Fuzzy logic is gaining widespread acceptance in the control engineering community because of its continued success in control applications. However, certain inherent difficulties of the approach are restricting its growth. Difficulties include: developing fuzzy rules by hand for large systems, selecting appropriate membership function shapes, fine-tuning fuzzy solutions for specific levels of accuracy, and guaranteeing the reliability/robustness of solutions. A neural-fuzzy based approach to developing fuzzy logic designs eliminates some of these problems. This paper discusses using a neural-fuzzy approach, based on NeuFuz, to designing control systems. It presents the steps involved in the NeuFuz approach, as well as a real design example for DC motor control. The objective of the example was to design a controller that minimized overshoots during motor start-up and maintained the desired motor speed as the motor load varied. This example has widespread applicability because of the number of applications that involve some type of motor control. Whether a small induction motor is needed for proper autofocus in a camera or a servo motor is needed for proper positioning of the head in a high-speed hard disk drive, the algorithm for motor control presented in this paper may be used to develop a solution. This paper also includes information on the performance of the NeuFuz-designed motor controller and some comments on other types of control.<<ETX>>


T cell differentiation can be divided into pre-, intra-, and postthymic stages. The induction of self-tolerance, T cell subset specification, and the selection of self H-Zrestricted T cells have been ascribed to the intrathymic pathway of T cell maturation, the precise sites and mechanisms responsible for these events being unknown. It has been suggested that the thymic microenvironment consists of localized concentrations of soluble factors (e .g . , thymic hormones and interleukin 2) and/ or direct receptor-mediated cell-cell interactions. We have isolated multicellular complexes from the mouse thymus by enzymatic dissociation and subsequent 1 g sedimentation in order to study intrathymic cell-cell recognition. Two distinct types of highly purified complexes were identified by their intra-thymic location and cellular composition.l* Type I. Lympho-epithelial complexes comprising PNA+, Lyt 1,2,3+, medium-sized, cortisone-sensitive thymocytes within subcapsular and outer cortical I-A+ epithelial cells ("thymic nurse cells"). Type 11. Rosette formations between PNA+, Lyt 1,2,3+ lymphoblasts and nonlymphoid cells (50% I-A+) located in the inner cortex (and medulla?). The nonlymphoid cells comprise a subpopulation of highly phagocytic cells. By electron microscopy it was possible to distinguish typical macrophages and dendritic (interdigitating?) cells in the nonlymphoid population. The association between the thymocytes and the nonlymphoid cells in both types of complexes is not an in vitro secondary event, but pre-exists in vivo. Intact complexes cannot be recovered in the presence of metabolic inhibitors, EDTA, and cytochalasin B, which suggests that the binding between the lymphocytes and the nonlymphoid cells is an active receptor-mediated recognition event. Studies in semiallogeneic bone marrow chimeras revealed that: (1 ) the epithelial component of type I complexes was consistently of host origin, (2) some type I1 complexes were completely bone marrow-derived soon after reconstitution, and (3) in both complexes, association between semiallogeneic partner cells occurred. The first isolation of rosette-like structures (presumably type 11) on day 14 of gestation coincides with the first detection of I-A antigen expression on nonlymphoid cells during ontogeny. Postirradiation kinetics suggest that the type I1 complexes represent a compartment that is the first site of repopulation by bone marrow immigrants. The different types of cellular interactions in the thymus presumably represent locally and functionally separate microenvironments, which might be involved in the induction of self-tolerance and in the selection of T cell precursors viu self-recognition. The isolation and purification of defined thymocyte subpopulations (less than 5% of the whole thymic population) that bind to autologous nonlymphoid cells in vivo offer a new approach to the analysis of recognition and selection events in the thymus.


Abstract Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis which causes significant morbidity and mortality affecting between 14% and 29% of individuals >70 years of age . Multiple studies have demonstrated an improvement in walking distance in people suffering from symptomatic PAD through exercise therapy. While most studies have examined the results of exercise and risk factor modification programs over a short-term this study sought to identify not only whether a nurse-led intervention program can improve functional capacity and quality of life, but if improvements could be sustained over a longer follow-up term. There were 56 participants recruited from the Vascular Surgery Outpatients department at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane. The nurse-led intervention program consisted of a 12-week supervised exercise program as well as a home walking prescription and fortnightly risk factor education sessions. A further 23 individuals who were unable to attend the intervention program due to geographical location agreed to complete quality of life-only follow-up and were given home exercise advice. As predicted, participants in the nurse-led intervention program (NLIP) group demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in both functional capacity (


Summary Four each of Cheviot and Romney mature ewes of equal group mean live weights were compared by carcass analyses. It was shown that the Cheviot carcasses contained significantly more protein and water. This was related to the heavier, though statistically non-significant weight of dissectible muscular tissue in the Cheviot carcasses.


Stochastic clearing systems model many different applications, including certain bulk server queues, shuttle buses, and buffers in communication systems. We extend the characterization of the optimal parameters of a generalized stochastic clearing system Stidham, S., Jr. 1977. Cost models for stochastic clearing systems. Opns. Res.25 100-127. from piece-wise linear to general convex cost-rate functions, and discuss applications to continuous-review and periodic-review s, S inventory models with nonlinear holding and storage costs and/or nonzero lead times. As in Stidham, we show that log-concavity of the sojourn function associated with the input process guarantees that the necessary conditions are also sufficient for optimality of the clearing parameters, which correspond to s and S in inventory examples. Our conditions are weaker and our model more general than those found in the previous literature on s, S inventory models.


Abstract A study of nations of the world in 1980 found that national divorce rates were predicted primarily by a cluster of variables measuring development. In contrast, national marriage rates were predicted by development, militarism, rapid economic growth and size.


Kamel Ben-Naceur is the nominee for 2022 SPE President. He and seven others make up the new slate of nominees recommended for positions open on the SPE Board of Directors.
 2022 SPE President
 Kamel Ben-Naceur is CEO of Nomadia Energy Consulting, where he advises on sustainable energy policies and global/regional energy economics and outlooks. He has worked as a chief economist for a major oil and gas company and oilfield services company. Ben-Naceur has also worked as a director of the International Energy Agency and as an energy minister for the Tunisian government.
 He is currently the chair of several SPE global committees, including Business Management and Leadership, the International Forum Series, and CO2 Capture and Storage. He has also taught several SPE courses on global energy, and strategic thinking and planning. He was technical director for Management & Information on the SPE International Board of Directors from 2008–2011. Ben-Naceur was also an SPE Distinguished Lecturer from 2009–2010 and received an SPE Distinguished Member Award and SPE Distinguished Service Award in 2014.
 He has coauthored over 120 publications and 17 books.
 Ben-Naceur holds a bachelor's degree from the Paris Diderot University and a master's degree from Ecole Polytechnique in Paris.


This paper proposes a gradual formation of a spatial pattern for a homogeneous system. The autonomous formation of spatial pattern is important for the advancement of cooperative robotic systems because pattern formation can be regarded as function differentiation of multi-agent system. When multiple autonomous robots cooperatively work on an assigned local task for a global objective like a group of insects or animals, the function differentiation is the first step and indispensable. There were a lot of papers that reported spatial pattern formation of multiple robots, but global information was supposed to be available in their approaches. It is, however, almost impossible for a small robot to be equipped with an advanced sensing system for global information because of robot's scale and sensor. The algorism for complicated pattern formation is needed even if each robot is not so comparative. We therefore propose a gradual pattern formation algorithm, i.e., the group of robots changes their pattern to goal pattern through a simple pattern like a line or a circle. Then we use the Turing Instability theory based only on local information for polygon pattern formation from circle pattern, and experimentally show the formation of several patterns with multiple autonomous robots.


The second International Conference on the Emergence of Africa (ICEA) was held in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire, in March 2017. Since the first conference in 2015—at a time of robust economic growth on the continent—hopes for economic progress have dimmed because of a crash in the price of commodities, volatile global financial markets and a slowdown in global growth. Before departing New York to attend the second ICEA conference, jointly organized by the World Bank, the African Development Bank and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Assistant Secretary-General of the UN and head of UNDP's Regional Bureau for Africa Abdoulaye Mar Dieye sat down for an interview with Africa Renewal's Kingsley Ighobor to talk about Africa's economic development opportunities and challenges.


A d-dimensional α-stable random vector is determined by a spectral measure Γ (a finite Borel measure on Sd=unit sphere in R) and a shift vector μ ∈ R, e.g. Samorodnitsky and Taqqu (1994). The notation X ∼ Sα,d(Γ, μ) will be used to denote such a stable random vector. Until recently, there has been little understanding of what multivariate stable distributions look like, nor any methods for working with them. In this paper we review recent work that makes it possible to use multivariate stable models for practical problems. Our goal here is make these results available to people who want to understand and use multivariate stable densities, so we state results without proof; references are given for those who are interested. Below we summarize some basic facts about multivariate stable distributions. In Section 2 we describe the class of stable random variables that correspond to discrete spectral measures with a finite number of point masses and show that they are dense in the set of all stable measures. Then in Section 3, formulas are given for computing multivariate stable densities and examples of such computations are given. A method of generating stable random vectors is given in Section 4. Section 5 is concerned with the problem of estimating a spectral measure from a data set, and the last section discusses the problem of identifying the type of a stable process by looking at the spectral measure associated with finite dimensional distributions of the process. The characteristic function of X ∼ Sα,d(Γ, μ) is φX(t) = E exp{i < X, t >} = exp(−IX(t) + i < μ, t >), (1)


This paper examines the relationship between hedge fund activism and target firm performance, executive compensation, and executive wealth. It introduces a theoretical framework that describes the activism process as a sequence of discrete decisions. The methodology uses regression analysis on a matched sample based on firm size, industry, and market-to-book ratio. All regressions control for industry and year fixed effects. Schedule 13D Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filings are the source for the statistical sample of hedge fund target firms. I supplement that data with target firm financial, operating, and share price information from the CRSP-COMPUSTAT merged database. Activist hedge funds target undervalued or underperforming firms with high profitability and cash flows. They do not avoid firms with powerful CEOs. Leverage, executive compensation, pay for performance and CEO turnover increase at target firms after the arrival of the activist hedge fund. Target firm executives' wealth is more sensitive to changes in share price after hedge fund activism events suggesting that the executive team experiences changes to their compensation structure that provides incentive to take action to improve returns to shareholders. The top executives reap rewards for increasing firm value but not for increased risk taking.


Abstract : Two themes in behavioral accounting research suggest that management accounting system characteristics are related to characteristics of the larger organization and that the management accounting system is one element in a control system package. The research reported here investigates the relationship between departmental interdependencies and the design and use of three management control systems--the operating budget, periodic statistical reports, and standard operating policies and procedures. The findings support the idea that interdependency between departments influences the emphasis placed on specific management control systems. Standard operating procedures are an important control device when interdependence is moderate. When interdependence between departments is high, the role of all three control systems diminish. The findings support the themes that accounting based systems are one device in the organizational control package and that control systems are employed differently according to organizational characteristics. (Author)


Weldability in neutron-irradiated low alloy steel for reactor (pressure) vessel has been studied by temper-bead repair-welding of low-heat-input TIG and YAG laser welding. A low alloy steel and its weld, and stainless steel clad and nickel (Ni)-based alloy clad were irradiated in a materials test reactor (LVR-15, Czech Republic) up to 1.4 X 1024 n/m2 (>1 MeV) at 290°C, which approximately corresponds to the maximum neutron fluence of 60-year-operation plants' vessels. The He concentration in the irradiated specimens was estimated to be up to 12.9 appm. The repair-welding was carried out by TIG and YAG laser welding at a heat input from 0.06 to 0.86 MJ/m. The mechanical tests of tensile, impact, side bend and hardness were carried out after the repair-welding.Cracks were not observed in the irradiated low alloy steel and its weld by temper-bead repair-welding. Small porosities were formed in the first and second layers of the repair-welds of low alloy steel (base metal). However, only a few porosities were found in the repair-welds of the weld of low alloy steel. From the results of mechanical tests, the repair-welding could be done in the irradiated weld of low alloy steel containing a He concentration up to 12.9 appm, although repair-welding could be done in base metal of low alloy steel containing up to only 1.7 appmHe. On the other hand, cracks occurred in the heat affected zones of stainless steel and Ni-based alloy clads by repair-welding, except by YAG laser repair-welding at a heat input of 0.06 MJ/m in stainless steel clad containing 1.7 appmHe. Based on these results, the determination processes were proposed for optimum parameters of repair-welding of low alloy steel and clad used for reactor (pressure) vessel.


Purpose: (1) To validate a Monte Carlo model for Varian's OBI CBCT in head scan mode and calculate the dose inside a Rando head phantom; (2) To compare the dose in head phantom for 125 kVp and 100 kVp scans. Methods: The BEAMnrcMP Monte Carlo package was employed and modified to simulate Varian's OBI CBCT system operated at 125kVp and 100kVp in full‐fan full‐bowtie mode for the same mAs and 200 deg scans only. Percentage depth dose (PDD) of a single KV beam was measured with a cc01 micro ion chamber in water tank. Dose profiles of the single KV beam at multiple depths including 0.5 cm were also measured with the same micro chamber. After the validation of the Monte‐Carlo model with the measured beam data, dose calculations were performed on a Rando head phantom. Results: The Monte Carlo simulated PDD curves agree very well with the measurements. Also, the simulated dose profiles matches well to the measured ones in both in‐plane and cross‐plane directions. Monte Carlo dose calculation made on a Rando head phantom indicated that the post right side of head get higher dose, due to the posterior KV scan from gantry 290 deg to 90 deg. The dose ratio between bone and soft tissue were ∼4.4 and ∼4.9 for 125kVp and 100kVp, respectively. The dose ratio between 125kVp and 100kVp is about 1.7, close to the theoretical value of 1.252=1.56. Conclusions: Our Monte Carlo model has been validated by measurements to simulate Varian's OBI CBCT system. It was shown that CBCT dose in bone is four times of that in soft tissue, such that the accumulated bone dose during a treatment course could be up to >100cGy in posterior area. Investigation on patient dose deposition due to kV CBCT is in progress.


This paper considers the anomalous propagation of phase through the focus of an optical system. We observed the interference rings produced by two collinear spherical waves coming from the same laser source with different focal points. Then three regions are determined along the optical axis: R1, befor focuses; R2 between focuses; and R3, after focuses. In each of them we pictured interference rings which are complementary in intensity with a CCD camera. The complemnetary relationship is caused by the sudden change of phase by π through each focus.


Low level particulate contamination of some of the COSTAR optics during environmental testing necessitated the development of a short duration, low pressure CO2 jet spray cleaning technique. The technique was proven to be compatible with the high reflectivity UV magnesium fluoride protected aluminum coatings applied to the COSTAR optics at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). These coatings are easily damaged by solvent flush techniques in the presence of this contamination and by conventional CO2 jet spray cleaning methods. In addition, the technique adopted here was compatible with the geometry of the fully integrated and aligned optics on the COSTAR. Eventually, thorough testing of intentionally contaminated test mirrors and a final UV throughput test of the flight optics indicated that the instrument would still meet specifications, therefore the COSTAR flight optics were not cleaned. However, we proceeded with the qualification of the process so that it would be available for use if cleaning became necessary prior to launch. Success criteria for the cleaning included minimal degradation of reflectivity, surface roughness, near-angle scattering, minimal production of pinholes in the coating, compatibility with the polyurethane bond applied to the optics and high efficiency of particulate removal. The technique was qualified for COSTAR specific coatings and particulate contamination and should be recertified for conditions departing from those baselined in our study.


According to the nature of outsourcing,its position in the enterprise's supply chain,and collaboration between enterprises and suppliers,the author classifies outsourcing into three grades,e.g.transactional,tactical and strategic outsourcing,then analyzes their purposes,qualities of products,risks and their controlling.In practice of management the enterprise should take appropriate actions in accordance with different grades of outsourcing and pay more attention to its trends in China.


Children's Palliative Care (CPC) is a relatively new and emerging field with great potential for helping children and families who are living with life-limiting conditions (LLC) globally. There is a growing recognition of the need to develop services for these children, but the overall picture remains one of huge variance in different parts of the world and even within countries. The evidence base is still small, there is a great need for more education, and considerable scope for further development. Broader awareness of the values and philosophy of CPC, its history and development, and its place in society will help promote CPC further. As the field increases, we will need to enhance the international roles of our own local children's organizations, and continue to develop paediatric networks, as well as link into global priorities in healthcare such as public health, Universal Health Coverage (UHC), and the sustainable development goals (SDGs).


The present invention aims to provide a transmission parameter control apparatus capable of improving the transmission quality of real-time media in a transmission path having a radio section on at least a portion. According to the present invention, is connected to the terminal 104 through the network 102, the transmission parameter control unit 200 connected to the mobile terminal 108 through a wireless link is provided. The apparatus, from the signal of the downlink and uplink transmission path, an acquisition unit 210 for obtaining a quality parameter indicating the transmission quality corresponding to the radio link, the value of the transmission parameters that define the transmission method in the wireless link, determined quality parameters and an adjustment means 220 for adjusting in response to.


This survey will contribute to core activities of the COST Action 16213, New Exploratory Phase in Research on East European Cultures of Dissent (NEP4DISSENT, 2017-2021). We are an international and multidisciplinary scholarly network some 170 people strong, funded by the COST Association in the framework of the Horizon 2020 Work Programme of the EU.
NEP4DISSENT is founded upon the conviction that resistance and dissent in former socialist Europe 1945-1989 constitutes a remarkable chapter of Europe's recent past, which not only informs in a decisive way the identities of post-socialist societies today, but has also reshaped the continent as a whole and still provides an important reference for contemporary social movements worldwide.
Building on the achievements of this field of study and the respective domain of cultural heritage, NEP4DISSENT will trigger the next phase in the discovery of that legacy through forging new, reflexive approaches and providing a platform for creating an international research network, designed to cross-fertilize and consolidate national research agendas and incubate novel collaborative initiatives, taking advantage of cutting-edge digital humanities tools and methods, as well as strengthening the capacity for dissemination through cooperation with art and cultural heritage curators.


Block copolymers offer a wide range of surface morphologies in thin films due to their ability to microphase-separate into mesoscopic structures [1]. In thin films of diblock copolymers having one amorphous and one (semi-)crystalline block, the final structure formed depends on the competition between three transitions: the order-disorder transition of the diblock copolymer, the crystallization of the crystallizable block, and the vitrification of the amorphous block [2,3]. In the present study, we combine different techniques in order to relate crystal growth rate and the resulting surface textures to the orientation and spacings of the mesoscopic structures and the orientations within the films. By using grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS), we have been able to characterize the mesoscopic structures within the thin films. Grazing incidence wide angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) provided detailed information on the orientation of the crystallites within the thin films as well as on the degree of crystallinity. This information about structures inside the film is complementary to the surface textures measured by atomicforce microscopy (AFM).


The aim of this study is to describe the experiences of Finnish SMEs (small and medium-sized enterprises) sourcing from China. The study was conducted as part of a project funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). SMEs are expected to face challenges in international sourcing due to their limited resources and experience in international business. Moreover, Finnish SMEs are expected to face context-specific challenges due to their geographical and cultural distance to the market. This case study seeks to find answers to the following research questions: What are the drivers for Finnish SMEs to start sourcing from China? What kinds of challenges were faced in sourcing from China? These research questions are answered through eight-case studies of Finnish SMEs in which sourcing from China plays a significant role. As a result of this study, the main drivers and challenges related to the process were analyzed and evaluated. The SMEs analyzed here faced special drivers and challenges related to sourcing from China—more drivers than challenges were pointed out. SMEs could strongly benefit from external support tailored to their context-specific needs. The results of this analysis are mainly applicable to SMEs in the Finnish context.


Frequency‐swept pulses are not typically employed to excite spins in NMR. When used for selective excitation in MRI, such pulses do not produce a proper echo because the phase of the transverse magnetization varies in a quadratic manner across the slice or slab. Previously, frequency‐swept pulses such as the chirp pulse have been shown to offer an approach to reduce the peak radiofrequency power required for excitation. It has also been shown that chirp excitation produces a unique type of echo (dubbed "pseudo‐echo" here) and images can be generated from the resultant pseudo‐echoes using a quadratic reconstruction method (J.G. Pipe, Magn Reson Med 1995;33:24–33). The present work describes a general theory and methods for exciting spins with other types of frequency‐swept pulses (HSn pulses), which offer the advantage of delivering better excitation profiles than the chirp pulse. Here, pseudo‐echoes are produced with HSn pulses in conventional gradient‐echo 3D MRI, and high‐quality images are reconstructed using standard fast Fourier transformation. An optional apodization procedure using a sliding window function is also introduced. When the dynamic range of the analog‐to‐digital converter is limiting, signal‐to‐noise ratio of pseudo‐echo imaging is superior to that obtained with standard excitations. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an autonomous system of mobile platforms called nodes which are free to move around randomly and without constraint. The Communication in this type of network is subject to many security issues such as jamming attacks, identifying the jamming attacks are challenging, which can increase the security threats, so security has now become a fundamental requirement. This threat is the reason to do this study aims to propose a new anti-jamming strategy for MANET. we have proposed an anti-jamming technique which combines two techniques (FHSS and DSSS). to estimate the efficiency and efficacy of jammers; to validate the security metrics of MANET; and to enhance the performance of our anti-jamming strategy. And in order to confirm the improvements made by our technique, we carried out a simulation using the NS3 network simulator.


Six calves were infected per os with Salmonella dublin and killed nine hours to seven days later. Early changes included occlusion of capillaries with a hyaline material, particularly in the ileal Peyer's patch (PP). Central areas of the follicles contained hemorrhages and edema. In later stages the follicle‐associated epithelium (FAE) of both the jejunal and ileal PP was fused with the adjacent epithelium and the follicles were collapsed. As judged from 5′nucleotidase histochemistry, follicles were depleted of lymphocytes whereas reticular cells were retained. Carbonic anhydrase (CA) histochemistry showed a decreased reaction in the ileal FAE and a reduced amount of CA reactive material in the follicles of the ileal PP, indicating loss of FAE differentiation and function. Hyaline material and fibrinous thrombi were seen occluding the blood capillaries and the lymphatics, respectively. The villi were atrophied and covered with thick fibrin deposits. Using antifibrinogen antibodies, immunoperoxidase stained fibrin in the lymphatics and the lumenal deposits but not the hyaline material in the capillaries. Reaction for CA indicated that this hyaline material originated from erythrocytes. Factors contributing to the follicle atrophy may include anoxia due to stasis in the microcirculation with the formation of erythrocyte thrombi, and reduced lymphopoiesis due to a decrease in the stimulating factors provided by the FAE.


Understanding Black Male Athlete Social Responsibility (BMASR): A Case Study of an NBA Franchise. (May 2011) Kwame Jesse Asamoah Agyemang, B.A; M.Ed., The University of Oklahoma Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. John N. Singer While there is voluminous research on the Black male athlete, the literature does not touch on the notion of social responsibility. Thus, the purpose of this study was to garner perceptions of Black male athlete social responsibility (BMASR) from an NBA franchise, with the ultimate goal of moving toward a framework for better understanding this concept. A qualitative case study design was employed, utilizing in person interviews, telephone interviews, as well as observations and document analysis. To garner initial themes, open coding was employed after which axial coding was used to configure more defined themes. Five central themes emanated from the analysis. The most significant theme was related to how participants defined Black male athlete social responsibility in comparison to how Archie Carroll defined corporate social responsibility (CSR). Second, the participants asserted that issues of race and racism continue to play an integral part today's society. For instance, participants gave examples of how racism permeates in the sport industry. Third, given many Black male athletes are in the public eye (e.g., media), participants felt Black male athletes should be role models. The role of


ABSTRACTThe crevassed firn of the McMurdo shear zone (SZ) within the Ross Ice Shelf may also contain crevasses deep within its meteoric and marine ice, but the surface crevassing prevents ordinary vehicle access to investigate its structure geophysically. We used a lightweight robotic vehicle to tow 200- and 400-MHz ground-penetrating radar antennas simultaneously along 100 parallel transects over a 28  km2 grid spanning the SZ width. Transects were generally orthogonal to the ice flow. Total firn and meteoric ice thickness was approximately 160 m. Firn crevasses profiled at 400 MHz were up to 16 m wide, under snow bridges up to 10 m thick, and with strikes near 35°–40° to the transect direction. From the top down, 200-MHz profiles revealed firn diffractions originating to a depth of approximately 40 m, no discernible structure within the meteoric ice, a discontinuous transitional horizon, and at least 20 m of stratified marine ice; 28–31 m of freeboard found more marine ice exists. Based on 10 consecutiv...


4585 Background: Adrenocortical Carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and aggressive malignancy with poor prognosis and limited treatments in the advanced setting. Molecular pathways with tumor suppressor genes (e.g. TP53, CDKN2A) and oncogenes (e.g. CTNNB1 and RAS) are implicated in oncogenesis. To our knowledge, the genomic landscape of ctDNA alterations for ACC has not been described in a large cohort. We report plasma-based ctDNA alterations in patients with advanced ACC. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated genomic data from 102 patients with ACC who had ctDNA testing between 12/2016 – 10/2020 using Guardant360 (Guardant Health, CA). ctDNA analysis interrogated single nucleotide variants (SNV), fusions, indels and copy number variations (CNV) of up to 83 genes. We evaluated the frequency of genomic alterations, the landscape of co-occurring mutations, and pathogenic or likely pathogenic alterations with potential targeted therapies. The prevalence of alterations identified in ctDNA were compared to those detected in tissue using a publicly available database (cBioPortal). Results: The median age was 54 years (range 24-81), and 55% of patients were male. Among the entire cohort, 84 pts (82.4%) had ≥1 somatic alteration detected. Mutations were most frequently detected in TP53 (52%), EGFR (23%), CTNNB1 (18%), MET (18%), and ATM (14%). The frequencies detected in ctDNA were similar to the results detected in tissue. Pathogenic and/or likely pathogenic mutations in therapeutically relevant alterations were observed in 36 patients (35%), including EGFR, BRAF, MET, CDKN2A, and CDK4/6 (Table 1). The most frequently co-occurring mutations were EGFR + TP53 (14%), EGFR + MET (11%), BRAF + MET (10%). Conclusions: Blood-based ctDNA profiling in advanced ACC provided comprehensive genomic data in most patients, with a similar profile to tumor tissue analyses. Over one third of patients had actionable mutations with approved therapies in other cancers. This approach might inform the development of personalized treatment options for this aggressive malignancy.[Table: see text]


It is unclear how the anticipated climate change will affect the timing of phenology of different tree organs/tissues and thus the whole-tree functioning. We examined the timing of leaf phenology and secondary growth in three coexisting deciduous tree species (Quercus pubescens Willd., Fraxinus ornus L. and Ostrya carpinifolia Scop) from a sub-Mediterranean region in 2019. In addition, we investigated the relationship between leaf and cambial phenology and the onset of the potential functioning of initial conduits, as determined by the completed differentiation process (vessels) or final size (sieve tubes). For this purpose, leaf development was monitored and the microcores of cambium and the youngest phloem and xylem increments were repeatedly collected at 7–10-day intervals during the growing season. The results revealed differences in the timing of leaf development and seasonal radial growth patterns in spring among the studied tree species, depending on wood porosity. We found that cambial cell production started in all cases in the first half of March. However, in ring-porous Q. pubescens and F. ornus, radial growth in the stem occurred more than a month before buds were swollen, whereas in diffuse-porous O. carpinifolia, these two events were detected at almost the same time. The end of cambial cell production occurred earliest in F. ornus (mid-July) and two weeks later also in the other two species. The widest initial earlywood vessels and early phloem sieve tubes were found in Q. pubescens, the narrowest initial earlywood vessels in O. carpinifolia and the narrowest early phloem sieve tubes in F. ornus. This indicates differences in the efficiency of conducting systems among the studied species. This novel approach of studying phloem phenology and anatomy in relation to leaf and xylem development contributes to a better understanding of how different tree species adapt their structure of secondary vascular tissues in response to environmental change.


The main study subject of the article is intertextual postmodern text interaction with the legacy of Russian classics of XIX–XX centuries. A cultural dialogue being a semantic point of convergence of the text factual and ideological levels is in the focus of investigation. The purpose of the research undertaken is observation of the postmodern artistic unity transformational nature, represented by the projection of systemic/non-systemic writing/ /reading. Methodologically, the work is based on the receptive approach to identification of individual features of the text and its semantic correlates. The analysis allowed us to direct attention to intertextual variations, discursive imagery circumvolutions, presence of parallel and reverse vectors in the newly created texts. The concepts of the intertextual matrix situation put across are illustrated with the fictional examples (Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Yerofeyev). The article is intended (field of application) for the Russian and foreign researchers of the postmodern discourse, intertextual communication, literary forms dialogue, signimic level text transformed into a semantic construct. The analysis results posit that formal intertextuality character (citation scale) in the individual text concept expands to the phenomenon, bearing convergent characteristics, and the semantic field extension can be carried out with the help of the receptive approach.


recent years, various DNA based cryptographic algorithms have been suggested to develop secure image encryption techniques but still many of them have low computing security as they have low avalanche effect and require to send long key . In this regard, this paper proposes a new method of image encryption based on DNA computation technology. The original image is encrypted using DNA computation and DNA complementary rule. First, a secret key is generated using a DNA sequence and modular arithmetic operations. Then each pixel value of the image undergoes the encryption process using the key and DNA computation methods. The researcher prove the validity of the algorithm through simulation and the theoretical analysis on the parameters such as sensitivity to plaintext, key sensitivity, histogram analysis, correlation analysis including bio-security and math security. Further, the algorithm has huge key space generated using key expansion algorithm while keeping the original key sequence small. It is shown the algorithm has achieved the satisfactory computing security level in the encryption security estimating system.


The system is built using a variety of wireless sensor network protocols and supporting technologies,through data collection net work scenarios for analysis,design of a typical multi-level network model.Model is divided into three levels: by the PC,and composition of the control center monitoring software;by the central control node for main network and the routing nodes,relay nodes,sensor nodes of the underlying sensor subnet;coordination of the various parts of the completion of the temperature and humidity data acquisition and monitoring tasks.


The article studies the theoretical approaches to studying the phenomenon of lobbying in the foreign and national scientific literature, determines the key controversial points, which concern the essence and practical possibilities of lobbying in Ukraine. Specific peculiarities of lobbying in the Ukrainian society, taking into consideration historical factors, actual merging of politics and business, businessmen who become politicians, oligarch character of the authorities and economy in Ukraine, have been shown. It has been determined that the current period is characterized by special intensification of lobbying activity at all levels, thus requiring legalization of lobbying.


All around the world, public organizations have faced strong pressures to improve performance and generally "do more with less," particularly following the global slowdown of 2008. This article examines the effects of organizational emphasis on efficiency in local government using data from a large survey of civil servants in South Korea. Findings from a fixed effects analysis indicate that higher levels of efficiency emphasis are related to stronger employee turnover intention. However, a number of moderating factors are also uncovered, suggesting that individual levels of public service motivation as well as perceived procedural justice and innovation climate can influence this relationship, lessening the impact of efficiency emphasis on turnover intention. These individual and organizational level factors may thus act as a buffer for increased performance demands. A number of implications for public management are discussed.


Graded band gap InAsSb/sub 0.2/P diodes have been grown by the LPE method onto an InAs substrate. Episide down bonded LEDs operated at 20-85/spl deg/C at /spl lambda/ /spl sim/ 5-6 /spl mu/m both at forward (positive luminescence, PL) and reverse (negative luminescence, NL) bias with NL efficiency as high as 0.9-0.4 and conversion efficiency ranging from 18 (20/spl deg/C) to 6.6 mW/A cm/sup 2/ (85/spl deg/C).


We present Partial Quick Hull (PQH), an algorithm to efficiently compute one of the most commonly used grasp quality metrics. The metric relies on the computation of the convex hull of a set of points in a six dimensional space. Built on top of widely used QuickHull algorithm, PQH exploits the relationship between the convex hull and the grasp quality metric to avoid computing the whole convex hull. PQH determines at run time when the computation can be ended because the grasp quality metric can be already determined from a partially computed convex hull - hence the name of the algorithm. This improvement greatly accelerates grasp quality evaluation for force closure grasps. When the grasp is not force closure, the partial computation does not apply and PQH then behaves exactly like QuickHull. A large set of experimental tests show how PQH largely outperforms QuickHull and better scales with the size of the input.


ЭКОНОМИКА РЕГИОНА No 3/2013 22. Divided We Stand: Why Inequality Keeps Rising, OECD Publishing, 2011. [Electronic resource]. URL: http://dx.doi. org/10.1787/9789264119536-en (date of access 22.06.2013). 23. IMF. World Economic Outlook Database, 2013. [Electronic resource]. URL: http://imf.org (date of access 19.06.2013) 24. Income Distribution, OECD Social and Welfare Statistics. [Electronic resource]. URL: doi:10.1787/data-00654-en (date of access 19.06.2013). 25. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). [Electronic resource]. URL: https://www.cia.gov/index.html (date of access 23.06.2013). 26. World Bank. World Development Indicators. 2013. [Electronic resource]. URL: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator (date of access 19.06.2013).


This article presents an in-depth case study analysis of a single rural telecentre located in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. The study embraces the socio-technical research paradigm and uses a combination of hermeneutics and actor-network theory as the theoretical foundation with which to explore the mutual interaction between people and ICTs. The objective of the analysis is to gain a much deeper and richer understanding of the implementation issues of a multi-purpose community centre in a rural development situation.


Article history: Received January 4, 2014 Accepted 1 June 2014 Available online June 11 2014 Measuring the value of inventory and cashable assets is one of the issues, which influences on total revenue as well as the amount of tax paid to government. This paper presents an empirical investigation to study the relationship between lower of cost or market (LCM) and tax on 708 selected firms listed on Tehran Stock Exchange over the period 2008-2011. The study uses some statistical tests and determines that the tax can be affected by different methods used to calculate the inventory. In other words, The study applies regression analysis as well as Pearson correlation test and confirms that LCM method influences positively on Tax. This helps revenue agencies pay special attention to various methods used in official financial reports. © 2014 Growing Science Ltd. All rights reserved.


Construction is one of the most important sectors of the economy. The purpose of the study was to investigate the working conditions and occupational pathology of workers in the construction industry in the Arctic zone of Russia in 2008–2018. Materials and methods. The analysis included results of the monitoring study «Working conditions and occupational morbidity» of the population of the Arctic zone of Russia in 2008–2018. Results. It was found that in 2008–2018, 145 occupational diseases were first identified among builders. Most often occupational pathology developed in women (n = 86) who worked as painters (n = 48) and plasterers (n = 26). The increased severity of work was the cause of the development of 55.9 % of occupational pathology cases. In its structure, diseases of the musculoskeletal system (43.4 %), respiratory organs (18.6 %) and the nervous system (15.9 %) were most prevalent. The most prevalent nosological units were monopolyneuropathy, arthrosis of the joints of the extremities and sensorineural hearing loss (13.8 % each). Mainly occupational diseases (80 cases or 55.2 %) were first diagnosed as a result of workers' self-appeal for medical help. The annual number of diagnosed diseases ranged from 5 to 27 cases. In general, over 10 years there was a trend towards an increase in the number of occupational diseases. In 2018, the risk of formation of occupational pathology among construction workers significantly exceeded the level of 2008: RR = 3.51; CI 1.65–7.46; χ2 = 12.4; p = 0.0005. Conclusion. Prevention of occupational pathology among builders in the Arctic should, first of all, include technical measures to reduce the severity of labor processes in the «female» construction professions (painter and plasterer) and medical measures to prevent the musculoskeletal diseases.


In icebreaker design the very important but difficult estimation of the required horsepower of the main engine and performance in ice is required. Model tests in an ice tank are useful to study these characteristics and have been used since the 1950s. From 1987 to 1991, IHI and MARC (Finland) jointly conducted systematic model tests on a small icebreaker in an ice tank. Besides standard resistance tests, the study included backing performance , turning capability and towing assistance to a merchant vessel. Minimisation of the propeller-ice interaction was also studied. Necessary comparative data were obtained to design a small icebreaker. results of the model tests are described in this article.


Abstract The authors give data of water infiltrations in horizontal and vertical columns, and in a two dimensional model. The soils are two mixtures of sand and loam, and a natural sandy loam. The characteristics of these soils are given in the article. As a conclusion, the two dimensional problem can be approached by a linear combination of data in horizontal and vertical columns.


There is a large sum of zero sequential current in the generator under 800 kW while running to the neutral point because of workmanship and running method,which always causes malfunction.The paper focuses on how to lower zero sequential current in generator neutral point efficiently.


This contribution is a case history of professional development. It traces philosophical changes that impacted service delivery to communication disordered school-age children. The evolution from "speech therapist" to "communication instructor" has been the result of adopting an educational model vs. a medical (or clinical) model, through integrating communication instruction into the students' natural learning environment, and through collaborating with other educators. Suggestions for instructional activities that are the product of a re-definition of the SLP role are provided.


We present a 46-year-old male patient with complete atrio-ventricular block. A inflammatory etiology was suspected and finally lyme carditis was diagnosed. The conduction abnormalities disappeared with antibiotic treatment and a pacemaker implantation was not needed. Further follow-up of two years was uneventful.


Agile software development has forced a revolution in the management of modern software development. Many of today's software SMMEs turn to agile to maximise the impact of their limited resources. Contemporary literature seem to focus on the individual project level only, leaving much uncertainty and persisting questions in the multi-project space. Program management is concerned with harmonizing competing simultaneous projects or multi-projects. This book provides an account of how two South African software SMMEs strive for effective program management from the doctrines of Scrum. Readers are given insights into organizing practices such as, cost estimation, planning, risk management and alignment to strategic plans within a multi-project agile software development environment. The influence of SMME characteristics in concert with Scrum values result in interesting and unique organizing practices which shape program management. This book is will be of interest to practitioners wanting to adopt Scrum, practitioners that have embraced Scrum and are on a quest to harmonize multi-projects and scholars interested in the discourse of agile and software process management.


WHEN the resonators have such distances from their corresponding sounding bodies that the phases of the impulses on the membrane are opposed while their intensities are different, a residual action is gi ven, and the intensity of this action on the membrane will depend on the relative intensities of the sources of sound and the relative distances at which the resonators are placed_ It may here be interesting to consider the simplest case, that is, when the intensities of vibration at the two sourees of origin of the sounds are the same, and the two resonators are placed at various distances from these points of origin, but always differ in their distances by one half wave-length. Let us call A one of the resonators, B the other. Let A be successively plaeed at distances from its sounding body equal to 1, 2, 3, &c., wave-lengths, and B successively at distances equal to It, 2t, 3t, &c_, wave-lengths_ 'iiVhen the resonators are in the above positions we will suppose that the phases of vibration reaching the membrane are opposed_ The following tahle gives the calculations made on the assumption that the intensities of the vibrations diminish as the reciprocals of the squares of their distances from the sounding bodies:


Text comprehension of Icelandic legislative texts was studied qualitatively by interviewing 46 Icelandic speakers individually. The participants read parts of the Icelandic Inheritance Act no. 8/1962 and of the Icelandic Children's Act no. 76/2003, and subsequently answered questions concerning, on the one hand, the subject matter of the texts and, on the other hand, the participants' opinions and experience. Although the participants by and large understood the main content of the legal paragraphs, the study revealed that some of the texts could have been made easier for them to read and understand, using shorter sentences, reducing the number of inserted passages, explaining some important concepts, and by choosing more common words. Negative attitude towards legal texts in general surfaced in some interviews, and often the participants seemed to lack self-confidence and certainty about their legal rights and obligations based on what they had read in black and white.


A back frame (23) of a flat-panel display device (20) comprises: at least a first and a second main splicing piece (231, 232). One end of the first main splicing piece (231) is provided with at least two splicing parts (2311, 2312). The structure of each splicing part (2311, 2312) is fitted to one end of the corresponding second main splicing piece (232). The first main splicing piece (231) is spliced with one end of the corresponding second main splicing piece (232) through one splicing part (2311, 2312). Also provided are a mold of the back frame (23), a manufacturing method of the back frame (23), and a back frame mold of a backlight system (21). The structure of the back frame is simple, the cost of the back frame mold can be reduced, and the material of the back frame (23) is saved, so that the cost of the flat-panel display device (20) is reduced.


The Bible is the main source of knowledge for every believer, especially for children in education. However, there is a tendency that Christian education prioritizes an educational model that emphasizes humanitarian philosophy so that it tends to no longer make the Bible the main source of Christian education. In obtaining data for writing this article, the author used a qualitative method with a literature review approach. The Bible is a material that should be given to children or society. This means that the teaching of the Bible itself does not only talk about the formation of morality and spirituality, but can also give weight to the main source as Christian education. The Bible is used as the main basis for teaching Christian Education in churches and schools that have a Christian curriculum. This is because the Bible is considered a holy book that contains the basic teachings of Christianity and is the highest authority for Christians. Therefore, in teaching Christian Religious Education, a Christian Religious Education teacher is required to use the Bible as the main source in providing explanations and teaching about the teachings of Christianity.


The current national College English Syllabus has experienced several revisions since the 1980s.The authors of this paper attempt to explore the relationship between the revision of the national syllabi and College English Test Band 4 and 6.This paper attempts to explore the relationships between them.


Codein has been employed since its discovery in 1832 for various affections accompanied by pain, as a substitute for morphin, which had been in use for seventeen years before the above date. The drug has gained a prominence not hitherto accorded it, with the appearanceof epidemic influenza and its sequelae throughout this country during the severe winter just past. Codein is administered alone or as one of its salts. It forms combinations with the mineral and organic acids, which are much more soluble than the alkaloid itself. The acetate, citrate, hydrobromate, hydrochlorate, hydroiodate, nitrate and sulphate have physical and therapeutic properties in common and are soluble in from five to twenty parts of cold water, more so in hot water, from which they recrystallize to a certain extent on cooling. The phosphate is a white crystalline powder, soluble in four parts of cold water, and is especially suited for hypodermic


Recently, with the proliferation of social network services, users and many companies hope that their information spread more faster. In order to study the information diffusion in the social networks, many algorithms such as greedy algorithm and heuristic algorithm have been proposed. However, the greedy algorithm is too complicated to use in real-life social network, and the heuristic algorithms have been studied under the uniform distribution of diffusion probability, which is different from the real social network property. In this paper, we propose an heuristic information diffusion maximization algorithm based on diffusion probability and node degree. For performance evaluation, we use real social network database, and it is verified that our proposed algorithm activates more active nodes than existing algorithms, which enables faster and wider information diffusion.


Abstract A vertical two‐dimensional numerical model was developed to simulate water quality processes in branched estuarine systems. The model consists of hydrodynamic and water quality submodels. The model was applied to the Tanshui estuarine system of northern Taiwan, and calibrated and verified using field data collected from 1994 to 1996. Favorable model calibration and verification results were obtained. After calibration and verification, the model was used to predict future water quality conditions under various hydrological conditions as the result of the Tanshui River estuarine system clean‐up project which is being implemented. Due to the clean‐up project by the interception of a large amount of wastewater to the ocean outfall system, the freshwater flow in the estuarine system will decrease. On the basis of the model prediction the daily minimum dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the Tanshui River‐Tahan Stream and Keelung River will not meet the water quality standard under low freshwater f...


The paper map the Open Educational Resources efforts in Brazil, understanding the role they play in the educational context and if they are developed under a consistent educational policy. Questions of how educational policy is favorable to OER, and how much public funding flows into educational materials (mainly textbooks) are discussed. The paper starts with a brief introduction of how the concept of Open Educational Resources dialogues with the concept of development. The second portion explores the state of education in Brazil, its policy governance, structures and institutions. The third section is focused on an analysis of Brazilian educational projects as fulfilling or not the concept of Open Educational Resources as understood by UNESCO and under the principles of the Cape Town Declaration on Open Education. The fourth section is focused on the issue of textbooks in Brazil, analyzing public policies and governmental purchase programs, and also the challenges faced for the equivalent to the K-12 level and to the college level, also touching on the flow of public investments into the production and distribution of textbooks. Finally, a series of policy recommendations is drawn for further discussion.


The active sites of a ceria-supported platinum catalysts have been identified by the adsorption/desorption behavior of gases. On the fresh catalyst CO adsorption occurred on both cationic Pt and fully reduced metal. Two CO bands associated with adsorption on reduced Pt have been assigned to open- and close-packed sites. Both CO and CO/sub 2/ dissociation have been observed. Residual C(a) resulting from the dissociation of CO is removed following oxidation by the support at elevated temperature. The decrease in CO absorption which follows a 973 K reduction is reversed by a reoxidation and rereduction at 673 K. Sintering and encapsulation have not been supported by XPS and XRD and an electronic SMSI is proposed.


This study focuses on perforated pin fin convection heat transfer. This study's goal is to see if perforated pin fins may help transmit heat. Perforation diameter and hole count are evaluated on each pin. The Nusselt number of perforated pins is 47% higher than solid pins, and it increases with perforation count. Unperforated solid pins have a 19% lower pressure drop. Using pin fins with circular holes as heat sinks, we examined forced convection heat transfer. There were circular perforations. They were conducted in a specifically designed laboratory. At low power, non-perforated fins lose 35 to 31 degrees Celsius, while perforated fins lose only 29.8 degrees (50 W). At 55°C, unperforated fins hit 55°C at full power, while perforated fins hit 38°C (600 W). The model had 16 pin fins and was built of aluminum alloy. When compared to solid pin fins, perforated fins were found to be the best way to improve heat transfer because they were 40% lighter and improved thermal efficiency by 30% to 85% by increasing the Nusselt number and the convective heat transfer coefficient and reducing the pressure gradient.


Mechanisms of partnership of various structures in public sector for the decision of society social problems are considered in this article. The state as the subject of activity in public sector, during an industrial epoch was the only guarantor of satisfaction of person's social requirements, irrespective of his family well-being and incomes. The state sociality is shown that it takes responsibility for a standard of well-being of its citizens and in the modern state should provide with it equal access to getting of social sphere services.


It has been argued that the decision of key Western states to support Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence from Serbia, in 2008, was driven by the fear that had this not happened there would have been a danger of renewed violence and instability. This begs the question as to whether this situation could have been averted had the United Nations taken a more active role in pacifying Kosovo following the intervention in 1999. This article argues that this was not in fact possible. For a variety of reasons, which will be explored, it was simply impossible to institute full-scale disarmament. Moreover, efforts to tackle the elements of organized resistance, which was built around former members of the Kosovo Liberation Army, would have precipitated a conflict in the territory at a far earlier stage.


BIOTRANSFORMATION OF DRUGS OCCURS MAINLY IN THE liver and may be affected by other drugs causing either an increase or decrease in metabolism. The pharmacological activity of the metabolite determines whether induction or inhibition causes an increase or decrease in the effects seen. Inhibition of hepatic drug metabolism is, therefore, the prevention or reduction in formation of metabolites of one drug by another, in the liver cells. It is possible that inhibition of metabolism may effect the course of drug treatment in patients. Inhibition may occur in various ways: 15 1. By alteration of the permeability characteristics of biological membranes; 2. By alteration of co-enzyme concentration by causing depletion or by interference with biosynthesis; 3. By combination with the enzyme at the active site (. competitive inhibition) or at a site other than the active site (. non-competitive inhibition); or 4. By interference with protein synthesis and thus interference with metabolism in general. Inhibitors which affect biotransformation by interfering with hepatic microsomal enzymes most likely act as suggested in (.3), and it is these inhibitors with which this paper is primarily concerned.


A method is described for the accurate measurement of space closure at lower pre-molar extraction sites. A case report illustrates the method and gives support to the view that mandibular third molars influence the rate of mesial drift in the lower arch.


A radiological survey was performed to define the distributions of radioactivity within the soil on the islands in the Eniwetok Atoll, a former U.S. nuclear weapons test site in the Pacific. Soil samples were collected on each of the 40 islands within the atoll. Special emphasis, in terms of increased sample collections, was given to islands expected to have been the most affected by the testing program as well as those considered to be the most likely sites for future habitation. Approximately 3000 soil samples were analyzed by Ge(Li) gamma spectrometry and by wet chemistry. The predominant radionuclides observed in the samples were gOSr, lS7Cs, 239Pu and e°Co. I n general, the activities appeared to approximate log-normal distributions. Geometric mean values were determined for each area exhibiting significantly different radiological characteristics. The southern islands showed the lowest levels of activity and they were distributed in a fairly uniform way over the surface of the islands. On the northern islands, where weapons testing was most intensive, the highest activities were observed toward the island interiors or in proximity to ground zero sites, and could usually be related directly to the surrounding vegetation density. The distribution of activity with soil depth shows a wide range ofvariations. On the southern islands the activities are low to the depth sampled. Within areas subjected to fallout, but excluding ground zeros and construction areas, the activities generally show a rapid decrease immediately below the surface and then level off. Beaches exhibit lower activities than the interiors and the depth distributions are essentially homogeneous. Profiles obtained in the ground zero and construction areas show highly variable depth distributions with layers of buried contamination indicated at some locations. The island of Yvonne is the most contaminated land area within the atoll. Particles containing as much as several milligrams of plutonium are randomly scattered on or near the surface over most of the northern part of the island. In addition, the northern tip of the island includes the highest external gamma levels (500-750 pR/hr) due to soil radioactivity found on the atoll. INTRODUCTION WITH the likely prospect for future habitation, a comprehensive survey of the total radiological environment of the Eniwetok atoll was undertaken to determine whether or not the atoll can be safely reinhabited (USAEC, 1973). As an integral part of the total radiological survey plan, the study, described in this report, was performed to define the distribution of various radioactive species in the soil on each of the islands of the atoll. The Eniwetok Atoll was one of the U.S. nuclear weapons testing sites in the Pacific. The atoll is situated in the northern part of Micronesia in the Central Pacific Ocean about * This work was performed under the auspices of the US. Atomic Energy Commission. 3800 km southwest of Honolulu. The atoll consists of 40 islands on an elliptical coral reef surrounding a lagoon with major and minor axes dimensions of 37 and 27 km, respectively. The islands, which were given male and female code names during the U.S. occupancy, are shown in Fig. 1. The total land area is about 7 km2 with the land height generally averaging 3-5 m above sea level. The islands vary in size from small sandbars of a few hundred square meters in area to about 1.5 km2. The largest islands, hence the ones of most importance for future habitation, are Fred, Elmer and David in the southern part of the atoll and Janet in the northern part of the atoll. A total of 43 nuclear tests took place during the 1948-1958 testing period. Most of the tests were conducted throughout the northern part


The electrode pastes were prepared with anthracite from Xiaofalu in Yunnan province as raw materials. Relationships between the true density, electric-resistivity and other physical characteristics of the anthracite with the calcination temperature were inspected systematically. The optimized formula and other technological conditions of the electrode paste production with anthracite from Xiaofalu in Yunnan province was established through the even designed experiments. Results indicate that the electric-resistivity of the calcined anthracite powder from Xiaofalu would reduce below to 500 μ Ω · m and its true density would increase up to 2.09 g/cm3,the properties of electrode paste produced from the obtained anthracite can achieve the national standard, which might give an experimental evidence for the anthracite in the application of the carbon society.


Connecting rod bolt is the key component of the diesel engine crank connecting rod mechanism, and the phenomenon of stress concentration at the thread easily occurs in the working process of the crank connecting rod, due to the characteristics of the threaded connection. In order to improve the quality of the threaded connection of the diesel engine connecting rod, the connecting rod's big end threaded connection structure is numerically simulated based on ANSYS finite element analysis software through the combination of theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. The stress distribution of different pitches, threaded connection length and bolt preload are analyzed, and the effects of different factors on the strength of threaded connection structure are obtained. The research results have important engineering application value for improving the reliability of the threaded connection and ensuring the safe operation of the diesel engine connecting rod mechanism.


This study investigated differences in per formance between third-grade American and Cana dian children on two subtests of the Wechsler In telligence Scale for Children—Revised (WISC-R). The Information subtest, which is culturally laden, and the Digit Span subtest, which is less subject to cultural factors, were administered to 30 American and 30 Canadian children. Mean Information scores in the two groups were not significantly dif ferent, but Canadian children scored significantly higher on Digit Span. This difference was attri butable to their higher mean score on Digit Span Forward. Canadian and American Digit Span Backward mean scores did not differ. Results are discussed in terms of Canadian and American educational and test-taking experiences.


J Van Bladel 1984 Berlin: Springer xii + 402 pp price DM80 ISBN 3 540 12561 2 This graduate level book is unusual in its concentration on practical engineering aspects of relativity which are not discussed in more formal texts. Both special and general relativity are dealt with, and each chapter includes a number of problems.


Established techniques like the Critical Path Method and Linear Scheduling Method are activity centered and exhibit schedules statically, which impedes their ability to plan and control projects holistically. Scheduling therefore should be enhanced by incorporating new capabilities of measuring and displaying the dynamic nature of projects. In another technical field that employs a time-space coordinate system, however, traffic engineering, researchers successfully apply various parameters to measure the performance of an inherently dynamic behavior, which is identified as having significant potential to be adapted for scheduling purposes. This paper identifies concepts in traffic measurement that currently lack analogies in scheduling, including signals and trajectories. They are modeled with singularity functions, range-based expressions for variable phenomena, for new application in linear scheduling. Examples demonstrate the feasibility of deriving analogies from a related engineering field, which provides a compass to navigate future research to explore concepts that emerge from interaction of dynamic elements.


A new deformable polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based dosimeter is proposed that can be cast in an anthropomorphic shape and that can be used for 3D radiation dosimetry of deformable targets. The new material has additional favorable characteristics as it is tissue equivalent for high-energy photons, easy to make and is non-toxic. In combination with dual wavelength optical scanning, it is a powerful dosimeter for dose verification of image gated or organ tracked radiotherapy with moving and deforming targets.


This open-access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (CC BY-NC) (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits reuse, distribution and reproduction of the article, provided that the original work is properly cited and the reuse is restricted to noncommercial purposes. For commercial reuse, contact firstname.lastname@example.com Are too much reference works present in flourishing literature related to marine biotechnology?


The design of a wideband measuring system using a frequency stepping technique is presented. The system measures the amplitude and differential phase (group delay) variations of a pair of spaced frequencies over the bandwidth 850–960 MHz. The measurements are made when the vehicle carrying the receiver is stationary. Hence the Doppler shifts and spread of the signal observed by the moving receiver cannot be measured directly. Using the measuring system the complex frequency response of the UHF mobile radio channel has been measured in urban and suburban areas of the city of Leeds, UK. The presented results are classified into appropriate categories in terms of the building density and the natural environment. The preliminary analysis, based on derivations of the complex transfer function of the channel from measured data at a particular location and the corresponding frequency coherence function and power delay profile, is presented. A full discussion is given of the channel behaviour for different areas by interpreting frequency responses over the band 853-885 MHz and the corresponding frequency coherence function and power delay profile over the band 869–877 MHz.


Among the most common diatoms in arctic spring blooms are Fossula arctica Hasle, Syvertsen et von Quillfeldt, Fragilariopsis cylindrus (Grunow) Krieger in Helmcke et Krieger, F. oceanica (Cleve) Hasle, Thalassiosira antarctica var. borealis Fryxell, Doucette et Hubbard, T. hyalina (Grunow) Gran and Chaetoceros socialis Lauder. Although Fossula arctica was described as late as 1996, the others have been recorded for more than 100 years. Despite this, the different Fragilariopsis species are often confused with each other and with other ribbon-shaped species. This is also true of Thalassiosira spp. The need to clarify the differences between some of these common arctic diatoms is clear. Identifying species in water mounts may be particularly difficult. Descriptions in the literature of species in water mounts are also rather few. A study was conducted in order to facilitate the identification of those species most often confused. Distinctive features for each species are described and illustrated and possible misidentifications discussed to ease the identification. The results are based on the author's samples collected from different Arctic areas as well as on information from the literature.


The article contains the description of the functioning of the Anglo-American borrowed words in the materials
of Korean media. Moreover, the lexical-semantic classifi cation of Anglicism is made in article. On the basis of this study
the particular kind of Americanisms in Korean language which is named konglish is described.
Keywords: foreign language borrowings, Anglo-Americanism, language of Korean media, konglish.


This paper describes the University of Houston team's efforts toward the problem of identifying reference spans in a reference document given sentences from other documents that cite the reference document. We investigated the following approaches: cosine similarity with multiple incremental modifications and SVMs with a tree kernel. Although the best performing approach in our experiments is quite simple, it is not the best under every metric used for comparison. We also present a brief analysis of the dataset which includes information on its sparsity and frequency of section titles.


The general class of scalar-tensor theories is discussed in which, in contrast to Brans-Dicke theory, the coupling parameter ω is not a constant but a function of the scalar field ϕ. Some other generalizations of the Brans-Dicke theory have also been discussed in brief. The physical aspects of these theories have been dealt. The cosmological models in scalar-tensor theories have been discussed in detail. Finally some open problems in these theories have been pointed out.


In the present study, the efficiency of five different carbonation and/or water curing conditions on the properties of belite-rich cement mortar and ordinary Portland cement mortar was investigated. The hybrid curing of samples was carried out by submerging samples at different levels in water or in a lime-saturated solution kept under carbonation curing conditions. The compressive strength was measured to compare the physical properties of the cement mortars, and X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis results were analyzed to compare the physicochemical properties. The results revealed that the supply of additional moisture during carbonation curing tends to decrease carbonation curing efficiency and that the hydration products of cement paste are predominantly affected by the depth at which the specimen was immersed in the liquid rather than the type of liquid used.


Objective
To survey the status quo of work satisfaction of general practitioners (GPs) in Shanghai.

Methods
The status of work satisfaction was investigated with Minnesota job satisfaction questionnaire (MSQ) and self-designed job satisfaction questionnaire among 1 159 GPs working in 223 community healthcare centers from 17 districts/county in Shanghai from February 2014 to June 2016.

Results
Total 1 041 valid MSQ were collected with a recovery rate of 89.8%(1 041/1 159)and 988 valid self-designed job satisfaction questionnaire were collected a recovery rate of 85.3%(988/1 159). The total score of the job satisfaction was (69.63±10.44) points. The highest score of work satisfaction was for moral value (3.98±0.73) points, and the lowest score was for work remuneration and workload (2.70±1.06) points; 20.0%(197/985)of the participants thought that their working environment is extremely poor; 58.4%(575/985)thought that the workload was very or quite heavy; 21.8%(214/982)felt a sense of accomplishment; 69.8%(686/983)had a monthly income of 3000-5000 Yuan, while they expected a median of 10 000 Yuan; 37.4%(366/979)were not satisfied with their job mainly for the reason of low income (94.5%, 346/366), other reasons included incapability of competence improvement (64.5%, 236/366), poor working conditions (47.8%, 175/366) and unsatisfactory professional titles (37.4%, 137/366); 9.7% of participants expressed their intention to quit and start other career.

Conclusion
The work satisfaction of community-based GPs in Shanghai is not high. It has become an urgent issue to give them career incentives to improve their work satisfaction.

Key words:
Job satisfaction; Questionnaires; General practitioner


Metallic carbon nanotube (CNT) interconnect has been regarded as a competitive candidate for next generation of interconnect. The equivalent circuit models of CNTs are investigated in this paper. Based on these models, the performance of CNT interconnects is predicted in comparison with Cu wire counterpart. Further, crosstalk effects in single-and double-walled CNT (SWCNT & DWCNT) bundle interconnect architectures are examined. It is found that compared with SWCNT bundle, the DWCNT one can lead to a reduction of crosstalk-induced time delay. Finally, electrothermal characterization of a metallic SWCNT interconnect array is performed, with self-heating effect treated carefully.


1. The continuity of the extremal length of a curve family joining two disjoint compact sets in the plane with respect to their exhaustion was first discussed by Wolontis [10]. Later Strebel [7] showed the continuity for the Riemann surface and its two sets of compact boundary components (in the Stoilow compact ificat ion), and recently Marden and Rodin [4] generalized it for a wider class of curves. In the present paper we shall show the continuity of the extremal length with respect to increasing curve families. Such a property was already discussed for particular curve families in a problem of conformal mappings by Marden and Rodin [4], but we state the continuity in a general form. As an application of the continuity lemma, we shall discuss a problem of conformal mapping from a domain onto a slit rectangle. The problem was first treated by Grδtzsch [2] in the case of finite connectivity. In our former paper [8] we constructed a slit rectangle mapping function for a domain whose outer boundary was isolated. In the present paper we shall show that a plane domain with a preassigned boundary component given four distinct curves (vertices) can be mapped onto a horizontally slit rectangle with possible horizontal incisions, if the extremal length of the family of curves joining one pair of edges corresponding to vertical sides is finite.


pare independent categorical variables. P < 0.05 was considered significant. There were no significant differences between five patients in the tie(+) group and six patients in the tie( ) group, who had a drain. The incidence of postoperative hematoma was significantly less in the tie(+) group (P = 0.038). Long wounds were significantly less in the tie(+) group (P = 0.041). Cases of both skin and subcutaneous tumors tended to be less in the tie(+) groups, although the difference was not significant. Incidences of wound dehiscence did not differ between the groups. Because the scalp is well vascularized, postoperative hematoma can occur often. In the clinical setting, hematoma of the scalp can cause folliculitis, which can cause alopecia. In addition, it can cause infection, wound dehiscence, and immediate hemostasis in some cases; therefore, avoiding postoperative hematoma is important. Similar incidences of dehiscence in both groups in this study may suggest that postoperative hematoma was not large enough to affect wound dehiscence. Various scalp dressings have been described, such as conventional, full head, hair tie-over, and tie-over dressing by the long ends of scalp sutures. These techniques cannot yield moderate compression of the surgical wound, which our method achieved, even to dead space selectively; the gap between the gauze and scalp was less than that in other techniques and thereby prevented leakage. Additionally, this dressing is not apparent. Thus, the present method is useful, particularly for preventing postoperative hematoma, for surgical wounds, especially the long wounds, of the scalp.


Many healthcare workers (HCWs) have been confirmed to be infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 in China. A retrospective, single‐center study was conducted. The median age of the 132 HCWs with COVID‐19 was 32 years, with 92 (69.7%) being females. There were 47 (35.6%) doctors, 72 (54.6%) nurses, and 13 (9.9%) other HCWs. Ten of the 132 patients (7.6%) had underlying diseases. The most common symptoms of illness onset were fever (70, 53.0%), cough (66, 50.0%), and fatigue (58, 43.9%). All patients were categorized into mild or moderate COVID‐19 type on admission to hospital, and five (3.8%) progressed to the severe COVID‐19 type. Sixty‐six HCWs patients were included in both the early and later discharged group. In the logistic analysis, the later discharged patients had a longer time for illness onset to hospital admission (per 1 day; OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.03–1.18; p = .006), a higher proportion of >3 onset symptoms clustering (OR, 3.11; 95% CI, 1.27–7.62; p = .01), and a higher percentage of other HCWs (OR, 6.20; 95% CI, 1.49–25.80; p = .01). HCW patients were young female nurses with fewer comorbidities, and most were mild or moderate COVID‐19 type. The later discharged patients exhibited characteristics of longer time for illness onset to hospitalization and clustering of onset symptoms.


The nature of the landfill produces a treeless landscape and often attracts an abundance of rodents, an excellent food source for various raptor species. The height of the methane burner stack (60 ft [18.3 m]) makes an ideal perch for raptors waiting for rodents and other prey. The methane burners have an igniter which causes a sudden flame flare that can scorch or even kill anything perched on top, flying over, or located inside the stack.


A metabolomics approach using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was applied to investigate metabolic alterations following adriamycin (ADR) treatment for gastric adenocarcinoma. After BALB/c‐nu/nu mice were implanted with human gastric adenocarcinoma, ADR (1 or 3 mg kg−1 per day) was intraperitoneally administered for 5 days. Urine was collected on days 2 and 5 and analyzed by NMR. The levels of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO, ×0.3), hippurate (×0.3) and taurine (×0.6) decreased significantly (P < 0.05), whereas the levels of 3‐indoxylsulfate (×12.6), trigonelline (×1.5), citrate (×2.5), trimethylamine (TMA, ×2.0) and 2‐oxoglutarate (×2.3) increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the tumor model. After ADR treatment, TMAO, hippuarte and taurine were increased significantly on day 5 compared with those of the tumor model. The levels of 2‐oxoglutarate, 3‐indoxylsulfate, trigonelline, TMA and citrate, which increased in the tumor model, significantly decreased to those of normal control by ADR treatment. Furthermore, the ratio between TMA and TMAO was dramatically altered in both tumor and ADR‐treated groups. Overall, metabolites such as TMAO, TMA, 3‐indoxylsulfate, hippurate, trigonelline, citrate and 2‐oxoglutarate related to the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle might be considered as therapeutic targets to potentiate the efficacy of ADR. Thus, these results suggest that the metabolomics analysis of tumor response to ADR treatment may be applicable for demonstrating the efficacy of anticancer agent, ADR and treatment adaptation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


MOSFETs built using wide band gap (WBG) materials offer numerous benefits to power electronic circuits. These benefits are quite apparent in applications requiring breakdown voltages ≥ 600V, where Silicon IGBTs are typically used due to their combination of high breakdown voltage and low conduction losses. Compared to Silicon IGBTs, WBG MOSFETs offer very short turn-ON and turn-OFF times, which reduce switching losses and enable significantly higher switching frequencies. This paper explores the application of WBG MOSFETs to motor drives, where higher switching frequencies reduce motor losses and torque ripple and allow higher control bandwidth, thus enabling greater output frequencies needed to operate motors at higher speeds. Specifically, two-level voltage source inverters utilizing Silicon Carbide (SiC) MOSFETs are constructed to operate a 1 HP induction motor. Experimental results are presented which show that the short turn-ON and turn-OFF transients as well as high switching frequencies lead to increased shaft voltage and conducted ground currents. Mitigation techniques are implemented and evaluated, including clamp-on ferrites and an open-end winding drive implementation. The shaft voltage and ground currents are found to be best suppressed in an open-end winding drive utilizing clamp-on ferrites.


SUMMARY Results of an open-label trial of risperidone In the treatment of schizophrenia involving 30 subjects are reported. During the 8-week long trial, the overall improvement rate was 87%. Risperidone treatment improved both positive and negative symptoms while its side-effects were generally mild and tolerable. Our findings also suggest that risperidone can be used as a first line treatment for schizophrenia. Keywords: risperidone, schizophrenia, effectiveness, Chinese INTRODUCTION Risperidone, a new, atypical antipsychotic drug, was developed by Janssen Pharmaceutica (Belgium) in 1984. It has a strong antagonistic effect on 5-HT2 receptors and moderate antagonistic action on D2 receptors in the central nervous system. Risperidone has been used in clinical practice since 1993 and proved to be efficacious far both negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia. It has only mild extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) hence a eider safety margin than most traditional antipsychotic drugs. Here we report the results of an open label clinical trial of risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia. METHODS All 30 patients entering the study met both ICD-10 and DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia. Patients with medical and neurological conditions and/or a history of alcohol or drug abuse were excluded from the study. Ad subjects were male with a mean age of 29.1 [+ or -] 8.9 years (range : 16-59 years); 83% of the subjects were between 19 and 35 years of age. The duration of illness ranged from 2 months to 25 years (mean : 5.97 [+ or -] 6.03 years). According to ICD-10 diagnostic criteria, subtype diagnoses of schizophrenia were as follows : 11 paranoid type, 8 undifferentiated type, 4 hebephrenic type, 2 residual type, 1 simple type and 4 other, ie. not identifiable, subtype. Only 12 patients had received antipsychotic medication prior to the study. Of these 12 subjects, 8 responded to previous neuroleptic treatment. Xian-Janssen Pharmceutica provided risperidone tablets of 1 mg strength and identical-hooking placebo tablets. The initial dose of risperidone was set at 1mg/day. Thereafter, the dose was increased according to the patients' clinical condition. The maximum dose was 10 mg/day. Among the 12 patients who had received previous antipsychotic treatment, 10 underwent a single-bind, one-week wash-out period using 1 placebo tablet twice a day. The whole trial lasted eight weeks. During the trial the administration of anti-parkinson drugs or benodiazepines was permitted. Assessment was made at baser and at the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th weeks of treatment by using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Clinical Global Impression (CGI) and the Treatment Emergent Side Effects Scale (TESS). We also used our traditional clinical evaluation to obtain an estimation of global improvement at the end of the trial. Laboratory investigations included full blood picture, liver and renal function tests, serum electrolytes and urinalysis. ECG and EEG were evaluated at baseline and at the 4th and 8th weeks of treatment. For statistical analysis, paired t-test, group Most and chi-square-test were used. Statistical significance was predetermined at the p RESULTS EFFECTIVENESS OF RISPERIDONE TREATMENT 29 patients completed the study; 1 subject dropped unit at the 5th week because of cerebral thrombus unrelated do risperidone therapy. According to our traditional clinical evaluation, 13 subjects (43.3%) was Judged as completely free of symptoms, 9 (30%) remarkably improved, 4 improved and 4 remained unchanged. Overall improvement rate was 87 %. BPRS total score shoved a significant decrease throughout the trial period (Table 1) Changes in BPRS factor scores during risperidone treatment are shown in Table 2. The majority of boors decreased significantly except for factor 1 in the first week. …


This paper describes a novel approach to detect variability in a software product line from its change history such that software changes are converted to vectors and a factor analysis is applied. To show the applicability of our approach, we conducted experimental applications using a software repository of automotive engine control software. As a result of the experiments, variability is detected from the change history of products.


In order to solve the difficult problems of a safety and high efficient mining of coal resources under buildings,the theoretical calculation and the numerical simulation means were applied to the analysis and study on the strip Wongawilli mining technology.In combination with the mine geological information,a design on the strip Wongawilli miming plan was conducted and design parameters and mining technique of the gateway support were determined.The numerical simulation was applied to analyze and study the variation conditions of the stress filed,displacement field and plastic zone in the surrounding rock of the strip Wongawilli mining face and to calculate and analyze the movement deformation value of the surface ground after the coal mining completed and the influences to the surface buildings.The study results showed that with the application of the strip Wongawilli mining technology,the mining speed was fast,the efficiency was high,the surface movement time was short and the surface ground movement deformation value could be effectively controlled during the safety and high efficient mining of the coal resources.


The conceptual definition and understanding of time, both quantitatively and qualitatively is of the utmost difficulty and importance. As time is incorporated into the proper structure of the fabric of spacetime, it is interesting to note that General Relativity is contaminated with non-trivial geometries which generate closed timelike curves. A closed timelike curve (CTC) allows time travel, in the sense that an observer that travels on a trajectory in spacetime along this curve, may return to an event before his departure. This fact apparently violates causality, therefore time travel and it's associated paradoxes have to be treated with great caution. The paradoxes fall into two broad groups, namely the consistency paradoxes and the causal loops. A great variety of solutions to the Einstein field equations containing CTCs exist and it seems that two particularly notorious features stand out. Solutions with a tipping over of the light cones due to a rotation about a cylindrically symmetric axis and solutions that violate the energy conditions. All these aspects are analyzed in this review paper.


Resonance Raman spectra of nine sulfophthalein dyes have been measured in aqueous solutions at various pH values between 4.0 and 11.0. Raman band assignments have been carried out by referring to the spectra of related compounds and the band shifts of Phenol Red on deuteration of the two phenol rings. The phenolsulfophthalein dyes have been ascertained to exist as a pure quinoid form in the weakly acidic solution, while in the alkaline solution they exist as a resonance hybrid of the quinoid and phenolate structures.


Mitogynogenesis referring to inducing gynogenesis by inhibiting the first cleavage could generate fully homozygous offspring and could product cloned fishes within short time. Generally, the optimum timing to induce mitogynogenesis have to be the metaphase of first cleavage, because at that time the chromosome sets have duplicated while the sister chromosomes have not separated yet. Since different species of fish needs different time for completing their copying of chromosome sets, obviously, a given species of fish should be suppressed the first cleavage in a specific time. Similarly, the suppressing intensity should be different for diferent species of fish. Therefor, in order to induce mitogynogenesis successfully for a given species of fish, the developmental procedure of the first cleavage must be understood fully and the proper parameters of suppression should be examined first. In this study, in order to induce mitogynogenesis in grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus, effectively, the developmental procedure of first cleavage was investigated systematically and the optimum parameters for inducing mitogynogenesis by heat shocking of eggs were determined. The grass carp eggs were activated by UV-irradiated common carp sperm. The reason for choosing the common carp sperm is that the heterozygote of common carp sperm and grass carp eggs is absolutely lethal. The activated eggs were fixed with Smith's solution for every 3 minutes after activation 18 to 48min. Then the fixed samples were sectioned according to rule procedure and observed under microscope. Results show that when incubated at 24℃, the activated eggs entered the prophase after activation for 24min, the metaphase for 27—30min, the anaphase for 33min. Obviously, the optimum period for suppression of chromosome set separating of the grass carp is from 27 to 30min after the eggs were activated. At this time, the haploid chromosome set of the activated grass carp eggs had copied completely and had not separated yet. After the optimum period of heat shocking was determined, the activated eggs were treated with gradient shocking temperatures and shocked for variable times. Then these heat-shocked samples were fixed, sectioned and observed as described above. The observation revealed that no spindles of the activated eggs were destroyed by the heat shocking below and at 39℃ for 2min. If the activated eggs were heat shocked at 40℃ for 2min, the spindle was destroyed partly. Only when the temperature was at or over 41℃, then the spindles were destroyed completely. In experiment of the survival rate of embryos, the survival rate in the groups with the treatment of 41℃ was the highest. In the groups of 42℃ the mortality rate was very high. These results means that the optimum heat shocking temperature for suppressing the first cleavage of the grass carp eggs is 41℃ and the effective intensity of heat shocking is 41℃ for 2min at the optimum time. After the heat shocking was released, the reformation ratio of spindles of the heat shocking treated eggs is about 78.6% of the observed samples. This may be one of the reasons why the survival rate of the mitogynogenetic diploid is low in experiments.


Wi-Fi Mesh Community has turn out to be an important area community to offer internet to challenge the thrown domains and wireless link in metropolitan environments. In this paper, hassle of figuring out the most to be had bandwidth direction is targeted, which is an essential problem in helping pleasant-of-carrier in WMCs. Due to the concept of interference, bandwidth, which is a familiar challenging metric in restive networks, a new direction is validated in which the weight captures the available route bandwidth statistics. It is also proved that the hop using the hop routing procedure based on the new path weight completely satisfies the consistency and loop-freeness necessities. The property of consistency ensures that each node follows a proper packet forwarding choice, in order that a statistics packet traverses over the supposed path. The experimental results additionally show that our proposed work on direction weight outperforms all the other existing direction metrics in figuring out excessive-throughput paths.


In this paper, we analyse the appearance of new forms of electronic participation in Portuguese local communities. Using some cases studies of e-participation in municipalities, we sustain a main argument: technical modernization doesn't automatically develop citizen participation as a process of "reformation" (Neves & Felizes, 2007). For some social actors (technological producers, some "modern" politicians and sociologists), the process of "remediation" (the change on media) tends to be seen as a process of "reformation" (see Al Gore or M. Castells's concept of "info-exclusion"). Refusing this optimistic and linear view, we want to cross-examine the nature of the changes and of the combinations created by this new process of mediation on Local Governments and on the emerging networks. As Bolter and Grusin (1998: 2) sustain, "we want to begin to move towards an analysis of the cultural politics of the heterogeneous networks" created around these new technologies (see also Latour, 2005). Key-words: e-participation, reformation, blogs, local governments, Portugal, New Media Studies * CECS – Communication and Society Research Centre University of Minho, Portugal. Zara Pinto Coelho [firstname.lastname@example.com] Jose Pinheiro Neves [email@example.com] Z. P. Coelho & J. P. Neves (2007) E-participation in Portuguese local governments: an exploratory research about emerging networks Centro de Estudos de Comunicacao e Sociedade 2 / 10 www.cecs.uminho.pt