Between 1940 and 1945, under the impetus of World War II, operations research (OR) became a recognized activity. The successes in solving many short-term and important operational problems are recorded in history. In the intervening three decades, OR has continued this short-term problem solving activity, attempted to address longer horizon, broader scope planning problems, and devoted significant effort to the development of related mathematical techniques. It is conjectured that, if it continues to pursue these directions in kind and degree, OR may lose its identity as a recognized activity and be assimilated into other fields of endeavor. This paper presents some categorical suggestions for improving practice and research to redirect the future of OR.


An object of the present invention is to provide a composition capable of providing a sufficient immediate cooling effect, a long lasting cooling effect, and a recooling effect. The present invention relates to (a) at least one endothermic material, (b) at least one compound selected from menthol and its derivatives, and (c) at least one selected from cyclodextrin and its derivatives. The present invention relates to a composition, preferably a cosmetic composition, more preferably a skin cosmetic composition, which comprises one compound. The composition according to the invention can provide a sufficient immediate cooling effect, a long lasting cooling effect, and a recooling effect. 【Selection chart】 None


We use hierarchical data mining to compress the mobile communication data, which improves data transmission rate of 3G mobile internet. Based on this, combining the advantages of VC and MATLAB, we design the digital library architecture of 3G mobile internet model. This model has the functions of inquiry, backstage management, and mobile data optimization and so on. In order to verify the effectiveness and reliability of the model, we use network testing of small digital library as an example to test the library query function with mobile phone. By using the Android test terminal we get the library query process curve and the data flow transmission characteristics. It provides technical support for 3G on mobile internet technology and innovative design of library.


My thesis reflects upon the changing conditions of salaried labour in the contemporary society. Research in general developments in the sphere of political economy, particularly its transformation serves as theoretical basis for the project. Globalization of capital, the ongoing push aspect economic life where values a career What instead flexibility uncertainty and terms prospects and


Recently, content dissemination has become more and more important for opportunistic social networks. The challenges of opportunistic content dissemination result from random movement of nodes and uncertain positions of a destination, which seriously affect the efficiency of content dissemination. In this paper, we firstly construct time-varying interest communities based on the temporal and spatial regularities of users. Next, we design a content dissemination algorithm on the basis of time-varying interest communities. Our proposed content dissemination algorithm can run in O(nlogn) time. Finally, the comparisons between the proposed content dissemination algorithm and state-of-the-art content dissemination algorithms show that our proposed content dissemination algorithm can (a) keep high query success rate, (b) reduce the average query latency, (c) reduce the hop count of a query, and (d) maintain low system overhead.


A brief introduction is made on the general characteristics, functions and basic principles of strategic management in enterprises, and detailed discussion is made on the significance of strategic management and the problems therein in large and medium\|sized enterprises.


The type strains of Bact. coli, described by Bray (1945), Giles & Sangster (1948), Giles et al. (1949), Taylor et al. (1949), Smith (1949) and Rogers (1951b), because of their very intimate association with epidemic infantile gastro-enteritis, have been used as indicator organisms to show that the method of cross-infection of epidemic gastro-enteritis is very like that of the cross-infection of burns. It has been shown how a cubicle becomes widely contaminated within 18 hr. and that type strains of Bact. coli will remain viable in dust for at least 27 days. Communal articles used throughout a ward are blamed for the inter-cubicle spread in a divided ward. The intimate association of the α- and β-types of Bact. coli with outbreaks of gastro-enteritis is demonstrated, and figures are given to show how these outbreaks prolong the patient's stay in hospital and waste valuable hospital space.


Anisotropic thermoelectric properties of crystal-axis oriented polycrystals of layer-structured oxide in the Ca-Co-O system was discussed. Plate-like particles of (Ca 2.7 Bi 0.3 ) (Co 3.7 Cu 0.3 )O 9+δ were synthesized. To improve the thermoelectric properties, a c-axis oriented polycrystal of (Ca 2.7 Bi 0.3 ) (Co 3.7 Cu 0.3 )O 9+δ was successfully fabricated by uniaxial-pressing and sintering. The electrical conductivity along the ah-plane was about four times larger than that along the c-axis, while the Seebeck coefficients were similar. The thermal conductivity along the ah-plane was more than two times larger than that along the c-axis. The resulting figure-of-merit alone the ab-plane was enhanced due to the enhanced electrical conductivity.


In this paper, the Singularity representation and workspace determination of the parrallel robot PAR4 are presented. The serial singularity (type 1) is determined using the kinematic matrix. This type of singularity indicates the unreachable points in the workspace. Based on the inverse geomatric model (MGI) of the parallel robot PAR4 the workspace is determined. Numerical results are presented showing some singularity of type 1 and their representation of the robot PAR4. Also, the workspace of this robot is presented.


This publication documents a selected number of pre-flight, in-flight, and postflight photographs of the LDEF and experiments. Changes in condition of the experiments caused by space exposure are discussed. Accompanying this black and white publication it a CD-ROM that contains the color version of the photographs as well as the text.


The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of removing and seasonality of precipitation on litter deposition and content of nutrients P and K in a forest successional stage in the city of Castanhal-PA. Two systems were established: 1) removal: removal of soil and litter: 2) Control or witness, without the removal of litter. With this, 12 collectors of 1 m² were installed in each system for monthly quantification of the dry mass and obtain the contents of P and K. The total litter deposition was 6.65 and 6.24 Mg ha-1 yr-1 for control systems and removal respectively, did not differ from each other (p < 0.05). The removal of litter did not change the content of P and K, however, there was change over the months, with higher P values in the period of increased rainfall, with the K featuring reverse pattern. Therefore, litter production has performed seasonal during the year and the removal of litter caused no change in P and K content, and the rainfall was the climate variable that influenced the content of these elements.


Abstract Dorsal anterior abdomens of late instar larvae of Trogoderma inclusum Le Conte and T. variabile Ballion were exposed to six doses from each of three lasers. The effects were followed for 183 days after lasing. Ruby (1.6–9.5 j/cm2) and neodymium (4.3–24.9 j/cm2) lasing killed the darker T. variabile larvae at lower doses than those required to kill the paler T. inclusum larvae. Dehydration through ruptured exocuticle and denatured cuticle was the main cause of death. Carbon dioxide (2.1–12.7 j/cm2) lasing killed larvae of both species at intermediate and high doses due to denaturation, degeneration of the fat body, and inhibition of moulting. At sublethal doses, subsequent instars bore lesions which lacked exocuticle and setae. Internally, the lesions consisted of wavy cuticle and thickened, vacuolated epidermis. These lesions were reversible because they regressed with moulting. Additional setae occurred in lesions of later instars where exocuticle had been initially lacking. In terms of irradiance, mortality, penetration, and persistence of lesions, the carbon dioxide laser was the most effective, the ruby laser was intermediate, and the neodymium laser the least effective.


Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the correlation of the free cells/aggregated flocs characteristics and the sludge flocculation and separation behavior during the activated sludge process. Activated sludge was cultured in three laboratory-scale batch reactors with same carbon sources of glucose but different sludge retention times (SRTs) of 5, 10 and 20 days. The variation in the operation condition produced sludge with different flocculation and separation characteristics. The reactor performance in terms of bioflocculation as measured by the amount of suspended solids in the effluent, sludge sedimentation and compression as measured by the sludge value index improved considerably as the SRT lengthened. The higher SRT was related to less negatively charged surface of free cells and more hydrophobic of aggregated flocs. The negative zeta potential of aggregated flocs (11–13 mV) was smaller than that of free cells (15–23 mV), and free cells carrying lesser negative surface charges resulted in effluent clarification. Hydrophobicity of aggregated flocs (10–17 %) in each reactor was higher than that of free cells (5–8 %). The increase in hydrophobicity of aggregated flocs had positive effect on settleability. Floc strength measured by breakage/erosion index was closely related to hydrophobicity of aggregated flocs, but no correlation could be established with zeta potential of aggregated flocs. In addition, different bacterial species existed in free cells and aggregated flocs. Microbial similarity between free cells and aggregated flocs increased with shorter SRT and was closely related to effluent clarification.


ABSTRACT 2017-076 In this paper, we discuss a new class of i-PetroGel oil-superabsorbent technology that has shown a potential solution to the oil spill recovery and cleanup in arctic environments,...


This paper outlines a historical overview of western romanistic tradition, evaluating the meanings attributed to Classical Roman Law on the different periodsin which legal knowledge revitalized it. The article concludes by diagnosing the crisisfaced by romanistic tradition nowadays, suggesting its historical recovery as the onlyway out of it.


The selection of keywords for bidding is a critical component of paid search advertising. When the number of possible keywords is enormous, it becomes difficult to choose the best keywords for advertising and then subsequently to assess their effect. To this end, we propose an ultrahigh dimensional keyword selection approach that not only reduces the dimension for selections, but also generates the top listed keywords for profits. An empirical analysis using a unique panel dataset from a large online clothes retailer that advertises on the largest search engine in China (i.e., Baidu) is presented to illustrate the usefulness of our approach.


In the process of making museum fund we face the question of the significance of every its exhibit item for documenting the social development of the represented time, certain events, processes and structures. The value of the fund is first of all determined on the history of the exhibited thing, of its primary application and the place of it in the life of the society it belonged. The article is devoted to the results of the research in museology which allows to came to conclusion that the totality of all these features give the presentation of cultural and historical value of the museum exhibit, necessity of its safe keeping and proper use in communication. The article deals with the research in museology which results in necessity to determine the value of the for its proper use in communication.


1. Cytosolic free Na+ concentration, [Na+]i, was investigated in human platelets loaded with the fluorescent indicator SBFI (sodium‐binding benzofuran isophthalate). 2. SBFI fluorescence from platelet suspensions was measured at excitation wavelengths of 340 and 385 nm and the 340/385 nm fluorescence ratio was calibrated in terms of [Na+]i in situ. [Na+]i was set to known values by resuspending cells in media with various [Na+], in the presence of the Na(+)‐K+ ionophore, gramicidin. 3. Basal free [Na+]i was 5.5 +/‐ 0.3 mM (n = 50). This is considerably lower than estimates of total platelet Na+, suggesting that much intracellular Na+ is sequestered or bound. 4. ADP (40 microM) evoked a rise in [Na+]i from 6.4 +/‐ 0.7 to 18.3 +/‐ 1.1 mM (n = 8). The ADP‐evoked rise in [Na+]i was abolished when external Na+ was replaced with N‐methyl‐D‐glucamine. This indicates that the rise in [Na+]i was due to Na+ entry. 5. In platelets loaded with the fluorescent pH indicator, BCECF, 40 microM‐ADP was shown to evoke a fall in cytosolic pH (pHi) from 7.21 +/‐ 0.03 to 7.12 +/‐ 0.03 (n = 10). Three minutes after ADP addition pHi had only recovered to 7.15 +/‐ 0.03. The recovery was dependent on external Na+, suggesting it was mediated by Na(+)‐H+ exchange. However, this would only account for an increase in [Na+]i of approximately 0.5 mM, indicating most of the ADP‐evoked Na+ entry occurred by other mechanisms. 6. Stopped‐flow fluorimetry showed that the ADP‐evoked rise in [Na+]i commenced without measurable delay and peaked within 1 s. The initial kinetics were thus similar to those reported for ADP‐evoked rises in [Ca2+]i. 7. Cell‐attached patch‐clamp recordings showed that ADP evoked single‐channel inward currents when included in the pipette‐filling solution. The currents were similar whether Ca2+ was present or absent from the pipette. The slope conductance was 11 pS in the presence of external Ca2+ and 10 pS in its absence. Current‐voltage relationships were similar and the reversal potentials were close to 0 mV under both conditions. 8. SK & F 96,365 (20 microM), a blocker of receptor‐mediated Ca2+ entry in several non‐excitable cells, blocked the ADP‐evoked rise in [Na+]i. This compound has been shown to only partly block the biphasic ADP‐evoked rise in [Ca2+]i, being selective for the fast, receptor‐operated phase of entry. 9. These data suggest that ADP rapidly activates a channel in that platelet plasma membrane which is permeable to Na+ and divalent cations.


A multi-driver, coaxially mounted loud speaker array utilizing a high frequency bi-morph driving element that is totally contained within the hollow core of the voice coil former of a lower frequency loud speaker. The outwardly radiating conical edge of the high frequency device's diaphragm is annularly fixed by a compliance to the inner surface of the referenced voice coil former or to the diaphragm which radiates outwardly therefrom and is excited by the former. A significant advancement in the art is acquired by the realization of a cavity between the situs of the bi-morph driving element and the back of the former--excited diaphragm, behind the annular compliance. This feature allows a design engineer to literally tune the response of the higher frequency loud speaker by deliberately varying the volume of the cavity.


Increased pigmentation of the skin due to melanin occurs in many unrelated conditions and is produced by a variety of causes. It is usually possible to differentiate between types of pigmentation and to classify them as entities resulting from local or systemic causes. Congenital and progressive pigmentation is seldom described. Because of its rarity such a condition associated with dystrophy of the nails and slight atrophy of the skin in two sisters and a cousin is reported. REPORT OF CASES Case1.—K. K., a 29-year-old housewife, the eldest of four children, was born in the United States of Greek parents. Her mother, who died of septicemia at 47 years of age, had normal brunette coloring. Her father, aged 65, has blue eyes and fair skin. A sister, aged 28, has melanoderma, described in Case 2. A second sister, aged 22, has normal brunette coloring, and a brother,


The oral status of nursing home residents is poor. This could compromise general health. The controlled study investigated the influence of quarterly professional dental hygiene interventions on oral and general health of elderly.


The invention provides a charging base with a safety function. The charging base is provided with a power input end used for supplying power to or charging a handheld electronic device, wherein the electronic device is provided with a clamp slot. The charging base comprises a base body, a bearing part and a control part, wherein the base body is provided with an accommodating slot; the bearing part is accommodated in the accommodating slot so as to accommodate and support the electronic device, and is provided with a bayonet; when the electronic device is accommodated in the bearing part, the bayonet is opposite to the clamp slot; the control part is fixedly installed in the base body and comprises a magnetic reed switch and a safety fastener; the magnetic reed switch is provided with a movable shaft in a convex manner; the safety fastener comprises a clamp fitting part pivotally connected on the bearing part and a fastening part arranged at one end of the clamp fitting part in a convex manner; the other end of the clamp fitting part is matched with the movable shaft; and when the magnetic reed switch is turned on, the movable shaft moves and pushes the clamp fitting part to rotate, and the fastening part passes through the bayonet and is fastened in the clamp slot so as to restrain the electronic device in the base body. The charging base has the following beneficial effect: whether the magnetic reed switch is turned on to lock or unlock the electronic device can be determined by inputting passwords and fingerprints, thus ensuring the use safety of the electronic device.


This book contains several of the papers presented at a conference on pastorahsm held at the Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, Uppsala, the Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. The contributors, who were drawn from a wide range of disciplines, represented academic, administrative and practical experience of semi-arid Africa. In spite of this mix of interests two common themes persist throughout the book. First, it is argued that far too little attention is paid to problems faced by pastoralists themselves. Instead the emphasis in development work has been heavily on rangeland problems, ecological problems, problems of animal production and problems of economic development. A second theme is the need to make greater use of indigenous knowledge and skills in development initiatives. That this happens so rarely is made abundantly clear throughout the book. In the opening chapter Camilla Toulmin demonstrates the complexity of land tenure in parts of the Sahel, arguing that although local people may have ususfructary rights to land, ownership by the state is a disincentive to people to invest in land. Although there is much theorising about the need to involve local people in decision-making Toulmin remains sceptical about this becoming reality—justifiably, so it would seem, as similar lofty objectives were being voiced as long ago as the late 1970s (Konczacki 1978) and have provoked little change. Mohammed Salih demonstrates that the development of pastorahsm and the development of pastoralists are far from the same and argues that while development schemes focus on the development of cattle as a capital resource, they largely ignore the fact that pastorahsm is a way of life for many Africans, a culture and much more than a mere commercial activity. The importance of making use of indigenous knowledge is very much a theme in this chapter, too, and Salih tells how the introduction of modern dairy farms to northern Nigeria took no account of the role of local, small-scale milk producers or of the devastating effects that large-scale schemes might have had on them. Management problems with the modern schemes enabled the small-scale producer to survive but the essential point is the lack of concern about indigenous production systems.


Aim To detect the specific antibodies against the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in the sera of patients with SARS.Method IgM and IgG antibodies against the SARS-CoV in the sera of clinically diagnosed,suspected and medically observed cases and other non-SARS and healthy contrast were detected by the indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.Results (1) All 3 clinically diagnosed cases were IgG positive,2 were IgM positive,2 paired sera (acute stage and convalescent stage) showed ≥4 fold rises in IgG.(2) 1 suspected case were positive for both IgM and IgG,and the paired sera showed 4 fold rises in IgG.(3) 11 medically observed cases were negative for both IgM and IgG.(4) None of the 50 samples from non-SARS and healthy contrast samples showed IgG positive.Conclusion Indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay can be used for the laboratory diagnosis of SARS and further clinic diagnosis checking of SARS.


Imaging under low-light conditions is a challenging but important problem due to low dynamic range, image noise, and blurriness. In this work, we propose blur-free low-light imaging techniques by combining a conventional color camera with an event camera. The event camera complements the color camera by measuring brightness changes asynchronously at high speed with high dynamic range. We synchronize the two sensors with external trigger cable. We align the viewpoints of the event and color using a beamsplitter. We co-calibrate the two cameras geometrically. We derive an image formation model and use the inverted model to reduce the blurriness in color images. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.


mergers, acquisitions, joint ventures, and strategic alliances; and a general industrialization mentality unfolds. This need for agribusiness research has been alluded to or implied by the comments of leaders in academia and industry (Armbruster; Barry; Boehlje; Drabenstott; Eidman; Urban 1991, 1998). With many departments facing retirements in the next few years, this is an opportune time to examine the future direction of agricultural economics and agribusiness. Ten years ago, following the release of the National Agribusiness Education Commission Lincoln Report, debate in the agricultural economics profession centered on the question "Is agribusiness something that we as agricultural economists should be doing?" (Downey). Today, the question has become "How do we incorporate agribusiness into our departments and existing programs?" Furthermore, although the emphasis of the Lincoln Report was on education, there have been ramifications on agribusiness research and extension/outreach efforts because most faculty have split appointments. This article provides a baseline of the current state of agribusiness teaching, research, and extension/outreach programs around the country and suggests implications for the future direction of agribusiness. We present the results of a survey of agricultural economics department heads from around the United S ates. The following section describes the survey methodology, the questions included, and the response rate. We then report the results a d discuss outcomes and implications. The concluding section provides insights into the direction for agribusiness within agricultural economics departments over the next five years.


This study aims to develop a methodology to describe and predict the statistical characteristics of individual ore particles in terms of length, width, height, volume, mass, area, circularity, aspect ratio, density, and porosity. The mean value, standard deviation, and appropriate distribution function were calculated or identified for each data set of a given particle property in a given size fraction. It was found that the mean value and the standard deviation of the same particle property can either be predicted from particle size or be approximated by a constant. The best-fit distribution of each kind of particle property was identified by the Anderson–Darling test using Minitab software. Generally, the data sets with the same particle property but different size fractions and ore types follow the same distribution. A methodology was developed to predict the distribution of individual particle properties in a given size fraction by particle size, and the fitting quality is good in most cases. The statistical characteristics of individual ore particles can improve the precise processing of ore feed in concentrators, the preparation of feed samples for lab-scale testing, the calibration of image analysis of ore particle size distribution, etc.


In this work, high temperature diode sensors for harsh environment applications are fabricated and comprehensively characterized. The design of the sensors is based on gallium nitride (GaN) on silicon carbide (SiC) heterojunction structures. The GaN layer was grown by the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on an n-type SiC substrate. P-type doping of the GaN was achieved using the atomic magnesium (Mg) as a dopant. The heterojunction devices were fabricated using a concentric ring geometry with the diameters ranging from 400 μm to 1000 μm. Temperature dependent characteristics (Vf — T) of these heterojunction devices as well as their sensitivity (mV/K) are comprehensively characterized in a temperature range from 300 K to 650 K using reduced temperature steps. High temperature electrical measurements have demonstrated that these heterojunction devices have highly linear temperature dependent characteristics and are potentially usable as reliable temperature sensors up to at least 650K. Dedicated programs were used to extract the electrical parameters of the devices designed to operate as a temperature sensor.


User interfaces of geospatial information systems (GIS) are endowed with natural language terms describing topological operators in spatial queries. Thus, users do not have to learn underlying models and their formal languages in order to communicate with the system. Nevertheless, we have observed difficulties with identifying the appropriate operator for a given task. This work examines if the natural language terms contribute to these difficulties. In a test, 34 human subjects were presented with the natural language terms of two GIS for relations between two regions and asked to select graphical stimuli with spatial situations fitting to these terms. It turned out that nine out of 15 operator names are only understood by significantly less than half of the people in the way they are implemented in the products. Apart from appropriate names the results raise the question if all system concepts match human concepts.


In the process of collecting FMCW, we need to ensure the accuracy of FMCW. Therefore, there must be certain requirements for the accuracy of the collected signal. Traditional FFT has the disadvantage of spectrum leakage and is limited by the accuracy of FFT in the process of spectrum refinement, resulting in low accuracy of the collected signal. Therefore, the phase invariance of all phase FFT algorithm is used to solve this problem. In this paper, the Simulink model of all phase FFT in MATLAB is built. The model is used to realize the function of all phase FFT, and the obtained FM continuous wave signal is modulated by all phase FFT to obtain the required signal. Compared with the program in MATLAB, the system is simple and easy to understand, and can be more practical, which provides a strong reference evidence for the implementation of the subsequent hardware system.


The wide use of modern educational technique, such as multi media and internet, provides much more space for English classroom teaching in middle schools. Giving examples of making multi media coursewares and acquiring internet resources, the paper introduces the important part that modern educational technique plays in English classroom teaching, discusses the ways and effects of using the technique, and also puts forward some suggestions.


This poster reports preliminary findings from a research project, which attempts to suggest guidelines for developing an older-adult-friendly online tutorial for Facebook. An existing online tutorial for Facebook, Facebook 101, was analyzed to provide a more practical discussion. Weaknesses and improvement points of the tutorial were identified based on the literature regarding principles of design and training for older adults (OAs). Moreover, hierarchical task analyses (HTAs) were conducted to re-design lessons (i.e., content of the tutorial) for popular Facebook activities by OAs. This poster includes a demo version of the OA-friendly online tutorial for Facebook by reflecting the findings and experiences from the study. This paper also outlines future research directions.


The purpose of the research: to analyze the efficacy of different conservative treatment schemes used for congenital labial adhesion. The object of the research: 128 girls aged from 5 months to 6,5 years. The average age of the children is 2 years and 1 month. The average weight at birth is 3268 grams. All of the patients are divided in four groups for research purposes. Currently, labial adhesion in girls is more and more frequently diagnosed by gynecologists. There are different ways to treat this pathology: surgical, mechanical separation of connective tissue membrane and conservative. There are higher chances of recurrent labial fusion the usage of surgical and mechanical procedures. That is why this article will be mainly focused on different conservative treatment schemes, which include medication with estrogen and drugs used for tissue regeneration. The results will be present for all of the four groups. Discusses the history of the birth of girls history in the family. Schemes of treatment of synechiae and duration of therapy are presented. The conclusions noted that only treatment lasting at least 10 days with the use of cream Ovestin can give stable results in the treatment of adhesive processes of the labia. A complete description of the concomitant pathology in children is given.


At super and hypersonic speeds, lifting deeelerators may take the form of parawings or twodimensional "sails." For freestream Mach numbers between 10 and 4, an analysis is made of the profiles assumed and isentropic waves produced in nonviscous flows by two-dimensional sails, under pure tension and of finite weight. At the higher freestream Mach numbers, large parts of the compression flow are virtually centered, and even for long sails (e.g., 100 ft chord) at a high Mach number (e.g., 10) and low stress (e.g., 5 tons/in.), the weight of such a membrane need not exceed 1 lb/ft. The two-dimensional analysis can include the effects of skin friction, and is extended to singly-curved "caret" sails, which allow leading edges to be swept but can still produce two-dimensional waves; equilibrium can still be maintained by appropriately applied tensile forces. Experimental evidence on two-dimensional, rectangular sails tends to support the theoretical predictions that much of the sail compression flow will be nearly centered.


Abstract Optical transitions of dense Al laser produced plasmas have been investigated in the out-streaming plasma jet. A strong emission from line transitions originating from several charge states (Li-like until Ne-like, spectral range 450 – 550 nm) is observed. Spectra simulations which employ ab inito atomic structure calculations have been established. The simulations demonstrate the potential use of optical spectra of highly charged ions in dense plasmas to determine the charge state distribution. On the basis of Zeeman-Stark simulation we discuss also the possible application for magnetic field measurements. I. Introduction Since the publication of the first monograph on plasma spectroscopy [1], spectroscopic methods have provided essential information about basic plasma parameters and relevant physical processes. The accessible parameter range covers orders of magnitude ion temperature and (especially) density, because practically all elements of particular, selected isoelectronic sequences can be used for diagnostics. These elements may occur as intrinsic impurities or may be intentionally injected in small amounts. Detailed reviews of spectroscopic methods have been published since [2-4]. In hot plasmas (e.g.: magnetic and inertial fusion, high energy laser produced plasmas, high current Z-pinches), x-ray line transitions from single and double excited states of highly ionized ions are usually employed for plasma diagnostics whereas optical transitions are rarely considered. In the present work, we report about an experimental campaign [5] at the PALS laser facility [6] to investigate optical transitions from highly charged ions in a plasma.


The role of both higher and secondary education at the present stage of development of the Republic of Azerbaijan is mainly measured by the tasks set for it, its transition to a democratic and rule-of-law state, to a market economy, the need to overcome the danger of the country lagging behind the world trends of economic and social development. The main goal of the modernization of education is to create a mechanism for the sustainable development of the education system. To achieve this goal, such important tasks as ensuring State guarantees of accessibility and equal opportunities for obtaining a full-fledged education and achieving a new modern quality of preschool, general and vocational education should be solved as a priority, among others. Within the framework of solving these tasks, the concept of modernization of Russian education at the senior level of general education provides for specialized training and the development of distance education. The model of a general education institution with specialized training at the senior level provides for the possibility of various combinations of academic subjects, which will provide a flexible system of specialized training. This system includes the following types of academic subjects: basic general education, specialized and elective. Elective courses are implemented at the expense of the school component of the curriculum and provide "support" for the study of the main profile subjects, as well as serve for intra-profile specialization of training and the construction of individual educational trajectories. Schools are faced with the task of developing elective courses. On the one hand, solving this problem requires highly qualified specialists, which is extremely difficult to provide, especially in rural areas. On the other hand, today schools, including rural ones, get access to high-speed Internet, therefore, we can say that there is a sufficient technical base for the development of distance learning, which will also solve the problems of specialized training.


Here is an attempt to predict different scenarios for alternative power engineering in Russian Northern Region. These four scenarios are built on the base of General Theory of Management. Some legal and institutional recommendations for the state and local authorities are given.


ABSTRACT According to his Lancastrian opponents, the historical Richard II lost his crown primarily due to his excessive youthfulness. This view shaped subsequent accounts of his reign, including Shakespeare's controversial play about him. The Tragedy of King Richard the Second repeatedly addresses the question of the king's age as perceived by, and in relation to, his subjects and political opponents. As my article demonstrates in detail, Shakespeare's characters do not speak of age merely sporadically and in politically neutral ways. Instead, they regularly invoke it as a site of rhetorical contestation, informed by an early modern consensus that defined age largely in practical and social terms, was markedly gerontocratic, and made mature adulthood an important prerequisite to successful governance. Read in this context, i.e., with a focus on the intersection between age and rank as conceptualized by Shakespeare's contemporaries, the various age-related passages in the play reveal both Richard's failure and Bolingbroke's success with regard to their age-political self-fashioning.


This chapter introduces the various categories of promiscuity and their possible role in enzyme evolution. It also reviews some of the well-known examples of enzymes for which the promiscuous function is industrially relevant, leading to conversions of nonnatural compounds. Enzyme promiscuity is becoming an increasingly important phenomenon in the field of biocatalysis, both directly and indirectly: directly, because many desirable conversions are "unnatural," so expansion of the existing functions of protein catalysts is necessary to convert these "promiscuous" substrates; indirectly, through the observation that promiscuous enzymes may be particularly evolvable, opening a wide range of possibilities for engineering these potentially valuable side activities. Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) is a typical representative of the α/β-hydrolase fold family of enzymes comprising not only a number of other esterases, but also haloalkane dehalogenases and epoxide hydrolases. Many of these natural products have unique bioactivity and are thus of great interest to the pharmaceutical industry. Halohydrin lyases or haloalcohol dehalogenases are found in various bacteria that are able to use halogenated hydrocarbons as a sole source of carbon and energy. The improvement of several of the promiscuous reactions of CALB was obtained by removing the catalytic nucleophile, naturally resulting in decreased performance for the native activity.


Mass tourism emerged in the 20th century. lts social and economic content has to be analysed in connection with social changes and stratification of capitalist societies in this century. Tourism as a developing strategy for Third World countries is rather problematic: the greater part of income, generated by tourism industries remains in the developed countries from where the tourists start.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of Muslim society marriages – forced, arranged or marriages of choice/love, on women entrepreneurial intentions (EI), with reference to Ajzen's (2002) theory of planned behaviour. It is postulated that marriage type has a significant influence on women household dynamics towards EI and business growth.

Design/methodology/approach
A qualitative methodology was used and a total of 20 semi-structured face-to-face interviews were conducted with Muslim married women entrepreneurs operating home-based and market-based small businesses.

Findings
The findings show that all these three types of married women entrepreneurs are active in the entrepreneurial process. However, the authors found different paradoxes in their EI and desire for business growth based on their marriage choices or marriage-related constraints that may have been imposed on them.

Research limitations/implications
Qualitative research on a small sample size certainly presents a limitation on the generalizability of this work, because it is difficult to capture data regarding this sensitive issue. Future research could also be carried out in other cultural and religious traditions.

Social implications
The paper provides good insights to understand the entrepreneurial journey of Muslim women entrepreneurs in the conservative society based on their marriages options.

Originality/value
The contribution of this research is twofold. First, the paper offers a theoretical perspective related to female EI and business growth based on religious marriages. Second, it applies Ajzen's (2002) planned behaviour theory to establish how marriage constraints may influence women EI in the Muslim society.


A 48-IN. DIAMETER REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE INSTALLATION HAS BEEN STUDIED TO EVALUATE THE PERFORMANCE OF BOTH TYPES OF BEDDING CONDITIONS CURRENTLY USED BY THE KENTUCKY DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS. A PORTION OF THE PIPE WAS LAID USING KENTUCKY,S STANDARD B BEDDING. THE REMAINDER OF THE PIPE CULVERT WAS LAID USING THE IMPERFECT TRENCH BEDDING. THE DESIGN HEIGHT OF THE FILL (36 FT) WAS SUFFICIENT TO REQUIRE THE IMPERFECT TRENCH CONSTRUCTION. THE EMBANKMENT WAS PRIMARILY OF A ROCK FILL MATERIAL, WITH THE LARGEST PARTICLE SIZE LIMITED TO A MAXIMUM OF 3 FT. THE PORTION OF THE PIPE WITH THE STANDARD B BEDDING EXHIBITED STRESS IN RELATION TO EACH ADDITIONAL HEIGHT OF EMBANKMENT PLACED. FOR EVERY FILL INCREMENT,THERE WAS A CORRESPONDING CHANGE IN THE VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL DIAMETERS OF THE PIPE AND IN THE PIPE DISTRESS AS EVIDENCED BY CRACKING. THE ABSENCE OF SIGNS OF DISTRESS IN THE IMPERFECT TRENCH BEDDING PORTION INDICATES THAT THE IMPERFECT TRENCH PERFORMED ITS PURPOSE OF RELIEVING LOAD ON THE PIPE. /AUTHOR/


Major developments since 1970 in the knowledge of health effects on users of oral contraceptives (OCs) are summarized. Findings reporting higher risk of peripheral venous thrombosis thromboembolism and alterations in blood clotting have been supported; and cerebral thrombosis has been confirmed as a serious side effect. A small increase in risk of gallbladder disease has been found. The risk of myocardial infarction is increased particularly among older women and smokers. Evidence has supported small reversible changes such as increase in blood pressure reduction in glucose tolerance and increase in serum lipids. Breast cancer studies have been mostly negative; cervical cancer studies have been mixed. Because the peak occurrence of solid tumors usually follow 1st exposure within 20 years perhaps soon more solid conclusions can be drawn. There is great need to weigh benefits against risks of OC use; the only way to do so directly is by prospective studies comparing users with nonusers. 2 such studies in Britain report a significant difference in mortality from cardiovascular disease between users and nonusers while the overall difference in mortality is not significant.


ABSTRACT University students have often played a critical role in shaping political dynamics across sub-Saharan Africa. This article situates the expressed political attitudes of students at the University of Nairobi (UoN) within the context of current Kenyan politics. Given the high saliency of ethnicity in the latter, we are particularly interested in how university students define themselves, how they view and engage with the politicization of ethnicity, and how they view members of other communities. Using original survey data from the UoN collected in 2018, this article fills a gap in the existing literature on Kenyan politics, which seldom concentrates on youth or students. Our findings demonstrate that although Kenyan university students aspire to move beyond ethnic politics, ethnicity often shapes their view of their fellow citizens and government action. Overall, we do not find strong evidence that university students will alter the underlying dynamics of Kenyan politics.


Objective:to study the frequency of occurrence of diseases of the cardiovascular system in the course of routine physical examination of the child population, with the purpose of early recognition of various pathological conditions, including structural anomalies of the heart and large vessels.Material and methods:total examined 260 childrens aged 6 to 14 years, 118 girls (45.3 %) and 142 boys (54.6 %). Screening survey was performed in the parasternal, apical and subcostal positions. Time to research occupied from 7 to 20 minutes.Results:out of 260 children who passed clinical examination a structural anomalies of the heart was detected in 56 patients (21,5 % of all researches).Conclusions:the clinical examination of children population has a colossal medical and social important not only in Russia, but all over the world. Echocardiographic screening of children of preschool age is necessary for timely detection of cardiovascular pathology, especially occurring asymptomatically.


AbstractWith 80 percent of schools in Malaysia being situated in the rural areas, it is not surprising that Malaysia has decided to adopt a broad-based approach to educational media. While there is great stress on the big media of radio and television, the nation's educators have also not forgotten the necessity to train teachers to produce low-cost teaching materials.


The development of a software system, called CART1, which will enhance the productivity of the electrical distribution system designer is described. An important aspect of CART1 is that its software design is easily modifiable. This was motivated by two reasons. First, the underlying design methodologies are likely to be constantly adapted and refined. Second, each electrical utility has its own unique set of design factors and constraints. For these and other reasons it was decided to base the design of the CART1 software on the object-oriented approach. How a distribution system designer would use computer software with a good graphical user interface to route and select the cables in a new scheme is described. Based on this functional description the design of the CART1 software is outlined. An example showing the operation of an initial implementation of the CART1 software is presented.<<ETX>>


By analyzing the current situation of "computer graphics" experimental teaching, the results point out that there are deficiencies in guiding students to recognize GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) in the current experimental teaching. Through the construction of GPU rendering architecture cognitive experiments, GPU computing performance cognitive experiments and GPU graphics interface consistency testing experiments, the progressive planning of each part, the introduction of shaders and shading language, the design of typical cases such as particle system and deferred rendering, a complete graphics experiment system oriented to GPU is obtained, which effectively supplements and improves the original course experiment.


Because of its thick sediment wedge and large structures, the exploration focus in Arctic Canada has been on BeaufortMackenzie Delta for more than thirty years. This effort has resulted in 48 oil and gas discoveries with a combined volume in excess of 1 billion barrels equivalent (Chen and others, 2007). Although commercial production is yet to begin in this area, significant leasing and seismic activity in the area continue. However, the adjacent Canada Passive Margin has received comparatively scant attention, primarily because seismic and drilling operations in the area are very time consuming and expensive, and the Mackenzie Delta continues to offer highly attractive opportunities (Dinkelman and others, 2008a). We believe that the Banks Island offshore, part of Canada Passive Margin closest to the Mackenzie Delta, has all the components of a potential major petroleum province and therefore deserves serious attention from the oil and gas industry (Figure 1). To expand the knowledge of the basin architecture, ION Geophysical (GX Technology) has acquired more than 4,000 km of 2-D long-offset reconnaissance seismic data in the area in three seasons since 2006 as a part of the BeaufortSPANTM East program consisting of more than 16,000 km of seismic lines in the Canada Basin (Helwig and others, 2009 a, b). The seismic lines are located parallel and perpendicular to the Banks Island margin and in the Amundsen Gulf to the south. Cognizant of deep-water potential, the lines extend as far offshore as possible and as permitted by ice conditions and environmental considerations. The SPANTM programs have been designed to image down to the base of the crust with a 9-km long cable, 18-second recording, and final depth processing (Prestack Depth Migration) to 40 km. The seismic data are interpreted together with simultaneously collected gravity and magnetic data to regionally map the ocean-continent boundary and the top of MOHO discontinuity, and tied to existing well data wherever possible to identify the major stratigraphic sequences. Thus the study is designed to image the entire crust and basin architecture, and the seismic resolution within exploration depths (down to 8 km or so) is excellent, revealing details of structural and stratigraphic features (Dinkelman and others, 2008a).


Electrocardiogram (ECG), a non-invasive diagnostic technique, used for detecting cardiac arrhythmia has gained attention in recent years in medical sciences, industry dealing with Bio-medical instrumentation and research, demanding an advancement in its ability to distinguish different cardiac arrhythmia. Studies conducted in this research work on recent feature extraction methods yielded a lot of features. A large number of these features might be insignificant containing some redundant and non-discriminative features that introduce computational burden and loss of performance. A novel technique to classify the ECGs of normal and subjects at risk of MI using nonlinear technique has been presented. We have predicted MI by analyzing four minutes of ECG signals by using NCHT coefficients. This paper presents Naturalordered complex Hadamard transform for extracting relevant features from the ECG signal. The sparse matrix factorization method is used for developing fast and efficient NCHT algorithm and its computational burden is examined as compared to that of the HT. The applications of the NCHT in the ECG based MI detection is also discussed. In this work, we have achieved good classification accuracy for prediction of MI. The proposed method is able to detect a person at risk of MI earlier than other methods in the literature. Keywords—MI, ECG, NCHT, Neural Network Classifier.


CO2 enrichment and brassinosteroids (BR) both have positive impacts on photosynthesis and plant growth. To examine the interactive effect of CO2 enrichment and BR on photosynthesis and plant growth, CO2 assimilation, chlorophyll fluorescence quenching, carbohydrate metabolism, photosynthetic gene transcript and enzyme activity were analyzed in leaves of young plants of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in response to a doubling of growth CO2 level, foliar BR application alone or in combination. Both CO2 elevation and application of BR increased shoot biomass, leaf area, CO2 assimilation, total soluble sugar and starch contents, transcript for photosynthetic gene and activity for enzymes involved in Benson–Calvin cycle but a combination of the two treatments resulted in a more significant effect. Although an elevation of CO2 level had little effects on quantum efficiency of PSII (ФPSII), it significantly increased the electron flux for photosynthetic carbon reduction [Je(PCR)] but decreased electron flux for photorespiratory car-


This paper briefly introduces the measurement technology in tunnel construction with new Austrian tunneling method. And from observation in tunnel, horizontal convergence measurement, crown convergence observation and other aspects practical technical measures are elaborated. Author points out that this method is convenient and plays an important role in ensure construction safety.


The original title for the conference talk on which this brief article is based, hand-picked by the excellent Jack Balkin, was, "What Was Originalism." While characteristically clever and provocative, the suggestion of originalism's death captures my position only imperfectly. I believe that originalism—in a broad, generic sense, encompassing any belief that the text is the baseline and that its authors' expectations count for something—will become more orthodox than ever. And, like many participants at Jack's wonderful conference, I suspect that his Living Originalism will hasten that trend: already, originalism's conservative sentinels have predictably attempted to pocket the "originalism" part and to dismiss the "living" elements. However, a certain kind of conservative originalism, or perhaps several positions in originalism's "logical space," has or have become unsustainable—partly for theoretical, academic reasons, but in much larger part on account of changes in the broader political context in which originalism operates. Originalism will live, but its dominant forms will have a different tone and orientation. The originalism that in my estimation has outlived its usefulness has three central, interrelated features. First, it is Court-centered and preoccupied with legal interpretation. Second, it is positivist: judges must follow the constitutional rules because they are what they are and because the 1788 sovereign said so; any talk about why he, or we, or she the people said so is for interpretive purposes off limits. And third, it is clause-bound and rights-focused: its principal focus is to cabin the judicial


Research concerning early arthritis and early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may be thought to have begun in population-based studies in the late 1950s to late 1960s. These studies indicated that the majority of people who had clinical findings of RA had no evidence of disease 3–5 years later1, and that only about 25%–30% of people in a population who met criteria for RA had rheumatoid factor. These observations were thought for many years to apply to RA as seen in rheumatology clinical settings. However, they appear to apply to a different population, as many of those identified in these epidemiologic studies likely never saw a physician, and their symptoms resolved spontaneously. Therefore, instead of improving understanding of clinical RA, these early findings may have contributed to an underestimation of clinical RA until the severity of longterm outcomes of patients who were seen in rheumatology settings were recognized in the 1980s and later2–4, on the basis of longitudinal followup of clinical cohorts for 10–40 years.

Emery and Gough5 pointed out that RA is the most common cause of potentially treatable disability in Western countries, based on recognition of longterm severity of clinical RA2–4. At that time, general …

Address correspondence to Dr. T. Sokka, Arkisto/Tutkijat, Jyvaskyla Central Hospital, 40620 Jyvaskyla, Finland. E-mail: tuulikki.sokka{at}ksshp.fi; tuulikki_sokka{at}hotmail.com


For the Euclidean geometry, as in Figure 1(b), we have the ordinary cosine law. The spherical and hyperbolic inequalities are usually proved (see, for example, [2], [3], or [4]) as easy consequences of the following nontrivial general "comparison" theorem of Toponogov (or more properly, Alexandrov-Rauch-Toponogov) that transfers angle inequalities into metric ones. It dates from the late 1950s. Theorem. Let M be a complete Riemannian n-manifold, with n ≥ 2, whose Riemannian (or sectional) curvature is bounded from below by some number κ ≥ 0, and let be a triangle in M. Then there is a triangle ̃ in Rn with the same side lengths as and with corresponding angles that are not greater than those of . If κ > 0, then ̃ can be taken to lie on a sphere of radius 1/ √ κ .


.. Background: Breast is a very vital organ of a female's body and females are very conscious about it as they will be depressed if they have any disease or illness related to this organ. So prevention of diseases related to breast is very important. One of the vital screening techniques for early detection of breast cancer is Breast self-examination, thus knowledge and consistent practice can protect females from severe morbidity and mortality of breast cancer. Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding breast self-examination (BSE) among Post RN nursing students in Lahore. Study Design: Cross sectional stud design and stratified random sampling technique was used. Setting: Lahore school of nursing, The University of Lahore and Saeeda Waheed College, Fatima Memorial Hospital Lahore. Period: February 2015 to June 2015. Methods: Close ended questionnaire was used. Data was collected from post RN nursing students of Saeeda Waheed College and The University of Lahore. Data was analyzed by using SPSS version 20. Results: The responder knowledge of breast cancer and breast self-examination was (100%). 66.7% subjects said an ideal technique of doing breast self-examination is inspection and palpation both. 61.5% said breast self-examination done by palpate with minimum of three fingers. 42.3% said yes Because, I don't think it is important. 34.6% subjects said they have performed breast self-examination before and 65.4% no performed breast self-examination. Conclusion: This study showed that nurses have knowledge regarding Breast Self-Examination but do not show positive attitude toward Breast Self-Examination. This study also shows that nurses do not practicing of Breast self-examination.


Abstract : There are two goals of this research. The first is to understand the role of internal waves and the mesoscale in scattering sound in the vertical dimension. The second is to develop computer algorithms to predict the extent of this scattering.


Objective To summarize the conservative therapy of the elderly who have incomplete ileus.Methods Select 36 patients who have incomplete ileus, and review the whole therapeutic course.1.promote the relief of the ileus 2.prevent the shift of bacterium 3.relieve the clinical symptoms, such as bellyache, nausea, vomiting.Results 26 patients achieved complete responses and 8 achieved partial responses in all 36 patients.Conclusion The elder people have poor immunity function, poor responses to disease and have chronic disease at the same time. So it is beneficial to the elder people to select the conservative therapy.


The present invention relates to a A container (1) comprising an outer shell (30), wherein the outer shell (30) comprises a outer shell front wall (32), a outer shell rear wall (35), left (33) and right (34) outer shell side walls and an outer shell stopper flap (37), and wherein the outer shell (30) at least partially embraces an inner slide (10, 20), wherein the inner slide (10, 12) comprises a box portion (10), wherein the box portion (10) of the inner slide (10, 20) comprises a box bottom wall (11), a box front wall (12) and a box rear wall (15) and a inner slide stopper flap (17), wherein the inner slide (10, 20) further comprises a lid portion (20), wherein the lid portion (20) of the inner slide (10, 20) comprises a lid top wall (26), and wherein the lid portion (20) of the inner slide (10, 20) is hinged to the box portion (10) of the inner slide (10, 20) at the box rear wall (15) and wherein the outer shell stopper flap (37) and the inner slide stopper flap (17) interact with each other and limit the movement between the outer shell (30) and the inner slide (10, 20) when opening the container (1), wherein the box front wall (12) comprises the inner slide stopper flap (17) and the outer shell front wall (32) comprises the outer shell stopper flap (37).


Intrastrand thymine dimerization is the dominant process leading to DNA photodamage after ultraviolet irradiation. However, the mechanism behind this photoreaction is not well understood. In this study, the mechanism for photoinduced thymine dimerization has been investigated in the gas phase using high-level ab initio calculations. CASSCF and CASPT2 calculations have been performed to study the potential energy surfaces of two stacked thymines. The excited-state reaction pathway leading to the formation of the mutagenic thymine dimer has been identified and characterized. The central mechanistic feature is a conical intersection between the ground and first excited states along the concerted [2 + 2] cycloaddition pathway. This nonadiabatic reaction path accounts for the experimental observations on the ultrafast thymine dimerization (Schreier; W. J.; Schrader, T. E.; Koller, F. O.; Gilch, P.; Crespo-Hernandez, C. E.; Swaminathan, V. N.; Carell, T.; Zinth, W.; Kohler, B. Science 2007, 315, 625−629).


Genetic epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a heterogeneous group of heritable disorders manifesting with cutaneous blistering. In 1989, an international consensus resulted in a widely adopted classification of EB, which has been revised a decade later. 1 There are three main groups of EB: EB simplex (EBS), junctional EB (JEB), and dystrophic EB (DEB), according to the level of tissue separation. In the USA, the incidence and prevalence per million habitants have been estimated to be 10.75 and 4.6, respectively, for EBS; 2.04 and 0.44 for JEB; and about 5.7 and 2.4 for DEB. 2 According to clinical phenotype and to genetic mode of transmission, these three EB groups are further classified into various subtypes. 1


Since the introduction of Metal-Insulator-Metal (MIM) absorbers, most of the structures demonstrated a narrowband absorption response which is not suitable for potential applications in photovoltaic systems, as it requires higher energy to enhance its performance. Very little research is being conducted in this direction; to address this issue, we exhibit a broadband solar absorber designed using a concentric GST ring resonator placed upon a silicon dioxide substrate layer with chromium used as a ground plane. It was analyzed using the finite element method. The design is also optimized by using a nonlinear parametric optimization algorithm. Comparatively less work has been focused on solar absorbers designed with the help of GST material, and here we have compared the effect of two different phases of GST, i.e., amorphous (aGST) and crystalline (cGST); the results indicate the higher performance of aGST phase. Parametric optimization has been adapted to identify the optimal design to attain high performance at minimal resources. The absorption response is angle insensitive for 0 to 60 degrees, and at the same time for both TE and TM modes, the design provides identical results, indicating the polarization-insensitive properties. The electric field intensity changes at the six peak wavelengths are also demonstrated for the authentication of the high performance. Thus, the proposed concentric GST ring resonator solar absorber can present a higher solar energy absorption rate than other solar structure designs. This design can be applied for improving the performance of photovoltaic systems.


During the construction of open drainages, to achieve economic efficiency, it is very important an accurate assessment of their parameters and projection size. The article is devoted to the creation of a mathematical model by taking into account the variability of flow movement and discharge rate in open drainages. The appearance of a mode of uneven movement as a result of the influx of infiltration water from the sown area to the drainage is described. Recommendations are given for determining the hydraulic parameters of drains. To study the movement of water flow in open drainage, the results of studies in the Boevut drainage system of the Syrdarya region are disclosed. The results of the analysis of the studies are presented. Based on the analysis results, a method for designing open drainages is proposed. The hydraulic parameters of the constructed new open drainage are determined in field conditions. The data determined in the field conditions are compared with the values of the proposed design method. Based on the comparison results, the reliability of the proposed design method was evaluated.


In this paper, a novel simple compact electromagnetic band gap (EBG) configuration is proposed and analyzed using 3D finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. The proposed EBG structure consists of metallic square patches that arranged on ordered circular rings. The bandgap feature of surface wave suppression is demonstrated by calculating the transmission responses and near field distributions. From the investigated transmission curves, the surface wave bandgap is found to be 6.2 GHz and extends from 4.8 GHz to11 GHz. By inserting a 5.67 GHz patch antenna over the proposed 3-rings EBG structure, the -10 dB bandwidth has been enhanced by around 500% and the multiband ability is investigated. Further, the average value of the directivity over the wide frequency band has been improved by around 1.6 dB. On top of that, the design of 4-rings EBG structure is used to decrease the mutual coupling between two coupled rectangular patches with planar separation of quarter the wavelength by 5 dB. Much isolation between closely-packed antenna elements can be easily achieved by using more EBG circular rings. The proposed Microstrip antennas that utilize the proposed EBG structure are appropriate for WLAN applications


What is the central question of this study? It is widely reported that non‐painful, local warming of the skin elicits highly reproducible vasodilatation in young healthy individuals. Systemic hypoxia also elicits cutaneous vasodilatation, although this is modest in comparison to that elicited by skin heating. The interaction of simultaneous cutaneous local thermal hyperaemia and systemic hypoxia has not been investigated. What is the main finding and its importance? When compared with normoxia, systemic hypoxaemia enhances skin vasodilator capacity in response to local skin warming. This finding has important implications for understanding the physiology of skin microvascular reactivity in individuals exposed to systemic hypoxia or with a hypoxic microenvironment of the skin.


Ahhough not slrlClly belonging to the latium region Ihe volcaniC Center of San Ve· nanzo (Umbria) is to be considered linked to the Roman Comagmatic Region. A few data are available concerning the age of its produCls. Fission track dating on apatite crystals from the peg.matoid fades of the venanzite yirlded 470± 100 ka, while the first two K-Ar measurementS on leucite and phlogopite gave conlrastinll results of 200± 10 and 500 ka respectively. R~nl K.Ar measurements on very fresh lcucite crystals from the same pcgmatoid hcies ga\'e an age of 460.:t20 ka, in good ajtrcemenl with the prevIous FT dating. The volcanic activity of the San Vcnanzo center appears to havc been comemporary with the aClivity of the main \·olcanlc groups of Latium, in a time span in which intense cffusive and explosive eruptions took place, in a cHmax of tectonic tension.


New crystalline forms of bumetanide, namely four cocrystals, two salts and one salt-cocrystal were crystallized. Urea and lactams such as valerolactam, caprolactam, N-methyl caprolactam formed cocrystals with bumetanide whereas 4-aminopyridine gave a salt. Piperazine afforded a salt hydrate and 5-flurocytosine gave a salt-cocrystal. The supramolecular synthons in bumetanide-lactam cocrystals are amide dimer between drug and coformer, and acid homo dimer between bumetanide molecules. In bumetanide salts, the acid proton is transferred from bumetanide to coformer amine whereas in bumetanide salt-cocrystal proton transfer and free acid was observed in the crystal structure. Similar to the cytosine salt-cocrystal of bumetande, fluorocytosine also gave salt-cocrystal adduct. The acid proton of bumetanide is transferred to 2-amino pyridine base of cytosine as a salt, and on the other side of drug molecule the sulfonamide interacts with the syn amide part of cytosine. Furthermore, solubility, dissolution and dif...


A new method was applied to produce modified nanoporous silica as a novel sorbent for Pb(II) ion SPE from industrial wastewater samples. In this modified method, the produced nanoporous silica has a higher functional group loading, which leads to a higher preconcentration factor as well as a lower LOD. This modified nanoporous silica was used for preconcentration prior to subsequent determination of Pb(II) ions by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Various parameters such as the eluent, pH of the sample solution, and flow rate were optimized during this work. Also, the effect of a variety of ions on preconcentration and recovery of Pb(II) ions was investigated. The LOD, defined as five times the SD of the blank, was determined to be lower than 0.1 mg/L with an RSD of <2%. The accuracy of the method was established by analyzing standard reference materials with certified Pb concentrations. Finally, the established method was successfully applied for determination of the Pb(II) ion concentration in industrial wastewater samples.


I introduce a new migration method that overcomes the limitations of common-azimuth migration while retaining its computational efficiency for imaging marine streamer data. The method is based on source-receiver downward-continuation of prestack data with a narrow range of cross-line offsets. To minimize the width of the cross-line offset range, while assuring that all the recorded events are correctly pr opagated, I define an "optimal" range of cross-line offset dips. To remove the effects of the boundary artifacts I apply a coplanarity condition on the prestack image. This process removes from the image cube the events that are not correctly focused at zero offset. Tes ts of the proposed method with the SEG-EAGE salt dataset show substantial image improvements in particularly difficult areas of the model and thus confirm the capability of the new me thod to overcome the limitations of common-azimuth migration in complex areas.


The nonlinear dynamics of wave envelopes modulated in 2 + 1 dimensions is considered for two systems in plasma physics: (i) Langmuir pulses and (ii) intense (but weakly relativistic) electromagnetic (EM) pulses. Using singular perturbation techniques applied to an envelope approximation, both problems are reduced to the two-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger (2DNLS) system, which describes the dynamics of two coupled slowly varying potentials. The general 2DNLS system exhibits a rich variety of phenomena, including enhanced (compared with 'longitudinal' propagation) modulational stability and (1D) soliton formation; decay of 1D solitons over long time scales; self- focusing regimes (determined by a virial-type condition); as well as integrability and 2D solitons. Applying our recent results on the 2DNLS system, we determine which of these phenomena can actually occur here and compute the parameter regimes. (i) The 2DNLS system for the Zakharov equations is modulationally unstable for all parameter values. It also has an integrable sector and a self-focusing regime. (ii) The 2DNLS system describes coupled 'longitudinal' and 'transverse' modulations of linearly or circularly polarized EM pulses propagating through a warm unmagnetized two-component neutral plasma with arbitrary masses (i.e. electron—positron or electron—ion). The pulse can accelerate particles to weakly (but not fully) relativistic velocities; relativistic, ponderomotive and harmonic effects all contribute to the nonlinear terms. The resulting 2DNLS system does not admit a self-focusing regime. Parameter values leading to an integrable case (the so-called 'Davey—Stewartson I' equations, which admit 2D soliton solutions) are computed; however, the required values would not be attainable in a laboratory or astrophysical setting. None the less, the existence of new nonlinear modulational instabilities associated with the second spatial degree of freedom already represents an important potential limitation on any (1 + 1)-dimensional approach to nonlinear evolution and modulational instability of plasma EM waves.


The concept of the Earth as a closed ecological system is addressed from the point of view of the availability and use of energy from space and its potential influence on the economies of both developed and developing countries. The results of past studies of the solar power satellite (SPS) are reviewed, and the current international activities exploring various aspects of an SPS are mentioned. The functions of an SPS, including collection of solar energy in orbit, conversion to an intermediate form of energy, transmission of energy from orbit to Earth, and conversion to useful energy in the most appropriate form, are discussed, and directions for future developments are indicated, including a suggested planning framework. Salient aspects of SPS technologies are presented, and the potential benefits of the uses of lunar materials for the SPS construction are outlined. Scenarios within the context of international participation in a global SPS system are presented. The conclusion is drawn that an SPS system is one of the few promising, globally applicable power generation options that has the potential to meet energy demands in the 21st Century and to achieve the inevitable transition to inexhaustible and renewable energy sources.


Purpose
Many educators currently face challenges when trying to engage students in creative learning experiences online, where it can be particularly difficult to move beyond the transmissive approach typical of video lessons and webinars. The purpose of this paper is to present WeScratch, online workshops designed as welcoming, playful and peer-supported spaces where educators can experience first-hand an alternative approach to learning online, as they actively learn to create projects using the Scratch programming language.

Design/methodology/approach
The WeScratch experience is designed as a hands-on, creative online workshop where participants spend most of their time making projects while they share ideas with peers. The authors describe the structure, platform, facilitation and activities of WeScratch workshops, highlighting the main design choices and their underlying motivations.

Findings
This study discusses how this environment has engaged educators from around the world to experiment with Scratch in a playful way. The authors give examples of how educators have described the value of the experience, both as learners developing their skills and as designers developing similar learning experiences for their students.

Originality/value
WeScratch provides a model for how to design online learning environments to be more inclusive, playful and collaborative. Although WeScratch workshops are designed to support learning to create with code, the authors see the wider potential for applying this approach to other online learning environments to broaden participation, build connection and expand creative expression.


ABSTRACT The Orientalist Sir William Jones and the Governor-general Sir John Shore were neighbors and close friends in Garden Reach, Calcutta on the banks of the Hugli. Opening with a consideration of their mutual reaction to an imperial neighbor, Bodawpaya, King of Burma, this article explores the differing reactions of long-term East India Company hand, Shore and newly-arrived Crown-appointed Supreme Court judge to the experience that is India. Both keen collectors of Indo-Persian manuscripts, where Shore regretfully found alienating Otherness, Jones excitedly uncovered disconcerting similitude. John Shore, in many ways a straightforward man, was simultaneously something of "a riddle wrapped inside an enigma," his genuine Orientalist and linguistic interests stunted and deformed by his evangelical convictions. While Jones produced world-modifying ideas and translations which announced the arrival of world literature, Shore's intellectual interest in Vedantism was such that he translated a Persian version of the Yoga Vāsiṣṭha, an important and inherently syncretic text containing elements from Vedantic, Jainite, and Mahāyāna Buddhist traditions. The admiration Shore once felt for Vedantic Hinduism may have evaporated before his fiery conviction that even these sacred writings encouraged "idolatry, obscenity, and vice," but the sincerity of his desire to save Indian souls remained a guiding light.


The invention relates to a fruit pulp product for adding to a beverage and a processing method thereof. The fruit pulp product comprises, by weight of raw material, 50%-90% of fruit puree and 10%-50% of fruit pulp. The pulp product of the formulation is attractive in color, is similar to fresh fruit in taste but is sourer compared with fresh fruit. The pulp product matches well with milk material. The pulp product, without any additive, is ensured to be green and is suitable for matching with a high-end product.


The wireless sensor network, which is the physical basis of the Internet of things, has a serious limitation - the requirement of low power consumption. The service life of the network depends on the energy consumption. The bee swarm algorithm proposed in the paper develops the idea of searching for the head nodes of wireless sensor network clusters. According to the proposed algorithm, at the beginning of the cycle, the head of the cluster of the current round and potential heads of clusters for the remaining rounds of the cycle are immediately determined. The simulation results show the superiority of the bee swarm algorithm in comparison with the well-known adaptive clustering algorithm with low energy consumption LEACH in terms of the duration of the wireless sensor network.


Five initially whitish-pale ochre Cortinarius section Calochroi species ("the C. parvus complex") from SE Norwegian calcareous Tilia forests are treated. The species have their world's northernmost localities in the Oslofjord–Mjøsa area, and are all extremely AGARICA vol. 38 3 Rare, whitish–pale ochre Cortinarius species of sect. Calochroi from calcareous Tilia forests in South East Norway Tor Erik Brandrud, Tobias Guldberg Frøslev, Bálint Dima Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo Department of Biosciences, Plant Biology, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/c, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark


With the advent of the Open Radar Data Acquisition (ORDA) system on WSR-88D radars and the introduction of significantly more powerful signal processing hardware comes the opportunity to improve the method used for estimating the spectrum width, a measure of the variability of radial wind velocities within a measurement pulse volume. In addition, the implementation of new operational modes for improved data quality, including SZ phase coding, will involve very different signal processing techniques and hence may require novel methods to meet the WSR-88D specifications. While spectrum width has not been used extensively by radar meteorologists in the past, the new NEXRAD Turbulence Detection Algorithm (NTDA), developed under direction and funding from the FAA's Aviation Weather Research Program, will soon be using the WSR-88D spectrum width as a key input for providing in-cloud turbulence estimates (eddy dissipation rate, EDR) for an operational aviation decision support system (Williams et al. 2005). Achieving improved spectrum width estimator performance would directly benefit the accuracy of the NTDA product.


The Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor (CLASS) is a ground-based instrument that will measure the polarization of the cosmic microqave background to search for gravitational waves form a posited epoch of inflation early in the universe's history. This measurement will require integration of superconducting transition-edge sensors with microwave waveguide inputs with good conrol of systematic errors, such as unwanted coupling to stray signals at frequencies outside of a precisely defined microwave band. To address these needs we will present work on the fabrication of silicon quarter-wave backshorts for the CLASS 40GHz focal plane. The 40GHz backshort consists of three degeneratively doped silicon wafers. Two spacer wafers are micromachined with through wafer vins to provide a 2.0mm long square waveguide. The third wafer acts as the backshort cap. The three wafers are bonded at the wafer level by Au-Au thermal compression bonding then aligned and flip chip bonded to the CLASS detector at the chip level. The micromachining techniques used have been optimized to create high aspect ratio waveguides, silicon pillars, and relief trenches with the goal of providing improved out of band signal rejection. We will discuss the fabrication of integrated CLASS superconducting detectors with silicon quarter wave backshorts and present current measurement results.


If the current residents of many countries were transported back just a few decades, they would not recognize many aspects of their cities and regions. This is paradoxical, since cities are durable structures made of concrete and steel, and in many ways, slow to change. The iconic dimensions of cities— Manhattan's skyscrapers, Los Angeles' long boulevards and freeways, and the historical core of Paris— stay with us. But many other dimensions of cities, from the granularity of their neighborhoods to the size and organization of entire metropolitan regions, and the map of winning and losing regions, change radically in small amounts of time. In 1950, the average American would barely be glimpsing what would come to be the current " American way of life " in the suburbs and would not be paying much attention to what we now call the Sun Belt. In 1960, few were worried about the decline of dozens of major metropolitan areas in the Manufacturing Belt, and the average resident of Detroit gave nary a thought to the idea that their metropolitan region would be considered the poster child of failure several decades hence. Nor would many have imagined that Houston and Las Vegas would be considered big success stories soon thereafter. As late as 1980, the average American was not thinking about the resurgence of certain cities in the Frost Belt, such as New York, Chicago, or Boston, as would occur in the 1990s, or the gentrification of their forlorn center-city neighborhoods. In the 1980s, few scholars thought about the rise of " world cities, " such as Hong Kong or Shanghai, or how London or Paris would or would not be in their ranks. Nor would the Parisian in 1950 be able to imagine the massive suburbanization of that region and thorough gentrification of central Paris, erasing most of its characteristic raucous rough parigot edges. The resident of Rio de Janeiro No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher.


1,2 Professor 1,2,3 Department of Textile Technology 1,2,3 L. D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad Abstract—Lycra is one of the best yarn to use in different field. It is being used to manufacture in narrow width fabric. Like Wrist bandages, head bandages, innerwear etc. It has many advantages while it is used in elastic field. But Now a days there is a serve problem of presence of low elastane content and low elongation of typical Lycra When it is used in garments have Jeans/pants, woven shirts, knit shirts, swimwear, innerwear. High stretch polyester (T400) has excellent properties which aid in elastic field. Here in this paper using two yarn T400 and Lycra in case of elasticity and recovery property in two application like innerwear tape and waist bandages so finally found that in both of application some improvement in elasticity and recovery property of T400 yarn compare to Lycra.


Haemorrhagic presentation of intracranial meningioma is rare, and meningiomas with both intraparenchymal hemorrhage and intraventricular extension have not been reported. An unusual case of a sphenoid wing meningioma that was treated with endovascular embolization alone is presented.


In this article we propose a new algorithm for face recognition based only on the appearance of the cheeks, the face-portion least affected by occlusions. Our aim is to demonstrate that skin contains useful information to automatically discriminate the identity of a person. The maximally homogeneous regions of each cheek are estimated and represented by the histograms of the occurrences of the uniform and rotation invariant Local Ternary Patterns. We test our algorithm in an identification and a verification scenario using the FRGC database. Experimental results show that the cheek skin is a valid biometric feature. Moreover the proposed method effectively addresses changes in lighting, pose (little changes) and expression.


Basil seed (Ocimum basilicium L.) has the potential to improve the characteristics of food products when added to the batter for coating but the amount could result in different qualities. This study investigates the physicochemical and sensory properties of tilapia fish fillets coated with batter added with different percentages of basil seeds (0%, 3%, 6% & 9%). The viscosity, coating adhesion, cooking yield, frying loss, moisture and fat contents, colour, texture and sensory properties were analyzed. As the basil seeds percentages added increased, the viscosity was improved and strongly correlated with the coating adhesion, cooking yield, frying loss and moisture content. The hardness, chewiness and fracturability of the fish fillet were also improved. The treated samples were darker and redder, which contributed to the golden colour. Panellists rated the crispness and overall acceptability of the treated samples higher than the control (0% of basil seed), while other parameters such as colour, appearance, fishy smell level, taste and juiciness were not different between the control and the treated samples. In conclusion, the quality of the coated fish fillet with added 3% of basil seed to the batter was not much different compared to the control (0%), while, the 9% had negatively influenced the oil adsorption and sensory characteristics of the samples. Therefore, 6% is suggested as the most suitable percentage to be used in the batter.


The Ordovician reservoir in Tahe oilfield is characterized by strong heterogeneity,developed fractures and vugs,complicated oil-water relation,no uniform oil-water interface.Based on the logging evaluation and formation testing data,as well as statistical log response characteristics from lots of oil and water intervals,this paper presents the crossplots of resistivity-porosity and gamma ray-resistivity,P-S wave ratio approach,normal distribution approach and comprehensive discrimination approach to fluid property,by which proposes identification index for quantitative calculation of oil and water layers.The case study in Tahe oilfield shows that the coincidence rate for recognition of oil and water layers has reached above 75% for the purpose of making completion program and determinating reserves parameters.


Participatory watershed development has become one of the most popular methods of tackling a whole range of resource-related challenges in rural areas. Below the approach is introduced.


To affirm that the Platonic Banquet is one of the key works of the ancient world and of higher literary height can be considered a common place, and it will not be the object of this text to praise the beauty of the Platonic work. The theme of the research presented here is the concept of desire in Plato's Symposium, from which it is possible to ask if this concept has something to do with the definition of philosophy that the author makes in the text. These first pages of introductory order are developed to clarify this question and are organized as follows: first, the reader will be presented several general aspects and curiosities of the work that I have considered important for their general knowledge of the same. Second, the hypothesis that guided this inquiry and its methodological and conceptual developments will be presented. Finally, in a third part the structure of the whole text is presented roughly, giving way to its development by chapters.


Necessary and Sufficient conditions for the product of Riesz Nörlund summability methods ( ) (N, q) to be translative have been established. Two interesting examples will be given to show in the first that the product ( ) (N, q) is translative and in the other example to show that ( ) (N, q) need not be translative.


Numerous studies have shown that differential expression and/or co-expression of several chemosensitivity genes, such as ERCC1, RRM1, TUBB3, TOP2A, and some others, in the tumor tissue are closely associated with chemoresistance and prognosis in cancer patients. Despite the fact that more and more data comes to support the idea on the important role of the presented genes in the assessment of chemosensitivity (CS), at present time there is ample room remaining for further research of the combined estimation of the CS gene expression for a personalized approach to chemotherapy in patients with lung cancer.


: The paper presents an idea of a context-aware application, which collects context data from many different sources, stores them in a dedicated database and makes use of it to support flexible scenarios for end users. Using open APIs it integrates different types of context information provided by: Unified Communication system, APIs exposed by communication service providers and information from Machine to Machine (M2M) framework. Methods for recording and unifying different types of context data are proposed and their performance is compared with results for the most popular database structures. A context-aware contact list application for a mobile phone user is presented as an example illustrating the main ideas of the paper. This paper is extended version of publication "Integration of context information from different sources: Unified Communication, Telco 2.0 and M2M" which was presented during Computer Science and Information Systems (FedCSIS 2013).


Axial-paraaxial segments (neural tube, chorda, unilateral meso- and endoderm) excized from explanted 36--40-hour-incubated chick embryos at the level of unsegmented mesoderm, after removal of the ectoderm, were grafted onto subectodermal pockets of the zona pellucida. Under these conditions somites develop and differentiate normally. Paraaxial segments (unilateral meso- and endoderm) grafted under the same conditions show (retarded) somitogenesis only in 15% of the cases. Pure paraaxial unsegmented mesoderm grafted under the same conditions develops somites in 14% of the cases. Since in situ, the removal of the axial organs and of the endo- and ectoderm does not inhibit somitogenesis, the above-mentioned results prove that under conditions of grafting, some additionary "factors of realization" necessary for normal somitogenesis are lacking.


This paper presents an improved algorithm for cross-coupling controlled systems. In contrast to the existing algorithms, which must be re-formulated for different types of curves and may be inconvenient to implement, the proposed algorithm is adequate for general nonparametric and parametric curves. In addition, the proposed algorithm requires less computational time but achieves the same performance as compared with the existing ones.


In male rats gubernacular cones develop during the latter half of prenatal life. Inversion of these papilla‐like organs after birth is the first step to postnatal growth of the muscular cremaster sacs. The factors regulating prenatal growth and differentiation or postnatal inversion of these gubernacular cones are unknown. The lack of a detailed and unequivocal description of the normal gubernacular cone growth is judged at least partially responsible for this ignorance. The present study therefore describes the normal development of the gubernacular cones in male and female rats from day 14 of fetal life.


The basic tasks of safety management in road network reconstruction are narrated;the characteristics of safety management and factors which affect the safety management are summarized.According to actual situation,main control measures are proposed to enhance the safety management during the construction,which provides reference for similar projects.


It focuses the organization of the Department of Object Collections of Museu Paulista - curatorship and information system - and its research directions: 1. Formation of the collections. 2. Money alternative forms. 3. Visual Culture in the 19th century: museums, industrial exhibitions and cities / Commerce, industrialization and Material Culture. 4. Historical and Industrial Archaeology. 5. Military life and Material Culture.


Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) antagonism inhibits cocaine self-administration and reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this action are poorly understood. Here we report a presynaptic glutamate/cannabinoid mechanism that may underlie this action. Systemic or intra-nucleus accumbens (NAc) administration of the mGluR5 antagonist 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine (MPEP) dose-dependently reduced cocaine (and sucrose) self-administration and cocaine-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior. The reduction in cocaine-taking and cocaine-seeking was associated with a reduction in cocaine-enhanced extracellular glutamate, but not cocaine-enhanced extracellular dopamine (DA) in the NAc. MPEP alone, when administered systemically or locally into the NAc, elevated extracellular glutamate, but not DA. Similarly, the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, rimonabant, elevated NAc glutamate, not DA. mGluR5s were found mainly in striatal medium-spiny neurons, not in astrocytes, and MPEP-enhanced extracellular glutamate was blocked by a NAc CB1 receptor antagonist or N-type Ca ++ channel blocker, suggesting that a retrograde endocannabinoid-signaling mechanism underlies MPEP-induced glutamate release. This interpretation was further supported by our findings that genetic deletion of CB1 receptors in CB1-knockout mice blocked both MPEP-enhanced extracellular glutamate and MPEP-induced reductions in cocaine self-administration. Together, these results indicate that the therapeutic anti-cocaine effects of mGluR5 antagonists are mediated by elevation of extracellular glutamate in the NAc via an endocannabinoid-CB1 receptor disinhibition mechanism. Drug addiction is a chronic brain disease characterized by drug-induced euphoria, craving and relapse to drug-seeking behavior after abstinence. There are no approved medications available for the treatment of cocaine addiction. Recent studies suggest that the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) is involved in cocaine reward and addiction 1,2 , as genetic deletion or pharmacological blockade of mGluR5 inhibits cocaine self-administration 1,3–8 and cocaine-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior 7–11 . These data suggest that mGluR5 could be an important target in medication development for the treatment of cocaine addic- tion. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms through which mGluR5 modulates cocaine-taking and cocaine-seeking behaviors are poorly understood. extracellular glutamate by itself, and co-administration of ω -conotoxin GVIA blocked MPEP-induced increases in NAc glutamate (Fig. 4D). These findings suggest that MPEP-enhanced extracellular glutamate is neuronal terminal Ca ++ channel-dependent, but not action potential-dependent. attenuated cocaine-enhanced glutamate release and cocaine-induced reinstate- ment 39 ; (5) MPEP-enhanced glutamate is Ca ++ -dependent; and (6) genetic disruption of CB1 receptors blocks MPEP-enhanced extracellular glutamate and MPEP-induced inhibition of cocaine self-administration. Taken together, these findings suggest that a retrograde eCB-CB1 receptor mechanism may underlie MPEP-induced increases in extracellular glutamate and the antagonism of cocaine self-administration and cocaine-primed reinstatement.We previously reported that blockade of CB1 receptors by AM251 or activation of mGluR7 by AMN082 elevates extracellular glutamate in the NAc, which subsequently inhibits cocaine-induced glutamate release and reinstatement of drug-seeking by activation of presynaptic mGluR2/3 autoreceptors elevation of extracellular NAc glutamate by inhibition of cysteine-glutamate exchange suppresses cocaine-induced rein- statement of drug-seeking via activation of mGluR2/3 37,41 a this glutamate-mGluR2/3 mechanism underlie the antagonism of MPEP on cocaine-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior in the rats treated chronically with cocaine display decreased basal levels of extracellular glutamate in the NAc 12,13,38,39 , which has been thought to contribute to craving and relapse to drug-seeking behavior 56 . MPEP-enhanced glutamate release may restore basal levels of extracellular glutamate in cocaine self-administering rats, and therefore, reduce drug craving and relapse to drug-seeking behavior. We note that MPEP pretreatment selectively blocked cocaine-enhanced extracellular glutamate, but failed to alter cocaine-enhanced extracellular DA. Accordingly, MPEP pretreatment should have no significant effect on cocaine self-administration since drug self-administration is largely DA-dependent 56 . we have recently reported that genetic deletion of presynaptic mGluR2 autoreceptors significantly elevated extracellular gluta- mate, In conclusion, the most important finding of the present study is that a presynaptic glutamate/CB1 mecha- nism may underlie the therapeutic anti-cocaine effects of mGluR5 antagonists in animal models of drug reward and relapse. Cocaine use or priming elevates extracellular NAc DA and glutamate, which subsequently activates DA (D1, D2) and glutamate (AMPA, NMDA) receptors, producing drug reward or relapse to drug-seeking behavior after cocaine abstinence. We found that mGluR5 antagonism elevates extracellular glutamate via a ret- rograde eCB-CB1 receptor mechanism. Enhanced glutamate, on the one hand, activates presynaptic mGluR2/3 autoreceptors and subsequently inhibits cocaine-induced glutamate release. On the other hand, enhanced gluta- mate may also activate postsynaptic NMDA and AMPA receptors in MSNs, which functionally antagonizes the inhibitory effect of DA on MSNs and the subsequent cocaine self-administration and relapse to drug-seeking behavior. Together, the present study provides new evidence supporting our recent finding 57 that enhanced glutamate release in the NAc may functionally antagonizes the action produced by DA, causing a reduction in cocaine-taking and cocaine-seeking behaviors.


This text in brief introduced the definition of the systematic error margined and uncertainty,detailed analyzed to synthesize the reason of the technique of metrology of well by Pumping Dynamometer Card,and bring up the improvement measure of synthesize the error margin.