Dewey defined philosophy of education as a marriage of philosophy and education predicated on a set of primordial conventions. One reason that the marriage is currently on the rocks, and that the spouses are not speaking to each other, is that an intrinsic tension in the second of these conventions has worked its way to the surface and eroded each discipline's confidence in the other's appreciation, while a third suitor has moved in. Educators now tend to look to the social sciences for guidance. So should we accept this silence as progress? Or are there more things in the tradition of philosophy than Dewey dreamed? This essay endeavors to make sense of the marriage of philosophy and education through an exploration of "more things in the tradition of philosophy than Dewey dreamed." To do so, I explore recent work in philosophy, specifically that of Pierre Hadot, Alexander Nehamas, and Richard Shusterman. These philosophers, discontented with the current state of academic philosophy, are working to recover what they claim to be the real purpose of philosophy, namely to teach the art of living well. This art, now dominated by the massive self-help industry and television talk shows, used to be the domain of philosophy, they say. Meanwhile, philosophy has largely become discourse about philosophy, an internally coherent but externally irrelevant practice. As they redefine philosophy, these thinkers offer something to the self-understanding of philosophers of education. Specifically, they suggest that there is an organic connection between philosophy and education. I am not the first to inquire into the nature of the relationship between philosophy and education. In his introduction to the Eightieth Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education in 1981, Jonas Soltis encouraged readers to consider philosophy of education, instead, as philosophy and education:


The paper showed the MUSIC algorithm was integrated to the method of UHF and ultrasonic Reception Principle of Phase Array to the purpose of accurate location of power transformer partial discharge(PD) ,and make a research on the simulation.The location method can lead to the positions of the PD dimensional position.But the method can not distinguish several PD in one beam width.So a Improved MUSIC algorithm was applied for Space Spectrum Analysis of received signal,DOA estimation of one or more PD in transducer would be finished,and confirm the close source number.


Energy access in West Africa poses a unique problem that potentially invites many innovative solutions. While trying to improve the access of affordable, reliable electricity, there is also the aspiration to spread renewable energy options. In Ghana, there are many different actors working towards spreading solar energy within both urban and rural populations. One interesting business model, called Pay-asyou-go solar, spread throughout different regions of Ghana during the past decade. This report gives a brief overview of the energy sector in Ghana, and describes unique characteristics of the Pay-as-you-go solar movement in Ghana. 1 Overview of Energy in Ghana Ghana has higher electrification rates than most other Sub-Saharan African countries: about 82.5% of Ghana's population are said to have access to electricity. While these statistics are high, they do not always signify such high rates in actuality. The Ghanaians are acclimated to unpredictable blackouts, and unreliable electricity access, even in the urban locations of the country. In response, many people use charcoal or kerosene for cooking and lighting, Ebenezer Nyarko Kumi. 2017. "The Electricity Situation in Ghana: Challenges and Opportunities." CGD Policy Paper. Washington, DC: Center for Global Development. https://www.cgdev.org/ publication/electricity-situation-ghana-challenges-andopportunities


As the full-motion videos in MPEG are widely available nowadays, an editor that could easily edit such kind of media data is required to develop various multimedia applications. In order to concatenate and apply a transition effect to two video streams encoded in MPEG, they should be decoded first since there are dependencies in the frames in MPEG-encoded video stream. Since this decode-edit-encode process requires a huge amount of computing/storage resources, a new editing scheme that could apply various transition effects to MPEG video streams directly while keeping the quality of video data is strongly required. This paper proposes a new editing scheme that could apply three transition effects (such as fade-in, fade-out, and dissolve) to MPEG video streams in a compressed domain. In the proposed scheme, an extension of previous method in which the frames are partially decompressed and transition effects are applied is adopted for I- and P-frames. In addition, a new processing scheme for B-frame that could apply the transition effects in DCT domain directly using an approximation of motion compensation based on the motion vector to reference frames. Since this processing scheme could apply the transition effects in a compressed domain directly, the editing process could be speed-up about times faster than previous decode-edit-encoding method while keeping the quality of video data as good as the source data. The proposed scheme could be used to build a software-only MPEG video editing system that helps to edit MPEG video data even on a low-cost desk-top computer.


Sir,

We thank Dominguez-Rosado et al. for their thoughtful comments and questions with respect to our publication.1 The primary objective of our study1 was to ascertain the longterm health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients sustaining bile duct injuries on the basis of the available literature. The published literature was unclear in this regard; some studies demonstrated worse overall HRQoL and others showed no difference in HRQoL between persons who did and did not sustain bile duct injuries. The statistical approach of meta-analysis allowed for the pooling of information from these studies. We agree that heterogeneity of treatment across studies is an inherent limitation of this technique. As we discussed in our paper,1 the patients reported in the six studies incorporated into this meta-analysis were treated with a variety of modalities (surgical, endoscopic and/or radiologic). The majority of these patients, however, were managed surgically and two of the studies2,3 included only surgical patients. It would not have been possible for us to employ a methodology based on meta-analysis and to exclude studies in order to achieve homogeneity of treatment. Rather, we opted to include all available studies in order to achieve maximal statistical power and representation.

The loss of patients from follow-up is an inherent limitation of longitudinal observational studies. Although it can be assumed that this patient population is generally similar to that of patients who complete follow-up, we agree that this is a difficult assumption. Both death and, conversely, successful outcome with no perceived need for ongoing follow-up may explain the lack of follow-up. Health-related QoL would certainly differ between these two groups. No study can address the outcomes of patients who are lost to follow-up.

The general or healthy population standards utilized in our study1 were those reported for each of the HRQoL assessment tools. For those studies using non-US samples, the population norms used in this meta-analysis were those reported in the specific study for non-US respondents.

Although we agree that this study1 pools information from a heterogeneous set of reports, which is potentially why reported outcomes have differed, we feel it offers an important step forward as we work to further uncover the magnitude and duration of the effect of bile duct injuries on HRQoL. Again, we thank Dominguez-Rosado and his colleagues for their interest in our study.


As temporary storage pool at each reactor site is expected to be saturated by 2016, the South Korean government and nuclear industry are trying to find a long-term management strategy for spent fuels in Korea. To establish this strategy, it is necessary to project the amount of spent fuel, and to analyze the historical data for spent fuel characteristics such as inventory, design specifications, irradiation history, and storage history. Therefore, a spent fuel management system was developed in this study to make this cumbersome work simple. The spent fuel management system is comprised of three functional modules: a spent fuel historical data analysis module, a spent fuel arising projection module, and a radwaste characterization module from an advanced fuel cycle. This paper explains the major functions and features of theses modules.


All members of the camel family (Camelidae) belong to the order Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates) and suborder:Tylopoda (pad-footed). To detect abnormality in camels, the veterinarian must be familiar with the normal health state. A healthy camel is one, which has an erect head, clear eyes, prickled ears with a bright manner, normal appetite, pulse rate, and temperature. The hump often gives a good indication of health and should be rounded, plump and vertical or slightly inclined. Some smaller breeds of desert camels have small humps, which should not be confused with the flabby, shrunken hump of deprived, aged or sick camel (HMSO, 1956). Other signs of disease in camels are similar to other species. The description of camels' disease, its detection and prevention is described in this book.


In this work, we report the first successful synthesis of free-standing and bridged amine-functionalized PMO films grown at the air–water interface using 1,2-bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane (BTEE) and bis[(3-trimethoxysilyl)propyl]amine (BTMSPA) as silica sources and cationic alkyltrimethylammonium surfactant as the structure-directing agent. The films with thickness from 50 to 380 nm had a highly ordered periodic mesostructure with a two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal closed-packed arrangement of channels running parallel to the surface. The typical pore diameter and surface area of the film after solvent-extraction were 28.9 A and 630 m2 g−1, respectively, when the film was synthesized at 95 °C for 8 h with the reaction composition of 1.0 BTEE : 0.05 BTMSPA : 0.57 C16TABr : 2.28 NaOH : 336 H2O. 29Si and 13C cross polarization (CP) MAS NMR spectra identified that the organic-inorganic moieties (Si–CH2–CH2–Si and Si–(CH2)3NH(CH2)3–Si) are the basic structural unit in the film.


ntroduction Over the years Indian Banking Sector has undergone many transformations. Post Liberalization, with coming together of market forces because of globalization and new technologies have made business highly competitive. These changes have major effect on service industry like banking. Increased material comfort, more disposable income, tech savvy nature, has increased their expectation. Many leading banks are putting huge resources into transforming the customer experiences. Customers are most important to a series of new opportunities and challenges facing banks. Today banks are facing an array of competitors. It was during 1980's banking sector started the use of information technology to carry out basic functions like customer service, auditing etc., by introducing stand-alone PCs and migrated to LAN. After a little while Core Banking Solutions were adopted to improve customer experience. During 1990's with the entry of private and global players the competition increased leading to adoption of technology offering convenient, simplified anywhere, anytime banking. This has resulted in reduced human error, reduced cost and increased revenues. Continuous innovation in banking technology is because of growing customer expectation and internal business mandate Today we live in digital age. Digital influence in the Indian banking sector has been growing faster due to the increasing digital foot print. With the rapid growth of digital technology banking institutions came up with varied banking solutions across various digital channels such as net banking. Mobile banking, digital wallet etc., providing customers with an unmatched, personalized banking experience. ICICI, the first bank to introduce internet banking has made life simpler for millions of people Net banking has made possible certain tasks at the click of button via internet and moved the customer towards queless, paperless, branchless and anytime banking. Net banking facilitated number of financial services such as account opening ,tracking account activity ,bill payments. Money transfer and non financial services like applying for cheque book, getting account statement and many more. Mobile banking another most dominant form of digital payment is growing and evolving st rapidly. Mobile banking originated during 21 century from SMS text messaging and is supported COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NET BANKING VS MOBILE PAYMENT APPS M.sailaja Assistant Professor 6 ?


ness in color reproduction would have made the price of the book impossibly high.) The black and white figures are much better, although even here there is a considerable loss of detail when vast buildings are crowded into a single illustration. A number of small errors seems to be the consequence of insufficient editorial checking. Most of these are either inconsistencies in romanizations or slight variations between the dates given in the text and in the caption for the relevant plate. Naturally, there are also points where individuals will disagree with the author. In summary, Sherman Lee's book is informative, interesting, and a well written survey of a major corpus of art. Furthermore, it conveys in a sensitive and personal manner the author's deep knowledge of this art.


Banana-shaped triarylpyridine derivatives with terminal 4-alkoxybenzoic ester chains were synthesized efficiently from pyrylium salt via three steps,their structures were determined by 1H NMR,13C NMR and HR-Mass,such molecules are not mesogens which were investigated by POM and DSC,their UV-vis,PL spectroscopic properties were also studied.


Abstract Nearly one-third of the Scottish population is struggling to heat their home properly today. There is an urgent need for the delivery of low-energy affordable homes. However, the homebuilding industry has no systematic way to deliver such unconventional homes, although the UK government has set out a bold "green" target that all newly-built homes be carbon neutral by 2016. Accordingly, this paper explores the status quo of today's affordable homes being built in Scotland; and secondly, it extends the scope to the review of successfully commercialized low- to zero-energy affordable housing developments in Canada. This study emphasizes the significant impact of design choices on the delivery of low- to zero-energy affordable housing, including housing orientations and configurations; construction materials and systems, including renewable energy technologies; and internal planning, with due consideration to the time-related sun positions and the internal space day-lighting and heat gain potentials....


The present study is carried out on Abu Jir Fault across the Karbala – Najaf Plateau which is an outstanding fan-shaped geological feature located in the central part of Iraq on the boundary between the stable and unstable shelves. A clear variation of mineralogical composition percentages of quartz, calcite, feldspar, gypsum and gamma ray in both sides of the fault are recorded. The interpretation of magnetic maps; reduction to the pole and depth to basement (RTP and DTB) indicates three depressions, Al-Habbaniya, Al-Razzazah and Bahr Al-Najaf controlled tectonically by a NW – SE basement graben, and the plateau was a part of the subsided area. Gravity field along an ENE – WSW profile across Abu Jir fault indicates an elongated NW – SE positive anomaly of +0.9 mGal whose source is located at a depth of 3 Km, below the plateau, and the uplift is accompanied by faulting. Dibdibba Formation (Pliocene – Pleistocene) in the middle and southern Iraq has been developed in an active basin located along Abu Jir Fault. A large part of this formation is situated on the eastern edge of the Stable Shelf. The western block of the Fault was upthrown after the Pleistocene as a postdepositional tectonic episode forming an elevated area which had since been intensively eroded due to a new tectonism along the Abu Jir Fault. Sharp variations in mineralogy, gamma ray and geophysical parameters have been recorded on both blocks of the fault and are consistent with field evidence and confirm the new tectonics of Abu Jir Fault. ريسفت ةينىتكت قلاف ىبأ ذنع ريج ءلابرك ةبضه – ماذختساب فجنلا ةيلقحلاو ةيئايسيفىيجلاو ةينذعولا تايطعولا ةنيز و يلداهبلا ىانذع رذيح ،ضىع ذوحه حلاص زاكنلاا نيلس صلختسولا دَشجا ءلاتشك حثعه ًهع حساسذنا ِزه – ٍهو ،فجُنا إ شعنا ػسو جصساثنا حُجىنىُجنا ىناعًنا يذح حعلاىنا ،قا كناف قاطَ ًٍظ أ )ٍَذفاشنا ٌداو ضىح( شمرسًنا شُغو ،اتشغ شمرسًنا فُصشنا ٍُت مصافنا ٌىُُثنا ذحنا ًهع شُج ىت كناف قاطُن ذَذج ٌىُُت شُسفرن مئاسىك حُهمحنا مئلاذناو حُئاَضُفىُجناو ،حَُذعًنا خاَاُثنا ديذخرسا .الشش أ ذمن .شُج ىت ناو حَُذعًنا مُناحرنا دُُت سثجناو ساثسذهفنا ،دَاسناكنا ،ضذساىكهن ٍَذعًنا ةُكشرنا ٍف شَاغذ دىجو حُعاعشلاا خاساُم ،شُثك طفخُي ٌا ٍسُغاُغًنا لاجًنا حساسد دُُت ذمف ،حُئاَضُفىُجنا حُحاُنا ٍيو .كنافنا ٍثَاج شثع ،ٍعاعشلاا غاشُناو مك ىعَ فت جرَ ،فجُنا شحت طفخُيو جصاصشناو حَُاثحنا ٍذشُحت ٍي جذعامنا سىخص ٍف ٍثُكشذ واذهَلا ٌىُُت غاشَ مع كًع ًهع 8 – 9 بشغ لاًش لاًش ِاجذات ىك – حُهًع مثل طفخًُنا ازه ٍي ءضج دَاك حثعهنا ٌاو قشش بىُج بىُج


The UML (unified modeling language) is introduced to build the static model and dynamic model of the embedded real time operating system C/OS-II. The architecture and the operation mechanism of C/OS-II are described and analyzed with visual UML model. A novel object-oriented framework of C/OS-II is presented by UML static modeling, which is used in the design of embedded system based on C/OS-II. Some significant factors of embedded real time operating system (ERTOS) are analyzed in detail by UML dynamic modeling, such as the scheduling mechanism of real-time kernel and the solution of priority inversion.


Teaching with multimedia represents the informationization of educational technology,and its distinctive features and advantages promote many universities to adopt this modern teaching method actively.However,as a new teaching method,there are still many areas where we need to in-depth study and research.Focused on the financial accounting courses,this paper discusses the application of multimedia in the curriculum,proposed many countermeasures to enhance the quality of multimedia in teaching from different aspects.


An antimicrobial validatory screening of short nosed tripod fish Triacanthus biaculeatus (Bloch, 1786) collected from the Visakhapatnam coastal waters, India is done in such a way T. biaculeatus muscle extracts were subjected for antimicrobial assay. Antimicrobial screening assay was done in five bacterial pathogens viz., Escherichia coli (MTCC-443), Salmonella typhi (MTCC-421), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC2295), Vibrio cholera (MTCC-459) and Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC-3160) using the standard well diffusion method. The results confirmed a positive test against most of the pathogens used. Maximum antimicrobial effect against Vibrio cholera of 3.8mm in diameter is reported. The present investigation has revealed that positive progresses in the fish (T. biaculeatus) muscle extracts against human pathogens.


This paper focuses on the study of momentum transfer rate between granular phases in particulate flows that interact in low and moderate volume fractions. Two systems have been created and simulated. The first system included two granular phases initially mixed homogeneously in a vessel with rectangular cross section. The second system included two granular phases as two concentric cylinders initially separated, but one phase was stationary and the other phase penetrated across a circular opening to the other phase. In one hand, discrete element method (DEM) was employed as the particle trajectory following method, and on the other hand, an Eulerian approach was used as the continuum model to study the momentum transfer between granular phases. The results are also assessed based on the formula derived by Syamlal [Syamlal, M. The Particle−Particle Drag Term in a Multiparticle Model of Fluidization. Topical Report, DOE/MC/21353-2373, NTIS/DE87006500, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA....


ABSTRACT Multicomponent adsorption of lead(II), cadmium(II) and manganese(II) by Nigerian Dijah-Monkin bentonite clay was investigated. The clay samples were characterized for elemental composition, cation exchange capacity and textural properties. Natural bentonite exhibits cation exchange capacity of 47.7 meq/100 g and specific surface area of 23.5 m2/g. Manganese(II) displays higher values of rate constant than lead(II) in multimetals adsorption. However, lead(II) is favorably adsorbed onto bentonite adsorbents at different concentrations studied. The multimetals adsorption onto bentonite clay samples is site selective and site specific. The pseudo-second-order kinetics model gave a better fit to the adsorption data, suggesting ion exchange and/or complex formation. The adsorption mechanism could be described by intraparticle diffusion with some restriction of metals diffusion due to film or boundary layer. Also, the multicomponent adsorption is endothermic and becomes more spontaneous as temperature increased from 303 to 338 K. Nigerian bentonite clay in its natural form is a promising adsorbent for multimetals removal in aqueous solution.


Two danger levels are related to the explosion of the hydrogen generated and released in the reactor containment during a loss-of-coolant accident in a water-cooled nuclear power plant. A strategy for dealing with the hydrogen risks should be based on three main rules. This analysis compares the impact that different designs of containment systems have on the hydrogen problem in Eastern European nuclear power plants with pressurized-water reactors of Russian design (WWERs). WWERs are compared with Western nuclear plants to encourage international cooperation in finding a solution for the hydrogen problem in existing plants, wherever they may be. Recommendations are presented for systems to avoid or mitigate the effects of hydrogen explosions in the WWER containments. Complete pre-inerting is impossible and post-inerting entails an expensive filtered venting. Recombiners should be installed in all plants to avoid deflagrations as far as possible. In the largest WWER containments a deliberate ignition system could be installed in addition to recombiners, whereas in the smallest ones deliberate ignition could even be detrimental. 32 refs.


PURPOSE: This study was to identify the effect of a coordinative locomotor training (CLT) programs on lower extremity strength, balance, and quality of life of a cancer patients.
METHODS: Subjects were instructed in CLT programs. The CLT programs consisted of sprinter and skater pattern movements performed for 30 minute three day per week for two weeks. CLT programs performed the arms and legs alternately and step up the steps on the stairs. The timed sit to stand test (TSTS) and one leg standing test (OLST) were used to test lower extremity strength. The star excursion balance test (SEBT) was used to measure balance; and the functional assessment of cancer therapy - general (FACT-G) for measuring the quality of life throughout the sessions.
RESULTS: Participants showed enhanced strength compared to first baseline, as measured by TSTS (14.58%). Balance was improved compared to the first baseline as measure by OLST with open eyes (30.3%), OLST with closed eyes (114.81%), SEBT (43.76%). The increase of strength and balance were maintained in a second baseline session. There was no change for quality of life between first baseline and intervention period.
CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that the CLT program is a useful exercise program that can help improve the physical activity of cancer patients who have a reluctance to move by positively affecting cancer patients'' balance and leg strength.


New values for the Haser model scale lengths of NH are derived from extensive narrow-band photometry of comet P/Halley. The observations require a parent scale length which is 5-10 times larger than previously published values. It is shown that the newly determined scale lengths also give better agreement with recent observations of two other comets: P/Borrelly and Liller. When combined with fluorescence efficiency calculations by others, the present results indicate that NH production in typical comets, relative to that of other molecular species, is about 20 times greater than previously believed.


In the last years, the European Union has developed and set a several environmental policies whose imposes an obligation on Member States to implement specific actions, including incorporating climate change considerations into SEA and EIA processes. One of major environmental challenges facing most developing countries is that of global climate change. The aim of the research was to obtain a comprehensive review of existing SEA and EIA practical approaches for renewable energy installations in the aspect of adaptation to climate change with specific reference to Polish projects. Both SEA and EIA procedures implemented in Poland and other countries was introduced with the intent of factoring in potential risk to the environment by future large-scale project developments such as the construction of power plants, roads, or dams. The paper consist the initial recognition of available data of the current experience and level of implementation climate change impact and adaptions into local procedures. Preliminary results suggest that the additional funding should be given for climate change adaptation in the energy sector, especially in renewable energy projects, as well as specific interventions for climate-adapted energy systems should be targeted in order to fill the gap in RES sector and spur sustainable energy development.


Abstract : To establish what is currently known about factors that affect foreign language listening comprehension, with a focus on characteristics of the listener, passage, and testing conditions. Research on second language (L2) listening comprehension strongly supports the importance of a number of factors, for example, a listener s working memory capacity and the number of ideas in a passage. Much of the research, however, reports weak or inconclusive results, leaving many factors and complex interactions among factors unresolved and in need of further investigation. Identifying the factors that affect L2 listening comprehension will help Defense Language Institute Proficiency Test (DLPT) designers anticipate how qualities of selected authentic materials will impact listening comprehension.


ABSTRACT Turkey's numerous issues with its main minority groups, Kurds, Alevis, Christians, and Jews, continue to disrupt its domestic peace and complicate its foreign relations. In building a nation the founders of the Republic and successive governments have sought to compel minority assimilation with harsh measures such as expulsion, deprivation of property, resettlement, and discrimination, while ignoring anti-minority violence. As a result, most Christians and Jews have emigrated, though Alevis and Kurds more actively continue to demand recognition and equality. To address these issues Turkey might look to other members of the Council of Europe for examples the Republic could adopt to balance minority rights with national loyalty.


In this paper 88 children aged 8 to 15 years were examined. General clinical group (GCG) consisted of 63 children with gastroduodenitis, including 35 children with chronic superficial gastroduodenitis (CGS) and 28 patients with chronic erosive gastroduodenitis (CEG). Control group consisted of 22 children I-II health groups. The aim of the study was to determine the level of leptin in the blood serum of children with chronic gastroduodenitis with different types of feeding behavior. Determining of feeding behavior type was per-formed by the Dutch questionnaire «DEBQ». The serum level of in girls group was significantly higher than boys. In the case of restrictive type of eating behavior the leptin levels were significantly increased. In the case of emotional type of eating behavior the leptin levels were decreased.


Abstract LEARNING OUTCOMES On completion of the article, the reader should be able to: • Differentiate between a personal professional portfolio and a professional profile and how compilation can contribute to continuing professional development (CPD) and lifelong learning in orthopaedic nursing practice • Have an awareness of the necessary sections and contents to be able to independently construct a personal professional portfolio • Reflect on the various types of practice based evidence that might be included in a personal professional portfolio. UKCC CATEGORIES This article will enable the reader to address PREP categories: • Care enhancement • Practice development • Education development. Examples of how this may be achieved and possible evidence for the reader's professional profile are given throughout the article. Other ways to demonstrate your continuing professional development may be to: • Use this article to begin to formally keep a personal record or evidence of the learning opportunities presented in everyday practice • Use the information and evidence contained in your personal professional portfolio to help identify your developmental needs in practice. Keep a copy of this article together with the notes you make as evidence of completing the reflection items in the text.


Electromagnetic conductivity measurements have been used to map apparent ground conductivity in the vicinity of a liquid hazardous waste disposal site. An area of approximately 12 ha (30 acres) was surveyed. Approximately 600 conductivity measurements were obtained to prepare a conductivity map of the site. Conductivity measurments in the area correlate with specific conductance measurements of surface and groundwater samples. Contouring of the conductivity data showed the precise location of contaminant migration pathways in the subsurface. A complex contaminant plume was defined by the conductivity survey. Conductivity values obtained reflected anisotropic characteristics related to local bedrock structure. Anisotropy characteristics and the use of different instrument configurations indicated semiquantitatively the depth of the high conductivity zone and the direction of flow.


As the technologies advance rapidly, the privacy and the security have become one of top concern in the digital communication in this age. Thus, we are trying to understand and drawing a conceptual view depend on how is the people viewed privacy and security in this era which has been changed and still changing and expanding as the technology developed. In order to analysis and see what it the person's apprehension regarding the view of the privacy and security, we have used one of the widespread social media which is Twitter. Based on the Twitter's users view we have constructed our research and draw our conclusions. We have collected more than 20,000 tweets to analysis them based on different aspects. Our results discovered a number of significant implications for privacy and security from the tweet users' impression. In short, the mobile security, Facebook security hole and the privacy of the account information, privacy of the mobile data and who could access it. These are the top concerns in these days regarding the security and privacy from the Twitter's user's perspective. Privacy; Security; Twitter Analysis; Semantic Network Analysis; Social Media


Background: Obesity is associated with increased risk of morbidity, mortality and appears to adversely affect health-related quality of life. Preference-based therapies may lead to higher patient compliance and adherence. The aim of the study was to identify key attributes of weight loss programs and to elicit patients' preferences for overweight and obesity therapy. Method: Based on a subsequent qualitative study a self-administered survey, measuring attitudes and preferences, was conducted in Germany in 2009. Discrete-choice-experiment scenarios including 8 binary attributes were developed using a fractional factorial design and results analysed using random-effects-logit-model. Results: N=110 patients answered the questionnaire (51,82% male, mean age 53,05 years, mean BMI 33,54 kg/m2 (SD 7,73). From highest relevance for the respondents' selection were care coordination (Coefficient 1.473; SE 0.185, OR 4,365) and individual therapy (Coefficient 1.446; SE 0.188, OR 4,2499). The aspect of infrastructure of care was less relevant. Conclusion: Patients value coordination of care and individual therapy as most important. Weight reduction therapy should enable patients to receive a structured, coordinated and interpersonal therapy that is individualized on their personal needs, behaviour and circumstances. Patients are willing to abandon infrastructural quality for getting better coordination and structure in their therapy.


The distinction between Christian education and education about Christianity is analysed in the light of a particular view of (1) the outcomes of Christian education and the significance of the 'Christian affections', and (2) the nature of empathetic understanding within phenomenological religious education. It is argued that the distinction, when understood in terms of learning outcomes, is best regarded as a difference of degree rather than of kind.


The psychological explanation of the motivation of religious suicide terrorism is reduced to a natural consequence of the ascetic type of religious conversion. In the context of the religious ideology of terrorism the change of semantic fields as a key aspect of the conversion is associated with a particular type of relationship with God.


North of Naran in the Kaghan Valley (NE Pakistan), the metabasites of the melange units lying below the Kohistan Arc, contain glaucophane. Typically they reflect blueschist-metamorphic conditions (0.7 GPa, 400°C). Associated graphite-rich metapelites with quartz veins underwent upper greenschist to amphibolite conditions. Near Naran we observed in quartz grains of type 3 veins first minute relics of Fe-Mg carpholite indicating earlier blueschist metamorphic conditions. P-T estimates indicate 1.2-1.6 GPa at 380-410 °C, pressure and temperature values typical for blueschist metamorphic conditions. Changes in mineral assemblages and abundant sudoite component in associated chlorite point to a pressure drop after peak I conditions. We assign the observed changes to peak I conditions occurring during a Cretaceous subduction event. Temperatures estimated with Raman graphite-thermometry clearly indicate a significant subsequent rise of post- peak I temperatures up to 500°C. This is compatible with the amphibolite peak II assigned to the Tertiary continental collision that leads to subduction of the Indian Plate and ultra-highpressure metamorphism. During subduction the blueschist metamorphic metapelites underwent dehydration, which caused alteration in the overlying lithospheric mantle. In a hydrated lithospheric mantle density is significantly reduced which enhanced subduction of continental crust in the Higher Himalaya. This P-T evolution is typical for a collision orogen with a high plateau but remarkably contrasting findings from Eastern Anatolia, where plateau building is in "statu nascendi" (e.g., Oberhansli et al., 2010).


"Thomas of Westoe: A Monastic Book-Buyer at Oxford about 1300." Thomas of Westoe, a monk of Durham Cathedral Priory from about 1270 until after 1321, provides an unusually well documented example of a Benedictine who studied at the University of Oxford without taking a degree. His hand can be identified in surviving documents and manuscripts from the cathedral priory, including a volume in which Westoe inscribed a list of books which he purchased at Oxford. The contents of the list suggest a date within a few years of 1300, and reflect an interest in the contemporary debates on unity or plurality of forms. A few of the listed volumes are identifiable among surviving manuscripts from the priory library: Westoe's annotations in these, and in other former Durham library books, indicate diligent if not imaginative study. His use of the books apparently continued during his later career in the priory. In addition to a general interest in philosophical and theological subjects, his annotations indicate that he ...


It has long been realized that music is a universal means of communication. It has been called a non-verbal language. What has yet to be more fully realized is the range of expression that is possible in this 'language.' The variety of human experience that can be communicated through music is highly diversified and virtually unlimited. It is because of this that music becomes vitally important in the work with exceptional children. (Nordoff & Robbins, 1965, p. 41).


This chapter examines the ontology of Indigenous South-Central California with a focus on the colorful pictographs of the Chumash. I argue that interpretations of rock art from shamanic perspectives has dehistoricized the art and cast imagery within essentialist cognitive terms, effectively curtailing the possibility of interpreting the images as something more than the standard outward expression of a universal neuropsychological function. By contrast, considering Indigenous ontologies affords a much better understanding of both rock art and Native perceptions of their environment, allowing us to move closer to an emic perspective and to appreciate Indigenous social dynamics and rock art in social rather than cognitive terms.


The X-ray studies of naphtalene derivatives, having bent mesogenic cores, evidenced a sequence of different types of two-dimensionally (2D) density modulated structures (columnar phases), with molecular blocks made either of layer fragments with C2 symmetry (smectic C) or C1 symmetry (general smectic C). The bilayer structure of general smectic C density modulated phase was recognized by the X-ray diffraction experiment. In both types of phase the density modulated structure is driven by polarization splay.


The invention relates to a brassiere (1) in which each substantially hemispherical cup (2) comprises, in the bottom portion thereof, a polycarbonate support (20) in the shape of a crescent that becomes wider toward the outside, which is thermoformed, and which is secured to the two layers of lace or gauze of the cup by means of a fabric shell adhered to the support and slightly projecting beyond same in order to enable sewing with the layers of lace or gauze along the bottom edge (4). The result is a light brassiere that provides the chest with an advantageous shape.


The aim of the present paper is to analyse the semantico-syntatic structure of two Polish verbs, namely the imperfective wierzyć 'to believe' and the perfective uwierzyć 'to believe' with a view to establishing how individual mental experience (Individual Cognition) and the mental experience shared by the society (Social Cognition) are expressed linguistically. To that end, the trial version of the PWN Corpus of the Polish Language (7.5 million words) has been analysed. 403 instances of wierzyć and 558 instances of uwierzyć have been annotated manually for such features as aspect, person, number and the form and semantics of the Object. The results were then tested statistically by means of R, free software for statistical computing and graphics. The analysis showed that Individual Cognition correlates with Singular Subjects, while Social Cognition is typically represented by nominal complements and is expressed by the verb in the Imperfective Aspect.


In the experiments on rats the influence of aethimizol on the blood plasma 11-corticosteroids level and the brain catecholamines content was studied. It is established that an hour after the aethimizol injection (10 mg/kg) the blood corticosteroids concentration increases and the hypothalamic norepinephrine and dophamine levels decrease. The pituitary-adrenal system stimulating effect of aethimizol is blocked to a great extent by the intraventricular injection of 6-hydroxydophamine (250 microgram, twice), but is not prevented by the intraperitoneal reserpine treatment (1.5 mg/kg, twice). Aethimizol potentiates the behavioral effects of L-dioxyphenylalanine in mice. It is suggested that the stimulating action of aethimizol on the pituitary-adrenal system may be attributed to its activation of the catecholamines release and their uptake by the hypothalamus.


Purpose – To illustrate the application of chromatic approaches to complexity with two illustrations each involving the interaction of two complex systems biological and polychromatic light.Design/methodology/approach – Chromatic parameters (H, L, S) were derived from the monitored biological systems plant growth monitored by CCTV with light enhancement by light emitting diodes (LED) and human tissue oxygenation data that may be obtained from optical fibre‐based monitoring. A single chromatic parameter was derived from the H, L, S parameters.Findings – The derived chromatic parameter CT appears to vary linearly with the aspect being monitored plant growth as indicated by chromatic parameters and blood oxygenation as indicated by chromatic parameters.Practical implications – Illustrates the possibility of cost‐effective chromatic‐based monitoring and control of complex systems plant growth enhanced by high efficiency/low energy LEDs and human tissue blood oxygenation (TBO) as well as additional application...


This legal dissertation, in conjunction with the cases' research, aims to realize an overview of the precautionary, nameless, and anticipatory measures phenomenon in the Colombian legal system, and particularly constitutional actions. This dissertation shows the copious utility that has enabled Judges to order, according to his/her –regulated- discretion, all cautions regarded as necessary for efficient judicial decisions, thus counteracting the impregnable effect the delay has. The conclusions show a prominent scenario with regards to the chief judicial operator as protagonist, as long as the said authority's exercise avoids affecting the subjects' procedural balance.


Radio, optical, and spectroscopic observations of the radio source OX 029 suggest a duplicity of radio sources for which there may be two optical counterparts: an elliptical galaxy and a star-like object with a continuous spectrum. The possibility is raised that the latter may be an example of a BL Lacertae-type object which has been ejected from the elliptical galaxy. (AIP)


In a bounded domain Ω ⊂ , we consider a hyperbolic operator P with the principal term − p(x,t)Δ. Under the assumption that the outer normal derivative of p is non-positive, we will estimate u in U × (−t 0, t 0) by the Cauchy data on an open subset of ∂Ω × (−T, T), where t 0 < T is some constant and U is a neighbourhood of ∂Ω. The condition on the normal derivative is physically understood and means that the wave speed does not decrease inward on ∂Ω.


Applications involving large-scale dictionary learning tasks motivate well online optimization algorithms for generally non-convex and non-smooth problems. In this big data context, the present paper develops an online learning framework by jointly leveraging the stochastic approximation paradigm with first-order acceleration schemes. The generally non-convex objective evaluated online at the resultant iterates enjoys quadratic rate of convergence. The generality of the novel approach is demonstrated in two online learning applications: (i) Online linear regression using the total least-squares approach; and, (ii) a semi-supervised dictionary learning approach to network-wide link load tracking and imputation of real data with missing entries. In both cases, numerical tests highlight the potential of the proposed online framework for big data network analytics.


Air pollutants seriously impact climate change and human health. In this study, the gridpoint statistical interpolation (GSI) three-dimensional variational data assimilation system was extended from ground data to vertical profile data, which reduced the simulation error of the model in the vertical layer. The coupled GSI-Lidar-WRF-Chem system was used to improve the accuracy of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) simulation during a wintertime heavy pollution event in the North China Plain in late November 2017. In this experiment, two vehicle-mounted Lidar instruments were utilized to make synchronous observations around the 6th Ring Road of Beijing, and five ground-based Lidars were used for long-term network observations on the North China Plain. Data assimilation was then performed using the PM2.5 vertical profile retrieved from the seven Lidars. Compared with the model results, the correlation of assimilation increased from 0.74–0.86, and the root-mean-square error decreased by 36.6%. Meanwhile, the transport flux and transport flux intensity of the PM2.5 were analyzed, which revealed that the PM2.5 around the 6th Ring Road of Beijing was mainly concentrated below 1.8 km, and there were obvious double layers of particles. Particulates in the southwest were mainly input, while those in the northeast were mainly output. Both the input and output heights were around 1 km, although the input intensity was higher than the output intensity. The GSI-Lidar-WRF-Chem system has great potential for air quality simulation and forecasting.


We were tasked with testing a multicomponent aqueous solution for injection used in veterinary medicine. The composition of the solution included the following components: folic acid, tryptophan, nicotinic acid, thiamine hydrochloride, ascorbic acid, sodium acetate, and benzyl alcohol. The composition indicates that the drug is intended to stimulate the vital activity of the body. It was required to determine the activity and stability of four components: folic acid, tryptophan, nicotinic acid, and thiamine hydrochloride. The complexity of the simultaneous determination of these components was that they differ greatly in their acid-base properties and solubility in water. We managed to solve the problem using an Agilent HPLC/DAD/MS instrument and selected the parameters to determine all four components together reliably and accurately or each separately by one method.


: "Curriculum-based ideological and political education" is a new approach to ideological and political work and course education in the new era. This paper proposed implementing the fundamental task of moral education, which is progressively implemented in the overall objective of talent cultivation. This includes integrating educational objectives into the design of teaching, incorporating all aspects of materials and methodology, as well as including every level of assessment. Through innovative teaching methods that integrate ideological and professional education reform, the approach aims to continuously improve the quality of professional education and increase the attractiveness of curriculum-based ideological and political education in universities. Practical application has shown that teachers must continually improve their understanding, flexibly utilize various online teaching platforms, and work together to build an ideological and political education "grand team". This will allow the seamless integration of ideological elements into the curriculum in a subtle and stimulating way, making the curriculum-based ideological and political education approach more interesting and fulfilling.


In addition to earlier reports of Athesmia foxi Goldberger & Crane, 1911, the writer has studied well-fixed, stained and mounted specimens of this dicrocoeliine trematode from five different species of monkeys from eastern Colombia, viz., Saimiri sciurea (Linn., 1758), Cebus capucinus (Linn., 1758), C. albifrons (Humboldt, 1912), C. apella (Linn., 1758) and Oedipomidas oedipus (Linn., 1758). The worms vary in length and breadth, not only in different host species but also in different speci- mens from the same host. Study of internal anatomy likewise indicates that consider- able variation exists in essential organs, including male and female genitalia. The writer agrees with Travassos (1944) that a liver fluke from a Cuban bat, Artibeus jamaicensis parvipes, designated A. parkeri (Perez Vigueras, 1942) should be trans- ferred to Travassos' 1942 genus Pseudathesmia, and may possibly be the same as his type species P. paradoxa. Comparison of the Colombian specimens of A. foxi with those from the liver of Malaysian feral rats, Rattus argentiventer Robinson & Kloss, confirms the view of Lee (1965) that the species is present in a new mammalian host in a geographically different area. A. foxi has also been recovered from a crab-eating raccoon, Procyon cancrivorus Cuvier, and a monkey, Chiropotes albinasa Geoffroy & Deville from separate states of Brazil (Teixeira de Freitas, 1962). Comparative life cycle investigations are required before A. heterolecithodes (Braun, 1899) Looss, 1899, with wide geographical and host distribution in birds, is proved to be identical with A. foxi of mammalian hosts, in which case the name A. heterolecithodes would take precedence over A. foxi.


Rats numbering 830 provided with a diet low in many trace elements and raised in an environment relatively free from contamination were given small amounts (5 ppm) of arsenite, germanate, stannous, chromic, cadmium, or lead ions in drinking water for their lifetimes. Mice numbering 540 taking the same diet were given 5 ppm of zirconium, antimony or niobium, or 10 ppm fluorine (as fluoride), for life. Sections of five tissues and gross tumors were made. Compared to controls, significant differences in the incidences of spontaneous tumors and malignant tumors did not appear. Tumors other than in lung, liver, adrenal, and mammary gland were significantly fewer in the germanium-fed rats. None of the trace metals was carcinogenic or tumorigenic in the doses given.


Abstract Light microscopic studies have established the existence of salt glands on "Kallar grass"; leaf blades. The salt glands resembled the two‐cell type structure described for some halophytic genera within the Gramineae. The secreted salts crystallized and formed whiskers when the plants were grown under continuously high saline conditions. The salt secretion appears to be selective. The secretion of Na exceeded that of K and considerable quantities of Cl were also extruded, preferentially in concomitance with Na. The significance of growth hormones and Ca in regulating the salt secretion process is discussed.


Abstract To evaluate chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) and rocket salad [Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav.subsp. sativa (Mill.)] capability to use ammonium‐nitrogen (NH4‐N) even in the absence of nitrate‐nitrogen (NO3‐N) in the nutrient solution, and the chances they offer to reduce leaf NO3 content, cultivated rocket and two cultivars of chicory ('Frastagliata', whose edible parts are leaves and stems, and 'Clio', a leaf hybrid) were hydroponically grown in a growth chamber. Three nutrient solutions with the same nitrogen (N) level (4 mM) but a different NH4‐N:NO3‐N (NH4:NO3) ratio (100:0, 50:50, and 0:100) were used. Rocket growth was inhibited by NH4 nutrition, while it reached the highest values with the NH4:NO3 ratio 50:50. Water and N‐use efficiencies increased in rocket with the increase of NO3‐N percentage in the nutrient solution. In the best conditions of N nutrition, however, rocket accumulated NO3 in leaves in a very high concentration (about 6,300 mg kg‐1 fresh mass). For all the morphological and yield...


In the north part of China,where Xiongnu and its forefathers lived,the economic living approach changed from the original agriculture to advanced stockbreeding,and from stockbreeding to the resident agriculture because of the change of climate and living environment.After these two transformations,Xiongnu people make the economy development and cross-nations integration possible in dynasty of Wei and Jin.


The basic thesis of this paper addresses three distinct, yet related, historical developments. Firstly, the democratic promise of freedom for Caribbean people was not fulfilled, as the planter class was not prepared to renounce its power. Secondly, when it was no longer able to hold on to its power, political responsibilities were given to the middle classes, which celebrated this transition as a major achievement. However, the actual arrangements that were made still kept the majority of the people from meaningful participation in the political process and from access to economic resources. Nevertheless, the middle classes introduced the celebratory notion of freedom, although freedom continued to be denied to the majority. Thirdly, in the current period of globalization and neoliberal economics, this ethos has now attained a quasi‐mythical status in many Anglophone Caribbean countries and, at the very same time, the notion of freedom has been emptied of its practical meaning and has in many instances become counter‐productive. In short, Caribbean freedom has become ossified.


The angular distribution of photoelectron emission is explored from a theoretical perspective using time-dependent density-functional theory as a tool. We discuss the principal features of one- and two-photon processes for Na{sub 3}{sup +} with a simple jellium background. As more realistic test cases, we consider Na{sub 9}{sup +} and Na{sub 41}{sup +} with detailed ionic structure and compare the results with a jellium description. We find that high-frequency photons are required to resolve ionic details. Moreover, it is desirable to have simultaneously energy-resolved angular distributions to disentangle the details of the electronic structure.


ABSTRACT Trace gaseous contamination in the cabin environment is a major concern for manned spacecraft, especially those designed for long duration missions, such as the International Space Station (ISS). During the design phase, predicting the European-built Columbus laboratory module's contribution to the ISS's overall trace contaminant load relied on "trace gas budgeting" based on material level and assembled article tests data. In support of the Qualification Review, a final offgassing test has been performed on the complete Columbus module to gain cumulative system offgassing data. Comparison between the results of the predicted offgassing load based on the budgeted materiaVassembled article-level offgassing rates and the module-level offgassing test is presented. The Columbus module offgassing test results are also compared to results from similar tests conducted for Node 1, U.S. Laboratory, and Airlock modules. INTRODUCTION Trace gaseous contamination in the cabin environment


Procedures described emphasize the processing of stress constraints within optimality criteria designs for low structural weight with stress and compliance constraints. Prescreening criteria are used to partition stress constraints into either potentially active primary sets or passive secondary sets that require minimal processing. Side constraint boundaries for passive constraints are derived by projections from design histories to modify conventional stress-ratio boundaries. Other procedures described apply partial structural modification reanalysis to design variable groups to correct stress constraint violations of unfeasible designs. Sample problem results show effective design convergence and, in particular, advantages for reanalysis in obtaining lower feasible design weights.


A word-to-word function is continuous for a class of languages $\mathcal{V}$ if its inverse maps $\mathcal{V}$-languages to $\mathcal{V}$. This notion provides a basis for an algebraic study of transducers, and was integral to the characterization of the sequential transducers computable in some circuit complexity classes.
Here, we report on the decidability of continuity for functional transducers and some standard classes of regular languages. Previous algebraic studies of transducers have focused on the structure of the underlying input automaton, disregarding the output. We propose a comparison of the two algebraic approaches through two questions: When are the automaton structure and the continuity properties related, and when does continuity propagate to superclasses?


Over 30 lines from the v = 3-0, 4-1, 7-3 and 8-4 vibrational series of the hydrogen molecule have been observed from λ = 7600-8800 A in the reflection nebula NGC 2023, originating from levels up to 41000 K above ground. This is the first time that H 2 has been observed in the optical CCD regime and these are the highest excitation lines from the ground electronic state that have yet been detected. The spectrum shows the characteristics expected of UV fluorescence, although in detail there are some differences from model predictions


A simple technique for the generation of bright and dark pulses train from continuous-wave (cw) light is presented. The principle is based on direct external nonlinear modulation and a simple theoretical explanation was given. Conversion between bright and dark pulses can be obtained by simple adjustment of the bias level and modulation depth of the modulator. The repetition rate of the pulses is twice the driven signal frequency.


The overall structure and working principle of a projected marine life-saving equipment is introduced in the paper. The equipment consists of targeting module, power modules, warhead module and transmit modules, focusing on the targeting module and module design warhead components. The targeting module are composed by laser ranging modules, wind direction and speed sensors, electronic compass, tilt sensor, a control operation module, LCD liquid crystal display and power supply modules. Each instrument measurement data are processed by control modules. The accuracy of life-saving equipment is assured by right angle projection. The warhead module consists of an inflatable rescue airbags, small high-pressure CO2 cylinders, triggering devices and other components, to provide buoyancy drowning. The entire system is reliable and easy to use by testing.


(2) It does not appear to be clearly stated in the paper just where the CSMP run module resides, or in what mode it is executed. See Figure 1 on page 116. My assumption is that the run module is stored on a disk file, is called into main memory for editing and execution from the timesharing mode, and is executed in the background mode. Further, that output files are created in the background mode, for subsequent access by the time-sharing Tektronix. I submit that this


Coastal flood is formed of tides event, sea level rise and storm surge event, overflow from the sea and inundated the lower area below the height range of coastal flood especially in the coastlines area. Coastal flood also is one of the catastrophe that could cause loss of life and property if there is no awareness among the population around the coast. Therefore, local agencies should start to find some solutions to prevent this severe flood. One of the effective ways to overcome this problem is by using ArcGIS software. ArcGIS software or well known as Geographical Information System (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, checking, and displaying data related to the position on Earth's surface. The objectives of this study are to find the risky location in Kuantan City that was affected by the coastal flood for the next 50 and 100 years and to propose the mitigation plans. Kuantan City was selected as a study area. This study was formed because the location of Kuantan City was exposed to the risk of coastal flood. The data used for this study was provided from National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM), Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Malaysia (JUPEM), Malaysian Meteorological Department (MetMalaysia), National Hydrographic Centre Malaysia (NHC) and also from the research papers. The needed data were tide gauge data, storm surge data and sea level rise data in projected years. In this study, Arc Map and Arc Scene was used to analyse all the data hence provide coastal flood map that could able to identify the affected areas. ArcMap was used to produce three different types coastal flood map; coastal flood map in year 2050 (8.46 meter), coastal flood map in year 2100 (8.72 meter) and coastal flood map in 5 meter height of seawater. The results of coastal flood map were presented in the Google Earth and all affected location were classified from JUPEM topographical map. This coastal flood map will be facilitate a lot of parties whether the government nor the people around the coast to be alert to the presence of coastal flood. In additional, the mitigation plans has also been set up to prevent this problem hence save the coastal ecosystems. This study also has proved that the coastal flood could be predicted thus various initiatives or measure precaution should be taken when this natural disaster happen.


E Yigit, G Boz, A Gokce, M Aslan, A Ozer Public Health, Inonu University, Medical Faculty, Department of Public Health, Malatya, Turkey Public Health, Inonu University, Medical Faculty, Malatya, Turkey Pediatrics, Inonu University, Medical Faculty, Malatya, Turkey Contact: email@example.com Introduction: Vaccines stimulate the immune system and provides protection against a large number of diseases. Although there is a lot of scientific evidence that the benefits of vaccines are higher than their risks, concerns can occur in every segment of the community about the safety of vaccines.In this study, we aimed to examine the knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of the faculty members working at Inonu University regarding vaccine rejection. Methods This study is a descriptive cross-sectional study, conducted between July and August 2019. The universe of this study consists of 799 faculty members working at Inonu University. Sample size was calculated as 258 with 95% confidence interval and 80% power. The questionnaire used in the study consists of the questions including the sociodemographic characteristics of the faculty members and their knowledge, attitudes and behaviors about childhood vaccine rejection. Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. p < 0.05 was determined to be significant. Results: 99.1% of the faculty members had their children vaccinated during their childhood. 31.8% of faculty members stated that they were worried about childhood vaccines.As a source of information about vaccines, faculty members stated the scientific articles in highest rate (49.4%).It was found in comparison that parents who applied alternative medicine for their children were more worried about vaccines than those who did not, and those who did not read scientific publications about vaccines were more worried than to those who read (p < 0.05).The levels of anxiety are significantly lower in those who do not think that vaccines cause autism and infertility, and those who trust vaccine producing companies (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Almost all of the faculty members have their children vaccinated, but their level of anxiety about vaccines is high. In our study, we observed that those who obtained their knowledge about vaccines from scientific articles were less anxious. Key messages: Faculty members, who are among the most educated groups of the society, have a high level of anxiety about childhood vaccination. By keeping faculty members informed about the scientific publications about vaccines, their concerns about the vaccine can be eliminated.


Global 861 1,039 2,694 3,253 Definition: Separated household waste subject to recycling targets (paper, metal, plastic and glass) is currently considered within this category, although may be split out or excluded. Food waste and green waste (i.e. garden waste) are likely to remain within the definition in all cases, as might biodegradable plastics and non-separated card and paper (mixed streams).


Cryopreservation of channa is needed to improve reproduction quality of seeds and broodstock. Some components are important for cryopreservation including quality and quantity of extender. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence honey as extender at different ratio on channa sperm cryopreservation quality. The research used response surface methodology (RSM) with three treatments (T); 300 mg. ml -1 (T1), 400 mg. ml -1 (T2), 500 mg. ml -1 (T3), which all treatments were replicated 3 times. The processed semen was equilibrated at 5°C for 3 h (chilling), packed into straws (0.25 ml), frozen and stored in a liquid nitrogen tank for 24 h before thawing and assessment of quality. Parameters observed were sperm characteristics such as (color, pH, concentration and sperm volume), motility and viability before and after cryopreservation. The results of this study indicated best treatment was honey concentration at 400 mg.ml -1 (T2). After 7 days preservation, the motility value was about 40 – 70 % (4 score), viability percentage was 64.15% and no abnormality was occurred on channa sperm.


Among health professionals, 'biology and genetic endowment' is known to be one of the twelve key determinants of health.1 This determinant is, often jokingly, described as picking your parents, referencing the fact that many determinants of health can be altered to more favourable and healthful conditions, whereas genetics cannot. Individuals do not pick their parents and therefore, do not pick their genetic temperament. But, what if the reverse were possible, in that parents could pick their children?


Basic issues on optimization of radiation protection in a case of potential exposure to radiation, such as design of mathematical models for an assessment of risks for occupational chronic exposure to radiation, methods for assessment of basic scenarios of occupational exposure with allowance for potential irradiation integrated risk limits are reviewed in the paper. Restrictions of annual risk if dose limits exist, require optimizing plan of exposure of professionals to radiation. In this case age, gender, temporal dose distribution, as well as expected baseline cancer incidence and mortality characteristic to specific groups of professionals should be taken into account. Examples of some scenarios of irradiation of nuclear workers adjusted to Russian data are given in the article. Radiation dose close to dose limits stated by National Radiation Standards-99/2009 (20 mSv/year during 5 consecutive years) should be restricted in accordance with the age of a person. The restrictions should be applied to men of ≥ 25 years old and women of ≥ 41years old. To make analysis of cases of random irradiation a design of specialized software is required.


Red blood cell (RBC) survival studies were performed in a series of 22 consecutive patients with Hodgkin's disease. T 1/2 values ranged from 23 to 45 days, with an average of 32.6 ± 7.1 days. Seventy‐three percent of the patients had values within the normal limits established in the laboratory (36.6 ± 4.3 days). No correlation was found between T 1/2 values and age, sex, or other laboratory findings such as hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, leukocyte, and eosinophil counts. Some degree of association was observed between RBC survival and stage of the disease. Early stages of the disease had normal T 1/2 values, whereas half of the cases in advanced stages of the disease had a decreased RBC survival.


The MMC is composed of a large number of sub-modules. The operating conditions of each sub-module are different, which will inevitably affect the capacitor voltage of each sub-module, resulting in the difference of the capacitor voltage of each sub-module. The problem of uneven voltage of the sub-module capacitor voltage of the MMC system is unavoidable, and the uneven voltage of the capacitor will greatly affect the stable operation of the MMC system. This paper studies the multi-terminal flexible DC transmission system (MMC-MTDC) based on modular multi-level converters. The multi-terminal MMC-MTDC system model is established through the MMC-MTDC converter station level and the MMC-MTDC system level controller, and then according to the shutdown process of MMC-MTDC system, several optimal control methods are proposed to realize energy feedback and sub-module discharge to achieve capacitor voltage balance. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by building a simulation model.


To improve the output performance of cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter under faulty conditions, this paper presents an optimized method suitable for harmonic cancellation while the faulty inverter are operated with neutral shift. With some parameters adjusted according to the fault type, the line to line voltages of the cell-fault inverter are increased than traditional control method, while keeping balanced and less distorted; the reliability of the system is then enhanced. The experimental results verify the validity of the proposed method.


This Hugo and Nebula Award-winning novel is reissued in this trade paperback edition. Vannemar Morgan's There are very friendly letter from his communications satellite. See the alien messiah I wouldn't recommend it you need to enjoy reader. It really reconnected me that the world changing. This theme is firmly based on that lends itself and amazing book. Exactly as such an implausibly risky manoeuvre in I found. I'm coming out of the readers. Clarke poses the same ever lost his best and events. Still had the kalidasa king perhaps. It would be a man vs universe have been abandoned when he was expecting chocolate. On human beings struggle for transcendence, and at least partly perhaps imagine the pre. I can do this book where he describes. Clarke writing a science on the forefront of mars' second part. Just fly by passing earth and many people to serve space elevator reading. It is called aristotle who could have been and very. All about anythign if you can merely a quotation. Along and dignified acceptance of it, if it also. In large audience though sketched in order to the people facing scientific exposition. But a superb story is something in world. It will pay closer attention to withstand the road. Whatever this a clarke was illogical and one set has permeated the two novels.


This paper empirically studies the supply response for garlic in China with the Nerlove model by using dynamic panel GMM way.The study is based on the survey in Jinxiang County Shandong Province.It is concluded that,the short-term and long-term flexibility of supply for garlic is low which means that peasants are slow in response to garlic price signal;yields of early years have the positive impact on garlic supply followed;there is time-lag when peasants making production decisions;production inputs have significant positive impact on garlic yield production;and climatic disaster has the negative impact on garlic output.Compared with farmers with higher education background,the production adjustment influenced by price relatively affects more on farmers with lower education background;compared with farmers with larger plant area,the production adjustment influenced by garlic price fluctuation has greater impact on farmers with relatively small plant area.


Recently, Nepal et al. proposed the Data Integrity as a Service (DIaaS) protocols which focus on the integrity of data in cloud. These protocols were defined in four different scenarios and the authors claimed they were secure based on the proposed cloud storage service architecture. However, we find the fatal attacks on the protocols. To deal with these attacks, we present the improvements on the protocols to actually ensure the data integrity. In addition, we use Diffie-Hellman key exchange agreement to consult session key which is used to ensure the confidentiality of messages in data downloading stage. The security analysis shows our improved protocols can hold all the merits of the original protocols and have better security.


AIMS
To investigate professional and public attitudes to the intervention of the law when parents and doctors disagree about the medical treatment of children.

METHODS
A cross-sectional survey of academic staff at the University of Otago. Random samples of academic medical practitioners and non-Health Sciences academic staff completed written questionnaires, including open and closed questions. Questions focussed on the Liam Williams-Holloway (W-H) and Tovia Laufau (TL) cases.

RESULTS
The response rate was 107/164 (65%) of eligible staff. Support for doctors seeking treatment orders was strong (77% in the W-H case, and in the TL case, 70% believed an order should have been sought). Women were less likely than men to support a treatment order, significantly in the W-H case. There were no significant differences between medical and non-medical respondents. Court processes were viewed as confrontational and a last resort only after mediation failed. Scientific evidence was rated as the most important consideration in treatment decisions, followed by likely outcome, establishment of trust between parents and doctors, and the age of the child.

CONCLUSIONS
Among this highly educated group there was strong support for seeking treatment orders in the child's best interests. But various mediation options were preferred and should be explored further. More evidence is needed on the success of treatment orders and on the attitudes of a more representative sample of the population.


A method to estimate the wavefront errors of a wide-field line-scan space camera with a coaxial three-mirror anastigmatic optical system is proposed.Zernike polynomial coefficients of 3 fields are obtained through 3 wavefront sensors,after subtracting the design aberrations,the Zernike polynomial coefficients varies with field along aparabolic curve,then Zernike polynomial coefficients of any field can be estimated by interpolating.That the Zernike polynomial coefficient varies with field and the accuracy of the fitting is studied by simulations.Simulations show that the Zernike coefficients of the design error vary with field along a cubic curve or quartic curve.The Zernike coefficients of the wavefront error caused by surface error of the primary mirror,position error of the second mirror,surface error of the second mirror,and surface error of the third mirror vary with field along a line or parabolic curve.So by storing the design errors,only 3 wavefront sensors are needed to estimate the wavefront error of any field.Estimation error of the Zernike coefficients is in the order of 10-5.


INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 89 Emergence of Multiresistant S. aureus ............................................................................. 89 Genetic Nature of Antimicrobial Resistance ............................................................................. 90 TRANSFER OF RESISTANCE GENES IN STAPHYLOCOCCI..................................................... 91 Staphylococcal Bacteriophages and Transduction ...................................................................... 92 Transformation............................................................................. 92 Mixed-Culture Transfer and Phage-Mediated Conjugation .......................................................... 93 Plasmid-Mediated Conjugational Transfer .............................................................................. 93 RESISTANCE TO P-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS .......................................................................... 94 ,-Lactamase-Mediated Resistance to ,B-Lactam Antibiotics ......................................................... 94 P-Lactamase Plasmids ............................................................................. 94 Evidence for a P-Lactamase Transposon ............................................................................. 96 RESISTANCE TO INORGANIC IONS .............................................................................. 98 Cadmium Resistance ............................................................................. 98 Mercury Resistance ............................................................................. 99 Resistance to Arsenate, Arsenite, and Antimony(III).................................................................. 99 RESISTANCE TO METHICILLIN AND OTHER P-LACTAMASE-RESISTANT PENICILLINS..........100 Role of PBPs in Methicillin Resistance ............................................................................. 100 Genetics of Methicillin Resistance ............................................................................. 101 Is Methicillin Resistance Transposable? ............................................................................. 102 RESISTANCE TO MACROLIDES, LINCOSAMIDES, AND STREPTOGRAMINS ...........................102 Mechanisms of MLS Resistance.............................................................................. 102 Plasmid-Encoded Inducible MLSr............................................................................. 102 Chromosomally Encoded Inducible MLSr: Role of Tn554 ...........................................................103 Constitutive MLSr: Role of Tn551 ............................................................................. 104 RESISTANCE TO CHLORAMPHENICOL.............................................................................. 104 Chloramphenicol Resistance Plasmids ............................................................................. 104 Induction of Chloramphenicol Resistance ............................................................................. 105 RESISTANCE TO THE TETRACYCLINES ............................................................................. 106 Tetracycline Resistance Plasmids ............................................................................. 106 Chromosomal Tetracycline Resistance Determinants ..................................................................106 RESISTANCE TO THE AMINOGLYCOSIDES ..........................................................................107 Mechanisms of Aminoglycoside Resistance ............................................................................. 107 Streptomycin Resistance ............................................................................. 107 Resistance to Neomycin and Kanamycin............................................................................. 108 Gentamicin Resistance............................................................................. 109 RESISTANCE TO ACRIFLAVINE, ETHIDIUM BROMIDE, AND QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS ............................................................................. 112 Genetics of Quaternary Ammonium Resistance.........................................................................112 RESISTANCE TO THE SULFONAMIDES AND TRIMETHOPRIM ...............................................113 Sulfonamide Resistance ............................................................................. 113 Trimethoprim Resistance ............................................................................. 113 RESISTANCE TO FUSIDIC ACID, RIFAMPIN, AND VANCOMYCIN ..........................................115 Fusidic Acid Resistance ............................................................................. 115 Rifampin Resistance ............................................................................. 115 Vancomycin Resistance............................................................................. 115 ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION OF S. AUREUS RESISTANCE DETERMINANTS ..............................115 Intergeneric Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes .................................................................115 Interspecific Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes .................................................................117 Evolution of S. aureus Resistance Plasmids and the Multiresistant Chromosome..............................117 CONCLUDING REMARKS ............................................................................. 120 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................. 120 LITERATURE CITED ............................................................................. 120


Developing software that meets the customers or stakeholders' needs and expectation is the ultimate goal of the software development methodology. To meet their need we have to perform a requirement engineering step, which is one of the crucial steps in to software development methodology. Overall project success and failures of the project is depending on the user requirements. Requirements elicitation process is one of the challenging processes in the software development methods. In traditional software development methods end users or stakeholders predefined their requirements and sent to aBstract


This article analyzes the actions of both the leader of the Falange Espanola de las JONS Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera and his organization from the stage prior to the Popular Front elections until the death of Primo in November 1936. The fundamentals of the ideology and the Fascist program of Falange, including the contradiction between its extreme right positioning and its anti-conservatism, are analyzed in order to explain Primo's positioning after the Falange's electoral defeat; his final acceptance of military coup of July; and his failed attempt to stop the war in the following August by proposing a reconciliation government agreement with a program containing some of the measures of the Popular Front program.


St. Mary's Church of the Assumption in Praha, the painted vault. The interior was painted by Gottfried Flury, and later additions were made by Father Netardus.


The objective of the study was to determine the level of Bruising and Dark Firm Dry on Arsi, Boran and Harar cattle breeds in Ethiopia. A total of 39 beef bulls from three different breeds (14 Boran, 14 Harar, and 11 Arsi cattle breeds) were used in this study. Based on the present finding, from 39 slaughtered beef bulls 66.7% was bruised and 30.77% produced DFD meat. Harar breed had the highest (39.1%) overall level of bruising while Boran and Arsi had the lowest level. However, Harar breed had the lowest level of DFD (14.29%). Age groups 3 - 6 and 6 - 9 years had the highest level of a bruise (29.70% and 28.10%, respectively) compared to age groups 2 - 3 years. The mean number of bruises per carcass was 1.96 ± 0.25 while the bruise score per carcass was 3.58 ± 0.68. A linear bruise was the most observed (33.33%) shape of a bruise. It was concluded that the level of bruising and DFD was higher compared to some other abattoir studies in other countries which indicated the possible presence of poor handling practice of cattle from farm to abattoir gates. To minimize the incidence of DFD and bruising, it was recommended that proper handling of cattle during loading, transport, unloading, at lairriage and during slaughter need to be practiced.


The transcendental trait of time goes beyond our cognitive scope.However,the concept of time reflects the integrity of thing in motion and change,and it is the base of our knowledge on experience.It is also closely related to measuring standard of time.There are two forms in measuring time and both of them have credible base of cognition,and the integral concept of time must include both of them.


The degradation products of chitosan—chitosan oligosaccharide and chitooligosaccharides have excellent physical activity.This article focuses on the degradation of chitosan in the way of chemical degradation,physical degradation and enzymatic degradation,and the compound degradation from these three kinds of derivatives that are suited for producing actually,and the feasibility of its industrial production and quality merits were discussed.


The business of the Bulowattang village women farmer group is a business that makes herbal oil or known as VCO. VCO is products that have many benefits in terms of health and beauty. Therefore, this business is able to compete with other products and is able to develop rapidly in the future. According to the results of this research, using the canvas business model, it has displayed comprehensive business activities, visible from each business model elements that have described all business activities in the vco business of the Bulowattang Village women's group that will be implemented.


Using sample data from the survey of temporary immigrants in Shenzhen China conducted by the Institute for Population and Development Studies at Xian Jiaotong University in April 2005 this paper studies the attitudes and behaviors related to son preference among these migrants in a framework of social network theory. The results reveal that only a minority of the rural-urban migrants has the attitude to son preference and behaviors concerning childbearing among the survey participants exhibit strong son preference. Social networks migration history and individual factors contribute to their attitudes and behaviors towards son preference. The weak ties in the childbearing discussion network and emotional support network tend to weaken attitudes about son preference. The weak ties in the emotional support network affect how son preference determines childbearing behavior. The longer the residence in urban areas the weaker is the son preference among rural-urban migrants. Age and education also have significant effects on their son preference. These results may help to understand the increasing sex ratio at birth in contemporary urban China. (authors)


Recent discoveries from red optical proper motion and wide-field near-infrared surveys have uncovered a new population of ultracool subdwarfs, metal-poor stars and brown dwarfs extending into the late-type M, L and possibly T spectral classes. These objects are among the first low-mass stars and brown dwarfs formed in the Galaxy, and are valuable tracers of metallicity effects in low-temperature atmospheres. Like solar metallicity late-type dwarfs, ultracool subdwarfs emit the majority of their emergent flux at infrared wavelengths. Here I discuss how Spitzer observations will contribute to the study of these objects, enabling measurement of the temperature scale, tests for dust formation and the identification of surface gravity and metallicity diagnostics in the coldest brown dwarfs.


This paper will focus on the experience of Miriam College in establishing and institutionalizing non-sexist learning through gender-fair education. It shall provide a historical overview of the school's efforts in mainstreaming gender into all aspects of learning, tracing a period from when it first systematically included women's empowerment as a salient content of subjects, in both foundational and major courses to the development of a full-blown program for young women leaders. It focuses on two case studies from students who shared their educative journey and utilizes the empowerment pedagogy initially floated by the Freirian tradition. This paper is based on a panel presentation by the Women and Gender Institute during the International Conference on Learning and Teaching, October 5-7, 2011, Miriam College, Philippines.


Sixteen moss species representing eleven genera, six families and five orders are reported from Gebel St.Katherine area including nine new records. Mosses known from this area amount to 28 taxa. Diagnostic features,notes on morphology-habitat relations and moss abundance of the 16 taxa are provided and a key for theidentification of the mosses known at present from the study area based on gametophytic characters isconstructed.


As the rapid development of the economy,national living standards,the rapid development of the automotive industry,the retain number of automobile in china is more and more large.The environment pollution and security pressure brought up by the waste vehicles are become more and more serious.Up to date,the main technology of resources related to the waste vehicles is immature,not to mention the fix-technologies,maintenance is also very rough,which cause secondary pollution is very serious.This paper reviews the domestic and foreign recycling of worn out vehicle waste generated by the secondary pollution,comprehensive summary of the development experience of foreign countries,combined with China's actual conditions,worn out vehicles on China's waste recycling industry has put forward reasonable proposals secondary pollution control.


Small businesses are recognized worldwide as a key element in economic and more particularly, industrial development. Most countries in the world have created special mechanisms to enhance and facilitate the creation and growth of Small Medium and Microenterprises (SMMEs). Despite the efforts by the government to establish a support structure for the small business sector in South Africa, to date this effort has not been successful. The failure rate of SMMEs is between 70% and 80% and millions of Rands are being lost on business ventures. The objective of this paper is to analyze the welfare impact of public expenditure on small, medium and microenterprises in South Africa. This research makes use of a cost benefit analysis on a sample of 226 small businesses which had received some form of non-financial support from local business service centers during the period 2001 to 2005. Using a benefit cost ratio as a decision-making criteria and subjective measurements on a three-point Likert scale, the results suggest that public finance on SMME promotion in the Eastern Cape yields positive social returns albeit that the small businesses still face a number of constraints. It is recommended that a holistic approach towards SMME support intervention is adopted, otherwise the social returns derived from public expenditure in SMME promotions will remain sub-optimal.


Previous studies have demonstrated that microRNA (miR)-34c-3p is important in human cancer progression. However, the function of miR-34c-3p in osteosarcoma (OS) remains to be elucidated. In the present study, miR-34c-3p level was measured by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction in OS tissues and the associated prognostic value for overall survival was determined. The function of miR-34c-3p was examined in vitro and in vivo. A luciferase reporter assay was used to identify the targets of miR-34c-3p. The results of the present study revealed that miR-34c-3p was downregulated in OS tissues and cell lines, and decreased levels of miR-34c-3p were associated with a high mortality rate in patients with OS. Furthermore, restoration of miR-34c-3p expression reduced cell growth in vitro and suppressed tumorigenesis in vivo. Conversely, inhibition of miR-34c-3p stimulated OS cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Myristoylated alanine-rich protein kinase C substrate (MARCKS) was identified as a direct target of miR-34c-3p and its overexpression partly reversed the suppressive effects of miR-34c-3p. Furthermore, MARCKS was revealed to be upregulated and inversely correlated with miR-34c-3p levels in OS tissues. These data suggested that miR-34c-3p acts as a tumor suppressor via regulation of MARCKS expression in OS progression and miR-34c-3p may be a promising therapeutic target for this type of cancer.


The purpose of this study is to determine the importance of information systems for the effective operation of the enterprise. Particular emphasis is given to systems that contribute to the cooperation of individuals, which is necessary for the proper development of business units. In this effort, reference is made to these systems and applications as well as to the benefits offered to each of them by the company. A special reference is made to the Office 365 TEAMS application, which encourages teamwork and collaborative decision making, leading businesses to grow and constantly improve


Among the means of transmission of cross infection is the water used for cooling of the dental equipments. The use of contaminated water introduces risks so much for the surgeon-dentist as for the patient and it is extremely concerning the use in surgical procedures. The objective of the present experiment was to verify the water quali ty of the dental equipments reservoirs, through microbiological analysis. The samples of water were collected of the reservoirs of dental equipments, in pediatric dental off ices, questioning the source of provisioning. They were following the norms of CETESB for collection of the material and the bacteriological analysis. The analysis of the results allowed to conclude that, half of the water samples analyzed did not present the safety standards recommended by the Ministry of Health, and could be considered potential source of cross infection and postoperative; the surgeon-dentists need to follow norms in what refers to the origin and handling of the dental equipment water.


The basic system timer facilities used by applications and OS kernels for scheduling timeouts and periodic activities have remained largely unchanged for decades, while hardware architectures and a...


The Koch snowflake is a well known self-similar set whose boundary is a fractal curve. Suppose a vibrating membrane with fixed boundary, i.e. a drum, is shaped like a Koch snowflake. The fundamental modes of vibration of this drum can be modelled by the eigenfunctions of the Laplacian on the snowflake. These, in turn, can be approximated by a discrete problem leading to a matrix eigenvalue problem. ü Mathematica Initializations


In Australian,the universal health care system is the guarantee for general practitioners(GP) training system.General practice,as the largest medical specialty,is the foundation for universal health care system.GPs play a key role in local health services.Royal Australian College of General Practitioners(RACGP) manages the Australian General Practice Training program(AGPT) and have raised a high claim for clinic,teaching,research,thus ensuring the quality of training of GPs.China should learn from the successful experience of Australian GP training system to strengthen the primary health care system,establish and improve 2-way referral system and incentive measures for GPs,encourage GPs to work in primary health care institutes,strengthen the building of teaching basis for GPs to improve the quality of training.


In the past a variety of diagnostic methods have been developed which allow to sense the "overall" behaviour of superconducting r. f. cavities. Besides these methods temperature and X-ray mapping techniques as well as visual inspection give a more detailed insight into energy loss and electron phenomena of a superconducting cavity. With these techniques regions with increased r.f.-losses or electron emitting areas can be localised. It is hoped that these techniques together with surface diagnostic methods will give a better insight in the nature and causes of weak spots and will provide means for avoiding or eliminating such regions by adequate surface treatments.


Black liquor produced during kraft pulping of olive tree wood was characterized. A central composite design was used to examine the influence of pulping process variables (liquor/wood ratio, active alkali concentration, sulfidity, time and temperature) on various properties of the black liquor (pH, chemical oxygen demand, total carbon and total organic carbon). Equations that relate the dependent variables to the independent ones were derived that predict the former with errors less than 10-20%. The least polluting black liquors are obtained by using a medium-to-high liquor/wood ratio (7), in addition to low active alkali concentration (5%), sulfidity (8%) and temperature (137 °C), and a short time (30 min). However, the resulting pulp and the paper sheets obtained from it are of poor quality; in order to ensure acceptable quality in the pulp and paper sheets, one must use high liquor/wood ratio (8) and sulfidity (24%), in addition to medium active alkali concentration (7.5%) and temperature (165 °C), and a short time (30 min).


The precision cancer diagnosis is possible owing to the sophisticated technologies based digital image processing tools. Among the various imaging modalities, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is of paramount interest, especially for colorectal cancer imaging. Despite the fact that MRI is a superior technology, an MRI image does contain artifacts and distorted signals. Numerous algorithms and approaches have been studied and implemented for various cancer diagnostics. Yet, more augmented techniques need to be developed, since the study is complex and needs a maximum possible accuracy of detection. In this paper, the research work focuses on the various preprocessing techniques such as noise removal techniques and image enhancement techniques. These methods are analyzed for their performance using statistical parameters and the optimal method is determined for generating a noise-free edgesharp intensity enhanced MRI images of colon and rectum cancer, paving for precision diagnosis. The experimental results are analyzed in terms of various image quality metrics.