effectively manage and control various processes. This study presents an energy-efficient, highly reliable, ultra-high frequency (UHF) capacitive sensor that can measure moisture/humidity, and liquid levels. As a sensitive part, an interdigital capacitor (IDC) is fed via a coplanar waveguide (CPW) for efficient power transfer. Aside from the sensitive part of the IDC, the structure of the sensor is insensitive to variations in surrounding permittivity, which reduces uncertainty in results and thus improves accuracy. The principle of sensing is based on a reactive phase variation of the input signal upon reflection, whereas its amplitude and phase are actively changing with variations in the dielectric constant of the test medium. Practical testing was conducted on the sensor to determine soil moisture, air humidity, and liquid level measurement. At a fixed UHF frequency of 915 MHz the sensor offers a capacitive sensitivity of 7.5 fF/%WC, 4.5 fF/%RH, and 13.4 fF/mm for soil moisture, air humidity, and water level detection respectively. This new sensor provides high reliability, good sensitivity, low power consumption, and can be implemented in a number of applications, including agriculture, oil, and gas industry, land and water treatment, medical equipment, and biotechnology.


Null is a special marker used to indicate that a data value does not exist in the database. Null has been a source of debate because of its special requirements for its use in Structured Query Language (SQL), and the special handling required by aggregate functions and SQL grouping operators. This paper presents a hybrid approach for solving null values problem, it hybridize rough set theory with ID3 (Iterative Dichotomiser 3) decision tree induction algorithm. The proposed approach is a supervised learning model. Large set of complete data called learning data is used to find the decision rule sets that then have been used in solving the incomplete data. In case of one and two null values occurrence with a row, the system had the ability of estimating approximately 99% of the null values and absolutely 83% of them in case of one null within a record and 63% of the null values in case of two null values. While when three null values were occurred within a row the approximately estimated values were 97% and the absolutely estimated null values were 60%.


Thermal conductivity of packed bed of nanoparticles is calculated in this paper. Results show that effective thermal conductivity of nanoparticle bed can be very low. Thermal conductivity of the nanoparticle bed can be smaller than the thermal conductivity of air. Thermal conductivity depends on pressure, surface energy of the nanoparticle, and phonon mean free path.Copyright © 2006 by ASME


Because Canada has a labour force composed of more than one language stock, it is of interest to ask what social organization has developed to take account of this pluralism in her work world. Such an interest may take two main forms. First, with respect to a language variable, differences in occupational opportunities may be seen as the sole problem of Canadian Indians and Eskimos, of French Canadians, or of New Canadians. Second, we may wish to find out how our different language groups achieve interdependence in actual work situations and with what consequences for society as a whole. It is the second approach which will be adopted here; in a sense it includes the first, since the problem of any group stems in large part from the ways in which groups act on each other. The groups to which I shall limit my discussion will be the English and the French Canadians, but my remarks will undoubtedly apply, at least in part, to groups who speak other languages. The view taken in this paper is that in our society, because English is the sole language which has currency in all aspects of social activity, people of different mother tongues have unequal opportunities for work. In a plural society, two consequences follow from the dominance of one language: a limited utilization of the potential skills of those who do not know the dominant language perfectly and a disengagement of the other mother tongues from important aspects of social reality.


A newly developed linear electrostatic micro actuator mechanism employing a vibrating motion is described. Features of this mechanism are that anti-friction bearings are not required, the influence of friction is reduced significantly, and a large stroke is achieved. The moving part (Slider) of this actuator is sandwiched between fixed electrodes (Stator), is alternately attached and detached to these fixed electrodes, and actuates linearly on a macroscopic level. Several difficulties have been identified regarding actuators operated by attachmen/ detachment. The interactive forces, including the accumulation of charge caused by contact between each slider and stator, create one of the most difficult problems. Our developed actuator incorporates micro stoppers, which prevent the accumulation of charge and other interactive forces on the surface of the slider or the stator. A voltage supply pattern such that the positive and negative charge appear alternately, is employed. The first prototype, casing size ...


trans-3(S)-Amino-4-methyl-2-oxoazetidine-1-sulfonic acid was amided with the activated thioester of ceftazidime side chain and deprotection to afford α-form aztreonam,which after dissolution in ethanol,decolorization and fi ltration,seeded with β-form aztreonam and stirred for 7h at 5-10 ℃ to give β-form aztreonam with 99.5% purity and 0.3% residual ethanol.


The shape of the "initial curve", i.e. the locus of material points, which if properly illuminated provide (under specific conditions) the "caustic curve", is explored. Adopting the method of complex potentials improved formulae for the shape of the "initial curve" are obtained. Application of these formulae for two typical problems, i.e. the mode-I crack and the infinite plate with a finite circular hole under uniaxial tension, indicates that the "initial curve" is in fact not a circular locus. It is either an open curve or a closed contour, respectively, the actual shape of which depends also on the in-plane displacement field.


The present invention relates to a power generation unit, in particular a standing to a body of water and / or floating in the water power generation unit consisting of components, wherein the components comprise an inlet housing, a turbine housing, a drive assembly disposed in the turbine housing, and a downstream intake manifold. Moreover, the invention relates to a method of servicing such a power generation unit (Fig. 2).


As known, coexistence of rhombohedral and tetragonal phases around morphotropic phase transition is the key in adjusting the set of material parameters to specific applications. In the present study, the correlation between the physical properties of 0.98Pb(Zr/sub 1-x/Ti/sub x/)O/sub 3/-0.02Sr(K/sub 0.25/Nb/sub 0.75/)O/sub 3/ (0.98PZT-0.02SKN) solid solution and Zr/Ti ratio around morphotropic phase transition has been studied in detail. Choosing the right stoichiometry the PZT-SKN system allows both excellent sensor as well as actuator materials.


The effects of flow rate on physical properties of palm oil-based margarine in curing and changing temperature storage processes were evaluated. The physical properties of the margarine were characterized by hardness,rheological property,crystal morphology,crystal thermal stability and crystal form. The results showed that the sample prepared with flow rate of 30 L / h after three days' curing appeared post-hardening with bigger viscoelasticity,the crystalline network damaged significantly,apparent sand phenomenon appeared during the temperature changing and lots of β form crystal appeared in latter storage; the samples prepared with flow rate of 50 L / h and 70 L / h had proper hardness and viscoelasticity close to the commercial margarine; the thermal stability of the sample prepared with flow rate of 50 L / h was the best and the crystals mostly presented as β' form for a long time in changing temperature storage, and the sample prepared with flow rate of 70 L / h exhibited poor thermal stability with lots of β form crystals,sand phenomenon and the DSC curve waved slightly. Therefore,the optimal flow rate was 50 L / h.


Thisstudyanalyzestheinterannualandinterdecadalvariabilityofspringandsummerprecipitationoverthe Three River Source (TRS) region in China using four datasets. A general consistency is revealed among the four datasets with regard to the interannual and interdecadal variability of TRS precipitation during 1979– 2015, demonstrating a confidence of the four datasets in representing the precipitation variability over the TRS region. The TRS spring and summer precipitation shows distinct interannual and interdecadal vari- ability, with an overall increasing trend in the spring precipitation and an interdecadal oscillation in the summer precipitation. The regimes associated with the interannual variability of TRS spring and summer precipitation are further investigated. The interannual variability of TRS spring precipitation is essentially modulated by an anomalous easterly water vapor transport (WVT) branch associated with the leading mode ofEurasianspringcirculation.ElNi ñ o–SouthernOscillation(ENSO)mayaffecttheinterannualvariabilityof TRS spring precipitation by causing southerly WVT anomalies toward the TRS region. The interannual variability of TRS summer precipitation is essentially modulated by an anomalous southwesterly WVT branch over the TRS region, which is mainly associated with a Eurasian wave train connected with the summer North Atlantic Oscillation. A strong East Asian summer monsoon and an El Ni ñ o–decayingsummer may also contribute to the southwesterly WVT anomalies over the TRS region.


This study encompasses the area of planting materials production which can support the increasing demand for tapioca planting material through vegetative method (stem cutting). Based, on this study, the objective was to establish standard operation procedure for nursery technique for mass propagation tapioca and develop new propagation method for tapioca in order to increased multiplication ratio that can be produce from single parent material,result from the analysis conducted by using 1 way ANOVA and Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT), there were significant difference between the ratio of multiplication of tapioca. The parameters that were used in the study are the growth height, number of new shoot emergence and the multiplication ratio of tapioca seedling establish. The tapioca stem that were planting using 0 degree angle produce more new seedling that another degree of planting event the growth rate are less than another treatment. After seedling, 0 degree angle were cut and transfer into polybag than the growth height increase more faster. The farmer can used this method in nursery to produce more seedling of tapioca from one stem of tapioca and increased the production of tapioca seedling in nursery to support the customer demand.


The efficient focusing of electron beams generated from a pulsed-power-driven diode can produce a bright spot on a high atomic number bremsstrahlung converter for radiography. Pulsed-power diodes can reliably produce high doses with < 1-cm spot sizes. Because of its simplicity, gas cell focusing has been the method of choice for several decades. The electron beam enters the cell through a thin foil that separates the gas from the vacuum diode region. Ideally, the relativistic electron beam drives a gas breakdown that produces a highly conductive plasma. If the beam enters the cell with the correct focusing angle and the beam self fields are largely neutralized, the beam focuses ballistically onto a radiation converter (target). Plasma focusing cells (density approaching 1016 cm-3) have a potential advantage over that of a neutral gas due to the large initial conductivity. The influence of micro instabilities and turbulence can degrade the classical resistivity of these cells for some parameters. Using the simulation code LSP, we have observed the onset of anomalous resistivity for low plasma densities and large embedded magnetic fields. The resistivity results from oscillations due to the Bernstein mode instability in the current-carrying plasma. Due to the Doppler effect, the frequency of the electron mode in the ion rest frame can be made sufficiently low to interact with the ions. The resulting oscillations have a growth rate that scales with the relative drift speed between the electrons and ions. Here we discuss the scaling of the instability derived from simulation and theory and its impact on the operation of a plasma focusing cell for radiography.


Ten mathematical functions used to describe disease progress curves of double sigmoid pattern were tested using data from epidemics of sugarcane smut. Four of the functions represent the sum of two simple equations (logistic + logistic, Gompertz + Gompertz, monomolecular + logistic, and monomolecular + Gompertz); the other six functions are generalizations of simple models (logistic, monomolecular, and Gompertz) with four and five parameters. For all the functions, high coefficients of determination (R>0.95) were obtained in the nonlinear regression analyses of the progress curves of sugarcane smut. To choose the most appropriate function, the coefficients of determination, the residual sums of squares for error, the biological meaning of each parameter, and the accuracy in estimating the upper asymptote were utilized [...]


Objective To investigate the relationship among loneliness,self-esteem and Internet addiction disorder.Methods A random sampling including 550 undergraduates was assessed using 3 scales consisting of the Adolescent Pathological Internet Use Scale(APIUS),Self-esteem Scale(SES) and Loneliness Scale(UCLA).Results Internet addiction showed significant correlation in gender(P0.01),while there was no correlation in different grades(P0.05).Internet addiction and its dimensions(excluding salience) showed significantly negative correlation with self-esteem(P 0.05).Compulsive Internet access and negative consequence showed significantly negative correlation with loneliness(P0.05).Self-esteem would be a significant protect influences of tolerance,compulsive Internet using,mood alternation,social comfort and negative consequence,Internet addiction.Conclusion Self-esteem could significantly predict the tendency of undergraduates' Internet addiction.Loneliness could significantly predict the level of compulsive Internet access and negative consequence.


Twelve cultivars of Anthurium cut flowers are chosen as the experimental samples to study their fresh-keeping deviation. The results of the studies prove that5 cultivars,Tropical, Fantasia, Rapido, Rosa and Casino,are easy to decline,with about 10 days of fresh-keeping,while the other 7 cultivars,Pistache, Carre,Cognac,Sonate,Senator,President and Pierrot,are opposite,with 17 to 33 days of fresh keeping.So,they can be divided into easily declining cultivars and non-easily declining cultivars according to their fresh-keeping age. The above situation is the main reason that causes nonuniform aging and decaying of the cut flowers.The most easily declining cultivars which are the main ones of production hold red phyllaries,while most non-easily declining cultivars hold green phyllaries.


some major features of pragmatism, but investigates the relationship between classical and neo-pragmatism. This is often done through critical engagement with Richard Rorty, another major neo-pragmatist. The second section focuses on what Macarthur, as editor, calls the 'humane "experience"-based pragmatism of James and Dewey' [3], which the authors favour over Peirce's scientifically oriented version. Together with some insightful analyses of the philosophers' thought (see, for example, Ruth Anna's 'Dewey's Epistemology'), some papers, especially Hilary's, can be considered as further investigations inspired by the pragmatists. The third section, 'Pragmatist Conceptions of Moral Value and Democracy', contains mostly Ruth Anna's essays. Here, the mutual influence of the Putnams becomes particularly evident. The pair's rejection of the fact-value dichotomy is a good example. In 'Creating Facts and Values' (1985), Ruth Anna argues that even if there are no objective moral values independently of some human willing, 'there are sufficient constraints on human willing to produce values that are objective enough to take the place of the values we have "lost"' [389]. Her attempt to draw a middle-ground solution between relativism and absolutism is strikingly similar to the one that Hilary had been developing since 1981. The essays are largely devoted to concrete problems (ranging from democracy to moral values and religion), in a style often free of intricate academic jargon. The reader, as Macarthur notices, is addressed 'face-to-face at eye level as equals in an ongoing conversation akin to the conversation of Socrates' [7]. This seems particularly appropriate, given that stimulating an ongoing critical discussion to provide for the lack of universal principles constitutes one of pragmatism's essential features. The Putnams' work has been crucial for the rehabilitation of classical pragmatists in philosophical circles. Their revaluation of the pragmatists has influenced work by thinkers such as Bradley, McDowell, and Rorty, just to mention a few. It is particularly useful for both scholars and non-academic readers to be able to access such influential essays in a single publication.


A UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) expert meeting has concluded that the means already exist with which to eliminate 4 of the 8 diseases which TDR originally identified as public health problems. Elimination in this case refers to reducing the number of cases of disease to a small and routinely manageable number. The diseases capable of being eliminated with existing tools are leprosy, onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis, and Chagas disease. Leprosy can be eliminated through the use of multidrug therapy, onchocerciasis through the administration of ivermectin, lymphatic filariasis through the use of DEC and ivermectin, and Chagas disease through the rational use of insecticides and the control of blood banks. Malaria, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and African trypanosomiasis, however, must await better tools before their elimination can be attempted. TDR's role in identifying how to eliminate each of these diseases is described. Meeting attendees identified additional avenues of operational research upon which TDR should embark.