Spurred by economic growth and motorisation, vehicular emissions in most urban areas of India have become a serious environmental and health issue. The policy response to regulating vehicular emissions has been mainly through command and control (CAC) strategies. These are essentially a set of "dos" and "don'ts" that, inter alia, mandate tailpipe emission standards, fuel standards, and technology and fuel choices. There are a number of problems with the current regulatory regime that are discussed in the paper. Perhaps the most significant is the lack of cost-effectiveness. A policy is said to be cost-effective when it attains its (prespecified) objectives in the least costly manner. In this context, under the current CAC approach no attempts have been made to quantify the cost per ton of reducing common pollutants such as particulate matter. Another problem with the CAC regime is excessive reliance on technical "fixes" such as tailpipe emission standards and on mandating types of fuel to be used such as compressed natural gas (CNG) or ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD). The paper argues that apart from failing the test of cost-effectiveness, these measures are flawed in principle: they focus only on emissions per kilometre and not on total emissions which also depend on the number of kilometres traveled and on the number of vehicles in use. The paper then reviews the increasing use worldwide of market-based instruments (MBIs) for addressing vehicular pollution. These include, inter alia , fuel and vehicle taxes, congestion pricing, parking fees and subsidies to mass transit. These instruments are described and their relevance and applicability to the Indian situation is analysed. The paper takes the view that though there exist institutional and other barriers to using MBIs in India, these problems are not insurmountable. It offers specific and concrete suggestions on how MBIs could play an important role in abating vehicular pollution in India. It also illustrates how economic approaches are superior in principle to regulatory (CAC) approaches. Finally, the paper focuses on the cost-effectiveness of both types of policy interventions (CAC and market-based) for addressing vehicular emissions. Given the lack of data for India, studies carried out in other developing country cities such as Mexico City are reviewed and their implications for India are highlighted. ECONOMIC APPROACHES FOR ADDRESSING VEHICULAR POLLUTION: ISSUES AND PROSPECTS FOR INDIA INTRODUCTION Spurred by economic growth and motorization, vehicular emissions in most urban areas of India have become a serious environmental and health issue (see for instance the paper by Chhabra and others in this volume). Between 1971 and 1997 the number of vehicles in India grew 20 times from about 1.9 million to 37.2 million (MoST 1999). Over the same period the number of vehicles per 1000 population increased from 3.4 to more than 40, that is, about 12 times. Further, the rate of increase in road capacity has lagged behind the per capita and total growth in the number of vehicles—the total length of Indian roads went up only threefold during this period--from 917,000 kms. in 1971 to about 3.3 million kms. in 1997)—resulting in greater congestion and pollution. The bulk of vehicular population is in urban areas, particularly in the metropolitan cities. The city of Delhi alone accounted for 3.2 million vehicles in 2001 and recorded annual vehicle growth rates of more than 10 percent per year over the last thirty years. Rapid motorization in Delhi and several other Indian cities has been an important factor in the growing congestion and pollution loads. The policy response to regulating vehicular emissions has been mainly through command and control (CAC) strategies. These are essentially a set of "dos" and "don'ts" that, inter alia , mandate tailpipe emission standards, fuel standards, and technology and fuel choices. This paper presents a critique of these strategies on the grounds that they do not focus on vehicle ownership and use and place excessive reliance on technical "fixes" to reduce emissions. Second, these measures are not based on considerations of cost-effectiveness. In this context, the paper argues that it may be useful to: (i) take a more holistic approach to addressing vehicular emissions and (ii) to consider an economic approach to abating vehicular emissions as an alternative to the current regulatory regime. The following section places the current regulatory regime in context by developing a taxonomy of policies to reduce pollution. It shows that command and control (CAC) policies are one of a set of policies to address vehicular pollution (or pollution in general) other options being the use of a variety of market-based instruments (MBIs). In the section after that we set out an analytical framework for examining vehicular pollution. Thus, emissions from vehicles are viewed as a product of: (i) emissions/liter fuel, (ii) fuel used/kilometer, and (iii) total kilometers driven. This framework enables us to classify the underlying determinants of vehicular emissions in terms of their effect on one (or more) of these three categories. While it is it is quite likely that curbing vehicular emissions will entail a combination of policies that affect all three elements, in practice (iii) has largely been ignored. This discussion is followed by a review of international experience with MBIs in addressing vehicular pollution. We see that while several countries use MBIs to control vehicular emissions, few of these instruments are of a textbook emission tax/tradable permit variety. Nevertheless, there are important implications of this for India that are highlighted in this section. We then critically review the regime for abating vehicular pollution in India with special reference to Delhi. In light of this, a potential economic instrument for the production of cleaner new vehicles is identified, namely, an environmental excise duty (EED). Finally, based on the experience of cities such as Mexico City, we consider the potential cost-effectiveness of various policy interventions as well as the health benefits of an improvement in air quality in Delhi. 1. Paper prepared for Workshop on Transportation, Land Use, and the Environment, at Central Institute for Road Transport (CIRT), Pune, India, December 3-4, 2001. POLICIES FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT—AN OVERVIEW There exist alternative approaches for abatement of pollution including that from vehicles (Table 1). In India, however, (as in several other countries), the policy response to regulating pollution in general and vehicular emissions in particular, has been through command and control (CAC) strategies. These measures are essentially a set of "dos" and "don'ts" that, inter alia , mandate tailpipe emission standards, fuel standards, and technology and fuel choices. Without going into the compulsions for adopting a CAC approach, there are a number of problems with the current regulatory regime from an economic point of view that are highlighted in this paper. An alternate paradigm for pollution abatement is to use economic instruments (EIs) or marketbased instruments (MBIs). These instruments use the market and price mechanism to encourage firms or households to adopt environmentally friendly practices. They comprise a wide range of instruments from traditional ones such as pollution taxes and tradable permits to input taxes, product charges and differential tax rates. The common element among all MBIs is that they work through the market and alter the behavior of economic agents (such as firms and households) by changing the nature of incentives/disincentives these agents face. Economists have advocated the use of MBIs to address environmental problems for over three decades. This advocacy is primarily on grounds of efficiency. In other words, MBIs are a more costeffective means of achieving a given environmental quality than alternative approaches such as direct regulation of polluters. Intuitively, MBIs result in lower total pollution abatement costs (as compared to CAC) because they allow a shift in abatement from high cost to low cost abaters. By contrast, CAC measures apply uniformly to all polluters such that the same environmental quality has to be achieved by polluters irrespective of their abatement cost structures. There is another aspect to the cost-efficiency of MBIs over CAC measures. Unlike some CAC measures, MBIs do not dictate how pollution is to be controlled and are not biased towards end-of-pipe treatment like (mandatory) catalytic converters in automobiles. Thus, under MBIs economic entities such as vehicle owners have an incentive to choose among alternative methods for pollution abatement on the basis of least-cost. In trying to achieve the cheapest means of pollution abatement, firms also have an incentive to innovate and develop new control technology and expertise in the long run. Thus, R&D is encouraged for better abatement technology. On the other hand, under an uniform emission standard (CAC) there is no incentive to abate beyond the required level. Furthermore, mandatory environmental standards are generally based on the best available technology (BAT) for pollution abatement at the time of legislation. Therefore, with improvement in technological knowledge over time the norms become outdated. 2. A number of terms have been used to describe MBIs which is sometimes confusing. Some of these are "economic incentives", "economic instruments", "economic approaches", "market-oriented approaches", "market-based incentives", "incentive mechanisms", and "incentive-based mechanisms". In this paper we treat them as equivalent. 3. According to economists a policy is efficient if it achieves its objective at least-cost compared to alternative policies. 4. It is only since the 1990s, however, that MBIs have been endorsed both by the international community and by the Indian government. See f


We proposed an optical microphone array using fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs). Deformation of the diaphragm was transformed to the modulation in the center wavelength of the FBG. We demonstrated, the WDM operation of a four-element array microphone as well as the performances of the element microphone such as frequency response, linearity and sensitivity. To realize a simultaneous measurement for a large number of elements, the development of a special WDM detection system is required.


Maritime spatial planning is considered a key instrument for the success of integrated maritime policy. MSP is therefore an integrated approach to address the conflicting and competing uses of ocean resources and spaces in order to achieve the sustainable development of seas. This paper aims to access how governance models have been evolving with the implementation of MSP in Europe. The study compares institutional and legal frameworks in a North-South context, based on the case studies of Norway, Netherlands, England, Germany and Portugal and concludes that, although there are similarities in the legal frameworks developed to implement MSP, more profound differences arise on marine governance models and institutional frameworks, reflecting different political approaches and regional contexts.


International literature has studied the role of parental eating disorder (ED) on children development, highlighting that it constitutes a relevant risk factor for the onset of offspring's emotionalbehavioural problems. Limited attention has been given to parental Binge Eating Disorder (BED) and its impact on offspring's psychopathology. Thus, further investigations of this clinical manifestation as possible predictor of offspring's psychopathology are needed. The present study aimed to assess the maladaptive outcomes in children of parents with psychopathological risk and psychiatric diagnoses. Specifically, we intended to verify whether offspring of parents who were both diagnosed with BED showed higher affective and behavioural problems, compared with their peers with only one parent diagnosed with BED. We conducted a longitudinal study (T1 18 months old children; T2 36 months old children) on a sample of 100 Italian couple of parents and children (Ntotal = 300), divided into three groups based on the presence of BED diagnosis. Group A, diagnosis in both parents; Group B, diagnosis only in the mothers; Group C, diagnosis only in the fathers. The presence of BED in one or both parents was associated with the emotional and behavioural development in offspring. Particularly, the diagnosis of BED in both parents had a direct effect on infants' affective problems. The offspring of parents diagnosed with BED were more likely to manifest emotional and behavioural difficulties and psychiatric symptoms within the first three years of life. © 2017 Published by Future Academy www.FutureAcademy.org.UK


Scientific classification of the geological objects is one of the most important basic research topics in geology.In this paper,thorough review of current research situation is made to establish the classification and nomenclature of deep sea sediments which unify the quantification and can be easily operated.Researches on various topics were conducted,eg.,the composition and distribution of oceanic sediments,the relationship between water depth,average grain size and clay content,the discrepancy of clay,calcareous and siliceous content determination between smear and chemical analysis.The authors establish the quantitative relationship between calcareous and CaCO3,between siliceous and biogenic SiO2.This paper also compares and calibrates sedimentation method and laser method for grain size determination,and discusses generality and comparability of the classification and nomenclature system.Innovative key technique and scheme of classification and nomenclature for deep sea sediments were then put forward.The deep sea sediments are classified as deep sea clay,calcareous ooze,siliceous ooze,and clay-siliceous-calcareous ooze according to the simple classification method.The simple classification satisfies the general requirement of marine geological survey and basic understanding of sediment types.This method considers existing sediments mixture and existing classification methods.The deep sea sediments are further classified into 16 sub-types based on the sophisticated classification method,which therefore gives more detailed and comprehensive descriptions for the deep sea sediments and satisfies the requirement for comprehensive marine investigation.The classification and nomenclature for deep sea sediments are comparable with that for shallow sea sediments on diagram,indices,amount of types,naming methods,representation of mixture sediments and operability.Therefore,the classification and nomenclature for deep sea sediments is designed to be a succession of shallow sea sediments classification.


The vision 2030 framework identifies small and medium enterprises sector as a major engine towards the achievement of middle income status in Kenya due to its role in creation of employment and economic growth. However, the framework is concerned on the high degree of business closure and shrinkage among these ventures. Kenyan small as well as medium sized ventures have a high failure rate with many of them failing within the first three years of operation. Generally, studies show that in Kenya, these ventures continue to have poor performance and face stiff competition from large firms. This dismal performance of small and medium enterprises could be attributed to approaches used by these businesses to counter obstacles which influence the quality of decisions and performance of enterprises given that individual enterprises were responsible for their survival. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of strategic financial management on the performance of SMEs in Wajir South Sub County, Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design, targeting all the 1123small and medium enterprises owners in Wajir South Sub County. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaires. Multiple regression equation was used to determine the strength and directions of the relationships between the variables. The study found that strategic financial management positively and significantly affected the performance of small and medium enterprises in Wajir South Sub County. The study concluded that if the performance of the enterprises under study was to improve greatly, the business owners had to address the issues related to strategic financial management so as to improve the level of strategic management in these businesses and in this way, enhance their performance. The study recommends that SMEs in Wajir South Sub County, Kenya should develop strategic plans which outline the strategies to be applied by enterprises in different areas so as to improve their strategic outlook and that the businesses should actively work on building impressive business profiles so as to gain the trust of financial institutions which will enhance their access to financing.


Certain observers believe that all photographs are in some manner about time. Images such as Harold Edgerton's one-millionth-of-a-second capture of a speeding bullet or Michael Wesley's three-year-long exposures of the construction of New York's Museum of Modern Art wear time on their sleeves. Others treat time as a much more subtle subtext. Apparitions is clearly about the changes that time brings. It reflects my love of architecture, fascination with cities, and enthusiasm for being an urban detective. The series also is motivated by my desire to employ an unusual artistic form to show change, that of combining "then" and "now" in a single image. Researching and shooting in more than sixty cities has been akin to gathering the raw materials of the work. Combining them on the computer creates the final imagery. Current technology allows me to manifest long-held mental images of this work that were impractical to create prior to the digital age. The content of Apparitions seeks to generate discussion about the built environment, including the value of what I call "The Preservation of Memory," visuals that return us to forgotten past places. T. John Hughes is a photographer based in Denver, Colorado. He has a master's in digital photography from Savannah College of Art and Design and teaches architectural photography at the University of Colorado Graduate School of Architecture and Planning.


MARPOL ANNEX IV became effective to all ships engaged in international voyages on 27 September 2008. This paper briefly introduces the sewage treatment methods and their working principles and the relevant discharge requirements. It also provides some suggestions concerning how the maritime authority to carry out on-site control of the sewage treatment with a view to promoting the compliance with the Convention.


Korea's rapid ubanization development has changed the country, water and waste water facilities also has been continuously increased. Especially in the 80's and 90's, a lot of Pipe had been installed and Pipe network has rapidly extented, and those are over 40~50 years old. The concurrent increase of the replacement arrival period makes a large of national financial burden on government and society. For this reason, to build the appropriate and reasonable budget investment strategy, the determination of introduction of asset management system about water treatment and wastewater facilities is desperately needed. Thus, in this study, a pilot area for a particular technology to assess the current state of the diagnostic evaluation and safety inspection of the facility safety analysis to compare the result to derive the correlation between the two diagnostics, environmental characteristics, and tend to apply the aging of Water Distribution System the aging of the proposed prediction model. To assess the level of the facilities at the present time, and it's based on the long-term national plan for infrastructure asset management is a very important part seems to be able to be utilized.


Long educational system is an effective form in training high-level medical talent.We found that humanity education is very important in the process of the role changing medical student into the doctors who are satisfied by the patients.By using on the research and practice of the 8-year students' cultivate of our university,it discussed the method to enforce reinforce the humanity education for medical students.


Researches on the hardware and software co-design over IP cores have become a new domain. A critical phase in the HW-SW co-design process is HW-SW co-partitioning which decomposing an expected system into hardware or software parts. This paper proposes an innovative 0-1 partitioning algorithm (named 0-1 algorithm) over IP cores which can efficiently partition an expected system into hardware or software parts. The correctness of the 0-1 algorithm is verified here. It's illustrated that the result of optimization using the algorithm is better than using genetic algorithm, with similar convergence speed. The algorithm has also the advantage that its convergence is quicker than the ILP (integer linear programming) approach


Two water mite species (Acari: Hydrachnidia) are reported from the Kerman area (Southeastern Iran). Atractides iranicus and Torrenticola saboorii are described as new species.


ABSTRACT This study used an ecobehavioral approach to investigate the conditional probability that English language learning (ELL) students would engage in academic tasks in urban middle school content area classrooms within different instructional grouping configurations. These configurations included whole class, small group, one-to-one, and individual instruction. The participants in the study included 28 native Spanish-speaking students who were all identified as being English language learners (ELL). The findings of this study indicate that participants were most likely to engage in academic tasks during small group and one-to-one instruction. They were least likely to engage in academic tasks during whole class and individual instruction. Cultural and linguistic diversity in United States public schools has increased substantially over the past decade. Twenty-one percent of children between the ages of 5 and 1 7 years old speak a language other than English at home: Fourteen percent of the children speak Spanish, 2.7% speak other Indo-European languages, 2.2% speak Asian and Pacific Island languages, and less than 1% speak other languages (U.S. Census Bureau, 2008). The schools that these students attend have identified 1 1 % of these students as English language learning (ELL) students, students who speak a native language other than English and are in the process of acquiring English language proficiency (Office for Civil Rights, 2007). As educators in U.S. public schools are experiencing student populations increasingly diverse both culturally and linguistically, they are also encountering intensified federal accountability for student academic achievement. Under the recent reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, the No Child Left Behind Act, educators are now being held accountable for the academic achievement of ELL students. On the National Assessment of Educational Progress, 71% of ELL students in 8th grade scored at a below basic level on both the tests of reading and mathematics (NCES, 2005). High school dropout rates are another problem for ELL students. Twenty-five percent of high school dropouts were born outside of the United States, but they only make up 8% of the U.S. adolescents (Frye, 2005). Teachers who have large numbers of ELL students in their classrooms are experiencing difficulty in supporting these students in closing the achievement gap with native English speaking (NES) students. Researchers seeking ways to close this achievement gap often base their research on the work of three theorists: Cummins, Gee, and Vygotsky. One explanation for this achievement gap is that ELL students acquire social language but struggle with developing academic language, especially in their content area classes (Cummins, 1996, 2001). Gee (1997, 2004) explained that students must become proficient in the Discourse of a particular content area such as biology or economics to be able to perform well in those disciplines. Gee's (1997, 2004) definition of Discourse goes beyond being able to use context-appropriate language to communicate the ideas of the academic discipline to include understanding the social and cognitive processes involved in problem-solving and interacting within the discipline. He contended that in order to learn the Discourse of an academic discipline, a person must have extensive guidance and mentoring through interaction with people who are proficient in the Discourse of the discipline-specific academic community. Vygotsky (1 978) also stressed the importance of interaction for cognitive and academic language development. His theories and research showed that novices learn language and acquire thought processes through their interactions with a more knowledgeable peer or expert. He believed that social interaction is the foundation of all learning. Interpersonal conversational interaction is a critical factor in acquiring a new Discourse. …


The present study reports the synthesis, crystal structure and evaluation of biological activities of a Schiff base, [L = (Z)-2-methoxy-6-(((2-methoxyphenyl) imino) methyl) phenol]. X-ray structure of Schiff base reveals that the compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic system with Pca space group. The Schiff base adopts two methoxy groups, one phenolic-OH and one azomethine group and exists in a Z-stereomer. Investigation on the self-assembled structure of the Schiff base exhibits the formation of a 3D supramolecular architecture through intermolecular O...H hydrogen bonding interactions. The bactericidal activity of the Schiff base has been examined against some pathogenic bacteria.


practices. Results.\p=m-\Wefind no significant differences between circumcised and uncircumcised men in their likelihood of contracting sexually transmitted diseases. However, uncircumcised men appear slightly more likely to experience sexual dysfunctions, especially later in life. Finally, we find that circumcised men engage in a more elaborated set of sexual practices. This pattern differs across ethnic groups, suggesting the influence of social factors. Conclusions.\p=m-\TheNational Health and Social Life Survey evidence indicates a slight benefit of circumcision but a negligible association with most outcomes. These findings inform existing debates on the utility of circumcision. The considerable impact of circumcision status on sexual practice represents a new finding that should further enrich such discussion. Our results support the view that physicians and parents be informed of the potential benefits and risks before circumcising newborns. JAMA. 1997;277:1052-1057


Pryds, O. and Greisen, G. (Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark). Effect of PaCO2 and haemoglobin concentration on day to day variation of CBF in preterm neonates. Acta Paediatr Scand, Suppl 360: 33, 1989.


A bus line network based on white light fiber-optic Mach-Zehnder interferometer is introduced by consideration of multiplexing capacity and coupler tailoring. The network topology which consists of N rungs sensing elements linked by N-1 couplers has been contrasted with three cases. The optimization formula has been used to couple more sensors, and Zoom-FFT has been used to analyze spectrum. After using these two methods, the multiplexing capability of the structure is enhanced evidently and a unambiguous spectrum is acquired.


In the case of medical infection tort, "plenty likelihood" should be regarded as the standard of causality's finding, namely, if the medical treatment is likely to cause the infection, the causality between the medical treatment and infection should be find, except another situation exist. On the distribution of the burden of proof, the sufferer side needs to prove only that: The sufferer is infected and the damaging effect from the infection is appeared, and the sufferer is treated medically that is likely to cause the infection. To get rid of own burden, the medical side needs to prove that: The sufferer's infection and the damaging effect from the infection is not from own medical treatment, or the rules to prevent infection are strictly abided, and the medical side has tried its best.


BACKGROUND
Surgical resection remains the treatment of choice for pulmonary arteriovenous malformation but removes some normal lung parenchyma. This study aimed to evaluate the effect and safety of the lung-saving procedure of fistulectomy as an alternative to lung resection.

METHODS
From July 2003 to July 2008, 6 selected patients with pulmonary arteriovenous malformations underwent fistulectomies. Among them, 1 patient underwent emergency operation and 2 underwent bilateral operations. One patient received postoperative embolotherapy.

RESULTS
No hospital deaths or postoperative morbidity occurred. PaO2 increased significantly after operation. All patients were free of symptoms and hypoxia during a follow-up for 9 months to 5 years.

CONCLUSIONS
Fistulectomy is a safe and effective procedure for patients with pulmonary arteriovenous malformation and may be an alternative to lung resection.


INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Single-port robotic donor nephrectomy (SP RDN) with the da Vinci SP Surgical System is a novel minimally invasive surgical option for kidney donors that can offer comparable surgical outcomes to laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (LDN). Here, we evaluate the largest case series to date comparing SP RDN to LDN. METHODS: Patient demographics, operative details, and postoperative outcomes were retrospectively collected from patients undergoing SP RDN and LDN at a single academic hospital from 9/ 2020 to 8/2021. Outcomes included pain scores (scale of 1-10), inpatient opioid use (converted to oral morphine milligram equivalent [MME]), renal function, and Clavien-Dindo complications. RESULTS: 54 and 10 patients underwent LDN and SP RDN, respectively. 41 (76%) LDN and 8 (80%) SP RDN involved the left kidney. There were no differences between groups in donor age, BMI, ASA status, or preoperative creatinine (all p>0.05). SP RDN and LDN had similar operative times (206 min vs 196 min, p[0.30); however, extraction (3.7 min vs 1.5 min, p<0.01) and warm ischemia times (5.0 min vs 2.5 min, p<0.01) were longer for SP RDN (Table 1a). SP RDN had greater estimated blood loss and greater decrease in hematocrit (SP RDN -9.0% vs LDN -7.1%, p<0.01) in the immediate postoperative period. Postoperative patient pain scores and inpatient MME requirements at 24 and 48 hours were similar (Table 1b). Significantly fewer SP RDN patients required postoperative intravenous opioids than LDN patients (SP RDN 50.0% vs LDN 83.3%, p[0.03). 35.2% of LDN and 50% of SP RDN patients were discharged at postoperative day 2 or later due to medical reasons (p[0.48). No difference was observed in recipient creatinine at 1-3 days, 90 days, and 6 months. Changes in donor creatinine at 90 days and 6 months, rates of donor postoperative complication, ER visits, and readmissions were similar between groups (Table 1c). 3 LDN (5.6%) and 2 (10%) SP RDN patients had Clavien-Dindo II complications; no donor from either group had a Clavien-Dindo >III complication. CONCLUSIONS: SP RDN is a safe alternative to LDN, offering similar donor postoperative clinical outcomes and recipient renal function up to 6 months. Further studies are needed to assess the long-term outcomes, postoperative opioid usage, and potential for improved cosmesis of SP RDN compared to other kidney donor surgical modalities. Source of Funding: None


Scanning electron microscopic imagery is often used to identify and discriminate among environments of sedimentation with the main aim of identifying individual microfeatures, or suites of microtextures, that are considered indicative of a particular depositional environment or geologic process. Because few microtextures are considered to represent a single geologic process it is necessary to analyze a large number of quartz sands and other mineralic grains with the objective of determining the frequency of occurrence of a range of microtextures within a distinct sample suite. Using percent frequency of occurrence of different microtextures from suites of fluvial, glaciofluvial and glacial sands from sites in Estonia and Latvia, we invoked statistical comparison of different sample suites using Euclidean distances. These provide a quantitative means of measuring the differences among different sediments and processes that formed them and also a quantification tool useful


This paper comprises the results of various effects of Diflubenzuron (moultinhibitor) on the Bihar Hairy caterpillar, Spilosoma obliqua Walker. During the course of investigation, the last instar larvae of test insect were fed on the treated Til leaves with the dimilin at different concentrations, 1.0% to 0.015%. This resulted various deformities and weight loss among the larvae. The overall effect of test compound was assessed on the basis of inhibition of adult emergence which was more than 50% even at the concentration of 0.06%. Therefore, Diflubenzuron may safely be included in the pest management programme of Bihar Hairy Caterpillar.


The aim of this study was to investigate the culture values represented in an English textbook provided by the Ministry of Education and Culture in terms of the type of culture values represented. This is a qualitative research, the data were collected in the form of the reading passages in the textbook. The illustrations that accompany the text analyzed if it assists the interpretation of the meaning to collect data and data analysis in this research was descriptive analysis in order to reveal what cultures values are represented in the textbook, the contents in the reading passages were categorized into the source culture, the target culture, the international culture.
The result of this research was found that there was a significant on the findings and discussion the findings and discussion, it can be concluded that the result from analyzing the text book focus on 45 the reading passages, there are 9% that present source culture (SC), 18% present target culture (TC), 26% present international target culture (IC), and until 47% culture free(CF) dominate the cultural content on the textbook "Interlanguage for Second Grader Students of Junior High School by Joko Priyana".


Predictive analytics stands for prediction of future demand with the help of historical data. An accurate prediction of future demand is the need for a competitive and challenging market. Thus a robust and accurate model is required to cater to such needs. This paper proposes two novel approaches for taxi demand prediction that is about to come in the next ten-minutes interval. The first model is a three-stage ensemble model for prediction where the first stage consists of data cleaning and exploratory data analysis (EDA) and then Mini-Batch K-Means clustering is applied, followed by time-binning in the second stage and in the final stage the processed data is fed to the Ensemble Model. The second model is a four-stage deep learning model where the first two stages are common as the proposed ensemble model. In the third stage, the Fourier Transform of the time series data is used to extract and add more features to the training set and in the final stage, the processed training set is fed to the deep neural network (DNN) for prediction. The NYC TLC trip dataset is used for the experiments, and the results clearly indicate that the proposed models perform better than the existing models and the deep learning model performs the best among all.


Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and ground moving target indication (GMTI) systems from an airborne platform are in principle based on very simple concepts. The latter combines radar pulses over a short interval to extract Doppler information in order to detect ground moving targets against a clutter background. The former combines pulses over much longer intervals in a coherent manner to achieve very fine azimuth resolution. However, the many demands that are placed on such systems in terms of resolution, geolocation accuracy and coverage have led to the development of highly sophisticated algorithms. The ability to perform such complex processing in real-time on board the airborne radar platform presents significant computational challenges. This paper describes how a successful implementation of a real-time SAR GMTI system has been achieved with the QinetiQ PodSAR system. It describes the radar system that is mounted on a wide-bodied Andover aircraft. It discusses the design challenges that had to be overcome in order to achieve real-time processing for SAR and GMTI along with showing a number of examples of image exploitation techniques being developed using data from the PodSAR system.


There are many proved advantages and benefits of Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS): better security and reliability, avoiding lock in effect, control over handling sensitive data etc. That is a reason why EU tries to encourage the FLOSS usage in its administration and FLOSS has become very popular in public sector of EU countries in the last fifteen years. Despite that FLOSS usage in South East Europe is almost nonexistent. The focus of this paper is put on the FLOSS usage in the public administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina and on the FLOSS pre-sence compared to proprietary software in the information system of cities and municipalities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Furthermore, the paper also presents a guideline for possible migration to FLOSS and dis-cusses the major benefits of adopting FLOSS products within the Bosnia and Herzegovina public administration.


Since the 1990s,"return to Qian-Jia" has become an important trend of academic research,and the exploration of Qian-Jia historical textology has also been a hot issue.As a result,many related books and articles emerged,and some ideas with divergence confronted each other occasionally.A summary and commentary on this issue will be benefit to the further research of Qian-Jia academy.


The paper sets forth the fundamental conception of ideological and political work on the sports teams before us. It analyses the problems and opportunity about ideological and political work under the new situation and puts forward some proposals to do the work well.


There are few effective or efficient established methods for monitoring cryptic herpetofauna. Footprint tracking tunnels are routinely used to index small mammal populations, but also have potential for monitoring herpetofauna. We evaluated the utility of tracking tunnels for identification of New Zealand lizards using captive- and wild-sourced animals (four skink and eight gecko species). All skink prints that we obtained were indistinct or obscure, but we obtained relatively clear, measurable prints for all gecko species. We found that identification to species level was possible for the two gecko species for which we had a large sample—Naultinus gemmeus and Woodworthia 'Otago large'—using linear discriminant analysis (the best model correctly assigned 96.1% of individuals). Our findings suggest that footprints from tracking tunnels may be used to distinguish between species of geckos. Additional research is needed to assess the ability to further discriminate intra- and inter-genera lizard footprints from tracking tunnels, and the utility of the technique for surveying and monitoring lizard populations.


In recent years assembly systems have been under pressure to provide solutions that will enable then to deal with extremely dynamic and unpredictable market variations. Moreover, decreasing product lifecycles pose a real challenge to traditional production. To address this, new developments are required that provide highly adaptable and quickly deployable systems, and can be reusable across different products in order to distribute its cost. This motivated the introduction of Evolvable Assembly Systems concept. The introduction of this approach provides new challenges but also opportunities for current modular assembly system configuration methods. This paper reports on a new skilled based configuration methodology for evolvable mechatronic systems, which uses a process focused semantic model, as basis for assembly system configuration. The paper covers physical configuration and process configuration aspects, while highlighting the operation of the overall mechatronic system. The paper provide also a preliminary demonstration of developed tools that implement the described methodology, which highlights the potential of this approach in significantly reducing the system configuration and control deployment effort for agent-based mechatronic systems.


The digital holography method has been implemented to several industrial systems with the aim of improving new products by quantitative measurement. Nowadays, digital holography (DH) has been considered an important measurement tool, owing to the abilities of non-contact, label-free, quantitative, high-resolution and real-time. The inherent characteristics of DH makes it a powerful tool for visualization and testing of soft matter, as well as in-situ and real-time characterization of bottom-up fabrication processes. Herein, we report the most useful applications of soft matter, where the capabilities offered by DH, such as three-dimensional (3D) imaging, extended focus, 3D tracking, full-field analysis, high sensitivity, and wide measurement's range, permit completely non-invasive characterizations on a full-scale. Taking the advantages of DH measurement, the possibility of numerically managing the complex wavefront scattered or transmitted by the sample under investigation allows the extraction of all information through a full-digital modality. Meanwhile, the numerical diffraction propagation process allows object imaging well-in-focus during dynamic process. This also creates the possibility to retrieve phase-contrast maps that enable quantitative measurements of the sample in full-field mode and 3D. Moreover, DH measurement has good ability to manage and remove aberrations in the optical system using simple and flexible methods, thus simplifying the optical apparatus and measurement operations. Owing to these unique features of DH, we have possibility to better study the world of soft-matter.


The RPA long range correlations are known to play a significant role in understanding the depletion of single particle-hole states observed in (e, e') and (e, e'p) measurements. Here the Random Phase Approximation (RPA) theory, implemented using the D1S force is considered for the specific purpose of building correlated ground states and related one-body density matrix elements. These may be implemented and tested in a fully microscopic optical model for NA scattering off doubly-closed-shell nuclei. A method is presented to correct for the correlations overcounting inherent to the RPA formalism. One-body density matrix elements in the uncorrelated (i.e. Hartree-Fock) and correlated (i.e. RPA) ground states are then challenged in proton scattering studies based on the Melbourne microscopic optical model to highlight the role played by the RPA correlations. Effects of such correlations which deplete the nuclear matter at small radial distance (r $<$ 2 fm) and enhance its surface region, are getting more and more sizeable as the incident energy increases. Illustrations are given for proton scattering observables measured up to 201 MeV for the $^{16}$O, $^{40}$Ca, $^{48}$Ca and $^{208}$Pb target nuclei. Handling the RPA correlations systematically improves the agreement between scattering predictions and data for energies higher than 150 MeV.


Dubai is rapidly emerging as the center of urban real state development world-wide, and for many good reasons, the least of which is its desire and passion to be the city of the 21st century. The challenge for the architect is overwhelming. Not only he has to be original, but he has to dig deep into his creative mind to pursue a unique and exciting (iconic) building. On the other hand, the challenge for the engineer is two folds: (1) to preserve the architectural vision, (2) to maintain the structural integrity. In this paper, the author will briefly introduce the Dubai Towers project, but will then focus the attention towards tower 29, the tallest (550 M) and by far the most dramatic. The author will present the architectural design ideas that led to the creation of Tower 29. He will then introduce the innovative structural design concepts and the collaborative process that help shape its inception. Tower 29, with the exception of the elevator core, exhibits three independent geometric movements which define its spectacular form: Plan offsetting (morphing), taper and 90-degree twist. The exterior structure is a structural steel tube consists of paired eight mega composite columns located at the corners of the octagonal plan, working in conjunction with continuous ribbons of sloped columns. Beyond the roof, at elevation 450 meters, the exterior structure of the tower opens up in spectacular blossoming flower-like vertical ribbons, to shape the spire. The spire rises 100 meters above the roof. Except for the observatory space, the spire is partially open to the outside where wind turbine(s) ar housed. The spire framing system picks up where the exterior braced tube ends. However, both systems blend with each other to preserve the continuity of the structure and the form. The structural system does not simply follow the form, but derives it in a logical and harmonious way. The paper also gives a brief but very favorable assessment of the sustainable/green features of Tower 29.


Objective: In the present investigation, an attempt is made to develop and characterize niosomal gel formulation of clotrimazole to increase retention time in the dermis layer through controlled release of the drug. Methodology: Clotrimazole niosomes were prepared by thin film hydration method using span 40 (as non-ionic surfactant) and cholesterol (as stable vesicle forming agent). The niosomal dispersion was evaluated for vesicle size, surface morphology, percent entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release. Results: Among the five formulations prepared, the formulation CN3 (containing 100 mg drug, 200 mg surfactant) was found to be promising. Selected niosomal suspension (CN3) containing clotrimazole equivalent to 2 % w/w was incorporated into gel base composed of carbopol (1%), triethanolamine 0.3% and distilled water quantity sufficient. The gel was studied for it's different parameters such as pH, in vitro drug release, anti-fungal activity and skin irritation effect. Conclusion: The studies suggest that encapsulating clotrimazole in nonionic surfactant vesicles would provide better patient compliance by achieving prolonged release of the drug to the dermis with improved efficacy.


The use of a diffraction spectrometer developed by Deslattes for determination of mammographic kV is extended to the measurement of accurate, relative x-ray spectra. A series of x-ray spectra were acquired by passing an x-ray beam through a bent-silicon diffraction crystal, and the diffracted x-rays were detected by a charge coupled device (CCD) coupled to an x-ray scintillating screen. The raw spectra were corrected both on the energy axis and on the x-ray photon fluence axis. The measured, corrected x-ray spectra were compared against tabulated x-ray spectra measured under similar conditions. Results indicate that the current device is capable of producing accurate relative x-ray spectra in the mammography energy range.


Objective In recent years,it has been suggested bronchial asthma was a TH1/TH2 imbanlance disease.Interleukin(IL)-18 is the only cytokine with a unique capacity to regulate not only the TH1 pathway but also the TH2 pathway,and it has been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma.The aim of the present study was to evaluate how IL-18 is associated with bronchial asthma.Methods Serum IL-18,plasma IFN-γ and serum IgE levels were measured in patients with acute asthma(n=21),moderate asthma(n=22),stable asthma(n=24) and healthy subjects(n=20) by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Results there were significant differences in levels of serum IL-18 between four groups by one-way ANOVA(P0.001),acute asthma(447.6±64.96 pg/ml),moderate asthma(311.60±48.17 pg/ml),stable asthma(139.63±49.97 pg/ml),control subjects(108.35±30.85 pg/ml).Further analysis was performed for comparisons among groups.There was no significant difference in serum IL-18 between the stable asthma and the control group(P=(0.226)).We found significant differences in levels of serum IL-18 among other groups(P0.001).And the serum IL-18 levels of patients tend to increase as the severity of the disease increased.But there were no significant differences in plasma IFN-γ levels in all groups(P=0.634).We also found significant differences in levels of serum IgE among four groups(P0.001),acute asthma(411.36±113.70 IU/ml),moderate asthma(237.37±57.36 IU/ml),stable asthma(170.09±(57.70) IU/ml)and control subjects(15.94±19.88 IU/ml).Further total comparisons were performed among all groups.There were all significant differences every two groups(P≤0.01).And the serum IgE levels of patients tend to increase as the severity of the disease increased.And the IL-18 levels significantly correlated with serum IgE levels(R=0.791,P(0.001)),but the IFN-γ levels didn't significantly correlated with serum IL-18 levels and IgE levels.Conclusion There is a more complicated pleiotrophic role for IL-18 than simply induction of IFN-γ production.IL-18 may be a dangerous cytokine for asthma,and it may be associated with the severity bronchial asthma.Serum IL-18 level may reflect disease activity in bronchial asthma exacerbation.


Purpose - – The purpose of this study is to determine the level of perception of a Muslim account holder in a conventional bank toward Islamic banking products and to determine the relationship between the perception levels of Nigerian's account holder's and their decision to patronize Islamic banking. Personal perception factor is operationalized as opinion or observations, which are able to influence customer's decision to patronize Islamic banking products and services. Design/methodology/approach - – A field survey was conducted and samples drawn using proportionate stratified simple random sampling techniques. Out of the 500 questionnaires distributed by hand, only 304 were returned and 286 were usable for the data analysis using SPSS and PLS Modeling Software. Findings - – First, the means for personal perception variable was 4.91 with standard deviation of 1.007. This indicates the good perception level of Islamic products by Muslim account holders in a conventional bank in Kano, Nigeria. The respondents' level of decision to patronize the Islamic banking products and services was satisfactory. Second, the results also showed that the research framework model, structural model and hypothesis were supported. In the measurement model, the convergent, discriminant validity and reliability/composite reliability of the perception construct were assessed favorably. The results revealed that perception was positively associated with a Muslim account holder's decision to patronize Islamic banking products. Research limitations/implications - – The study is subject to several shortcomings that limit interpretation of findings. One of the limitations of this study is the use of cross-sectional design for survey research and subjective self-reported perceptual measures in assessing the studies. Hence, the findings of this study cannot be generalized in a larger context across the cultures of other countries. Practical implications - – The implication of this study is for the Islamic banking industry to focus on the people's level of perception, government support, quality and availability of Islamic banking products and services that would have an impact on customer decision to patronize Islamic banking products. The necessary suggestions on new area of research were recommended for future researchers. Social implications - – Islamic banks have the potential to exploit and market to various segments of customers extending beyond those who are concerned with the legitimacy of the facility from the Islamic point of view and those who seek service quality, convenience and efficient transactions. To the practitioners in search of patronage of Islamic banking products and services, patronage studies on Islamic banking have so far largely focused on the combination of various religious, reputation, commercial, service satisfaction, staff, confidentiality and convenience factors. Originality/value - – The results of the present study establish the major problem that requires urgent attention needed to strengthen public education toward the distinctive characteristics of Islamic banks and how it may profitably suit the interest of customers in their financial dealings.


Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been isolated in multiple tumour types and although the presence of surface markers selectively expressed on CSCs can be used to isolate these cells, no marker or pattern of markers are sufficiently robust to definitively identify CSCs. Several markers have been evaluated for their prognostic value with promising early results, however to date none has been proven to be clinically useful in large-scale studies. A major need exists to identify markers of CSCs for glioblastoma (GBM), which would yield new therapeutic interventions. Given the complex genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity of human GBMs, it is unlikely that the expression of a single marker will define CSCs in every tumour, hence a combination of markers will probably best define glioma tumour stem cells. The studies reported in the literature regarding the identification of specific cell surface markers involved in tumourigenic processes of the GBM tumour-initiating cells have been inconclusive. Further investigations are necessary to identify both CSC-specific markers and the molecular mechanism sustaining the tumourigenic potential of these cells in order to develop novel treatments to target this group of cells. Markers for GBM stem cells such as CD133, CD15, integrin α6, L1CAM, are available and might be informative to identify these cells but cannot be conclusively linked to a stem cell phenotype. Overlap of expression, functional state and morphology of different subpopulations lead us to reconsider, or carefully consider, the techniques employed so far to characterize cancer stem cells. Major effort might be exploited to look for alternative methods, to isolate CSCs independently from markers. Due to a dearth of methods and markers that reliably assay the function of candidate stem cells, the isolation/enrichment of tumoural stem cells to be therapeutically targeted remains a major challenge.


Dewey discussed education and vocation using a special chapter in Democracy and Education.His viewpoints about vocational education is not only advanced at that time,but also inspired at present.This paper attempt to seek what the current vocational education should be by analyzing,realizing and understanding Dewey's viewpoints about vocational education.


Experiments have been performed to study convective heat transfer in the entrance region of corrugated channels. With water as the working fluid, two channel spacings were examined for a single corrugation angle of 20°. The flow rate was varied over the range I50 ≤ Re ≤ 4000. Flow visualization under low-Reynolds-number flow conditions suggested the presence of longitudinal vortices, while at somewhat higher Reynolds numbers, the existence of spanwise vortices was clearly revealed. For Re > 1500, Nusselt numbers in the corrugated channels exceeded those in the parallel-plate channel by approximately 140% and 240% for the two channel spacings, the corresponding increases in friction factor being 130% and 280%. Performance evaluations under the criteria of equal mass flow rate, equal pumping power, and equal pressure drop per unit length established both the corrugated channels as superior to the parallel-plate channel in intensifying heat transfer.


Brief descriptions are given of progress in the Irradiation Effects Analysis and Mechanical Performance of Magnetic Fusion Energy (MFE) Materials programs and in related programs. The objective of the Irradiation Effects Analysis program is the correlation of effects produced in neutron and charged particle irradiations in order to apply them to fusion reactor environments. Low energy displacement cascades--of intrinsic interest and the least understood component of high energy cascades--are being simulated by computer codes of the dynamical (D), quasi-dynamical (Q-D), and binary collision (BC) types. Fair agreement has been found between D and Q-D for low index focused replacement sequences; substantial differences appeared for a 250 eV high index event. The objective of the Mechanical Performance of MFE Materials program is to establish the effects of fusion reactor irradiation environments on the mechanical properties of candidate first wall materials. A Precision Torsional Creep Apparatus is being developed to permit accelerator studies of irradiation creep and behavior under cyclic conditions. This apparatus has demonstrated the required strain sensitivity, stress control, and thermal stability for long term thermal testing, and that it can be used for cyclic testing.


The clinical effect of taurine ingestion on psoriatics, eczema patients and a normal control group was studied. The exacerbations of psoriasis and to a lesser extent of eczema were seen after taurine ingestion. As psoriasis Ls common in Gujarat State, where a majority of people are vegetarian and consume a low non-animal protein diet, it is emphasized that it would be unlikely that taurine ingestion is a major aetiological factor in psoriasis. A plea is made for investigating the taurine content of vegetarian foods; as well as its fate in human beings, including psoriasis and eczema patients.


Abstract Wildlife–vehicle collisions cause numerous human fatalities and injuries, and generate considerable expenses in property damage each year. Certain characteristics of the road and its surroundings are known to have an impact on collision probability. Roadside salt pools increase the risk of collision by attracting moose (Alces alces) to the side of the road. In the Laurentides Wildlife Reserve of Québec, Canada, roadside salt pools were drained and filled with rocks to deter moose from drinking. We surveyed 12 roadside salt pools during 3 consecutive summers (2003–2005) from mid-May to mid-August. Seven salt pools were managed in autumn 2004, and 5 pools were left untreated. We equipped all 12 sites with electronic apparatus that allowed us to detect moose attendance and study their behavior. We also measured physical, chemical, and environmental characteristics of these pools and other unvisited pools in order to correlate moose attendance with specific habitat criteria. We found that moose mostly attended roadside salt pools from mid-June to mid-July, with a decrease in August. Moose attendance was significantly correlated with visual obstruction toward the road and water availability. Management of the pools caused a decrease in mean length of time moose spent at them. Number of visits decreased significantly at night (by 90%), which was when most visits occurred, but not during the day. The proposed management practice prevented all visiting moose from drinking brackish water. These results suggest that moose should eventually lose interest in treated salt pools, therefore decreasing the risk of moose–vehicle collisions on the road.


The author develops methods of variable structure system theory for an output tracking problem in nonlinear dynamical systems. The goal is to provide the system a given (desired) quality of tracking error behavior in sliding mode (given eigenvalue placement and invariance to nonlinearities). The sliding mode in such a system is formed on the deviations between system state and the solution of a specially formed system of differential-algebraic equations (DAEs), called the system center. The developed approach is applied to the problem of control law synthesis in pulse voltage stabilizers with a two-section filter.<<ETX>>


Fuzzy extractors (Dodis et al., SIAM J. Computing 2008) convert repeated noisy readings of a high-entropy secret into the same uniformly distributed key. A minimum condition for the security of the key is the hardness of guessing a value that is similar to the secret, because the fuzzy extractor converts such a guess to the key. We quantify this property in a new notion called <italic>fuzzy min-entropy</italic>. We ask: is fuzzy min-entropy sufficient to build fuzzy extractors? We provide two answers for different settings. 1) If the construction is provided a description of the probability distribution <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$W$ </tex-math></inline-formula> that defines the noisy source then fuzzy min-entropy is a sufficient condition for information-theoretic key extraction from <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$W$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. 2) A more ambitious goal is to design a single extractor that works for all possible sources. This more ambitious goal is impossible: there is a family of sources with high fuzzy min-entropy for which no single fuzzy extractor is secure. This is true in three settings: a) for standard fuzzy extractors, b) for fuzzy extractors that are allowed to sometimes be wrong, c) and for secure sketches, which are the main ingredient of most fuzzy extractor constructions.


All six species of seagrasses known from the tropical western hemisphere as well as Halophila johnsonii grow in the Indian River Lagoon (IRL). Halodule wrightii is the most common species, but Syringodium filiforme may be locally more abundant. Thalassia testudinum is limited to the southern portion of the IRL. The three Halophila species, H. decipiens, H. englemannii, and H. johnsonii, form mixed or monotypic beds with the larger species, while Ruppia maritima is found in the most shallow areas and is the least common. A pronounced seasonal growth pattern is evident for all species with maximum growth in April-May and maximum biomass in June-July. Wide ranges in productivity have been reported for the three larger seagrasses with spring levels approaching those found in other coastal communities in Florida. The distribution and ecological importance of the three species of Halophila may be much greater than previously thought as shown by their abundance in deeper water, high productivity, and rapid turnover. The seagrass communities of the Indian River Lagoon have been shown to support a diverse epiphytic and drift macroalgal flora and function as a habitat, nursery and food source for epifauna, macrobenthos, and manatees. Given the ecological importance of seagrasses, a high priority for management of the Indian River Lagoon must include protection and enhancement of these communities. Selection of beds for management should consider ecological function of the species, biodiversity of associated fauna, and the level of continued anthropogenic impacts.


Behaviour of singularities of the rotating black holes under an arbitrary boost is considered on the basis of a complex representation of the Kerr theorem. We give a simple algorithm allowing to get explicit expressions for the metric and the position of the singularities for arbitrary direction and magnitude of the boost, including the ultrarelativistic case. The non-smoothness of the ultrarelativistic limit is discussed. The Kerr-Sen BH-solution to low energy string theory is also analyzed.


Quantitative estimation of the spatial and temporal dynamics of the fractional cover of photosynthetic vegetation ( fPV) and non鄄photosynthetic vegetation ( fNPV) in semi鄄arid grasslands is critical for understanding grassland conditions such as vegetation abundance, drought severity, fire fuel load, stocking rate, and disturbance events and recovery. It is also important for scientific grassland resource management. Over the past several decades, remote sensing has become an important tool for estimating the fractional cover of vegetation, which is a key descriptor of ecosystem function. However, most efforts have been devoted to the estimation of fPV rather than fNPV, although the latter is equally important, especially in arid and semi鄄arid ecosystems. This study describes a linear unmixing approach for estimating fPV and fNPV in the Xilingol steppe region with hyperspectral and field investigation data. Five Hyperion images acquired on April 4, May 20, July 27, August 30, and November 15 in 2012 and a field鄄measured spectral library were utilized to explore the spectral feature space of fPV and fNPV in order to validate the feasibility of a linear unmixing model. This model is based on two complementary spectral indices of vegetation that have been used in remote sensing analyses to discriminate green and dry vegetation from soils: the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Cellulose Absorption Index ( CAI).


Planning department has theright to register,demolish those build-ings and facilities which don't complywith the regulations of city image,envi-ronmental sanitation. However,there isno sufficient legal basis to cut off wateror power, close down,levy and removethem on site. So those administrativecoercive measures need to be urgentlysolved by legislation.[


This article presents a case study of lesbian couple in treatment with a heterosexual therapist. As the couple was Israeli and the treatment carried out in Israel, cultural aspects of the social context are highlighted to demonstrate the way a feminist approach to systemic therapy needs to pay attention to the cultural forces. The case focuses on how the lack of social recognition and legitimacy by Israeli society towards lesbians impacts directly on couple interaction. Themes of couple boundaries, power imbalances and differentiation are demonstrated as related both to social forces and the individual couple's dynamics. Therapist interventions highlight the use of systemic thinking with a feminist perspective, and underline the way that attention to culture can enhance therapeutic impact.


The research results of the residuechemical composition of the ordinary blueberry growing in the Krasnoyarsk Territorytaiga zone are presented in the article. The prospects of its use in the cookies formulations are determined.


Some postcolonial African states, especially 'big' states, have variously been labelled unstable, inefficient, weak, dysfunctional, disintegrating, failed, collapsed, decaying states, to the point of being considered 'countries without states'. Indicators for such ruin are listed as difficulties with maintaining sovereignty and territoriality, dissolution of state institutions, privatisation and decline of security and of public resources and services, manipulation of public means of coercion, diffraction of the usurped means of violence, extra-judicial powers exerted on citizens, an unstable legal environment, a multiplicity of concurrently operating legal systems, fragmentation of government, and the pervasiveness of clientelism, patronage, or criminal networks.


According to recent statistics, the number of one-person households is increasing continuously in korea, and one-person households is the most representative living arrangement. Consequently, home appliances and services for one-person households are actively launched in recent. A web-based order management system is proposed in this paper, which is useful for managing orders for one-person households. In recent, applications in smart-devices and web systems are actively used for managing orders and deliveries efficiently. However, in conventional applications, orders for one-person households are considered being of little importance. This is because it is uneconomic due to the high cost for delivery. In the proposed system in this paper, a delivery cost is diminished by managing orders for one-person households in a database and comparing their addresses for each other. By the mechanism, the success rate of orders by one-person households can be increased, but the processing time for the orders can be decreased. Therefore Received (May 25, 2017), Review Result (June 9, 2017) Accepted (June 16, 2017), Published (August 31, 2017) 38453 Div. of Computer & Information Technology, Daegu Univ., 201 Daegudae-ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, Korea email: email@example.com (Corresponding Author) 38453 Div. of Computer & Information Technology, Daegu Univ., 201 Daegudae-ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, Korea email: email@example.com * 이 논문은 대구대학교 학술연구비 지원으로 작성되었습니다. A web-based order management system for one-person households Copyright c 2017 HSST 372 it can manage orders for one-person households efficiently.


Current processors employ aggressive prediction mechanisms to improve performance and reduce power. It is increasingly important to understand and quantify a program's dynamic behavior to effectively design next-generation prediction mechanisms. In this paper, we develop algorithms and mechanisms inspired by DNA discovery tools to analyze and quantify program dynamic behavior in terms of regularities and patterns. We describe our PatternFinder tool and analyze its results to summarize most important branch and data address pattern behaviors for a set of program traces and SPEC CPU 2006 benchmarks.


Physical fitness is known to lower respiration rates. For this study 12 mice were exercised by swimming each one for 30 minutes. The mice were to be exercised and monitored for eight weeks. Six mice served as the control group and were not exercised after an initial conditioning period of four weeks. The other six mice were also conditioned and then were exercised regularly for two weeks after that. Before and after each session of exercise, the mouse's respiration rate was recorded using the LI-6200 Portable Photosynthesis system. The hypothesis stated that the resting and recovery respiration rates would be lower in the mice that were exercised the extra two weeks. The results of the experiment showed no significant evidence in favor of the hypothesis. One major factor contributing to the insignificance may have been that 10 out of the 12 mice died after a total of six weeks, cutting the experiment short by two weeks. Significant results may have been achieved if larger sample sizes were used, more consistency with the equipment, or if the duration of the experiment was longer.


The urban heritage delimitation of the historic city of Tlemcen in Algeria. Tlemcen is a city of art and history, which was built in Roman times. It was architecturally enriched over time with stylistic contributions of different dynasties. This city was ranked saved area in 2009 by executive decree. The geographical trace of this area affects only the Islamic medina Tagrart excluding the rest of the city. Therefore, we wondered about the real limits of this millenary city. For that, we traced its urban heritage by studying the stratification and characteristics of the urban fabric. This new geographical trace demonstrates the exclusion of many historic areas of the heritage classification.


Tell Them Who I Am is a rare blend of qualitative scholarship combined with deeply involved human interaction. After reading it, I wondered where Eliot Liebow, who solidified his career in 1967 with the publication of the now-classic Tally's Corner: A Study of Negro Streetcorner Men (Boston: Little, Brown,1967), had been all these years. A quarter century later, Liebow enters the world of homeless women


We begin a systematic study of the region of possible values of the volumes of Minkowski subset sums of a collection of M compact sets in R, which we call the Lyusternik region, and make some first steps towards describing it. Our main result is that a fractional generalization of the BrunnMinkowski-Lyusternik inequality conjectured by Bobkov et al. (2011) holds in dimension 1. Even though Fradelizi et al. (2016) showed that it fails in general dimension, we show that a variant does hold in any dimension.


Homoleptic mercaptides of noble metals (i.e., Me(SR) x , where R is a linear alkyl group, i.e., C n H 2n+1 ) dissolved in polymer undergo a thermal degradation process at moderately low temperatures (180-250°C), producing metal atoms that then give nanosized metal particles by clustering. As an example, the preparation of palladium, gold, and silver clusters dispersed in polystyrene has been described, but such chemical route is a very general approach and a variety of metal/polymer combinations can be equivalently obtained.


Current research tries to measure intellectual capital in post bank based on the size of perception "employee's productivity". After library studies, six-variable model consisting of three independent variable of intellectual capital (structural capital, customer capital, human capital) and three dependent variable of employee productivity (possibility, ability, desire) was studied. Then importance of these variables was measured by experts and eventually three variables with employee productivity dimensions were used in the questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed to meet the organizational intellectual capital evaluation of each sub hypothesis. These assumptions include: the structural capital and employee productivity, customer capital and employee productivity, human capital and employee productivity. Research questionnaires were completed, in the statistical society of 130 people and a sample of 100 people in survey method. Result of the research was done using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the use of this test is that the test is used for ordinal variables in the sample consistency (independent or non independent) are distributed to a sample distribution that is assumed to be used for a community. Also using correlation, the correlation coefficient, shown that among dimensions of intellectual capital, structural capital and human capital had lowest mean scores and the highest average score was customer capital and in employees productivity dimensions, the lowest and highest average rank were the willingness and ability to take a high level of satisfaction in productivity are human resources and finally meaningful, positive and strong relationship between human resources productivity and intellectual capital is obtained in this study.


The given article examines M.A. Dmitriev's parodies to Zhukovsky's ballads, created in the epoch of the Russian journalism renaissance, especially the trade direction in it. The ballads by Zhukovsky disclosed their potentials not only as the «genre memory» but also as the memory of the Russian humorous culture in the epoch of «Arzamas».


I POS (Integrated Point of Sale) Web System
is a system developed to manage inventory records
aimed at SME (Small Medium Enterprise) business
organizations including purchase and sale records, and
stock movements using calculation automation systems.
There are problems faced by SME business
organizations such as lack of tools for inventory
management and a lack of skills in monitoring profit and
sales records. In addition, improvements need to be
made to improve existing systems to better meet current
situations and problems that cannot be solved by using
present poor systems that make it difficult for SME
business organizations to achieve their goals. I POS Web
System functions to alert and notify sellers to order
stocks of bestselling, exhausted, reduced to ensure stocks
are always up-to-date based on the FIFO concept (stocks
that have expired will undergo appraisal process
whether dumped, recycled, etc.). Besides, I POS Web
System will record the number of existing stock, and the
seller will be able to identify the amount of stock to be
added. Additionally, the I POS Web System can also
produce statistics and graphs on high demand items so
that sellers are always ready to add stock before they
run out. After that, commercialization potential of this
system targeted among Malaysia SME business
organizations that can use through web based system
successfully and also potential of systems to be
integrated into mobile applications to be more
responsive and flexible to rise up market value of
system


XML-based metadata for digital media is becoming increasingly important, as a consequence also calling for efficient encoding and compression schemes for the storage and transport of this metadata. Moreover, support for streaming the XML metadata in conjunction with the media data is highly desirable. Such support is provided, for instance, by MPEG's binary format for metadata (BiM) encoding approach, which facilitates fragmenting, delivering, and accessing the metadata in so-called access units (AUs). In this paper, we present a quantitative evaluation of existing XML metadata compression and encoding techniques, reaching from widely used state-of-the-art data compression algorithms to sophisticated XML-aware encoding schemes. The comparison is based on compressing MPEG-21 generic bitstream syntax descriptions (gBSDs) which can grow to non-negligible sizes. The main conclusion from this investigation is that in terms of pure compression efficiency on XML files, the BiM approach (exemplified by the MPEG reference software as well as a commercial version thereof) is comparable - in terms of performance - with traditional data or specific XML compression tools. However, when XML metadata have to be fragmented, compressed, and streamed in such fragments, the results indicate that the BiM approach is superior to the other schemes.


Studies were conducted in 1999, 2000, and 2001 to evaluate broadleaf weed control in cotton with postemergence applications of bromoxynil and bromoxynil plus CGA 362622. Bromoxynil was applied at 280 and 560 g ai/ha, and CGA 362622 was applied at 0, 3.8, and 7.5 g ai/ha in a factorial treatment arrangement. Cotton injury 7 d after treatment (DAT) during the 3 yr was 11 to 35% with the herbicide mixtures, but injury did not exceed 2% 28 DAT when averaged over years. CGA 362622 plus bromoxynil controlled velvetleaf, smooth pigweed, common ragweed, and common cocklebur at least 77% 28 DAT. Control of morningglory species was at least 87% with herbicide combinations, except in 2001 when control was only 60% with 280 g/ha bromoxynil plus 3.8 g/ha CGA 362622. Bromoxynil also controlled jimsonweed, but CGA 362622 did not. Spurred anoda control pooled over years did not exceed 53% with bromoxynil or bromoxynil plus CGA 362622 mixtures. Cotton yields generally reflected the level of weed control from the herbicide treatments. In these studies, mixtures of CGA 362622 with bromoxynil controlled several broadleaf weeds better than did either herbicide alone. Nomenclature: Bromoxynil; CGA 362622 (proposed common name trifloxysulfuron sodium), N-[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)carbamoyl]-3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-pyridin-2-sulfonamide sodium salt; annual morningglory species, Ipomoea spp.; common cocklebur, Xanthium strumarium L. #3 XANST; common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. # AMBEL; jimsonweed, Datura stramonium L. # DATST; smooth pigweed, Amaranthus hybridus L. # AMACH; spurred anoda, Anoda cristata (L.) Schlecht. # ANVCR; velvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti Medicus # ABUTH; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. Additional index words: IPOHE, IPOLA, Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq., Ipomoea lacunosa L., Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth, IPOPU, ivyleaf morningglory, pitted morningglory, tall morningglory. Abbreviations: DAT, days after treatment; POSD, postdirected; POST, postemergence; PRE, preemergence.


ABSTRACT The recombination of holes on the surface of the base of p-n-p transistors augments bulk recombination. In consequence it has been found convenient to represent recombination by an effective lifetime τpe rather than by bulk lifetime τp. On the basis of a specialized model it has been shown that the effective lifetime should lie between τp and τp/2. The effective and bulk lifetimes have both been measured for several commercial transistors. Some conform to this model but others do not.


This volume centers broadly on information support services for distance education. As educators, librarians are faced with the challenge of providing Web-based, library instructional material using ever-changing technologies. Some of the challenges include assessing users' needs, developing and offering information literacy courses, employing appropriate teaching methodologies, and determining the effectiveness of the information literacy programs. The articles herein can be categorized into two areas: access to information resources for distance learners and studies of distance learning programs. The opening article, "The Challenges and Benefits of Asynchronous Learning Networks" by Daphne Jorgensen presents the role of distance learning in education, and the overall evolution and significance of asynchronous learning networks (ALN). The paper discusses various issues in ALN, including cost, faculty and technology, learning community, social presence, and collaborative environment. The next three articles discuss access to information resources. "What Distance Learners Should Know About Information Retrieval on the World Wide Web" by Margaret R. Garnsey finds that the Internet is a valuable information access tool for distance learners. It also examines search engines and the criteria for evaluating search results. "Yahoo! Do You Google? Virtual Reference Overview" by Nancy Cannon provides an outline of virtual reference services encompassing electronic journal publishing, subject directories, the invisible Web, and search engines, and emphasizes the need to employ innovative ways of information delivery to serve virtual users. The article titled "The Growing and Changing Role of Consortia in Providing Direct and Indirect Support for Distance Higher Education" by Jane M. Subramanian traces the history of consortia and cooperative efforts in facilitating user access to library resources. The paper stresses the role of consortia in supporting distance learning programs.


A review of population trends in Asia is presented with a focus on the changes in vital rates that are currently occurring. (ANNOTATION)


Finding patterns in genomic sequences needs an effective searching algorithm. Although there are different types of string repetition such as tandem repeat, palindrome, or clumps, we are interested in searching for the pattern occurrences in a sequence which can be overlapped. We propose a new algorithm constructed with the suffix tray data structure to ensure the linear time running. We present the algorithm to compute the Longest Previous Factor of a string from its suffix tray. We also apply the notion of suffix links and the attribute m. The proposed algorithm to compute the Longest Previous Factor table of the text, t, of length n requires O(n) time.


The utility model relates to an air floatation-coalescence-swirl deoiling apparatus, which is applied to oily sewage treatment during the oil production of oil fields. A vertical swirl mixing reactor is arranged on one end of a horizontal tank, a front baffle and a rear baffle are welded in parallel in the horizontal tank and at the downstream side of the vertical swirl mixing reactor, an air floatation scum separation chamber is formed between the front baffle and the rear baffle, and air pressure-reducing releasers are fixed between the front baffle and the rear baffle; a corrugated plate coalescer is fixed on the downstream side of the rear baffle; an inclined plate settler is fixed on the downstream side of the corrugated plate coalescer, and a washing header is fixed on the lower part of the inclined plate settler and in the horizontal tank. The utility model has the advantages that: oily sewage sequentially goes through swirl mixing reaction, scum rising and coalescence, corrugated plate coalescer flow stabilization, inclined plate settlement and other treatments, so that crude oil, scum and a small quantity of suspended matters can be removed from the sewage step by step, and thereby the sewage can come up to the standard of reinjected water in oil fields.


Type of funding sources: None.
 Background/Introduction:
 Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) exacerbates mechanisms of atherosclerosis and heart failure.

 We investigated the effect of novel antidiabetic drugs, glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) and their combination on myocardial function.

 A hundred-sixty T2DM patients (age: 58 ± 10years) were randomized to insulin (n = 40), liraglutide (n = 40), empagliflozin (n = 40) or their combination (GLP-1RA + SGLT-2i) (n = 40) as add-on to metformin. We measured at baseline and 1 year post-treatment: a) global LV longitudinal strain (GLS), systolic (GLSR) and diastolic (GLSR E) strain rate, global circumferential (GCS) and radial (GRS) strain, peak twisting (pTw), peak twisting velocity (pTwVel) and peak untwisting velocity (pUtwVel), b) global myocardial work index (GWI), global constructive (GCW) and global wasted work (GWW) derived by pressure-myocardial strain loops using speckle tracking imaging.

 After 1 year of treatment, all patients improved GLS, GCS, GRS and pUtwVel (p < 0.05). GLP-1RA or GLP-1RA + SGLT-2i provided a greater increase of GLS (11.5% and 13% vs. 6.8% and 2.3%), GWI (12.7% and 17.4% vs. 3.1% and 2%), GCW (12.3% and 15% vs. 2.2% and 7.8%) and a greater reduction of GWW (38.7% and 41.6% vs. 13.5% and 4.9%) compared with insulin or SGLT-2i, despite a similar HbA1c reduction (p < 0.05 for all comparisons) (Table). Patients under combined treatment with GLP-1RA + SGLT-2i achieved a 2-fold reduction of pTw and a 2-fold increase of pUtwVel than those under each one regimen or insulin (p < 0.05). The dual therapy showed the greatest effect on measured myocardial markers in LVEF < 55% (p < 0.05).

 One year treatment with GLP-1RA or combination of GLP-1RA and SGLT-2i resulted in a greater improvement of myocardial deformation and effective cardiac work than insulin or SGLT-2i treatment, independently of glycemic control in T2DM.
 All patients (n = 160) Insulin (n = 40) GLP-1RA (n = 40) SGLT-2i (n = 40) GLP-1RA + SGLT-2i (n = 40) p-value GLS, % Baseline -16.4 ± 3.7 -16.4 ± 3.5 -16.2 ± 3.5 -17 ± 4 -16 ± 4 0.139 1 year -17.9 ± 3.9 -17.6 ± 4.2 -18.3 ± 3.5 -17.4 ± 3.4 -18.4 ± 4.7 0.003 GWI, mmHg% Baseline 1538 ± 430 1644 ± 416 1510 ± 403 1536 ± 535 1463 ± 362 0.116 1 year 1692 ± 412 1696 ± 377 1730 ± 318 1568 ± 456 1772 ± 499 0.006 pTw, deg Baseline 15.7 ± 6 16 ± 5.1 15.6 ± 5 15.2 ± 6 16.1 ± 8 0.910 1 year 14.6 ± 5.1 15.4 ± 5.4 14.4 ± 5.4 14.7 ± 4.6 14 ± 5 0.034 pUtwVel, deg/s Baseline -104 ± 42 -100 ± 44 -107 ± 41 -101 ± 28 -111 ± 54 0.550 1 year -116 ± 49 -107 ± 55 -114 ± 45 -108 ± 38 -134 ± 61 0.017 Table


Retweeting is a powerful driving force in information propagation on microblogging sites. However, identifying the most effective retweeters of a message (called the "key retweeter prediction" problem) has become a significant research topic. Conventional approaches have addressed this topic from two main aspects: by analyzing either the personal attributes of microblogging users or the structures of user graph networks. However, according to sociological findings, author-retweeter dependencies also play a crucial role in influencing message propagation. In this paper, we propose a novel model to solve the key retweeter prediction problem by incorporating the auxiliary relations between a tweet author and potential retweeters. Without loss of generality, we formulate the relations from four relational factors: status relation, temporal relation, locational relation, and interactive relation. In addition, we propose a novel method, called "Relation-based Learning to Rank (RL2R)," to determine the key retweeters for a given tweet by ranking the potential retweeters in terms of their spreadability. The experimental results show that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art algorithms at top-k retweeter prediction, achieving a significant relative average improvement of 19.7–29.4 percent. These findings provide new insights for understanding user behaviors on social media for key retweeter prediction purposes.


A set $B$ is a basis for a vector space $V$ if every element of $V$ can be uniquely written as a linear combination of the elements of $B$. There is a similar definition of a basis for a finite group. We show that certain semidirect products of finite groups---including all semidirect products of finite abelian groups---have bases; any group of order $m$ or $2m$ for odd, cube-free $m$ has a basis; and the quaternions do not have a basis.


On the base of analysing Changde City's nature environment endoned by nature, by planning and researching the system of park and greenery patches of Changde city,the characteristic model and the continue development of the modern ecological park were studied.


1 Kajiwara K, Kako J, Kobayashi M, Noto H, Ogata A. Measuring positive caregiving experiences in family caregivers of nursing home residents. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 875–876. 2 Smaling HJA, Joling KJ, Achterberg WP, Francke AL, van der Steen JT. Measuring positive caregiving experiences in family caregivers of nursing home residents: a comparison of the positive experiences scale, gain in Alzheimer care INstrument, and positive aspects of caregiving questionnaire. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 636–643. https://doi.org/10.1111/ ggi.14210. 3 Fuju T, Yamagami T, Yamaguchi H, Yamazaki T. Development of the dementia caregiver positive feeling scale 21-item version (DCPFS-21) in Japan to recognise positive feelings about caregiving for people with dementia. Psychogeriatrics 2021; 21: 650–658. 4 Kajiwara K, Noto H, Yamanaka M. Changes in caregiving appraisal among family caregivers of persons with dementia: a longitudinal study over 12 months. Psychogeriatrics 2018; 18: 460–467. 5 Roff LL, Burgio LD, Gitlin L, Nichols L, Chaplin W, Hardin JM. Positive aspects of Alzheimer's caregiving: the role of race. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2004; 59: P185–P190. 6 Shrestha S, Richey S, Lipovac-Dew M et al. An examination of positive and negative dementia caregiving experiences. Clin Gerontol 2020; 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/07317115.2020.1868033 7 Cheng S-T, Lam LC, Kwok T, Ng NS, Fung AW. Self-efficacy is associated with less burden and more gains from behavioral problems of Alzheimer's disease in Hong Kong Chinese caregivers. Gerontologist 2013; 53: 71–80. 8 Lim J, Griva K, Goh J, Chionh HL, Yap P. Coping strategies influence caregiver outcomes among Asian family caregivers of persons with dementia in Singapore. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2011; 25: 34–41. 9 Yu DSF, Cheng S-T, Wang J. Unravelling positive aspects of caregiving in dementia: an integrative review of research literature. Int J Nurs Stud 2018; 79: 1–26. 10 Lee Y, Li L. Evaluating the positive experience of caregiving: a systematic review of the positive aspects of caregiving scale. Gerontologist 2021; 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnab092


. The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the main methodological catego-ry of the foreign language teaching methodology – teaching content. Particular attention is paid to its value and motivation aspects. The idea is justified that the subject "foreign lan-guage" has axiological potential and contributes to the appearance of such features as 1) a value attitude to the surrounding reality; 2) a positive attitude towards oneself; 3) positive attitude towards future life activity ("Image of future professional activity"). The characteris-tic features of the profile and profile-oriented teaching of a foreign language for high school students are identified and described. The author proposes a nomenclature of axiological strategies included in the structure of the learning content, presented in two blocks: 1) a block of semantic orientations, knowledge, skills, methods of activity; 2) a block of value experience, including the value aspects of the subject "foreign language". The author comes to the conclusion that an important condition in the process of profile-oriented foreign language training of schoolchildren is the staged work, and suggests organizing this process in three stages: informative-motivational, activity-oriented and reflective-evaluative. It is determined that the most effective methodological tool for the formation of the value experience of schoolchildren is a specially organized didactic tool, which is a complex of personality-developing situations, containing axiogenic situations described as "value-rich fragments of objective reality that are of particular importance for understanding this reality". Examples of such texts are proverbs about the value of labor, responsibility, a conscious attitude to the subject of the activities, the appropriateness of decisions. The article provides an analysis of experimental training, which demonstrated the growth of professional self-esteem, the formation of professional ideals system. Such a component as the meaning of future professional activity of high school students has become of particular importance in the structure of per-sonal experience.


A multilayer elasticity model is developed to investigate the effects of acoustically stiffened surfaces (increased surface moduli) on the specific heat and thermal conductivity of typical nanowire and nanotubes as a function of temperature. Changes in phonon dispersion are analyzed using approximated phonon dispersion relations that result from the solutions to the frequency equation of a vibrating elastic tube or rod. The results of the investigation indicate a 10% reduction in specific heat and a 2% decrease in lattice thermal conductivity at 50 K for a 10 nm outer diameter crystalline nanotube with an inner diameter of 5 nm when the average Young's modulus of the first three atomic layers on both the inner and outer free surfaces are increased by a factor of 1.87. In contrast, a 10 nm outer diameter nanowire composed of the same material and with an acoustically stiffened outer shell shows an approximate 30% increase in thermal conductivity and specific heat near 50 K. Our simplified model can potenti...


This book provides cutting-edge advice for rewarding job searches. Both first-time job hunters and those looking to change careers will benefit from exploring the rewarding paths outlined in "Careers in Social and Rehabilitation Services". Detailed overviews of a range of professions and expert advice covering the entire job-search process show readers how to launch a successful career of their choice.


PART ONE: THEORETICAL OVERVIEW The Long Term Care Triad - Timothy H Brubaker The Elderly, Their Families and Bureaucracies Organizational Embeddedness and Family Life - Jaber F Gubrium A Structural Approach to Families - Sheldon S Tobin PART TWO: FAMILIES AS CAREGIVERS Perceived Caregiving Effectiveness - Linda S Noelker and Aloen L Townsend The Impact of Parental Impairment, Community Resources and Caregiver Characteristics The Impact of Family Relationships on Perceived Caregiving Effectiveness - Aloen L Townsend and Linda S Noelker PART THREE: COMMUNITY-BASED SERVICES Homemaker - Home Health Care and Family Involvement - Ellie Brubaker Long-Term Care Community Services and Family Caregiving - Jill Quadagno et al Supporting Family Caregiving Through Adult Day-Care Services - Peggye Dilworth-Anderson The Feasibility of Volunteers and Families Forming a Partnership for Caregiving - Rhonda Montgomery and Laurie Russell Hatch Rural-Urban Differences in Service Use by Older Adults - Rosemary Blieszner et al PART FOUR: INSTITUTIONAL SETTING Families of the Institutionalized Older Adult - Kathleen Coen Buckwalter and Geri Richards Hall A Neglected Resource The Forgotten Client - Clara Pratt et al Family Caregivers to Institutionalized Dementia Patients PART FIVE: HOSPICE AND FAMILY CARE The Interface Among Terminally Ill Elderly, Their Families and Hospice - Jane Marie Kirschling PART SIX: PLANNING FOR LONG-TERM CARE Families and Supportive Residential Settings as Long-Term Care Options - Mary Anne Hilker Family Structure and Proximity of Family Members - Donald E Stull and Edgar F Borgatta Implications for Long-Term Care of the Elderly


This article focuses on the popular festival-tourism,such as festival-tourism in the four seasons,religious festival-tourism,and tourism of burning joss sticks(shaoxiang 烧香) in the Ming dynasty.The author indicates that the people liked to travel(haoyou 好游) due to the developing of the economy and the growing of leisure-time in the Ming.The author also thinks that there was a difference of the cultural tradition between the gentry(shidafu 士大夫) and the people from the popular festival-tourism in the Ming.