Objective: The purpose of the present study is the description of the shape and area of the cochlear aqueduct (CA) opening by means of molds obtained from infant and adult temporal bones. Material and Methods: Through molding techniques the evaluation was performed in 118 temporal bones of infants (5–60 months) and of adults (19–89 years), dimensions and shapes being evaluated through computerized image processing. Results and Conclusions: The data shows that the area of the opening is significantly smaller in children than in adults (7.32 ± 3.32 versus 18.48 ± 6.42 mm2). In infants, in 56% the shape of the opening was triangular; in adults triangularity was 100%. The variability in the shape and size of the CA opening in infants suggests adaptations of the CA opening during cranial growth.


Estimating the premorbid abilities of individuals who sustained brain injury is a vital part of neuropsychological assessments. Military providers are in a unique position in that a great many of their patients have on record a measure of ability obtained prior to onset of their medical condition. For enlisted personnel, this is the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT; U.S. Department of Defense, 1984). In this study, we examined the relation between this test and a standardized test of intelligence, the Multidimensional Aptitude Battery (Jackson, 1984). A regression equation was computed that allows estimation of intelligence from AFQT scores, providing clinicians a useful method of assessing premorbid cognitive ability in brain-injured patients.


Small-scale laboratory fumigations in 1972 indicated that comparatively high dosage schedules of methyl bromide applied at both normal atmospheric pressure (NAP) and at a reduced pressure of 105–110 mm Hg were required to provide quarantine control (100% mortality) of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille). At NAP, 64 mg/liter for 3.5 h at 22.2°C and 96 mg for 5.5-6 h at 11.1° gave control. Sulfuryl fluoride 16-32 mg/liter for 16-24 h and ethylene oxide-carbon dioxide (1:9) mixture 160 mg/liter for 16-24 h also appeared effective at NAP. Ethylene dibromide 16 mg/liter for 2 h and aluminum phosphide 52.17 pellets/m3 for 72 h were ineffective at 22.2°C. Saturated atmosphere of carbon tetrachloride was effective even with an exposure as short as 1.5 h at near 22°C. Fumigation below 10°C does not appear practical for the fumigants tested because of the high dosages required.


In the one-shot trust or investment game without opportunities for reputation formation or contracting, economic theory predicts no trusting because there is no incentive for trustworthiness. Under these conditions, theory predicts (a) no effect of pre-play communication, and (b) universal preference for moderate cost binding contracts over interacting without contracts. We introduce the opportunities to engage in pre-play communication and to enter binding or non-binding contracts, and find (a) communication increases trusting and trustworthiness, (b) contracts are largely unnecessary for trusting and trustworthy behaviors and are eschewed by many players, (c) more trusting leads to higher earnings, and (d) both trustors and trustees favor "fair and efficient" proposals over the more unequal proposals predicted by theory. © 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V.


For more efficient railway maintenance there is a need to increase the understanding of the influence of operational conditions on wheel and rail degradation. To this end, the chosen primary investigation strategy is to employ dynamic multibody simulations, where operational conditions are altered, to estimate the influence on material deterioration. Operational conditions considered are track, wheel and rail geometries; and types of material deterioration that are considered are rolling contact fatigue (RCF) and wear.

Track geometry, especially the curve radius, has a large influence on wheel/rail degradation. Smaller curve radii lead to higher degradation. By also considering the influence of lateral track irregularities in curves, a more complicated relationship emerge. Large curve radii and a high level of lateral irregularities lead to an increase in RCF over the length of a curve. For small radius curves, where wear is the dominating damage mechanism, an increase in the level of lateral irregularities leads to a transition towards a mixed RCF/wear regime for the outer (high) rail.

The influence of wheel and rail geometries on degradation is studied by parametrisation of wheel/rail geometries, employing a design of experiments scheme to the multibody simulations that determine degradation, and finally by deriving meta-models through regression analysis. The meta-models link estimated degradation magnitudes to key geometric parameters. The advantage of the meta-models is that degradation magnitudes can be evaluated with a very low computational cost. This has the benefit that measured wheel and rail profiles can be ranked based on how detrimental they are. Examples are presented for altered gauge corner and flange root geometries, and also for hollow worn wheels.

A field study of RCF of locomotive wheels shows its strong dependence on operational conditions. Seasonal variations in the number of wheel reprofilings are explained in terms of seasonal variations in weather conditions, lubrication practices and rail grinding.


Here ∆p = ∂ ∂xi (|∇u|p−2 ∂u ∂xi ), 1 < p <∞, is the so-called p-Laplacian and f : Ω×R → R is a Carathéodory function which satisfies some special growth conditions. One of the main ideas is to present the operator −∆p as a duality mapping between W 1,p 0 (Ω) and its dual W −1,p′(Ω), 1 p + 1 p′ = 1, corresponding to the normalization function φ(t) = tp−1. This idea, coming from Lions' book [23], proves to be a very fruitful one. The properties of the Nemytskii operator (Nf u)(x) = f(x, u(x)), generated by the Carathéodory function f , the homotopy invariance of the Leray–Schauder degree (under the form of a priori estimate, uniformly with respect to λ ∈ [0, 1], of the solutions set of the equation u = λ(−∆p)Nf u with (−∆p) Nf : W 1,p 0 (Ω) → W 1,p 0 (Ω) compact), the well known Mountain Pass Theorem of Ambrosetti and Rabinowitz and the variational characterization of the first eigenvalue of −∆p on W 1,p 0 (Ω) are the other essential tools which are also used.


This paper presents the use of study plans at the faculty of engineering at Lund University. One part of the paper is dedicated to making a summary of the criteria for writing study plans, the other is a review of 45 individual study plans from five departments. They have been reviewed according to the regulations on different levels, that govern the use of study plans. The Swedish High School Ordinance (Hogskoleforordningen), along with local rules at the University and the faculty of Engineering have been the guidelines for the review. According to our review, a majority (27 of 45) of the ISPs show some need of improvement if they are to follow the law as we have interpreted it. The issue that was most commonly not regulated by the study plan was the extent of the departmental duties that was expected of the PhD student. This is unfortunate, as this creates an uncertainty in the relation between PhD student and department. Additionally, we have tried to assess the quality of the content of the ISPs, and found, for example, that only 13 study plans were rated "It is easy to understand the requirements of the PhD student for his/her work until the dissertation". We conclude, that even if the writing and use of individual study plans is accepted by the departments, more effort should be spent on motivating the use of them and to point out the need for handling them according to the rule of law. We also suggest some points for improving the process to enhance the usefulness and quality of ISPs.


The stone circles of northeast Scotland (Figure 1) take a most distinctive form. On one level, they are made up of structural elements that are widely distributed in Britain: they are built from raw materials that had been selected for their colour and texture; the monoliths are graded in height towards the southwest and may have been aligned on the moon (Burl 2000). On another level, they have a character all of their own. They are known as 'recumbent' stone circles because their most massive component is a large flat block which is bracketed by two tall pillars or 'flankers' (Burl 2000: 215–33).


The main purpose of this paper is to characterize the classes of
matrices ( c e s [ ( p ) , ( q ) ] , c σ ) and ( c e s [ ( p ) , ( q ) ] , l ∞ σ ) , where c σ is the space of all
bounded sequences all of whose σ - means are equal,
 l ∞ σ is the space of σ - bounded
sequences, and c e s [ ( p ) , ( q ) ] is the generalized Cesaro sequence
space.


Accessible online at: http://BioMedNet.com/karger In this month's issue of European Urology, an impressive group of academic urologists representing a cross section of European countries, report on a consensus meeting relating to the important topic of management of bacterial prostatitis. They have written an excellent review, provided a very thorough, somewhat opinionated analysis of the data they evaluated and have developed a set of 'practical guidelines' for the clinical management of chronic bacterial prostatitis. And herein lies the problem. I am concerned about the many 'clinical practice guidelines' which are metastasizing throughout the medical literature, not only in urology, but in all fields of disease management. Are such 'practice management guidelines' a bad thing for medicine? Not necessarily. They can be extremely useful for clinicians, primarily those who are not experts in the disease in question, in guiding the management of many of their patients presenting with the specific complaint. But for guidelines to be useful they must be developed following a very strict protocol. Guidelines developed for benign prostatic hyperplasia by the International BPH Consultation and the US Department of Public Health are ideal models to follow. But these guidelines presented for the management of chronic bacterial prostatitis are problematic. The authors are respected thought leaders, their credentials are above reproach, their opinions are to be highly valued, yet I disagree with many of their conclusions (which is okay) and some of their recommendations which are now described as guidelines (which may not be okay). I could bring together a similar group of prostatitis 'experts', review the same literature and perhaps come to altogether different conclusions and recommendations. In my opinion, any guidelines published for the management of prostatitis should include all the following considerations: (1) A defined process developed prior to any meeting to decide who should be on the panel and who should be represented (i.e. by country, organization, academic standing, etc.). (2) An independent systemic search of the world literature, with established criteria for selection of studies to be considered for the guidelines and an indication of how the scientific merit of the studies were assessed. (3) A predefined process by which the accumulated literature would be audited and reviewed in an unbiased manner. (4) A predefined process by which recommendations would be made. (5) An indication of how strong the evidence is for a particular recommendation. (6) An estimate of how large an impact the recommendations will have if universally implemented. (7) An independent peer review of the recommendations. (8) An opportunity for the sponsoring countries, organizations, etc. to have input prior to publication of the guidelines. (9) No direct financial association with any 'interested' pharmaceutical company. (10) A process by which the implementation of the recommendations would be audited. (11) A process under which the guidelines would be reviewed and updated.


Abstract Most cultures assign additional meanings to numbers, beyond their prevalent (arithmetic) denotation. Such connotations might extend to other settings too, such as price perceptions. Therefore, this study summarizes the (positive and negative) characteristics associated with certain numbers by traditions, religious faith, and cultural heritage. The empirical investigation focuses on restaurant prices in three cultural settings (Chinese, Indian, and Islamic), facilitated by the increasing proportions of multicultural populations and numbers of ethnic restaurants. Consistent with predictions, the number 8 for Chinese, number 7 for Islamic, and numbers 5 and 9 for Indian products are more common in the cross-cultural comparison.


BACKGROUND: pPCL is a rare and aggressive form of multiple myeloma (MM) with poor survival outcomes compared to that experienced by MM patients. It has been traditionally defined by the presence of an absolute plasma cell count of > 2000/microL or >20% circulating plasma cells (cPCs) in the peripheral blood. However, several recent studies have validated the optimal cutoff for defining pPCL to be >5% cPCs on a peripheral blood smear due to equally poor outcomes in this less restrictive cohort. Hence, given the rarity of this disease entity, we evaluated the clinical outcomes and cytogenetic features of patients diagnosed with pPCL at our institution with the new proposed definition of pPCL by >5% cPCs on peripheral blood smear that were treated with novel agent induction therapies.
 METHODS: We evaluated all patients with pPCL diagnosed between 2000 - 2018 evaluated at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. Data regarding these patients were extracted from a prospectively maintained database and from the review of the electronic medical records. Patients were categorized as having high risk cytogenetics if any of the following abnormalities were present: del 17p, t(4;14), t(14;16) or t(14;20). Chi-square tests and Fisher exact tests were used to compare differences between the sub-groups of interest. Survival analysis was performed by the Kaplan-Meier method and differences assessed using the log rank test.
 RESULTS: This cohort consisted of 71 patients with pPCL with a median age of 62 years (range: 34-91) of which 33 (46%) were male. The median follow up was 46 months (95% CI: 41 - 90). The median bone marrow plasma cell content was 84% (Range: 10 - 100) and the median plasma cell percentage on the peripheral smear was 23% (range: 5 - 93). There were 48 (68%) patients with >20% cPCs in their peripheral blood smear. Only 23 (32%) patients had concurrent information on the number of cPCs by multiparametric flow cytometry at diagnosis and the median number of cPCs detected was 32,807 per 150,000 events analyzed (Range: 354 - 132,256). There were 15/54 (28%) patients who presented with a creatinine of 2 mg/dL or greater and 17/55 (31%) pts who presented with hypercalcemia (11 mg/dL or greater). Data for ISS classification was available in 45 patients and is as follows: Stage 1- 3 (7%) patients, Stage 2- 10 (22%) patients and Stage 3- 32 (71%) patients. Data on the presence of primary cytogenetic abnormalities were available in 60 (85%) patients of which 29 (49%) had high risk cytogenetics. The distribution of primary cytogenetic abnormalities among this cohort was as follows: t(11;14) - 27 (45%), t(4;14) - 5 (8%), t(14;16) - 8 (13%), t(14;20)- 3(5%) and del 17p- 15(25%). All patients received novel agent induction therapy with 40 (57%) of them having received at least one autologous stem cell transplant and 1 patient undergoing an allogeneic stem cell transplant. The median overall survival (OS) for all pPCL patients in this cohort was 23 months (95% CI: 19 - 38). The OS was similar in patient with 5-19% cPCs vs. >20% cPCs (24 vs. 23 months, P = 0.999). However, when the entire cohort was stratified by cytogenetic risk, the median OS was 51 months for standard risk vs. 19 months for high risk (P = 0.005) (FIGURE). There were only 17 (30%) patients in this cohort who were alive for 48 months or longer since diagnosis (i.e. twice the median OS of this cohort) and they were more likely to not have high risk cytogenetics at diagnosis (P = 0.05).
 CONCLUSION: In this analysis of one of the largest contemporary cohorts of pPCL patients, the outcomes of patients diagnosed with pPCL remain poor despite the use of novel agent induction therapy. However, some patients appear to do better than expected and this phenomenon may be influenced by the absence of high risk cytogenetics.

 Kumar: Celgene: Consultancy, Research Funding; Janssen: Consultancy, Research Funding; Takeda: Research Funding. Dispenzieri:Akcea: Consultancy; Intellia: Consultancy; Janssen: Consultancy; Pfizer: Research Funding; Takeda: Research Funding; Celgene: Research Funding; Alnylam: Research Funding. Dingli:Karyopharm: Research Funding; Rigel: Consultancy; Millenium: Consultancy; Janssen: Consultancy; alexion: Consultancy. Lacy:Celgene: Research Funding. Kapoor:Glaxo Smith Kline: Research Funding; Sanofi: Consultancy, Research Funding; Amgen: Research Funding; Takeda: Honoraria, Research Funding; Cellectar: Consultancy; Celgene: Honoraria; Janssen: Research Funding. Russell:Imanis: Equity Ownership. Leung:Omeros: Research Funding; Takeda: Research Funding; Prothena: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Aduro: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Gertz:Celgene: Consultancy; Prothena Biosciences Inc: Consultancy; Appellis: Consultancy; Amgen: Consultancy; Springer Publishing: Patents & Royalties; Amyloidosis Foundation: Research Funding; International Waldenstrom Foundation: Research Funding; Janssen: Consultancy; Ionis/Akcea: Consultancy; Alnylam: Consultancy; Annexon: Consultancy; Abbvie: Other: personal fees for Data Safety Monitoring board; Research to Practice: Consultancy; Teva: Speakers Bureau; Medscape: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Physicians Education Resource: Consultancy; Pharmacyclics: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Proclara: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Spectrum: Consultancy, Research Funding; i3Health: Other: Development of educational programs and materials; Johnson and Johnson: Speakers Bureau; DAVA oncology: Speakers Bureau.


At present,the tide of reform sweep across all univercities about ruling the colleges by law,establishing modern system and setting a high value on autonomy. As a key department,offices in the university should initiate its duty and make an active attempt in,by means of legal thinking,expanding its functions to providing windows service and information service,giving valuable advice and supervising the work of other departments,etc.Only in this way,can it lead the university and promote the pace of ruling the universities by law.


The paper describes the essential functional and operational features of the Under Sleeper Pads (USPs), used in ballasted rail track systems. The overview of appropriate test methods for determining the values of relevant parameters for the purposes of using vibro-acoustic isolators was presented, with special attention drown to the changes resulting from the introduction of the PN-EN 16730 standard in this field. Due to the given testing procedures for USPs, selected examples of the normative testing methods of the USPs' carried out at the Faculty of Civil Engineering of the Warsaw University of Technology with the results were presented.


Optical absorption spectra of ferromagnetic h.c.p. Gd have been calculated from the self-consistent spin-polarized band structure with 4f bands. The observed structures in the calculated optical conductivity spectra were identified in terms of specific interband transitions and also compared with experimental results. The calculated spectra exhibit structures at about 0.7 eV due to the transitions between occupied d and unoccupied f states, d → f, in the minority-spin bands. At higher energies, the calculated spectra show structures due to d → p transitions below 2 eV and sd → p transitions above 2 eV in both the minority and majority-spin bands. The overall agreement between the calculated and experimental spectra is good.


ABSTRACT Heat and mass transfer rates related to single droplets suspended from a nozzle were studied in a 42mm 1D. horizontal wind tunnel designed to supply hot dry air, to simulate conditions in a spray dryer. A novel rotating glass nozzle facilitated direct measurements of droplet weight and core temperature. Revised correlations were obtained for heat and mass transfer coefficients, for evaporation from pure water drop1ets. The drying of droplets of suspensions was then investigated. Dried crusts were recovered and examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Skin-forming materials were classified into three types according to the mechanisms of skin formation. A description is given of studies on single-droplets of the first type i.e. materials which gelatinised at high temperatures, namely custard and starch. An increase in the drying temperature resulted in increased resistance to vapour diffusion due to increased granule swelling and the crust resistance was completely transfered to a skin resistance ...


Abstract Since 1 October 1995, an automatic weather station has been operated on the tongue of Morteratschgletscher, Switzerland. The station stands freely on the ice, and sinks with the melting glacier surface. It is located at 2100 m a.s.l., and measures air temperature, wind speed and direction, incoming and reflected solar radiation, pressure and snow temperature. A sonic ranger, mounted to stakes drilled into the ice, measures surface height from which melt rates and snow accumulation can be derived. In this paper the data for the period 1 October 1995 to 30 September 1998 are used to evaluate the surface energy balance. The turbulent energy fluxes are calculated with the bulk method. The turbulent exchange coefficient C h is used as a control parameter. With C h = 0.00127 the calculated melt equals the observed melt, which is 17.70 m w.e. over the 3 years. When averaged over the time when melting occurs (i.e. 35% of the time), the mean surface heat flux equals 191 W m−2. Net shortwave radiation contributes 177 W m−2, net longwave radiation −25 W m−2, the sensible-heat flux 31 W m−2 and the latent-heat flux 8 W m−2.


This report on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Applications in Urban Public Transportation has two clients. One is Tri-Met, the transit provider in the Portland metropolitan area, who is seeking to better integrate agency data to increase its efficiency and effectiveness. The other is the U.S. Department of Transportation on behalf of other agencies that provide urban public transportation services. Public transportation agencies need better information to provide a greater diversity of urban public transportation services, with greater efficiency and effectivensss. The objective of this research project is to examine the suitability and flexibility of a common geographic database to serve a variety of applications within a transit organization.


Electrodialysis is based on the migration of charged species through permselective membranes under an electric field. Fouling, which is the accumulation of undesired solid materials at the interfaces of thèse membranes, is one of the major problems of this process. The aim of the présent work was to investigate the nature and the morphology of fouling observed at différent Mg/Ca ratios (R=0, 1/20, 1/10, 1/5, 2/5) on cation-exchange membranes during conventional electrodialysis treatments. It appeared that for R=0, the fouling observed on the surface in contact with the basifîed concentrate was only formed of Ca(OH)2. As soon as magnésium was introduced into the solution treated, CaCC>3 was observed. Furthermore, the results also showed that CaC03 observed was identified as calcite. At our knowledge, it was the fîrst time that the présence of magnésium was demonstrated to induce a CaCC>3 fouling on CEM during electrodialysis.


Environmental problems have become a global issue that is currently being widely discussed. Environmental problems that occur are caused by climate change, the extinction of natural resources, to environmental damage caused by human actions. Low public awareness of the environment, one of which is due to the low literacy ability of the community. One of the efforts to improve environmental literacy attitudes is through formal education by implementing learning activities that can improve students' environmental literacy skills. This study aims to find out ways or efforts to improve student environmental literacy in schools through the literature review method, which is a literature search to collect data from various sources, such as: journals, books, internet, and other libraries. Based on the review of articles that have been carried out, there are several efforts that can be made to optimize or improve environmental literacy in schools, including by structuring the curriculum, conducting learning that provides direct experience that is supported by active learning using various varied methods and its implementation can be done inside or outside the school. outside the classroom, using problem-solving-based learning models, implementing adiwiyata program, and using interesting learning media.


TAKING HEALTHY HEARTS from doomed babies born without a brain and giving them to brain-intact infants who had life-threatening congenital heart defects seemed like a good idea to the transplant team at Loma Linda (Calif) University Medical Center nine months ago. Suspension of the research protocol was announced last month after Leonard Bailey, MD, of the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and his colleagues failed for various reasons to perform even one such procedure, despite having a dozen anencephalic infants flown by Learjet to Loma Linda from around the country. Final Decision Pending Now the institution is rethinking its approach and is issuing a report said to contain "a wealth of information obtained from the study." A final decision on the future of the program will be made after all the information is evaluated. According to Dick Schaefer, Loma Linda's director of community relations, the medical center remained committed late last


We study the formation of stellar haloes in three Milky Way-mass galaxies using cosmological smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations, focusing on the subset of halo stars that form in situ, as opposed to those accreted from satellites. In situ stars in our simulations dominate the stellar halo out to 20 kpc and account for 30–40 per cent of its total mass. We separate in situ halo stars into three straightforward, physically distinct categories according to their origin: stars scattered from the disc of the main galaxy ('heated disc'), stars formed from gas smoothly accreted on to the halo ('smooth' gas) and stars formed in streams of gas stripped from infalling satellites ('stripped' gas). We find that most belong to the stripped gas category. Those originating in smooth gas outside the disc tend to form at the same time and place as the stripped-gas population, suggesting that their formation is associated with the same gas-rich accretion events. The scattered disc star contribution is negligible overall but significant in the solar neighbourhood, where ≳90 per cent of stars on eccentric orbits once belonged to the disc. However, the distinction between halo and thick disc in this region is highly ambiguous. The chemical and kinematic properties of the different components are very similar at the present day, but the global properties of the in situ halo differ substantially between the three galaxies in our study. In our simulations, the hierarchical buildup of structure is the driving force behind not only the accreted stellar halo, but also those halo stars formed in situ.


Aimed at the current flood problems and the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources in the southern cities of China, the comprehensive utilization of Urban Rainwater Resources (URRs) is a significant solution. At present, the research on the comprehensive utilization system of urban rainwater resources in China is still immature, especially the lack of a comprehensive method for the comprehensive utilization of the rainwater and flood resources in the south. Based on the current mode for utilization of URRs at home and abroad, Fenghuang County in Hunan Province was taken as a case of study, which is a typical mountainous city in the southern China. And the potential development of URRs was simulated and evaluated with a comparison of before and after the exploitation and utilization of URRs in this paper. The reduction effect of flood and waterlogging on the ancient city area is analyzed from SWMM. The simulation results show that the potential of exploitation and utilization of URRs in Fenghuang county is remarkable under the mode of exploitation and utilization which is given priority to flood prevention and control, and the annual development potential is 4.865×105 m3. The rainwater utilization measures of flood control effect is obvious with this mode, and the relevant research results can provide theoretical and technical support for enhancing urban water security capability, water conservation capacity, and disaster mitigation of urban flood.


Arterial hypertension was detected in 40 (59.7%) of 67 patients operated on for aortic coarctation. The patients' age ranged from 15 to 35 years. The hypertensives whose physical working capacity corresponded to that of healthy persons showed no increase in stroke index and an inadequate rise of cardiac index with preserved left ventricular in tropic function and high specific peripheral resistance developed due to irreversible structural changes in the vascular bed. Hence, an elevation in blood pressure is due to high peripheral resistance. To make recommendations on exercises for patients undergoing aortic coarctation resection bicycle ergometric test should be performed along with studies of hemodynamic parameters.


Social media is the interaction between people via the internet to create and share content on social networking platforms. Methods of communication take several forms. Social media can enable people from a variety of backgrounds to communicate via a relatively cheap method, either openly or confidentially, not requiring face-to-face meetings. With more young people and researchers engaging in social media, it is important to consider the range of possibilities and limitations of these methods of communication between these groups.1

Academic researchers in paediatric healthcare are recognising the potential of social media to provide a method to engage the paediatric population, relating to study design, participation, recruitment, retention and dissemination of findings, as well as providing a rich data source of information for research. Examples of recent applications to research are given in table 1.2

View this table:

Table 1
Examples of using social media to involve young people in research

The EcLiPSE trial3 demonstrates the use of social media in study recruitment. It sought to improve the treatment of children with status epilepticus. Due to the emergency setting of the study, deferred consent was required. The study group conducted a qualitative study of parents of children who have experience of paediatric emergency care, to explore …


Precise measurement of velocity in fuel bundles is required to improve the thermal-hydraulic properties of Pressurerized Water Reactor (PWR) spacer grids. To better understand the cross-flow characteristics in rod bundles for developing spacer grids, we used the rod-embedded fiber laser Doppler velocimetry (rod LDV) to measure the flow velocities inside the spacer grid flow channels. As the result of measurement, we found that the flow distribution inside the spacer grid depends on the local flow resistance of the grid straps and is clearly affected by the presence of a mixing vane. We also clarified the relationship between cross-flow velocity in the fuel bundle downstream of the spacer grid and the axial flow inside the spacer grid.


This is in fact a record of the impressive advances made over the last few years in the radiotherapy of cancer. Beginning with brief but graphic illustrations by quick-motion pictures of the dissemination of tumour cells in tissue, it goes on to describe the most modern methods now in use for the early detection of cancer. Clearly demonstrated are colposcopy with direct vision biobsy in gynaecology ; the combination of cytodiagnosis and bronchoscopy ; static x-ray picture, and cineroentgenography with the electron image amplifier. All this, useful as it is, serves as an introduction to the main theme; radiotherapy and the instruments hy which it is administered, from the simple x-ray tube to the betatron. Perhaps the film's most valuable service lies in the way it demonstrates the entire range of expensive, often massive new radiological machines which can usually only be seen in action if at all as single units in some of our very large hospitals. First to be examined are the close irradiation techniques, using fields individually adopted to the size and site of more easily accessible tumours. Great successes have been achieved some are illustrated here with this type of therapy against malignant tumours in hi1;hly sensitive areas. For deep-seated cancer, hard to reach without damaging wide areas of healthy tissue, methods inc.•vitably grow more various and ingenious. Cross-fire technique is illustrated diagramatically and in practice, showing the particular advantages of convergent and pendular irradiation. l\fost interesting and impressive of all, however, is the increase in radiation power by higher emission, by use of the gamma rays of radium and by the use of cobalt bombs. Above all by the multiple acceleration of electrons in linear accelerators, cyclotrons and betatrons. Electronically speaking 100 million volts can be used for generating ultrahanl x-rays. The potentialities of treatment with these ;and fast electronscineradiotherapy with the 31 million volt BrownBoveri betatron pendular irradiation with the moderate-weight 15 million volt Siemens beatron these are calling forth new localization techniques, offering new and increasingly more favourable conditions for treatment. It is now possible to specifically irradiate and perhaps destroy tumour cells while healthy tissue remains undamaged.


The hypothalamo-pituitary function during pregnancy was investigated by analysing blood levels of Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Factor (LH-RF) and LH-beta subunit. A specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay which can detect as small as 300 femtogram of LH-RF per tube was developed. This re-vealed that plasma LH-RF concentrations were 1.0 ± 0.14pg/ml (mean ± S.E.) at follicular phase (n=17) and 1.1 ± 0.19pg/ml at luteal phase (n=8), whereas LH-RH was detectable in only 3 out of 20 samples from pregnant women and mean values were significantly decreased to 0.4 ± 0.02pg/ml. Simi-larly serum hLH beta levels were 438.56 ± 49.30 ng/ml at follicular phase (n=33), 632.71 ± 75.09ng/ml at mid-cycle (n=21) and 258.55 ± 46.84ng/ml at luteal phase (n=20), respectively. The levels of this hormone were also markedly decreased to 11.81 ± 0.95ng/ml during pregnancy (n=129).The data indicate that the hypothalamo-pituitary function, in terms of the hormones measured in this study, is lowered during pregnancy, presumably by the influences of placental hormones.


Background: Mixing and matching components from different manufacturers in total hip arthroplasty is a frequently used off-label praxis. The clinical consequences of this procedure have not been studied in detail. Methods: 860 patients with matched and 1067 patients with mixed primary total hip replacement (THR) components carried out between 1 January 2002 and 31 December 2004, were selected from our Institution registry. The analysis endpoint was set at 1 January 2016. THRs with poorly performing components were excluded from study groups. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for both groups were calculated and compared using the Log-Rank test and the demographic data using the chi-square test. Correlations between demographic data and revisions were calculated using bivariate correlation. Results: 28 revisions were carried out in the matched group and 67 in the mixed group. The 14-year overall survival probability was significantly better in the former (96.0%) than in the mixed group (92.7%) (p = 0.002). Survival, free of aseptic and septic failures, was statistically, significantly higher in the matched group (p = 0.026 and p = 0.007, respectively). The survival of the mixed subgroup with heads and stems from the same manufacturer did not differ statistically from that of the matched group (p = 0.079). Conclusions: In contrast to the results listed in the National Joint Registry and the New Zealand Joint Registry, the survival probability in our study was, statistically, significantly higher in total hip replacements using components of the same manufacturer. Importantly, mixing and matching the components of different manufacturers led to similar survival providing the head and the stem were from the same manufacturer.


A twenty-four-year-old man with myelodysplasia had had an ileal conduit devised for urinary incontinence when he was fifteen years old. When he was nineteen years old, he had had an anterior spine fusion from the tenth thoracic to the second lumbar vertebra to correct progressing scoliosis. The method of Dwyer49 was followed and the estimated blood loss was 1500 milliliters. The patient weighed 43. 1 kilograms at the time . Two years later, because of further progression of the scoliosis, a posterior spine fusion was done. One year later, the excretory urogram was considered to be normal but eighteen months later another excretory urogram showed severe pelvocalicectasis; the right side was worse (Fig. I). A retrograde loopogram showed rigid, aperistaltic ureters . There was no distinct point of obstruction (Fig. 2). Retroperitoneal fibrosis was suspected. An operation on the right ureter was performed and the ureter was found to be encased in a mass of fibrous tissue . Ureterolysis was done , but because the renal function of the patient worsened and progressive dilatation of the left ureter developed, nephrostomy was done bilaterally. Ureteral pressure-flow showed that the intrapelvic pressures were raised, consistent with obstruction. The patient had a pyelo-ileal conduit created and both ureters were removed. Retroperitoneal fibrosis was confirmed histologically.


High purity (Tl0.5Pb0.5)(Ba0.2Sr0.8)2Ca2Cu3Ox superconducting 20–60 µm thick films with Tc (0)-values of between 110 and 115 K and transition widths of 2–4 K were fabricated on polycrystalline 9 mol% Y2O3 doped ZrO2 (YSZ) substrates by screen-printing. The microstructure and the phase composition at the interface of the superconducting Tl-1223 film and the substrate were analysed using transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction and energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence analysis. The interface between the substrate and the superconducting film consisted of several phases formed by the reaction between the thallium superconductor and zirconium dioxide. Analyses of the substrate/film interface performed using energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence showed the presence of a Ba–(Pb–Sr)–Zr–O compound close to the substrate. This phase was responsible for the very good adhesion of the superconducting films to the YSZ substrates. The additional phases found at the interface were CaO, calcium strontium cuprates and barium cuprate.


Decision making is a process of making a choice among alternatives, in order to achieve the goals and objectives. Farmers' decision-making tractors brand choices are the process of making a choice among alternatives also. The purpose of this study, farmers in the choosing of the tractor brand to determine what criteria they are given priority. And according to these criteria, to determine which brands they preferred. As criteria; low price, durability, fuel economy, dealer's reliability, and brand value are taken into account in the model. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used in the analysis of the data. Results indicate that when durability (0.35) took first place among of the purchase criteria, fuel economy (0.28), brand value (0.20), low price (0.09) and the dealer's reliability (0.08) have been following respectively.


Host complexes formed through non-covalent interactions comprise a rapidly growing area of supramolecular chemistry. In particular, three-dimensional hosts which reversibly encapsulate guests hold great potential as both novel tools in chemistry and as biological models. Here, we describe the design, synthesis, and study of several selfassembling molecular capsules. In particular, we discuss how challenges encountered with earlier capsules were overcome using a modular strategy based upon unique glycoluril building blocks. This method generated capsules approaching nanoscale dimensions that were studied using a combination of NMR and ESI-mass spectrometry. Progress toward novel supramolecular capsules which utilize both hydrogen bonds and metal-ligand interactions is reported and new ferric iron sequestering agents are introduced. Thesis Supervisor: Title: Professor Julius Rebek, Jr. Director, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Professor, Department of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute


TWTR The Innovation Competition is bigger and better, with double the prize money and contestants.

FB: "There's growing excitement on campus and in the alumni community" around the @Innovation Competition at Dickinson College, says Krysti Oschal '17. Learn what the fuss is about, and why IC@D is bigger and better in 2016.


Frank Jackson's criticisms have helped me recognize some of the weaknesses in my proposed vindication of induction.' The core of the argument I offered was that induction is the only method of predicting which is based in a nonarbitrary way on the facts. I still believe that this is so and that because of this property induction is the only reasonable way of predicting. However I now recognize defects in the argument by which I attempted to establish that the uniqueness of this property to induction constitutes its justification. The main force of Jackson's criticism is against my claim that it is rational to adopt a method because it alone can ensure concordance. Before I deal with what I take to be the positive content of this criticism, let me mention some points on which I disagree with Jackson. He criticizes my definition of concordance and offers an alternative definition. I find the proposed redefinition unhelpful. Jackson's version of concordance is a much weaker property than the original: consequently the property of being the only method which ensures this weakened concordance will be correspondingly stronger and will be correspondingly more difficult to establish. Another defect of the proposed redefinition is that only given it, and not according to the original definition, does one of Jackson's criticisms stand; namely that concordance is a necessary condition for failure as well as for success. We must also examine Jackson's proposal that concordance should be defined in terms of pairs of properties which are contradictories in the sense that each is equivalent to the negation of the other, rather than in terms of propositions which are logically inconsistent (which is all I claimed in using the adjective "contradictory"). We must note that if a method yields a certain prediction, A, then it likewise yields any statement which is logically entailed by A. This is implicit in the notion of a method yielding a prediction; for in determining what propositions a method yields, we make use of inference. The method will determine the forms of inference which are accepted; however since deduction is the strongest form of inference, it must be accepted by any predicting method. Now any proposition which is logically incompatible with A entails A. Hence if a method yields P and another proposition which stands in the relation of contrary to P, the method also yields P. Thus defining concordance in terms of propositions standing in the relationship of contradictories rules out nothing which would be concordant given the definition in terms of logical inconsistency. There is another point on which I must criticize Jackson. He seems to treat a


Objective:To study the role of C5a receptor in heart failure in a mouse model induced by doxorubicin(DOX) injection.Methods:The mouse model of heart failure was established by intraperitoneal injection of DOX(with dosage of 20 mg/kg).12 week old wild-type and C5aR knockout mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: wild-type saline group,C5aR knockout saline group,wild-type DOX-treated group,and C5aR knockout DOX-treated group.Small animal ultrasound was deformed to examine cardiac function.Mice were sacrificed at day 3.Semi-quantitative PCR,Western Blotting,immunfluorescence were used to determine the C5aR expression.Hematoxylin and eosin(HE),Masson's trichrome and immunohistochemistry(TGF-β,α-SMA) staining were used to examine the myocardial injury and fibrosis.Results:Both C5aR mRNA and protein level were significantly increased 3 days after doxorubicin injection.Compared with wild-type mice,C5aR knockout significantly suppressed DOX-induced body weight loss(P0.01),blood pressure change(P0.05) and the level of left ventricular ejection fraction and fractional shortening reduction(P0.05).Moreover,Dox-induced myocardial vacuolization and fibrosis were significantly reduced(P0.05).Finally,the expression of pro-inflammation cytokine TGF-β and α-SMA(myofibroblast marker) were also reduced(P0.05).Conclusion:C5aR is significantly increased in the process doxorubicin-induced acute myocardial injury,and knockout C5aR prevents doxorubicin-induced myocardial fibrosis and inflammation.


The author is involved in Ethno-medico-botanical survey for the past two decades. Much knowledge accumulated by the villagers and tribals is unknown to the sc ientists and urban people. Many varieties of plants assoc iated with tribal people have already disappeared forever and many more are on the verge of extinction . The impact of deforestation, urbanization and modernization is shifting the triba ls from the ir natural habitats and their very knowledge, particularly with respect to herbal drugs is slow ly di sappearing. The immed iate concern is to preserve thi s knowledge. There is an urgent need to tap the information before it is too late. Whatever exists is confined only to the older generation. There is a need to preserve this for the future. [n this context some observations made by the author during her survey in Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh , are presented in a nutshell.


In this paper, we report the characterization and modeling of multi-finger gate all around (GAA) nanowire (NW) FETs (NWFETs) from dc to 14 GHz. The self-heating effect (SHE) in NWFETs is investigated experimentally using the small-signal output conductance (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${g}_{{\text {ds}}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) technique. The frequency-dependent complex thermal impedance, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${Z}_{{\text {th}}}({f})$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, is extracted by fitting an <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${n}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>th-order thermal network with the experimental data. We show that the temperature rise <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta {T}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> (=85 °C) due to SHE is significant in short-channel silicon on insulator (SOI) NWFETs. Finally, we have evaluated the RF figure of merit (FOM) for these NWFETs as <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${f}_{T}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> (=70 GHz) and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${f}_{\text {max}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> (=80 GHz). We also report the RF performance metric sensitivity on temperature, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\partial {f}_{\text {max}}/\partial {T}_{{\text {amb}}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\approx -0.104$ </tex-math></inline-formula> GHz/K). The reported BSIM-CMG compact model shows a good correlation with the measurement data.


Network management (NM) is a critical issue in today's rapidly changing network environment. Existing centralized client-server based network management frameworks suffer from problems such as insufficient scalability, interoperability, reliability, and flexibility, as networks become more geographically distributed. A framework for an intelligent mobile agents (IMA) architecture is proposed using mobile agents to achieve distributed management. The policies that govern the mobile agents' operation are specified by the management entity. The IMA architecture reduces the complexity of network management at the managing entity by delegating part of the management responsibility to the managed network entities. Adding mobility and intelligence to an agent provides many advantages such as extensibility and portability. The intelligence of a mobile agent is used to make dynamic decisions such as finding the next destination, optimizing the travel plan, and detecting link failures, as the agent travels around the network. Experimental results indicate an improvement in overall response time, easy delegation and flexibility.


We present a BEM-based inverse algorithm to retrieve multi-dimensional heat transfer coefficients (h) from surface temperature measurements. The time history of temperatures at convective BEM nodes is measured (or simulated). At each time level, a regularized least-squares functional is minimized to retrieve current fluxes and simultaneously smooth out temperature measurement errors. The regularization term weighs the square of deviations of BEM-computed fluxes from a mean flux to allow adjustment of temperatures and fluxes to obtain a "best fit" through noisy input data. Results for retrieval of h over a square and a backward facing step show the 1-D approach fails to reproduce ft, while our approach reproduces h accurately while being robust to input errors.


This study proposes a strategic human capital alignment framework in multinational enterprises (MNEs). By differentiating parent firm and local-specific human capital, we emphasize that what makes human capital valuable for the firm is its alignment with organizational strategy. We further examine exogenous and endogenous boundary conditions since they may adjust the positive effect of strategic human capital alignment on performance. Based on a sample of 5,604 subsidiary observations of 423 MNEs from 1990 to 2012, the findings confirm the importance of strategic human capital alignment and show the moderating effects of foreign exchange rate change and MNE international experience.


This paper develops a real option model in which the interaction between debt, liquidation policy and risky investments is studied. We consider a manager who owns the firm and faces the opportunity to invest in risky projects which may boost current profits at the cost of bankruptcy if they turn out to be unsuccessful. These investments are "last resort gambles" in the sense that, if successful, they save the company from insolvency, while, if unsuccessful, they make liquidation unavoidable. It is shown that last resort gambles delay liquidation. We study how the liquidation trigger and the last resort investment decisions are affected by the firm's capital structure.


Summary Information contained in unstructured video data needs to be extracted and must be appropriately modeled in order to support storage and content retrieval. A video data model should be expressive enough to capture several characteristics inherent to video. Previous video data models lack connection among the video structure, the semantic and the image contents. Hence the types of queries supported are limited to the data models used. This paper proposes a video data model that would allow users to formulate hybrid queries on different attributes of video. The video data model captures the hierarchical structure of video (sequence, scene, shot and key frame), as well as high-level concepts (object, activity, and event) and low-level visual features (colour, texture, shape and location). With this representation, queries for the content and/or the specific hierarchical structure using similarity-based matching of low-level visual features as well as exact matching of textual attributes are supported. Experiments to compare query formulation using single types against hybrid query showed that hybrid query gives more accurate results. Thus, strengthening the need for a video data model that supports queries on more than one type of video attributes.


The objective of this work was to analyze the genetic diversity of 47 table grape accessions, from the grapevine germplasm bank of Embrapa Semiarido, using 20 RAPD and seven microsatellite markers. Genetic distances between pairs of accessions were obtained based on Jaccard's similarity index for RAPD data and on the arithmetic complement of the weighted index for microsatellite data. The groups were formed according to the Tocher's cluster analysis and to the unweighted pair‑group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA). The microsatellite markers were more efficient than the RAPD ones in the identification of genetic relationships. Information on the genetic distance, based on molecular characteristics and coupled with the cultivar agronomic performance, allowed for the recommendation of parents for crossings, in order to obtain superior hybrids in segregating populations for the table grape breeding program of Embrapa Semiarido.


The intention of these engineering notes is to obtain the correlation values between CW and TDMA (IS-136) linearity parameters of power amplifiers for wireless phones. The need to know that correlation is obtain better amplifier acceptance criteria. The linearity of power amplifiers is characterized differently depending on the nature of the input signal. In the continuous wave (CW) mode (when an input signal is sinusoidal) the measure of linearity is an intercept point or, interchangeably, a 1 dB compression point. At the same time, the power amplifier for TDMA wireless phones has to be just linear enough to meet the adjacent and alternate channel power (ACP) specifications. There are several reasons why we want to correlate both CW and TDMA linearity. Usually, the manufacturers of power amplifiers (or their components) prefer to characterize their products in CW terms. Even when the unit is characterized in TDMA terms, it is still beneficial to know the correlation between measures of linearity. This knowledge will help to confirm that the amplifier is optimally biased. It will also give the flexibility to bias the unit differently (for example, to improve efficiency). In order to determine the desired correlation, we can simulate the application of a TDMA (IS136) signal to the input of a power amplifier described in terms of CW linearity parameters. We then observe the ACP of the resulting output signal and obtain a correlation between CW and TDMA linearity parameters. Then we justify the obtained result by providing an appropriate theoretical explanation. It allows us to predict a dependence of ACP on any given value of 1 dB compression. Finally, to prove the validity of the results, we will compare the simulated results with experimental ones. The software we use for simulation is a system evaluation tool from HP EEsof, OMNISYS. In order to conduct the simulation we generate a TDMA signal according to the requirements of IS-136 standard. Then we compose the schematic, determine the type of measurements required to achieve our goal, and obtain the measuring results.


The concept of lowest pricing method in bid evaluation is introduced for highway projects. The scope of application, applicability of cash guarantee, and possession of the guarantee in the method are discussed.


The time required by a variant of the PRAM (a parallel machine model which consists of sequential processors which communicate by reading and writing into a common shared memory) to compute a certain class of functions called critical functions (which include the Boolean OR of n bits) is studied. Simultaneous reads from individual cells of the shared memory are permitted, but simultaneous writes are not. It is shown that any PRAM which computes a critical function must take at least $0.5\log n - O(1)$ steps, and that there exists a critical function which can be computed in $0.57\log n - O(1)$ steps. These bounds represent an improvement in the constant factor over those previously known.


A field experiment was conducted to evaluate orange and purple fleshed sweet potatoes at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2013-14. Five orange fleshed sweet potato varieties viz. ST-14, CIP-440127, CIP-SWA-2, Kamla Sundari and Sree Kanaka, a purple fleshed variety ST-13 and a white fleshed variety PSP-21 (local) were planted with three replications in randomized block design. The results revealed that maximum vine growth and yield was with PSP-21. Whereas more number of tubers per plant and tuber yields were found in CIP-440127. The local variety PSP-21 registered with lowest tuber yield, but recorded with maximum dry matter, starch and total sugar contents. Higher amount of N, P and K were found in tubers of PSP-21, ST-13, ST-14, respectively. Maximum manganese and iron were found in ST-14 and Kamla Sundari, respectively. Higher zinc and copper were found in CIP-SWA-2. The variety ST-14 and ST13 recorded with higher β-carotene and anthocyanin content in tubers, respectively. Maximum ascorbic acid content was noticed in Sree Kanaka.


A count was made of articles published from 1968 through 1981 which dealt with hyperactivity and its pharmacological management. Although interest in hyperactivity, as reflected in the number of publications, continues to rise, interest in the syndrome's pharmacological management has decreased. It is suggested that this alteration in research interests may reflect a recent change in the standard descriptive terminology for this diagnosis.


Although mechanical ventilation is a life-saving intervention for the management of acute respiratory failure, it can cause complications such as ventilator-induced lung injury and ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction, adversely affecting the outcomes of critically ill patients. Hence, methods of implementing lung-and diaphragm-protective ventilation are currently a major topic of discussion in intensive care medicine. Unlike other modes of partial ventilator assistance, which adopt conventional pneumatic signals (flow, volume, and airway pressure) to drive and control the ventilator operation, neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) uses the electrical activity of the diaphragm, which is the best signal for estimating the respiratory drive, to control triggering, cycling, and the magnitude of assistance. Based on this concept, NAVA has the ability to avoid over-and under-assistance, improve patient-ventilator interaction and synchrony, and potentially play a role in lung-and diaphragm-protective ventilation. However, it remains to be determined whether these advantages translate into improved clinical outcomes.


We read with interest the first American Society of Regional Anesthesia (ASRA) Pain Medicine guidelines for managing perioperative patients using cannabis and cannabinoids by Shah and colleagues. This was a pertinent and longawaited addition to the literature; as the authors note, the percentage of patients with heavy daily use has reached 10% of our patient population and is increasing. Importantly, the guidelines emphasize that cannabis use can be associated with significant cardiovascular complications. They highlight studies showing that cannabis use was associated with an increase in mortality in patients hospitalized for myocardial infarction, as well as cardiac dysrhythmias. These findings have real implications for the field of anesthesia. While elective surgeries may easily be delayed in the setting of acute intoxication, trauma and other emergent surgeries are hard to reschedule, becoming complicated propositions. Indeed, there are a rising number of motor vehicle accidents associated with cannabis use. As there are no known antagonists at cannabinoid receptors, treating cardiovascular and neurological complications from cannabinoid use is less specific, often comprising only supportive therapy. Even less clear are the perioperative strategies in the setting of less apparent cannabis intoxication (in the absence of screening) and withdrawal. The veterinary literature may have some clues. In cases where pets have accidently ingested cannabis, multiple case reports demonstrate reversal of symptoms of acute intoxication with 20% intravenous lipid emulsion. This approach has also been successfully used for cocaine intoxication in humans—an intuitive leap for the first local anesthetic. Even in human case reports, Aksel and colleagues describe stabilization of cardiac function and neurological deficit recovery in four separate patients with synthetic cannabinoid intoxication using 20% lipid emulsion, as well as reversal of neurological dysfunction. While the exact mechanisms are not fully understood, lipid emulsion is thought to work by acting as a 'lipid sink' for lipophilic drugs, effectively removing them from circulation, as with many other poisonous substances. Other proposed mechanisms continue to be the subject of research. Yet, while lipid emulsions are generally welltolerated and associated with few side effects, it would be premature to recommend their routine use in intoxicated emergency surgery or trauma patients with cardiovascular instability. By contrast, cocaine intoxication has similar cardiovascular effects to marijuana intoxication, yet the mechanisms are better studied, and the treatment guidelines are better defined. Hypertension, ventricular ectopy, and other arrhythmias stem from direct adrenergic stimulation and should be treated with alphaadrenergic blockers or vasodilators without betablocking effects. However, when patients must be anesthetized while acutely intoxicated on cannabis, little scientific data and collective clinical experience exist about reversing systemic effects, improving perioperative safety, or the possible complex interplay with coexisting diseases and other medications. Many important questions remain unanswered and scientific investigation may prove extremely challenging, from adopting qualitative and quantitative definitions for acute or severe cannabis intoxication through recruitment and informed consent, to treatment effect measurement and interpretation. What remains clear from the authors work is that physicians in ASRA Pain Medicine will continue to be on the forefront of developing better perioperative care for these patients.


Ordering or controlling chaos has in recent years attracted special attention from a number of research groups in the areas of nonlinear dynamics and control. The authors have developed a unified linear feedback control methodology for this purpose, which works well for many general chaotic systems. It has been shown that under certain conditions a chaotic trajectory can be guided to one of the unstable limit cycles of the dynamic system, provided that an appropriate feedback control is applied. This control technique is refined and applied to the well-known Chua's circuit here, giving simpler implementation with even better results. A simple sufficient condition for the design of such a linear feedback controller is given, and the numerical simulation as well as the physical implementation of the design feedback control configuration are both illustrated.<<ETX>>


NASA instituted the virtual airspace modeling and simulation (VAMS) project in response to the projected air traffic growth and lack of sufficient future capacity in the nation's air traffic transportation system. This paper reports on developing the communications, navigation and surveillance (CNS) simulation tools that supports modeling an aircraft's flight. The CNS tools, which are integrated into the VAMS concept models, enhance fidelity by describing the effects of imperfect"" CNS.""


As the title of the book suggests, an overview of visual perception problems is given to a targeted audience of parents and professionals working with children diagnosed with autism, ADHD and other learning disabilities. The strength of the book is in the style of writing, which is clear, concise and accessible to parents, with jargon and terminology kept to a minimum; a glossary of terms is contained in the Appendix. The book gives a detailed definition of both visual perception and functional vision and describes the range of perceptual skills needed to perform day-to-day tasks. Not only is the aim of the book to improve awareness in parents and professionals of potential visual problems in children, but a helpful checklist of signs and symptoms is included to help the reader identify behaviours which may indicate an underlying visual difficulty. The book is particularly reflective of children who have good vision, and who may have passed formal eye tests, but have visual difficulties under certain conditions. By far the most useful section is to be found in the chapter entitled 'Activities for Improving Visual Skills', where the author condenses many years of experience as a paediatric occupational therapist to provide simple, easy-to-follow strategies. Parents are encouraged to partake in games and exercises to target specific visual weaknesses, and DIY-style instructions are included to enable cheap and cheerful props to be made at home; stockists are also listed to help those daunted by this prospect! On a less positive note, the book has a distinct North American flavour, and the section on finding professional help would not generally be applicable to parents in the UK. Having said this, some useful hints and tips are provided to steer a parent towards an eye professional with the relevant area of expertise. It is regrettable that there is no mention of orthoptists within the book, who are eye care professionals that specialize in binocular vision issues and in the assessment of children; however, this oversight may be owing to differences in practices outside the UK. Finally, the book does contain some factual inaccuracies when describing how the visual system functions, although the author admits that a detailed and thorough description within this subject area was beyond the scope


Plant densities of fresh edible soybean and its effects on agronomic traits were studied from 2004 to 2006.The results indicated that different maturation period of fresh edible soybean enjoyed special plant densities.Plant densities of 24 0000 plant·hm-2,21 0000 plant·hm2 and 19 0000~21 000 plant·hm-2 were suitable for early,middle and late cultivars,respectively.The effects of plant densities to pods were stronger than that of branches quantity,while effect of plant densities on 100-seed weight was not significant.


High nurse turnover in hospitals is a global problem and factors such as nurses' relationships with their managers have been associated with retention and turnover. Previous studies have utilized a deficit-based approach. This study aims to investigate nurse leaderś experiences and descriptions of practices in hospital departments with low nurse turnover in a region facing the highest nurse turnover rates in Denmark. The research questions were: What considerations and strategies regarding turnover do the nurse leaders have? How do the nurse leaders describe the culture and work environment in their departments?

 A constructivist design with a focused ethnography methodology was used to construct data, primarily through interviews. Positive deviance inspired the theoretical perspective. Head nurses and ward managers from medical, surgical, acute and psychiatric departments with the lowest nurse turnover participated in the study (total 9 leaders). The female leaders, had an age range from 43 to 65; their management experience ranged from 1 to 27 years.

 Despite the fact that leaders came from very different contexts, they all had clear visions for the culture and values of their departments, including ideas about how to proceed with the current and future challenge of nurse turnover. The results are presented as two categories related to the research questions: The culture is unique, and Maintaining, protecting or re-establishing the unique culture.

 Nurse leaders from departments with low nurse turnover compared to similar departments in the same region all described their cultures as unique, but held in common values of diversity and balance in the group of staff, and the leaders' roles were focused on maintaining, protecting or re-establishing that culture.

 Nurse leaders with clear cultural awareness and visions for the context in which they operate may be positively associated with lower nurse turnover. The head mainly nurses lead indirectly by securing the best possible conditions at a strategic level, so the nurses could thrive.


The ocean is an important part of the global system. Tracking the connectivity between bodies of water is crucial for understanding local, regional and global changes in the ocean dynamics that mediate the spreading of nutrients and influence the marine ecosystem and ocean productivity. We developed a Data Fusion approach that enhances and automates the existing methods for the analysis of this connectivity. This approach combines and condenses two different data sources in two stages, Data Enhancement followed by Data Reduction. The Data Enhancement stage fuses equidistantly gridded data containing physical measurements and trajectories representing movement data. The Data Reduction stage aggregates the fused data into a Markov Model representation of the transition probabilities between ocean regions. We applied this framework to an exemplary analysis for the connectivity between two oceanic areas using real ocean data stemming from marine research. We show that this method directly tackles the limitations of existing marine data analysis methods and furthermore introduces new means to answer questions that had no quantitative answers up to now.


The degree of cotton maturity is a significant parameter characterising the properties of a fibre. Many textile properties depends on the degree of cotton maturity. A frequently applied method for determining this is based on the so-called 'Russian standards' which have been long applied in Poland. This paper proposes another method for determining the degree of cotton maturity, based on a cotton fracture image from a scanning electron microscope. For this analysis of the cotton image, the elements of fuzzy set theory are applied. Since categories of images of cotton fracture do not have clearly defined boundaries, the application of fuzzy set theory for determining the degree of maturity seems justified.


Address for Correspondence: Dr Komala N, Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, M.S.Ramaiah Medical College, M.S.R.I.T Post, Bangalore, Karnataka, India 560054. Phone: 9480259177, 080-23421593. E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Access this Article online Quick Response code Web site: *1 Associate Professor, 2 Assistant Professor, 3 Associate Professor, 4 Assistant Professor. Department of Anatomy, M.S.Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore. Karnataka, India. Introduction: Styloid process is a part of temporal bone. It measures 2 to 3 cms in length and lies antero-medial to the mastoid process. An elongated styloid process can compress the vital vessels and nerves close to it. This can lead to pain, foreign body sensation in the pharyngeal region and can also cause dysphagia. Observation: During routine dissection, we encountered elongated styloid process in two cadavers. In one it was unilateral and in another it was bilateral. The measurements of the elongated styloid process were taken using digital Vernier slide calipers. Conclusion: The awareness of the embryological cause and the clinical implications of an elongated styloid process are important for accurate diagnosis and treatment


The purpose o f th is study w as to exam ine the e ffect o f risk in form ation com ponent in m edia and know ledge on risk contro llab ility o f the pub lic, focusing on in fectious d isease. The data w ere co llected from 1,000 partic ipants in K orea and analyzed by the corre la tion ana lysis, re liab ility analysis and structura l equation m odeling analysis using IBM SPSS 21 and IBM AM O S 21 program s. The results were as follows. First, risk inform ation com ponent in m edia on infectious diseases had a positive in fluence on know ledge about infectious diseases. Second, know ledge on in fectious d iseases had a positive in fluence on risk contro llab ility . Th ird , risk in form ation com ponent in m edia on in fectious d iseases had no sign ificant e ffect on risk contro llab ility.


Automation and networking of libraries in 21st century shows an incremental growth and the users find comfort with the library set up as it provides enhanced digital resources. The users find cost effective and easy to retrieve information through operational procedures. They feel satisfied with diverse information needs such as CD-ROM databases, online databases, web-based resources, and a variety of other electronic media. Hence library automation required to be implemented in university libraries. While libraries automated their library management activities and procure expensive electronic resources, these may not be optimally used. This is the main concern of librarians around the world. There are a lot of reasons for this state of affairs, like lack of sufficient funds, inadequate infrastructure, and lack of qualified library professionals.


Vaccine safety Large-scale immunization programmes now extend to all parts of the world, including least developed countries, where they reach unprecedented numbers of people. The number of vaccine doses administered worldwide continues to increase as new vaccines are developed and made available, and more people have access to immunization services. Development of immunization programmes in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) has increased immunization coverage, which in turn has led to a reduction in vaccine-preventable diseases. However, as vaccine use has increased in LMICs, so has public attention to vaccine safety issues, as happened previously in high-income countries. This has created additional vulnerability for all immunization programmes. Whether or not they are well founded, concerns about serious adverse events following immunization may rapidly undermine public confidence and become a serious threat to effective vaccination strategies, eroding the enormous gains in disease control achieved with decades of effort. Patterns of global access to vaccines and programme implementation are evolving. In the past, vaccines that became available for programmes in LMICs had already been used for years in high-income countries. Currently, however, some newly developed vaccines (e.g. rotavirus vaccine) have become available in LMICs only a short time after being introduced in high-income countries. Other new vaccines, such as meningococcal A vaccine or candidate vaccines against dengue and malaria, may be introduced first in LMICs, where the capacity for adequate safety monitoring is limited. Some of these vaccines may contain elements that have not been widely used in humans, including multiple antigens or recombinant viral vectors. As a result, for the first time people in LMICs are being administered with newly developed vaccines in settings where monitoring capacity is limited. In addition, there are important population groups for which the safety profile of vaccines may differ; for example, people with immune deficiency (in areas with high rates of human immunodeficiency virus prevalence), malnutrition and chronic conditions, as well as pregnant women. Although toxicity and safety are monitored in pre-licensing studies, the number of vaccine recipients observed in such studies is limited. Also, because serious vaccine reactions are very rare, it is generally only after licensure and administration to millions of people that such reactions are detected. Thus, a well-designed and well-structured global approach that involves adequate monitoring of large populations is required for early recognition of potential issues, timely investigation of concerns, informed decision-making and corrective actions. Optimizing vaccine safety The Decade of Vaccines, which was launched in 2010, aims to increase coordination within the vaccine community worldwide. The Global Vaccine Action Plan (1)--the framework endorsed by the World Health Assembly for the Decade of Vaccines--includes a vaccine safety strategy, the Global Vaccine Safety Blueprint. (2) The aim of the blueprint is to enhance the safety of vaccines through effective use of pharmacovigilance principles and methods. Its three strategic goals are: to assist LMICs to have at least minimal capacity for vaccine safety activities; to enhance capacity for vaccine safety assessment in countries that introduce newly developed vaccines, that introduce vaccines in settings with novel characteristics, or that manufacture and use prequalified vaccines; and to establish a global support structure for vaccine safety. The blueprint proposes eight complementary strategic objectives. Four of these objectives aim to improve the technical aspects of spontaneous reporting, active surveillance and risk communication; and to ensure the availability of harmonized methods and tools. The remaining four objectives promote the establishment of effective managerial principles to facilitate international collaboration and information exchange relating to vaccine safety monitoring. …


Cardiac myxomas are the most common primary cardiac tumors, accounting for approximately 50% of all such tumors [1-3]. Around 75% of cardiac myxomas are detected in the left atrium (LA), and 15-20% in the right atrium (RA). Most myxomas arise from the interatrial septum at the fossa ovalis, but in some cases, myxomas have been reported to be attached to valve leaflets or in other locations in the atrium or ventricle [2,3]. The clinical signs and symptoms vary based on location, size, and mobility of myxoma. Most patients are symptomatic, and the triad of symptoms consists of embolism, intracardiac obstruction, and constitutional manifestations. Considering that cerebral and systemic embolism and even sudden death can be caused by cardiac myxomas, surgery is urgently need [1,3]. A 61-year old woman without any medical history, she com plained palpitations that started 20-days prior to her visit. On examination, her heart rate was regular, and her breath sounds were clear with no audible cardiac murmur. The patient denied having any symptoms that suggested a peripheral, cerebral, systemic, or coronary arterial embolism. A transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) showed a pedunculated circular mass attached to the interatrial septum within the LA measuring 27.87 mm × 20.14 mm. It also showed a normal sinus rhythm with normal ventricular wall thickness and contraction. The LA was enlarged, and the mitral valve (MV) leaflets were mildly thickened and calcified with no regurgitation. From the TTE, clinical impres sion was cardiac myxoma. On arrival in the operating room, electrocardiogram, pulse oxymeter, and non-invasive blood pressure were monitored, and a left radial arterial line was placed before anesthetic induction. Anesthetic induction was begun with 15 mg of ectomidate, 30 μg/kg of fentanyl, and 0.2 mg/kg of vecuronium, and anesthesia was maintained with 10 μg/kg/hr of fentanyl, 50 μg/kg/hr of midazolam, and 0.2 mg/kg/hr of vecuronium. During the operation, a transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) was performed to confirm the presence of cardiac mass and to detect changes in ventricular wall motion and cardiac valves. The echocardiographic appearance of the mass was typical for atrial myxoma. In mid-esophageal short axis view, a 1.80 cm × 3.63 cm sized circular mass from the interatrial septum was observed (Fig. 1A). In mid-esophageal four chamber and long axis views, a left atrial mass was observed with no MV regurgita tion. In the TEE, no other cardiac problems were detected. Arterial cannulation was done in upper ascending aorta, and bicaval venous cannulation was done in superior vena cava and lower RA. Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) then followed, with an aortic cross clamp and an infusion of cold cardioplegia via aortic root cannula. Right atrial wall and interatrial septum were incised, and left atrial mass including left atrial dome was removed. The defects associated with left atrial dome, and the in cision in the interatrial septum and right atrial wall were closed with sutures using prolene. After release of aortic cross clamp and direct current cardioversion, the heart beat recovered. A repeat TEE showed the removal of left atrial mass and an intact interatrial septum with no shunting; however, severe MR was


In this paper, the Cramér-Rao Bound (CRB) for scanning radar sensing is investigated, providing an algorithm-independent bound on the angular estimation error. Based on the deterministic signal model, we first derive a numerical CRB for unknown real signal parameters. Then, the approximate closed-form expression of CRBs are further provided for the single target case. Meanwhile, the potential estimation error of various classical super-resolution sensing methods are quantitatively investigated in this paper, and compared with the presented CRB.


Relevance . In the consumer market, there is a popular pumpkin in portion sizes weighing 1.0 to 2.5 kg. To meet the needs of the population and producers in pumpkin fruits, F1 varieties and hybrids with high economically valuable traits, portion size and manufacturability in production and processing are needed. Material and methods . The purpose of the research is to analyze, isolate and select the best breeding samples for creating parental lines of butternut pumpkin and large-fruited portion size. The experiment was carried out at the selection plot of the FSBSI "Federal Scientific Rice Centre" from 2015 to 2019. The objects of research were cultivars, hybrid populations, cultivars and samples obtained from different sources. Results . Lines with a number of economically valuable traits are highlighted, including portion size, productivity, biochemical parameters and commercial attractiveness of fruits. According to the length of the growing season, all inbred lines were divided into 3 groups: early maturing, mid-maturing, late maturing. In terms of productivity, the following lines stand out: KrChkh, BatS, La. The following lines were distinguished by the content of dry soluble substances (SRV, mg%): KrChkh, LaChkh, BatS, LaN. In muscat lines, the number of marketable fruits per plant varied from 3.3-5.7 pcs / plant. According to keeping quality, the test samples were divided into several groups: the least keeping quality among the studied samples was the line 15-5 (105 days); in fruits of lines 24-3, 16-5, 15-1, the safety of fruits increased to 116-126 days. The 28-2 line (162 days) was the highest keeping quality. The rest of the lines were attributed to medium bikes (133-148 days). All selected lines were characterized by a female type of flowering, multi-fruiting, short-leaved and good keeping quality of fruits. The KrChx line has a pronounced leaf aerenchyme. The organoleptic analysis showed that all the lines identified have a high score of 4.5-5. All commercially valuable traits in the lines are fixed with an inward.


It is very important in reverse engineering to control the error of the reconstructed surface effectively, few of existing literature analyzed it from the perspective of quantity, most of them analysed the reasons causing the error qualitatively and proposed the method of reducing error, at present there was none systematic approach on precision control and evaluation of free-form surface. In fact, surface reconstruction was strikingly similar to surface machining in error evaluation, for this reason, the article borrowed the concept of shape error from the technology of exchangeability, a perfect and general method on precision control and evaluation was proposed aimed at free-form surface, guiding the reverse engineering with high precision complicated surface, and by which the error of free-form curve and surface can be evaluated quantitative, and it was demonstrated by using examples at the end of the paper.


The paper analyzes the technological equipment of the combined process of obtaining multicomponent coatings based on plasma spraying in an open atmosphere.


A neutron diffraction study has been made of the magnetic properties of the rare-earth-iron perovskites, NdFe${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, HoFe${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, and ErFe${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, at temperatures ranging from 955\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 1.25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The iron ions in each of these compounds undergo a transition to an antiferromagnetic configuration in which each moment has six oppositely directed moments at nearest neighbor distances. The N\'eel temperatures are 760\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, 700\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, and 620\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, respectively, for the compounds of Nd, Ho, and Er. The moment directions in HoFe${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and ErFe${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ are parallel and antiparallel to the orthorhombic [100] direction at room temperature: at 43\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K the moments are found to be in a ($1\overline{1}0$) plane. In HoFe${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ the iron-ion moments at 1.25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K are parallel to [001]; in Er${\mathrm{Feo}}_{3}$ at the same temperature they are parallel to [110]. The magnitudes of the ordered iron moments at temperature saturation are ${4.5}_{7}$, ${4.6}_{0}$, and ${4.6}_{2}$ Bohr magnetons in NdFe${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, HoFe${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, and ErFe${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, respectively. In the liquid helium temperature range, magnetic ordering transitions of the rare-earth ions in HoFe${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ (${T}_{N}=6.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K) and ErFe${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ (${T}_{N}=4.3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K) are observed. The ${\mathrm{Er}}^{+3}$ ion moments form a nearly ideal antiferromagnetic configuration in which a chain of parallel moments is surrounded by four chains of oppositely directed moments at nearest neighbor distances. In this compound the ${\mathrm{Er}}^{+3}$ ion moments are parallel and antiparallel to [001] and at 1.25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K have a magnitude of 5.8 Bohr magnetons. In HoFe${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ the ions are ordered in a distorted antiferromagnetic configuration in which, at 1.25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, each ${\mathrm{Ho}}^{+3}$ moment with magnitude of 7.5 Bohr magnetons, makes an angle, in the (001) plane, of about 27\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} with the [010] direction so as to produce a net ferromagnetic moment of 3.4 Bohr magnetons per HoFe${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ molecule parallel to [100].


Access management involves control, planning, and coordination of access along roadways to provide safe and efficient operation of transportation networks. According to existing literature, reducing conflict points and improving traffic safety are the main goals of access management techniques. Increase in traffic volumes and rapid growth of roadway networks have made these efficient techniques as a crucial part of roadway planning and design process. Some of the access management techniques employed in the recently published Highway Safety Manual (HSM) include: median treatments, traffic signal spacing, auxiliary lanes, corner clearances, driveways, U-turns as alternatives to direct left-turns, and frontage roads. Moreover, the Crash Modification Factors (CMFs) of these techniques, as estimators of the actual safety effect of countermeasures, are utilized in the HSM predictive methods to approximate the potential changes in crash frequency and severity after treatment implementation. The results of this study provide transportation agencies, practitioners, and decision-makers with a better understanding of how the HSM methods quantify the safety effects of access management techniques on different roadways. This is accomplished by providing output in the form of tabulated ranking of the impact of access management parameters for three roadway facilities defined in the HSM using the graphical method of sensitivity analysis.


Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a relatively unusual, low-grade sarcoma with a tendency to recurrence and a mortality rate of up to 6.5%. A


McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) (1,2) is a rare, heterogenous, clinical condition caused by a rare genetic mutation. The classical triad consists of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia (FD), skin hyperpigmentation (café-au-lait spots), and endocrine dysfunction, frequently seen in females as precocious puberty. Patients with MAS display mosaicism of activating somatic mutations of the alpha-subunit of Gs. FD, mostly polyostotic, causes fractures needing surgical and orthopedic treatment. Since previous studies have suggested the overall prognosis of patients with McCune-Albright syndrome to be non-fatal, recent data have drawn our attention to non-endocrine affections, including hepatobiliary dysfunction and cardiac disease, which are probably an important risk factor for early death. In summary, the clinical picture in MAS is related to its mosaic nature, i.e. any cell, tissue and organ in any site of the body could be affected to varying degrees, ranging from one or two mild clinical signs with excellent long-term prognosis to a severe life-threatening multiorgan disease.


On the basis of review of recent advances on tracing ore forming fluid by using widely adopted δD vs δ18O system,attempt is made to discuss the reliability of δD vs δ18O system in tracing ore forming fluid of hydrothermal mineral deposits.Following questions related to the problems were proposed.(1) Water δ18O calculation from quartz δ18O is suspected in the subjective determination of isotopic equilibrium temperature;because it is difficult in determining whether the oxygen isotope equilibrium between quartz and water is achieved.Sometimes,the same quartz δ18O data produce different δ18O liquid and result in different temperatures,which obtain a confused recognition of mixture of ore fluid with meteoric water in later stage.(2) Duo to crystal defects,quartz usually contains structural bonded water which is able to release from quartz in thermal decrepitating process.The released structural water is likely to alter significantly the δD measurement of inclusion fluid in quartz.However,most of the published data did not illuminate clearly the explosion temperatures.This prevent the evaluation how much the structural OH has been involved.(3) Quartz is not a well closed host mineral for fluid inclusion;it is easy to exchange with outside materials.The mixed liquid can not represent the original ore forming fluid and therefore,the reliability of δD measurement from fluid inclusion in quartz is doubtful.(4) The δD calculation from hydrothermal OH bearing silicate minerals are ambiguous in tracing ore forming fluid,because the pressure effect on D/H fractionation between silicate minerals and water at high temperatures are not taken into consideration.It is recommended that systematic analysis and effort on δD-δ18O from inclusion fluid in sulfide should be explored,coupled with minor volatile ratios and He-Ar isotope compositions,to trace the origin of ore forming fluid of hydrothermal ore deposits.


Vaughan Williams' inspired attacks on musical history in The Making of Music (London, 1955) have come in for some heavy censure. "There is no physical reason," he writes, "why an 18th-century composer should not have written the whole of Strawinsky and Schoenberg, provided that he had the pen and paper." "Only the same reason," Martin Cooper comments, "that prevents a monkey with a typewriter producing Hamlet."


In the midst of various taxpayer "revolts" and federal budget deficits of unprecedented magnitude, noncompliance with federal and state income tax laws has become an issue of significant policy concern. If the IRS' budget is limited, the probability that any individual taxpayer will be audited depends on the behavior of other taxpayers. Thus the problem of compliance involves a "congestion" effect, which generates strategic interaction among taxpayers as well as between taxpayers and the IRS. This paper reflects an initial attempt to explore how the combination of a strategic IRS and asymmetric information affects the traditional theoretical results on tax compliance behavior.


INTRODUCTION.It is suggested that fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and its co-receptor Klotho are probably associatedwith changes in calcium metabolism in chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to ability to regulate intracellular Ca transport bymodulating the cationic channels TRPV5 and TRPV6.THE AIMis to investigate the association between Klotho, FGF23 and renal excretion of Ca in the initial stages of experimental CKD.MATERIAL AND METHODS.The experimental models of chronic kidney injury were resection of the renal tissue in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Serum concentrations of intact FGF23 and PTH were determined by ELISA, renal Klotho protein expression by IHC. The indices of Ca excretion were calculated.RESULTS.Serum creatinine concentration, creatinine clearance and the severity of interstitial fibrosis in experimental models corresponded to the initial stages of chronic kidney disease. UCa24 and FECa were higher, Klotho protein expression was lower in groups with more severe renal dysfunction, without significant differences in FGF23 and PTH levels. Multiple regression analysis showed that FECa and UCa24 were not associated with FGF23, Klotho, and PTH.CONCLUSION.Renal excretion of Ca in initial stages of experimental kidney damage is not associated with Klotho and FGF23 levels.


Abstract In industry, there is at once a strong need for innovation and a need to preserve the existing system of production. Thus, although the literature insists on the necessity of the current change toward Industry 4.0, how to implement it remains problematic because the preservation of the factory is at stake. Moreover, the question of the evolution of the system depends on its innovative capability, but it is difficult to understand how a new rule can be designed and implemented in a factory. This tension between preservation and innovation is often explained in the literature as a process of creative destruction. Looking at the problem from another perspective, this article models the factory as a site of creative heritage, enabling creation within tradition, i.e., creating new rules while preserving the system of rules. Two case studies are presented to illustrate the model. The paper shows that design in the factory relies on the ability to validate solutions. To do so, the design process can explore and give new meaning to the existing rules. The role of innovation management is to choose the degree of revision of the rules and to make it possible.


In the originally published article, a funding acknowledgement was missing. This should read: "Financial Support: The Integrative Epidemiology Unit is supported by the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00011/4) and the University of Bristol, and we also acknowledge funding from the Cancer Research UK Integrative Cancer Epidemiology Programme (C18281/A19169)." instead of: "Financial Support: none declared." These details have been corrected online.


(57) Abstract: annular valve body and sewing ring and comprises a combination of reinforcing rings, heart valve prosthesis aids the reinforcing ring, characterized in that it is compressed prior to contacting the wall of the valve body. Inner diameter of the reinforcement ring is larger than the diameter of the outer annular valve body consistently to form a gap. Thus, compressive force is prevented from being transmitted to the annular valve body. The heart valve, the cut aperture or recess obliquely, has to control the angle of opening of small pieces provided on the valve body. By the gap between the valve body and the reinforcing ring, the body is deformed in a manner similar to a spring, which provides the close of the spring-like action.


Water quality of 9 main sites were evaluated using the synthetic pollution index(PI) according to the National Environmental Monitoring Technical Norms at the central area of Lushan Mountain natural reserve from 1996 to 1999. Meanwhile, the water quality was assessed using the family-level biotic index(FBI) of benthic macroinvertebrates. The results from these two indices showed the same results: the water quality of one site (Dayueshan Reservoir) was clear; 5 sites(Lulin Lake, Huanglong Pond, the 1storder hydropower station, the 2ndorder hydropower station, the 3rdorder hydropower station) were slightly polluted; and 3 sites(the stream of Eastern Valley, the reservoir of hydropower station and Ruqin Lake) were polluted. For small water bodies in mountainous region, two indices should be combined to evaluate so as to reflect the real situation of water quality, with the latter indice as beneficial complement to the former.


Modern figure painting shading mostly adopts the western sketch reproducing method,and has ignored the image representation of Chinese painting tradition.From the painting theory and aesthetic ideology aspect,this paper probes into the aesthetic notion that Chinese traditional painting theory pays more attention on the connotation than on the form of a painting.None but we understand the traditional culture deeply,could we veritably innovate and develop the painting art of our country.


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