One of the main strategies in Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence SETI is trying to overhear communications between advanced civilizations However there is a seeming problem with this ap proach advanced civilizations most probably save communication expenses by maximally compressing their messages and the notion of a maximally compressed message is naturally formalized as a message x for which Kolmogorov complexity C x is close to its length l x i e as a random message In other words a maximally compressed message is indistinguishable from the truly random noise and thus trying to detect such a message does not seem to be a working SETI strategy We show that this argument does not take into consideration the time necessary for compression and decompression of message If we take this time into consideration and therefore consider time bounded versions of Kolmogorov complexity then the above problem disappears We also show which version of time bounded Kolmogorov complexity is most appropriate for formalizing SETI strategies According to modern physics extra terrestrial intelligence is very probable According to modern physics our Universe is largely homogeneous hence in many locations it is possible to have the same physical conditions as the ones that led to the emergence of intelligent life on Earth It is therefore reasonable to conclude that in many of these places intelligent life did emerge A contact with an extra terrestrial intelligence could be highly bene cial for our civilization hence SETI The processes which lead to the emergence and development of intelligent life are far from being deterministic there are many random factors involved As a result the rates with which di erent civilizations appear and progress are expected to be drastically di erent Hence we can expect both civi lizations which are largely behind us in technological and scienti c progress as well as civilizations which are way ahead of ours A contact with such an advanced civilization can bring new knowledge help us solve our problems and give a big boost to our civilization In view of this potential bene t a lot of e ort goes into Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence SETI see e g and references therein A seeming problem with the current SETI strategy If there are advanced civilizations out there they most probably know about each other and therefore intensely communicate with each other In view of this communication one of the main current SETI strategies consists of watching the radio signals in the sky and trying to determine which of them correspond to communications between advanced civilizations There is however a seeming problem in this approach Of course it is possible to distinguish between a meaningful signal and a random noise which typically comes from di erent celestial objects like galaxies quasars etc However it would be a waste of energy to send a pure signal and saving energy is extremely important for long distance inter civilization communications which require a lot of energy The signal will be most probably sent compressed The more advanced the civilization the more it knows how to compress its signals and the more perfect this compression will be As a result if we try to overhear the conversation between di erent civilizations what we will see is a signal x which cannot be further compressed This un compressibility admits a natural formalization Since most modern measuring devices have binary output we can assume that the signal x is a binary sequence i e a word in a binary alphabet f g By a compression intuitively we mean a pair consisting of a compressed signal c and an instruction i for some universal computer which enables us to reconstruct the original signal x from its compression c In other words a compression is a program c i for a universal computer which generates x Therefore the idea that the word x cannot be further compressed can be formalized as follows for some universal computer U every program p which generates x has the same length l p as x i e l p l x or the length which is larger than the length of x i e l p l x The shortest length of a program which generates x is called its Kolmogorov complexity C x In terms of Kolmogorov complexity the idea that the word x cannot be further compressed can be thus formalized as C x l x This approximate equality however is exactly the idea of formalizing of the intuitive notion of a random sequence x Thus we come to a conclusion that signals exchanged by advanced civilizations must be random i e such signals are indistinguishable from random noise This indistinguishability seems to invalidate the main current SETI strategy In this paper we show how this problem can be overcome How to resolve this problem enter time bounded Kolmogorov complexity The above negative conclusion is correct if we deal with chit chat However civilizations communicate not only to simply exchange news one of the main reasons for their communication is that they want to help each other solve problems by relaying known solutions This is true for an exchange between a less advanced and a more advanced civilization this is exactly what we hope for when we spend e orts on SETI This is also true for an exchange between equally advanced civilizations these civilizations will encounter many similar problems so all of them will bene t if instead of duplicating their e orts in each civilization solving all these problems they will divide these problems between themselves solve their share of the problems and exchange the solutions This only makes sense for problems for which the solution is di cult to get but easy to check and for which the solution has a reasonable length In other words we are talking about the problems of the following type given a word w nd a new word s whose length l s is bounded by some reasonable function of the length l w of the input w and for which some easily checkable property P w s holds Most problems solved by engineering and science are of this type e g in mathematics given a formulation w of a statement we want to nd a proof s of either this statement w or of its negation w checking whether a given step by step proof is correct is easy computers could do it even in the s in engineering we formulate the requirements w for e g a bridge and we want to nd a design s which satis es all these requirements in physics we have data w and we want to nd a simple law s which describes all this data etc If we follow the standard formalizations of reasonable function of length as polynomial function of length and easily checkable as checkable in polynomial time we conclude that a general problem is a problem from the class NP or to be more precise search problem in the sense of L A Levin For such problems maximal compression for which the length of a compressed message is equal to its Kolmogorov complexity does not make much sense Indeed we want to send a solution s to the problem w However we can always compress this solution into the formulation w because for problems from the class NP there is a simple algorithm for nding a solution exhaustive search So if we follow the idea of sending the maximally compressed message then we could as well send the original problem w instead of its solution and thus not send the solution at all The main idea of sending solutions is to save time on solving the corresponding problem and there is no sense in wasting all the saved time on de compressing the message When we formalized the incompressibil ity in terms of Kolmogorov complexity we neglected computation time with this time saving application in mind we must take this time into consideration e g consider a time bounded version of Kolmogorov complexity instead of the the original one In other words instead of considering C x min l p where min is taken over all programs generating x we must consider C x min f t p l p where t p is the running time of a program p and f t l is a function of two variables The less time and or memory compression decompression requires the better Therefore we should require that f t l be a non decreasing function of t and l The choice of an appropriate time bounded version of Kolmogorov complexity Which function f t l should we choose We talk about transmitting solutions s to problems w from the class NP The decompression time t p takes the smallest possible value if we simply send the uncompressed solution s Realistically the only processing time t p for the received signal is the time which is necessary to check that s is indeed a solution i e that the desired property P w s is true Alternatively we can send all the bits of s but one then to reconstruct the desired solution we must check both possible completions of the sent signal completion by and completion by Then the length of the sent signal decreased by one bit l p l p while the processing time increases twice t p t p Similarly we can skip bit from any message at the cost of increasing the processing time twice This skipping a single bit should not change the fact that what we are considering is an intelligent message therefore it is reasonable to require that the function f t l used in our distinction between a message and a random noise be invariant under such transformation In other words we require that the desired function f t l satisfy for every two integers t and l the equation f t l f t l This equation has also been obtained in where it appeared in a slightly di erent situation in these papers it is shown that a function f t l satis es this equation if and only if f t l F t l for some function F z of one variable Since we required that the function f t l is monotonically non decreasing in both variables we can conclude that the function F z is non decreasing too So looking for the best compression means looking for a program p for which the product t p l p takes the smallest possible value The corresponding modi ed Kolmogorov complexity C x min t p l p where min is taken over al


Uranium trisulfide, US3, is isostructural with USe3, which has the ZrSe3 structure type. In the asymmetric unit, the site symmetries of the U atom and the three S atoms are m. The structure consists of two-dimensional layers that stack perpendicular to the [001] direction. Each layer comprises US8 bicapped trigonal prisms that edge share in the [100] direction and face share in the [010] direction. The compound may be described as U4+(S2−)(S22−).


Universities are facing increasing pressure to better prepare graduates for the workforce. Employers, professional societies and the government are increasingly calling for graduates who are work-ready. The University of Technology Sydney (UTS) Work-Ready Project is a curriculum renewal initiative that aims to improve graduates' professional attributes and employability skills. The collaborative project aims to design, develop, implement and evaluate into the existing curriculum high-quality, professionally contextualised, work-ready learning activities to better prepare students for the contemporary workplace. The paper provides an overview of the project's curriculum renewal strategy of contextualised by profession activities integrated into the curriculum. Interviews with representatives of relevant professional societies identified their key graduate attributes. These attributes inform the structure of online matrices of work-ready activities and downloadable learning and teaching support resources. These learning activities have been contextualised for each profession to maximise relevance for students and academics. Formative evaluation of the project's website is presented together with the strategies used to renew, integrate and embed work-ready learning into UTS's diverse professional and disciplinary curriculum.


This paper considers the nolinear system robust estimation problem with measurement time delay. The purpose is to provide algorithm for inertial navigation system nonlinear error model in transmittion delay case. Considering that innovation regroup method can treat the measurement delay problem better with no addition of system state dimension, and decrease the system computation, therefore, that algorithm is combined with extended set-membership estimation and deduce the distrete nonlinear system extended set-membership estimation algorithm with measurement delay, realize nonlinear system varying state estimation and the treatment of measurement delay. At last, apply the algorithm to carrier aircraft in-flight alignment and validate the effecitiveness.


Studies of Alfven turbulence in the solar wind require the use of magnetic field and particle data. However, particle data is subject to a source of noise not present in magnetic field data, i.e. statistical noise because the bulk parameters of the plasma are calculated from a finite number of counts. The derivation of bulk parameters is unavoidably affected by Poisson statistics which add variance to the real value. The magnitude of the effects of Poisson noise on the frequency spectrum of Alfven waves in the solar wind has been calculated by numerical simulation for the case of cometary pickup ion turbulence observed at comet Halley. The results show that Poisson noise is "white" and flattens the frequency spectrum at high frequencies, where its power spectral density exceeds the solar wind turbulence. If a power law is fitted to the spectrum, the power law index can be reduced significantly even if the flattening is not obvious in the spectrum, and the effect can be significant even when the particle count rates seem high. In Elsasser variable studies the influence of Poisson noise is seen as a tendency to equality of the two spectra at high frequencies since each contains uncorrelated noise. The simulations show that Poisson noise effects must be taken into account in the interpretation of Alfven wave observations. A concrete result is that the difference between the spectral indices obtained separately from magnetic and particle data at comet Halley can be explained quantitatively by Poisson noise.


This activity was carried due to the issuance of Regional Regulation of Teluk Bintuni Regency Number 1 of 2019 dealing with Recognition and Protection of Indigenous Law Communities in Teluk Bintuni Regency. With the issuance of the regional regulation, consequently the life system, the rights of indigenous peoples that have existed for generations have been recognized by the government and can be carried out in a corridor that is in accordance with general norms, in the field implementation the application of this rule has not been fully understood by the local indigenous community. with the mandate of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia that the State recognizes and respects and protects customary law community units and their traditional rights as long as they are still alive and in accordance with community development and the principles of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia through the recognition and protection of customary law communities. Weak socialization and public understanding of the importance of this Regional Regulation (PERDA) so that this activity aims at 1). provide an understanding of what it means to protect indigenous peoples and their rights in the community in accordance with their local wisdom contained in the PERDA, 2) To encourage local governments intensely and routinely to socialize this PERDA so that it is conveyed to indigenous peoples. The conclusion of this socialization activity received a positive response from the community, marked by the open understanding of indigenous peoples that their rights have been stated in the PERDA


Previous research in VLSI adders has identified the existence of tradeoffs between asymptotic area and asymptotic time. This paper presents a systematic method of implementing a BiCMOS carry look-ahead adder design which is optimized with respect to area and time. Since the adder circuits usually lie on the critical path delay of carry generator due to large fan-out and output capacitances, speed determines the clock cycle time. In view of the driving capability of bipolar transistors, the BiCMOS buffer/driver and BiCMOS cells are chosen and modified to drive large fan-out or heavy capacitive loads. Combining the bipolar and CMOS circuits on a single chip, the performance of the carry generator circuit is improved due to the acceleration of the critical path. A comparison between BiCMOS and CMOS parallel adders is made. It is shown that the parallel adders designed using the BiCMOS cells achieved improvement in the performance, by shortening the critical path delay by 32.486% in the case of 16-bit, 58.365% in the case of 32-bit and 79.944% in the case of 66-bit where the delay is calculated as the average propagation delay measured from HSPICE simulations.


Detection and measurement of ozone at sub-ppm levels by the chemiluminescent reaction of ozone on a dye: silica gel adsorbate were investigated. Measurement of chemiluminescent emission permits detection of less than 10/sup -3/ parts per million (ppm) of ozone in the atmosphere and gives a linear response for measurement up to 0.4 ppm. Response characteristics of the chemiluminescent surface are given, including sensitivity to ozone detection, surface conditions and aging effects, and activation and decay of the chemiluminescence. Elimination of the desensitizing effect of moisture on the chemiluminescent surface by a silicone resin coating technique is discussed. Calibration curves are presented for ozone concentrations of 0-4 ppm. Variation of response with flow rate, pressure, and temperature is described. 17 references 6 figures.


Abstract Although research evidence supports the efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for anxiety in children, it is important to examine practice-based evidence of effectiveness in typical clinical contexts. This study evaluated a CBT group intervention – 'Anxiety Gremlins' – for childhood anxiety. Participants were 36 children (19 boys, 17 girls) aged 8–13, referred for anxiety symptoms at a UK NHS service. The 8-session intervention included six child sessions (2 h) and two parent sessions (1 h). Self-report outcome measures of anxiety symptoms, life functioning and therapeutic relationships were used to measure change pre- and post-intervention. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with group facilitators and analysed through deductive content analysis to identify barriers and facilitators to change. No substantive differences were found between aggregated scores on pre- versus post-intervention outcome measures. Reliable change in anxiety symptoms was identified in 10 children (31%), with five improvers and five deteriorators. Interviews with facilitators identified disruption in group flow, lack of facilitator time to prepare and reflect, and the complexity of clients as hindering factors. Children meeting like-minded peers to share their stories and high engagement in the therapeutic process were helpful factors. Anxiety Gremlins did not demonstrate effectiveness on outcome measures, and this contrasted with clinical opinion. Recommendations were made for the service to revisit the intervention content and the method for recruiting children to the group – as complexity/co-morbidity was linked to poorer outcomes. Future research could explore fidelity to an adapted intervention and include interviews with children and their parents. Key learning aims After reading this paper the reader should be able to: (1) Understand how instances of CBT practice can be robustly evaluated using a mixed-methods approach, including analyses of change at both group and individual levels.(2) Understand critical considerations when adapting 'evidence-based' CBT interventions for routine practice.(3) Appreciate that aggregative group-level analyses can mask clinically important differences in individual CBT outcomes.


The increasing oil price worldwide in 2004 gives great opportunity for China maleic anhydride industry produced by coking benzene.The paper analyzed the consumption structure and development of maleic anhydride industry in China.The development trend is predicted.


Examination of the technical characteristics of this 12-axle locomotive which has a regenerative brake, very high capacity (8,040 kW and is very powerful as regards haulage (59,250 kg). The operating principles of its electrical system are described both during hauling and during braking.


Spherical LiNiO2@LiCoO2 as cathode material for lithium ion batteries was synthesized by firing the mixture of β-NiOOH@β-CoOOH and LiOH at low temperature in air atmosphere. The effect of synthesis conditions on the structure of the resultant samples was investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and energy dispersive spectroscope. Spherical LiNiO2@LiCoO2 obtained at 600 °C for 24 h exhibited best layered hexagonal structure and remained core-shell property. Electrochemical test demonstrated that LiNiO2@LiCoO2 had high initial discharge capacity of 181.4 mA h g , better cycle, and storage stability than pure LiNiO2 prepared from spherical β-NiOOH.


Despite their age and prevalence, abstract games are often overlooked in contemporary discussions of games and meaning. In this paper I offer experiential metaphors as a critical method applicable to all games, particularly abstract games. To do this I introduce structural metaphors, image schemata and experiential gestalts to explain how experiential metaphors function. I then compare this method with the simulation gap (Bogost 2006, 2007) and show how the two relate. I close with two examples of abstract games that function as experiential metaphors.


This article aims to present historical elements of the prison in Ceara that culminated in the prison crisis, whose apex occurred with the rebellions of May 2016. The methodology used was documental research. The data that were part of this study were obtained from the Penitentiary Information System of Ceara and through other documents available to the public. From the information collected, it is possible to point out data that fostered the formation of the Prison System of Ceara in its historical course, among them those that triggered the rebellions that occurred in the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza. In this scenario, it is suggested a reformulation of the penitentiary policy in order to address the intrinsic issues of the contemporary context of the prisons.


Vegetable growing is essential in people's health as well as in the economic aspect of their lives. This study sought to find out the level of plant health and growth grown in hydroponic and container gardens. A purposive sampling of the plant selection was used in the study following the criteria on plant health and growth as indicated on plant height (cm); number of leaves; width of leaves (cm); length of leaves (cm); and color of the leaves. The researcher recorded the data every week with a structured observation tool. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings reveal that plants in the hydroponic garden had a significant difference in terms of plant height, length of leaves, width of leaves and number of leaves compared to the plants in the pot garden which means that the hydroponic garden is more effective in growing plants than in the pot garden. On the other hand, results show that there is no significant difference on hydroponic and pot garden in terms of color of the leaves implying that both plants had similar color. The finding points to the need of utilization of the hydroponic garden in the schools and eventually to the homes of the residents in the community.


Trust is important to organizations because it lubricates the relationships that form the interlocking components of coordination, which, like gears, turn the wheels of commerce. Trust becomes especially important during an organizational crisis (Mishra, 1996) or when supportive structures are inadequate. Thus it is vital to examine how trust forms in various work and commercial settings, because if one can understand the conditions, factors and processes determining this, one can thereby influence the coordinative consequents of trust. One of many depictions of how trust forms is found in McKnight et al. (1998). Here trust is depicted as it forms in the initial phase of a relationship. The initial phase refers to when parties are unfamiliar with each other (Bigley and Pearce, 1998). By unfamiliar, we mean they have little solid, verifiable information about each other, and what they do know is not from first-hand, personal experience. This condition usually results from the newness of the relationship (that is, when parties first meet), but may also result from a combination of newness and relationship distance, because when parties are socially distant (for example, virtual team members or Internet transactional partners), they may not receive first-hand, verifiable information about the other for some time. This definition of the initial phase means the initial phase stops after parties gain verifiable information by first-hand interactional or transactional experience with each other. Hence experience is not considered a factor of initial trust.


Summary form only given. We review experiments and present new experimental results that demonstrate nonlinear polarization mode conversion in birefringent Bragg gratings, enhanced by the strong dispersion of the grating. We show that many of these experimental results can be explained using a simple intuitive NLSE model, with an effective dispersion provided by the grating. Finally, we use this NLSE model to design a range of novel nonlinear devices, including pulse compressors and pulse regenerators, with potential applications in future lightwave systems.


In the clamping system for securing an elongate object 16, such as a file or pipe clamp (1) and the object is applied to the periphery of each other. The clamp is provided with a frame 4 for defining a longitudinal axis. Further, the holding devices (3) are provided spaced apart in the circumferential direction of the frame 4. Stop portion 25 and defining the one end of the holding devices (3), holding devices (3) in the gripped state, and so that the object is not moved relative to the frame 4 in the first axial direction of the passage (9) , the pressure on the gripping device 3 is stopped portion 25 to the first axial direction and can be maintained, and the said second object (16) on the frame in the second axial direction opposite to the first axial direction to move.


This paper reports the results of Monte Carlo simulations of electronic noise in a GaAs bulk driven by two mixed high-frequency large-amplitude periodic electric fields. Under these conditions, the system response shows some peculiarities in the noise performance, such as a resonant-like enhancement of the spectra near the two frequencies of the applied fields. The relations among the frequency response and the velocity fluctuations as a function of intensities and frequencies of the sub-terahertz mixed excitation fields have been investigated. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


In pursuing astrobiological studies of the other worlds of the solar system, tremendous investments are made and risks are taken to enable appropriate platforms (chiefly in the form of robotic landers and rovers) to access locations that have information about extraterrestrial life, its precursors and remnants. Those risks are taken and costs incurred either to enable a suite of measurements about the target body to be taken in situ, or to enable the return of pristine sample material to Earth for further study (and so that measurements can be taken) by teams of scientists here. Not surprisingly, those measurements can contribute to astrobiological understanding only if when they are made they reflect conditions on the target body itself, and do not waste the opportunity by studying Earth-source contamination, instead. As such, astrobiology studies on distant worlds require planetary protection and contamination control requirements to be met to avoid wasting money and time, and taking risks to study material that can be found on Earth itself. Because these requirements involve additional funding, and because they can introduce additional complexity into mission design and operations, there can be resistance to meeting those requirements on the part of mission designers and project personnel, despite the potential absurdity of going to pristine locations to measure self-sourced contamination. Some of this resistance can be traced to concerns about component performance and instrument sensitivity, complexed with the negative effects on performance and increases in risk that result from piecemeal attempts to accomplish planetary protection objectives within a spacecraft design - resulting in an attendant skepticism about the solutions thereby implemented. It is important to assess the planetary protection and contamination control requirements associated with astrobiologically significant targets for exploration missions, and examine the benefits of whole-system planetary protection solutions versus piecemeal attempts to meet the same requirements. It will be seen that for most such targets, their in situ study and sample retrieval are far better served, with less cost and reduced risk, when whole-system design approaches are taken. Such approaches are increasingly required as the astrobiological targets become better known, and the capabilities of Earth organisms to contaminate them is better understood.


The world's remaining biodiversity-rich regions are often located in borderlands or physically remote areas which are frequently also inhabited by stateless peoples, who are then subjected to policies expressly designed to exclude or restrict local livelihood activities. This situation has been exacerbated by the tendency for international non-governmental organisations to join forces with the State to promote their conservation agenda. Whilst the political and environmental implications of this trend have been explored within the academic literature, the consequences for the survival of disempowered and marginalised stateless communities have received little attention. This article will focus upon stateless peoples enmeshed within a policy framework influenced by globalised environmental priorities and directed by international conservation NGOs in South-East Asia. It will explore how stateless peoples' capacities are undermined by models of 'participation' used by these actors and underline the importance of recognising stateless peoples' rights and responsibilities in marine natural resource management.


This study is about the classification and syntaxonomic allocation of the riparian vegetation of the Porsuk River (Eskisehir-Kutahya, western part of Central Anatolia). The Porsuk is part of the Sakarya River basin and is the longest tributary of the Sakarya River. The data were collected using the phytosociological method of Braun-Blanquet and analyzed using TWINSPAN classification and NMDS ordination. Ten syntaxa were identified, all of which are more or less widespread in the nemoral and meridional zone. The woody alluvial vegetation of the study area comprises the associations Salicetum albae, Populetum albae, and Elymo-Rubetum caesii. The riparian reed bed vegetation is represented by the associations Phragmitetum australis, Schoenoplectetum tabernaemontani, Typhetum latifoliae, Typhetum angustifoliae, Cyperetum longi, Caricetum gracilis, and Galio palustris-Juncetum inflexi. The community composition, though of azonal character, suggests marked influence of biogeographical and climatic sub-Mediterranean conditions.


In order to realize the miniaturization of gas-insulated metal-enclosed arresters (GIS arresters) for GIS power stations, GIS lightning arrester manufacturers usually use high gradient resistors. Due to the change in the formulation process of the high gradient resistor, the relative dielectric constant characteristics change. The relative dielectric constant of the resistor has a significant impact on the potential distribution of the GIS arrester. Therefore, this paper takes 220kV GIS lightning arrester as an example, through experiments and simulations, the relative dielectric constant characteristics of high gradient resistors under different chargeability and the influence on the potential distribution of GIS arresters are studied. The research results show that: the relative dielectric constant of resistors varies greatly with the change of chargeability, which has a great influence on the potential distribution. A measure to optimize the potential distribution of the arrester by using the relative dielectric constant of the resistor is proposed. The research results provide an important reference for the design and parameter selection of GIS arresters.


Karl Marx considers capitalism in its specific differentiated form with respect to pre-capitalist formations; the constitutive elements of the capitalist system cannot be applied unduly, on other modes of production. Marx never maintains that feudalism does not produce capitalism. Regardless, in these pre-capitalist forms, 'the individuals relate not as workers but as proprietors - and members of a community, who at the same time work. Pre-capitalist structures are distinguished by their substantial unity: unity of man with the earth, precisely, with the objective conditions of labour, and with other men. In the pre-capitalist forms, the assumptions of circulation are external to production: the latter is continually in need of new, external impulses to 'reignite' itself. In the analysis of the Grundrisse , class (in its proper sense) represents a distinctive sign of the capitalist system, far from constituting an element capable of extension to all historical eras. Keywords:capitalism; feudalism; Grundrisse ; pre-capitalist forms


Background.  Smoking increases the risk of preterm birth. The present study was made to elucidate the relation of smoking to causes of very preterm birth.


In the paper,it mainly analysizes the reasons resulting into the failure of Chinese Men's Basketball Team at the 25th Asian Basketball Championship.By means of literature,video observation,mathematical and statistics,it shows that: in attacking aspect,there are too many simple and single ways of shooting and collective attack and not enough fluid passing and cutting;in defensing aspect,the payers are slack and not so active in grabbing rebounds.In addition,other factors such as lacking of experience in young coaches and negative psychological states in players also contribute to the defeat of this Championship.


Peer to peer networks will become an increasingly important distribution channel for consumer information goods and may play a role in the distribution of information within corporations. Our research analyzes optimal membership rules for these networks in light of positive and negative externalities additional users impose on the network. Using a dataset gathered from the six largest OpenNap-based networks, we find that users impose a positive network externality based on the desirability of the content they provide and a negative network externality based on demands they place on the network. Further we find that the marginal value of additional users is declining and the marginal cost is increasing in the number of current users. This suggests that multiple small networks may serve user communities more efficiently than single monolithic networks and that network operators may wish to specialize in their content and restrict membership based on capacity constraints and user content desirability.


The control of optical transitions induced by an ultrashort infrared radiation pulse between energy bands is considered. The optical control problem is treated as a direct constrained minimization problem based on the nonlinear programming. As an example, in the report the transitions of the hole between heavy and light mass valence bands is analyzed in detail. The described optimization procedure allows to find the shape of femtosecond infrared light pulse that transfers the hole from the heavy to light mass valence band with a probability equal or nearly equal one.


Objective.  This paper presents an overview of existing artificial intelligence tools to produce systematic literature reviews. Furthermore, we propose a general framework resulting from combining these techniques to highlight the challenges and possibilities currently existing in this research area.
Design/Methodology/Approach. We undertook a scoping review on the systematic literature review steps to automate them via computational techniques.
Results/Discussion. The process of creating a literature review is both creative and technical. The technical part of this process is liable to automation. Based on the literature, we chose to divide this technical part into four steps: searching, screening, extraction, and synthesis. For each one of these steps, we presented practical artificial intelligence techniques to carry them out. In addition, we presented the obstacles encountered in the application of each technique.
Conclusion. We proposed a framework for automatically creating systematic literature reviews by combining and placing existing techniques in stages where they possess the greatest potential to be useful. Despite still lacking practical assessment in different areas of knowledge, this proposal indicates ways with the potential to reduce the time-consuming and repetitive work embedded in the systematic literature review process.
Originality/Value. The paper presents the current possibilities for automating systematic literature reviews and how they can work together to reduce researchers' operational workload.


This study aims to discover the practice of fiqh al-muamalat (Islamic law of transaction following Islamic fiqh) as a sharia-compliant, primarily the halal accountability of Islamic microfinance institutions Baitul Maal wa Tamwil (BMT) UGT Sidogiri Indonesia. This research used a descriptive, explanatory design with a holistic single-case design focus and was conducted from 2019 to 2020. For the data collection process, in-depth interviews were conducted with the informants. The data were analyzed using an interactive model consisting of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results exhibit that Islamic sharia, faith (iman), and good deeds (ihsan) act as the foundation of fiqh al-muamalat practices. The compliant toward sharia does not only represent the operational system, but it becomes a working culture through worship practices. Besides, this research also discovers that the fiqh almuamalat was practiced to fulfill the halal responsibility.


The following presentation consists of a statement of the rationale for the edit and imputation of the Census and a brief non-technical description of the methodology. A mathematical description and a computer systems description are given in articles by Fellegi and Holt(l)and Graves(2). An evaluation is then given of the method with a final section suggesting directions for further work on the development of edit and imputation methodologies arising from the experience of the application to the 1976 Canadian Census.


1 2 Has the recent illiberal surge altered the neoliberal orthodoxy prevailing in post-1989 Hungary and Poland towards a more developmental modus operandi, or has it just camouflaged embedded neoliberalism with a developmental narrative? This article, trying to contribute to answering the aforementioned question, is structured as follows. First, we provide a general overview of the comparative capitalism approach. We extend the original conceptualizations by the framework of varieties of illiberal capitalism and present two ideal types of illiberal capitalism. Then, we assess five institutional areas of the political economy of contemporary Hungary and Poland. We conclude that although Hungary remains faithful to the neoliberal economic orthodoxy so far with illiberal political forces merely camouflaging its true essence due to political and utilitarian reasons, the post-2015 government in Poland managed to move its economic model closer to a more developmental modus operandi.


[KSI_TT,PARAM,P]=PS2R_EST(DATA) returns smoothed inferences KSI_TT, estimated parameters PARAM and transition matrix P of a 2-regime parameter switching (PS) model, i.e. a 2-regime Markov regime-switching (MRS) model with both regimes driven by AR(1) processes of the form: X(t+1)=phi_i*X(t)+c_i+sigma_i*|X(t)|^g_i*N(0,1). The first column (KSI_TT) or row (PARAM, P) contains results for the base regime and the second column/row for the spike regime.


A Phononic Crystal (PC) based on a metal microstructure, is studied. At low frequency, it presents water like density and water like longitudinal velocity, and very small shear rigidity. At higher frequency, the band structure of the PC exhibits an isolated branch with a negative slope and a quasi-longitudinal behaviour that intercepts the water sound line. At the intersection point frequency, matching of the phase velocities in the PC and in the external medium is realized. Therefore, the structure is a potential candidate for the negative refraction of longitudinal waves when the structure is coupled to the external water medium. The paper presents the main numerical results. Experiments are under progress.Copyright © 2012 by ASME


This article examines Seyyed Hossein Nasr's teaching on Sufism and its relevance to modern society. The fact is that the paradigm and lifestyle of modern humans are materialism-oriented. Therefore, they experience a spiritual emptiness that causes anxiety. This study applies the literature approach by collecting various related sources. This study found that Seyyed Hossein Nasr's idea of neo-Sufism can be an alternative paradigm for modern people to free themselves from the threat of materialism and hedonism. The Divine spirit of humans will form spiritual power in the human soul to keep the connectivity between the servant and God. Nasr's teaching on Sufism puts forward the concept of balance and moderation between the life in this world and hereafter, between shari'ah and haqeqat, and between individual and social life.


Based on the sources,pollutions,treatments of the sulphuric waste water,combined with the features of oil-gas field waste water,a simple and easy catalytic oxidation technical of chemical coagulation for disposing the sulphuric water was put forward.The laboratory treatment process about the sulphuric waste water was obtained through the research on chemical coagulation process and catalytic oxidation disposal conditions.Through treatment of sulfur waste water,its COD drop from 11000 mg/L to 74.3mg/L,the S2-contents can be drop from 1096mg/L to 0.7mg/L,the water quality can reach the GB8978-96 Level emissions standard.The treatment result of coagulants PZCBS(Water-soluble),compositive additives ASNG +HNZJ,compositive oxidants FYHJ and compositive catalysts FCHJ(Titanium/Carbon compositive catalyst) to sulphuric waste water is very good.


A total of 158 microsatellite markers with dinucleotide to tetranucleotide patterns [(CA)n, (TG)n, (TAT)n and (GATA)n] were isolated from a genomic DNA library of common ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) and Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata) containing 164.000 clones. Testing these markers on 16 DNA samples led to the selection of 127 functional markers, therefore available for genetic mapping in duck. Of them, 112 (88%) were polymorphic (with an average of 3 to 4 alleles), but some of them were specific to one or the other duck species. Through sequence comparison between these duck markers and the chicken assembly, an estimate of their positions on the chicken genome shows a good coverage of the chromosomes. This pool of microsatellite markers will be completed with published markers, in order to have genome coverage dense enough to carry out QTL detection.


Multi-threaded real-time applications run on platforms that offer services such as concurrency, timing and synchronization. In a model driven context, separation of concerns between functional specification and design choices is one of the key challenges. For that purpose, annotations defined by the MARTE sub-profile for Software Resource Modeling (SRM) provide high level abstractions of target software platforms helping to deploy the same application model on various targets. However, deployment of an application on a platform is not only characterized by the API of the targeted OS, but it is also influenced by possible design restrictions set by the programming languages and their related libraries. We examine key characteristics that exist in two widely used programming languages (C++ and Java) and their libraries to analyze how this can be handled with an MDE approach based on the use of SRM.


Though titled "The Practical" and concerned with practice, the series of papers of which this is one is grounded in a consideration of theory as well as practice. The series is concerned with theory because a study of educational literature reveals that education in general and the field of curriculum in particular have been inveterately theoretic and that this theoretic bent has let education down. Educators have sought theory (theory of curriculum, theories of teaching and learning) as if such theories would be sufficient to tell us what and how to teach. Educators have applied theories from the behavioral sciences toward solution of practical problems as if these borrowed theories could be applied simply and directly. Meanwhile, educators themselves, as well as others, bear witness to the fact that problems so attacked have been poorly solved. Extant curriculums with the stamp of theoretic legitimation often fail in practice. Teaching which is coherent with theory often misses its practical mark. Some of this failure is inherent in the character of practical


The article deals with an adaptive algorithm for the reception of multipath signals in the high frequency communication channel, built on the basis of experimental data on quasi-stationary channel period. The algorithm allows high-quality offset delayed relative to the direct beam multipath components by providing with accurate synchronization processing between the transmitting and receiving parties, as well as the use of estimates quadrature components of the channel impulse response obtained by the channel sensing signal known shape.


For some time, there has been a need for a good book on the role of the Chamorro Family and their daily, La Prensa, in the contemporary history of Nicaragua. Unfortunately, Patricia Taylor Edmisten's new book, while initially whetting one's appetite, is ultimately quite disappointing. In annoyingly journalistic style, this thin volume trips lightly from an introductory chapter on the death of La Prensa editor Pedro Joaquin Chamorro in 1978, back to the history of the Chamorro and Somoza families, then forward through Chamorro's early flirtations with rebellion and his use of La Prensa in combatting the Somoza dictatorship to the post-Chamorro anti-Somoza struggle and the role of La Prensa during the Sandinista government. It ends with a confused and impressionistic chapter titled "Personal Reflections."


This paper presents our work towards adapting ForceForm, a 2.5D actuated surface, for use as a medical training apparatus for rebound tenderness, an application area which lacks prior research from computing researchers. Rebound tenderness is used by health practitioners to physically examine a patient's abdomen by applying and then releasing pressure with the hands. This paper demonstrates a novel technique to allow an actuated shape display to detect interactions caused by the user pressing down upon a soft surface by means of a Hall effect sensor. User evaluation of the interaction reveals that the further the user is required to press down into the surface, the more accurately the task is performed when visual cues are present, but the relationship between accuracy and depth is inverted when users are required to perform a depth recall task without the presence of visual cues. The results of this research support the continued development of ForceForm for rebound tenderness simulations and suggest that unexpected user performance patterns may occur when utilising soft interfaces.


Most small and medium-sized family enterprises choose the family management mode,and the owners of enterprises treat family-members and non-family members in a different way,which results in a different level structure and seriously affects the existence and further development of the enterprises.


The aim of this paper is to develop a model of the temporal (not contentual) evolution of conversation between two agents. Our target variable is the waiting time between utterances. We develop a computational version of the turn taking model by Sacks et. al. [6] which was seminal to the formation of conversation analysis in sociology. Our interest is in understanding the mechanism by which agents cooperatively control the flow and intensity of conversation. We find that our model is both realistic as well as amenable to mathematical analysis. Moreover, it facilitat es the automated analysis of large sets of conversational data that can be found e.g. in the social media.


Hafnium diffusion was measured in polycrystalline Er2O3 with two impurity levels. A tracer sectioning technique was used and the diffusion coefficients were measured at 1601° to 1970°C. Volume diffusion of Hf showed both extrinsic and intrinsic behavior, with the transition temperature increasing with the impurity level present in Er2O3. The grain boundary diffusion was apparently extrinsic over the entire temperature interval.


Previous studies have demonstrated that cadmium can induce biochemical and physiological changes in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, studies on the influence of cadmium on the ion balance in the cell and the interaction between cadmium and other ions are still relatively few in number. By using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry, the contents of some cations, including Zn2+, Ca2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Mg2+, K+, and Na+ were measured. The data showed that the levels of Zn2+ and Fe3+ were increased, while those of Cu2+, K+, and Na+ were decreased after cadmium treatment. Afterwards, using the drop test assay, the interactions between cadmium and the selected ions were investigated. The results suggested that the cytotoxicity of cadmium could be attributable to the interference of cadmium with the intracellular cation homoeostasis. Calcium channel transporter Cch1 participates in the intracellular uptake of cadmium. Additionally, Zn2+, Ca2+, Fe3+, Mg2+, and K+ can rescue the toxic effect of cadmium in yeast.


Many research and development projects on high‐temperature superconducting apparatus such as a transformer, fault current limiter, and cable are being actively pursued in the power field as a result of performance improvement of Bi silver sheath high‐temperature superconducting (HTS) wire. HTS transformers are considered to be among the most promising applications in view of efficiency improvement, the interface with cryogenic cable and normal temperature devices, incombustibility, overload capability, the function as a reactor, and the possibility of use as a fault current limiter. The necessary technical development items of an HTS transformer in order to achieve performance superior to conventional devices are examined. For this purpose, three‐phase 66‐kV 100‐MVA transformers were designed for the comparison of an HTS transformer and a conventional one with oil cooling. The desirable development items are an HTS wire current density of about 40 A/mm2, an allowable winding strain of about 0.5%, a percent impedance of 7.5%, an air gap flux density of about 0.3 T, and AC losses of about 0.3 W/km‐A. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 142(1): 25–31, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10087


We aimed to evaluate the short-term outcome of colorectal resection in very elderly patients, aged 85 years or older. As the population ages, the number of elderly patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) is increasing in Japan. At this time, it is unclear whether or not laparoscopic colorectal resection is safe for this very elderly patient population. From January 2005 to November 2014, a total of 20 patients aged 85 years or older underwent laparoscopic colorectal resection at Osaka University Hospital. Pre- and postoperative clinical data and outcomes were collected retrospectively. There were no intraoperative or postoperative deaths. In 2 cases, the laparoscopic procedure was converted to open surgery. Postoperative complications occurred in 6 patients. Two patients developed an infection at the surgical site. Among the 4 patients who underwent low anterior resection (LAR), 2 experienced postoperative anastomotic leakage. Two other patients developed a lung infection and urinary tract infection, respectively. Laparoscopic colectomy for very elderly patients with CRC appears to involve tolerable risk. However, special caution is advisable for patients who may undergo LAR.


Very high-strength alloys of A1(O) have been formed using a pulsed laser deposition (PLD) system to deposit from alternating targets of A1 and A1{sub 2}O{sub 3}. Ion beam analysis and transmission electron microscopy show that the deposited material is uniform in composition with up to 33 at. % O and has a highly refined microstructure consisting of a fine, uniform dispersion of {approximately}1 nm diameter {gamma}-A1{sub 2}O{sub 3} precipitates. Ultra-low-load indentation testing combined with finite-element modeling is used to determine the mechanical properties of the layers. Yield stresses as high as 5.1 GPa have been measured in these materials, greatly exceeding the strengths of aerospace Al alloys (-0.5 GPa) and even high strength steels. The key to the properties of these materials is the dispersion of small, hard precipitates spaced only a few Burgers vectors apart; dislocations are apparently unable to cut through and must bow around them.


Hard drives are the one which needs to be accessed in an efficient manner so that it is feasible to get better recital of the central processing unit. Now a day's magnetic disks are capable of providing more input output bandwidth yet a huge amount of this bandwidth is lost due to the access time of the hard disk. This paper discusses an analysis of performance of various disk scheduling algorithms with their merits and demerits


A technique is presented for the adaptive tuning of a Jaumann radar absorber by the incorporation of controllable resistance or impedance layers. The discussion considers several candidate absorber geometries and outlines criteria for achieving the maximum practical tuning range.


Recent developments in electronic key management systems offer the opportunity for improved security and administrative effectiveness with lower operational cost. Key distribution is a subset of a total information management system designed to provide responsive and efficient use of communications resources. The IRIS crypto-material management system (CMMS) supports the communications management system (CMS) to provide an integrated communications and security management function. The author describes the hardware and software architecture that provides security and INFOSEC protection for the critical key management functions. Distribution of keying material in black form significantly reduces the risk of compromise. The CMMS is a portable-data-terminal-based software program used to perform the cryptonet engineering and the net management functions of the CMS. Operational requirements include planning for key distribution, cryptonet reconfiguration due to force restructuring, compromise recovery, reporting, accounting of all crypto material, and personal security information.<<ETX>>


Objective To explore the clinical effect of double purse-string anastomosis duing stapling anastomosis for the prevention of anastomotic stenosis after radical resection of esophageal cancer. Methods 80 paients ( double purse string group) with digestive tract reconstruction of esophageal cancer were performed the double purse string anastomosis during stapling anastomosis. 80 cases ( control group) were performed conventional stapling anastomosis. Preventive effect of two groups were compared. Results Only 2 patients had mild anastomotic stenosis in double purse string group. 8 patients had anastomotic stricture in control group,including 5 cases of moderate and / or severe stricture. There was significant difference between two groups ( P 0. 05) . Conclusions Double purse string anastomosis has the advantages of simpleness and efficiency in preventing anastomotic stricture after radical resection of esophageal cancer.


Background and Aims: Malnutrition is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Whether there is a causal relationship or it merely mirrors a severe patient condition remains unclear. We examined the association of malnutrition with biomarkers characteristic of different pathophysiological states to better understand the underlying etiological mechanisms. Methods: We prospectively followed consecutive adult medical inpatients. Multivariable regression models were used to investigate the associations between malnutrition – as assessed using the Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS 2002) – and biomarkers linked to inflammation, stress, renal dysfunction, nutritional status and hematologic function. Results: A total of 529 patients were included. In a fully adjusted model, malnutrition was significantly associated Received: August 21, 2015 Accepted: January 14, 2016 Published online: February 9, 2016 Prof. Philipp Schuetz, MD, MPH University Department of Internal Medicine Kantonsspital Aarau, Tellstrasse CH–5001 Aarau (Switzerland) E-Mail schuetzph @ gmail.com © 2016 S. Karger AG, Basel 0250–6807/16/0683–0164$39.50/0 www.karger.com/anm S.F. and N.B. contributed equally to this study. D ow nl oa de d by : M ilt on S .H er sh ey M ed ic al C tr . 19 8. 14 3. 32 .3 3 2/ 16 /2 01 6 3: 05 :5 7 P M


NiOOH was prepared by chemical oxidation of β Ni(OH) 2. The physical characteristics and the chemical composition of the product were characterized by XRD, TG/DTA and ICP measurements. β NiOOH and the mixed samples of β NiOOH with γ MnO 2 in different ratios were charged/discharged in constant current, the results show that the addition of γ MnO 2 improves the discharge voltage plateau of nickel electrode and the optimum ratio of γ MnO 2 in the electrode is 25%. The cut off voltage of nickel electrode should be above 0 V( vs .Hg/HgO).


This paper is devoted to research of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), which belongs to one of three main biomaterial groups, i.e. polymeric materials. Hence, due to its unique properties, it still plays an important role in biomedical applications – especially in the production of medical equipment, implants and parts of prostheses. This publication deals with the effect of selected conditions of processing which involved injection moulding on the mechanical properties and structure of HDPE mouldings. Samples for tests were produced on a Krauss  Maffei injection moulder on the basis of a research plan prepared using the STATISTICA program. According to this schedule, the following variable parameters of the injection process were selected: injection temperature Tw [C], mould temperature Tf [C] and injection velocity vw [mm/s]. In addition, a part of the moldings was subjected to a few processings. Then the samples obtained were subjected to different tests: tensile, impact and hardness tests, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and the melt flow rate (MFR) test in order to determine the influence of selected injection conditions and the multiplicity of processing on the mechanical, rheological and structural properties of HDPE.


The utility model discloses an internal-penetrating type steel wire conveying belt dynamic demagnetizing frame device. The position above a demagnetizing coil framework base (4) of the dynamic demagnetizing frame device is connected with a suspension base (3) through a left swinging large arm (5) and a right swinging large arm (5'), the upper ends and the lower ends of the left swinging large arm and the right swinging large arm are respectively fixed on a moving shaft (1), and the moving shafts (1) penetrate through an upper moving shaft casing seat (6) fixed at the lower end of the lower portion of the suspension base and a lower moving shaft casing seat (7) fixed at the upper end at the top of the demagnetizing coil framework base so as to lead the left swinging large arm and the right swinging large arm to be capable of swinging in left-right mode along with the demagnetizing coil framework base and the suspension base. A demagnetizing coil framework (8) and a framework (11) below demagnetizing coils are arranged below the demagnetizing coil framework base, and the demagnetizing coil framework, the framework below the demagnetizing coils and the demagnetizing coil framework base are integrally connected. The demagnetizing coils (12) are installed on the demagnetizing coil framework, a dynamic depended wheel (10) leftwards skewing in the side direction and a dynamic depended wheel (10') rightwards skewing in the side direction are respectively installed on the upper surface and the lower surface of the inner lateral side of the demagnetizing coil framework, and a back and forth skewing depended wheel group (13) is installed below the framework below the demagnetizing coils.


IN his book Taking Leave of God Don Cupitt argues forcibly that it is possible and necessary to adhere to the truth of the Christian faith in its 'subjective' aspect, i.e., in so far as it is concerned with inner religious values and moral attitudes, whilst rejecting wholesale its 'objective' dimension relating to claims concerning any divine reality existing independently of the self and its concerns. For Cupitt, religious truth is exclusively existential and neither requires nor possesses an ontol-


With Hongshanzui super large Bridge cantilevered concreting girder of Ha-Da passenger dedicated line as example,the complex and control key of 0 segment construction process control were introduced,how to realize 0 segment construction smooth complete by scientific arrangement was discussed detail,therefore accumulated experience for similar engineering construction.


A summary is given of the dynamicoptimization approach to speedup learning for logic programs. The problem is to restructure a recursive program into an equivalent program whose expected performance is optimal for an unknown but fixed population of problem instances. We define the term "optimal" relative to the source of input instances and sketch an algorithm that can come within a logarithmic factor of optimal with high probability. Finally we show that finding high-utility unfolding operations (such as EBG) can be reduced to clause reordering.


In light of the influence of the topographic categories of mountain ridges to the stability of highway ditches and slopes, this paper combines actual investigations and sets up mechanics models to compare. Quantitative and qualitative analyses have been performed with categorization of topographic features of mountain ridges as well as using stress equivalent lines and the position of rock plastic zones. This paper raises the damaging mechanism to the deformation of highway ditches and slopes under different topographic features as well as measures to be adopted to protect the stability of slopes. It is of great significance to eliminate the damage of highway ditches and slopes in constructing high-grade highways on hilly lands of mountain ridges area.


Agro livestock cooperatives play a significant role in food production and distribution in Cuba. This study identified deficiencies related to the business management processes of these organizations that affect their economic performance. Although there are several studies aimed to improve the efficiency of the marketing and commercialization systems in Cuban cooperatives, there is a lack of studies related to the application of digital technologies in the commercial relations of these organizations. This research aims to strengthen the commercial management of Cuban agro livestock cooperatives by applying a digital strategy. Analytical-synthetic, historical-logical and modeling methods were used as scientific methods. The proposed strategy is based on the use of social trade through the social network Facebook. The implementation of this strategy will make it possible to expand marketing, market relations, technological innovation and competitiveness of Cuban agro livestock cooperatives.


With increasing improvements in different areas, Internet control has been making prominent impacts in almost all areas of technology that has resulted in reasonable advances in every discrete field and therefore the industries too are proceeding to the field of IoT (Internet of Things), in which the communication among heterogeneous equipments is via Internet broadly. So imparting these advances of technology in the Power Station Plant sectors i.e. the power plants will be remotely controlled additional to remote monitoring, with no corporal place as a factor for controlling or monitoring. But imparting this technology the security factor needs to be considered as a basic and such methods need to be put into practice that the communication in such networks or control systems is defended against any third party interventions while the data is being transferred from one device to the other device through the internet (Unrestricted Channel). The paper puts forward exercising RSA,DES and AES encrypting schemes for the purpose of data encryption at the Data Link Layer i.e. before it is transmitted to the other device through Internet and as a result of this the security constraints are maintained. The records put to use have been supplied by NTPC, Dadri, India plus simulation part was executed employing MATLAB.


A preparation of autologous CD8+ T-lymphocytes specifically reactive to the cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Autologous NY-ESO-1-specific CD8+ T-lymphocytes were generated from T-cells isolated from a particular cancer patient, which were made specifically reactive to the NY-ESO-1 antigen, expanded ex vivo, and reintroduced into the patient. These tumor-reactive T-cells may stimulate a host immune response against tumor cells expressing the NY-ESO-1 antigen, resulting in tumor cell lysis. NY-ESO-1, an antigen found in normal testis, may be upregulated in various cancers.


The dielectric and thermal properties of surface-functionalized reduced graphene oxide /poly(vinylidene fluoride) (FRGO/PVDF) nanocomposites were investigated. Polyimide (PI) and polyaniline (PANI) are remarkably promising polymers applied to chemical sensors, dielectric materials due to good electrical conductivity and dielectric properties. So the dispersants (PI and PANI) were used to modify RGO via in-situ polymerization to inhibit the aggregation of RGO and improve dielectric properties of the composites. The functionalization of RGO was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The light optional microscope (LOM) was used to evaluate the dispersion of FRGO within the PVDF matrix. The dielectric properties of PVDF and PVDF composites were tested by dielectric impedance spectrometer. The thermal properties of PVDF and the composites were performed by thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Through the above study, the availability of the composites which possess relatively high dielectric constant, low dielectric loss and good thermal stability were explored.


Electronic spectra are observed for the metal cation complex Ca+–CO2, using resonance‐enhanced photodissociation spectroscopy. The complexes are produced in a laser vaporization/supersonic expansion source, size selected and excited on resonance, and the mass‐analyzed product is measured in a time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer. Both Ca+ and CaO+ dissociation channels are observed to have sharp resonances. Spectra from two isotopomers, the 40Ca+ and 44Ca+ species, are recorded and analyzed. Transitions from the X 2Σ+(v″=0) ground vibronic state to several vibrational levels in the D 2Πr excited electronic state are measured. The structure of the complex is confirmed to be linear by the presence of prominent spin–orbit multiplets. Spectroscopic constants for the 40Ca+–CO2 complex are determined: ν00=22 099.1 cm−1, Aso′=136.3 cm−1, ωe′=258.9 cm−1, and ωexe′=4.23 cm−1.


Interplanetary travel requires propulsion systems that can provide high specific impulse (Isp), while also having sufficient thrust to rapidly accelerate large payloads. One such propulsion system is the Variable Specific Impulse Magneto-plasma Rocket (VASIMR), which creates, heats, and ejects plasma to provide variable thrust and Isp, designed to optimally meet the mission requirements. The fraction of the total energy invested in creating the plasma, as compared to the plasma's total kinetic energy, is an important factor in determining the overall system efficiency. In VASIMR, this 'frozen flow loss' is appreciable when at high thrust, but negligible at high Isp. The loss applies to other electric thrusters as well. If some of this energy could be recovered through recombination processes, and reinjected as neutral kinetic energy, the efficiency of VASIMR, in its low Isp/high thrust mode may be improved. An experiment is being conducted to investigate the possibility of recovering some of the energy used to create the plasma by studying the flow characteristics of the charged and neutral particles in the exhaust of the thruster. This paper will cover the measurements of momentum flux and heat flux in the exhaust of the VASIMR test facility using helium as the propellant where the heat flux is comprised of both kinetic and plasma recombination energy. The flux measurements also assist in diagnosing and verifying the plasma conditions in the existing experiment.


In a fictional text,the author,the implied author or fictional characters cannot become the narrators.Appearing at the discourse level,the narrator is the narrative subject that narrates the story and there exists only one narrator in each individual story.Therefore,its most prominent feature is its singularity of the narrator.


Abstract In 1965 Congress, through amendments to the Social Security Act, established the Medicare and Medicaid programs and mandated that hospitals participating in those programs be reimbursed for the "reasonable cost" of providing inpatient services to Medicare and Medicaid patients. In this Article, the Chairman of the Massachusetts Rate Setting Commission contends that HEW—which, like Congress, was anxious to stimulate the voluntary participation of hospitals in the Medicare and Medicaid programs—interpreted "reasonable cost" with excessive liberality toward participating hospitals and created a fiscally burdensome and inflationary reimbursement system lacking principles of efficiency and planning. The author then describes a series of attempts—varying in scope and success—to reformulate "reasonable cost," as applied to Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement, in a manner more consistent with the author's concept of sound public policy. The culmination of these attempts to date, he states, was Public Law 92-603 (Social Security Amendments of 1972), which introduced to the reimbursement system the concepts of (1) tough evaluation of the reasonableness of hospital costs, with emphasis on efficiency, utilization, and planning; (2) shifting de facto power over reimbursement rates away from the hospitals and into the hands of the agencies that purchase their services; and (3) increased public scrutiny of hospital operations. The author contends that this law, and the philosophy which underlies it, represents a healthy balancing of the needs of hospitals and the needs of the public; that the trend toward cost control and public control which the law embodies has been substantially furthered in those states which have statutorily established hospital budget or charge review programs; and that such trend will continue and profoundly affect any national health insurance plan enacted in the future.


Nowdays,there exists potential security risk in production,processing,circulation and marketing of agricultural products.In addition,safety of agricultural product has not strictly enforced,which leads to frequent accidents of agricultural product safety and serious harm to consumers' health and life.Based on the analysis on the significance of carrying out integrative manangement of agricultural product safety of city and countryside,this paper puts forward the integrative management framework of agricultural product safety and proposes several specific measures on how to strengthen integrative manangement of agricultural product safety of city and countryside from organizational mode,talent cultivation and institutional management.


ASTER is an imaging remote sensor developed by MITI, Japan, on the platform EOS-AM1 fabricated by NASA, USA. The operation of the ASTER sensor will be jointly performed by Japan and USA. The ASTER Ground Data System (ASTER GDS) will be responsible for keeping track of the sensor status, sending data acquisition schedule and for processing ASTER Level 1 and higher level data. The preliminary design concept was discussed in the literature. The ASTER GDS seems to have several challenging aspects such as: (1) The ASTER GDS handles huge data volume. (2) The ASTER GDS accepts flexible mission operation, including cloud prediction. (3) The ASTER GDS makes a correction for the Band-to-Band misregistration, including inter-telescope registration. (4) User Interface including data search by browse data which will be shown to user electronically, and data acquisition request and data processing request. According to the Data Exchange Principle, the ASTER Data will be delivered at the lowest possible price. Therefore, user community of remote sensing is expected to widely spread and to have a chance to familiarize the remote sensing data. (5) ASTER GDS has a Direct Receiving station which is capable to receive and process high rate data downlinked by X-band, in real time. In this paper, challenging aspects (1) and (2) of the ASTER GDS will be discussed in detail. The issue relating to (3) was discussed in the reference.


iOS has been a very advanced and sophisticated mobile operating system ever since it was first released in 2007. In this survey paper, we will first focus on introducing iOS security by talking about the implementation details of its essential building blocks, such as system security, data security, hardware security and app security. Then we will talk about some potential and existing security issues of iOS.


Purpose—Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) is a non-invasive modality capable of generating volumetric maps of in vivo tissue metabolism without the need for ionizing radiation or injected contrast agent. MRSI has been shown to be a viable imaging modality for studying several neuropathologies. However, a key hurdle in the routine clinical adoption of MRSI is the presence of spectral artifacts that can arise from a number of sources, possibly leading to false information. Methods—A deep learning model was developed that was capable of identifying and filtering out poor quality spectra. The core of the model used a tiled convolutional neural network (CNN) that analyzed frequency-domain spectra to detect artifacts. Results—When compared to a panel of MRS experts, our CNN achieved high sensitivity and specificity with an area under the curve of 0.95. A visualization scheme was implemented to better understand how the CNN made its judgement on single-voxel or multi-voxel MRSI, and the CNN *Corresponding author: Hyunsuk Shim, PhD, Departments of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Emory University, 1701 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, firstname.lastname@example.com. HHS Public Access Author manuscript Magn Reson Med. Author manuscript. Athor M anscript


next comprehensive chapter, dealing with six contemporary theologians of the Spirit. Here Kdrkkdinen skilfully blends in the perspectives already discussed and presents these scholars as representatives of Eastern Othodoxy (Zizioulas), Catholicism (Rahner), Lutheranism (Pannenberg), Reformed (Moltmann and Welker) and Evangelical/ Charismatic (Pinnock). In the final chapter we are given briefly the pneumatologies of contextual theologies: process, liberation, ecological, feminist and African pneumatologies. Because of the nature of this book, Kdrkkdlnen's own voice is seldom heard, and we are left with a tantalizing glimpse of it in the epilogue (and perhaps in his discussion of the Pentecostal/Charismatic movements). An important textbook for the theology classroom.


A new semiconducting material of sodium barium rare-earth niobates of the type Ba2.92Na0.57Nd0.91Nb10.17O30.00 (abbreviated as BN NN) was ma de by sin t ering a sample of an appropriate compositional ratio, Ba3NaNdNb10O30. The crystal structure of BNNN has been confirmed to have tungsten bronze type structure with pseudotetragonal symmetry by X-ray diffraction measurements. The Miller indices hkl of BNNN have been assigned, and the lattice parameters were a≈b=17.6332 A and c=7.8579 A. Dielectric constant measurement of the sample sintered in air was carried out at temperatures between 80 to 770 K. The dielectric constant vs. temperature relation reveals a diffuse peak at around 240 K, corresponding to the ferroelectric transition temperatures (Tc). The electrical resistivity and Seebeck coefficient measurements of a sample heated in flowing N2 gas have been carried out at temperatures from 80 to 273 K. These experiments reveal that BNNN is an n-type extrinsic semiconductor.


An implementation of a week-ahead air temperature and atmospheric pressure forecast using a multilayer perceptron is presented (MLP). According to the specified meteorological parameters, data preparation, implementation and performance evaluation were performed for two MLP models. The MLP architecture was a s upervised feed -forward neural network with five hidden nodes and twenty iterations (repetitions). The obtained values of the ris k function (in this case, the standard deviation of the MSE) in both implementations are quite large.


Baiyangdian is the biggest freshwater lake in the North China. However, in the past decades the water area decreased sharply , and even disappeared, a large amount of sewage poured into the lake, which led to destroy seriously for the ecological environment of the lake. In 2005, Hebei province started a treatment plan to restore the ecological environment in the following 10 years, which total investment reached 8 billion RMB. This paper analyses the present situation of the Baiyangdian lake from the reason of the environmental deterioration and puts forward the measures of treatment and protection.


Reply to Alessandro Buda:

We thank Dr Buda et al., for their interest in our paper [1]. Buda et al. question the utility of hysteroscopic injection for sentinel node mapping in endometrial cancer. In the present letter, Buda et al. reclaimed the opinion of Professor Abu-Rustum, supporting the safety of cervical injection for uterine lymphatic mapping [2].

As aforementioned in our expert opinion paper, we stated that cervical injection is an effective technique for detection of the most representative lymphatic ways of the uterus. Obviously, as demonstrated by several studies on this issue, cervical injection is a safe procedure, especially in those patients affected by low-risk diseases [3,4,5,6,7]. In particular, Abu-Rustum and colleagues [8] from the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center developed and incorporated an algorithm in order to reduce false-negative rate of surgical sentinel lymph node mapping. With application of this algorithm (which includes: peritoneal staging, excision of all suspicious nodes regardless of mapping; and side specific lymph node dissection in case of absent mapping on one hemipelvis) the rate of false-negative dropped to 2%, being 15% in patients undergoing just excision of mapped nodes [8,9].

However, we have to take in account that the lymphatic drainage of the uterus is complex and not only achieved from the para-cervical tissues [2,10]. As reported by Frumovitz et al. [2], it is well known that there are two major routes of lymphatic drainage for the uterus. The main one follows the uterine vessels through the parametrium (the one identified through cervical injection) and another way follows the ovarian vessels to nodal basins into the para-aortic area (this one may be identified using corporal or deep cervical injection techniques). Taking into account this latter way of drainage is paramount for endometrial cancer management. In fact, it is estimated that more than 90% of patients had tumor located in the upper uterine corpus [2,11]. For these reasons, the use of an intracorporeal injection technique may theoretically improve the detection of the first nodes draining the tumor. Interestingly, a previous investigation of our study group, evaluating the detection rate of sentinel nodes using hysteroscopic tracer's injection, suggested that more than 50% of patients had sentinel nodes in the para-aortic area (±pelvis); while, only 44% had sentinel nodes limited to the pelvis [12]. Additionally, we have to take into account that endometrial cancer (especially in high-risk cases) is not just a pelvic confined disease. In fact, as demonstrated by several investigations, awareness of tumor spread into the para-aortic area may improve patients' outcomes [13,14,15]. In 2008, Mariani et al. [16], observed that about 67% of patients with lymphatic dissemination had metastases in the para-aortic area. Similarly, the same study group in a prospective study [17] confirmed these results, thus suggesting that about 12% of endometrial cancer patients had tumor's spread in the para-aortic nodes. Furthermore, they observed that the rate of positive para-aortic nodes is 51% and 3% in case of positive and negative pelvic nodes, respectively [17]. Moreover, Todo et al. [18], in an interesting study on stage IIIC1 patients who had pelvic and para-aortic node dissection, suggested the rate of para-aortic node metastases to be probably underestimated. They observed that more than 70% of patients with stage IIIC1 endometrial cancer had undiagnosed macro- and micro-metastases in aortic lymph nodes [18]. Therefore, it's easy to understand the importance of assessing the status of para-aortic area in endometrial cancer patients.

A recent review published on behalf of the Communities of Practice Group of the Society of Gynecologic Oncology of Canada on the role of sentinel node mapping in endometrial cancer reviewed the current evidence comparing cervical and intracorporeal (i.e., myometrial [subserosal] and peritumoral) injection techniques [19]. The overall detection rate of sentinel nodes after cervical injection ranged from 62% to 100%, being 73% to 95% after corporeal injection. All studies including more than 100 endometrial cancer patients had an overall detection rates greater than 80% [19].

In conclusion, cervical and perilesional tracers' injection techniques may be two promising procedures for sentinel node mapping. In a setting in which hysteroscopic skills are lacking, cervical injection should be the preferred way to sentinel node identification. In experienced hands, intraoperative hysteroscopy with indocyanine green injection required few minutes (generally less than 10 minutes). However, this shouldn't be considered as a waste of time, since it potentially allows to identify few patients harboring para-aortic node metastases. For these patients, the correct identification of positive para-aortic nodes may improve their curative chances. Further prospective studies are needed in order to assess the role of sentinel node biopsy in endometrial cancer. Hence, further randomized studies comparing different injection techniques are warranted.


Sludge treatment is an important part of wastewater treatment and the recovery and utilization of phosphorus from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is a challenge for sludge treatment and product disposal. In this paper, eight Chinese typical sludge treatment projects were selected to analyze the species and fractions, and characterization of phosphorus during the sludge treatment process. Furthermore, the nutritional value of phosphorus in the sludge treatment process and the land resource utilization value of phosphorus in the sludge treatment product were discussed. The results showed that the insufficient release of phosphorus to supernatant during anaerobic digestion (AD) of sludge is an important factor restricting phosphorus recovery. Phosphorus in sludge aerobic composting treatment products is mainly in the solid phase, and the concentration effect is beneficial for the phosphorus recovery potential. Phosphorus in sludge treatment products mainly exists in the form of non-apatite inorganic phosphorus, which indicates that improving the bioavailability of phosphorus in sludge treatment products is the key to realizing the nutritional value of the sludge products.


The genus Aspidoscopulia previously known from a single Recent representative from the Indonesian Archipelago has been found to have wide West Pacific distribution, being present in large numbers in French and Russian collections. Two new Recent species of this genus, i.e. A. bisymmetrica sp. n. and A. tetrasymmetrica sp. n., are here described and illustrated. The genus is also found to have fossil record in the late Paleocene-early Eocene of the Chatham Islands, New Zealand. The generic diagnosis of Aspidoscopulia is emended due to new findings. Branching pattern and metamery occurring in these sponges are also discussed.


On the occasion of the 70th anniversary of our distinguished linguist and rhetorician, professor Ivo Skaric, this paper describes his co-operation with the Chair of Polymer Processing of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb. The second part of the paper gives the description of the author's view regarding some very high frequency words. These are: culture, science, humanities and technical science, technology (once upon a time technics) and/or meta-technology. Here the term culture is used in a very narrow scope, since culture in its basic meaning represents the common term for animal and human culture. In the Croatian language, science cannot be summarised as natural science. The term technology primarily covers the field of human activities, and meta-technology is a comprehensive science about the intertwining of technology, economy and society.


The single magnetic push-pull forward converter is a suitable topology for power delivery, supplying low voltages and fast transient currents for high performance microprocessors. This paper covers a lack of research in the literature from control techniques applied to this converter topology. Three different control techniques using adaptive voltage compensation are applied to this converter. Classical PWM voltage-mode, basic hysteretic and advanced hysteretic mode control are analyzed and simulated using a derived nonlinear averaged large signal model from the push-pull forward converter.


Like computer programs, the length of time between updates for institutional rules seems to get shorter and shorter. New editions of institutional arbitral rules were introduced by the SIAC in 2010, the ICC in 2012, and the HKIAC's revised Administered Arbitration Rules (Draft HKIAC Rules) are expected in the first quarter of 2013. A general theme in recent revisions is the desire of institutions to "brand" their arbitrations, and to move away from institutions being a mere postbox and appointing authority. Institutions now want the power to shape the arbitral process.


Double [2 + 2] photochemical reaction of 1,5-bis(4-pyridyl)-1,4-pentadiene-3-one (1P) was observed with 100% yield in four co-crystal forms of 1P with the hydrogen bonding template molecule phloroglucinol (PG) or 5-methoxy resorcinol (MR). The crystal structure of compound 1P does not have the required geometry to produce the double [2 + 2] reaction product, but it gives a single [2 + 2] reaction product with 15% yield upon time restricted irradiation. All the reactions in co-crystals of 1P resulted in the stereospecific exo–exotetrapyridyl tricyclo[6.2.0.03,6]-decane. 1H NMR and the UV-vis spectroscopic studies clearly established a stepwise mechanism for this reaction through the formation of monocyclobutane intermediate. One co-crystal form of 1P with PG and another co-crystal form of 1P with resorcinol were found to be unreactive due to different reasons. Furthermore the mechanochemical grinding products of 1P with RN or MR have exhibited similar structural and reactivity correlations with those crystallized from solution.


AbstractIn recent years, pressure-driven analyses of water distribution systems using pressure-flow relationships (PFRs) were shown to be more computationally efficient than those based on flow-pre...


In this article considers the issues on the development of perspective design of the Parking brake at the level of inventions for railway rolling stock. The offered design allows in an automatic mode in case of exhaustion of a brake to exclude possibility of self-movement of a railway ro lling stock. As a result of the carried-out researches the design procedure of parameters of not direct-action pneumatic brake on an examp le of the freight car is developed by loading capacity of 60 t. The analysis of the conducted studies allowed us to substantiate the constructive characteristics of the proposed technical solution, in relation to other rail vehicles. The results of the studies are recommended design, scientific-research and engineering structures for possible use them in pract ice.


A general model of species dynamics must incorporate the effects of species number on the processes of speciation and extinction. Previous models make specific assumptions about these effects, but do not consider the effects of dynamics of lower level entities on speciation and extinction rates. A hierarchical model is developed which explicitly describes the effects of energy use by species on speciation and extinction rates. The effects of energy use are represented by parameters that characterize the average effects of energy use by each species in the biota on speciation and extinction rates. The dynamics of the model describe a sigmoidal increase in species number over time, as does the logistic model of species dynamics. However, the mechanisms of those dynamics are assumed to be different in the two models. Empirical analysis of a data set on the diversification of fossil Miocene horses suggests that the logistic and hierarchical models have similar descriptive power. The hierarchical model incorporates insights from recent considerations of the nature of a hierarchical theory of biology. Further progress in developing such a theory will depend on the success with which relationships among levels in the biological hierarchy are able to be defined.


Abstract. Saikh R, Murmu K, Sarkar A, Mondal R, Jana K. 2022. Effect of foliar zinc application on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa) in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. Nusantara Bioscience 14: 182-187. A field experiment was conducted on rice cv. Satabdi (IET-4768) to investigate the effect of foliar zinc application at different stages during the post-Kharif season of 2019. The field experiment was carried out at 'C' block farm of (B.C.K.V), Kalyani, India, with eight different foliar 0.5% 0.5% ZnSO4 (ZnSO4) are T1: Control (without foliar application), T2: Foliar application of 0.5% ZnSO4 at Panicle Initiation, T3: Foliar application of 0.5% ZnSO4 at Booting, T4: Foliar application of 0.5% ZnSO4 at Panicle Initiation and 1 week after flowering, T5: Foliar application of 0.5% ZnSO4 at Panicle at 1 week after Flowering, T6: Foliar application of 0.5% ZnSO4 at Panicle at 2 weeks after flowering, T7: Foliar application of 0.5% ZnSO4 at Panicle at 1 week and 2 weeks after flowering and T8: Foliar application of 0.5% ZnSO4 at Panicle Initiation, Booting, 1 week and 2 weeks after flowering respectively in randomized complete block design with three replication. The result of the experiment revealed that rice plants treated with the combination of T4i.e. Foliar application of 0.5% ZnSO4 at Panicle Initiation and 1 week after flowering have resulted in the highest grain yield of 5.09 t/ha, which was 50.59% higher (3.38 t/ha) than the T1i.e. the control. Furthermore, residual nutrient status was also highest in the plot treated with T4i.e. Foliar application of 0.5% ZnSO4 at Panicle Initiation and 1 week after flowering.


spin- 1 2 Fermi gas (SFG) in a tight waveguide (1D regime) are calculated in the plane of even and oddwave coupling constants, assuming a 1D attractive zero-range odd-wave interaction induced by a 3D p-wave Feshbach resonance, as well as the usual repulsive zero-range even-wave interaction stemming from 3D s-wave scattering. The calculations are based on the exact mapping from the SFG to a "Lieb-Liniger-Heisenberg" model with delta-function repulsions depending on isotropic Heisenberg spin-spin interactions, and indicate that the SFG should be stable against three-body recombination in a large region of the coupling constant plane encompassing parts of both the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases. However, the limiting case of the fermionic Tonks-Girardeau gas (FTG), a spin-aligned 1D Fermi gas with infinitely attractive p-wave interactions, is unstable in this sense. Effects due to the dipolar interaction and a Zeeman term due to a resonance-generating magnetic field do not lead to shrinkage of the region of stability of the SFG.


Since clouds are the largest variable in Earth's radiation budget, it is critical to determine both the spatial and temporal characteristics of their radiative properties. This study examines the relationships between cloud properties and cloud fraction in order to supplement grid scale parameterizations. The satellite data used in this study is from three hourly ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project) and monthly ERBE (Earth Radiation Budget Experiment) data on a 2.50 x 2.50 latitude-longitude grid. Mean cloud spherical albedo, the mean optical depth distribution and cloud fraction are examined and compared off the coast of California and the mid-tropical Atlantic for July 1987 and 1988. Individual grid boxes and spatial averages over several grid boxes are correlated to Coakleys (1991) theory of reflection for uniform and broken layered cloud and to Kedem, et al.(1990) findings that rainfall volume and fractional area of rain in convective systems is linear. Kedem's hypothesis can be expressed in terms of cloud properties. That is, the total volume of liquid in a box is a linear function of cloud fraction. Results for the marine stratocumulus regime indicate that albedo is often invariant for cloud fractions of 20% to 80%. Coakley's satellite model of small and large clouds with cores (1 km) and edges (100 in) is consistent with this observation. The cores maintain high liquid water concentrations and large droplets while the edges contain low liquid water concentrations and small droplets. Large clouds are just a collection of cores. The mean optical depth (TAU) distributions support the above observation with TAU values of 3.55 to 9.38 favored across all cloud fractions. From these results, a method based upon Kedem, et al. theory is proposed to separate the cloud fraction and liquid water path (LWP) calculations in a general circulation model (GCM). In terms of spatial averaging, a linear relationship between albedo and cloud fraction is observed. For tropical locations outside the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), results of cloud fraction and albedo spatial averaging followed that of the stratus boxes containing few overcast scenes. Both the ideas of Coakley and Kedem, et al. apply. Within the ITCZ, the grid boxes tended to have the same statistical properties as stratus boxes containing many overcast scenes. Because different dynamical forcing mechanisms are present, it is difficult to devise a method for determining subgrid scale variations. Neither of the theories proposed by Kedem, et al. or Coakley works well for the boxes with numerous overcast scenes.


We describe two distinct methods that provide preferential losses to the high order transverse modes present in broad-ridge quantum cascade lasers. The first of these incorporates intracavity lateral constrictions that are localized near the back facet. In the second method, metal is placed in contact with the sidewalls of the cavity to provide distributed losses along the ridge length. When applied properly, both of these techniques suppress high order transverse modes and result in fundamental or near-fundamental mode operation in broad-ridge devices. Despite relatively small loss in efficiency, increased beam quality produces increased brightness.


The Support Vector Machine (SVM) has been recently proposed as a new kind of learning networks for pattern recognition and is a general algorithm based on the structural risk minimization principle. In mathematical, SVM has modeled pattern recognition problem as a convex quadratic programming (QP) with high dimensions in feature space. In this paper, using the method of the Lagrangian dual, an unconstraint but nondifferentiable optimal problem in input space is proposed as the dual of the quadratic programming. And an optimal problem minimizing a piecewise quadratic function is proposed as the approximate problem of the nondifferentiable optimal problem by the Huber approximation function. Authors prove that minimal solution of the piece-wise quadratic function is corresponding the e-optimal solution of SVM. The Support Vectors and the optimal hyperplane can be induced from the solution directly. The minimal solution of the piecewise quadratic function is solved by a fast Newton-type algorithm with exact line search. All those being done speedily owes to the characteristic of the piecewise quadratic function whose gradient is a piecewise linear function. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm in speedy of the training process of SVM is illustrated by the experimental results.