As a college professor, I used to get into terrible trouble because I would give my students their final exam paper at the beginning of the course. The faculty didn't like it because that wasn't playing by the rules. I told them I didn't like the rules!I took the view that I would give my students the questions ahead of time and teach them the answers so that they would get an A, which for me is what life is about, not forcing everyone into some normal distribution curve.Ifs deeply sad that many organisations force managers to rank order their people. Why should a team of top performers still have to be rated high, average or poor? This attitude is crazy. We might as well just start hiring losers just to fill the low slots!My good friend and co-author Garry Ridge, the CEO of WD-40, has understood the need to help people win at work since he made a life-changing visit to London on a 26-day world-wide business trip. Settling into his hotel room for the night, the fire alarm went off, He ignored it, thinking it must be a false alarm, until security started banging on his door shouting that the hotel must be evacuated. Garry spent the next hour and a half outside the hotel, freezing cold in his shorts and flip flops.On the flight home, Garry reflected on how stupid he had been, realising alarm bells have a purpose, especially if we hear and act on them. He figured his experience could be a learning moment. He did his own personal performance review, making a list of all the alarm bells he was ignoring in his personal and business life. Then he made a connection with my 'Helping people get an A philosophy' and decided he was going to change WD-40's performance review system to reflect it.How effective is your performance review system?Garry's experience led to our writing a book together, Helping People Wn at Work: A Business Philosophy Called "Don't Mark My Paper Help Me Get an A," Wthin the book, we say that an organisation's annual performance review system says a lot about workplace culture and whether it sets people up for success. We suggest people ask three questions to check the objectiveness of an organisations' performance review system:Checking the objectiveness of performance reviews1. Does your performance review system deliver valuable feedback and direction to employees?2. Do your employees receive feedback they dont get at any other time in the year?3. Does your performance review system build trust between managers and their people?If you answer 'no' to any of these, then you're not helping your people win at work. Effective performance reviews consist of three parts: Planning, Execution, and Review and Learning,Planning. It's no good giving someone a performance review if they don't know how they are being assessed. The whole process must begin with agreements on job descriptions and essential job functions. SMART goals are important; no one can be expected to perform well without clear goals. People need to know what an ? looks like.Execution. Leaders and managers shouldn't just set goals, delegate them and then file them away; they have to work with their people to help them achieve their goals on a daily basis. …


Background Preventive care traditionally aims to prevent diseases or injuries. For older people, different aims of prevention, such as maintenance of independence and wellbeing, are increasingly important.


The authors present the results of snow hemispherical–directional reflectance measurements on natural snow in the 0.9–1.45 μm spectral range. The measurements were made in a cold laboratory on snow collected in the field. Some of the samples have been subjected to controlled metamorphism in the laboratory before measurements were made. In the first part, the adding–doubling model, experimental assumptions and methodology are described. In the second part, experimental results are discussed and compared with theoretical values for different typical snow types and for different stages of snow evolution when subjected to temperature-gradient and wetness metamorphisms.


LiuQian and xiao-Shenyang because of in 2009 CCTV Spring Festival Evening Show at the excellent performance and rapid popularity. A result, LiuQian、xiao-Shenyang frequently appear in various entertainment programs,perform on stage; the whole country is also the emergence of a magic hot,xiaoShenyang-style impersonation show. LiuQian、xiao Shenyang writing of our time entertainment myth.And hidden in this myth are spending time behind the pursuit of commercial profit, secular aesthetic of mass entertainment and laughter under the psychological demands. However,such development of the arts is very dangerous. Faced with this growing phenomenon and we should ponder,LiuQian、small-Shenyang should remain sober.


Purpose: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has resulted in traveling restrictions and decreased the demand among travelers since the end of 2019. Policies and people's behaviors are gradually changing with the increase in the number of new diagnoses of COVID-19. Tourism increases tourists' risk of contracting COVID-19 and will undoubtedly be affected by this disease. Based on this assumption and social cognitive theory, this paper aims to explore the impact of COVID-19 on tourism in terms of people's willingness to travel. Design/methodology/approach: Based on social cognitive theory, this study has designed the model and variables. The data of the paper came from a survey conducted in 29 provinces of China and a total of 618 responses were used for data analysis after deleting invalid questionnaires. Drawing on the structural equation modeling method, this paper processes the data collected from questionnaires to test the hypotheses and come to the results. Findings: The results indicate that the negative impact of COVID-19 will affect the severity perceptions, personal negative effects and positive effects of tourism during the outbreak, which will ultimately influence people's willingness to travel. During the outbreak of COVID-19, impacted by environmental factors and personal factors, Chinese people's willingness to travel has been significantly reduced. Research limitations/implications: This study mainly focuses on people's willingness to travel and the demand side of tourism to analyze the effects of COVID-19 on tourism, which neglects the supply side of tourism for analysis. Subsequent research should take account of the supply side of tourism and expanding the sample size worldwide to determine the impact of COVID-19 on the tourism industry from a broader perspective. Originality/value: This study quantitatively analyzes how COVID-19 influenced the tourism industry and precisely determines the possible mechanism of the effect of COVID-19 on tourism by using social cognitive theory to build a model. The insights from the work help to understand how COVID-19 affects people's willingness to travel during the pandemic and how to address this issue. © 2021, Emerald Publishing Limited.


RFNC-VNIIEF is developing a powerful resonance electron accelerator BETA-8, operating in the mode of continuous wave generation. The accelerator is developed on the basis of half-wave coaxial cavity, excited on the wave of Т1 type. The paper presents calculation results of accelerating cavity with operating frequency 100 MHz, as well as an inductive unit of HF power input (UPI) meant for transfer of continuous HF signal on the operating frequency with an average power level 600 kW. Calculation results are proved by measurements of HF characteristics of the cavity assembled together with UPI and a coupling wave guide. The location of an indicator loop–pickup, mounted in a coupling wave guide is computed. The given loop– pickup is meant for operation in a frequency feedback circuit for the HF generator.


Over the last 16 years, insights in clinical and genetic characteristics of Parkinson's disease (PD) have increased substantially. We summarize the clinical, genetic, and pathological findings of autosomal dominant PD linked to mutations in SNCA, leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2, vacuolar protein sorting‐35, and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 1 and autosomal recessive PD linked to parkin, PINK1, and DJ‐1, as well as autosomal recessive complicated parkinsonian syndromes caused by mutations in ATP13A2, FBXO7, PLA2G6, SYNJ1, and DNAJC6. We also review the advances in high‐ and low‐risk genetic susceptibility factors and present multisystem disorders that may present with parkinsonism as the major clinical feature and provide recommendations for prioritization of genetic testing. Finally, we consider the challenges of future genetic research in PD.


Mapping a patient's speech as a network has proved to be a useful way of understanding formal thought disorder in psychosis. However, to date, graph theory tools have not incorporated the semantic content of speech, which is altered in psychosis. We developed an algorithm, netts, to map the semantic content of speech as a network, then applied netts to construct semantic speech networks for a general population sample, and a clinical sample comprising patients with first episode psychosis (FEP), people at clinical high risk of psychosis (CHR-P), and healthy controls. Semantic speech networks from the general population were more connected than size-matched randomised networks, with fewer and larger connected components, reflecting the non-random nature of speech. Networks from FEP patients were smaller than from healthy participants, for a picture description task but not a story recall task. For the former task, FEP networks were also more fragmented than those from controls; showing more, smaller connected components. CHR-P networks showed fragmentation values in-between FEP patients and controls. A clustering analysis suggested that semantic speech networks captured novel signal not already described by existing NLP measures. Network features were also related to negative symptom scores and scores on the Thought and Language Index, although these relationships did not survive correcting for multiple comparisons. Overall, these data suggest that semantic networks can enable deeper phenotyping of formal thought disorder in psychosis. We are releasing Netts as an open Python package upon publication of this manuscript.


Q-switched Thulium-doped fiber laser has been demonstrated with two configurations; linear cavity and ring cavity. Nitrogen-doped graphene in polyvynil alcohol has been applied in both laser cavities during loss modulation process.


Biochar is a carbon-rich material produced from incomplete combustion of agricultural biomass through pyrolysis process. Bamboo biochar can increase soil carbon content, improve soil fertility and restore the degraded soil. Previously we found that bamboo-biochar was effective to improve maize yield with an optimum dosage 10.52 t ha -1 biochar. Here, we examined the effectiveness of bamboo-biochar combined with compost and NPK fertilizer to improved soil quality and crop yield. In this experiment, we used a randomized block design (RBD) with two factors, three replications. The first factor was biochar dosage (four levels), namely without biochar,  biochar dosage 5.26 t ha -1 , biochar dosage 10.52 t ha -1 , biochar dosage 15.78 t ha -1 . The second factor is the type of fertilizer with four types, namely: without fertilizer, compost, NPK, and compost+NPK. The results showed that biochar dosage 10.52 t ha -1 combined with compost+NPK could increase P and K availability, increase total soil microbes, and improved soil quality to be very good with soil quality rating value 18. The biochar dosage 10.52 t ha -1 combined with compost+NPK gave the dry weight seed-corn highest of 12.84 tons per hectare that increased 38.61% when compared with without biochar and with compost+NPK. The highest yield 12.84 tons of the dry weight of seed-corn per hectare provides the highest effectiveness-agronomic value 119.69% and feasibility of corn crop farming in drylands value 1.27.


Now that the dust has settled in the wake of the most uninspiring general election campaign in living memory it is time to take stock of the manifesto promises and try to assess what they will mean for the NHS over the next five years.


Major construction companies typically have many thousands of suppliers and are thus at the forefront of delivering sustainable construction. This paper reports on an environmental supply-chain management initiative in Carillion plc, which has demonstrated that the Government's recommendations in this regard are both achievable and commercially beneficial. However, considering environmental issues alone is not sufficient—broader social and ethical issues need to be addressed before we can deliver truly sustainable construction solutions.


This study introduces the implementation of intrinsic time decomposition (ITD) based passive islanding detection technique for distributed generation (DG) system. The proposed method utilises voltage signals and decomposes it into a baseline signal and residual signal. The performance index in terms of energy computed from baseline signal is defined to discriminate between islanding and non-islanding events. The proposed ITD based technique for islanding detection has been analysed on different types of DGs connected to the system. The performance of the proposed technique is validated via simulation of distribution system modelled in EMTDC/PSCAD. The different critical operating conditions: lower end active and reactive power mismatch and events like capacitor switching, load switching, inception of fault, have been simulated to test the performance of the proposed scheme. The obtained results suggest that the proposed technique exhibits high reliability and has quick response time to detect islanding situation as compared to other passive islanding detection methods.


Background: Tetanus is an acute and potentially fatal disease caused by Clostridium tetani, an extremely resilient pathogen. This bacterium can contaminate traumatic wounds which account for approximately 5.4% of all visits to the Emergency Department. According to several surveillance programs, the incidence of clinical tetanus in Italy is tenfold higher than in other industrialised countries. In 2010, Italy accounted for 57 of the 74 confirmed cases reported within the European Union. We decided to conduct a study in the Emergency Department to assess the proportion of patients immunised against tetanus. Methods: The study analyses data from 1094 patients who presented to the Emergency Department of the Fondazione IRRCS Policlinico San Matteo between April 2016 and November 2017 with wounds potentially at risk of infection with Clostridium tetani. Results: Data showed that in Italy, the percentage of population protected against tetanus infection is unexpectedly low with 432 patients out of 506 having no significant level of antibodies against tetanus infection. In conformity with the literature, the elderly (> 60 years old) constitutes a high-risk category, with 219 (92%) unprotected individuals out of 238. Also, the patients aged 60+ showed statistically significant difference between female and male subjects.The data comparative analysis showed that younger patients lack protective immunity as well.Conclusions: This study highlights the unexpectedly low level of immunization in the sample of patients that has been taken into consideration. The low level of protection against tetanus infection is a concerning issue not only in the elderly but also in the youngest individuals. This fact could explain the higher incidence of tetanus in Italy in comparison to other European countries. Adopting a well-defined algorithm for the prevention of tetanus infection could help to avoid the excessive administration of prophylaxis, as well as to put in place the necessary preventive measures for each patient. Such a method could help to increase the percentage of the population vaccinated against tetanus infection and eventually reducing the cases of tetanus infection observed in Italy. The analysed data equally suggest the need for conducting awareness campaigns on the topic of vaccines and vaccine-preventable infections.


Perceptual learning and face recognition : Disruption of second order relational information reduces the face inversion effect. Ciro Civile (firstname.lastname@example.com) School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK. R.P. McLaren (firstname.lastname@example.com) School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK. I.P.L. McLaren (email@example.com) School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK. Abstract The face inversion effect is a reduction in recognition performance for inverted faces compared to upright faces that is greater than that typically observed with other stimulus types (e.g. houses; Yin, 1969). This study investigated the link between second-order relational structure and the face inversion effect suggested by Diamond and Carey (1986). The idea is that expertise gained as a consequence of a great deal of experience with exemplars derived from a familiar category, that possess what Diamond and Carey term second order relational structure, can produce an improved ability to distinguish between and recognise members of this category. Because facial features share the same basic spatial configuration, i.e. eyes are always above the nose and so on, and individual faces vary these spatial arrangements slightly, they have second order relational structure. The argument is that our experience with this structure underpins our ability to recognize faces, and this expertise with faces is lost on inversion because inversion disrupts the ability to exploit second order relational information. In this paper we report two experiments that confirm that we can obtain a strong face inversion effect, and that the magnitude of this effect can be reduced by disrupting the second order relational structure of the faces. Keywords: Inversion effect; face recognition; Thatcher illusion; scrambled faces; expertise; perceptual learning. Introduction Recognition of objects that are usually seen in one orientation is sometimes strongly impaired when the same objects are turned upside down, showing how intrinsically difficult it is to identify them. This has been found to be particularly the case for faces, a phenomenon known as the face inversion effect. (Yin,1969). Thus, the fact that recognition of human faces is more impaired by inversion than is recognition for other stimuli has underlined how faces are, in some sense, special. Over the past two decades, however, more behavioural evidence has emerged that challenges the assumption that facial stimuli are special, not the least of which is the demonstration that the inversion effect on recognition memory can be as strong with dogs as with faces when the subjects are experts in the identification and assessment of specific dog breeds. Given that the only stimuli that result in a substantial inversion effect are the ones for which the subjects have the necessary expertise (Diamond & Carey, 1986), this suggests that the face inversion effect may not be due to the fact that facial stimuli are subject to special processing because they are facial in nature, but instead that there are other factors, such as expertise, which give rise to this effect. Diamond and Carey (1986) proposed that it is a special type of information "second order relational information" that we depend on with increasing expertise. Human faces all have the same group of features (eyebrows, eyes, nose, mouth, etc.). All faces tend to have in common the same basic disposition of components, such that the eyes are always above the nose and so on. Thus, "first order relational information" corresponds to the spatial relationship between these features of a face, and "second order relational information" corresponds to the small variations in these spatial relationships that individuate the faces. In one of their experiments on detecting grotesqueness, Searcy and Bartlett (1996) made faces grotesque by either changing local elements, such as blackening teeth, blurring the pupils, or by changing the facial configuration. When shown in an inverted orientation, faces that were distorted by means of configural changes seemed to be more similar to the normal version while the "locally distorted face" still looked grotesque. Thus, configural changes did not survive the inversion process as well as local ones. In another experiment, Leder and Bruce (1998) distorted faces so as to be more distinctive, either changing local features by giving them darker lips, bushier eye brows, etc. or by changing configural information to give a shorter mouth to nose


The invention is a solid at least one onium perchlorate and a aminouracil containing stabilizer composition for halogen-containing polymers preferably.


Feeding jejunostomy (FJ) is a common surgical procedure for patients presenting with absolute dysphagia. Jejunostomy tube-induced intussusception is an extremely rare complication associated with it and its recognition and proper management are necessary to prevent subsequent bowel ischemia of the intussusception. We present a rare case with simultaneous intussusception at two sites in a patient who underwent FJ with Foley's catheter one month back and subsequently managed by surgical reduction and repositioning of the FJ tube.


The finite element method is used to solve the two-dimensional unsteady Navier-Stokes equations in laminar flow. A brief outline of the theory is given. Results from the numerical method are compared with experiments and other numerical methods. The main purpose is to discuss the viscous damping of the low frequency motions of offshore floating platforms. The horizontal cross-section of a four column floater is studied. The viscous part is dominating the damping of low frequency motions of this platform. The effect from motions in the wave frequency regime on the low frequency damping and the slow drift response was investigated. It is shown that the effect can be large.


Protein complexes are key units to discover protein mechanism. Traditional protein complex identification methods adopt a soft (overlapping) network clustering algorithm on protein-protein interaction network and predict the clusters as protein complexes. Recently, the AP-MS technique and the scoring method can measure the co-complex relationship among proteins. Unlike traditional PPI networks, AP-MS can provide negative evidence which indicates which proteins are unlikely to be in the same protein complex. However, most of existing network clustering algorithms cannot utilize this negative similarity score. In this paper, we propose a soft network clustering algorithm, SR-MCL-N, which can take into account negative similarity scores. SR-MCL-N is a variation of a previous algorithm, SR-MCL, which is a network clustering algorithm based on the transition flow. Additionally, since the scoring approach we use produces a dense similarity matrix, a sparsification technique is adopted on the similarity matrix. Based on the gold standard CYC2008 and GO terms, we first show that the sparsification can not only speed up SR-MCL-N, but also let SR-MCL-N generate more accurate clusters. SR-MCL-N is then compared against SR-MCL and a hierarchical algorithm which also considers negative similarity score. The results indicate that our algorithm outperforms others since SR-MCL-N not only generates overlapped clusters but also additionally takes negative similarity score into account.


Strategies and programs for improving mathematics instruction should be derived from sound educational theory. The sociocultural learning theories of Vygotsky may offer guidance in developing technology-based mathematics curriculum materials consonant with the NCTM (National Council of Teachers of Mathematics) goals and objectives. Vygotsky's theories, especially when they are applied to the use of current and emerging technologies, have the potential to help classroom teachers narrow the gap between current practices and the vision of mathematics education represented in the NCTM standards. Vygotskian theory incorporates several key ideas relative to levels and types of concept formation, the role of collaborative interchange in concept development, and instructional configurations that guide and promote concept development. Issues related to technology's role in mathematics education include content contexualization in the negotiation of meaning and reasoning skills, collaboration, communication, and language in the process of concept development. Mindtools (i.e., computer-based tools and learning environments that have been adapted or developed to function as intellectual partners with the learner in order to engage and facilitate critical thinking and higher-order learning), databases, spreadsheets, and computer-mediated communication are all tools which, when appropriately implemented, may promote high level thinking skills and support concept development. (Contains 26 references.) (AEF) Improving Mathematics Instruction Using Technology: A Vygotskian Perspective rpfliCeOtEECelirOniallERIge Wogie nt EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) O This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. O Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. Francis A. Harvey Lehigh University Christina Wotell Charnitski College Misericordia "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY


Cellular glass composites can be made of waste flat glass or bottle glass added with eggshell powder 0, 1, 3 and 5%wt and then fired at 800° and 900°C for 1 h using compression molding process. Adding eggshell powder mixed with glass cullet affects to form open and closed pores and to decrease firing temperature, thermal expansion coefficient and light weight. However, adding high amount of eggshell powder affects to form an excessively amount of open and closed pores effect to increase water absorption. The standard Thailand Industries determines water absorption of glass foam less than 25% because high water absorption affects to decrease mechanical properties. Therefore, cellular glass composites added 1, 3 and 5%wt should not be fired at temperature higher than 800°C for 1h. In addition, the cellular glass composites added 1 %wt eggshell powder and fired at 900°C for 1 h still have low water absorption and low thermal expansion coefficient. Cellular glass composites are potential to apply for many industries such as construction, petroleum and petrochemical, insulation, medical and dental applications.


: Bypass Surgery in "Endovascular Times". Bypass Surgery for occlusive pathology is now being performed for 70 years. It is still the gold standard with regard to long-term outcome, although complications can occur, such as wound healing problems or even more serious complications. has complication rates be (2): 5–9.


In presenting this completed study of shoes and slippers as a source of infection or reinfection in cases of ringworm of the feet, we have added a supplementary study of a small series of cases (25) in which we were interested in learning whether the organisms found in the shoes and on the skin were identical. Analysis of this series will follow the discussion of the main study. When one considers the widespread prevalence of infections of the feet due to fungi that are considered to be pathogenic in man, it is only natural to expect to find these fungi in articles of clothing in intimate contact with the affected areas. It is also believed that the distribution of these organisms is as universal in the mycologic as in the bacterial field. Consequently the human foot would be in frequent contact with fungi, both pathogenic and nonpathogenic, which could probably


Testate amoebae play an important role at the very first beginning of succession on land. We used these protists to analyze initial colonization processes occurring in an artificial water catchment built as a terrestrial hillside and located in a reclaimed lignite mining area in Lower Lusatia (Germany). In the first two years after site construction, only few testate amoebae species and individuals had been found on the predominantly uncovered, sandy study site. However, the substrate removed from small vegetation patches (containing organic matter) revealed tenfold higher amoebal densities compared to uncovered, sandy sites which were only a few cm apart. A cluster analysis separated these colonization patterns into covered and uncovered micro-sites. However, larger-scaled, consistent processes dependent on environmental parameters or gradients were not visible, as demonstrated by redundancy analysis. To conclude, the immigration and colonization process of testate amoebae on newly exposed soil surfaces is highly dependent on substrate quality, also assigned to specific site structures characterized by small vegetation patches.


In order to study thermal shock resistance property and failure mechanism of FeMnCr/ZrO2 composite coating,FeMnCr/ZrO2 composite coating was deposited by high velocity arc spraying on 20# steel substrate.Microstructure and thermal shock resistance property of FeMnCr/ZrO2 composite coating were analyzed by optical microscopy(OM),field emission scanning electron microscope(FE-SEM) and energy dispersion spectrum(EDS).The results show that ZrO2 ceramic phases exist in free state clusters which consist of uniform ZrO2 grains with mosaic structure.The oxidation of coating mainly initiates splats boundaries and propagates inward the metallic crystal phases with reticular structure during the thermal shock test.The failure form of thermal shock is the whole coating spallation from substrate,whereas the coating surface keeps intact and has no cracks.


Monitoring of ground surface deformation is important for determining and implementing effective measures against landslide disasters. Synthetic aperture radar interferometry(InSAR)is a promising monitoring technique that can detect surface deformation in wide areas at the centimeter scale. The present study aimed to interpret landslide deformation using InSAR images that cover the Shimekake landslide area in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. The study area consists of gentle slopes(approx.10°)facing southwest direction and predominantly lies on Neogene mudstone. Landslides in the area were triggered by snowmelt. InSAR images were produced from Advanced Land Observing Satellite(ALOS)/Phased Array L-band SAR(PALSAR)data that were measured from ascending/descending orbit(viewed above from west/east). For detecting landslide deformations, we selected the data measured between June2006and October2008because it displayed the best coherence among the available archived PALSAR data. Previous 2.5-dimensional analysis revealed east-west and vertical displacement using InSAR images obtained from both ascending(northward)and descending(southward)orbits. We compared the displacement estimated by InSAR with that measured by GPS between December2009and March2010. The comparison revealed that westward displacement in the entire landslide area and subsidence at the landslide scar identified by InSAR was coincident with that of the GPS measurements. Although no GPS data were available between June2006and October2008, it is thought that the same landslide deformation has continued since June2006. Therefore, we concluded that the InSAR images successfully detected landslide deformation in the study area. Notably, however, uplifting displacement detected at the foot of the landslide was not coincident with that of the GPS measurements, and the discrepancy was possibly due to a partial phase-unwrapping error in the InSAR image obtained from the ascending orbit. Despite the detection of false displacement, it was found that InSAR can serve as an effective reconnaissance tool for the monitoring of subtle landslide deformations over wide areas and is expected to support the location planning of GPS survey equipment in the field for effective landslide deformation measurements.


The invention discloses a preparation method of a polyaniline/graphene/tin dioxide composite material. Three-dimensional polyaniline/graphene oxide complex colloid is prepared by adopting a hydrothermal method and graphene oxide in the prepared colloid is reduced by utilizing SnCl2; and tin dioxide particles are deposited on the three-dimensional polyaniline/graphene oxide complex by adopting the hydrothermal method, so as to prepare the three-dimensional porous net-shaped polyaniline/graphene/tin dioxide composite material. The method disclosed by the invention has a simple, reliable and green and environment-friendly preparation process, and the prepared polyaniline/graphene/tin dioxide composite material has a regular space structure, good dispersibility, high energy density and power density and an excellent cycling performance, is an ideal super-capacitor electrode material and is particularly suitable for industrial production.


This chapter outlines the architecture of the Women, Peace, and Security agenda at the United Nations. Building on the explanation of the adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 provided earlier in the volume, it explores the meanings of "women," "peace," and "security" that are constructed through the WPS policy framework. The chapter traces the continuities and changes to the central concepts in the resolutions and reflects on the implications of these representational practices as they affect the provisions and principles of the WPS agenda in practice. Moreover, the chapter draws out the key provisions of each resolution to explore the tensions that have arisen over time regarding the types of energy and commitment that have become manifest in the architecture supporting WPS implementation. This in turn enables a brief analysis of likely future directions of WPS practice and a comment on the ways in which Security Council dynamics might affect and effect certain possibilities while excluding or proscribing others.


Objectives. The implementation of a required third-year introductory pharmacy practice experience (IPPE) in the University of Georgia College of Pharmacy's professional curriculum is described, and...


Polymer electrolyte films based on polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) complexed with sodium chloride (NaCl) were prepared by solution casting technique. The complexation of NaCl salt with the polymer was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) studies. The conductivity and dielectric measurements were carried out on these films in the frequency range 100Hz to 1MHz and temperature range 303K to 360 K. The complex impedance spectroscopy results reveal that the high-frequency semicircle is due to the bulk effect of the material. The conductivity was found to increase with the increase of salt concentration. The temperature dependence of ionic conductivity of these electrolytes exhibited Arrhenius behavior. The value of activation energy decreases with increasing salt concentration. Transference numbers were carried out using Wagner's polarization technique. The charge transport in this electrolyte system is predominantly due to ions. Electrochemical cells were fabricated with the configuration Na / (PVP+ NaCl) / (I2+C+electrolyte) and various parameters of the cells including open circuit voltage (OCV), short circuit current (SCC), power density etc., were evaluated. The performance of the electrochemical cells in the present investigations compares favorably with the parameters of earlier workers on different electrolyte systems, which clearly indicates the applicability of the present electrolyte systems as potential candidates for solid state electrochemical cells.


1,5-Dihydropyrimido[4,5-b]quinoline-2,4(3H,10H)-dione (1,5-dihydro-5-deazaflavin) reduced inactivated carbonyl compounds in acetic acid in the presence of hydrochloric acid to yield the corresponding alcohols which were identified as their acetates, while 1,5-dihydro-5-deazaflavin itself was oxidized to 5-deazaflavin.


A serological survey of the Seminole Indians in south Florida for evidence of exposure to arbovirus infection indicated not only past infection with the recognized North American encephalitis viruses—a high incidence for St. Louis encephalitis—but exposure to a Bunyamwera group agent and to Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, activity of which had not been previously recognized north of Panama.


94. Duric V, McCarson KE: Persistent pain produces stress-like alterations in hippocampal neurogenesis and gene expression. J Pain 2006; 7:544–55 95. Patki G, Solanki N, Atrooz F, Allam F, Salim S: Depression, anxiety-like behavior and memory impairment are associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation in a rat model of social stress. Brain Res 2013; 1539:73–86 96. Blugeot A, Rivat C, Bouvier E, Molet J, Mouchard A, Zeau B, Bernard C, Benoliel JJ, Becker C: Vulnerability to depression: From brain neuroplasticity to identification of biomarkers. J Neurosci 2011; 31:12889–99 97. Duric V, McCarson KE: Hippocampal neurokinin-1 receptor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene expression is decreased in rat models of pain and stress. Neuroscience 2005; 133:999–1006 98. Bennett MR, Lagopoulos J: Stress and trauma: BDNF control of dendritic-spine formation and regression. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 112:80–99 99. Tajerian M, Alvarado S, Millecamps M, Vachon P, Crosby C, Bushnell MC, Szyf M, Stone LS: Peripheral nerve injury is associated with chronic, reversible changes in global DNA methylation in the mouse prefrontal cortex. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55259 100. Linnman C, Becerra L, Lebel A, Berde C, Grant PE, Borsook D: Transient and persistent pain induced connectivity alterations in pediatric complex regional pain syndrome. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57205 101. Uchida H, Matsushita Y, Ueda H: Epigenetic regulation of BDNF expression in the primary sensory neurons after peripheral nerve injury: Implications in the development of neuropathic pain. Neuroscience 2013; 240:147–54


Consider a population of customers uniformly spread over the entire plane, that faces a problem of locating facilities to be used as delivery places by these customers. The cost of every facility is �nanced by its users only, who, in addition, face an idiosyncratic private access (say transporation) cost to the facility. We assume that the facilities' cost is independent of location and access costs are linear with respect to the Euclidean distance. We show that that an external intervention


A prospective descriptive study after study research and development, with the aim of proposing an educational strategy in the community led to the knowledge of tuberculosis, in the area of university teaching polyclinic "Twentieth anniversary" of the municipality of Santa Clara was conducted in a first stage and province Villa Clara, Cuba. The study covered the period from July 1, 2017 to July 31, 2018. The study included an adult population of both sexes aged 15 years, which were conducted random sampling random 360 people for implementation surveys and identify learning needs on the model of David Leiva. The correlation between knowledge and prevention measures showed that 89.2% of people are not aware and do not know the preventive measures to avoid infection of tuberculosis or minimize damage. It is concluded that in the study population there are gaps in learning tuberculosis because of ignorance of it.


When coordinated to 2-oxobenzoyl-C,O chelating ligands (O⌒CO) (⌒ = 3-tert-butyl-5-methylphenyl, 3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 3,4-benzocyclohexenyl, cyclohexenyl), 18 electron nickel(II) complexes Ni(O⌒CO)(PMe3)3 (1−5) oxidatively add iodomethane affording thermally labile NiIV compounds trans-mer-Ni(Me)I(O⌒CO)(PMe3)2 (6−10) or react with iodine in a ligand dismutation reaction to form stable molecules of trans-Ni(O⌒CO)2(PMe3)2 (21−25), which contain cisoidal acylphenolato chelate rings. Acylphenolato compounds 1−5 react with larger electrophiles [C2H5I, (CH3)2CHI, n-C4H9I, cyclo-C6H11I, CH3COCl, PhCOCl, (CH3)3COCl] in different regioselectivities affording ketones or esters. The square pyramidal bis[n-butyl 2-oxophenyl ketone]nickel(II) complex 16 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c, while the square planar chloro(phenyl)nickel(II) complex 19 with an ester group in the 2-position crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1. Steric control of C,C-coupling reactions is demonstrate...


Hölder's inequality and its various generalizations are playing very important and basic role in different branches of modern mathematics. In this paper, we give some new monotonicity properties of generalized Hölder's inequalities and then we obtain some new refinements of generalized Hölder's inequalities. c ©2016 All rights reserved.


This paper presents a new operator for genetic algorithms that enhances convergence in the case of multiple nonlinear equality constraints. The proposed operator, named CQA-MEC (Constraint Quadratic Approximation for Multiple Equality Constraints), performs the steps: (i) the approximation of the non-linear constraints via quadratic functions; (ii) the determination of exact equality-constrained projections of some points onto the approximated constraint surface, via an iterative projection algorithm; and (iii) the re-insertion of the constraint- satisfying points in the genetic algorithm population. This operator can be interpreted both as a local search engine (that employs local approximations of constraint functions for correcting the feasibility) and a kind of elitism operator for equality constrained problems that plays the role of "fixing" the best estimates of the feasible set. The proposed operator has the advantage of not requiring any additional function evaluation per algorithm iteration, solely making usage of the information that is already obtained in the course of the usual genetic algorithm iterations. The test cases that were performed suggest that the new operator can enhance both the convergence speed (in terms of the number of function evaluations) and the accuracy of the final result.


Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common inflammatory disorder affecting the cervical spine. The purpose of this study was to characterize the atloaxial involvement with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with early RA at the moment of diagnosis and after 18 months of a tight control therapy.


The rise of the modern state has been accompanied by a decline in the importance of statutory law to the operation of Western democratic governments. Two of the strongest critiques of the modern state and of this decline in statutory law have come from Friedrich Hayek and Theodore Lowi. Each has argued that only the restoration of a rule of law can ensure the continued survival of democratic societies. Their indictments of the modern state suggest a standard by which legislative policy alternatives might be evaluated. This article develops such a standard, adapted specifically for use in American politics, and uses it to analyze legislative behavior in the House of Representatives under four different presidential administrations. The development and application of the rule of law standard provides a critique of American government from the Hayek-Lowi perspective and reveals a basic incompatibility between the imposition of a rule of law and the establishment of a responsible-party government system.


It is well known that Discrete Element Method, DEM, has been applied to predict dynamics of granular systems by tracing all the particles by solving equations of motions. When it is applied to industrial applications, we immediately are faced to the problems of computing cost, due to too many particles. That is why coarse-grained (CG) simulation methods are required, where a group of particles is replaced as a coarse-grained particle to decrease the number of particle. So far, several CG simulation methods such as SPA model and coarse-grained model have been discussed. So far, CG simulation method has problems of reproducing scaling properties of the granular systems at high scaling ratios, in which contact effects are dominant. The aim of this research is to solve the problems. This paper proposes a new simulation method called scalable DEM (SDEM), which is based on the followings assumptions: 1) particles on the force network only contributes to the dynamics of granules, 2) there are statistically same picture in terms of structure for different scaling ratios. In the paper, SDEM was applied to two systems: "dam break" and "discharge of granules from a rectangular container." The following results were obtained through the research: a) comparable results were obtained for different scaling ratios, b) simulation predictions match to the experimental data for both two cases.


This paper introduces the main functions,research achievements and design principles of teaching and scientific research literature information service system based on Campus Network.On the basis of the introduction,this paper expatiates upon the related factors to be considered in the design and development of the system such as comprehensive consideration,convenience,circulation,etc.so as to realize its advanced design ideas and system functions.


FIELD: machine building. SUBSTANCE: liquid cooling system of a thermal machine, mainly of an internal combustion engine, contains a cooling liquid circulation circuit containing a circulating pump, a cooling jacket of thermal machine, a radiator, a thermostat with a bypass pipeline, a heater, a control unit, a temperature sensor, which are connected to each other by means of upper and lower pipelines. According to the invention, a thermal accumulator is installed before a water pump and connected to the cooling system through a three-way valve with an electric drive, which is controlled from the control unit. Thermal accumulator is installed between water pump and connection point of bypass pipeline with a heater; bypass pipeline, heater, thermal accumulator, three-way valve and thermostat are provided with heat insulation. EFFECT: improving thermal machine efficiency. 3 cl, 2 dwg


Several new mooring systems apply to deepwater environment are described in this paper,and the development status and the main manufacturer of the key equipments like anchor windlass,the mooring cables and the anchor foundations at home and abroad are also included here.This work can provide reference for the independent design and research of the mooring system in deep water.


The present invention may implement the safety not accidents from occurring, such as a plurality of available offshore platform can maintain a fixed state reliably combine cementing, as well as to solidify the sealing of the above connection of the offshore platform leaks, connected it is possible to easily perform the operation and to improve the workability, in particular, to reliably bond with respect to the stress generated during assembly at sea; In a plurality of the offshore platform to the connecting device of the offshore platform to a fixed connection; The inside and outside are provided with through-holes of the plurality of the through "plate" is fixed such that the communication with each other through holes formed in the fixing plate and the through ball and offshore platforms shape; Sealed tube is coupled is inserted into the through hole of the fixed plate and; The marine platform in close contact to each other face-to-face state, "tube" gojeonggwan the shape to be inserted through and interconnecting the hermetically sealed tube and; Is screwed to both ends of the gojeonggwan combining and connecting the sealed tube provides a connection device and connection method of offshore platform comprising including bolts and nuts for fastening.


A directly modulated 1.3-mm 77-channel AM-VSB video and 63-channel simulated 256-QAM digital signals lightwave long-haul transmission system using a praseodymium-doped fiber amplifier (PDFA) and split-band and wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) techniques is demonstrated. A high system performance of carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) .50 dB, composite second order (CSO) .65.5 dB, and composite triple beat (CTB) .64 dB for AM-VSB is obtained, accompanied with carrier-to-noise and nonlinear distortion ratio (C/(N1NLD)).38 dB for 256-QAM. © 2002


Under pressure: A DNA G-quadruplex was unfolded under high pressure, but crowding conditions repressed this effect owing to enthalpic contributions. Volumetric analysis showed that ethylene glycol or poly(ethylene glycol) decreased the volume change of the transition by more than fourfold owing to the alteration of the number and/or radii of hydrating water molecules.


The permeability of rock samples collected from coal-bearing strata was tested on MTS 815.02 Rock Mechanics Test System by using two different methods.Variation ranges of permeability for several kinds of rocks in the total stress-strain process were obtained.And permeability characteristics of these rocks were analyzed and discussed.Some remarks can be obtained from the results.The permeability of the tested rocks is usually between 10~-9 and 10~-4 Darcy.The permeability near peak values of stress of different rocks shows different variation tendencies.The discreteness of permeability is quite obvious,even under the same testing condition,the variation coefficients of permeability of most rocks are greater than 0.65 and the discreteness of permeability of different rocks is in the order,from small to great,of gritstone,mudstone,sandy shale,mid-stone,fine stone,conglomerate,and limestone.In allusion to the MTS 815.02 system,transient penetrating method should be used to test the permeability of a sample if its permeability is smaller than 10~-4 Darcy,while if the permeability is greater than 10~-4 Darcy, steady penetrating method is preferred.The results also show that the coupling between stress and seepage flow is very complicated.Therefore the permeability is affected by many factors,such as porous pressure,confining pressure,dimension of specimen,degree of saturation,and so on.


A conceptual framework of workplace accommodation issues associated with the employment of people with disabilities and the aging was developed to help identify policy barriers and opportunities, using online policy Delphi Method, an iterative polling instrument used to assess key issues, and intervention options. This paper presents the results of research conducted toward articulating policy initiatives that address the key issues critical to the development of effective approaches for the implementation of workplace accommodations.


The invention discloses a novel refractory brick. The novel refractory brick comprises a brick body and is characterized in that the brick body sequentially consists of an outer-layer brick body, an insulating material layer and an inner-layer brick body from outside to inside. By adopting the technical scheme, the novel refractory brick has the advantage that the insulating material layer is additionally arranged inside a traditional refractory brick, so that the insulating performance of the novel refractory brick is improved greatly.


On 12 January 2010, the small island nation of Haiti was rocked by an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.0. The tragedy brought to attention the poverty, lack of water and basic sanitation and desolation in which the people of this once popular nation reside. Jonathan Jackson reports.


Abstract We describe a case of a 48-year-old woman who presented with neck pain and progressive left arm weakness. Magnetic Resonance Imaging showed a cervical intramedullary cystic lesion. The lesion was removed and neuropathological analysis revealed an ependymal cyst.


The gene encoding for p120 RasGAP, has been disrupted in mice (M. Henkemeyer et al., Nature (Lond.), 377: 695-701, 1995). In this study, using fibroblasts derived from these mouse embryos (Gap-/-; P. van der Geer et al., Mol. Cell Biol., 17: 1840-1847, 1997), we demonstrate that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation is prolonged after epidermal growth factor (EGF), but not lysophosphatidic acid, stimulation as compared with wild-type cells. Furthermore, these cells exhibited a moderate increase in their proliferative rate and saturation density, as well as a limited ability to form colonies in soft agar. Stable cell lines expressing full-length p120GAP not only restored the ability to down-regulate MAPK after EGF stimulation but also lowered their saturation densities. Similarly, expression of p120GAP, missing either its pleckstrin homology (PH) or its calcium-dependent lipid binding (CaLB)/C2 domain, restored MAPK down-regulation and retained the ability to associate with p190 RhoGAP and to be phosphorylated by v-src but exhibited higher saturation densities similar to Gap-/- cells. Our results, therefore, suggest that p120GAP functions not only by down-regulating the Ras/MAPK pathway after growth factor stimulation but is also important in regulating cell proliferation that involves its PH and CaLB domains.


The function with non-homogeneous exponential law, based on index characteristic and integral characteristic of grey model GM(1,1), was used to fit the one-time accumulated sequence, and the formula of background value was given, aiming at the problem of lower precision as well as lower adaptability in non-equidistant multivariable model MGM(1,n). A new information optimization model MGM(1,n) with non equidistance and multi variable based on background optimization was put forward, took the m-th component of the original sequence as initial condition, the mean relative error as objective function, and the modified one of initial value and the parameters of background value as design variables. This proposed MGM(1,n) model can be used in equidistance & non-equidistance modelling with higher precision as well as stronger adaptability. Examples have validated the practicability and reliability.


Twenty six strains of lactic acid bacteria were isolated from Jeung-pyun batter, among which Tetragenococcus halophilus 1-12 showed highest dextransucrase activity at 36.95 DSU/mg, followed by T. halophilus 5-8 (36.87 DSU/mg protein), T. halophilus 2-12 (32.66 DSU/mg protein), T. halophilus 3-3 (31.43 DSU/mg protein), T. halophilus 3-1 (30.73 DSU/mg protein), T. halophilus 5-12 (29.43 DSU/mg protein), and Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp mesenteroides 2-9 (28.5 DSU/mg protein). L. mesenteroides subsp mesenteroides 2-9, T. halophilus 1-12, and L. mesenteroides subsp dextranicum 5-13, were selected as starters (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0%) for Jeung-pyun manufacturing. Specific volume of Jeung-pyun added with 1.0% L. mesenteroides subsp dextranicum 5-13 was highest at 2.00, and 1.0% T. halophilus 1-12-added Jeung-pyun was lowest at 033. Cross-sectional observation of Jeung-pyun showed Jeung-pyun added with 0.5% L. mesenteroides subsp mesenteroides 2-9 was uniformly formed. Number of air holes of Jeung-pyun increased with increasing amount of added T. halophilus 1-12. Increasing addition of L. mesenteroides subsp dextranicum 5-13 resulted in more uniform air holes and volumes. Hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of Jeung-pyun added with 0.5 and 2.0% L. mesenteroides subsp dextranicum 5-13 decreased significantly in compasion to control groups. Jeung-pyun added with 0.5% L. mesenteroides subsp dextranicum 5-13 showed excelIent overall sensory desirability ranking of 8.500.


Information Technology has become an indispensable tool in enabling business processes. The study sought to assess the status and level of implementation of IT governance in Local authorities in Zimbabwe. Three local authorities were used as  case studies and respondents were purposively selected from Councillors of the three local authorities . Interviews were then conducted with senior personnel; Chamber Secretary, Town Clerk and the  Treasurer. In order to assess the status and level of implementation, reference was made to the Institute of Information technology (ITGI) governance framework. It was discovered that, the Local authorities in Zimbabwe's IT functions are not aligned to business strategies. Urban Local authorities in Zimbabwe need to properly take on board IT in order to improve service delivery. Keywords : Local authorities, IT governance, Service delivery, business strategy, ITGI


A simple and efficient synthesis of 1-alkyl(or aryl)isoquinoline and isoquinolin-1-amine derivatives based on intramolecular cyclization of 2-(2-methoxyethenyl)benzonitriles initiated by the additi...


Aim: The purpose of this study is to investigate the clinico-demographic profile and risk variables linked with measles patients. Material and Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among children who presented in the Paediatric OPD over the course of a year. Children who satisfied the criteria for clinical measles as per WHO criteria i.e Fever with rash lasting at least 3 days and cough/coryza (running nose), or conjunctivitis (red eyes) were included in the study. The research comprised 240 children who presented in OPD throughout the study period. 82 of the 240 children' were admitted in the pediatric ward had one or more complications of the measles. Results: It was found that 82 cases of clinical measles, with a frequency of 34.17%, were admitted out of a total of 240 cases. The attack rate (Table 1) was highest (71.95%) in the age range of 0 – 5 years, as is also evident from the table. Male child (43.90%) and female child (56.10%) were shown to have a little advantage. The majority of children who contracted measles were between the ages of 1 - 5 (57.32%) and 5 - 10 (21.95%), respectively. Children who live in rural slums are more likely to be attacked (79.27%). The majority of measles cases (50%) are associated with lower socioeconomic level. Only 24.39% of children with measles attacks were exclusively breastfed for initial six months according to research. In 29 instances (35.36%) the immunization status was "complete," whereas 50% of the youngsters (14.63%) were only partly immunized. With the exception of 8 measles cases, all were malnourished with category II and above. Conclusion: The vast majority of the cases had been found in children who had not been vaccinated, which indicates that vaccination coverage should be increased. In addition to this, there were cases found in children who had been vaccinated, which indicates that there is a possibility of a vaccine failing in older children and the necessity of including a second dose of vaccination as quickly as possible in the immunisation programme.


printed, with a useful index of Tsvetaeva's works referred to in the papers. Besides one glaringly incorrect line in a poem on page 312, there are hardly any typographical errors, no small achievement given texts in four languages which mix languages and alphabets much as Tsvetaeva did herself, and which often include notes in still other languages with their particular diacritical marks. Retention of the original order of papers does not fully suggest the links between various papers but otherwise the book is organized to be as useful as possible. The volume, printed in 800 copies, is clearly intended for research libraries and specialists on Tsvetaeva, who should acquire and consult it. It would also be profitable reading for students of translation theory (the final section) and for anyone interested in comparing the work of Slavists from a variety of European countries, here conveniently available in the four languages that we are all supposed to know. Simon Karlinsky is entirely justified in his closing remarks from the 1982 Lausanne symposium: it is a series of interesting, and sometimes simply brilliant, papers.


The Bible makes extensive use of the practice of oath-taking. Occasions for oath-taking range from private interactions to public, formal events. Oaths may be spoken by an ordinary person, a leader, a collective entity such as the entire nation, or even by God. This chapter explores the nature of the oath and examines various approaches with respect to the source of its power. It examines the literary significance of the various formulae used to make oaths in the biblical narratives. Operating under the assumption that oaths have been artfully formulated in order to highlight and thrust forward different aspects of the biblical narrative, the chapter carefully examines the subtle differences in each respective formula of oath-making in an attempt to mine them for additional insights into the narratives. The chapter engages in an analysis of the narratives which depict two biblical characters who frequently engage in oath-making, Saul and David.Keywords: Biblical narratives; David; oath-taking; Saul


Objective To know the contamination and cleaning efficacy of air condition systems in hospital,in order to prevent and control spread of disease.Methods On-site sampling and bacteriological detection methods were used to observe the contamination of air condition system after professional cleaning company cleaned.Results Dust in air conditions before cleaning was high to 38.12 g/m2.There were serious contamination of bacteria and fungi on air-condition's wind wheel,filters,condensate tray table,which were 645 cfu/cm2 and 493 cfu/cm2 respectively.The main contamination bacteria were fungi and Bacillus subtilis.Staphylococcus aureus and S.epidermidis were detected.After cleaning,the eliminating rates of bacteria and fungi were over 97.67% and 91.58%.Conclusions The contamination of air condition systems in hospital is serious.It should be regularly cleaned and disinfected to improve indoor air quality.


We begin with an overview of classical theories and empirical methods for option pricing and hedging without transaction costs, and then with a brief review of developments in the corresponding theory when there are transaction costs. An interesting feature of the optimal hedging strategy in the presence of transaction costs is that the investor should rebalance the hedging portfolio only when the number of shares of stock falls too far out of line relative to the "target delta." We then propose a new approach to pricing and hedging options with transaction costs using market data on stock and option prices. Our approach tunes the parameters of a rule-based hedging strategy to minimize the mean squared hedging error, and can be viewed as a hybrid of pure model-driven approaches and pure data-driven approaches in the literature. We present simulation and empirical studies of the S&P 500 futures options to illustrate the hedging performance of the rule-based strategy. Issues in modeling stock returns and their volatilities, such as stochastic volatility, jumps in prices, and jumps in volatility, which have attracted much attention in the past decade, are also discussed and are reflected in our approach and the empirical results.


The Joint Training Data Services (JTDS) is a web-based set of services that provide Modeling and Simulation (M&S) ready data and scenario development tools to the DoD Enterprise to support Joint and Service theater level constructive & virtual training. JTDS provides persistent web access to an Order of Battle Service and a Terrain Generation Service (TGS) that leverage unique data repositories and tools to generate training scenario initialization files. Historically, the terrain generation service proved difficult to maintain and extend given its closed architecture, stove pipe terrain generation capabilities and stagnant source data collection. Given the lessons learned from the legacy terrain generation service, a technology update and refresh was undertaken to create an updated terrain generation service that supports open source formats, accessibility through an easy to use web interface, and dynamic terrain during runtime. The new terrain generation service heavily utilizes open simulation data standards and geospatial web mapping interfaces to share and distribute simulation products and geospatial data. The open source Common Database (CDB) structure is used as the underlying source data format based on its ability to promote sharing, reuse and utility by storing geospatial and simulation data sets in non-proprietary formats structured to facilitate rapid access, rendering and visualization. Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) web standards are used to maximize connectivity to the CDB by enabling most geospatial tools to natively visualize and navigate the Terrain Repository. This paper will share the lessons learned and architectural updates of the new terrain generation service.


With the continuous development of deep learning, deep neural networks are gradually applied to traffic classification problems. However, the large network structure and parameter number of deep neural networks hinder the application on edge computing devices. Reducing network scale helps relieve computational pressure, this paper proposes a lightweight traffic classification model to provide reliable accuracy and reduce the consumption of computing resources. In this work, we design an F1DCN network, which takes full advantage of the convolution layer parameters and the convolution kernel field of view. The lightweight approach effectively improves the classification performance and saves massive parameters. The model pruning method is applied to find the optimal structure of the network. Experiments on two public datasets show that the proposed model reduce more than 80 % parameters and 45 % FLOPS compared with traditional traffic classification methods, and maintaining more than 95 % classification accuracy.


The effects of science and technology on social development are beneficial to the increase of the level of productive forces,are beneficial to the promotion of the reform of relations of production and are the rnajor forces to promote the social spiritual civilization.The functions of science and technology on the knowledge economy are that it can lead to the appearance and development of hi-tech industry.Socialism calls for science and technology.


In a masked priming procedure manipulating orthographic neighbourhood size, the priming word activates a number of word candidates of which the target could be one. Whether the target is one of the candidates or not determines how quickly it is recognised. However, the efficiency of lexical processing may be markedly less if all possible candidates are activated. One solution to this problem is if the visual system uses prime length information to reduce the number of candidates to a more manageable amount. Here, we investigated in two masked priming experiments whether prime length and orthographic information combine to facilitate target word recognition. In Experiment 1, we showed that the efficiency of visual word recognition is not influenced by the length of primes alone. However, when combined with orthographically related primes, word length coding is preserved. In Experiment 2, we investigated whether length priming affects recognition of short and long words differently. Results showed that only short words benefit from a same-length orthographically related prime, and that the priming effect does not generalise to longer words. These results suggest that the length of a word is not an essential feature in lexical processing, but that it can facilitate recognition by constraining the activation of orthographically related words.


The efficiency of using anisogrid lattice structures in launch vehicle designs, in particular in payload adapters, is investigated. On a specific example of the design of the adapter, which is in operation, it is compared with an anisogrid adapter, which is made of different materials - composite, made by winding, and metal using additive technologies. The performance of the adapter was evaluated by the criterion of minimum mass, subject to the requirements of strength and stability. The initial geometric parameters of the anisogrid lattice structure were determined under the condition that the critical stresses are equal for the symmetric and asymmetric cases of stability loss for the structural orthotropic shell model. Calculations and comparisons were made for composite materials - fiberglass, carbon fiber, organoplastic and boraluminium, as well as metal - AMG6M, BT20. Checking the geometrical parameters calculated on the model of structural orthotropic shell showed that they do not meet the requirements of strength and stability. The choice of geometric parameters of a working adapter design is made by numerical experiment with finite element method. The geometry of the lattice structure of the adapter was parameterized to ensure the variability of two geometric dimensions of the cross section of the longitudinal rib and two geometric dimensions of the cross section of the upper frame. The numerical experiment was performed for the constructions made of carbon plastic and for metals AMG6M, BT20. The results of the calculations showed that the anisogrid lattice structures give a gain on the weight of the adapters, which is up to 50% compared to the designs in operation.


Metastatic Crohn's disease is a rare cutaneous manifestation of intestinal Crohn's disease, for which existing treatment is unsatisfactory. We report a case of perianal and vulval Crohn's disease which cleared completely on a 4‐month course of metronidazole without adverse effects. The patient remained in remission 1 year later. The merits of long‐term treatment with metronidazole are discussed.


Bacillus Sp. was isolated near the mining area and was studied for biosorption U and Th. This study presents uptake of uranium (U) and thorium (Th) by live and dead cells of Bacillus Sp. Increasing concentration of U and Th showed decrease in absorption by Bacillus Sp. Dead cells of Bacillus Sp. exhibited same or more uptake of U and Th than living cells. Increasing temperature promotes uptake of U and Th by Bacillus Sp.


Accounting and audit scandals, economic disputes, and the use of non-fraudulent financial statements during early 2000s have led to the emergence of the profession "Forensic Accounting" in many countries and its day-by-day increasing importance. At the present time, it is seen that since the acceptance of the fact that this profession is a quite important need, the education of forensic accounting is provided in undergraduate and graduate programs in the USA and Europe as a separate field of study. By this way, the aim of our study is to determine the perceptions and awareness, of the members of the profession and the accounting department students who have the potential to make this profession in the future, about the importance of the forensic accounting education and practices. In our research, we conducted a survey study with the members of the profession and the students of accounting department on the topic of forensic accounting education. The results show that the demand and interest in the forensic accounting profession will increase in the future. At this point, accountants and students emphasize that it would be very important for educational institutions to support students about professional career opportunities for forensic accounting. The results also show that there are some important differences of opinion among students and accountants about the current scope of forensic accounting.


A method for controlling an air conditioner of a hybrid car is provided to drive a blower for a predetermined time in an idle-stop state for keeping cooling effect and control the intensity of the blower operation in the idle-stop state, thereby realizing the variable control of the air conditioner for improving a fuel ratio and cooling effect. A method for controlling an air conditioner of a hybrid car includes the steps of operating a blower weakly after initial engine start, controlling the blower for a predetermined time during idle-stop, wherein operation mode is automatically converted from atmospheric air mode to room air mode, and keeping a duty of a compressor at zero. In the case of the idle-stop, an operation button of the air conditioner is activated for driving the air conditioner preliminarily according to user's demand.


Abstract A series of experiments using monkeys as subjects was conducted to evaluate a new theory of the etiology of non-specific anxiety. The theory was an outgrowth of the recognition that classically conditioned fear provides an inappropirate foundation for explaining the persistence and lack of specific stimulus control that are seen in clinical chronic free-floating anxiety. Basically the new theory assumes that noncontingent traumatic experiences may serve as classical unconditioned stimuli in establishing conditioned fear reactions to a wide variety of internal stimuli, and that instrumental negative reinforcement may strengthen and maintain the generalized, non-specific arousal state that results. The experiments show that monkey's autonomic responses can be conditioned instrumentally by means of a discriminative avoidance - punishment procedure, and that autonomic indices of arousal are observed that are independent of the discriminative stimuli. Conditioning without the discriminative stimuli re...


The repeated joining of PAX with images of the cross cannot be explained by historical treaties of peace: it reflects instead a Christian topos, the peace brought by the Crucifixion.


Reference service is a cornerstone of library and information science. The reference interview, in particular, is essential to providing the best library service possible. The reference interview is the subject of books, articles and other works that attempt to define the elements of a successful transaction. Usually, these works are based on the idea of meeting the true needs of the library patron. Much has been written in the counseling field on working with victims of violent crime. This paper will explore similarities between reference service and the concepts of empowerment counseling, as defined by the Pennsylvania Coalition Against Rape, and crisis intervention, as defined by the Texas Association Against Sexual Assault, in the


The transfer of charge between different ions in an oxide plays an essential role in the stability of these compounds. Since small variations in charge can introduce large changes in the total energy, a correct description of this phenomenon is critical. In this work, we show that the ionic charge in oxides can strongly depend on its atomic environment. A model to assign point charges to atoms as a function of their atomic environment has recently been proposed for binary alloys @C. Wolverton, A. Zunger, S. Froyen, and S.-H. Wei, Phys. Rev. B 54, 7843 ~1996!# and proven to be very successful in screened solids such as semiconductors and metals. Here, we extend this formalism to multicomponent oxides and we assess its applicability. The simple pointcharge model predicts a linear relation between the charge on an atom and the number of unlike neighbors, and between the net value of the charge and the Coulomb field at a given site. The applicability of this approach is tested in a large-supercell self-consistent tight-binding calculation for a random Zr-Ca-O alloy. The observed fluctuations of the ionic charge about the average linear behavior ~as a function of the number of unlike neighbors! was larger than 0.25 electrons even when many shells of atomic neighbors were considered in the fit. This variation is significant since it can introduce large errors in the electrostatic energy. On the other hand, for small absolute values of the charge, the ionic charge varied linearly with the Coulomb field, in agreement with previous findings. However, for large Coulomb fields, this function saturates at the formal chemical charge. @S0163-1829~98!04207-6#


Polymerizable monomers from the C 9 hydrocarbon fraction of the pyrolysis gasolines were copolymerized with catalysts based on AlCl 3 complexed with polymers or copolymers containing -Cl or -OH preponderant functional endgroups, in toluene or in methylene chloride. Catalysts' synthesis was carried out at room temperature; the dissolution of AlCl 3 with polymer complexing agents in toluene (or in methylene chloride) was observed in time. Indene copolymer and poly(alpha-methyl styrene) with -Cl or -OH preponderant functional end groups were used as polymer complexing agents. Polymers or copolymers used as complexing agents were characterised by their softening point, bromine number and molecular weight. In the copolymerization of the C9 hydrocarbon fraction, the catalytic activity of the AlCl 3 complexes emphasized the influence of the preponderant functional end groups of the polymers or of the copolymers used as complexing agents onto the copolymer yield. The active centers are protected against moisture by polymers or copolymers, while the influence of the dilution onto the protection phenomenon was reflected by the copolymer yield. Copolymers' colour was determined by Barret colour scale.


While several studies have investigated young people's attitudes towards and participation in democracy and politics, as well as the influence of citizenship education on young people's political participation, few studies have explored students' perceptions of the concepts of democracy and politics and their own perceptions of citizenship education. The purpose of this study is to investigate the theme of democracy and politics in social studies in upper secondary school. Methodologically, this study relied on multiple methods of data collection and analysis to investigate students' perceptions: Qualitative focus groups and interviews and a quantitative survey. To analyse students' perceptions, I drew on citizenship education literature, focusing on the role and teaching of school subjects such as social studies, as well as political theory, focusing on theoretical perspectives on the concepts of democracy and politics. The findings show that the students perceived 'democracy' and 'politics' both in terms of top-down notions of government and other political institutions and bottom-up perspectives focused on discussions and other non-institutional aspects of democratic politics. Moreover, the findings indicate that students perceived social studies as valuable in terms of preparing them for current and future citizenship and that their enjoyment and aspects of instruction were most strongly associated with these perceptions.


In this paper we present a dynamical study of the exact nonlinear Pollard wave solution to the geophysical water-wave problem in the f-plane approximation. We deduce an exact dispersion relation and we discuss some properties of this solution.


The paper investigates the optimal time path of consumption and external borrowing in the dependent economy model. The small country faces given world prices and a given world real interest rate. The presence of a home goods sector implies that the relevant real interest rate appropriate to consumption decisions depends on the rate of change of the real price of home goods. The paper shows how transitory disturbances in output or in the world real interest rate affect the time profile of consumption and the trade balance. In particular it is shown that the presence of a home goods sector dampens the consumption effects of changes in the world interest rate.


The development of neutron coincidence counting has greatly improved the accuracy and versatility of neutron-based techniques to assay fissile materials. Today, the shift register analyzer connected to either a passive or active neutron detector is widely used by both domestic and international safeguards organizations. The continued development of these techniques and detectors makes extensive use of the predictions of detector response through the use of Monte Carlo techniques in conjunction with the point reactor model. Unfortunately, the point reactor model, as it is currently used, fails to accurately predict detector response in highly multiplying mediums such as mixed-oxide (MOX) light water reactor fuel assemblies. For this reason, efforts have been made to modify the currently used Monte Carlo codes and to develop new analytical methods so that this model is not required to predict detector response. The authors describe their efforts to modify a widely used Monte Carlo code for this purpose and also compare calculational results with experimental measurements.


Cases of STIs (Sexually Transmitted Infections) and HIV / AIDS are quite common among adolescents. Various types of STIs and HIV / AIDS are very influential on a person's health level in general and reproductive health conditions in particular because in general, various STI and HIV / AIDS infections are directly related to the human reproductive system. Even HIV / AIDS can have an impact on death. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors related to knowledge about HIV/AIDS in XI grade adolescents at SMK Muhammadiyah Serang in 2019. This research is an analytical survey research in which the research will be conducted using a cross sectional research method (cross-sectional). because in this study the independent and dependent variables will be observed at the same time. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the distribution of adolescent knowledge about HIV / AIDS at SMK Muhammadiyah Serang in 2019 was poor as many as 56 respondents (59.8%) and good as many as 37 respondents (40.2%). The distribution of adolescent knowledge about HIV / AIDS based on the sex of women was 47 respondents (51.1%) and male respondents were 45 respondents (48.9%), based on the role of parents as many as 60 respondents (65.2%) and those who played a role 32 respondents (34.8%), based on the attitudes of students who have negative attitudes as many as 45 respondents (48.9%) and positive ones as many as 47 respondents (51.1%), based on the living environment as many as 24 respondents (26.1 %) and those who supported 68 respondents (73.9%), based on information technology as many as 30 respondents (32.6%) and 62 respondents (67.4%) who


5044Background: Prediction of pt response to AR Tx or T is an unmet medical need, as pts may respond to both classes of drug, to one but not the other, or have no response to either. Molecular prof...


A generation later, this verdict is difficult to reconcile with the widespread concern aroused by the lengthening human life-span. In retrospect, it is significant that the WHO report barely mentioned the epidemiological contribution to its subject-matter. Times have changed. The epidemiological perspective has now become indispensable not only for the psychiatrist concerned with the assessment and management of mental illness in the senium, but also for workers in several related disciplines. The descriptive epidemiologists, drawing on the techniques of demography and medical geography, have mapped the contours of a disturbing situation, based on an estimated increase in the global population of from 3-97 to 6-25 billion over the final quarter of the twentienth century. During this period, a reduced mortality in the early and late stages of the life-cycle will result in the achievement of their potential longevity by a much higher proportion of people so that the histogram of life-spans will become increasingly Gaussian about a mode of 75-80 years, with a shortening tail in the early years. The trend is already one of acute concern to industrialized countries and is clearly discernible in the developing world (Kramer, 1980). It confronts the medical epidemiologist with a challenge which can be approached in one of two ways, depending on whether the senescent population be denned as an age-limited aggregate which is different from and contrasted with chronologically younger groups, or as the residuum of a total population which has survived the hazards of middle age to enter the senium. The objectives of the investigator may, accordingly, tend towards the study either of disease or of decrement. The clearest example of the former outlook is that of the recently founded sub-discipline of 'neuroepidemiology', with its special focus on the dementias (Mortimer & Schuman, 1981; Capildeo et al. 1983). After a long period of neglect these conditions have recently reanimated the attention of neurologists because of the threat they pose as 'an approaching epidemic' (Plum, 1979). Their particular target is the Alzheimer-senile form of dementias because it accounts for more than 50% of dementia over the age of 65. To Plum this is


Based on analysis of a sample of around twenty towns of different size and character, and distributed across the country, this article examines the role and place of enlightenment in the provincial Scottish town during the later Georgian period. In so doing, it questions a series of assumptions commonly   


Background Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), now understood as disorders of gut-brain interactions, are a group of recurring gastrointestinal symptoms which after appropriate medical evaluation cannot be attributed to another medical condition. Clinical evaluation and management remain challenging. The recently updated Rome IV criteria are symptom-based guidelines enabling classification and prevalence estimates of childhood FGIDs. Aims To determine the prevalence of FGIDs amongst children presenting to Alder Hey gastroenterology outpatient clinics according to Rome IV criteria. To compare Rome IV with clinical diagnoses and describe clinical management. Methods The referral letters and case records of all children attending gastroenterology clinics in January 2019 were reviewed. Patients were classified according to the Rome IV criteria and diagnoses assigned following clinical assessment, investigations, and follow-up, and clinical management, were recorded. Results In total, 53/228 (27.6%) children had an FGID according to the Rome IV criteria. Sufficient information was available to make a definite FGID diagnosis using the Rome IV criteria in 44 (83.0%) cases. The most common diagnoses were IBS (27; 42.9%) and functional constipation (13; 20.6%); 10 children (18.9%) had two FGIDs. Clinical diagnoses and clinical management varied markedly within each Rome IV diagnosis (table 1). Conclusion Use of the Rome IV criteria in routine practice is achievable and would likely better capture the clinical burden of these common conditions through greater consistency in clinical diagnosis. In addition, use of the criteria would encourage quality improvement projects and research to better inform clinical management.


I will present the foundations of Laban Movement Studies and its theoretical framework as theorized by Hungarian dancer-scientist-artist Rudolf von Laban (1879-1958). The four centers of his work that systemize and articulate human movement in relationship to the mover's environment; the body, effort (antrieb), shape and space, aided by members of the Indiana University Contemporary Dance Theater. I will explicate his notation system for movement, Labanotation, and provide an historic locus for his work in the context of the Hungarian avant-garde.


Both novice and intermediate users of simulation analysis are confronted by a plethora of simulation languages, an 'alphabet soup' of acronyms. In our attempt to provide our readers with a Dictionary of Computer Simulation Languages we shall includes a series of articles on the different languages, with this first article devoted to PASS IV.


Abstract Novel mono- and bis-spiro(ethylenedinitramino) derivatives of hexafluorocyclotriphosphazene have been synthesized and characterized by 1H, 13C, 31P and "F NMR spectroscopy. The structure of 3,3,5,5-bis-spiro(N,N'-dinitroethylenediamino)-1,1,-difluorocyclotriphosphazene has also been established by single crystal x-ray analysis.


Abstract
 This chapter introduces the concept of the shoeless maintenance of horse hooves and the most common findings involving the behaviour and welfare of horses during riding conditions, based on case studies.


Psychological distress not only contributes to bodily symptoms but also affects the way people perceive their physical health status and their use of medical care. Reporting on a program of research, this paper reviews evidence that psychological distress is an important component of illness behavior and response and must be taken into account in the appropriate organization of medical services.


In the article Russian nouns formed with -ism suffix, often containing borrowed roots from other Indo-European languages, are analyzed from the perspective of their syntactic function as nominalization. As nominalization regarded in linguistics as a type of pure syntactic transformation (or "syntactic derivation" according to the definition of Jerzy Kuryłowicz), the -ost' suffix as a word-formational formant for syntactic derivation is well acknowledged and described. As a contrast, the studied group of nouns with -ism suffix is seldom associated with or regarded as deadjectival nominals in previous works and dictionaries. Our analysis based on explanatory and morpheme dictionaries has shown, the motivational correlation between nouns with -ism suffix and adjectives are described in multiple ways, often contrasted one another. For instance, -isms are described in the morpheme dictionary (Lopantin, Ulukhanov 2016) as deadjectival nouns, while in the Shvedova dictionary as non-derivatives, motivating adjectives of quality. In addition, the seme 'quality' is also described variously in the two dictionaries – directly or using synonyms with different formants. The analysis of word-usages of -isms was conducted with the corpus "Russian Newspapers of the End of the XX Century", developed by the Laboratory for General and Computational Lexicology and Lexicography (Lomonosov Moscow State University). The analysis has shown that the diagnostic context automatically differentiate the usage of -isms as nominalizations are the dependent names of the "feature carrier", which as a result of nominalization has been moved from the position of subject to a dependent attribute.


When renovating built-up areas, buildings are subject to demolition, the bearing and enclosing structures of which are made of reinforced concrete, concrete and brick. It is not advisable to take the disassembled structures to landfills, since it is possible to process concrete structures at stationary factories and mobile plants by crushing into crushed stone, sand and reuse these materials in construction. The article discusses the option of recycling concrete at a construction site using a set of construction machines on the example of the renovation of a residential area in St. Petersburg in order to assess the environmental and economic effect of the method of recycling reinforced concrete scrap.


Abstract The relative scattering functions between 10° and 150° scattering angle have been measured for microscopic ice crystals grown in a laboratory cold chamber. All measurements were made using unpolarized incident light at 550 nm and an unpolarized detector. Ice crystal size distribution and shape were determined at the temperature at which they were formed. Nephelometer measurements were made at temperatures of −20, −30 and −40C. The predominant crystal shapes at these temperatures were hexagonal plate, hexagonal column and irregular, respectively. No difference was observed among the relative scattering functions of the three crystal shapes except at scattering angles >130°. Comparison of the measured scattering functions with computed values for water droplets indicates greater relative scattering near 90° for ice crystals.


An important problem in computer vision is to determine how features extracted from images are connected to an existing model. In this paper, we focus on solving theregistrationproblem, i.e., obtaining Euclidean transformation parameters between several 3D data sets, whether partial or exhaustive. The difficulty of this problem is to obtain a method which is robust with respect to outliers and at the same time accurate. We present a general method performing robust 3D localization and fitting based on a fuzzy clustering method. The fuzzy set approach is known for its practical efficiency in uncertain environments. To illustrate the advantages of this approach on the registration problem, we show results on synthetic and real 3D data.


Chazelle and Matoušek [J. Algorithms, 1996] presented a derandomization of Clarkson's sampling-based algorithm [J. ACM, 1995] for solving linear programs with n constraints and d variables in d(7+o(1))dn deterministic time. The time bound can be improved to d(5+o(1))dn with subsequent work by Brönnimann, Chazelle, and Matoušek [SIAM J. Comput., 1999]. We first point out a much simpler derandomization of Clarkson's algorithm that avoids ε-approximations and runs in d(3+o(1))dn time. We then describe a few additional ideas that eventually improve the deterministic time bound to d(1/2+o(1))dn.


The Majorana Experiment is a next-generation Ge-76 double-beta decay search. It will employ 500 kg of Ge, isotopically enriched to 86% in Ge-76, in the form of 200 detectors in a close-packed array for high granularity. Each crystal will be electronically segmented, with each region fitted with pulse-shape analysis electronics. A half-life sensitivity is predicted of 4.2e27 y or < 0.02-0.07 eV, depending on the nuclear matrix elements used to interpret the data.


Triphenylmethane dyes not only can be utilized to dye silk, leather, and paper, they also play an important part in treating parasitic, fungal, and bacterial infections of fish and fish...


Energy communities and their resiliency are both relatively new subjects of interest that need deeper analysis. The concepts are emerging in the current trend of energy decarbonization, combined with unpredictable external factors, such as extreme weather, or nearby conflicts, such as wars. To be resilient against electrical network supply outages or heavy blackouts, energy communities need appropriate design of their electrical microgrids to maintain an acceptable level of activity in both normal and critical situations. The paper deals with aspects of the design of the electrical network used by energy communities, seen as microgrids designed to offer an acceptable level of safe operation and energy resilience. While electrical network resilience covers both the public network (main grid) and local microgrid of an energy community, the paper focuses on the safe operation and resilience related to the local microgrid as a distinct goal from the one of preserving the main grid's functionality. The first section considers definitions of energy resilience and some of the existing preoccupations on the subject. A second section of the paper presents different aspects of the design of a microgrid, with the purpose of increasing its safety in operation and energy community resilience. The section addresses electrical network architectures, multiple roles of storage resources related to prosumers and to islanded microgrids with high-RES penetration, and other aspects such as the impact of electrification of heating through, e.g., heat pumps. The next sections present selected use cases, which develop some of these design aspects by using typical real data for the analysis and assessing solutions to address resilient microgrid challenges. The selected use cases consider simplified approaches for real-time and short-term storage needs and operational use in microgrids, maintaining voltage levels in a high-RES scenario by using battery P control, and optimization of storage resources to cope with the needs. Conclusions are given in a final section, which also presents future work for a presumed continuation with other use cases related to storage means, safe operation, and resilient design of energy communities microgrids.


At the molecular level, the purpose of lithography is to create a difference or a contrast in a physical and/or chemical property between the exposed and unexposed area of the information registration medium, called resist, such that the net interaction between the molecules of either of these parts of the resist and the development medium is either attractive so as to be miscible with it or repulsive so as to be immiscible with it. The overall result is the preferential removal of one part of the resist relative to the other during development. This differential solubility of the exposed and unexposed regions of the resist in the developer solvent thus accounts for the contrast between the two regions.

Agents for creating this contrast include electromagnetic radiation (as in optical, x-ray, and EUV lithography), charged particle (as in electron beam and ion beam lithography), mechanical force (as in imprint lithography), interfacial forces (as in self-assembly lithography and fine art lithography). Combinations of these agents are also used to effect patterning, as in the combination of mechanical and chemical agents in guided/directed self-assembly that use larger topographical or chemical patterns to guide the self-assembly of much smaller patterns so as to ensure that the self-assembled patterns have predetermined locations and small domain size as opposed to the random locations and large domain sizes in unguided self-assembly. The ultimate effect of the above agents is to engender molecular interactions, including van der Waals, electrostatic, hydrophobic, hydrogen bonding, acid-base, and steric interactions - to mention but the most significant ones - that act in concert during the aqueous or solvent development of the resist to determine which part of the resist will be dissolved or not, and in so doing give rise to the contrast between the exposed and unexposed areas of the resist.


This essay takes a deep dive into the role of the civil society in the judicial appointments process. It begins with the observation that the superior courts in India, during the last few decades, have assumed an activist role. Public interest litigation on issues which have the potential to impact various sections of society are being entertained by the Supreme Court and the High Courts. This essay argues that India should not stay far behind from including members of the civil society, or 'lay' members in the judicial appointments process. It is also argued that the inclusion of lay people in the appointments process would positively impact the cause of diversity in appointments. In this context, this essay espouses the cause of civil society members in the judicial appointments process, and shields their inclusion in the National Judicial Appointments Commission from the allegation of violating the independence of the judiciary.