FROM RESULTS OF RESEARCH INTO THE ABILITY OF HUMANS WHEN DRIVING A MOTOR VEHICLE, A FLOW DIAGRAM HAS BEEN DERIVED WHICH TAKES INTO CONSIDERATION THE SIGNIFICANT ASPECTS OF THE RECEPTION AND PROCESSING OF INFORMATION WHEN DRIVING A VEHICLE. FROM THIS IT IS SHOWN THAT THE DRIVING PROCESS IS DIVIDED INTO THE CONTROL OF THE TRANSVERSE MOVEMENT OF THE VEHICLE AND INTO THE CONTROL OF THE LONGITUDINAL MOVEMENT. IN CONTRAST TO THE CONTROL OF TRANSVERSE MOVEMENT, WHICH IS SEEN AS A STEADY GUIDANCE THROUGH THE HIGHWAY COURSE, THERE EXISTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LONGITUDINAL MOVEMENT NO SPECIFIC DRIVING FACTORS. A CONTINUOUS DISPLAY OF THE BRAKING DISTANCE, WHICH IS NECESSARY TO BRING THE CAR TO A HALT UNDER THE PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES OF TRAFFIC CONDITIONS AND MOMENTARY VEHICLE SPEED, WILL IMPROVE THE CONTROL OF LONGITUDINAL MOVEMENT. A TECHNICAL CONCEPT HAS BEEN DEVELOPED WHICH GUARANTEES THE DISPLAY OF THE BRAKING DISTANCE BY MEANS OF THE CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF THE COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION. IN ORDER TO IMPROVE THE DESIRED COMPARISON BETWEEN DRIVING AND FOLLOW-UP FACTORS AN ANALOG HEAD-UP-DISPLAY IS SUGGESTED, BY MEANS OF WHICH THE DRIVER HAS THE IMPRESSION THAT THE POSITION AT WHICH HIS VEHICLE WOULD COME TO REST AFTER AN EMERGENCY BRAKING IS VISIBLE TO HIM ON THE CARRIAGEWAY IN THE FORM OF A BEAM OF LIGHT. THE UTILISATION OF SUCH A BRAKING DISTANCE DISPLAY BY THE DRIVER IN THE COMPLETE DRIVER - VEHICLE - CONTROL - CYCLE IS ILLUSTRATED BY EXAMPLES.


A fluorescent immunosensor method based on magnetic nanobeads and quantum dots (QDs) was evaluated for rapid detection of Listeria monocytogenes in wash solutions of chicken carcasses, ground beef, fresh-cut broccoli, and fresh-cut lettuce. First, streptavidin-conjugated magnetic nanobeads (145 nm in diameter) and streptavidin-conjugated QDs (605 nm emission wavelength) were separately coated with biotin conjugated anti-L. monocytogenes antibody. Second, to bind the target bacteria (L. monocytogenes), the magnetic nanobeads coated with the antibody were mixed with a wash solution of chicken carcasses, ground beef, broccoli, or lettuce. Third, in order to label the captured target bacteria, the magnetic nanobead and L. monocytogenes conjugates were mixed with the QDs coated with the antibody. During these steps, non-target components in the food sample and unattached QDs were removed by washing while a magnetic field (0.4 T) was applied. Finally, a portable spectrometer was used to measure the fluorescence intensity of the complexes of magnetic nanobeads, Listeria cells, and QDs. The results indicated that this method could detect L. monocytogenes at concentrations as low as 2 to 3 cfu per 0.1 mL in all tested food samples with less than 1.5 h of total detection time from sample preparation to final results. This immunosensor method has great potential to be applied to the rapid detection of different bacterial pathogens in various foods.


To control printers so that the mixture of inks results in specific color under defined visual environment requires a spectral reflectance model that estimates reflectance spectra from nominal dot coverage. The topic of this paper is to investigate the dependence of the Yule-Nielsen modified spectral Neugebauer (YNSN) model accuracy on ink amount. It is shown that the performance of the YNSN model strongly depends on the maximum ink amount applied. In a cellular implementation, this limitation mainly occurs for high coverage prints, which impacts on the optimal cell design. Effective coverages derived from both Murray-Davis (MD) and YNSN show large ink spreading. As ink-jet printing is a non-impact printing process, the ink volume deposited per unit area (pixel) is constant, leading to the hypothesis that isolated ink dots have lower thickness that the full-tone ink film. Measured spectral reflectance curves show similar trend, which supports the hypothesis. The reduced accuracy of YNSN can thus be explained with the fact that patches with lower effective coverage have a mean ink thickness very different from that of the full-tone patch. The effect will be stronger for small dot coverage and large dot gain and could partially explain why the Yule-Nielsen n-factor is different for different inks. The performance of the YNSN model could be improved with integration of ink thickness variation.


This study further specifies the relationship between injury, self-conceptions, and depression. With the use of path analysis, we look at the direct and indirect effects of pain and work limitation associated with a job-related injury on self-efficacy, self-esteem and depression for a sample of injured workers (N = 1,037). As expected, we found that self-efficacy and self-esteem are negatively associated with depression, while work limitation and pain are positively associated with depression. We also found that work limitation has additional indirect effects on depression through its effect on self-efficacy and self-esteem. Pain has an additional indirect effect on depression via its effect on self-efficacy and work limitation. These findings support our expectation that self-concept significantly mediates the relationship between physical injury and depression.


This paper presents the status and experiences of Low and Intermediate-level radioactive Waste(LILW) disposal facility in Korea. The LILW disposal facility of 800,000 drums (200 L/drum) is being constructed in the site of KORAD's LILW Disposal Center(206 m2, Gyeongju-si). The first stage of the LILW facility construction was completed in June 2014, and approved for use by Nuclear Safety and Security Commission (NSSC) in December 2014. The first stage of the LILW facility is a type of underground silo with disposal capacity of 35,200 m3 (100,000 drums). The second stage of the LILW facility is under construction to be completed by December 2020. Site construction is currently underway. The second stage of the LILW facility is a type of near-surface disposal with disposal capacity of 32,875 m3 (125,000 drums)


A method for measuring the spectral distribution of amplitude fluctuations and frequency fluctuations in microwave oscillators is described. The method provides for evaluation of (1) amplitude fluctuations in terms of signal to noise ratio; (2) frequency fluctuations in terms of two parameters: (a) rms deviation; (b) rms rate of change of deviation. In addition, the method permits estimation of the correlation between these two noise components. Some typical results of measurements are described, and certain implications of the effects of system parameters on interpretation of these results are considered. For a specific system, two measurements are shown to be sufficient to determine the effect of frequency noise on system performance.


Marine landings in Portugal have decreased at a higher rate than fishing effort in the last 20 years. Identifying the variables driving the quantity and composition of landings is pivotal to understand the dynamics of the fisheries sector, which entails complex social and environmental aspects. In this study, we investigate the main drivers of marine fish landings in continental Portugal between 1989 and 2014. To identify common trends in time series, and quantify the importance of environmental factors, we applied a dynamic factor analysis considering four regions and three types of gear (trawling, purse-seine, and a multi-gear fishery). Our results show the importance of fishing effort as the most relevant factor driving marine landings in Portugal, both at the long and short terms. In addition, the effect of environmental factors such as the winter river discharge and the spring East Atlantic Teleconnection index should not be neglected, probably through mechanisms affecting coastal productivity. We provide a comprehensive amount of information that permits to improve our understanding of the trends of the most important commercial species in Portugal during the period of study.


The depleted oil reservoirs are considered as the potential geological storage site for CO2, which is one of the solutions to carbon emissions and the increased temperature in the atmosphere. The geological properties of the depleted oil reservoir, such as reservoir heterogeneity, directly affect the amount of CO2 storage. Unfortunately, no research has been done on this topic. In this study, we experimentally studied the effect of reservoir heterogeneity on oil recovery factors in cases of seawater flooding and supercritical CO2 (sc-CO2) miscible injection and the resultant sc-CO2 storage in depleted oil reservoirs at the end of the oil field development.
 A dual-core flooding experiment involving two reservoir carbonate core samples with different permeabilities and porosities was carried out using live oil, which is that gas dissolves in the crude oil as the displaced phase. Seawater and sc-CO2 as the displacing phases were used to conduct water flooding and the miscible injection process under reservoir conditions (overburden pressure of 4,500 psi, pore pressure of 3,200 psi, and reservoir temperature of 102°C), respectively. The scCO2 miscible injection process was followed by seawater flooding to recover the remaining oil after seawater flooding and evaluate the storage capacity of sc-CO2.
 From the results of this study, it was found that sc-CO2 miscible injection following seawater flooding can recover additional oil, which is related to the properties of rocks. We also found that high-permeable rock has a significant potential for scCO2 storage compared to low-permeable rocks. In addition, the effect of reservoir heterogeneity on the injectivity of sc-CO2, permeability loss, and scCO2 storage efficiency is-also discussed.


Background : Myoclonus-dystonia (MD) is a movement disorder characterized by myoclonic jerks, dystonic postures and psychiatric co-morbidity. A mutation in the DYT11 gene underlies half of MD cases. We hypothesize that MD results from a dysfunctional basal ganglia network causing insufficient inhibitory motor control. To test this hypothesis functional MRI (fMRI) was performed using a validated ŞGo/No goŤ task, in order to localize Blood-oxygen-level dependence (BOLD) effects corresponding to Response Inhibition (RI). Methods: Twenty-four MD patients (fifteen DYT11 positive) and 24 matched controls responded with a button press to Go (Go-Response) or No go cues, resulting in analyses of an accurate response withhold to Stop cue (Stop-Inhibit); and an incorrect response to a Go cue (Go-Inhibit); or to Stop cue (Stop-Response). Results: Response accuracy in patients was impaired due to frequent Go-Inhibit errors. Image analysis of the Stop-Inhibit contrast demonstrated frontal, caudate and cingular activity in both groups. Compared to controls, MD patients showed increased primary motor cortex and insular activation. fMRI analysis (Go-Inhibit) revealed increased activity in the contralateral thalamus (Ventral Lateral Nucleus) and dorsolateral-prefrontal cortex. In a post-hoc analysis comparing MD patients, DYT11 positive patients demonstrated anterior cerebellum hyperactivation on all contrasts and increased putaminal activation the Stop-Respond contrast. Conclusions: This study demonstrates a distinct association of motor symptoms in MD with the ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus was found. Cerebellar dysfunction distinguishes DYT11 positive and negative patients. We suggest that MD might be best considered as a disorder of the cortico-ponto-cerebello-thalamocortical system. 2.


One of the major compromises which smoothed the path for the AFL-CIO merger was the decision to merge first and settle problems of dual jurisdiction later. The author of this article suggests that when AFL-CIO leaders eventually carry out their mandate to resolve this difficult problem, they could profit from examining the operation of the 1951 CIO Organizational Disputes Agreement. Based on an analysis of cases arbitrated under this Agreement, the article describes the major causes of representation disputes between industrial unions and the arbitration criteria which have been applied in the settlement of these disputes. (Author's abstract courtesy EBSCO.)


The objective of this research is to find out the effect of leadership style, knowledge of the basic principles of non-formal education, and work motivation on organizational commitment of Community Learning Centre (CLC) Managers in Jakarta. This research was conducted in DKI Jakarta, on March to August 2009. The data was collected from 85 managers as sample and selected by simple random sampling . The result of this research are as follows: (1). The leadership style of CLC managers has direct effect on work motivation; (2). knowledge about of basic principles of non-formal education has direct effect on work motivation; (3). Work motivation has direct on organizational commitment of CLC managers; (4). The leadership style has direct effect on organizational commitment of CLC managers; (5). Knowledge about of basic principles of non-formal education has direct effect on organizational commitment of CLC managers; (6). The leadership style of CLC managers has indirect effect on organizational commitment of CLC managers, Through work motivation and (7) Knowledge about of the basic principles of non- forma/ education has indirect effect on organizational commitment of CLC managers through work motivation. Therefore, it could be concluded that the increasing of or decreasing of organizational commitment effected directly or indirectly by leadership style, knowledge about the basic principle of Non Formal Education and work motivation. This conclusion implies that when we want to improve the organizational commitment, we have to take into consideration those three variables, leadership style, knowledge about the basic principle of non formal education and work motivation as well.


This paper discusses a visual attack to BPCS-Steganography (Bit-Plane Complexity Segmentation-Steganography) and presents a countermeasure. BPCS categorizes each small block within cover images into either a "noise-like region" or an "informative region" by means of the binary-image feature called complexity and replaces noisy blocks with the binary patterns mapped from the bit sequences of secret data. The binary patterns must be complex because it is replacing complex regions. If the binary patterns to be inserted are simple, then the logical operation called conjugate operation is applied that transforms a simple pattern to a complex pattern. We need to keep, for each block, the flag called a conjugation flag representing whether or not conjugation had been applied to correctly extract the embedded information. In the case where the conjugation flags must be embedded within cover images, we are unable to use the complexity thresholding for the embedding of the flags. Thus the flags must be embedded into a fixed area. To this effect it is easy to recognize unnatural patterns on the LSB plane of stego-images. It can be used as a signature or a distinguishing mark between natural images and images with information embedded by BPCS. We propose secure BPCS which is robust against the visual attack. It is realized by assigning the meaning of the conjugation flag to a pixel of each block and making the specific rule to embed and extract it


Local and systemic changes were studied in hairless mice following irradiation of the integument with high intensity airborne sound. Comparisons were made between effects of subthermogenic (without skin heating) and thermogenic (skin heating) sound levels. Criteria, other than morphological, used in skin analyses included cytochemical examination of skin lipids, glycogen, PAS‐reactive substances, and alkaline phosphatase. Failure to induce injury or any change in skin cytochemistry after local skin irradiation daily for three months with subthermogenic sound (18 kc, 150 db) indicated that direct effects of sound are negligible at these levels. The inflammatory response of skins exposed to higher sound levels (20 kc, 160–168 db) was found to result from local absorption of sound energy and its conversion into heat. Analysis of systemic effects included studies of changes in adrenal, hemopoietic, and reproductive organs. Skin treatment with subthermogenic sound produced no appreciable systemic response. A m...


A lanthanum pyrosilicate (La2Si2O7, LaPS) single crystal is successfully grown with a Ce-doped concentration of 0.5 to 20.0% as well as undoped LaPS for reference. The photoluminescence emission map of Ce-doped LaPS has broad emission at 360–410 nm from Ce3+ 5d-4f transition, with a decay time of 20–24 ns. In the scintillation properties, Ce-doped LaPS presents the scintillation peak at 390 nm under X-ray excitation, with the decay time constant at 26–31 ns plus another decay constant caused by the emission from host material at 250–600 ns. The afterglow level at 20 ms after X-ray irradiation is around 30–56 ppm. In the 662 keV γ-ray pulse height spectra, 1.0% Ce-doped LaPS shows a clear photoabsorption peak, with a scintillation light yield of 5400 ph MeV−1. The relationship between γ-ray energy and the photoabsorption peak channel (linearity) is also covered in this study.


The utility model relates to a medical chest puncture negative-pressure drainage device used by doctors during pleural puncture effusion in clinic. The utility model is composed of two parts, a drainage pipe (5) and a drainage bag (6) which are made of transparent soft plastic. The side surface of the cylindrical drainage bag (6) is provided with graduation with the unit of 50 ml; the drainage bag (6) is provided with a spring (8); the upper part of the drainage bag (6) is connected with the drainage pipe; a unidirectional exhaust valve (7) is arranged on the drainage bag (6); the lower part of the drainage bag (6) is provided with a liquid discharging valve (9); a puncture needle (1), an injection side hole (2), a flow regulator (3) and a Murphy dropper (4) are arranged on the drainage pipe (2).


This paper analyses challenge of robustness that speed-control system faces It can improve the robustness of speed-control system by using single neuron self-learning controller to take place of general PI controller


This software review is about the newest version of Poseidon Linux (3.x). The current Poseidon Linux is a remastering from Ubuntu LTS family (Long Term Support), with extra specific software applicable to many areas of scientific research and education. It contains specialist software for GIS/Mapping, bathymetry, numerical modeling, 2D/3D/4D visualization, bioinformatics, chemistry, statistics, as well as tools for creating simple and complex graphics and programming languages. It also includes basic packages as would be expected on a normal desktop, such as a complete office suite, internet browser, e-mail client, instant messaging, chat, multimedia and many other tools. Poseidon Linux can run in two modes, as a live-DVD or installed on the hard disk. There are versions for 32 and 64 bit computers, and support for Brazilian Portuguese, English, Spanish, French, Greek, Italian and German languages.


Abstract This article reports on the initial phase of the development of an Afrikaans-medium language assessment instrument which can differentiate between typical language development and language disorder among child speakers of all dialects of Afrikaans in a valid and reliable manner, without interference from cultural and dialectal differences. The language assessment instrument being developed is a translation and adaptation of the American Diagnostic Evaluation of Language Variation developed by Seymour, Roeper and De Villiers (2005), which successfully distinguishes language disorder from mere language difference due to its focus on universal aspects of linguistic knowledge, which do not vary across dialects. The first Afrikaans version of the test was piloted on 64 typically developing speakers of Afrikaans between the ages of six and nine years, including speakers of both standard Afrikaans and so-called'Kaaps'. This first version did not successfully identify all participants as typically developing. Further adaptations have been made to the test, based on the results of the pilot study, leading to the second version of the test to be used in the next phase of data collection.


Most spintronic devices share two features: they utilize spin-orbit coupling and they contain interfaces. While bulk spin-orbit effects are thought to be well described by phenomenological theories, interfacial spin-orbit effects are not. A theory that could describe interfacial spin-orbit effects would be useful in analyzing experiments on heavy-metal ferromagnet bilayers, which are a key feature of potential energy-efficient implementations of MRAM. To develop such a theory, the authors present the boundary conditions needed for drift-diffusion models to treat interfaces with spin-orbit coupling. Together with the drift-diffusion equations, these boundary conditions give an analytical model of spin-orbit torques caused by both the spin Hall and Rashba-Edelstein effects. A key feature of these boundary conditions is that they capture spin currents generated by interfacial spin-orbit scattering. The authors validate this phenomenological approach by comparing the results with those obtained by solving the spin-dependent Boltzmann equation. They discuss the interpretation of current experiments, and describe in particular how interfacial effects give rise to torques on a nearby ferromagnetic layer even through a nonmagnetic spacer layer.


To control the thickness of a PVA-H biomodel of human arteries and veins (150 to 800 μm in thickness), a three-dimensional-rotating spin dip-coating apparatus was fabricated. A straight aluminum cylinder (Ra = 0.16 μm) was employed as substrate. Spin dip-coating was carried out in a cooling chamber at 10°C for 1 hour, and then the substrate was quenched at −30°C for gelation of PVA. The thickness of the deposited PVA-H was measured by using a confocal laser displacement meter. Under the experimental conditions employed, PVA-H with a thickness over 30 μm was obtained. The thickness linearly increased with repeated dippings. The thickness of PVA-H depends on the dipping withdrawal speed, the viscosity of the PVA solution, and the diameter of the substrate. Furthermore, the thickness of PVA-H was found to be almost the same when the viscosity of the PVA solution was constant, regardless of the concentrations of PVA. These results indicate that a tube-shaped PVA-H biomodel with desired thickness and physical properties can be obtained by using a spin dip-coating technique and that PVA-H can mimic the wall thickness of various arteries and veins.Copyright © 2011 by ASME


We present a solution to the problem of information integrity protection in distributed systems which is robust against malicious parties, is space and communication efficient, and uses cryptography in a minimal way, Our solution builds on Rabin's information dispersal algorithm (IDA). While the IDA scheme is able to deal with missing pieces of information, here we solve the more general secure information dispersal problem, in which recovery of information is possible even against modification of information shares by a possibly malicious adversary. Previous solutions to this problem suffer from space and communication blowup, or use costly cryptographic tools that limit the usefulness of the scheme. In contrast, our scheme uses crypt ography in a "minimal" way. It gets rid of the need of private and public key systems and, act ually, requires no secret keys at all. It permits recovery of the distributed information by any party in the system, and at the same time prevents any modification or loss of informat ion, as long as Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the ACM copyright notice and the title of the publication and Its date appear, and notice IS given that copying is by permission of the Association for Computtng Mach! nery. To copy otherwise, or to republlsh, requires a fee and/or specific permission. 12th ACM Symposium on Pnncl~les on Dlstrlbuted Computing, Ithaca NY 01993 ACM 0.89791 .613.1 /93/0008 /0207 .,.. $1 ,50 a honest majority of parties exist. The proposed solution is space optimal and flexible enough to replace the basic IDA algorithm in most applications that contemplate general faults. Our solution introduces a new cryptographic tool called distributed fingerprints, which consists of public fingerprints for data integrity having the "paradoxical" property that everyone in the system can compute them (using the same function and no secrets!) but no one can forge them. Distributed fingerprints may replace some of the (integrity) functions provided by signatures in distributed systems, but at a lower cost.


A Group III-V semiconductor device and the manufacturing method is applied to a field effect transistor and a bipolar transistor using a compound semiconductor, in a FET or bipolar transistor, in order to reduce the contact resistance between the channel layer or the base layer and the contact layer, in the FET providing the InGaAs buffer layer on the substrate side of the InGaAs channel layer, and is brought into contact with the InGaAs channel layer and the contact layer by the effect of the carrier entering back through the layer with a low resistance. By using such a semiconductor device and its manufacturing method, InGaAs channel layer and the contact resistance of the contact layer can be reduced to 10Ω per 10㎛ width, as a result FET mutual conductance coefficient 14mA per 10㎛ width the value of K It can be improved to / V 2.


In this paper we explore the mechanisms of cluster isomerization induced by electron attachment to small, neutral Na4Cl4 clusters, with the localization of an excess electron inducing structural configurational changes within the cluster. The constant temperature quantum path integral molecular dynamics method was applied to obtain information of the structure and energetics of the cluster as well as the binding energy and the charge distribution of the excess electron for Na4Cl−4 clusters, over the temperature range of 50–1200 K. The attachment of an excess electron to the ionic cluster induced two types of configurational modifications, which can be traced to the role of the excess electron as a pseudonegative ion and to the partial neutralization of a single cation by the excess electron. Consequently, the induction of isomerization at moderately low temperatures, in conjunction with the appearance of new nuclear configurations of the negative cluster, which have no counterpart in the neutral parent cl...


Using simulation satellite tool kit STK, combining with foreign technical experience of global navigation system and technical data released by Big Dipper navigation system at present, the paper makes simulation and analysis in detail on Big Dipper navigation system's satellite constellation design, visibility, positioning accuracy, etc. STK lifelike graphics display allows the constellation simulation of Big Dipper navigation system has good visual effect, through the analysis of satellite visibility and positioning accuracy, the results show that the Big Dipper navigation system is a satellite navigation system under global framework which has good localization performance, and can provide users with high precision navigation and positioning services. The work provides a certain reference significance as the construction and application of Big Dipper satellite navigation system.


A numerical method is presented for solving the transient two-dimensional flow induced by the motion of a floating body. The free-surface equations are linearized, but an exact body boundary condition permits large-amplitude motion of the body. The flow is divided into two parts: the wave field and the impulsive flow required to satisfy the instantaneous body boundary condition. The wave field is represented by a finite sum of harmonics. A nonuniform spacing of the harmonic components gives an efficient representation over specified time and space intervals. The body is represented by a source distribution over the portion of its surface under the static waterline. Two modes of body motion are discussed--a captive mode and a free mode. In the former case, the body motion is specified, and in the latter, it is calculated from the initial conditions and the inertial properties of the body. Two examples are given--water entry of a wedge in the captive mode and motion of a perturbed floating body in the free mode.


A three-year single case study of a composer was undertaken in order to track the compositional process in real time. A combination of data collection techniques was used to attempt to map cognitive processes: digital MIDI save-as files, analogue audio files, semi-structured interviews, immediately retrospective verbal accounts and verification sessions between composer and researcher. Findings indicated a chunking of processes and strategies at micro and macro levels. A hypothetical model is presented which points to a generative process of problem proliferation and successive solution implementation, occurring not only in a linear manner but also recursively. Moments of creative insight were observed which related to Gestalt theory problem restructuring; some were seen to overlap in real time with others, indicating an element of parallelism in creative thinking. A synthesis of differing creative process theories is suggested to explain the compositional process observed in the study.


Structure from Motion with Multi-View Stereo photogrammetry (SfM-MVS) is increasingly used in geoscience investigations, but has not been thoroughly tested in gullied savanna systems. The aim of this study was to test the accuracy of topographic models derived from aerial (via Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, 'UAV') and ground-based (via handheld digital camera, 'ground') SfM-MVS in modelling hillslope gully systems in a dry-tropical savanna, and to assess the strengths and limitations of the approach at a hillslope scale and an individual gully scale. UAV surveys covered three separate hillslope gully systems (with areas of 0.412–0.715 km2), while ground surveys assessed individual gullies within the broader systems (with areas of 350–750 m2). SfM-MVS topographic models, including Digital Surface Models (DSM) and dense point clouds, were compared against RTK-GPS point data and a pre-existing airborne LiDAR Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Results indicate that UAV SfM-MVS can deliver topographic models with a resolution and accuracy suitable to define gully systems at a hillslope scale (e.g., approximately 0.1 m resolution with 0.4–1.2 m elevation error), while ground-based SfM-MVS is more capable of quantifying gully morphology (e.g., approximately 0.01 m resolution with 0.04–0.1 m elevation error). Despite difficulties in reconstructing vegetated surfaces, uncertainty as to optimal survey and processing designs, and high computational demands, this study has demonstrated great potential for SfM-MVS to be used as a cost-effective tool to aid in the mapping, modelling and management of hillslope gully systems at different scales, in savanna landscapes and elsewhere.


The evolution of the human civilization system can be divided into four stages of "social memory": primordial civilization,agricultural civilization,industrial civilization and ecological civilization. The investigation into the development path with the standpoint of development may well attibute to clarify the inevitability and rationality of the occurrence of ecological civilization so as to promote ecological civilization and obtain more freedom when human is dominating himself and the nature.


* At present, Fellow in Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Correspondence to: Dr. V. Kumar, Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. TRANSITORY carbohydrate intolerance is a frequent complication of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children. 21,14,3 Most of the reported studies have included a large number of malnourished children, 14.3 patients with chronic diarrhea or with severe dehydration.3 The frequency of secondary carbohydrate intolerance during acute gastroenteritis in well-nourished


Abstract Glass–ceramic filler particles containing various amounts of fluoroapatite–mullite crystalline phases were synthesised using SiO2–Al2O3–P2O5–CaF2–CaO system as the base glass formulation. Different additives were used to promote crystallisation in this system. Composite samples were prepared by incorporating the silane treated glass–ceramic particles into the Bis-GMA/TEGDMA (60∶40 mass ratio) epoxy matrix. Structural and microstructural characterisations were conducted using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical properties of the light cured samples were examined by measuring flexural and diametral tensile strength, as well as conducting Vickers microhardness test. Results obtained in this study showed strong dependence of the flexural strength on the composition of the filler particles. Diametral tensile strength and microhardness values demonstrated lesser sensitivity to the filler composition. Microstructural examination of the samples by SEM revealed particle pull-out, debonding and crack deflection as the major energy consuming mechanisms in the fracture process.


Resonant states (RS), also known as quasi-normal modes, arise in spectral expansions of linear response functions of open systems. Manipulation of these spatially 'divergent' oscillating functions requires a departure from the usual definitions of inner product, normalization and orthogonality typical in the studies of closed systems. A multipolar Gaussian regularization method for RS inner products is introduced in the context of light scattering and shown to provide analytical results for the crucial RS inner product integrals in the problematic region exterior to the scattering system. We detail the applicability of this method to arbitrary scattering geometries while providing semi-analytic benchmark results for spherical scatterers. This formulation is then used to highlight the lack of 'convergence' in directly truncated RS spectral expansions and the necessity of adding non-resonant contributions to the RS spectral expansions. Solutions to these difficulties are illustrated in the case of dispersive media spheres, but these methods should prove generalizable to arbitrary RS spectral expansions.


Based on experiments the production of screw type brass castings by upward drawing continuous casting is introduced in this paper.


Hi guys,   I want you to work on a video: (click on the link, if you have a problem opening the link you can email me: firstname.lastname@example.com )


It is unfortunate that histories are not available in all cases. This is because the time between collection of the serum and actually testing was often more than two weeks or even a month, as we found it uneconomic to open the test-pack until a full complement of tests could be done. Thus by the time the result was ready the patient had often disappeared. In our opinion this was the major disadvantage of the test. The blood was collected in the usual way by the laboratory staff and after hand centrifugation the serum was stored in the cold department of the paraffin refrigerator until it could be tested. After testing, it was returned to the refrigerator and kept until an opportunity occurred to send it to London. This transfer was erratic and often involved the sera being exposed to normal temperatures for considerable periods of time. The interesting fact is that even when showing signs of contamination, the amoebic antibody remained active. In Kapenguria the Seramoeba test was performed along with varying supporting tests as deemed necessary. These included a plain stool examination (not a concentration method), haemaglobin, white cell count, sputum examination and other occasional tests. It must be stressed that these tests were not carried out on each case. In London the sera were checked by the Amoebiasis Research Unit using the gel diffusion precipitin test (GDP), the fluorescent antibody test (FAT) and later the indirect haemagglutination test (IHA) and cellulose acetate precipitin test (CAP) (Stamm et al. 1976).


CNx films are fabricated using liquid phase deposition by applying a DC bias voltage to Si substrates immersed in acrylonitrile. X-ray photoelectron spectra reveal that C, N, and O are major components of the deposited films. From analysis of C 1s and N 1s spectra, the major bonding state in the CNx film is attributed to a mixture of C≡N and partially hydrogenated C=N bonds. Metal–insulator–semiconductor capacitors incorporating the CNx insulating layers are fabricated to evaluate the electrical properties of the deposited films. The lowest dielectric constant k of the CNx film is determined to be 2.6 from the accumulation capacitance and the thickness of the film, suggesting that the CNx film formed by liquid phase deposition is a promising low-k material for use in ultralarge-scale integration multilevel interconnections.


The social transition brings both opportunity and negative impact to the development of campus culture.Therefore,it is necessary to treat the dual effects of social transition on campus culture dialectically and make efforts to strengthen the construction of campus culture.


We present a method for multi-camera people detection based on the multi-view geometry. We propose to create a synergy map by the projection of foreground masks across all camera views on the ground plane and the planes parallel to the ground. This leads to significant values on locations where people are present, and also to a particular shape around these values. Moreover, a well-known ghost phenomena appears i.e. when these shapes corresponding to different persons are fused then the false detections are also generated. In this article, the first improvement is the robust detection of the candidate detection locations, namely keypoints, from the synergy map based on a watershed transform. Then, in order to reduce the false positives, mainly due to the ghost phenomena, we check if the particular shape, for an ideal person, is present or not. This shape, that is different for each location of the synergy map, is generated for each keypoint, assuming the presence of a person, and with the knowledge of the scene geometry. Finally, the real shape and the synthetic one are compared using a similarity measure that is similar to correlation. Another improvement proposed in this article is the use of unsupervised clustering, performed on the measures obtained at all the keypoints. It allows to automatically find the optimal threshold on the measure, and thus to decide about people detection. We have compared our method to the recent state-of-the-art techniques on a publicly available dataset and have shown that it reduces the detection errors.


Application of the refined iterated grid search (RIGS) MFP inversion method to four of the WORKSHOP97 test cases (SD, AT, SO, and WA) has resulted in some surprisingly accurate estimates for some geoacoustic parameters, i.e., sediment densities and attenuations, source ranges and depths, and some sediment gradients. Another surprise was the sensitivity of the inversion to small errors in the KRAKEN propagation model. This paper will discuss recent efforts to understand the benefits and shortcomings of the RIGS method and to propose future directions.


The author strongly believes in Black's (2006) remark that Grician Maxims of conversational cooperation have a considerable degree of relevance for the processing of literary discourse on the innermost level of character-to-character interactions. In the backdrop of this, this paper aims to demonstrate how analytical dimension of literary studies can be expanded by involving Grice's (1975) pragmatic stylistic theory of Cooperative Priciple (CP) and explores how the fictional discourses could be better understood by reconstructing inferential chains of interpretation along with various issues of inferences in the dialogic discourses of the characters from Vikram Seth's magnum opus A Suitable Boy (ASB). The CP contributes to contextualization of the text; provides interpretative possibilities that explain how we draw inferences from conversation; and hints to interpretations of how direct and indirect discourses are manipulated in literary works of fiction. The major findings of this paper suggest that the real value and richness of conversational maxims of Grice lie not in observing but in flouting them and that the major motivation for violating the requirements of these maxims are related to characters' socio-cultural concerns such as politeness, tact, social power and taboos and also to the inter-personal factors like various cross-purposes, attitudes, personal tensions, conflicts, etc. Arriving at pragmatic meanings through the maxims of CP involves effort and increases engagement with the text; therefore, the author strongly recommends that pragmatic stylistic analysis be frequently included as an important pedagocial activity of studying fictional discourses in the teaching of language and literature.


The conventional theory of small-scale magnetic field generation in a turbulent flow considers time-reversible random flows. However, real turbulent flows are known to be time irreversible: the presence of energy cascade is an intrinsic property of turbulence. We generalize the 'standard' model to account for the irreversibility. We show that even small time asymmetry leads to significant suppression of the dynamo effect at low magnetic Prandtl numbers, increases the generation threshold and may even make generation impossible for any magnetic Reynolds number. We calculate the magnetic energy growth rate as a function of the parameters of the flow.


This paper reexamines the claim that biological networks are robust due to their scale-free (SF) architecture, by presenting a basic and simple way to assess the role that this architecture plays in determining network robustness. Studying the error tolerance of the yeast protein-protein interaction network [7] to random node removal using the pertaining knockout data we show that it is only very marginally more robust than an equivalent Erdös-Rényi (ER) network, in contradistinction to the prevalent notion in the literature [2]. Albert et al. [2, 1] investigated the robustness of the two basic network models, the ER model [5] that produces a connectivity distribution with an exponential tail, and the SF model [3] with a power law tail. They quantified a network's tolerance to errors by characterizing the changes in its diameter and largest connected component while some of its nodes are being randomly removed. They found that SF networks display a markedly higher degree of robustness than ER ones, and reasoned that this is because power law distribution implies that the majority of nodes have only a few links, and thus nodes with small connectivity will be selected for removal with much


Spammer as the release of spam in social networks has seriously affected the other users' experience in social networking platform. Micro-blog has a huge amount of registered account, and a large number of users' behaviors have brought some difficulties for the detection of spammer. So the feature selection has become a primary problem of detecting spammer. This paper puts forward a hybrid feature selection method based on harmony search (HS)and ReliefF, so this method is called ReF-HS. Because HS is a heuristic algorithm, and ReliefF is a feature selection algorithm based on filter. This method considers not only the measure of single feature but also the correlation between the features. Compared with traditional method, this method converges quickly and is better to avoid the local optimal. Experimental results show that the feature subset selected by ReF-HS is small in size, and the selected feature subset leads to a higher accuracy rate of spam detection.


This study is conducted to determine the effects of dietary levels of corn and tuna oils on the formation of preneoplastic lesions in die-thylnitrosamine (DEN) induced rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 2.5, 5, 15, 25% (w/w) corn or tuna oils. Hepatocellular carcinogenesis was induced by DEN (200 mg/kg body weight) and two-thirds partial hepactectomy was carried out 3 weeks later and were sacrificed 8 weeks after DEN initiation. Tuna oil group showed smaller area of placental glutathione S-transferase (GST-P) positive foci than com oil group. Com oil group of 25% (w/w) showed the widest area of GST -P positive foci, and tuna oil group showed significantly smaller area of GST-P positive foci than com oil in 25% (w/w) level but had no differences between oil levels. Thio-barbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content was the highest in 25% (w/w) level of tuna oil group fed long chain and highly polyunsaturated fatty acids. Also serum -glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) activities in 25% level of tuna oil group were significantly higher than by other levels. As oil contents increased, glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) seems to decrease in com oil groups but remained the same in tuna oil groups. Glutathione reductase (GR) activities were significantly higher in tuna oil group, and the higher the level of tuna oil, the higher GR activities. But Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities didn't seem to be influenced by levels and kind of dietary fats. Therefore, as oil levels increased, com oil rich in n-6 fatty acids promoted carcinogenesis but tuna oil rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) of n-3 fatty acids suppressed. Although lipid peroxidation products were elevated in 25% (w/w) tuna oil group, GST-P positive foci didn't increase. Therefore pre-neoplastic lesions might be reduced through mediation of a lipid peroxidation process in tuna oil. As fat contents of tuna oil increased, elevated GR activities may give a rise to produce more reduced glutathione in order to protect against free radical attack, and high G6Pase activities remained the same and they contributed to membrane stability. So tuna oil diet seems to protect hepatocarcinogenesis


The USA Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has defined mercury as hazardous due to its toxici ty at tow concentrations and biomagnification . Elemental mercury is widely used in dentistry as dental amalgam. Amalgam typically contain s approximately 50% metall ic mercury, 35% silver, 9% tin, 6% copper, and a rrace of zinc and is suggested as an alternative potential ource of the mercury in hair. The dentists that preserve teeth by undertaking more restorative work are exposed to mercury continuously. Hair samples are considered as more preferable biomarkers to determine the index of exposure to tox ic metals, because of the higher level of metal concentration in hair than m blood or urine. This study is an attempt to ascertain the leve l of mercury in a selected sample of dentists and control s as no published data is available on the leve l of mercury in dentists. Hair samples (0 .5 g) from dentists working in Dental Institutes in and around Colombo District (n =50) and controls (n = 50) who are not invo lved in dentistry were collected. The samples were digested with sulfuric acid-potassium permanganate so lution and reduced to metallic mercury with s tannous chloride. Thus digested samples were analysed fo r mercury using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. In addition, correlation between the parameters assumed to be affecting the concentration of mercury and the respective mercury concentrations were carried out. Data were expressed as mean ± SD and significances were calculated using SPSS package . The average mercury contents of the test samples (n = 50) were 5.36 ± 2.64 ppb compared to the control samples (n = 50) where the value was 3.10 ± 1.99 ppb. The mercury content in hair of 64% of dental workers was more than 5 ppb where as in the controls only 10% had mercury above 5 ppb. A signifi cant difference in mercury content in the hair samples of test and control samples were observed (p< 0 .05) . Correlation between gender, number of years of serv ice in dental work,


Abstract
This study discusses about codicology on the manuscripts of the Qur'anic contained in the Ismahayana palace, Landak district. Then this manuscript was named the Ismahayana Manuscript. This manuscript was handwritten by the deputy king of the Ismahaayana Landak palace, namely King Pangeran Mangku Gusti Bujang (1899–1922). The method used is a qualitative method and this type of research is an analytical description, and considering the object of study is the Qur'anic Manuscript, the data collection is based on the facts found in the field. This study was conducted using a philological approach, focusing on two main topics. First, about the characteristics of the Qur'anic manuscripts. Second, how are the codicological aspects contained in the manuscript of the Al-Qur'an Ismahayana Landak manuscript. The conclusion of this article is that the use of rasm in the manuscript of the Qur'anic manuscripts contains two rules, namely the Ottoman (Utsmani) rasm and the imla'i rasm. While Scholia is divided into two, namely scholia to maqra and scholia to juz. This manuscript is proof that the copying process was carried out by handwriting and rote memorization. As proof that there are errors in the writing and placement of vowels. Furthermore, the use of this manuscript paper still uses cardboard from bark because each sheet of manuscript still feels wood grain and the binding is from bark, and there is a logo on one of the manuscript sheets which proves that the Qur'an is indeed from the Ismahayana Landak palace.


Multi-view clustering can capture common representations from multi-view data that contain complementary information of different views, which has been applied in many fields, such as computer vision, natural language processing, medicine. As one of the most popular attractive directions, multi-view subspace clustering focuses on learning common subspace representations of different views that can reveal the underlying clustering structure of multi-view data. However, for learning more discriminative common subspace representations, current multi-view subspace clustering methods utilize pseudo labels of all samples to train the self-supervised model, which neglects the pseudo label noise problem in the self-supervised multi-view subspace clustering. To address the challenge, we propose a novel paradigm termed self-paced pseudo label refinement paradigm, which aims at dynamically refining pseudo labels in the self-supervised multi-view subspace clustering. First, we design the self-paced learning strategy to prevent noisy pseudo labels from interfering with the self-supervised model training and improve the discrimination of view-specific semantic features. Then, we develop the adaptive update mechanism to learn weights of different views in an adaptive way and combine view-specific semantic features with obtained weights to refine pseudo labels. Finally, to implement multi-view subspace clustering based on the proposed paradigm, the deep self-supervised multi-view subspace clustering network is developed. Experiments on six clustering benchmarks verify the proposed approach outper-forms state-of-the-art multi-view subspace clustering methods.


We describe a double antibody radioimmunoassay for the bone protein osteonectin using a polyclonal antibody raised against bovine fetal bone osteonectin. This assay, which cross‐reacts with human osteonectin, was used to explore the tissue distribution of the protein. Osteonectin was detected in extracts of nonmineralized tissues from bovine fetuses, with concentrations ranging from 10 ng/100 μg of proteins in the lens to about 80 ng/100 μg in collagen‐rich tissues (e.g., tendon), which represents respectively from 0.01% to 0.5% of the concentrations found in bone extracts. Osteonectin is thus a widespread component of extracellular matrix, although its concentration is minute in tissues other than bone and dentin. Adult human serum contains 200 ng/ml of osteonectin and values obtained in plasma prepared without platelet activation are about one‐third of those in matched sera. This platelet‐independent fraction might be used as a marker for bone metabolism.


BACKGROUND: Cord blood banking requires methods for shipping and storage. This study examines the influence of shipping via overnight courier on postthaw viability of cord blood.


The mobile ad-hoc network is a collection of mobile nodes that configure automatically and a temporary network. Only those nodes or devices can be communicated with each other that come under the radio range (wireless connection). It is a not depend upon the pre-existing or pre fixed network infrastructures. The scenario of this network is based on the intermediate nodes or multi-hop network. Topology of the network also changes because mobility nature of the network and nodes are added or removed in any. With the advancement of wireless technology, the necessary of Quality of Services is increasing rapidly. Developing QoS constraint routing protocol for MANET is still a challenging task. As routing protocol has to decide which route is able to fulfill the requirement of the desired QoS. The data transaction in MANET is called routing. Routing is the most important part to accomplish the specified application with desired QoS metrics. The main purpose of QoS aware routing is to find an optimal (best) secure route from source to destination which satisfy requirement. In this paper, we propose a QoS aware metric based protocol scheme to discovery all possible secure paths. IndexTerms MANET, QoS, Link state propagation, Cross layer, CEDAR. Introduction The mobile ad-hoc network is a collection of mobile nodes that configure automatically and a temporary network. Only those nodes or devices can be communicated with each other that come under the radio range (wireless connection). It is a not depend upon the pre-existing or pre fixed network infrastructures [1], [7]. The scenario of this network is based on the intermediate nodes or multi-hop network [4]. The meaning of the intermediates node is to pass or forward the packet node to node within the network. In this network the source node forwards the packet directly to the destination node but location of the destination is long then data passes through the intermediate nodes. Figure1.1: Mobile ad-hoc network scenario The MANET is decentralized types of the network, it means that it does not depend on the centralized or pre-established network and is peer to peer network. The Topology or structure of this network is also changing because of the mobility (movements) nature of a network and nodes are added or removed any time because it is performed distributed operation and it does not depends on other nodes[4]. It is type of WANET) that provides communication between the nodes or devices. The various simulations perform the routing using the protocols and their abilities, assuming moving degrees of mobility within an area. 1.1 TERMINOLOGY – 1) Nodes: A set of the mobile devices with the wireless transmission capabilities are called nodes; they can join and leave the network at any time. Node -any device (router or host, mobiles) that implements using internet protocol (IP) address. 2) Mobility: Mobility depends on the characteristics of the user as well as the environment because here each node travels independently in the environment. 3) Router: A router is a device that forwards the packet. It is device that can be connect different two network 4) Host: Any node that is not a router. It is computer device that communicates with other devices using IP address. 5) Data traffic: It is possible to generate data traffic in term of open session between a pair or a group of users. Source node


This work deals with the importance of the musical gender pagode baiano in the process of construction of musical identities of a group of children that live in the Engenho Velho de Brotas neighbourhood (Salvador-Bahia), all of them students and practitioners in the Banda do Espaço Cultural Pierre Verger workshop. Taking the neighbourhood and the importance of localidade (SANTOS, 1982) as references to the cultural formation of the subjects, the research methodology has been based on theories and techniques of participatory ethnomusicology research and of pesquisa-ação (THIOLLENT, 1986). Besides that, many transversal themes have been important to understand processes lived along the work, as the concepts of childhood(s), discussions about musical quality, the relationship between music and violence and gender and sexuality issues in which pagode is involved, and also its relation with concepts of mass music and musical scene in Bahia and Brazil. It is also discussed the importance of pagode baiano, as a representative of the process of black culture value improvement in Salvador, intensified from 1970s decade on. Pagode is approached, in this work, also for its history and the most important groups, styles and musical characteristics on different periods. As for a conclusion, it is to be considered that pagode appears as representative of the culture in which the studied group are inserted, being of fundamental importance for the constitution of a local musical identity, specific of the reality of their everyday experience. Palavras chave: Ethnomusicology; childhood; pagode baiano; Bahian Music; Participartory Ethnomusicology.


[Objective] The aim was to study seasonal dynamics of biomass under different land use patterns.[Method] Aboveground biomass and underground biomass of plants under 3 different surface cover conditions of Stipa krylovii,Leymus chinensis and farmland were determined in growing season(from May to October) of 2008.[Result] The aboveground biomass of Stipa krylovii,Leymus chinensis and farmland in August all reached the highest value,which of Stipa krylovii,Leymus chinensis and farmland were 287.91,117.05 and 193.59 g/m2,respectively.The total biomass of plant roots of the 3 plots in July all reached the highest value,which of Stipa krylovii,Leymus chinensis and farmland were 1 683.9,1 601.9 and 513.9 g/m2,respectively.Leymus chinensis had the biggest biomass ratio of upper plant roots(0-15 cm) to lower plant roots(15-30 cm),Stipa krylovii took second place,and farmland had the smallest one.[Conclusion] The research provides theoretical basis for the ecological environment protection of ecological fragile area.


A relativistic three-�uid 3D hydrodynamic model has been developed for describing heavy-ion collisions at high energies. In addition to two baryon-richuids, the new model incorporates evolution of a third, retarded baryon-freeuid created by this decelerated baryonic matter. Different equations of state, including those with the deconnement phase transition, are treated. A reasonable agreement with experiment is illustrated by proton rapidity spectra, their dependence on collision centrality and beam energy. � §· iµE ´ E·¥I¸E·E°´ O E·¥I³¥·´ O £¨¤·µ¤¨´ ³¨I¥¸± O ³µ¤¥²O ¤²O µ¶¨¸ ´¨O ¸Eµ²±´µ¢¥´¨° EO|¥²OI ¨µ´µ¢ ¶·¨ iµ²OI¨I O´¥·£¨OI. ' ¤µ¶µ²´¥´¨¥ ± ¤¢E³ i ·¨µ´´µ-´ ¸OÐ¥´´O³ ¸E·EO³ ´µ- ¢ O ³µ¤¥²O ¢±²OI ¥E ¢ ¸¥iO O¢µ²OI¨O E·¥EO¥°, § ¶ §¤O¢ OÐ¥° i¥§i ·¨µ´´µ° ¸E·E¨, ¶µ·µ|¤¥´´µ° § ³¥¤²¥´´µ° i ·¨µ´´µ° ³ E¥·¨¥°. �·¥¤¸E ¢²¥´O · §²¨I´O¥ E· ¢´¥´¨O ¸µ¸EµO´¨O, ¢ Eµ³ I¨¸²¥ ¸ EI¥Eµ³ E §µ¢µ£µ ¶¥·¥Iµ¤ ¤¥±µ´E °´³¥´E . �·¨¥ ³²¥³µ¥ ¸µ£² ¸¨¥ ¸ O±¸¶¥·¨³¥´Eµ³ ¶·µ¤¥³µ´¸E·¨- ·µ¢ ´µ ´ ¶·¨³¥· I ¸¶¥±E·µ¢ iO¸E·µE ¶·µEµ´µ¢, ¨I § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸E¨ µE I¥´E·µ¢±¨ ¸Eµ²±´µ¢¥´¨O ¨ O´¥·£¨¨ ¶EI± .


Training of psychologists the degree of manifestation of personal merit, the evaluation process of moral qualities, provided levels of professional psychological activities (M.I. Dyachenko, L.A. Kandybovich).


Objectives: To determine characteristics of laboratory parameters of hematopoietic potential in umbilical cord blood and their association with maternal and neonatal factors. Methods: This prospective analysis was performed on 206 umbilical cord blood donations (50-200 ml) from King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia between January and September 2014. Samples were processed and analyzed for total nucleated cells (TNC's), cluster designation (CD)45+, CD34+ counts, nucleated red blood cells (NRBCs) count, and viability testing. Results: Most of the study participants (63.6%) were on their first 3 deliveries and from women with age between 17 and 30 years (80.6%). The donated volume was 50.4-192.4 ml, TNCs ranged from 500.2×106 to 9430.3 ×106 cells, and CD34+ cells ranged from 1.25×106 to 12.82×106/unit. The volume was positively affected by bigger birth weight of the baby (p<0.0001), larger placenta (p=0.001), TNCs (p<0.0001), CD34+ (p<0.0001), NRBCs (p<0.0001), and viability (p=0.002). There were no statistically significant differences between baby boys and girls for laboratory variables. Conclusion: In the selection and identification of a possible donor of umbilical cord blood, several maternal and neonatal factors should be considered, as younger maternal age, neonatal birth weight >3300 grams, larger placental size, and first or second-born babies, were shown to be associated with higher TNCs, CD34+, CD45+, NRBCs, and viability.


In just proportional exchange, under Aristotle's theory of reciprocal justice, superior sharers in a community materially assist the weaker, and receive honour as a reward. Aristotle's economic thought is represented with a system of 18 formulae. Explained are: (1) What Aristotle means when he says that it is impossible for two sharers or their erga to be commensurable; (2) The extent to which the variables in Aristotle's proportions can be quantified. (3) What diagonal pairing ( κατ διμϵτρoν σζϵυξις) is; (4) How need makes sharers and their erga 'sufficiently' commensurable; and (5) Aristotle's theory of what is just in exchange.


The accounting curriculum (in fact business colleges in general) often is accused of operating in silos. As a result, it is claimed that students fail to see the connections among the assignments in their separate course work and the necessity to have an integrated understanding to function effectively in the real-world. As a response to the criticism, we use deferred income taxes as a means to help students bridge the gap between their Intermediate Accounting classes and their Corporate Income Tax course. As a bonus, students also: 1.) better understand the difficult topic of deferred income taxes, 2.) better understand Schedule M-1on the corporate tax return, and 3.) gain experience in documentation via the preparation of accounting work papers.


Abstract There has been a great deal of interest in mapping regional trends in stress orientation and their relationships to crustal deformation processes over the last quarter century. Less emphasis has been placed on explaining local variations in the stress field. However, it is variations in the local stress field which are most critical to characterizing hydrocarbon reservoirs. Fracture orientation, well stability, well orientation, and permeability anisotropy are all strongly affected by variations in the local stress field. Using stress orientation data from a number of fields in different tectonic environments, we have tried to determine some of the tectonic and geological controls on variations in in situ stress orientation. We find that nearness to faults, fault structure, and magnitude of tectonic stress play primary roles in determining whether the regional stress field will be perturbed in a given reservoir and whether small-scale variations in the stress field can be expected. We find that high tectonic stress environments (large horizontal differential stress) lead to a much more consistent local stress field than more tectonically quiescent areas. Faults can play a large role in rotating the local stress field. The smaller the difference between the maximum and minimum horizontal stress magnitude (i.e. lower tectonic stress), the larger a fault's zone of influence is. Large-scale faulting with segmentation of the reservoir into discrete fault blocks can lead to significant stress orientation variations across the reservoir even in areas of large differential stress.


Acoustic properties of liquid‐filled sand (particles small compared to wavelength) are computed from physical properties of the medium. Because of small separation of particles, scattering theory cannot be readily adapted to find the propagation constant, but good results are obtained by modifying the well‐known analysis of absorbers of airborne sound. The sand behaves as a skeleton of zero elastic modulus, but with coupling to the fluid, as given by Zwikker and Kosten, and with finite compressibility. Transmission and reflection at a plane boundary between fluid and fluid‐filled sand are computed from the propagation constant. The reflection loss, approximately 10 db at normal incidence, becomes very small at grazing angles smaller than critical, in agreement with ultrasonic experiment. Incoherent volume scattering by liquid‐sand, of sound incident on the boundary from the liquid, is treated by an integration which considers boundary effects, propagation in the liquid‐sand medium, and autocorrelation fun...


After a job interview is over, the nerves have settled and you have made notes about what went well and what could be improved on, the response from the interview panel will arrive. Here are some suggestions for what to do next, whether you have been offered the job or you are contemplating further interviews.


The pipe cleaning apparatus using the ozonated water and the air bubbles and ultrasound to efficiently remove contamination deposited inside the water supply pipe or heating pipe as bacteria and the like are disclosed. To this end, connected to the ozone dissolution tank, and the injector and the injector to inject the number of the produced cleaning the contaminated pipe inlet side for making the washing water to dissolve the ozone supplied from the ozone supply device to the inflow water by the ozone supply means, and piping It provides a pipe cleaning apparatus using ozone water having a wash water input means having a compressor. By washing the tubing with the washing water containing the ozone, hydrogen peroxide, to remove the various foreign substances or bacteria present inside the pipe effectively and by separation of foreign matter by using an ultrasonic including give the fluctuation in pipe seukeilreul from the piping main body hard scale also it is possible to remove. Therefore it can significantly improve the efficiency of the cleaning and disinfection of the heating water supply pipe and can prevent contamination by bacteria or dust.


In this study, magnetic force microscopy (MFM) images are utilized as bases of comparison for recording media and a micromagnetic model. Simulated MFM data generated from instances of the model are compared to real measurements. The model magnetization can be adjusted to optimize the cross-correlation between the simulated image and real data. The model film is comprised of uniformly magnetized grains which form a Voronoi tesselation of the film plane. The grain magnetization vectors have the same magnitude, lie in the plane of the film, and do not vary through the thickness of the film. The MFM imaging process is modeled as convolution of magnetic charges with a tip point spread function (PSF). These charges occur at discontinuities along grain boundaries.


Spatial autocorrelation is a very general statistical property of economic variables, it indicates correlation of a variable with itself through space. Spatial association rule mining, discovery of interesting, meaningful rules in spatial databases, ignores autocorrelation of the spatial data, or just generalizes the spatial data into attribute data currently. In order to compare the results between spatial autocorrelation and spatial association rule mining, in this paper, the spatial association rules were mined by Apriori algorithm and it's development algorithm. Then, spatial autocorrelation analysis and spatial regression analysis were implemented on the same spatial data set. The experimental data is about the county-level revenue and population, education state, health state and social security state in China from 2000 to 2005. The results of the spatial association rules mining proves that economic level such as per capita revenue and social security have stronger correlation. The result of spatial autocorrelation is that from 2000 to 2005, national county-level per capita revenue, education, health and social security present positive spatial correlation. There is little interannual change in the spatial distribution of per capita revenue, and low economic level applies to almost all counties all over the nation. Education, the situation that low value areas are surrounded by high value areas universally exists, which shows that little significant positive influence from high level areas is exerted on low level areas. At the same time, the interprovincial education gap is gradually increasing. Health, in the year 2000 to 2005, there is a growing aggregation trend in China's county-level health spatial pattern, and there are more low value areas in health. Social security, in the research years, the aggregation trend is gradually decreasing. While spatial heterogeneity is increasing.


We classify Chern characters of semistable sheaves up to rank four in three dimensional projective space. As a corollary we show that moduli spaces of semistable sheaves between rank zero and four with maximal third Chern character are smooth and irreducible.


Improvement work starts to the gym at Leisure at Cheltenham later this week and will take approximately five weeks to complete.


A multi-particle unit cell model of PMMA/ATH composite with different volume fractions was employed to study the influence of interphase properties and inter-particle distance on elastic modulus. The model constitutes amorphous polymer matrix, rigid fillers and interphase between filler and matrix. Polymer matrix was modelled using a thermodynamically consistent dual-mechanism viscoplastic model, whereas fillers were assumed as linear elastic. In numerical simulations, the interphase between filler and matrix was modelled through a user defined interphase model and matrix material was modelled through a user defined material model.


A large part of the uncertainty in climate projections comes from poorly understood or constrained 35 aerosol properties (e.g., particle size, composition, mixing state, aging processes) and aerosol-cloud interactions, as well as the difficulty in remotely sensing them. This is an issue especially in remote regions such as the southeast Atlantic, which exhibits large model spread due to the seasonal coexistence of extensive cloud cover and regional biomass burning smoke. Here we address these gaps by comparing the WRF-CAM5 model to multi-campaign observations (ORACLES, CLARIFY, and LASIC) of the 40 southeastern Atlantic region in August 2017 to evaluate a broad swath of the model's aerosol properties, processes, and transport, and the degree to which aerosol interactions with clouds are captured. Building on earlier work showing strong performance in model advection and mixing, we find that biomass-burning smoke aerosol size and composition are generally well-captured in the marine free troposphere, except for a likely overprediction of dust in the accumulation mode (7-17% modeled dust fraction which 45 is not present in the observations). Evaluating smoke aging trends, the model shows a steady increase in aerosol mean diameter and an unchanging composition as smoke ages, deviating from the observed trends that show a rise and subsequent fall in mean diameter over 4-12 days and a decreasing OA:BC ratio beyond 3 days. Both results are likely due to missing processes in the model that remove OA from the particle phase such as photolysis and heterogeneous aerosol chemistry. The observed composition change 50 from the free-troposphere to the marine boundary layer (MBL) is not fully captured in the model, especially the observed enhancement of sulfate from 11% to 37% by mean mass fraction in ORACLES, and from 11% to 26% in CLARIFY. This points to the importance of properly representing sulfate formation from marine dimethyl sulfide (DMS) emissions and in smoke-free parcels. Additionally, the model does not capture the occurrence of an Aitken mode during clean and medium-smoke conditions in 55 the boundary layer, likely pointing to misrepresentation of new particle formation. The model shows a persistent overprediction of aerosols in the MBL, especially for clean conditions, that multiple pieces of evidence link to weaker


Results of a recent workshop at AWWA's 2012 Utility Management Conference in Miami, Florida, are summarized in this committee report from the AWWA Knowledge Management Subcommittee of the Workforce Strategies Committee.


Objective To construct a cathepsin K(CTSK) lentivirus plasmid for exploring the function of cathepsin k in human chondrocytes aging in vitro. Methods RT-PCR was applied to amplify cathepsin k cDNA from the total RNA of human chondrocytes, the cDNA was inserted into plasmid pLenti6/V5-D-TOPO. Results Restricted enzyme analysis and DNA sequencing showed that the sequence of the CTSK lentivirus transgenic plasmid was correct. Conclusion The vector CTSK-lentivirus has been successfully constructed, and it can be used a tool to study the function of cathepsin k.


The present invention relates to seed comprising the nucleic acid molecule of gene expression may be regulated construct, the nucleic acid molecule comprises two or more regulatory sequences, the respective regulating RNA molecule comprising a sequence encoding a riboswitch to make a response to the effect of the compounds the riboswitch operably linked to the coding region of each respective modulator compounds each acting growth regulator compound for adjusting the coding region, and the riboswitch each pair of selected regulatory sequences in the same effect as compound made to trigger a response of the respective compounds expressed its adjustment. The present invention further relates to the use of gene expression can be regulated species constructs method selection stage modulator compounds from metagenomic library, the level modulator compounds to achieve chemical conversion to the substrate effect of the compound or the effector transported into the compound comprising an adjustable gene expression constructs in the microorganism.


. Now-a-days prediction and forecasting play a vital role in research. For prediction, regression is used to predict the future value and current value on the production process. In this paper, we assume food grain production exhibit Markov chain dependency and time homogeneity. The economic generative performance evaluation the balance time artificial fertilization different level in Estrus detection using a daily Markov chain model. Finally, Markov process prediction gives better performance compared with a Regression model. A daily herd Markov chain model to study the reproductive and economic impact of reproductive programs combining timed artificial insemination and estrus detection. Our objective was to compare the economic and reproductive performance of programs combining timed unnatural insemination (TAT) and different level of AI after estrus detection (ED) using a daily Markov chain model. Jin-Longwang. Markov chain supported dependability components parts for spread out systems [5].The transition probability to occur from one state to another state in a unity of time for the independent time of Markov chain process in the separate level. Yong-Huachang, Ming-Shenglee. Markov chain decision process on genetic [13].


Using systematic effective field theory, we explore the properties of antiferromagnetic films subjected to magnetic and staggered fields that are either mutually aligned or mutually orthogonal. We provide low-temperature series for the entropy density in either case up to two-loop order. Invoking staggered, uniform and sublattice magnetizations of the bipartite antiferromagnet, we investigate the subtle order–disorder phenomena in the spin arrangement, induced by temperature, magnetic and staggered fields—some of which are quite counterintuitive. In the figures we focus on the spin- 12 square-lattice antiferromagnet, but our results are valid for any other bipartite two-dimensional lattice.


PURPOSE: To make possible the in-vitro incubation and growth of keratinocyte in a short time by forming a film from a naturally, synthetically, or semi- synthetically derived material, and by making the film have a specific range of thicknesses and include a series or regular pores spaced apart at a specific range of fixed distances to one another and specified to be fixed sizes. CONSTITUTION: A film is made of a naturally, synthetically, or semi-synthetically derived material, has a thickness of 10 to 500μm (preferably 20 to 40μm), and includes a series of regular pores spaced apart at a fixed distance of 50 to 1000μm to one another and specified to be of a fixed size of 10 to 1000μm. Preferably, the size of the pores is 40 to 70μm, and the distance between the pores is 80μm. Processing of the pores is by using a punching machine or a drilling device using a UV radiation laser, and by drilling the continuous film by use of an appropriate screening system.


Abstract What roles do ombuds institutions create through their activities? How does the creation of ombuds' roles relate to the person of office-holders? Based on a case study of the Austrian Ombudsman Board, the present article analyses the discursive production of ombuds' roles via a corpus of annual reports. Using the text-mining programme Alceste, the paper examines how topics are prioritised in activity descriptions, how the institutional mission is presented and put into practice, and how the complainants are described. Alceste identified a total of nine "lexical worlds" that point both to the diversity of the roles that are exercised by the ombudspersons and to the existence of three ideal types of approaches to the ombuds office. Results also highlight the fact that these different, partially interrelated roles are characteristic of certain individual organisational units and people, which indicates a personalisation of the office. At the same time, some of these roles are shared by several ombudspersons.


Phytoextraction of heavy metals by willow can be a promising technology for remediation of low- and medium- contaminated soil. Willows are especially effective in taking up Cd and Pb from soil and in transporting them to the aboveground parts of plant. Salix is characterized by high capacity for biomass production. Willow cultivated on a soil contaminated with heavy metals produces 13-17 Mg∙ha -1 dry mass of wood per year. The study presents the infl uence of municipal sewage sludge on the content of Ni and Pb in leaves, bark and wood. The main aim of the experiment was to select a clone that accumulates the highest amount of Ni and Pb in the leaves, bark and wood. The research with the seedlings of willow was established in 2003 and with sewage sludge in 2008-2010 in Experimental Station in Wroclaw (Pawlowice). The experiment was established using split-plot de- sign with two changeable factors in three replications: the fi rst factor was related to various doses of sewage sludge: 75 and 150 Mg∙ha -1 fresh mass (14.3 Mg∙ha -1 and 28.6 Mg∙ha -1 dry mass) and the second factor was four selected clones of willow (Salix viminalis L). Analysis of variance showed signifi cant infl uence of various doses of sewage sludge and genetic properties of clones on the content of nickel and lead in plant material. The greatest amount of heavy metals was determined in the leaves, less in the bark and the least in the wood.


X-ray and neutron-diffraction measurements have been used to study the evolution of the lattice parameter of solid C{sub 60} through the orientational-ordering transition. The lattice parameter jumps by +0.044{plus minus}0.004 A on heating, indicating a strongly first-order transition. The average isobaric volume thermal-expansion coefficient both above and below the transition is 6.2{plus minus}0.2{times}10{sup {minus}5} K{sup {minus}1}. We observe phase coexistence over a 5-K range, but little if any hysteresis.


Magnetic aggregation has bad effect on quality of the products from magnetic separator. With respect to this there are some studies of improvements in magnetic separator, which utilize the magnetic agglomeration,or deform the magnetic agglomeration or introduces other forces to the separator.


This study uses modeled Small Area Estimates data to analyze the labor market influences on child poverty rates in local areas. These data support analysis of small geographic areas as well as at different points of the business cycle. Statistical tests appropriate for data with geographic and intertemporal correlations are adapted for use with modeled data. The results reveal that child poverty rates in local areas vary with the diversity of the local economy, specifically with dependence on a particular industry and with the diversity of firm size. These influences have varying impact at different points of the business cycle.


THE LATHAM, NEW YORK, TRAFFIC CIRCLE HAS A 200-FT. DIAMETER CENTRAL ISLAND, WITH TWO 15-FT. LANES AND FOUR ENTERING HIGHWAYS. THESE HIGHWAYS ENTER SO AS TO GIVE TWO 210-FT. AND TWO 105-FT. WEAVING SECTIONS MEASURED ON THE CENTER LINE AND FROM CENTER-TO-CENTER OF THE ENTERING HIGHWAYS. A PRELIMINARY CHECK OF THE VOLUMES, FROM THE ANNUAL AUGUST COUNTS, SHOWED LESS THAN 1,000 VPH. THIS WAS NOT ENOUGH TO LOAD THE CIRCLE FOR TESTING CAPACITY. IT WAS THEREFORE DECIDED TO USE 30 TEST CARS ON A 3-MIN. SCHEDULE, IN ADDITION TO REGULAR TRAFFIC. THE PLAN SCHEDULED THE TEST CARS WITH 50 TO 50, 75 TO 25, 90 TO 10 PERCENT WEAVING ACTION WITH TWO SEPARATE TEST ROUTINGS. THE CIRCLE WAS DIVIDED INTO FOUR SEGMENTS FOR STUDYING THE WEAVING ACTIONS IN THE SHORTER AND THE LONGER WEAVING SECTIONS. THREE TESTS WERE TAKEN FOR PERIODS OF 30 MIN. AND TWO FOR 15 MIN. ON THE SHORTER SEGMENTS A AND C WITH ALL CARS WEAVING ON A 50 TO 50 RATIO, THE POSSIBLE CAPACITY WAS ABOUT 1,200 VPH. AND 1,300 VPH. WITH 70 TO 30 WEAVING RATIO. THE MAXIMUM SPEEDS RECORDED IN TRAVELING THROUGH THE SHORTER WEAVING SECTIONS RANGED FROM 16 TO 21 MPH.-THROUGH LANE MOVEMENTS, ALSO WERE RECORDED. ON THE LONGER SEGMENTS B AND D WITH ALL CARS WEAVING ON A 50 TO 50 RATIO, THE POSSIBLE CAPACITY WAS FOUND TO BE ABOUT 1,500 VPH. WITH A ONE-LANE OPERATION AND ABOUT 2,000 VPH. FOR TWO-LANE OPERATION, (TWO-ABREAST). ON A 70 TO 30 RATIO AND ABOVE, WITH ALL CARS WEAVING, THE CAPACITY OF THE WEAVING SECTIONS WERE INCREASED TO 1,700 VPH. FOR ONE- LANE OPERATION AND 2,200 VPH. FOR TWO-LANE OPERATION. THE MAXIMUM SPEEDS RECORDED AT WHICH VEHICLES PASSED THROUGH THE LONGER WEAVING SECTIONS, DURING THE TEST, VARIED FROM 17 TO 24 MPH. /AUTHOR/


Abstract:Though the play of Mary Daly's use of language has been both praised and problematized, theoretical analyses of her linguistic interventions remain largely underdeveloped. This essay aims to make sense of Daly's poetic, playful employment of language by reading it through Judith Butler's notion of performativity. In this essay, Settle argues that Daly's philosophic wordplay is a creative mode of performative linguistics, which is simultaneously mandated and made possible by the repetition of patriarchy's marginalizing acts. At the same time, a careful analysis of Butler's performativity and speech act theory reveals the ways that Daly's linguistic labors have intervened and disrupted the logics and structures of that discourse. Daly's creative manipulation of language, then, continues to perform as an alternative mode of theology beyond patriarchy, and Daly herself—even in her post-theological state—revealed something significant to theology about its own linguistic possibilities.


Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of children mycoplasma pneumonia complicated with exudative pleurisy and improve the diagnosis and treatment. Methods Thirty-two cases of mycoplasma pneumonia in children complicated with exudative pleurisy were analyzed retrospectively between January 2005 to August 2009. Results Thirty-two cases of children, the male 22 cases, female 10 cases; aged 5-12 years with a mean (7.6 ± 2.4) year. The main clinical manifestations were fever in 32 cases (100%), cough in 32 cases (100%), chest pain in 2 cases (6.25%), wheezing in 3 cases (9.1%);The positive signs of the lung in 17 cases, mainly for the breath sounds reduced in 14 cases, three cases of wet rale, dry rale (including wheezing sound) 3 cases;Routine blood test showed a normal white blood cells in 13 cases,(10-15)×109/L 14 cases,>15×109/L 5 cases, neutrophils accounted for 65%-78%;Serum CRP (normal 80 mg /L in 1 case;Increased ESR of 30 cases; PPD were negative;Chest X-ray have shown that lobar pneumonia, pleurisy change, just the right side of 20 cases of pneumonia, left 8 cases, bilateral pneumonia, 4 cases were more common following lung, pleural effusion in 32 cases, B super-confirmed.10 cases of children line the chest puncture, pleural effusion appearance of light yellow, clear, and cell count (350-1020)×106/L, are single-core-based, protein quantitative 25-38 g/L, ADA 40-45 U, bloody pleural effusion in 1 case, cell number of 1.6×109/L, single-core 78%, protein 40 g /L, ADA 42 U;Pleural effusion were seen in a large number of lymphocytes in pathological examination, no tumor cells.All patients to be macrolide antibiotic anti-infection, combined with symptomatic support therapy and were cured and discharged, length of stay 3-4 weeks, all children discharged from the hospital review and the B-pleural effusion chest X-ray absorption, 23 cases of pulmonary lesions absorption, absorption of 9 cases improved, discharge follow-up 4-6 weeks foci absorption and one cases of children with left lung atelectasis.Conclusions Mycoplasma pneumonia and exudative pleuritis occur in the school-age children, most of them with good prognosis after appropriate treatment, the course was about 2-4 weeks, a few left lung atelectasis or other consequences.

Key words:
Children ;  Mycoplasma pneumonia ;  Pleurisy ;


Private International Law mainly deals with the question of the conflict of law,namely the question of the application of law or the choice of law.The institution,which solves this question,is the conflict norm in the Private International Law.Because of the formation of the Private International Law,various theories of the conflict norm have developed.Before the 19th century,the core of the theories of the conflict norm was the "theory of statutes".In the 19th century,the German jurist Savigny created the "theory of seat of legal relation".After the conflict norm was criticized by the scholars of American realistic law school in the early 20th century,and since 1980s the theory of Savigny has been paid attention to again,and it has caused the return of the trends of the conflict rules.The development of the conflict norm has proved the necessity and the irreplaceability of its existence.


itself related only to the payment of money, independent from the mandate relation between the customer and the issuing bank, and also independent from the underlying sales contract." The Uniform Commercial Code makes discussion of theory academic in American jurisdictions which have enacted that statute. Section 5-104 states the legal criteria for creation of a credit. Section 5-105 indicates that consideration is not necessary. In other states judicial delineation of theory is not to be found and there is a remarkable lack of agreement among writers as to the proper theoretic analysis of irrevocable credits.22 A student of American contract law, confronted by an irrevocable documentary credit as the business community expects it to operate, might well be moved to say as has been reported of the man who saw his first giraffe, "There ain't no such animal." Application of normal mutual assent, consideration and failure-ofconsideration principles to a credit introduces elements of uncertainty which are incompatible with the commercial use and understanding of this obligation. The introduction of suretyship principles raises suretyship-defense problems and charter-power complications which would destroy the utility of credits. It seems best to analyze the credit as sui generis, a special variety of consensual obligation. Because of the hiatus in the theory of credits there must be, in states which have not enacted the Uniform Commercial Code, some doubt as to whether an irrevocable credit is as a matter of law always irrevocable. There is also doubt concerning the correct analysis of revocable credits, but this is of little moment, both because revocable commercial credits are rare and because issues about them are not apt to come up. WHEN DOES THE CREDIT BECOME OBLIGATORY? One consequence of the failure by courts in the United States to develop a common-law theory for credits is uncertainty concerning the precise point in the transaction at which an irrevocable credit becomes 22 TAKEDA, op. cit. supra note 21, at 618; Izawa, supra note 13, at 223. 23 Shattuck and Guernsey, mipra note 1 at 328, 329, 344-348. 1963] JAPANESE-U.S. LETTERS OF CREDIT customer he takes the risk that the intercepting cable may arrive too late.28 REVOCABLE. V. IRREVOCABLE CPEDITS Revocable credits have no commercial utility in Japanese-United States trade. Japanese exporters are obliged by government regulations to receive cash or an irrevocable credit as a condition to obtaining an export license and the basic sale-contract will routinely specify an irrevocable rather than a revocable credit. If the sales contract is not specific on this detail, it will probably be interpreted as requiring an irrevocable credit.29 American exporters normally contemplate an irrevocable credit because a revocable one carries no assurance whatever of payment, and their sales contract will, if well drawn, so specify. The Uniform Commercial Code in § 2-325(3) implements this expectation by stating that a clause requiring the buyer to provide a "credit" means that an irrevocable credit will be supplied save where the contrary is expressly indicated. In other states, failure to specify in a sale-contract what type of credit is to be established produces an interpretation issue, the answer to which is entirely speculative. Credits expected to be irrevocable are clearly labelled "Irrevocable" by banks in both countries, which would expect a credit not so labelled to be revocable," and would expect a revocable credit to be revocable without notice to anyone. 1 Negotiation credits (i.e., credits containing 28 Sono, W0Ty not Uniform Commercial Code Article,5?, 12 KANsAi Uriv. L. Rv. 906 (1963). See Exhibit 5B, infra. 29 Izawa, supra note 13, at 245 et seq. So BANK OF ToKYo 16. This is stipulated in UCP, article 1 (1963 ed.). Were it not for the routine incorporation of UCP into credits, a different legal result would be expectable in Japan. Banks would regard the promise to honor as irrevocable after notice to the beneficiary unless the credit expressly reserved the power to revoke, this being a natural result of basic Japanese legal theory. TAKEDA, op. cit. sipra note 21, at 603; KoHSAXA, BOHEKr-KEIYAKU 312 (1960). Cable credits can raise an awkward problem. Such a cable is regarded by Japanese banks as indicating an irrevocable credit unless the contrary is stated, despite UCP, and because'of a special bank usage concerning cable credits, BANK OF TOKYO 16. The U-uoam COMMERCIAL CODE is silent on this detail. The American common law is unclear as to the result expectable where UCP is not operative. 31Izawa, supra note 13, at 354, 366; BANK OF ToKYo 67; KOBSAKA, Op. cit. supra note 30, at 312. UCP provides in art. 2 (1963 ed.) for cancellation without notice to the beneficiary. The UNirFoa_ COMMERcIAL. CODE provides in § 5-106(3): "Unless otherwise agreed after a revocable credit is established it may be modified or revoked by the issuer without notice to or consent from from the customer or beneficiary." See the discussion, Shattuck and Guernsey, supra note 1 at 354-356. The American common law is unclear. Id. at 354, n. 59. Japanese scholars provide a satisfactory theory which also conforms to the Japanese law, by declining to find any promise by the issuer in the revocable credit. TAKEDA, op. cit. supra note 21, at 617 et seq.; Izawa, supra note 13, at 230 et seq. Reflection suggests that this is a sound analysis under the American common-law, too. It provides a solvent for the treacherous notice-to-thebeneficiary problem for which a legal answer compatible with the expectations of banks cannot readily be found if the revocable credit is analyzed as an offer which the issuer can revoke or as a promise which the issuer can terminate. 19631 WASHINGTON LAW REVIEW the phrase 'We agreewith the drawers, endorsers and bona fide holders of drafts .... "") are routinely issued by American banks for Japanese beneficiaries. They are issued by many, but not by all, Japanese banks for American beneficiaries. If a revocable negotiation credit were issued, the problem of liability to a negotiating bank could arise. It is expected by banks in both countries that the issuing bank would be legally bound to a bank which negotiated a draft of the beneficiary without actual notice of revocation. 3 The customer would in turn be liable to the issuer, by reason of his indemnity undertaking in the application form. Whether the beneficiary can be held by an issuer who has had to pay a negotiating bank despite revocation is unclear.8 There is not in either Japanese or American law any certainly applicable theory, although in Japanese law negotiation with knowledge of prior cancellation may be a tort.3" MODIFICATION OF CREDITS That a revocable credit can be modified at the will of the issuer is assumed by banks in both countries. 6 Irrevocable credits are quite another matter. Once established, an irrevocable credit cannot be changed in any particular in either country without the beneficiary's consent.3" The consent of the customer is not theoretically necessary," but this is a matter which is in practice regulated by the fact that the 32 There is another basis for classifying a credit as a negotiation credit. Under bank practice in both countries an advising bank is authorized to negotiate drafts. An advised credit is therefore, so far as the advising bank is concerned, in effect a negotiation credit. 33 Izawa, supra note 13, at 363; BANK OF TOKYO 17. ANDOH, FOREIGN EXCHANGE 476 (1958), states this expectation to be a world wide usage among bankers. UCP so provides, art. 2 (1963 ed.). The UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE SO provides, § 5-106(4). Definitive American common-law case authority on this point has not been found. 34 Shattuck and Guernsey, supra note 1 at 356. 35 Japanese CivIL CODE, § 709 broadly states "A person who intentionally or negligently violates another's right is bound to make compensation for damage arising therefrom." 36 Izawa, supra note 13, at 363; BANK OF TOKYO 17. UCP so provides, art. 2 (1963 ed.). The UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE so provides, § 5-103(3). It was so held in United States Steel Prod. Co. v. Irving Bank-Columbia Trust Co., 9 F.2d 230, 232 (2d Cir. 1925), which appears to be the only relevant American case. 37 Izawa, supra note 13, at 747. UCP so provides, art. 3 (1963 ed.). The UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE so provides, § 5-106(2). See the discussion in Shattuck and Guernsey, supra note 1 at 351-353. The American case authority is in accord. Dulien Steel Prod., Inc. v. Bankers Trust Co., 189 F. Supp. 922 (S.D.N.Y. 1960) aff'd 298 F.2d 836 (2d Cir. 1962) ; Lambourn v. Nat'l Park Bank, 240 N.Y. 520, 148 N.E. 664 (1925). 38 The credit creates a legal relation between issuer and beneficiary to which the customer is not a party. The customer's very real interest in the credit may well justify a rule which would limit the issuer's power to modify a credit without his consent. UCP, art. 3 (1963 ed.), requires the consent of "all concerned." "UNIFORM CoMMERCIAL CODE, § 5-106(2) so provides as to a credit "established as regards the customer," carrying out the system set up in § 5-106(1), under which a credit can be established as to one party but not the other. [VOL.. 38 JAPAIrESE-U.S. LETTERS OF CREDIT issuer's relation with its customer will be -adversely affected by a modification to which the customer does not consent. Specific authorization of modification by the issuer after the credit. has been issued is not customarily a term of the application; which constitutes the agreement between the issuer and the customer, but there appears in the forms used in both countries exculpatory language which is probably broad enough to encompass modifications."0 Due. concern for customer goodwill suggests that modification arrangements with the beneficiary without prior concurrence of the customer -will be rare indeed save where the customer gets into financial difficulties which