SequenceL is a language that provides declarative constructs for non‐scalar processing. Rather than specifying program control structures that, in turn, imply a data product, the problem solver specifies a data product, and the control structures to produce or process the data product are implied. Although SequenceL has been previously introduced in two papers (Cooke, DE. An Introduction to SequenceL: A language to experiment with constructs for processing nonscalars. Software—Practice and Experience 1996; 26(11):1205–1246; and Cooke, D. SequenceL Provides a Different way to View Programming. Computer Languages 1998; 24:1–32), recent improvements to the language have indicated that parallel control structures are also implied by the SequenceL problem solutions. This paper focuses on these recent advances. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Background: Scapular Malalignment leads to functional incapacity in stroke patients. This malalignment hampers the functional mobility and stability of shoulder joint in stroke patients due to which there is reduced range of motion and hampers activities of daily living in stroke patients. So, to investigate the extent of scapular malalignment in patients with acute, chronic and sub-acute stroke. Methods: Four databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane, Science Direct) were searched to identify eligible studies using the keywords Scapular Malalignment and Stroke. Only observational studies published in last 10 years (2010-2020) were included in this review. Results: Eight Studies, included in the review were conducted on patients with acute, sub-acute and chronic stage. The results showed that there is more of inferior angle tilting seen in patients with stroke and it increases with spasticity and alters functional mobility in patients with stroke. Discussion: All studies were consistent in using the appropriate tools for measurement of scapular malalignment. Literature showed scapular malalignment affects scapular balance angle, functional mobility of hand and range of motion in patients with acute, sub-acute and chronic stroke. Most of the literature includes patients with sub-acute and chronic stroke. There was no conflict of evidence observed among all articles. Conclusion: There is influence of Scapular malalignment on spasticity, duration of stroke, upper limb mobility, and range of motion in stroke patients. Scapular Malalignment is observed in acute, sub-acute and chronic rotation and there is more of inferior angle tilting and rotation of scapula observed. KEY WORDS: Scapular Malalignment, stroke.


Geophysical surveys were performed at the Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action (UMTRA) Shiprock site in New Mexico during February 1996. The surveys were designed to locate areas of ground water contamination, consisting largely of sulfate and nitrate salts and uranium. Electrical geophysical methods were used to locate areas of sulfate and nitrate concentrations since these products, when present in ground water, increase its electrical conductivity. These contaminants also increase the density of water, making the water with the highest concentrations of these salts sink to the bottom of the water column. At the Shiprock site, where alluvium is underlain by the impervious Mancos Shale, the saline water will tend to rest in depressions on the shale surface. Seismic refraction surveys were conducted on the floodplain. The site comprises two areas, the terrace and the floodplain, separated by a steep scarp of some 70 feet (ft) (20 meters [m]). Measurements of electrical conductivity were taken over these two areas, searching for possible pockets of saline ground water resting on top of the bedrock. Conductivity surveys were also run to identify fractures within the bedrock that may act as conduits for ground water movement. Several areas of higher than normal conductivity were found on the terrace, including halos of higher conductivities on three sides of the tailings cell. The conductivity measurements searching for fractures found only a small number of minor fracture-like anomalies. These are not considered important. On the floodplain, both conductivity and seismic refraction measurements were taken. The conductivity measurements clearly show areas of high conductivity interpreted to result from ground water contamination. The seismic refraction measurements identified bedrock depressions that may contain denser, and more saline ground water lenses. Generally, the areas of high conductivity coincide with the bedrock depressions.


A finite element method based on a direct algorithm is applied in this study to estimate the time-dependent and timeindependent convection heat transfer of high-bright LED(HB LED) heat dissipating mechanisms. Numerically simulation and experimental measurement are both performed to investigate the thermal characteristics of HB LED devices. By monitoring the transient temperatures at the different measurement positions of the device, it is placed into well controlling ambient temperature environment when the LED is subjected to different thermal loading. Experimental data is subjected to the numerical tests in order to verify the accuracy of simulation models. Therefore, the thermal management of HB LED devices can be investigated. The results indicate that established models are not only proved to enhance heat dissipating of LED but also well consistency to the experimental data. Finally, a simple design of HB LED device is demonstrated to prove the success of this research and can it be applied in the present industry.


Background: Immunoglobulin A vasculitis (IgAV) is one of the most common vasculitis in children. It is generally a self-limiting disease. Due to its systemic nature, a variety of symptoms in different organs can be observed. We report a case of IgAV characterized by several complications to improve clinicians' understanding of the disease.Case presentation: A 4-year-old boy was admitted to a local hospital because of abdominal pain and skin rash. The skin biopsy showed leukocytoclastic vasculitis with IgA deposition, consistented with a diagnosis of IgAV. He developed clinical signs of intussusception and laparotomy was undertaken. He continued to have intermittent abdominal pain and edema in the four limbs with oliguria. Elevated pancreatic enzymes and swelling of the pancreas on abdominal ultrasound suggested a combination of pancreatitis in the child. The child subsequently developed headache, dizziness and convulsions, and head MRI showed a high signal on the left side of the cortex and subcortical white matter, and he was considered to have developed cerebral vasculitis.He underwent bronchoscopy because of respiratory distress, which which confirmed the presence of pulmonary hemorrhage. Combined pulmonary infections added to the severity and complexity of his condition. He received two courses of methylprednisolone pulse therapy combined with IVIG and aggressive anti-infective therapy, but his condition eventually deteriorated and he died.Conclusions: IgAV can involve multiple systems and various complications. There is no definitive evidence to support a single drug or multi- immunosuppressive regimen. IgAV usually runs a benign course,however, the severe cases are critical, with a high mortality rate.


(Dated: January 26, 2015)The ideal tensile strength (ITS) of body-centered cubic (bcc) Fe is studied as a function of tem-perature. It is found that the ITS is only slightly temperature dependent below ∼500K but exhibitslarge thermal gradients at higher temperatures. Thermal expansion and electronic excitations havean overall moderate effect, but magnetic disorder reduces the ITS with a pronounced 90% loss instrength in the temperature interval ∼ 500 - 900K. The effect is associated with losing the ferro-magnetism upon tensile deformation. As an implication, we show that Fe


The problem of relativity of motion in quantum vacuum is addressed by considering a cavity moving in vacuum in a monodimensional space. The cavity is an open system which emits photons when it oscillates in vacuum. Qualitatively new effects like pulse shaping in the time domain and frequency conversion in the spectrum may help to discrimate motion-induced radiation from potential stray effects.


ichard Linklater (RL): I have very fond memories of the Velvet Light Trap. Kevin John Bozelka (KJB): You do? RL: Yeah, I've been reading it for a while. I have old copies. KJB: Great! Well, one of the reasons why we chose the subject of remakes and adaptations for this issue is because of Hollywood's increasing sequelitis. I want to talk to you first about what you think of this trend and ask you if you think it's anything really different from what Hollywood has always been doing. RL: On the one hand, I think Hollywood has always been doing it. And certain stories deserve to be told multiple times in multiple generations. Shakespeare's stories, for instance, never get old. But in the latest version of Hollywood it's become a financial imperative for the studios for the films that they back. I think if you really look at it, the only films they do finance are sequels, remakes, huge tent pole theme park ride–type movies. Or high-concept comedies with stars. Even adult dramas they don't do. They kick those down to their indie arms. It's very different now. I think filmmaking costs so much that they just can't risk anything else simply on a sheer financial level. It's become an economic model for major studios. KJB: Do you think a switch to digital is going to— RL: No. KJB: —change this situation. RL: Why would it? KJB: Well, because it's supposedly cheaper and more accessible— RL: One of the great myths is that digital is cheaper. When it comes to big studio films, they're spending $15 million on a big star. So you'd save only a couple hundred thousand on film stock, which isn't really a big deal. The only way digital helps is at the documentary level, where it really is a financial difference. But you still have R An Interview with Richard Linklater kevin john bozelka


Background: The necessity of close supervision of school nutrition by the Arkhangelsk Regional Office of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor) is well justified by high local diet-related disease rates generally exceeding the national averages. Such supervisory measures can be successfully supported by parental control over school meals.
Objectives: Comprehensive assessment of the organization of hot meals for schoolchildren in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (on the example of the Arkhangelsk region) as part of the implementation by Rospotrebnadzor of measures under the federal project "Strengthening public Health".
Methods: We applied hygienic, sociological, and statistical methods of research; prepared meals were tested for quality and safety using instrumental methods of chemical and microbiological analyses. Parental control and monitoring of school feeding within the framework of the National Demography Project were carried out in compliance with ethical standards.
Results: Laboratory test results showed a five-year decrease in the proportion of prepared meal samples with poor microbiological parameters from 4.0 % to 1.4 % and of those with lower calorie content – from 2.6 % to 1.9 %. The coverage of first to fourthyear schoolchildren with hot school meals increased by 8.5 % and reached 99.5 %, while in fifth to eleventh graders it decreased by 9.2 % to 73.6 %. We revealed that only few pupils had two school meals a day. Rospotrebnadzor officials encouraged and promoted parental control over the quality of school nutrition and instructed parents and students on principles of healthy eating.
Conclusions: The control and supervisory measures carried out indicate a positive dynamics of results in terms of quality and safety of school meals. At the same time, the shortcomings in the organization of nutrition (low coverage of students with two meals a day, reduced coverage of hot meals for older age groups) identified during parental control measures indicate the need for monitoring and rapid response measures to improve the organization of hot meals for schoolchildren in order to prevent diseases caused by the nutritional factor.


The motion of F radioactively labeled papermaking fibres flowing through an ax isymmetric 1:5 sudden expansion has been studied using positron emission tomography ( P E T ) . Various length fractions of a mechanical pulp were radioactively labeled and then introduced into a non-radioactive aqueous 0.4 wt. % (consistency) wood pu lp suspension. Fu l ly three-dimensional images were reconstructed both upstream and downstream of the expansion plane for cases i n which the upstream velocity U was set from 0.5 to 0.9 m/s (an approximate Reynolds number range of 7,000 to 13,000). T w o distinct flow regimes were clearly identified. W i t h U ~ 0.5 m/s we find that the fibre suspension was not fluidized and the tracer fibres passed through the expansion as a plug. N o mix ing was observed between the confined central jet and the static outer region. A t larger velocities, we observed that the suspension was fully fluidized. O u r results in this regime indicate that albeit fluidized, concentration inhomogeneities were evident. We find that a particle depletion zone was evident between the central jet and the recirculating zone resulting from the inlet concentration profile formed i n the upstream tube. Part ic le accumulation was observed in the vortices. N o significant differences were observed between the different length tracer fibres.


There is a high prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children with Down syndrome (DS), sometimes associated with alveolar hypoventilation.


Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC) was employed for the separation of International Conference on Harmonization and United States Pharmacopeia 1, 2, and 3 pharmaceutical solvents. Separation in two dimensions is achieved in about 30 min using a 5% phenyl polydimethylsiloxane column in the first dimension and a polyethylene glycol column in the second. The significantly improved peak capacity in GCxGC allows a single method for any combination of solvents and mitigates interference due to impurities in the solvents, diluents, and analyte matrices and from column or septum bleed, through the increased separation space. Example separations of 1000 ppm standards using methanol as diluent are shown.


Abacavir hypersensitivity reactions(ABC HSR) is a multi-organ hypersensitivity syndrome caused by abacavir which has been prescribed for the treatment of HIV infection in the West.In 2001 a strong predictive association of carriage of HLA-B*5701 allele with abacavir hypersensitivity reactions was described.Afterwards,a large number of studies were designed to establish the effectiveness of prospective HLA-B*5701 screening to prevent the hypersensitivity reaction to abacavir.This review focuses on the development of HLA-B*5701 genetic screening as a means of preventing drug hypersensitivity reactions and the international current research situation.


Objective To analyze the data of the IDD surveillance from 2007 to 2012 and provide the basis for further improving the quality of data monitoring in Beijing. Methods Comprehensive evaluation and analysis were carried out on data of IDD surveillance including coverage rate of iodized salt,qualified rate of iodized salt,proportion of households consuming effectively iodized salt,urine iodine appropriate constituent ratio of childbearing age women,urine iodine appropriate constituent ratio of children and urine iodine appropriate constituent ratio of pregnant women by TOPSIS method from 2007 to 2012 in Beijing. Results The best quality data of IDD surveillance was in 2012 by TOPSIS method evaluation,which was matched with the fact. Conclusions TOPSIS method as one of comprehensive evaluation methods is simple,convenient calculation and suitable for comprehensive evaluation in IDD surveillance.


Reforming and establishing subject system for higher vocational school is a complicated and systematic engineering; it directly relates with students' performance, subject setting, connection and time allotment. It is urgent that the cultivating target to the students is accomplished with quality and quantity assured. It is discussed on the establishment of subject system based on network planning technology at higher vocational school.


of places or peoples or activities whose differences have been far more striking than any common characteristics. That there have been shared experiences, ideas and interests, which have been widely spread in Europe and to a great extent peculiar to it, is indisputable. Throughout medieval and modem history Europe has been the principal area within which international relations have been vigorously pursued, in both rivalry and cooperation, by communities and states which understood each other's objectives and sought them by similar means. Underlying this condition were shared religious beliefs and allegiances, political institutions with similar features, the exchange of goods with the aid of shared commercial practices, and many cultural activities and values with common roots or fundamental similarities. Yet the strength of these forces waxed and waned, and some of them probably never penetrated the consciousness of more than a small


Human user interactions are currently not covered by the Web Services Business Processes Execution Language (WS-BPEL), which is primarily designed to support automated business processes based on Web services. In practice, however, many business process scenarios require user interaction. This paper describes scenarios where users are involved in business processes, and defines appropriate extensions to WS-BPEL to address these. Copyright Notice © Copyright SAP AG and International Business Machines Corp 2005. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form without written permission from SAP AG ("SAP") and International Business Machines Corporation ("IBM"). This is a preliminary document and may be changed substantially over time. The information contained in this document represents the current view of IBM and SAP on the issues discussed as of the date of publication and should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of IBM and SAP. All data as well as any statements


The objective of this communication is to describe the high-temperature deformation behavior of Cu-Ag microcomposites, and to investigate the correlation between the high-temperature deformation behvior and the microstructural evolution of Cu-Ag microcomposite wires


Predictive analysis include techniques fromdata mining that analyze current and historical data and make predictions about the future. Predictive analytics is used in actuarial science, financial services, retail, travel, healthcare, insurance, pharmaceuticals, marketing, telecommunications and other fields.Predicting patterns can be considered as a classification problem and combining the different classifiers gives better results. We will study and compare three methods used to combine multiple classifiers. Bayesian networks perform classification based on conditional probability. It is ineffective and easy to interpret as it assumes that the predictors are independent. Tree augmented naïve Bayes (TAN) constructs a maximum weighted spanning tree that maximizes the likelihood of the training data, to perform classification.This tree structure eliminates the independent attribute assumption of naïve Bayesian networks. Behavior-knowledge space method works in two phases and can provide very good performances if large and representative data sets are available. Keywords– Bayesian networks, Behavior-knowledge space, TAN.


Midstream oil and gas infrastructure comprises vast networks of gathering and transmission pipelines that connect upstream extraction sites to downstream processors, exporters, and consumers. In th...


Governments throughout the EU and the UK face a persistent challenge of satisfying the continual growth in demand for housing and create zero carbon buildings. This paper presents a novel conceptual framework and empirical results to evaluate the potential for Structurally Insulated Panels (SIPs) to address this challenge. Firstly, we present a comprehensive analysis of the energy performance of a SIPs building in the UK to evaluate the potential for such technologies to satisfy the energy and carbon objectives. Using our unique data set we show that SIPs can exceed the necessary energy efficiency standards and reach Net Zero Carbon. Secondly, we introduce game theory as a novel conceptual framework to understand the incentives of the manufacturers of SIPs and UK/EU authorities. This enables us to identify potential sources of incentive conflict, which inhibit the diffusion of such technologies. We demonstrate that it benefits both parties to engage in medium investment, but the inferior under investment scenario can emerge if the UK/EU does not provide leadership and commitment to SIPs technologies. Regardless of the market design in terms of the timing of decisions, the maximum level of support by both the UK/EU and the SIPs manufacturers cannot be achieved.


After reading the two fine plays Endgame by Samuel Beckett and Old Times by Harold Pinter, one sees that the two depicts modern man who turned to the most passive of all, bewildered, disillusioned, purposeless and dislocated. A man who is bewildered of simple questions: who am I? what am I ? what will be the end? They are endless questions in an attempt to assert himself in a dislocated temporality. Temporality is a direct echo of the existential impasse of the modern world. Both plays assert that selfhood is fragmented and fashioned by this impasse. Hence dislocation of the temporal is an assertion of the fragmented self of their vanishing characters.


The basic physical mechanisms underlying recent experimentally observed anomalous behavior in the impact performance of safety helmets evaluated with soft (human-like) and hard (magnesium alloy) headform surrogates are qualitatively and quantitatively explained. The principal and physical mechanisms brought to light in the headform surrogate investigation are directly applicable to the utilization of other forms of surrogates (head-neck, thorax, whole body). In particular the results raise a serious question as to the validity of using non-human responding surrogates, with human generated injury tolerance data, for the purpose of assessing safety system performance. The implications of the results are that good crash-impact protective devices (helmut, restraints, etc. ) could be penalized and, equally important, less safe crack-impact protective system designs could result from improper assessment of safety system performance.


To the Editor.— In the article by Charles A. Hall, MD (1981;245:1144), we do not dispute the fact that a high mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (normal range, 78 to 93 femtoliters [fL]) should alert a physician to the possibility of vitamin B12or folate deficiency; however, there are a multitude of other important causes of high MCV, some of which are liver disease, renal disease, hypothyroidism, blood regeneration, and malaria, to name a few.1 In our experience, which consists of a study of the vitamin B12status of 772 patients during a two-year period, 101 (13%) were found to have a low serum vitamin B12level. Of these 101 patients only four were found to have a high MCV (greater than 93 fL). Conversely, in 45 patients of the 772 studied who had a high MCV, only five (11%) had a low vitamin B12serum


The present invention relates to compounds containing a terminal group D containing at least one electron donating functional d; a terminal group A comprising at least one functional electron acceptor group a and a bridging unit B that connects D to A containing a backbone of conjugated double bonds for a charge transfer from D to A characterized in that the compound has a hetero atom-containing methylidene (= methine) - contains group -CH = HETA with Heta selected from the group consisting of N, P. Further, the invention provides the synthesis and use of these compounds is concerned.


A field test program was conducted to evaluate the long-term performance of several gas continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS).* This paper presents the results gathered on the long-term accuracy and calibration drift characteristics of ten CEMS installed at scrubber-controlled, coal-fired power plants. The program involved periodic accuracy audits and a review of available calibration drift data for selected CEMS. Accuracy audit results show that both SO2 and NOx CEMS are capable of providing accurate data on a long-term basis. However, frequent audits are necessary in order to verify the performance of an individual CEMS. The results of the calibration drift data evaluation show that despite infrequent occurrences of excessive drift, CEMS operated with a significant bias for extended time periods simply because corrective action was not taken in a timely manner.


The prodrug technique is still one of the most effective ways to increase hydrophilic substances' medicinal, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties. Prodrugs produced in current history have shown good pharmacokinetic characteristics, allowing for a more consistent release and fewer changes in plasma levels. Developing new prodrugs having a desirable ADME (Absorption Distribution Metabolism and Elimination) properties and that still can cross the Blood brain barrier (BBB) and pharmacologically active an appealing task for medicinal chemists. The loss of brain neuron activity characterizes neurodegenerative illnesses, resulting in progressive Gradual cognitive impairment (GCI). Some of the common neurodegenerative diseases are PD (Parkinson's disease), AD (Alzheimer's disease), MS (Multiple sclerosis), ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) & HD (Huntington's disease) are examples of neurodegenerative illnesses with a variety of etiologies and morphological and pathophysiological aspects. The current review is concerned with current advances in prodrug approaches for the treatment and prevention of the most prevalent neurological illnesses, as well as their absorption, selective CNS targeting and chemical and enzymatic stability.


The quadratic force field of N-acetyl-N{prime}-methylalaninamide (AMAA) has been calculated at the ab initio Hartree-Fock level by using a 4-21 basis set. On the basis of this, a thorough discussion is presented on the previously observed vibrational spectrum in argon matrix. It is shown that the matrix contains this molecule in the C{sub 7}{sup eq} form, which is also known to be the most stable conformer in the isolated state. Evidence for the presence of the same conformation in the solid phase is demonstrated by the vibrational spectrum. Similarly, evidence is presented for the presence of the same conformer in the solid phase of N-acetyl-N{prime}-methylglycinamide.


A novel optimization algorithm is presented to determine the relative permittivity and conductivity of composite materials from the measurement of reflection and transmission data. The reflection and transmission coefficients of the material-under-test (MUT) are measured with the help of a vector network analyzer, by placing the MUT precisely into a section of WR-340 waveguide. The reconstruction of the dielectric properties is achieved by computing the scattering parameters of the MUT with the help of a transmission line approach, and then minimizing the error between the computed and the measured scattering data using the proposed algorithm.


A curable divinylarene dioxide resin composition including (a) at least one divinylarene dioxide, and (b) at least one diphenol curing agent; a process for making the curable divinylarene dioxide resin composition; and a cured divinylarene dioxide resin composition made therefrom. The cured product made from the above curable divinylarene dioxide resin composition offers improved properties such as lower viscosity and a high heat resistance compared to known cured products prepared from known epoxy resins.


This paper presents a novel rectenna with shaped radiation pattern for indoor RF energy harvesting. The proposed design employs an antenna array with optimized excitations to realize a wide coverage and flat radiation top. By optimizing the power transmission efficiency under the condition that each test receiving antenna must receive the same power, the optimal distribution of excitations for the antenna array is determined and then realized by a feeding network. When used as the receiving part of rectenna, simulation results indicate that main beam of the compact six-element patch array covers the required incident angle from - 45° to +45° with only 0.8 dB fluctuation.


Eleven years after the first appearance of the Asian (A2) family of human influenza A viruses, a new virus offspring differing antigenically from all previously known A2 relatives has appeared. The A2/Hong Kong/68 virus, which caused a large outbreak of influenza in Hong Kong in July, has since been found in sporadic cases or outbreaks in many areas, including Malaysia, the Philippines, India, the U.S.A., Britain, and the Netherlands. Some outbreaks appear to have been extensive, others local happenings, and though the first isolation of the new strain was made in England in August there were remarkably few cases or outbreaks for the next four months. Many have remarked on the similarity in behaviour between the A2 virus of 1957 and its remote relative of 1968, but there have in fact been many epidemiological differences. Probably these relate to the circulation during 1967 and early 1968 of strains of A2 viruses with a minor cross-relationship with the A2/HK antigen, so that the latter virus has met many obstacles in the


An apparatus and a method for playing music in a mobile terminal are provided to reproduce contents efficiently by determining the partial reproduction or full reproduction of contents according to the sensed touch type. A content list is displayed(S10). A user touches a certain content in the list and selects a music file that the user desires. A controller senses the touch operation of the user through the touch screen(S20). According to the sensed touch type, all or some portion of the selected music file is displayed(S40, S50). The controller reproduces the correspondent contents only during the touch operation is sensed on a portion of a display unit.


Objective:To study the clinical effects of closed reduction and PFNA internal fixation and femoral head replacement surgery on treatment of femoral intertrochanteric fractures.Methods:86 cases of femoral intertrochanteric fractures were treated with closed reduction and PFNA internal fixation(48) or femoral head replacement(38).The follow-up time was 18.5 months.The operation time,volume of blood during operation,cost of hospitalization,exercise time and Harris score were analazed.Results:The operation time,volume of blood during operation,cost of hospitalization and exercise time postoperation in group A were lower than that in group B.Harris score was no statistics differences in 3 months,and A was more than which of group B in 6 months and 12 months between 2 groups.Conclusion:The two methods are effective for femoral intertrochanteric fractures.The method of closed reduction and PFNA internal fixation is less invasive,and lower cost,and certainly in the long-term efficacy.It is a better treatment for femoral intertrochanteric fracture method..


Let us first take a look at the sense of olfaction in primates. The opinion of Stoddart2 and other scientists is that "The strong impression gained is that the sense of smell has dwindled in the order such that in man it is now vestigial." What led Stoddart2 to this opinion? Among primates, the parts of the brain which are principally involved with olfaction show the following correlations: the olfactory bulb in prosimians represents 1.75% of the total brain volume, in New World monkeys about 0.18%, in Old World monkeys about 0.12%, in the great apes about 0.07%, and in man only 0.01%.3 But is it possible (and valid) to compare correlations of brain volumes in different species and make inferences about the sensitivity of the olfactory organs? It is an astonishing fact that there are no laboratory studies of quantitative olfactory sensitivity in nonhuman primates prior to the author's work beginning in 1994. Then, the pygmy marmoset (Cebuella pygmaea), the smallest of all monkeys, which lives in dense tropical rainforest near the Amazon River in South America, was investigated. An individual was trained at the primate station of the Anthropological Institute in Zürich with the help of a computerized dynamic dilution olfactometer. The animal learned to distinguish between clean air channels and a channel with air containing vanillin. An olfactory perception threshold for this substance was thus obtained and compared with that of humans. The three-choice apparatus for measuring the odor threshold, the design of a cage for long-term studies with captive primates, and the experimental procedure are described in detail elsewhere.4 THE ODOR THRESHOLD FOR VANILLIN IN CEBUELLA PYGMAEA


University is an important base of cultivating innovative talents,and science education plays a decisive role in cultivating innovative talents.Universities should establish the scientific concept of education,strengthen the creative idea and deepen the reform in education,promote the cultivation of innovative talents,improve the teaching environment,create the creative atmosphere to effectively develop science education in cultivating innovative talents.


Serum 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) and 5‐hydroxyindole acetic acid (5‐HIAA) concentrations in control rat offspring increased progressively during the preweaning period reaching adult values by day 21. It has been shown that prenatal phenytoin administration (100 mg kg−1 orally, days 7–19 of pregnancy) increased serum tryptophan and brain tryptophan, 5‐HT and 5‐HIAA of rat offspring at 3 days of age but not at 4, 15 or 21 days of age. The effect of prenatal phenytoin administration on the offspring at 3 days of age was not observed when these pups were cross‐fostered to control mothers at 2 days of age suggesting that the alteration in brain tryptophan metabolism during the development of tryptaminergic neurons in rat offspring, as a result of prenatal phenytoin administration is mediated through changes in lactation or nursing ability of the mothers. It is important that such non‐specific factors are controlled when studying the effect of prenatally administered drugs on neonatal brain transmitter concentrations.


22 INTRODUCTION 24 RESULTS 27 DISCUSSION 34 MATERIALS AND METHODS 37 REFERENCES 41 FIGURES 45 SUPPLEMENTAL FIGURES 52 TABLES 54 SUPPLEMENTAL TABLES 59


The labor intensity and the fatigue are important contents of ergonomics,the labor intensity and the fatigue measurement experiment supports this content greatly.In the massive labor intensity and fatigue measurement experiments,we discover a quite big contradiction existence in the experiment psychology parameter's test result to the fatigue theory,Having analyzed the experiment process and the experiment psychology parameter's test data further more,then using the increasing and the ratio to explain experiment psychology parameter's test data result,this method can make the experiment result well coordinated the fatigue theory.


Organics-capped ZnSe quantum dots were synthesized by a colloidal chemical approach using ZnO and Se powder as precursors. The photoluminescence of the specimens showed strong white emission (∼200nm full width at half maximum) in the visible range under ambient conditions. The white emission was attributed to the mixing of blue emission of ZnSe nanocrystals exhibiting quantum confinement effect with green-red emission of radiative deep levels from ZnSe surface strained lattice. Based on organic-capped ZnSe quantum dots, the white-light-emitting diodes were fabricated using a near-UV InGaN chip as the excitation source. The diodes emitted white light with CIE chromaticity coordinates of (0.38 and 0.41) and show great potential for use in lighting applications.


ABSTRACT The article focuses on two different versions of the childhood and life history of a female "child of a Russian" who grew up in the Soviet occupation zone and the later German Democratic Republic (GDR). Besides a biographical-narrative interview, there is also a published text on the author's childhood memories. The article concentrates on the childhood of the author/interviewee, since the published version does not provide any information on her later life, and picks out two so-called "key scenes" that appear in both the published version and the interview, comparing the different versions with each other and examining them for ruptures, inconsistencies and changes. For the purpose of better understanding the analysis of these scenes, a third scene is added, which, however, only comes up in the interview. The analysis pursues the question of whether different presentations of a scene have something to do with the methodological particularities of an oral autobiographical narration as opposed to a written one, and what kind of knowledge is gained from contrasting two different self- testimonies.


A fluorescent chemosensor,salicylaldehyde 4-ethoxybenzoylhydrazone(1),was designed and synthesized.1 was investigated to recognize transition metal ions such as Zn~(2+),Cu~(2+),Ag~+,Pb~(2+),Cd~(2+),Hg~(2+),Fe~(3+),Co~(2+) and Ni~(2+) via its absorption and fluorescence spectra.It was found that 1 coordinated with the tested transition metal ions to a similar extent in the ground state,whereas its florescence showed a highly selective response to Zn~(2+) only.In acetonitrile,Zn~(2+) induced a dramatic enhancement in the fluorescence of 1 by 415 folds,whereas the other transition metal ions had little influence.Mechanism of enhancement of 1′s fluorescence by Zn~(2+) was briefly discussed.


INTRODUCTION School textbooks play an important role in mathematics education because of their close relation to the teaching and learning process (Valverde et al. 2002, Johansson 2003). Textbooks have a direct influence on both teachers and students. For the former, they are a source of curricular content, a paradigmatic exposition of an organised body of knowledge and a suggestion of didactical style. For the latter, they are an authoritative source of content and an important working tool to consolidate subject matter knowledge through their suggested activities. Textbooks reflect contemporary thoughts about mathematics education and reveal its aims, they provide a guide to what educators consider feasible or desirable and how goals might be attained, and in certain cases they attempt to establish new content or pedagogical norms (Howson 1995). In addition, textbooks express a specific perception of communication and pupil-teacher relationships and can also be a source of information for other interested parties, such as parents (Seguin 1989). Moreover, textbooks have moral and intellectual influence on their users (Johnsen 1993) who may develop through their contact with textbooks an attraction to books and the habit of using them as a means to enrich their knowledge (Seguin 1989). Textbooks exert political and ideological influence even in disciplines such as mathematics and natural sciences, which are usually considered as politically and ideologically neutral (Apple 1992, Johnsen 1993). Ideology is an inevitable dimension


The broad-band and narrow-band subliminal channels of Fiat-Shamir signature algorithm were put forward,and a new subliminal-free protocol was designed,in which subliminal channels existing in Fiat-Shamir signature were avoided and its security was analyzed.In protocol the warden and the signer finish the signature together,but the warden can't forge the signatures,so it can also be viewed as a signature scheme with the warden's examining and approving.


Predicting missing values in tabular data, with uncertainty, is an essential task by itself as well as for downstream tasks such as personalised data acquisition. It is not clear whether state-of-the-art deep generative models for these tasks are well equipped to model the complex relationships that may exist between different features, especially when the subset of observed data are treated as a set. In this work we propose new attention-based models for estimating the joint conditional distribution of randomly missing values in mixed-type tabular data. The models improve on the state-of-the-art Partial Variational Autoencoder (Ma et al., 2018) on a range of imputation and information acquisition tasks.


Questioning the commonly held assumption in critical reception that Ibsen's symbol of the wild duck was influenced by Darwin's theory, I want to argue that the wild duck flew into Ibsen's play all the way from Plato's aporetic dialogue The Theaetetus. Following Lacan's reading of Plato, I want to examine the connection between the Socratic position towards knowledge – especially the rupture between knowledge and truth – and the treatment of dramatic dialogue in Ibsen's The Wild Duck and Krleža's The Glembays.


The number of points at which contemporary biology exerts an important influence upon the individual in society is so large as to be difficult to catalogue, let alone discuss, in a paper of this length. Such influence is exerted both by biotechnology, with its capacity for actual control and manipulation, and by theoretical biology, with its tendency to enlarge man's horizons and deepen his understanding of himself and of his place in the world. Readers of BioScience do not need a philosopher to remind them of the details of recent biological discoveries. I shall begin by discussing my rationale for choosing one among the many available topics for discussion. I intend to emphasize the individual acting in society, living out a certain role, aspiring to certain standards of accomplishment, and judging the results of his efforts. In other words, I shall discuss biology's influence upon our understanding and implementation of human values rather than its influence upon our understanding of scientific method. It should be kept in mind, however, that such simplification is only a temporary convenience, and that questions concerning the broad human significance of biology and questions about its method cannot be kept separate if a really adequate picture is to be developed. For instance, several commentators have suggested that evolution theory has advanced our understanding of the world to a far greater extent than it has extended our capacity for prediction and control. The course of evolution takes place within a capricious and enormously complex environment and depends upon the specific form of mutations which occur at random in the population. For example, the principles of evolution theory enable us to reconstruct and retrospectively understand such processes as the phylogenetic development of the fourchambered heart. But these same prin-


light almost as much as though the sun shone on them. But I heard nobody make any reference to them after the ser;ice, nor did the vicar mention them in his sermon. They seemed to have no more value or meaning to the congregation and the officiating priest than as a decoration in a room. Yet in that church on Easter Sunday these flowers and blossoms together with the occasion that had brought the worshippers together in it were unique. Only in Nature and only in the festival of the Christian Easter was there renewal and rebirth ; elsewhere and or-ear nearly the whole world destruction and death


Introduction: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) was scaled up in HIV-infected Vietnamese children and adults as well. Few studies documented the association between drug-naïve resistant HIV-1 with treatment outcome, especially in children. This study aimed to determine the rate of drug-resistance mutations before initiating ART, and the treatment outcome after six months of ART. Methods: During 2010 2011, 140 HIV-1 infected children were admitted at National Children Hospital Viet Nam. Of them, 116 were initiated first-line ART, their clinical profile, CD4+ T-cell counts, and HIV load after six months of ART were retrospectively collected. Their plasma before initiating ART was stored for analysis by 2012. Of 116 samples, 52 had the HIV-1 pol gene successfully sequenced to detect drugresistance mutations. Results: 18 children (29.0 ± 28.8 months) died, within an average of 1.6 ± 1.4 months of ART. Baseline WHO clinical stage 3-4 (p<0.001), and lower CD4+ T-cell counts (p=0.03) was associated with fatality. Stored plasma samples of 52 were sufficiently analyzed, six carried drug-resistance HIV-1. One of six was exposed to ART through prevention of mother-to-child transmission. Of RT-inhibition resistance, three had single mutant; one had K65R/Q151M / K101E/Y181C with six-month virological failure. Among PR-inhibition resistance, two had either M46L or M46L/L90M. Conclusion: Transmitted drug resistance mutations were found in 9.6% of 52 children. Six-month treatment outcome was induced by baseline clinical and immunological stage. Pre-treatment drug-resistance mutations might not associate with six-month mortality but induce risk of virological failure.


The research progresses of the printability of recycle newspaper were introduced.The effect of recycling times,deinking process,ink types,and printing methods on printability of recycle newspaper was discussed.The measures of improving printability of recycle newspaper were put forward,which were selecting appropriate pulp and proportion,beating degree,machine and papermaking process,sizing,coating,and using chemical agents.


After dissolving one gram of iron oxide with HC 1 and HC 103, the solution is evaporated to near dryness, converted Fe3+ to Fe 2+ by reducing with NH2OH HC1 salt, using special arsine evolution apparatus (fig I), microamount of As in commercial iron oxide was determined spectrophotometricaly at 540 mƒÊ with silver diethyldithiocarbamate in pyridine within the following coefficient of variation: 1.8% (10.5 ppm): 21.8% (0.4ppm) and the effect of deverse metal, 80ƒÊg Sb, 100mg Pb does not have any ill effect.úA


Introduction Knowledge of mechanical properties of living arteries is important to understand vascular function in healthy and diseased arteries. The mechanical behaviour of the artery can, among other things, be related to the extent of smooth muscle activity and its morphology. An effective way to study the behaviour of living tissue is organ culture. We have developed an ex-vivo model in which a coronary artery can be cultured under physiological circumstances; coronary pressure and flow, cyclic longitudinal elongation of the artery and physiological wall shear stresses are controlled. In the model, mechanical behaviour is determined by dynamic measurement of pressure, internal diameter and axial force simultaneously.


The relevance of the article is determined by the discrepancy between the educational needs of teachers of additional education and the proposed and existing technologies for their professional and personal development, which made it necessary to determine the modern content, effective forms, methods, conditions for self-development and self-organization of additional education specialists. The variety of methodological approaches to determining the content of a teacher's professional and personal development in conditions of modernizing the infrastructure of the additional education system also makes it difficult to determine the list of pedagogical competencies andconditions for their development. The professional and personal development of additional education teachers is considered as a system of processes that reveals the subjective potential of the individual associated with options for functions in the organization of additional education. As a result of the study of promising conceptual provisions and the analysis of scientific pedagogical literature in the format of studying the features of the process of professional and personal development of additional education teachers, the author clarified the content of the concept of "professional and personal development of additional education teachers", in particular: this is a process of step-by-step solving cognitive, communicative, moral and ethical problems during self-education and reflection. Possibilities of professional and personal development of additional education teachers are considered. The article considers methodological approaches justifying the peculiarities of the process of professional and personal development of the additional education teacher. As a result of studying domestic psychological and pedagogical, scientific approaches to the "professional and personal development of additional education teachers" concept, the author identifies the essential characteristics of the phenomenon under consideration: focus on achieving the goal, possession of substantive knowledge, ways of selfdevelopment, self-diagnostics, self-esteem, information-communicative competence, reflection, knowledge of educational technologies of development and self-development of the person, creativity, social activity and responsibility. Two main areas of professional training are defined in the context of personnel management, personnel management of the educational organization: psychological and pedagogical direction, due to professional requirements for a teacher of additional education; social-subject direction providing the necessary level of mastery of knowledge, skills in profiles (directions) of additional education programs. Priority activities affecting the effectiveness of professional and personal development of additional education teachers are described; selfformation and reflection mechanisms are defined.


The article justifies a necessity of formation of instruments of managing strategic stability of a company, which is considered from two points of view: from the position of the desired state of a company, caused by strategic goals, plans and vision, and from the position of ability of a company to achieve the set goals under any condition, connected with preservation and development of competitive advantages, adaptation to the changed conditions, changes and realisation of strategic intentions. The article identifies the essence of the "strategic intentions of a company" notion and specifies priority directions of their formation, which correspond with main components of strategic stability (production, personnel, organisation, innovation and ecological ones). Ambiguity in understanding strategic intentions is connected, first of all, with the essence of activity of the companies, their mission and strategic stability. The article offers an approach to formation of instruments of managing strategic stability of a company, which includes directions of adaptation, adaptation processes, strategic intentions and strategic measures.


Experimental Ray Tracing has proven its abilities in many different applications. We use this technique and combine it with the high efficient methods of computer vision to create a new measurement technique for specular surfaces.


The present invention discloses a system and a method of preparing a separation isobutane. The system comprising: extractive distillation column, the column washed alkanes, stripper, water scrubber olefin, solvent recovery column, a hydrogenation reactor, hydrogenation and out of the heat exchanger material, the hydrogenation feed heater, hydrogenated separation means , de-light tower, isobutane finishing column. Hydrogenation separation apparatus comprising: a cooler after hydrogenation, the hydrogenation and the hydrogenation heat isolated tank cold separator tank; or include hydrogenated and the hydrogenated cooler knockout drum. The method comprises: ether after four carbon products may be prepared through butene extractive distillation; high pressure off-gas recovered after the hydrogenation reaction, improving the product recovery isobutane; unsaturated and unsaturated four carbon feedstock by extractive distillation and hydrogenation after the product obtained isobutane. The present invention can handle all of the refinery and tetrakis tetrakis vinyl ether unit, and the solvent waste heat recovery, improve the economic efficiency of the device.


The teacher learning community can be regarded as the self-organization system with its self-organizing feature and developmental mechanism.Its concrete self-organizing feature is: self-approval,self-control,self-adaptation and self-development.Formation and development of self-organization mechanism of teacher learning community as follows:the openness and the nonequilibrium state are the prior condition of formation and development of teacher learning community;the fluctuation is the original causation of formation and development of teacher learning community;the competition and the synergetic effects are the driving force of formation and development of teacher learning community.


PurposeThe present field research aimed to assess whether gender differences exist in academic entitlement among college students of a society in rapid transition from a patriarchal system to one fostering gender equity. It then aimed to determine whether particular dimensions of academic entitlement or a simplified one-factor measure can be used as an early indicator of course-related academic difficulties.Design/methodology/approachCollege students completed a questionnaire about academic entitlement. Records of test and assessment performance, as well as attendance, were collected for the first half of an academic semester. Due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, instruction was delivered online synchronously.FindingsA few gender differences were found that departed from the largely consistent finding in the extant literature of greater academic entitlement in males. For female students, selected dimensions of academic entitlement, but not class attendance, weakly predicted poor performance. For male students, dimensions of academic entitlement were ineffective predictors of both performance and attendance, thereby suggesting that demographic characteristics may define the sensitivity of academic entitlement measures to early, course-related academic difficulties.Research limitations/implicationsThe current study has limitations to be addressed in future research. For instance, the insensitivity of male students' academic entitlement to early performance measures needs to be investigated further. It may be the byproduct of the weakening of the view of male superiority typical of patriarchal societies, which arises from top-down interventions intended to promote gender equity. Yet, it may also underline males' reluctance to express a view that is counter to institutional messages of gender equity as well as religious and cultural values of modesty (Al-Absi, 2018), and personal responsibility (Asrorovna, 2020; Smither and Khorsandi, 2009). Another limitation is the extent to which specific items or dimensions of academic entitlement map into specific cultural dimensions, such as individualism and collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity and femininity (Hofstede, 2011).Practical implicationsAcademic entitlement is of concern to educators at universities and colleges across the world for several reasons. High levels of stress (Barton and Hirsch, 2016) and frustration (Anderson et al., 2013) usually accompany academic entitlement along with students' self-reports of lower exerted effort (Kopp et al., 2011). In self-reports, academic entitlement is found to be correlated with an external locus of control, lower academic motivation and lower ratings of class attendance (Fromuth et al., 2019). Boswell (2012) has also reported it as linked to lower students' confidence in their ability to complete with success the courses in which they are enrolled (i.e. course self-efficacy). Thus, the availability of early measures of academic risk in core courses, which prepare students for advanced courses in their major, can be particularly valuable to educators and administrators.Social implicationsThe Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) represents a society in rapid transition (Nowak and Vallacher, 2019) from a gender-segregated system to one in which gender equity in educational as well as occupational opportunities and choices is promoted and sustained through top-down institutional changes (e.g. decrees, declarations, investments, etc.; Mansyuroh, 2019). The study's findings suggest that college students, the main targets of institutional efforts promoting gender equity, may be responsive to such efforts.Originality/valueThe present study is a snapshot of a moment at which the impact of top-down institutional actions for gender equity has become palpable mostly due to its spreading across the large youth population of KSA (Assaad and Roudi-Fahimi, 2007). In this research, the authors asked how the target recipients (i.e. college students) of institutional gender-equity efforts might react.


With the development of the energy Internet, the regulation scale of various control services of electric power is becoming more and more refined, and it is necessary to provide reliable communication support in an open and shared environment. Due to the advancement of Layer 2 Ethernet technology, power networks based on time-sensitive networking (TSN) functions have emerged, and 5G networks have been applied in more and more scenarios due to their low latency and high reliability technical characteristics. To this end, it provides end-to-end deterministic transmission guarantee across 5G and TSN. Real-time protection of power services such as power distribution automation, power consumption information collection, and intelligent power load control. In this paper, a cross-domain scheduling and routing method for control services is designed in a 5G+TSN network. Aiming at the problem of excessive scheduling overhead in power data transmission, a dynamic traffic balance management scheme based on mixed integer linear programming (MILP) was established for the first time. Next, this joint scheduling problem is solved by proposing an algorithm combining random and local search of multi-objective simulated annealing (called SA-JPRS algorithm), and finally it can be observed that the algorithm proposed in this study can effectively balance load balancing and Transfer These two power transfer metrics are compared to other systems through simulation to determine how fast or slow the latency is.


Introduction: Infidelity is a breach of trust or a crossing of the boundaries of the primary relationship and it influences intimate relationships. It can be categorised as either sexual or emotional infidelity. In Portugal, there have been few studies on this subject using suitable instruments. Objective: This study aimed to analyse the factor structure, psychometric properties, and gender invariance of the Infidelity Scale (IS) in Portuguese adults. Method: The sample comprised 660 Portuguese adults (455 women and 205 men) between 18 and 79 years of age who had been unfaithful in their relationships. Results: The confirmatory analysis showed a structure with two factors (sexual and emotional infidelity), and good values for convergent and discriminant validity were found. The results displayed a satisfactory model fit and the non-invariance of the factor structure between women and men. Conclusion: This is the first Portuguese version of the IS, an instrument for the study of intimate relationships which contributes to the development of multicultural research.


Shallow wakes created by bluff bodies are commonly observed in environmental and geophysical flow systems such as simple fish habitat structures. Several experimental studies have been performed on flow field of shallow wakes in open channel flows. The competency of hydrodynamic modeling of shallow near-wakes, however, is still inadequate. In this study, shallow wakes of bed-mounted cylinders are modeled with a computational fluid dynamics model (ANSYS-CFX). Four identified flow regimes in shallow wakes of submerged (H/h=4.0, 2.0, and 1.1) and non- submerged (h>H) cases are studied, where H and h are, the water depth and the height of the bed-mounted cylinder, respectively. For similar channel properties and approach flow conditions, the CFX model is generated to investigate the wake velocities and finally compared with the experimental results of Sadeque et al. (2009). The computed results of this study are consistent with these experimental results. Model results indicate a strong three-dimensional velocity field in the vicinity of the cylinders with flow separations, vorticities and turbulence. In addition, a good link between the cross-section of the leading surfaces of the cylinders on the near wake patterns are observed. The result of this study will help to improve our understanding of the flows around the simple fish habitat structures.


BACKGROUND
Fibroblast growth factors and their receptors regulate key cellular functions, such as proliferation, differentiation and survival. Herein, we studied the prevalence and prognostic role of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) amplification in patients with advanced gastric cancer (AGC) who received systemic chemotherapy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
The gene copy number of FGFR2 was investigated in 80 patients with AGC who received systemic chemotherapy. FGFR2 gene status was assessed by dual-color fluorescence in-situ hybridization.

RESULTS
Among 80 patients, FGFR2 amplification was observed in seven cases (11.5%). Patients with FGFR2 amplification had significantly shorter overall survival (OS) than did those without FGFR2 amplification (9.1 vs. 16.5 months; p=0.037). In multivariate analysis, disease status and number of metastatic sites were associated with worse OS (p=0.015 and p=0.009, respectively). FGFR2 amplification tended to be correlated with a poorer outcome (p=0.080).

CONCLUSION
FGFR2 amplification tended to result in a shorter survival period compared to cases without amplification.


The core organ of the Rioja DOC, its regulatory council, had to be rebuilt after the civil war. Created in 1925 under the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, it experienced a democratic stage during the Second Republic and the failure of the Wine Statute. After the war, there were two differentiated stages. The first stage was that of reconstruction, which was dominated by the institutional rivalry between the Council and the National Union of the Vine and the Wine, and the last stage was that of consolidation, after the regulation of 1953. Antonio Larrea, who had a protagonist role in the decisive central decades of 20th century for the DOC Rioja, acted as a key and decisive factor in the task of reinstating the Regulatory Council.


Abstract With diverse areas of applications, wearable robotic exoskeleton devices have gained attention in the past decade. These devices cover one or more human limbs/joints and have been presented for rehabilitation, strength augmentation and interaction with virtual reality. This research is focused towards design, modeling and control of a novel series elastic actuation (SEA) based index finger exoskeleton with a targeted torque rendering capability of 0.3 Nm and a force control bandwidth of 3 Hz. The proposed design preserves the natural range of motion of the finger by incorporating five passive and two actively actuated joints and provides active control of metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints. Forward and inverse kinematics for both position and velocity have been solved using closed loop vector analysis by including human finger as an integral part of the system. For accurate force control, a cascaded control structure has been presented. Force controlled trajectories have been proposed to guide the finger along preprogrammed virtual paths. Such trajectories serve to gently guide the finger towards the correct rehabilitation protocol, thus acting as an effective replacement of intervention by a human therapist. Extensive computer simulations have been performed before fabricating a prototype and performing experimental validation. Results show accurate modeling and control of the proposed design.


The article by Steven Fox in this issue ofThe Journal(p 490) is one more useful view of the largest social experiment of our time—China—as it again seeks its prime position among nations. From the first openings for American observers in 1971 down to the present, the two nations have had an obvious affinity, an affinity that painfully and dangerously we have not been able to find with the other major communist power. Why we have a separated, hostile relationship with the society that shares our own Caucasian, Greco-Roman origins, but a societal romance with an extremely different oriental system, is not a question of idle curiosity—but perhaps the ultimate challenge of our times. Why hasThe Journal, from January of 1972 continuing through this week, been able to present a sequence of information about medical affairs in China and almost no similar reports on Russian institutions? Why have


In connection with the recent physiological expedition to Peru, a series of determinations were made of the gas diffusion constant by the CO method described by Dr. Marie Krogh. 1 A series of preliminary determinations made at sea level agreed in the limits of error (5 per cent.) with those made at Cerro de Pasco, at 14,300 feet. It was found that the severity of the symptoms of mountain sickness, or seroche, exhibited by the eight members of the party were in direct proportion to the value found for their diffusion constants, those having values of over 40 suffering very little, or practically not at all. A further series on five acclimatized persons, none of whom had ever suffered from seroche, all gave values for the diffusion constant for oxygen (Do2) above 40.


The quality of experience (QoE) on consumer video services must be maintained at a sufficient level. In order to realize automatic quality monitoring with a low burden, a no-reference (NR) objective video-quality-model by using a bitstream is promising because it can estimate a perceptual picture quality by referring to only parameters in the bitstream. High efficiency video coding (HEVC) is expected as the next-generation representative codec. Although parametric NR methods for AVC have been studied, such methods for HEVC are an emerging task in this research field. We propose an objective perceptual video-quality-measurement for HEVC that conforms to the parametric NR scheme.


. We investigate the acoustic behaviour of Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems (MEMS) with a focus on shutter devices. These shutter devices can be used for a new method of sound generation – which we call Advanced Digital Sound Reconstruction (ADSR) – where a redirection mechanism for sound pulses is incorporated [1]. With the help of this redirection mechanism, sound pulses can be generated which are superimposed to form an audio signal. At MEMS-scales viscous effects can play a major role regarding sound transmission. Therefore, we utilize the linearized flow equations in time domain in order to solve for the acoustic pressure while incorporating effects caused by viscous boundary layers. Furthermore, the movement of the shutter itself contributes to the overall generated sound in a negative manner. Since the generation of the sound pulses is in the ultra sound range, the generated noise by the shutter might lead to adverse effects on the human body [2]. Hence, modeling the shutter noise and understanding its generation process can help to improve the design. To model the noise generated by the shutter, we apply the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) framework to the linearized flow equations to be able to compute the noise generation on the moving geometry. The geometry update itself is governed by an artificial quasi-static mechanical problem which is solved in each step to get the new element deformation [3]. Assuming that the impact of the acoustic pressure is negligible, a simple forward coupling from the quasi-static mesh-smoothing to the the linearized flow equations is employed. Furthermore, we use a direct coupling approach to couple the acoustic wave equation to


"Originally established to test reliability of the world network of firstorder international gravity bases, the program was expanded to include establishment of a series of reliable pendulum gravity control measurements in North America to assure a potential accuracy of 1 mGal or better on any global series of measurements. Studies also expanded and standardized existing gravity surveys of the United States for reliable gravity anomaly maps, and evaluated reliability and gravity standards used for global work."


The glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the
most frequent and the most malignant brain tumor showing the
highest rate of anaplasia (WHO Grade IV) (Riede and Schaefer
2001b). The prognosis is bad (Mueller 2006) despite multi-modal and
evergrowing new methods of treatment (Omay and Vogelbaum 2009;
Mueller 2006; Weller 2008; Fukushima et al. 2009; Tabatabai and
Stupp 2010). Many hypotheses about the origin of GBM are being
discussed (Reya et al. 2001). The "GBM-Stem-Cell-Model


Example discloses a method for multimedia and multimedia processing apparatus of the present invention, the method comprising: sound information and sound data to obtain a sound having a particular characteristic in accordance with a corresponding; analyzing the image data and the audio associated with the current image, and display parameters, and determines a display area based on the sound information; according to the display area to give a feeling of sound source position information corresponding to the sound information; said sound playback parameters based on the sound source position feeling of the sound information and the current data is processed, the processed sound data to obtain the sound source position corresponding to the sensory information. Embodiments of the present invention by processing the relevant audio data and the image data, so that audio data processing module adapted to the current sound playing module and a display, so as to correspond to various multimedia device, can accurately restore the audio data corresponding sound effects sound information, and improve the user experience.


Background:  Sedation strategies and practice for patients on controlled ventilation is variable from place to place as well as over time. Less sedation results in shorter ventilation time and new ventilatory modes permit more awake patients. Previous works estimated sedative and analgesic use in Nordic ICUs some years ago, but current practice is not known. We therefore designed this study to describe pharmacological and practical routines for sedation of patients on controlled ventilation.


[Objective]The chemical compositions and their inhibitions on nitrosation of the extracts from the stems of Elaeagnus macrophylla Thunb is primarily tested.[Method]The chemical compositions from the stems of Elaeagnus macrophylla Thunb is extracted by petroleum ether,95% ethanol and water,the type of chemical compositions they contain is primarily judged according to the system reaction,and the inhibition on nitrosation and scavenging affect on sodium nitrite of the 95% ethanol and water extracts from the stems are explored.[Result]There are steroids,triterpenoids and volatile oils in petroleum ether extracts and steroids,cardiac glyosides,organic acids,phenols,anthraquinones,flavonoids,coumarins and terpene lactones in 95% athanol extracts,while proteins,amino acids,saponins,phenols,organic acids,saccharides and glycosides in the water extracts.Both water extracts and 95% ethanol extracts from the stems can inhibite the nitrosation reactions.[Conclusion]The stems of Elaeagnus macrophylla Thunb contain many kinds of pharmacologic active compositions,and may become a new resourse to prevent cancer.


The combined results of logging, physical properties studies, and the oblique seismic experiment conducted during DSDP Legs 51 through 53 at Sites 417 and 418 in Cretaceous crust at the southern end of the Bermuda Rise make possible the first detailed evaluation of the physical state of the upper levels of old oceanic crust. From an analysis of the results of the oblique seismic experiment, it appears that the P-wave velocity increases linearly from 4.8 ±0.2 km/s at the top of Layer 2 to 6.4 ±0.2 km/s at a sub-basement depth of 1.3 km. The P-wave velocity of Layer 3 at approximately 1.5 km is 6.7 ±0.2 km/s. The 5-wave velocity is 2.6 ±0.1 km/s at the top of Layer 2 and 3.7 ±0.1 km/s at the top of Layer 3. The average value of Vp (4.8 km/s) measured by logging in the uppermost basement in Hole 417D is in excellent agreement with the value obtained from the oblique seismic experiment, but is lower than the formation velocity (5.3 to 5.6 km/s) reconstructed for the site from laboratory measurements of velocity through recovered core material. This requires that the formation contains cracks on a scale finer than the resolution of the logging and oblique seismic experiments, but greater than that of laboratory samples. On the basis of these results and petrologic constraints imposed by the core, the upper crust in Hole 417D consists of 90 per cent basalt with an average grain boundary porosity of 8 per cent, less than 1 per cent interpiUow limestone, 5 per cent smectite consisting of about 50 per cent water, and 5 per cent open cracks filled with standing water. The formation porosity thus resides in two domains, grain boundaries and open cracks, and totals 13 to 14 per cent. This value is confirmed by electrical resistivity logs which indicate, in addition, that the cracks are interconnected, giving the formation an average permeability in the thousands of darcies, with lower values in the less fractured massive basalts. Comparison of these results with logging data obtained in young crust in Hole 396B on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge indicates that, although the porosity and permeability of the upper levels of the crust at Site 417 are much lower than at the ridge crest, the formation is not entirely sealed. Although water circulation is thus still possible in old crust, it may be limited by the presence of massive basalts and the absence of shallow sources of heat. Deep Sea Drilling Project and Geological Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California. Department of Geodesy and Geophysics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (now at the Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts). Department of Geological Sciences and Graduate Program in Geophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Centre Oceanologique de Bretagne, Brest, France,. Geophysical Institute, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Palisades, New York. Program in Geosciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (now at the Graduate Program in Geophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington). INTRODUCTION During the past several decades, our perception of the structure of the oceanic crust (Table 1) has evolved from simple layered models derived from surface refraction data (e.g., Raitt, 1963), through multiple layered models based on ocean bottom seismometer and Sonobuoy data (e.g., Hussong, 1972; Peterson et al., 1974; Houtz and Ewing, 1976), to detailed velocity gradient models derived from velocity and amplitude analysis of reflection and refraction data (e.g., Helmberger and Morris, 1970; Orcutt et al., 1976; Spudich et al., 1978). Although the velocity structure of the crust can now be determined in considerable detail,


We theoretically investigate the quantum interference of entangled two-photon states generated in a nonlinear crystal pumped by femtosecond optical pulses. Interference patterns generated by the polarization analog of the Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometer are studied. Attention is devoted to the effects of the pump-pulse profile (pulse duration and chirp) and the second-order dispersion in both the nonlinear crystal and the interferometer's optical elements. Dispersion causes the interference pattern to have an asymmetric shape. Dispersion cancellation occurs in some cases.


With the rapid deterioration of the environment and the continuously food safety events, this paper takes the carbon emissions and green profits into considering to select the distribution path when distributing the fresh fruits and vegetables, establish a multi-objective programming model which integrated the carbon emissions and the green profits. Finally, a case exemplifies the feasibility of the model, the best transport speed of the vehicle is obtained. Through sensitivity analysis, it reveals that transportation loss rate of fresh fruits and vegetables makes influence on the whole distribution process.


The effect of substrate cleaning using ultrasonic cleaner on tungsten carbide was investigated. The surface energy of the substrate was measured using two liquids with dominant polar and dominant dispersion components which were distilled water (DI) and methylene iodide. Owens-Wendt method was carried out to calculate the surface energy of the substrate. The result showed that the cleaning process using solvent B (alkaline, DI, acid, DI, DI, alcohol) for 20 minutes without the wiping process led to the highest surface energy of 126.3399 dyne/cm with the polar component of 80.538 dyne/cm. Findings from this research suggested that type of solvent, cleaning time, and interactions among solvent type, cleaning time, and wiping process significantly influenced surface energy of the substrate.


historical moments by capturing images of the social life of Chinese medicine in America and China. The notes that accompany each chapter are rich with detail for those who wish to follow-up particular aspects of this history. It is a valuable and clearly written account of a personal and professional journey into the diverse communities of practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine. Other-Worldly illustrates the creation of many traditional Chinese medicines, in diverse geographical locations, canvassing both what they have in common and the differences that enrich them. As a text, it demonstrates the 'local creation of universality' and the contributions of both American and Chinese history and social formation to a transnational assemblage with sites in both countries. Assunta Hunter Centre for Health and Society, University of Melbourne


Abstract Poly(methacrylated spiropyran) (P(MMASP)) brushes on silicon wafers were synthesized using the interface-mediated RAFT polymerization of methacrylated spiropyran (MMASP) monomers to determine their grafting density and surface free energy changes during photoinitiation. The grafting parameters of P(MMASP) layers such as the grafting density (σ), the radius of gyration (Rg ) and average distance between polymer chains (D) were calculated. It is found that 1.25 P(MMASP) chains covered per nm2 area of wafers, and the distance between chains was 1.0 nm which is smaller than doubled Rg , 1.1 nm. Thus, P(MMASP) chains overlapped each other and forced themselves to stretch away from the interface. We evaluated the surface free energy components of P(MMASP) brushes during photo initiation. Van Oss-Good method was used to calculate the surface free energy components of brushes. It is found that spiropyran (SP)-merocyanine (MC) system significantly influenced the surface energy components of P(MMASP) brushes. The electron acceptor and electron donor surface free energies of SP and MC form of P(MMASP) brushes were found as and respectively. It is concluded that MC form of P(MMASP) brushes possess high base character; whereas, SP forms have low base character. Graphical Abstract


Micron-size magnetic particles are utilized in different bio-applications. Many in-vivo and in-vitro analysis use these particles because of their interesting abilities to attach to biomolecules. The magnetically actuation of magnetic beads is important to confine the area of the specified cell analysis. Electromagnets and permanent magnets are used for different applications to capture these particles. Therefore exerting optimum force on magnetic particles is crucial in micron size analysis. In this paper we present the magnetic force calculation on a single magnetic bead using magnetic related equations from both permanent and electromagnet sources. It is shown that the magnetic force exerted on larger particles is more than smaller ones.


ABS>A simple method was proposed for the detection of gamma spectra with the energy E/sub gamma / approximately m/sub O/C/sup 2/ under peak annihilation in a gamma scintillation spectrometer with a NaI(Tl) crystal. The method was applied to the BETA /sup +/ isotope Sb/sup 115/. The annihilation spectra were also given for Na/sup 22/. (tr-auth)


In a rural area, environmental degradation and poverty nexus focuses on the high-dependency of poor people to natural resources-based livelihood. Arguably, limited assets of poor people cause them to be unable to cope with natural resources degradation and to undertake sustainable practice in their livelihood activities. This study attempts to find the nexus between environmental degradation and poverty in the case of coral reef destruction in Indonesia by applying secondary research as a methodology. A sustainable livelihood framework is applied to analyze small-scale fisher people's vulnerability and capacity to destruct. This study finds that small-scale fisher-people have limited assets to cope with coral reef destruction; however, the same condition leads them to destruct coral reef by doing the destructive fishing practice. This condition causes them to be trapped in the downward spiral of environmental degradation and poverty. Moreover, small-scale fisher-people can overcome this problem by developing self-governance common pool resources to conserve coral reef and increase their livelihood sustainability.


FIELD: weapons and ammunition; training means. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to small training devices, particularly, to device and method for shooting practice. Device for shooting practice comprises position transducer, consisting of electronic units and sensors combined in one housing, namely: three-axis accelerometer, magnetometer, and gyroscope, and comprises forehead video camera. Video camera provides video monitoring of barrel end movement and recording of target path. There is lighting device under barrel for illumination of flying pellets. Method for shooting practice consists in that after shot's order, target flies from throwing machine at trench or round shot stand, simultaneously video recording is performed with forehead camera and position transducer synchronously, and camera for recording target breaks produces duplicating record. In bullet firing shot uses gun with position transducer rigidly fixed under barrel. EFFECT: higher efficiency in shooting practice is achieved. 2 cl, 4 dwg


Purpose : This study analyzed the issues in the scope of carriage by sea and carriage by inland waterways under the Korean Commercial Code. Research design, data and methodology : Article 125 of the Korean Commercial Code says that the term carrier means a person who engages in the business of carrying goods or passengers by land or on lakes and rivers, and in ports and bays. This paper studied Article 125 and the Articles of the Code concerning the carriage of goods by sea. Results : Comparative analysis of some issues in the scope and application of carriage by sea or carriage by inland waterways suggests that maritime carriage provisions of the Korean Commercial Code should be applicable to inland waters. Conclusions : This paper reviewed and analyzed issues in the scope of maritime carriage and inland waterways transport under the Korean Commercial Code by examining the theories, regulations, and practical viewpoints. This paper, also, presented related practical and legal implications and further reforms in the Korean Commercial Code.


The mission of the CIT device is to determine the physics behavior of self-heated fusion plasmas, and to demonstrate the production of substantial amounts of fusion power. In order to achieve this mission at minimum risk and cost, CIT is designed to be a high field, compact, copper-coil device, of modest pulse length. The best measure of extrapolation in confinement properties is the dimensionless parameter {omega}{sub c}{tau}{sub E}. CIT is projected to stand midway between JET and ITER in this parameter, and so represents a relatively modest step. Nonetheless, because nT{tau}{sub E} {alpha} B for dimensionlessly similar devices (aB{sup 4/5} = const.). CIT should have about the same nT{tau}{sub E} as ITER, {minus}10x that of JET. Standard assumptions on confinement, impurity levels, and profile shapes project to Q = 25, with 20 MW of heating power, corresponding to {beta} = 3% (=21/aB) and a total fusion output power of 500 MW. Even given pessimistic projection assumptions. CIT can achieve its basic mission to determine the confinement physics, operational limits, and {alpha}-particle dynamics of self-heated fusion plasmas with {alpha} power greater than auxiliary heating power, while producing more than 100 MW of fusion power. In order to reach these conditions CITmore » will also demonstrate heating, fueling, and plasma handling techniques necessary to produce reactorlike power density, self-heated fusion plasmas. 3 refs., 3 figs.« less


We present theoretical predictions for electron scattering on oxygen and calcium isotopic chains. The calculations are done within the framework of the distorted-wave Born approximation and the proton and neutron density distributions are evaluated adopting a relativistic Dirac-Hartree model. We present results for the elastic and quasi-elastic cross sections and for the parity-violating asymmetry. As a first step, the results of the models are tested in comparison with some of the data available for elastic and quasi-elastic scattering on ${}^{16}$O and ${}^{40}$Ca nuclei. Then, the evolution of some nuclear properties is investigated as a function of the neutron number. We also present a comparison with the parity-violating asymmetry parameter obtained by the PREX Collaboration on ${}^{208}$Pb and give a prediction for the future experiment CREX on ${}^{48}$Ca.


Here Z, a 60 TW/5 MJ electrical accelerator located at Sandia National Laboratories, has been used to implode tungsten wire-array Z pinches. These arrays consisted of large numbers of tungsten wires (120–300) with wire diameters of 7.5 to 15 μm placed in a symmetric cylindrical array. The experiments used array diameters ranging from 1.75 to 4 cm and lengths from 1 to 2 cm. A 2 cm long, 4 cm diam tungsten array consisting of 240, 7.5 μm diam wires (4.1 mg mass) achieved an x-ray power of ∼200 TW and an x-ray energy of nearly 2 MJ. Spectral data suggest an optically thick, Planckian-like radiator below 1000 eV. One surprising experimental result was the observation that the total radiated x-ray energies and x-ray powers were nearly independent of pinch length. These data are compared with two-dimensional radiation magnetohydrodynamic code calculations.


Background: We aimed to establish the characteristics of patients with confirmed Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia recruited by passive, sentinel laboratory-based surveillance.Method: The study design was prospective, observational, cross-sectional, laboratory-based sentinel surveillance. Laboratory-based surveillance of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP), formerly known as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), was conducted in six South African provinces at 61 hospitals, of which 17 were sentinel sites, where surveillance officers collected clinical and demographic data from cases. A case was defined as a patient with a respiratory tract specimen that was confirmed positive for P. jirovecii by immunofluorescent microscopy or PCR test, either as a first diagnosis or ≥ 30 days after the last confirmed laboratory diagnosis of PJP. The chi-square test or Fisher's exact test were used to compare the categorical variables.Results: From 2006–2010, 1 537 cases of PJP were recorded. Eighty-nine per cent (460/5...


This contribution presents a probabilistic approach for automatic classification and localization of 3D objects in 2D multi-object images taken from a real world environment. In the training phase, statistical object models and statistical context models are learned separately. For the object modeling, the recognition system extracts local feature vectors from training images using the wavelet transformation and models them statistically by density functions. Since in contextual environments a-priori probabilities for occurrence of different objects cannot be assumed to be equal, statistical context modeling is introduced in this work. The a-priori occurrence probabilities are learned in the training phase and stored in so-called context models. In the recognition phase, the system determines the unknown number of objects in a multi-object scene first. Then, the object classification and localization are performed. Recognition results for experiments made on a real dataset with 3240 test images compare the performance of the system with and without consideration of the context modeling.


For the past century the processing of refractory metals and alloys has been linked to powder metallurgy (P/M). A firm understanding of processing has been critical to attaining the desired performance levels. Although the consolidation science is in good shape, the availability of tailored powders with appropriate attributes is a limitation. This presentation reviews the key issues related to refractory metal and alloy processing, with particular emphasis on tungsten and its alloys. An exciting growth area is in liquid phase sintering microelectronic systems where the concern is with thermal properties, specifically for W-Cu and Mo-Cu.


The community midwife's role requires travel from woman to woman to fulfil her duties. Concerns over the high rate of accidents involving people using their vehicles for work has resulted in a concerted effort by the police and health and safety executive to improve work related road safety (The Work-related Road Safety Task Group, 2001).


THE PROCESS REGARDING THE MANUFACTURE OF STEEL PRODUCTS SEMI-FINISHED STEEL HARD CONTENT THAN 0.75 C. IT IS PERFORMED BY A BLANK CONTINUOUS CASTING SECONDARY COOLING IN PROVIDING REGULAR. AFTER CUTTING THE DRAFT, IT IS SUBJECT, IN LESS TIME THREE MINUTES AT A HEATING A TEMPERATURE BETWEEN AND HRT HRT-80C-110C, THEN A wrought TEMPERATURE THAN THS-140C. PRODUCTS OBTAINED ARE USED IN PARTICULAR FOR MANUFACTURING BEARING.


Educating of students'creative minds has already become an important topic in today's education and has been gaining more attention. This article discusses and analyze, how to achieve this goal of educating students'creative minds according to the characteristica of physical education.


The Educational Robotic Application (ERA) Principles provides a framework for evaluating Educational Robots and their activities. This paper presents the rationale behind the proposed e-Robot Project, an online community based research resource aimed at gathering data on the use of
educational robotics. Collating the data against ERA is an iterative process that will simultaneously verify and improve ERA, which in turn will inform the design and application of educational robotics. e-Robot involves all aspects of the research process from research design to meta-analysis. The project can run indefinitely and will encourage participation from student teachers, teachers, researchers, developers, administrators, politicians and other interested parties.


Abstract We report on a meta-analysis designed to test the theory that instruction that involves direct teaching of academic vocabulary and teaching strategies to determine the meaning of unknown words develops students' abilities to infer new words' meanings and builds students' overall vocabulary knowledge. We meta-analyzed 39 experimental and quasi-experimental intervention studies conducted in grades K-5 to examine the effects of these instructional approaches. Results indicate that interventions that targeted word meaning instruction do not show overall positive effects on measures of breadth of vocabulary knowledge. Although strategy interventions are effective in improving word solving skills on near transfer measures, strategy interventions do not significantly impact students' overall breadth of vocabulary knowledge. These findings suggest that direct teaching of vocabulary words may not be effective for building overall vocabulary knowledge among elementary-grade students. More research is needed to examine the potential of teaching strategies to determine the meaning of unknown words.


In this paper, we present a model for grid-based semantic service discovery by combining the expressive power of the present ontology language and the advantages of semantic web techniques. This model is an initial work to support dynamic workflow composition of semantically described services. Our model distinguishes other service discovery models by not only supporting semantic functional matchmaking, but also supporting flexible QoS ranking that differentiates similar services offered by different service providers in grid environments.


A three-dimensional (abbreviation 3D) cilia filter cloth of high lifetime was introduced because the ordinary filter cloth has short service lifetime and unsatisfactory results when it was applied in mechanical dehydration. The dehydration effect of 3D filter cloth is much better than that of ordinary filter cloth. The 3D filter cloth could withstand six times higher tension above the ultimate tension of ordinary filter cloth. The effect of dehydration under higher pressure for 3D cloth is greater than that under lower pressure. The 3D filter cloth decreased the water content of dehydrated mud cake by an average of about 18% compared with the ordinary filter cloth. The water content of mud cake was lower than 59%, combined with preconditioning technology for the sludge, which achieves reduction and resource utilization of sludge.


Ever since it is first introduced and then gradually adopted by many in the field of Chinese cinema studies, the term 'Chinese-language film' (huayu dianying) has been always contentious, not only because it tends to prioritize language's role in defining a cinema, thus relegates the 'Chinese' films that speak non-Han languages to a negligible place, but also because critics and scholars in the field come from divergent political and cultural backgrounds and thus tend not to share the same view of what constitute 'China' and 'Chinese.' In one of the earliest publications that propagated the term, Ping-Hui Liao used the phrase 'huawen dianying' instead of 'huayu dianying' in his long introduction to discuss the collection of essays that critically examine the acclaimed films from mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan, including such classics as Yellow Earth, The Story of Qiu Ju, King of Children, Farewell My Concubine, Ruan Lingyu, The Terrorizers, A Brighter Summer Day and Banana Paradise. Despite this, as a less controversial term that encompasses the films produced not only in mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan, but also in Singapore and other Chinese diasporas, 'Chinese-language film' has been gradually accepted by scholars and critics of Chinese cinema from around the world. This is evidenced in both Chinese and English publications, chief among them Discourses on Contemporary Chinese-Language Film (edited by Tado Lee. Taipei, Taiwan: China Times Press, 1996), Legends of the Three Places: Two Decades of Chinese-Language Film (edited by Emilie Yueh-yu Yeh, et al. Taipei, Taiwan: Taiwan Film Institute, 1999), Ten Directors of Chinese-Language Film (edited by Yuanying Yang. Hangzhou, Zhejiang: Zhejiang Photographic Press, 2000) and Chinese-Language Film: Historiography, Poetics, Politics (edited by Sheldon Lu and Emilie Yueh-yu Yeh. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, 2005). But it turns out that the above consensus, reached around the turn of the century and shared by many in the field regardless of their place of origin, is fragile at best. Controversies and debates surrounding the term 'Chinese-language film' have struck back with a vengeance during its post-centennial years. Partly due to the frequent academic exchanges between mainland China-based scholars and scholars of Chinese-language film from the United States and the United Kingdom (strangely more often than their counterparts based in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore), these debates have centered on whether the use of 'Chinese-language film' is a reflection of Western 'centralism' or Americentrism


Human endogenous retroviruses (HERV)‐E consist of a family of more than 1300 elements, stably integrated in the human genome. Some of them are full‐length proviruses able to synthesize the viral proteins gag, pol and env. The reactivation of HERV‐E elements has been associated to placentation, cancer and autoimmunity. In this narrative review, we aimed to report the status of the art concerning the involvement of HERV‐E in rheumatic autoimmune diseases. Following a research on PubMed database, a total of 87 articles were selected. The highest amount of evidence derives from studies on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), whereas a few to no data are available on other immune‐mediated diseases. In SLE, the hyper‐expression of HERV‐E clone 4‐1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells or differentiated lymphocytes has been associated with disease activity and autoantibody production. It is likely that HERV‐E take part to the pathogenesis of rheumatic autoimmune diseases but additional research is needed.