The aging transportation network and significantly constrained budget environment in the U.S. have prompted many transportation agencies to search for optimal asset preservation strategies. This paper presents the development of a network-level, multiple-year optimization model for managing multiple transportation assets. The relative importance of different asset types was estimated using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method to include consideration of various factors such as asset value, asset condition, and safety. A linear programming model was established to determine the optimal budget allocation and treatment policy considering multiple asset types simultaneously. Based on the network-level optimization results and using multiple attribute utility theory (MAUT), work plans for each asset were then generated. The main advantages of the proposed process are the ability to generate the best budget allocation among different asset types and rehabilitation treatments, predicting future asset condition, and generating candidate project lists or work plans for a large scale transportation network. An example problem based on the four-lane divided highway network in Ohio was solved. Pavement and bridge decks were the two asset types considered. The results show that the proposed process can be used by transportation agencies to develop individual asset work plans that maximize the overall asset condition given an available budget. Alternatively, the total budget and allocation required to achieve overall asset condition target set by the agency can be determined as well.


(1) This paper documents the changes in (a) the distribution of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) at Lakenheath Warren using a historical series of vegetation maps produced from aerial photography, and (b) the vegetation of A. S. Watt's bracken v. Calluna (Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull) plot. (2) The size of the bracken patch at Lakenheath Warren has increased by only 24 ha (<0.2% per year) between 1918-22 and 1984, although ebbs and flows were found around the boundary. Since 1968 however, the centre of the bracken patch has degenerated from dense bracken to a sparse bracken/grass heath community. (3) There has also been a rapid invasion of the Warren by Scots pine, and no evidence was found to suggest that dense bracken inhibited invasion at this site. (4) At the "bracken v. Calluna area" the apparent stability reported by Watt, where there was interdigitation between bracken and the four phases of Calluna, has broken down. The Calluna has now almost disappeared, and bracken now covers most of the former Calluna area. (5) The results of this study were used to test some of Watt's hypotheses on bracken dynamics, and the relationship between bracken and other species. (6) The relevance of these results for the practical management of vegetation was also discussed, namely (a) the potential interference of bracken degeneration when making reliable estimates of both bracken encroachment and long-term sustainable yield, and (b) the management required to maintain both Calluna and bracken along an invading bracken front.


The role of co‐operatives in rural development depends largely on the aims of such development and on how co‐operatives are defined and structured. It is argued that successful co‐operatives at grassroots level need to be small‐scale, democratically organized by the people themselves, and aimed at providing for the benefit of as many households as possible. The objective of rural development should be to provide a livelihood for people through small‐scale production. The chances of success in this regard are slim given the constraints (such as land shortage) resulting from the policy of separate development.


The paper describes a phenomenological approach to the understanding and explanation of how people and organizations make the decision to become involved in community action. Three sufficient conditions to induce cooperation are presented. Community action is presented as the result of a cooperative system of people and organizations that choose to become involved independently, based on their absolute and dynamic values. A model for community involvement is described that includes a problem, the social structure, convergence of interest, and goal formation. Formation of effective initiating, recruitment, and execution sets is presented as an important consideration for all community action. This article is an essay on community-wide efforts at change as seen by the author in more than 30 years of direct experience in the business of community development education. It is written to present core ideas designed to give a clearer understanding of the communities in which we live. We know, to begin with, that each community has a history of successful and not-so-successful "community development" efforts. As a result of these efforts, over time the relationships among people and between their systems tend to become fragmented and highly polarized. Positions are taken; sides are drawn as problems arise and are resolved. Conflicting relationships tend to develop among social systems and the people in these systems when their attention is turned to community development problems. The solutions of these problems generally call for significant commitment and cooperation on the part of units (social systems) and people directly affected by the problem.


Around the Glenan Islands of Southern Brittany the depth of the maerl deposits was found to vary with the site, äs did the Substrate topography. At two out of fwe sites examined, the maerl was present in a ridge and furrow System, in which there was a greater proportion of living plants in the furrows than in the ridges. The maerl was found to be composed almost entirely of Phymatolithon calcareum. Other algal species found growing along with the maerl are listed. Analysis of maerl for calcium and magnesium contents showed no significant difference in the values obtained for living and dead plant material. The calcium content, calculated äs Ca*t varied from 25.5% to 33.3% of the dry weight and the magnesium content, calculated äs Mg**, varied from 1.7% to 3.3%. The major component of maerl was found to be calcite with magnesium carbonate present äs a solid solution in the calcite structure at a concentration of about 8%. Aragonite was shown to comprise about 10-15% of the total material.


Apply tetrachloroethylene to handle carbon black by hot machine method,because of the active double bond of Tetrachloroethylene and the space steric effect of chloride ion.Rise the surface-active effect of the carbon black particles and reduce the cohesive energy between carbon black Particles.Increase the dispersive speed of carbon black in rubber when blending,shorten the blending time.Increase chemical bonding point between rubber macromolecule chain and carbon black particles,so increase the synthesize function,such as modulus strength,hardness,tensile strength etc.


Many engineers and scientists condemn the inaccuracy of media coverage of science and technology but have never really pinned down what they mean by "inaccuracy." This article examines research that assesses the accuracy of mass media science reporting. The author also gleans from the research ways in which engineers and scientists can improve the chance of getting their information accurately into the media through interviews with journalists.


Considering the unbounded time delay(the worst-case transmission),a fault diagnosis scheme is proposed for a class of networked control systems with random transmission delay,which is based on fault detection filter(FDF).First,in order to cope with the intersample behavior,the observer-based hybrid fault detection filter is designed by employing hybrid system theory.Then using a multiobjective optimization technique,the FDF design problem is formulated as an optimization problem.The delay-independent solutions of the problem are also given by applying linear matrix inequality approach.Finally,an example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.


This paper discusses NASA's Exploration Ground Systems (EGS) Program Technology Infusion Strategy and the results from EGS technology demonstration projects, including Integrated Health Management capabilities for Condition Based and Predictive Maintenance, conservation of cryogenic fluids, and logistics management/commonality of maintenance equipment, tools, and consumables. The paper also discusses how technologies and capabilities implemented for ground systems (i.e. automated/autonomous operations and maintenance) can be leveraged to help reduce risk for sustainable lunar surface operations.


Recent research regarding the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) has focused on adoption of family leave policies by organizations in response to legislation and on patterns of leave taking in general. Very little is known, however, about how leave rights operate in practice when workplace conflicts arise over leave or about how legal norms construct the meaning of leave in the workplace. This study of FMLA rights draws together two strands of social constructivist theories, one from the law and society tradition and the other from sociological understandings of work and family. First, I review how the institutionalized features of work his torically were constructed in opposition to gender and came to exclude care. Second, through qualitative interviews with workers who negotiated contested leaves in the workplace, I examine how social institutions, culture, and social interactions shape the process of asserting these rights. I find that employers' resistance to leave and respondents' understandings of their situations are shaped by institutionalized conceptions of work and care. Family wage ideology continues to give meaning to taking time off from work, despite the protections of the law, and legal rights remain embedded within deeply held belief systems, institutionalized work practices, and relations of power. I also find, however, that the FMLA's legal norms make the tensions between work and gender more visible, allowing workers to challenge institutionalized work practices that exclude care.


Network industries have traditionally been viewed as examples of permanent natural monopoly that require sector-specific regulation. However, increasingly, competition is being introduced as an alternative to regulation. Such competition may take the form of competition between networks (such as, for example, long-distance networks in the telecommunications sector), or of competition in unbundled services for which networks remain an "essential facility" (such as, for example, electricity supply services as provided separately from transmission and distribution services). With the introduction of competition in (parts of) network sectors, the question rises whether the specific competition rules these sectors are typically subject to should be maintained, or whether perhaps it is desirable to let go of (some of) them and rely instead on general competition rules that apply to most other sectors in the economy. This article discusses the choice between general versus specific competition rules from an economic perspective. The focus herein is on competition rules, not competition agencies. The discussion of the most appropriate administrative regulatory set-up for network sectors is another one. Key question then is who is in the best position to control network utilities – general competition authorities (with perhaps dedicated departments within) or sector-specific regulators? Although this is an interesting question from an administrative point of view, the main economic issue is what rules should apply – not who should enforce them (although sometimes the ability or incentive to enforce can point at one or the other set of rules to be desirable). ? National Economic Research Associates, Avenue de Cortenbergh 118, 1040 Brussels (E-mail: email@example.com). This article is based on and borrows extensively from a study that was carried out by National Economic Research Associates (NERA) for the Competition Directorate of the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs in March 2000 ("Specific Competition Rules for Network Utilities"). I would like to thank persons in the project teams of both NERA and the Ministry for valuable discussions and insights. It goes without saying that the views expressed in this article are strictly personal.


Nests of Hylaeus aff. guaraniticus (Schrottky, 1906) were parasited by females of Gasteruption brachychaetum Schrottky, 1906 in trap nests in Sao Paulo (Brazil). This is thefirst host record of a Gasteruptiidae in the Neotropical Region. The behavior of a G.brachychaetum female entering a host's nest is described as follows: an inquiline female hovered near the host's nest, landed and detected that a female of H. aff. guaraniticus was inside the nest, waited for the host female to fly out, entered backwards into the nest, remained there for almost six minutes, and then went out the nest. The development time of immature stages of G.brachychaetum varied between 16 and 299 days.


Population growth in Ecuador is the highest in the world with the exception of Africa. Ecuadors population is estimated to double every 21 years. Mortality is 10/1000; active population is 37.8% and inactive population 62.2%. In 1968 only 18.7% of births were attended to by medical personnel; the chronic shortage of doctors nurses and hospital beds is ever increasing. In 1965 36.9% of children suffered from malnutrition 67.1% of homes had no sewage system 62.5% no water and 67.7% no electricity. In 1967 71.3% of children of elementary school age were registered in schools all over the country; more than half however never reach 6th grade level. Economic development is extremely slow and enormously hindered by the constant growth in population. Ecuador started a national family planning program in 1970 with private and public funding. The program is still struggling to survive and to recruit new contraception acceptors; in 1971 there were only 2 acceptors per 1000 inhabitants. A much greater effort is needed to inform the population and especially the rural population of the services provided in the 44 existing centers.


This paper presents and discusses the results of a study designed to investigate to what extent the places where viewers live and the role of the national community to which they belong, interact and influence the perception of culture-bound issues in the fictional context of a famous Italian soap opera, Un Posto al Sole . Although deeply rooted in the Neapolitan cultural context, this programme is assiduously watched in all parts of Italy, and also translated into English. In order to measure the degree of comprehension, and consequently of appreciation, of the programme, some scenes of this soap were shown to a group of Neapolitans, a group of Milanese, and a group of Americans based in Naples who were exposed to the episode in its subtitled version. A careful analysis of data obtained through a questionnaire submitted to the three groups has shown that in Un Posto al Sole there is a significant residue of untranslatable culture associated with the linguistic structures of source language which is only partially conveyed, or is not conveyed at all. Our survey verifies that this affects the degree of appreciation .


This paper investigates the differences between normative and narrative project interpretations. The aim is to reinterpret characteristic features of project management as narrative constructions. The narrative project approach represents a combination of the socio-semiotic theory of organising (Cooren, 2000) and critical project perspectives (Cicmil & Williams & Thomas & Hodgson 2006; Pollack 2007) which are applied to a narrative interpretation of projects. The narrative approach to projects is illustrated with the examples of two cases: an EU funded development project in the field of event management and an artistic project for the European capital of Culture 2011. The paper suggests how the narrative project interpretation could be applied to the cultural management practices, R&D activities and education.


The up-to-now only binary neutron star merger gravitational wave event with detected electromagnetic counterparts, GRB170817A, occurred in a rarefied medium with a density smaller than $10^{-3}-10^{-2}~{\rm cm}^{-3}$. As neutron star binaries are imparted kicks upon formation, and due to their long delay-times before merger, such low-density circum-merger media are generally expected. However, there is some indirect evidence for a class of faster-merging binaries, which would coalesce in denser environments. Nonetheless, astronomical data is largely inconclusive on the possibility of these high-density mergers. We describe a method to directly probe this hypothetical population of high-density mergers through multi-messenger observations of binary neutron star merger afterglows, exploiting the sharp sensitivity of these to the circum-merger medium density. This method is based on a yet-to-be-collected sample of merger afterglows. Its constraining power is large even with a small sample of events. We discuss the method's limitations and applicability. In the upcoming era of 3$^{\rm rd}$-generation gravitational wave detectors, this method's potential will be fully realized as it will allow to probe mergers having occurred soon after the peak of cosmic star formation.


With the development of informatization and intelligentization, more and more university libraries have purchased a number of self-service borrowing-returning machines(SSBRMs) to replace manual services and improve the quality of service. To optimize the SSBRMs configuration, this paper introduces an M/M/c queuing system with asynchronous vacations to model the service of these SSBRMs, selects the average number of readers in the system, the number of SSBRMs on vacation and the average waiting time of readers as performance indicators, and solves and simulates the model. The results show that the performance of the system can be improved when the number of SSBRMs allowed vacations. Therefore, this model not only improves the satisfaction of readers, but also provides a theoretical basis for the optimization of the SSBRMs.


Background: There has been extensive discussion of the workings of the English system of higher education income contingent student loans. Major focuses have been on what former students are likely to pay and when, distributional characteristics and how much the Government guarantees made to students about having their loans forgiven after 30 years are likely to cost the budget of the Department of Business, Innovations and Skills (BIS) in the longer term. Leading contributions to this work includes Barr(2004), Goodman et al (2008), BIS Ready Reckoner (2012) and Chowdry et al (2012). Here we look at a vital but entirely unstudied area, the actual cost the Government faces in financing these loans through borrowing in the gilts market1. We use a financially conventional "liabilities matching" approach, just as we would if we were trying to match or value pension obligations. To do this we identify financial instruments which proxy the behaviour of the time series of former student expected repayments. This allows us to estimate each year the direct cost to the state of providing these student loans. The results are remarkably different from the conventional calculations used by H. M. Treasury to charge BIS in their Departmental account2. The reason for this is very simple to explain, it relies entirely on the next observation. Once that is accepted all of the other arguments are conventional economics and the conclusions follow immediately.


The query is the fundamental way through which a user interacts with a body of data. The query is the sole vehicle for a user to obtain the information they are looking for with any degree of efficiency. Hence, providing a means for the user to improve the query itself is a quintessential step toward obtaining better results. We investigate the topic of query revision by creating a system that allows users to refine their query with vocabulary obtained during the searching process. Common terms in the hit set generated by the user's query will be shown to the user as suggestions as a way to interactively refine their queries. This will direct the search to particular clusters of results that should be more relevant to the user.


Abstract A Selective and sensitive assay of hypoxyanthine, xanthine and inosine by reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with immobilized enzyme reactors is described. The flourometric detection of hydrogen peroxide using immobilized peroxidase and p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid was applied to the assay of hypoxanthine, xanthine and inosine, which were oxidized to hydrogen peroxide in the presence of the immobilized enzymes (purine nucleoside phosphorylase and/or xanthine oxidase. The enzymes were immobilized the the intermolecular cross-linking method on controlled pore-glass. The method established was applied to serum and urine samples. The detection limits of hypoxanthine, xanthine and inosine were approximately 130, 300 and 650 pg per injection, respectively.


An invitation to quantum computation: A Rosetta stone for quantum mechanics with an introduction to quantum computation by S. J. Lomonaco, Jr. Qubit devices by H. E. Brandt Quantum algorithms and quantum complexity theory: Introduction to quantum algorithms by P. W. Shor Shor's quantum factoring algorithm by S. J. Lomonaco, Jr. Grover's quantum search algorithm by S. J. Lomonaco, Jr. A survey of quantum complexity theory by U. V. Vazirani Quantum error correcting codes and quantum cryptography: An introduction to quantum error correction by D. Gottesman A talk on quantum cryptography or how Alice outwits Eve by S. J. Lomonaco, Jr. More mathematical connections: Topological quantum codes and anyons by A. Kitaev Quantum topology and quantum computing by L. H. Kauffman An entangled tale of quantum entanglement by S. J. Lomonaco, Jr. Index.


With the climate change and urbanization process, the frequency of the urban flooding's occurrence has increased in the recent years. It brings great economic losses to the cities, especially to the basements of individual properties. Low Impact Development (LID), which currently advocated by more city planners for managing stormwater, is considered as a more sustainable way to mitigate urban flooding. Hence, this thesis aims at evaluating the efficiency of LID measures on surface flooding and basement flooding problem. In order to achieve the objective, MIKE URBAN software is employed as the analysing tool, and different modeling methods of LID measures based on this software are explored. The catchment area for the study is selected in the west of Majorna-Linne, Gothenburg, which has a record of basement flooding during the past extreme rainfall event. The model in MIKE URBAN was set up and calibrated by Goteborg Vatten, with the rainfall data of five, ten, twenty, thirty, and one-hundred-year's return period. The simulation was run for pre- and post-LID scenarios. In the end, the flooding-vulnerable area was identified in the pre-LID scenario, and the mitigation efficiency of permeable pavement on surface and basement flooding is analysed in the post-LID scenario. It shows that, the permeable pavement has the on-site solving the characteristic. By implementing permeable pavement, both surface flooding and basement flooding have been mitigated to some extent. In the surface flooding, the permeable pavement has stronger mitigation effect with high return period. While in the basement flooding, the mitigation effect is more evident when the rainfall return period is less than twenty-year. Concerning one-hundred year rainfall, permeable pavement cannot completely address surface flooding nor basement flooding. Therefore, other solutions should be considered as a supplement of LID. (Less)


There were two kinds of reform models of public enterprise in the last years of the Qing Dynasty: "Shanghai' s Model" and "Wuhan's model". The former took on enterprise innovation by marketing without property right changes. The latter made re-arrangements of property rights of enterprises by the company system. We can draw much good historical experience from this reform.


In an earlier project, we analyzed data on total system load as well as the loads of eight large industrial customers (Kirby and Hirst 2000). We analyzed these data in terms of system and customer-specific requirements for two real-power ancillary services, regulation and load following. We conducted these analyses using 12 days of data from February 1999 plus 12 days of data from August and September 1999. The project discussed here focused on the supply side (provision) of these two services. Specifically, we examined the output of this control area's generation resources, in aggregate and by unit. We analyzed the performance of these generating units in two ways. First, we analyzed the contribution of these generators to overall system performance [generally relative to the North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) standards]. Second, we analyzed performance relative to what the control center requested of the generators.


PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to shed light on teachers' attention to student learning in post-lesson discussions in Lesson Study (LS) by exploring the depth and analytic stance of noticing (van Es, 2011) and by identifying interactions that may extend or narrow the levels of noticing.Design/methodology/approachThe study has dug deeply into post-lesson discussions in the context of two different LS groups at a Norwegian lower secondary school.FindingsThe paper provides empirical insights about crucial elements of teachers' learning processes pertaining to their professional noticing. Sharing of rich descriptions of evidence of student learning appeared to be a necessary foundation for the deepening of the teacher groups' analytic approach. The study highlights the importance of teacher groups' openness and attention to the collected data and a shared willingness to go deep into the interpretations. Interthinking and exploratory talk (Littleton and Mercer, 2013) are emphasised as important social interaction and talk modes to deepen the analytic stance and depth of noticing.Research limitations/implicationsEven though this is a small study, it brings to light important knowledge about how interactions in post-research lesson discussions in LS can influence teachers' professional noticing.Practical implicationsAn implication of the study is to design observation forms that capture student learning as tools for teachers' professional noticing.Originality/valueThis paper fulfils an identified need to investigate teachers' learning processes in LS, including how interactions within a teacher group influence noticing.


Aiming at the application of 5G base station, this paper presents a broadband miniaturized dual-polarization antenna in the form of printed dipole. The main structure of the antenna consists of two pairs of annular dipoles, and the impedance bandwidth and isolation can be effectively improved by loading impedance matching cylinder on the dipole terminal and cutting grooves on the dipole arm. Meanwhile, the miniaturization of the antenna can be effectively realized. The antenna adopts the form of coupling feed. Simulation results shows that the antenna achieves a wide impedance bandwidth of 46.8% with Sll<-10 dB (2.68 to 4.32 GHz) and a high isolation of greater than 27dB within the bandwidth. Also, a stable radiation pattern with the maximum half-power beamwidth of 69.6° at horizontal plane and a stable gain of 9.3 dBi are obtained simultaneously over the working frequency band.


In this study, the authors examine the influence of interracial interaction expectation and campus racial climate perception on attitudes toward interracial interaction which, in turn, influences the levels of interracial interaction among students at a multicultural university in Malaysia. Interaction across race is fundamental to students' growth and development. Responses from 193 Malay and 165 Chinese students were analysed by means of hierarchical regression. Results support the hypothesized influence of interracial interaction expectation and campus racial climate perception on attitudes toward interracial interaction for the Chinese students. For the Malay students, however, only interracial interaction expectation is significant. Attitudes toward interracial interaction, in turn, significantly predict levels of interracial interaction for both groups. The results support the hypothesized differential strength of relationships among the variables for the two racial groups. Implications for higher education are discussed.


Introduction: Retail companies aim to provide their customers with improved customer support and public relations services. For this purpose, metaverse technology is one of the most preferred approaches to improving customers' buying and post-purchase experiences. Aims: This research also examined metaverse technology acceptance among the IT products and services companies in the United Arab Emirates. Methods: The researchers employed a self-proposed study model and used the structural equation modeling approach. Results: Results revealed that relative advantage significantly affects customer support and public relations. However, transparency does not affect customer service and public relations significantly, while the effect of perceived compatibility on customer support remained insignificant while public relations remained significant. Finally, the effect of public relations on metaverse technological acceptance remained insignificant. Besides, the effect of customer support on metaverse technology acceptance remained significant. Overall, the results supported the role of certain factors proposed by the diffusion of innovation theory in the context of PR and customer support, which is further accelerating the metaverse technology adoption among the IT retailers in the UAE. Conclusion: Thus, this study concludes that the role and adoption of metaverse technology not only highlight its acceptance but also address its importance in improving IT retail products and services. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2023-07-03-019 Full Text: PDF


Aim: Guidelines for the treatment of type 1 diabetes generally recommend quarterly or more frequent Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) assessment in patients with inadequate glycaemic control. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate to what extent these guidelines are followed in clinical practice in Sweden.
Method: We studied 5989 patients with type 1 diabetes from 10 outpatient diabetes clinics in Sweden from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2009. Data on HbA1c measurement frequency were obtained from the Diab-Base electronic medical records database, where HbA1c measurements are recorded together with other patient characteristics, including treatment and other general risk factors for diabetic complications. The frequency of HbA1c measurements was obtained for all patients by calendar year, care unit, and during time periods where glucose was classified as well controlled (HbA1c<=7.0%) or inadequate (HbA1c 7.0% or higher).
Results: The mean annual number of HbA1c assessments when glucose control was inadequate was 1.83 compared with 1.58 during well controlled time-periods. In 35.4% of cases the next HbA1c check following an HbA1c >7% was performed within 4 months. The probability of a subsequent assessment in the 4 months following an HbA1c value>7.0% increase in patients treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), OR=1.57 (1.46-1.69). Differences were also noted by care unit, age, gender, glycaemic control, calendar year, and weight and diabetes duration.
Conclusion: In patients with type 1 diabetes, HbA1c is measured less frequently in clinical practice in Sweden than guidelines recommend, although patients with CSII and treated in certain care units receive more frequent assessments.


JVe present a selection algorithm called BucketSelect which runs faster than Floyd-Rivest's Select because, while both algorithms use approximately the same number of comparisons, Bt~cketSeZecf uses far fewer data moves (asymptotically zero). Both methods determine an interval in which the kth smallest is expected to lie with high probability. The key difference between the two approaches is that SeJect rearranges the entire data set about two pivot elements, while BucketSelect simply places all items that lie in a critical interval into an auxiliary bucket. In the extremely unlikely event that the itcm sought does not lie in this critical interval, Select is used to find it. The expected running time of DucketSe/ect is governed by the time taken to place the items in this bucket. A performance evaluation was done which shows that the running time of l?ucketSelect is about 60% of Selrct for finding the median for n in the range from 50,000 to 250,000 items. The asymptotic percentage is shown to be 53.670.


Most studies on optical wireless communications (OWC) have neglected the effect of random orientation in their performance analysis due to the lack of a proper model for the random orientation. Our recent empirical-based research illustrates that the random orientation follows a Laplace distribution for the static user equipment (UE). In this paper, we analyze the device orientation and assess its importance on system performance. The reliability of the OWC channel highly depends on the availability and alignment of line-of-sight (LOS) links. In this paper, the effect of receiver orientation, including both polar and azimuth angles on the LOS channel gain are analyzed. The probability of establishing the LOS link is investigated and the probability density function (PDF) of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for a randomly oriented device is derived. By means of the PDF of SNR, the bit-error ratio (BER) of DC-biased optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DCO-OFDM) in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels is evaluated. A closed-form approximation for the BER of UE with random orientation is presented which shows a good match with Monte-Carlo simulation results. Furthermore, the impact of UE's random motion on the BER performance has been assessed. Finally, the effect of random orientation on the average signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) in a multiple access points (AP) scenario is investigated.


. We prove an explicit degree formula for certain unitary Deligne–Lusztig varieties. Combining with an alternative degree formula in terms of Schubert calculus, we deduce several algebraic combinatorial identities which may be of independent interest.


In this paper an online accurate prediction method is proposed to enhance the speed of Transactionient stability assessment. This method is the measurement basis technique resulted from wide area measurement systems (WAMS). In the proposed method, the generators with same dynamic behavior, referred as to coherent generators, are clustered as a same group and they can be considered as an equivalent bus. So the system will be reduced into a small scale system. The admittance matrix parameters of the reduced system can be identified with the least square algorithm. Then the trajectory prediction is performed by real-time simulations. Obtained results from simulations on New England test system show the high noticeable efficiency for performance of the proposed method, capable in predicting of the disturbed trajectory under existence of unknown parameters in grid structure..


The question of European Nihilism emerged from the realization of "God is dead". Nietzsche proposed that we should overcome the metaphysical nihilism of the times by a nihilism of a higher level. This article analyzes the views of Nietzsche's "will to power", "eternal return of the sameself", and "super- man". It claims that this thought of Nietzshe discloses a view on the value of life or becoming, and is a great try to bid farewell to or overcome "European Nihilism". This will be of great help for us to overcome today's "nihilism".


1. INTRODVCTION 2. COLUMN:SEGMENT 2.1 Equilibrium of a Co1umnSe"gment 2.2 Geometry of Deformed Shape 2.3 Sign Convention 2.4 Moment Versus Curvature Relationship 3. COLUMN DEFLECTION CURVE ii ..~ .. 4 4 5 6 6 9 3.1 .Moment-Slope Relationship 10 3.2 Chord Angle 10 3.3 End Moment Ratio and Angle Between Chord and Tangent 11 3.4 Relationship Between Charts Based on Chord Angles and 12 Charts Based on End Deflection Ratios 4. BEAM COLUMNS AND THE C.D.C. CONCEPT 4.1 Beam-Columns Without External Shear 4.2 ,General Case of Beam-Columns 4.3 Beam-Column.With Deflection 6= 0 4~4 Limitations of C.D.C. Concept 5. STABILITY 6. COLUMN FAILURE.DUE TO UNWINDING 7. COLUMN FAILURE ,DUE ,TO LOCAL .BUCKLING 8. EFFECT ·OF STRAIN REVERSAL ,ON THE RESP,ONSE OF. ,COLUMNS 9. ,SUMMARY 10 • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 11. NOMENCLATURE 12. FIGURES 13. REFERENCES 15 15 16 18 20 23 24 27 28 30 32 33


Summary

Although decision making has historically been regarded as a cold and rational process, recent research has suggested that emotional factors are actually quite central to this fundamental process. By using a modified version of the Iowa gambling task, we measured how such brands impact decision making. Participants were asked firstly to rate their liking/loyalty towards numerous brands. Some of these rated brands were later superimposed onto the card decks in a subsequent Iowa gambling task. Results demonstrate that an individual's decision making is altered depending on the congruency between brand valence (liked/not) and the deck reward structure. This bias was sometimes advantageous and led to faster and more accurate decisions. From an applied perspective, the study suggests several ways in which brands can either enhance or inhibit new product success. More broadly, the research demonstrates a seemingly irrational effect of brands on behaviour. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


I report new, world-leading LHCb results on heavy meson lifetimes. We use a novel approach that suppresses the shortcomings typically associated with reconstruction of semileptonic decays, allowing for precise measurements of lifetimes and other properties in collider experiments. We achieve a 15% and a 2× improvement over the current best determinations of the flavor-specific B0 s lifetime and D − s lifetime, respectively. 1 Heavy hadron lifetimes Lifetimes are fundamental properties of particles, which connect deeply with their dynamics. Improved lifetime determinations of heavy hadrons probe the interplay of the strong and weak interactions between constituent partons, stimulating further refinement of the phenomenological understanding. Most importantly, measurements of heavy hadron lifetimes enhance the reach in indirect searches for non-standard-model physics. Comparisons of similarly precise measurements and predictions of observables associated with quark-flavor dynamics probe the existence of non-standard-model particles of masses much larger than those directly accessible at particle colliders. The precision of the predictions is often limited by difficulties in calculating strong-interaction transition amplitudes at low energies. Predictability is often recovered by resorting to effective models such as heavy-quark expansion [1]. Heavy-hadron lifetimes offer precious and constraining validation and tuning of such models. Precise B s lifetime measurements are particularly needed. In fact, the B 0 s lifetime precision has a significant impact in the lifetime ratio between B s and B 0 mesons, which shows a 2.5 standard-deviation discrepancy from predictions that calls for further investigation. Especially relevant are measurements of the "flavor-specific" B s meson lifetime, τ fs B0 s ≡ 1 Γs [ 1 + (∆Γs/2Γs) 2 1− (∆Γs/2Γs) ] , (1) 1 ar X iv :1 71 0. 02 52 9v 2 [ he pex ] 2 4 O ct 2 01 7 where Γs = (Γs,H + Γs,L)/2 and ∆Γs = Γs,L − Γs,H are the average and the difference, respectively, of the natural widths Γs,H(L) of the heavy (light) mass eigenstate. This empirical quantity allows an indirect determination of ∆Γs that, compared with direct determinations, may test the presence of non-standard-model physics [2]. The lifetime τ fs B0 s is measured with a single-exponential fit to the distribution of decay time to a final state not accessible by both B s and B 0 s mesons [3]. The current best determination, τ fs B0 s = 1.535 ± 0.015(stat) ± 0.014(syst) ps [4], obtained by the LHCb collaboration using hadronic B s → D− s π decays, has similarly-sized statistical and systematic uncertainties. Throughout this document, the symbol X identifies any decay product, other than neutrinos, not included in the candidate reconstruction, and the inclusion of charge-conjugate processes is implied. Semileptonic B s decays, owing to larger signal yields than from hadronic decays, offer richer potential for precise τ fs B0 s measurements. However, neutrinos and other low-momentum neutral final-state particles prevent the full reconstruction of such decays. This introduces serious limitations due to degraded understanding of background contributions and difficulties in obtaining the decay time from the observed decay-length distribution. Measurements of bottom-meson lifetimes using semileptonic decays, which had been popular at LEP, Bfactories, and Tevatron Run I since the '90s through approximately 2004–2006, became rarer afterwards, when large samples of fully reconstructed B → J/ψX decays become available. Controlling systematic uncertainties proved challenging [5,6] and rarely analyses achieved competitive results, which were anyhow limited by the size of the systematic uncertainty [7,8]. The LHCb Collaboration has recently proposed a novel, data-driven approach that suppresses such limitations thus achieving a world-class measurement of τ fs B0 s with small systematic uncertainty [9]. The analysis also yields a strongly improved determination of the D− s lifetime over the current best result, τD− s = 0.5074± 0.0055 (stat)± 0.0051 (syst) ps, reported more than a decade ago by the FOCUS collaboration [10]. Such a novel analysis approach is not necessarily restricted to LHCb or to determinations of lifetimes solely.


In the early estimation there is compromise between the amounts of information available and accuracy of estimation. We propose three levels of analysis such as regional, country and project level for road cost models in order to provide efficient data usage. The data for our research was obtained from the World Bank's Road Costs Knowledge System database, which contains unit costs for road projects from over 80 developing countries. This paper investigates the impact of road upgrading and improvement works on overland trade in 18 out of 32 member countries of Asian Highway Network. The results indicated approximately $6.5 billion is required to upgrade roads and improve existing surface condition of the selected subnetwork with total length of 15,842 km. The gravity model approach was adopted to quantitatively evaluate overland trade expansion taking into account road quality improvements with two scenarios such as road quality increases up to 50% in the first scenario in the second one up to 75%. The re...


Cooperative Spectrum Sensing has been investigated in Rayleigh-fading environments over non-ideal reporting channels, where the simulation results have shown that its performance is limited by the probability of reporting errors. This paper proposes a transmit diversity scheme using Differential Space-Time coding where channel state information is not required. By regarding multiple pairs of Cognitive Radios as virtual antenna arrays in multiple clusters, Differential space-time coding is applied for the purpose of decision reporting over Rayleigh channels. Hard combination schemes are employed at the fusion center due to their minimal bandwidth requirements. Simulations results show that this method also achieves full transmit diversity, albeit with slight performance degradation in terms of power. The results also show improvements in sensing performance when compared to conventional cooperative spectrum sensing over non-ideal reporting channels.


Insufficient control of many infectious diseases using etiotropic drugs determines the relevance of a search for alternative methods, in particular based on the modulation of the immune system. The review of recent literature analyzes rational approaches to the immunity dysfunction in frequently ill children. Attention is drawn to the fact that the use of immunomodulators reduces the frequency and severity of respiratory diseases and prevents complications. The article examines the advantages of the use of inosine pranobex that combines the properties of an immunomodulator and a direct antiviral activity. It is shown that inosine pranobex can be used for the prevention and treatment of respiratory infections in frequently ill children, and the rational schemes of its application are presented.


This work is part of an educational project intended to foster the teaching of chemistry and corrosion in engineering courses, based on the following points: to facilitate and broaden the understanding of corrosion processes and corrosion protection techniques; awaken critical consciousness in the student, based on the necessity of developing and clarifying mechanisms involved in each corrosive process. Corrosion education at the University Federal Fluminense (Brazil) is becoming increasingly important because corrosion problems affect virtually all segments of human activity and the vast majority of these problems could be avoided if anticorrosive techniques and the expertise already established were applied. This study took public squares as the research lab because public urban furnishings (benches, rubbish bins, playgrounds, etc.) and historical monuments are subject to atmospheric corrosion and pollution. The objective is to enable students to develop their skills in the development of the theme "atmospheric corrosion" based on the following points: teamwork; analysis and evaluation of information from observations; decision making from a restricted amount of information; querying technical bibliographies; making technical reports and oral presentations.


Pd modified aluminide coatings on casting nickel based superalloy M38 were developed by conventional pack aluminizing technology.Pd 20wt%Ni was predeposited before aluminizing.The structure of coatings was thoroughly analyzed.A major difference between Pt and Pd modified aluminide coatings resides in the fact that the Pd zone is single phased and the constitutive phase is β (Pd X,Ni 1-X )Al.The corrosion resistance of Pd Ni Al coatings was more 3.5 times in Na 2SO 4 melt,and obviously better in Na 2SO 4+NaCl melt than conventional aluminide coating at 1173K.Pd Ni Al coatings behave at least as well as commercial Pt Al coatings under the same testing conditions.The hot corrosion mechanism was preliminary discussed.


We propose a new universal mechanism that makes it possible to drive an individual atomic spin using a spin polarized scanning tunnel microscope (STM) with an oscillating electric signal. We show that the combination of the distance dependent exchange with the magnetic tip and the electrically driven mechanical oscillation of the surface spins permits to control their quantum state. Based on a combination of density functional theory and multiplet calculations, we show that the proposed mechanism is essential to account for the recently observed electrically driven paramagnetic spin resonance (ESR) of an individual Fe atom on a MgO/Ag(100) surface. Our findings set the foundation to deploy the ESR-STM quantum sensing technique to a much broader class of systems.


A novel spin-dependent effect,current-induced magnetization switching(CIMS),was put forward in recent years after giant magnetoresistive(GMR)and tunneling magnetoresistive(TMR)effects. According to CIMS effect,the magnetization of ferromagnetic film can be switched by a spin-polarized current perpendicular to the film plane,without external magnetic field. Therefore,it is promising that a new type of magnetic random access memory operated only by current can be realized based on this effect. The progresses on its theories and experiments were introduced.


The study of semiotics has now become a new international trend, being one of the key study areas in contemporary philosophy and other related fields. Exploring Chinese and Western semiotic traditions, knowing the development of semiotics, understanding the semiotic study areas and schools and its implications will help linguistic scholars to have a better understanding of semiotics, and explore a possibility of integrating linguistics and semiotics so as to establish a new discipline of linguistic semiotics.


Environmental changes can have significant effects on organizations, particularly demographic changes such as the ageing of the population, changes in age structure, and changes in employee behaviour. All of these factors must be taken into account in human resources management. This paper presents the results of a survey conducted in Czech companies, which aimed to identify whether organizations consider the diverse needs of different age groups, apply age management measures, and observe benefits. The study is based on quantitative data collected through the survey. Moreover, a convenient sampling technique was adopted to approach the respondent. A total of 622 respondents participated in the survey. The study found that the most significant benefits were the retention of key employees, reduced employee turnover, and increased employee motivation. The most commonly used measures include adapting work programs to suit different age groups, reassigning staff to more suitable positions, providing employee healthcare, promoting physical fitness and healthy eating, and supporting personal and career development through skills training at all stages of an employee's career. The results recommend that age factors differ in different sectors and organizations. Therefore, this study can be replicated in other contexts.


Dear editor Why don't newly qualified GPs want to take up leadership roles? This proved to be a question which underpinned our working group of First5©, set up in June 2014, to discuss how to improve leadership training in First5© and beyond. The group was formed in South Yorkshire following an invitation from our local RCGP Sheffield faculty First5© lead and was supported by some experienced GPs from Health Education Yorkshire & Humber, for which we are very grateful. We also liaised with other First5© GP's, South Yorkshire Training Programme Directors and the local RCGP chair. Our backgrounds were diverse and varied from being a salaried GP or partner to having a role within the Clinical Commissioning Group (CCG) and being a training programme director. We met regularly on an informal basis over a six-month period. From a very early stage of this process, having shared our own leadership journeys with each other, it became clear that we felt leadership training was inadequate and more importantly, wanted. So why is there a need to lead? We are constantly hearing that the NHS is in a crisis, to the point where many believe primary care may not be sustainable in its current form. The early retirement of worn out experienced GPs, the exodus of British doctors abroad in search for a better work–life balance and the lack of uptake of partnership and wider leadership roles in primary care by junior GPs may be at the heart of the problem. It may beg the question as to whether our GP workforce has the energy to take on the management battles that lie ahead to preserve the primary care service that we and our patients value. However, perhaps in combining the energy and enthusiasm of newly qualified GPs with the expertise of experienced GPs, in working together our workforce could shape a better future for our patients? To achieve this, however, we would need to tackle the barriers preventing newly qualified GPs taking up leadership roles. It struck the group that it was only through having these discussions that we could recognise leadership, and its associated skills, as an ability in itself and not just something indefinable that was done by 'other more senior people'. As we examined this notion further, it was realised that we were in fact using leadership skills in our current roles on a daily basis and that every clinician has a role to play in leadership; leadership with our patients, within the practice or within the wider educational or political communities. Importantly however, we could not recall having being explicitly taught leadership skills during GP training. However, as we were using them in our current roles, we realised that we must have picked up these skills implicitly through our practices and GP training half day release. Nevertheless, we felt we might have benefited if leadership had been signposted. Why is signposting important to us? The group identified that one of the main challenges trainees and First5© GP's face is that the term 'leadership' itself is off-putting. To us, a stereotypical leader was synonymous with politics and management. There was a general misconception that leadership was for high-achieving trainees and GPs and we didn't recognise that in ourselves. However, we soon realised that many of the key personal qualities integral to effective leadership in the NHS, as set out by the NHS Leadership Academy Healthcare Leadership Model, were innate in ourselves.[1] We felt that a trainee needs to recognise these vital qualities in themselves at the outset, because these skills form the foundations of an effective leader of the future and need to be developed and harnessed. Furthermore, these skills were not the stereotypical skills we thought they would be. Recognising these skills can improve self-belief and furthermore, could unlock potential. This should not be an onerous additional task for trainers as the selection process of candidates for GP training has historically been sensitive to choosing trainees with these inherent qualities. It was thought that leadership training was best achieved by active participation rather than reading and attending a course. There is an urgent need for organisations such as the CCG, British Medical Association and Local Medical Committees to actively encourage and


In this paper we deduce by {\Gamma}-convergence some partially and fully linearized quasistatic evolution models for thin plates, in the framework of finite plasticity. Denoting by {\epsilon} the thickness of the plate, we study the case where the scaling factor of the elasto- plastic energy is of order {\epsilon}^ (2{\alpha}-2), with {\alpha}>=3. We show that solutions to the three- dimensional quasistatic evolution problems converge, as the thickness of the plate tends to zero, to a quasistatic evolution associated to a suitable reduced model depending on {\alpha}.


With the sustaining development and expanding domain of the simulation technology, the operating system and platform that the simulation tools relied on are becoming multiplex. Thus more and more simulation tools need to be used in multi-platform. Therefore, how to improve the application portability of simulation tools has made many scholars addicted to it. This paper has analyzed the basic ideas of MDA, put forward a way of generating HLA-based federate frame based in MDA, and finally developed a tool which can generate HLA-based federate code frame for multi-platform automatically. This tool can greatly improve the efficiency of HLA-based federate development.


80% of all wastewater is discharged into the environment without first eliminating contaminants, and the consequences are cause for concern. The ecotaxes levied on effluents in many developed countries are aimed at preventing and minimizing water pollution and also, in part, helping to finance proper water reclamation facilities. The aim of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the current tax burden in a set of European Union countries on wastewater discharges and to assess its relationship with the quality of fresh water and other economic and political variables. The paper draws on different theoretical arguments and estimates a panel data model to verify the effectiveness of taxes in protecting aquatic ecosystems. These taxes are directly dependent on the environmental health status of water and inversely linked to the volume of discharged wastewater. In addition, a direct relationship is found between the tax burden on wastewater discharges and the variables representing the Human Development Index, the per capita expenditure on protecting water resources, the relative weight of ecotaxes in a country's total tax revenues, and public support for green political movements.


A Chinese patent medicine for treating trigeminal neuralgia is characterized in that the Chinese patent medicine comprises 12g of Radix aconiti lateralis preparata, 22g of white peony root, 22g of centipede, 22g of scorpion and 22g of muscardine silkworm, and the total weight of the above raw materials is 100g. The raw materials are subjected to ultrafine grinding according to the above compatibility weight ratio, and are uniformly mixed to prepare capsules. The Chinese patent medicine has a very good treatment effect on the trigeminal neuralgia, and has s mall toxic side effects.


This paper presents a whole design of network security audit and monitoring system, including the design of monitoring module in Proxy and network capability, etc. And it also proposes the implement flow of these function models including the implement flow of security audit model and network monitoring model, it also gives the design and realization of IP address peculate model and monitoring module in Proxy. This system has greatly improved the level of safety management of network through the practice for an application case and has obtain good actual effect.


Laser speckle is a long-standing issue which will corrupt image formation and interpretation. Over the years, various techniques have been developed to mitigate the speckle noise. Although machine learning approaches have been widely applied for image denoising tasks, there are very few of them are specifically designed for speckle reduction. In this work, we present a network specialized for reducing speckle noise in images. The training set consists of nearly 3,000 coherent- and incoherent-illuminated image pairs of a variety objects. The network is trained to learn a transformation from speckled to speckle-free images. We compare against the traditional image processing methods, and show that our learning-based approach outperforms these methods regarding both high PSNR, SSIM results and maintaining high-frequency edge features. Our data-driven approach dramatically reduces laser speckle noise by 11.71 dB, compared to a 0.17 dB reduction from non-local means filtering, a 0.1 dB reduction from median filtering and a 0.12 dB reduction from Gaussian filtering. Moreover, conventional image processing approaches reduce both laser speckle and high-frequency image features, which will result in the blurring effect. In contrast with optical speckle-denoising approaches, our method reduces cost and computational complexity. So, applications that require small and bright illumination sources with high-quality imaging can benefit from our work.


Over the last three decades 45 states have been confronted with school finance lawsuits. This phenomenon has led to a proliferation of school funding equity studies. However, to date, most studies of the equity of state school finance systems have focused on differences in expenditures between school districts. More recent research has found evidence that this approach overlooks important allocation decisions made at the district level, thus failing to identify continuing inequity. The few studies that have examined intra-district spending have only focused on a few, large metropolitan districts. This study expands on that work by analyzing how 70 high-poverty districts across the state of Ohio, regardless of urbanization level, distribute resources among individual schools. The results indicate that state funding equity efforts are being contravened by districts and the way that districts allocate their funds to individual schools. Specifically, we find evidence that a vast majority of high poverty school districts are distributing resources inequitably among schools. This may help to explain the disconnect between increased supplemental funding for disadvantaged students in the state and the persistence of the achievement gap despite it.


ABSTRACT Alteration adsorption properties of Re(VII) on two resins with different functional groups and structure, weak base/macroporous and strong base/gel type, Purolite A170 (A170) and Dowex 21K (21K) respectively, were investigated experimentally and interpreted by isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic modeling. Following the comparison of coefficient of determination values, the Freundlich and D-R isotherm models were found to be more suitable for description of investigated systems (R2 > 0.99). The Langmuir isotherm capacities (qm) were indicated that the perrhenate ions (ReO4−) adsorption is higher for weak base/macroporous type resin rather than the other at pH 3 in the presence of 50–250 mg L−1 Re (166.67 and 142.86 mg g−1, respectively). Also, the results from EDX studies corroborated this phenomenon. The adsorption reaction on both adsorbents was found to be chemically with mean free energy, E, as 12.18 and 13.62 kJ mol−1 for A170 and 21K, respectively. Kinetics of adsorption was studied by fitting the data into different mechanisms, among which the pseudo-second order mechanism was found successful for both used resins, but in case of 21K, the rate of perrhenate ions uptake was more rapid than A170. That is possibly attributed to the presence of strong base (quaternary amine) in functional groups. ΔG values obtained were all negative for both resins indicating a spontaneous adsorption process. The positive values of both ΔH (3.34 kJ mol−1) and ΔS (27.31 J mol−1 K−1) obtained suggest an endothermic reaction and in increase in randomness at the solid–liquid interface during the adsorption onto the A170 resin while for 21K, the negative changes in enthalpy and entropy provide an indication that the process is endothermic as well as it follows associative mechanism.


Firms tend to engage in interorganizational relationships (IORs) to an increasingly large extent, for various reasons, in different configurations and at different organizational levels. In recent attempts to structure knowledge about IORs, organizational and strategic studies have constructed typologies of IORs based primarily on the ownership structure of the IOR. This article proposes and develops a typology based on properties of the IOR rather than the IORs ownership structure. This is achieved by applying correspondence analysis on intersections extracted from an indexed interview material. Underlying interviews concern IORs, and informants come from a broad sample reflecting different types of companies, industries and professions. Results show that IORs can be grouped in four distinct cooperative situations defined by the level of immediate importance of the IOR and the level of establishment of the IOR.


One should recollect the USA 2015 and 2016 U.S. presidential election cycle dealt with numerous scandals which were triggered by the forged news articles that blowout through the social media like Twitter and Facebook. When it was found that these articles were purposefully uploaded
 for financial and political gain, it's become evident that bogus news has to be identified and removed to prevent public from being deceived for someone's personal gain. This study builds a supervised machine language model to detect the fake news articles published during 2015
 and 2016 U.S. election cycle. The data set contains identical number of bogusand factual news. The standard set of machine learning algorithms like K-Nearest Neighbors, Support Vector Machine, Naive Bayes and Passive Aggressive Classifier are trained using either the title or the content
 of the article. There results show that the PAC classifier produces the highest accuracy of 94.63% over the other three classifiers using diagram term frequency.


Objective To inrestigate the relationship between allogenic blood transfusion and postoperative infection in patients during the peri-operation period.Methods Retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 156 inpatients who underwent gastroenterologic operation from 2006 to 2007 in our hospital.The wound infection was retrospectively diagnosed according to diagnostic criteria of surgical infection of incisional wound.Results The rate of postoperative infection was 19.6% in allogenic blood transfusion group,double higher than that in non-blood transfusion group (8.5%).The postoperative infection complication was more frequent in allogenic blood transfusion group than non-blood transfusion group (P0.01).The study also indicated the volume of blood transfusion was positively related to infection rate.Most was bacterial infection.Conclusion Perioperational allo-blood transfusion is a risk factor for bacteria infection after operation,which may result from immunological inhibition.


Lithium-rich layered rocksalt oxides are promising cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries, owing to their high charge–discharge capacities of over 250 mA h g–1. However, their poor rate capability remains to be addressed. Here, we investigate the effects of surface modification by amorphous Li3PO4 on the structures and electrochemical reactions in the surface region of an epitaxial Li2RuO3(010) film electrode fabricated by pulsed laser deposition. Structural characterization using surface X-ray diffraction (XRD), hard X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, and neutron reflectometry shows that surface modification by 3 nm thick Li3PO4 resulted in the partial substitution of P for Li in the surface region of Li2RuO3. The modified (010) surface exhibits better rate capability at 20 C (41% of the discharge capacity at 0.3 C) compared to the unmodified surface (5% of that at 0.3 C). In situ surface XRD confirmed that highly reversible structural changes occurred at the modified surface during lithium (de)inter...


The unique α-Fe2O3 hexagonal nanosheets have been successfully prepared through a facile solvothermal method with subsequent calcining process. The as-synthesized α-Fe2O3 sample exhibits p-type conductive performance. The gas sensitivities of the as-fabricated Fe2O3 nanosheets-based sensor are comprehensively studied and show good gas-sensing performance toward aniline. Furthermore, the aniline-sensing mechanism is investigated and the origin of the p-type conductivities is also discussed.


Citizens adoption of m-Government services can be achieved through voluntary or mandatory settings. In Tanzania, some government authorities have chosen mandatory adoption approach in order to increase adoption rate, efficiency, and reduce the costs of public administration. One of the crucial dimensions of mandatory adoption is power distance (PD).  Literature review, mostly from developed countries, have shown contradicting results on the role of PD towards the adoption of m-Government services. Meanwhile, there is a lack of research studies from African developing countries. This research seeks to fill this gap by examining if PD is a success factor towards the adoption of m-Government services and model users' behaviors. The study analyzed the 1-year transactions logs that cover before and after the mandatory electronic payment system is adopted. Furthermore, the study analyzed the 1-year traffic of data from government recruitment agency by using web analytics to understand users' pattern. Findings show that PD is a significant success factor in the adoption of m-Government services in Tanzania. The study also reveals the existence of flash effect (FE) pattern. Finally, the study proposes a Flash Event Mitigation Algorithm (FEMA) to mitigate the impact of the FEs on m-Government services.


The rotational structure associated with the X 2Πg (000) ground ionic state of CO+2 has been investigated by threshold photoelectron spectroscopy and semiempirical calculations based on the distribution of Rydberg state levels at n=2000. The calculations are in very good agreement with the rotationally resolved spectra for the X 2Πg,3/2 and X 2Πg,1/2 spin–orbit levels for both room temperature and supersonically cooled ground state CO2. Intensity anomalies are partly explained by decay mechanisms involving rotational and spin–orbit autoionization.


Accumulating evidence suggests that automation is on an exponential growth path and it is projected to lead to massive technological unemployment. This paper proposes a conceptual framework within which to view automation and technological unemployment. The overarching conceptual framework pertains to the concepts of optimal and just factor shares. Within this framework, the issues associated with technological unemployment including the non-neutrality of technology, the subsequent inevitability of automation, the mechanisms via which this impacts work and the case for a re-invention of capitalism are explored. Sharing work is proposed as a modest institutional reform. The specific policy proposals within the broad area of sharing work are work-sharing and shortened work-week. The theoretical literature on the sharing work concept and the empirical literature on the two specific reforms are then reviewed. While these reforms are incremental and hence perhaps the most politically acceptable, they nonetheless represent a reinvention of capitalism if broadly implemented. It is argued that such re-inventions are well rooted in history during crises periods such as the one technological unemployment is likely to lead to based on the evidence provided. It is further argued that taxing capital to pay for these reforms, to the extent that they are not self-financing, is socially just.


Use of a non-woven fabric (1) reinforced by water jet from endless filaments as a female component (loop component) of a hook and loop closure system, characterized in that non-woven fabric (1) is not included holes and the non-woven fabric (1) does not show any adhesion before the water jet reinforcement.


Original scientific paper This study proposes an artificial neural network (ANN) model in order to approximate the resonant frequencies of equilateral triangular patch antennas. The neural network structure applied here is trained and tested for both single-layer and double-layer antennas. It is shown upon experiment that the resonant frequencies obtained from the neural network are both more accurate than the calculated frequencies by formula and satisfactorily close to the measured frequencies. Results appear to be promising as per the available literature. This paper also may offer more efficient approach to developing antennas of such nature. While the total absolute error of 7 MHz and the average error of 0,09 % are achieved for single-layer antenna, the total absolute and average errors are 49 MHz and 0,07 % for the double-layered antenna, respectively.


Multinuclear spin-lattice relaxation rates and self-diffusion coefficient measurements are reported over wide ranges of temperature, pressure, and concentration in undercooled aqueous solutions of tetramethylammonium bromide. These dissolved organic cations with apolar surface groups provide model systems to investigate the effect of Coulombic, hydrophobic, and H-bond interactions upon the solvent and solute dynamics within the random, transient H-bond networkof the water. Also reported for the first time areneutron diffraction difference experiments in these undercooled solutions to investigate how changes in dynamic disorder are related to changes in the average static structure of the hydration water as temperature is decreased. A substantial sharpening of the orientational order between water molecules is observed in the undercooled state.


Monitoring the quality of marine ecosystems is a challenge to achieve and preserve their good environmental status. Real time or near real time acquisition and collection of physical, chemical and biological data series describing the health conditions of marine environments is needed not only when pollution episodes occur, to set up proper remediation measures, but also to follow natural variability of water quality occurring at different time scales. The development of advanced systems for environmental monitoring (coastal and offshore buoys and platforms, unmanned or remotely controlled submersible and unsubmersible vehicles, etc.) gave a great contribution to operational oceanography, helping to bypass the limitations and costs of traditional oceanographic surveys. The systems here described constitute an improvement and application of the know-how acquired in the last two decades in the field of advanced systems for environmental investigations. Potential advantages of the new developed system in comparison with previous prototypes are described. A wide range of applications is possible, covering the cases when conventional 'manual' sampling is not possible, or dangerous, for example in proximity to glaciers, or when oil spill, toxic algal blooms, waste water must be sampled. As a first test, the developed system has been used in Arctic waters (Svalbard Islands) to evaluate spatial variations in the microbial assemblage. Results obtained indicate that the developed automatic vehicle and water multisampler are a good complement of traditional oceanographic cruises, and constitute a practical low-cost system to obtain data with good spatio-temporal resolution both for the initial characterization and for the study of possible natural or anthropogenic disturbance in water quality.


In an effort to characterize the spatial and temporal patterns of nitrogen concentration and load in streams of the Lake Tahoe basin, we analyzed 10 years of data from 10 streams, developing discharge‐concentration relationships and total load estimates for nitrate‐N, ammonium‐N, and organic N. The results indicate that (1) most of the nitrate transport occurs early in the snowmelt season or during large winter rainstorms; (2) dissolved organic nitrogen concentrations peak early in the runoff season, decline during snowmelt, and in some streams peak again during the summer low‐flow period; (3) organic nitrogen accounts for over 90% of the total nitrogen load in basin streams; (4) averaged over 10 years and the area of 10 watersheds, the nitrogen flux rates in kg ha−1 yr−1 are 0.081 for nitrate‐N, 0.017 for ammonium‐N, 0.58 for dissolved organic N, and 0.47 for particulate organic N; (5) the variation in annual runoff explains most of the interannual and interwatershed variability in total nitrogen load; and (6) the dominance of organic nitrogen relative to nitrate‐nitrogen in Tahoe basin streams contrasts with sites in eastern North America.


In Euclidean space, the geodesics on a surface of revolution can be characterized by means of Clairaut's theorem, which essentially says that the geodesics are curves of fixed angular momentum. A similar result holds for three dimensional Minkowski space for timelike geodesics on sufraces of revolution about the time axis. Here, we extend this result to consider generalizations of surfaces of revolution to those surfaces generated by any one-parameter subgroup of the Lorentz group. We also observe that the geodesic flow in this case is easily seen to be a completely integrable system, and give the explicit formulae for the timelike geodesics.


Abstract : From the bitter Civil War in Bosnia-Herzegovina conditions have emerged which could draw the United States into the Balkan conflict. Since the war's beginning in 1992, Serbian nationalism has led to a campaign of genocidal cleansing against the Bosnian Muslims. Finding this mass violence appalling to their moral standards, and increasingly frustrated with ineffectual U.N. peacekeeping efforts, many U.S. citizens have begun looking toward their military for a solution. However, although they view the killing as unacceptable, many Americans who assert a noble desire to'do something' do not feel the present situation is an adequate reason to risk U.S. lives. These critics argue such involvement is well intentioned but indistinctly defined. Therefore, they maintain, humanitarian intervention into the Balkan Civil War would only embroil America in a ground conflict reminescent of Vietnam. This study refutes that argument. it concludes the United States could most effectively project military force into Bosnia by forsaking the use of ground forces and employing air power exclusively.


Islamic finance market is developing in some 18 financial centers across the world, including London. Ariff (2015, i.e., this issue) shares some valuable insights into the world of sukuk as an emerging type of debt instrument and offers an excellent review on the current debate. He elucidates the central issues relating to sukuk and presents arguments in a lucid and coherent style encapsulating the essence of the current debate. I find the article to be well-researched, well-structured and one which undoubtedly will be both appealing and beneficial to students, academics and practitioners internationally. The publication of his two books in the United Kingdom also attests to his expertise on this subject. --


The liquid–liquid equilibrium data for the systems including benzene + n-heptane + N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and benzene + n-heptane + DMF + ammonium thiocyanate were measured experimentally at 298.15 K or 303.15 K and atmospheric pressure. The selectivity coefficients of the complex solvent (DMF + NH4SCN) are generally higher than those of DMF, derived from the tie-line data. For the high selectivity that is from 15.03 to 69.90 at 298.15 K or from 15.04 to 61.02 at 303.15 K, the complex solvent, DMF + NH4SCN, could be used as an extracting agent to separate benzene from n-heptane.


In non-binary turbo decoding combined with non-binary orthogonal signaling such as M-ary FSK, the conditional channel probabilities of the non-binary symbols require M values for each symbol. In this paper, we propose a method which can reduce the backup memory size of the channel values of non-binary orthogonal signaling. And we propose a new turbo decoding method which can reduce the memory for a non-binary turbo MAP decoder. We compare the memory requirements of the proposed algorithms and the bit error rate performance.


"It is very interesting to compare Spencer and Comte," wrote George Sarton in an essay lauding their efforts to embrace all knowledge in a grand synthesis. The comparison, indeed, was tempting for contemporaries, as it has been for students of ideas. Both Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer were authors of new philosophic systems which, they believed, had been built on the firm foundations of science, and both were convinced that society should be reconstructed in accordance with the truths of their philosophies. The insistence of Positivists and some who were not Positivists that Spencer, consciously or not, had been influenced by Comte, and Spencer's repeated and fervent denials, made for a series of controversies that extended over half a century and ranged from the minutiae of priority to the more important issues of the classification of the sciences and the nature of religion. The eclipse of both the Positive Philosophy of Comte and the Synthetic Philosophy of Spencer in the twentieth century hardly suggests the interest they aroused in the nineteenth. The unification of knowledge and the discovery of the laws of man and society were dreams which nineteenth-century science and philosophy hoped to realize. Comte and Spencer made their contribution in this area; and while both were attacked for erecting systems on questionable assumptions, and for their weakness in details, their extraordinary ability to amass quantities of information and to come up with penetrating generalizations attracted admirers and disciples. Few of their critics thought that what they had set out to do was not worth doing, or could not be done.


This paper tests for long run PPP using a nonstationary panel regression framework that can accommodate both permanent and temporary shocks. It also uses the common correlated estimator of Pesaran (2003a) to take account of cross sectional dependence. The PPP null in our framework is a unit elasticity of nominal exchange rates with respect to relative prices. Using US dollar and German mark spot rates and the consumer price index for 15 European economies 1977:1-2001:12, we cannot reject the hypothesis that the long run relative price elasticity of exchange rates is unity. While this result supports long run PPP in our European sample, it has to be viewed with caution since some residual cross sectional dependence remains.


This paper analyzed the feasibility of study on microstructure of soil using Matlab, and based on the theoretical model , introduced the fundamental principles, method and detailed process of dealing with soil SEM picture by making use of Matlab. Finally, through the processing and analysis of the model picture, we make a further explain for the operation procedure and approach. From the analytical results, we can draw the conclusion that making use of Matlab to deal with the soil SEM picture can accomplish a convenient and accurate study of soil microstructure.


The wide-angle lenses, which apply four pieces of glass lenses with the angle of view 100 degree, the distortion controlled within 40%, and MTF in the angle of view above 40lp/mm


This article describes the variation of syariah savings in the institution of the temple al-Maal wa al-Tamwil (BMT) Mitra sadaya. The approach used in this study is a qualitative approach and the type of data used in this study is descriptive. The object of this research is the analysis of the opening procedure of sharia savings at the institution of bait al-Maal wa al-Tamwil (BMT) Mitra Sadaya Purwakarta branch. The subject of the research is the source of data asked for the information according to the research problem. This study aims to determine the form of procedures, implementation procedures, the benefits of procedures and factors in running procedures in the opening of syariah savings. The results of this study are: Variations of Islamic savings at the institution of the temple al-Maal wa al-Tamwil (BMT) Mitra sadaya there are three contracts used: (1) principle akad wadi'ah, (2) Mudharabah contract principle, (3) Qard. Then for the opening procedure of syariah savings as follows: (1) Prospective customers / members come to the office or hold an appointment with marketing bait al-Maal wa al-Tamwil (BMT); (2) The prospective customer / member meets with the Customer Service section bait al-Maal wa al-Tamwil (BMT) Mitra sadaya; (3) Prospective customers / members fill out the application form of syariah account opening or savings account; (4) Prospective client / member shall sign the approval for opening of syariah saving account; (5) Entered and checked by the teller section; (6) Print sharia savings book in accordance with customer / member application; (7) The signing of officials related to the institution of al-Maal wa al-Tamwil (BMT) Mitra sadaya; (8) Calculate and give the first deposit money to the teller; (9) Input of initial deposit and deposit of deposit; (10) Re-check the nominal deposit with the amount of balance and stamp teller; (11) Account opening is completed and customers / members are welcome to go home. Shariah-compliant profit sharing of bait al-Maal wa al-Tamwil (BMT) Partners sadaya partner, if the form of ordinary sharia savings (other than deposits) gifts or profits are given equivalent to 35% of office income. However, if included in the category of gift deposits granted equivalent to 9% -13% per year. As well as deposits that fall into the category of capital of the institution of bait al-Maal wa al-Tamwil (BMT). Sadaya Partners that last from 4-5 years, the profits are equal to 30% -110%.


Transcranial magnetic stimulation requires an electric field composed of dozens of V/m to achieve stimulation. The stimulation system is composed of a stimulation coil to form the electric field by charging and discharging a capacitor in order to save energy, thus requiring high-pressure kV. In particular, it is charged and discharged in capacitor to discharge through stimulation coil within a short period of time (hundreds of seconds) to generate current of numerous kA. A pulse-type magnetic field is formed, and eddy currents within the human body are triggered to achieve stimulation. Numerous pulse forms must be generated to initiate eddy currents for stimulating nerves. This study achieved high internal pressure, a high number of repetitions, and rapid switching of elements, and it implemented numerous control techniques via introduction of the half-bridge parallel load method. In addition it applied a quick, accurate, high-efficiency charge/discharge method for transcranial magnetic stimulation to substitute an inexpensive, readily available, commercial frequency condenser for a previously used, expensive, high-frequency condenser. Furthermore, the pulse repetition rate was altered to control energy density, and grafts compact, one-chip processor with simulation to stably control circuit motion and conduct research on motion and output characteristics.


The presence of genotype × environment (GE) interactions in plant breeding experiments has led to the development of several stability parameters in the past few decades. The present study investigated the repeatability of these parameters for 16 chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes by correlating their estimates obtained from extreme subsets of environments within a year and also over years. Based on the estimates of response and stability parameters within each trial, the ranking of genotypes in the low-yielding subset differed from that in the high-yielding subset. This indicates poor repeatability for response and stability parameters over the extreme environmental subsets. The estimates of mean yield and stability parameters represented by ecovalence, W2i, were consistent over years, whereas those of response parameters (bi, and S2i) showed poor repeatability. Our results suggest that single-year results for yield and stability can be used effectively for selecting cultivars with stable grain yield if tested in a wider range of environments


Field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Research Farm of Narendra  Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad, UP during Rabi season of 2011-12. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design (RBD) with 12 treatment combinations comprising of three varieties NRC-HB 101, Rohini and Narendra Rye-8501  and four spacings 30 x 10, 45 x 10, 45 x 15 and 60 x 10 cm. All the treatment combinations were replicated three times. The maximum plant height was recorded in Narendra Rye-8501 that was significantly superior over Rohini and NRC-HB 101 with plant geometry 45 x 15 cm at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing and at harvest stage of crop growth which was significantly higher over 30 x 10 cm, 45 x 10 cm and 60 x 10 cm plant spacing at all the stages of crop growth except at 30 DAS and other growth attributes viz primary branches, secondary branches and total branches/plant were also significantly superior in Narendra Rye-8501 under plant geometry of 45 x 15 cm at all growth stages. Number of seeds/siliqua was significantly increased in Narendra Rye-8501 under plant geometry 45 x 15 cm which led to significantly maximum seed yield of mustard superior to other treatments.


The addition of a modulation collimator technique to a one‐dimensional coded aperature imaging system known as the Multiple Slit Camera (MSC) can improve the location precision for gamma ray bursts and slower hard X‐ray transients to about a tenth of a square arcminute. Wires are wound coaxially around the random slit collimator and imaging proportional counter of one half of a MSC. The ratio of counts between the modulated and unmodulated halves provides an array of possible fine positions. The ambiguity is reduced to one or a few fine positions by a coarse position from another MSC orthogonal to the first. The addition of the modulation collimator reduces the system sensitivity only slightly. The fine position capability operates over about two‐thirds of the nearly all‐sky field of view of the MSC. This system offers excellent sensitivity and provides gamma burst positions from a single spacecraft that are as precise as the best of those from the long baseline network of interplantary spacecraft.


The large number of traffic accidents and their grave consequences represent a real problem all over the world. A successful innovative activity in this field performed on a worldwide scale contributes to solving a critical social and economic issue. Due to the more easily available European statistical data, the paper is going to present the causes of accidents and examine possible solutions. Although a number of effective measures have been implemented in the field of traffic safety, the number of road accidents is still unacceptably high in the EU: a total of 1.3 million accidents per year result in close to 40,000 deaths and 1.7 million injuries. There is a large body of statistical data available (both from Hungary and from Europe) and several comprehensive researches discuss the types of accidents. Available analyses are going to be made on what kind of active or passive vehicle safety systems could have helped avoid the accidents. These analyses have and still define the main directions for legislation  and technical developments.


The author of a new history of parochial schools reviews the soul-searching that gripped Catholic education in the 1980s and shows how doubt and anxiety forced Catholic educators to face a simple but vital fact of life: As long as there are parents, pastors, and teachers interested in parochial education, these schools will survive and thrive. Even though American Catholic parochial education will never again attain the position of influence it had in the middle of the 20th century, parish schools will remain important education laboratories for the coming century.


Extracted with ethyl acetate and hydrochloric acid solution,the samples of swine livers were cleaned by SCX SPE columns,derived by BSTFA and dissolved,detected by GC/MS and external standard method.The limit of quantitation(LOQ) of clenbuterol hydrochloride and ractopamine in swine livers was 0.3,1.0(ng/g) respectively.The linearity of clenbuterol hydrochloride was within the range of 3.0~300 ng/mL,and the average recovery rate was 85.6%.The linearity of ractopamine was within the range of 10~1 000 ng/mL,and the average recovery rate was 76.6%.The method was convenient,reliable,sensitive and little interfered,so it could be used for the simultaneous determination of clenbuterol and ractopamine residues in swine liver.


The Varieties of Capitalism (VoC) school may one day be judged yet another of those traditions of political economy imported to South Africa – such as Articulations of Modes of Production (early 1970s), Fractions of Capital (mid-1970s), Social History (1980s) and Regulation Theory (late 1980s-early 1990s) (about which see Bond 2011 for a review) – that at the time provide new insights worth considering, but that fail as a framing strategy because they are not ambitious enough or, alternatively, they say too much and hence too little. According to one of the most nuanced analysts of VoC, Greg Albo (2006, 235), the 'continued variation of capitalist development in the world market – its uneven and combined development' – was the subject of grand 1960s-70s narratives and as a result, many political economists have been preoccupied with


Can factors in the educational environment influence cognitive appraisals of control and value in chiropractic medical students? Michael Wiles Pekrun and co-workers have described a theoretical construct and continuum by which elements of the educational environment are posited to influence cognitive appraisals of control (over one's academic performance) and value (of one's education). These appraisals are said to influence what Pekrun called achievement emotions, or emotions that are tied to educational outcomes. This construct suggests that educational outcomes, the worthy goal of any educational program, could be influenced at the onset by the educational environment. This would be of interest to educators in order to manipulate the environment to influence cognitive appraisals, which in turn influence achievement emotions. Chiropractic medical students were surveyed and interviewed to assess their perceptions of the educational environment, control and value. The survey instrument consisted of the fifty questions of the Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure, and ten questions measuring cognitive appraisal of control and value. These latter ten questions had been previously developed and used in several studies investigating appraisals of control and value. Forty-three students (67.2%) completed the survey instrument and six students were interviewed. The qualitative and quantitative data showed that cognitive appraisal of control was strongly correlated with a wide range of elements of the educational environment, in agreement with Pekrun's construct. However, the findings also showed that cognitive appraisal of value had little to no correlation with the educational environment and is possibly an intrinsic and independent characteristic of these students. These findings are of specific importance to chiropractic educators by supporting the need for a positive educational environment, and of a more general importance to health science educators by demonstrating the importance of personal and social elements in the learning process. These findings also suggest the need for further research into the nature of the perception of value in chiropractic medical students, and whether the strong correlation of the educational environment and perception of control is due to a cause-effect relationship.


Polythiophene and ..beta..-substituted polythiophenes are prepared by electrochemical oxidation and polymerization of their respective monomers. A property-structure correlation between monomers and their corresponding polymers is obtained by systematic variation of the chemical structure of the monomers. Film growth and conductivities are dependent on ..beta..-substituents, with conductivity of the order of 1 ohm/sup -1/ cm/sup -1/ obtained for poly(..beta..-methylthiophene).


In this paper we present the NECSAVE system which allows the control of heterogeneous unmanned vehicles under challenging environments by a single human operator by providing it with the desired highlevel objectives. The described software stack takes care of decomposing the high-level objectives into assignable tasks and (re)distributing the workload among team members according to their announced capabilities and eventual failures. NECSAVE is robust to system failures by supporting decentralized planning and adapting allocation in face of platform losses. The system was validated in multiple field trials where NECSAVE was used for the coordination of heterogeneous vehicles under challenged communication environments, namely the sea using radio (at surface) and acoustic communications (underwater).


This study seeks to investigate and determine the affordability of middle- income earners especially young generation in few major cities in Malaysia. Specifically, the aim of this research intends to investigates and research towards the possibility of open building concept in public housing and provide architectural solution to increase the adaptability and flexibility of housing youth living high rise public housing that reflects the culture and image of the community towards interchangeable settlement pattern. Primary data consisting of non-participative and semi structured observation, which include questionnaire and interview session, field studies as well as site observation. Observation method is used in order to gather the information around the site at Kampung Bakar Batu and come out with site analysis at the end of research. For secondary data, lots of study conducted through few cases study. As Conclusion, there are few significant and difference needs between young couple with children and without children.


The radar is expected to go beyond the traditional functionality of range and speed estimation to target classification. The complementary use of radar and video is becoming increasingly popular for applications such as autonomous cars, smart home automation etc. Target classification based on radar depends on the characteristic motion patterns of target nonrigidities. The Micro-Doppler (MD) signal captures such motions that have been used to extract reliable distinguishing features for various classes of targets. Popular MD analysis techniques such as Cadence frequency estimation require long captures before reliably identifying the target. Such a latency has an impact on the response times especially in time critical systems such as autonomous cars. Although a finite latency is unavoidable, it is in the interest of the community to keep it as small as possible. In this paper, we use unsupervised learning, specifically auto-encoders for learning Micro-Doppler features. We use a particular fast learning algorithm which learns very quickly with little training data and deliver reliable classification.


Plato believes that concept is the nature,the drive,and goal of all the substances.He claims that there are two worlds.This is the most Abstract philosophical idea that makes philosophy search for the nature of the world from Abstract perspective.