Identification of the plant diseases is the preventing the losses in the yield and quantity of the agricultural product. The studies of the plant diseases mean the studies of visually observable patterns seen on the plant. Health monitoring and disease detection on plant is very critical for sustainable agriculture. It is very difficult to monitor the plant diseases manually requires tremendous amount of work, expertize in the plant diseases, and also require the excessive processing time. Hence, image processing is used for the detection of plant diseases. Disease detection involves the steps like image segmentation, feature extraction and classification. This paper discussed the method used for the detection of plant diseases using their leaves images. Agriculture is a most important and ancient oc in India. As economy of India is based on agricultural production, utmost care of food production is necessary. Pests like virus, fungus and bacteria causes infection to plants with loss in quality and quantity production. There is large amount of loss of farmer in production. Hence proper care of plants is necessary for same.


 Abstract— this paper examines the role of reuse and reengineering, to improve the quality of software. Software productivity has been steadily increasing Over the past 30 years, but not enough to close the gap between the demands placed on the software industry.To improve the quality of software, software reuse increases productivity, saving times and reducing cost of software development. Historically, Software reuse focused on repacking and reapplying of code modules, data structure or entire application in new software project.(Prieto- Diaz 1994) Special attention is paid to framework based reengineering techniques.


Anchor element (10) for a fastening fitting (40) in an orifice (52) of a mounting plane (50). The anchoring element comprises a base (12) provided with a first through hole for inserting a rod (30) so that the rod (30) has a reference inclination (H) in relation to the anchoring element (10). The shape of the first hole (14) is configured to allow to modify the inclination of the rod (30) relative to the reference angle (H). The anchoring member (10) further comprises a biasing member (20) configured to bias the rod (30) to the reference inclination (H).


Significance The need for mass-spectrometric determination of protein identity severely limits the throughput of many whole-cell proteomic analyses. We have developed an approach to physically connect in vivo-expressed proteins to their encoding messenger RNAs (mRNAs). This genotype–phenotype linkage enables us to carry out a variety of whole-proteome assays and determine the identity of each protein using nucleic acid sequencing. We show that the resulting in vivo mRNA display technology enables determination of protein subcellular localization and protein–protein interactions, with high sensitivity and specificity, using simple purification followed by high-throughput sequencing. In vivo mRNA display should enable more efficient interrogation of proteome behavior in a variety of applications that are currently limited by the cost and throughput of mass-spectrometric analysis. Large-scale proteomic methods are essential for the functional characterization of proteins in their native cellular context. However, proteomics has lagged far behind genomic approaches in scalability, standardization, and cost. Here, we introduce in vivo mRNA display, a technology that converts a variety of proteomics applications into a DNA sequencing problem. In vivo-expressed proteins are coupled with their encoding messenger RNAs (mRNAs) via a high-affinity stem-loop RNA binding domain interaction, enabling high-throughput identification of proteins with high sensitivity and specificity by next generation DNA sequencing. We have generated a high-coverage in vivo mRNA display library of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteome and demonstrated its potential for characterizing subcellular localization and interactions of proteins expressed in their native cellular context. In vivo mRNA display libraries promise to circumvent the limitations of mass spectrometry-based proteomics and leverage the exponentially improving cost and throughput of DNA sequencing to systematically characterize native functional proteomes.


The central idea of this work is to isolate some bacteria from water sample of three different places of separate origin, and to employ them for the purpose of purification of heavy metal contaminated water so as to make such water less toxic and suitable for the purpose of fish culture. The main objective of the study is to overcome the heavy metal toxicity of water biologically through use of bacteria as a tool for bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated water and to make such toxic water suitable for fish culture. On the basis of outcome results it has been revealed that heavy metal pollution in water bodied plays a significant role in creating additional stress on fish leading to abnormal changes in behavior, coloration and even mortality of fishes in contrary to the age and toxic intensity dependent. The bacteria can be employed for the purpose of active purification of heavy metal intoxicated water by increasing their potential through gradual and systematic manipulation. So there lies ahead an excellent possibilty for the betterment of aqua farming by proper management, application of tricks and adaptation of bioremediation tactics for sustainable aqua farming even under the hardest possible condition.


Several types of calorimeters have been developed for measuring ions, x rays, and scattered radiation produced by fusion experiment targets imploded by laser pulses. One version for ions and x rays uses metal absorbers in a differential arrangement to compensate for the small fraction of scattered laser radiation that is also absorbed; the other version uses a glass absorber which transmits most of the scattered laser radiation. The scattered‐radiation calorimeters use a transparent glass shield to remove ions and x rays and colored glass to absorb the radiation.


This paper first briefly discusses six alternative methods that have been applied to financial failure prediction: linear discriminant analysis, logit analysis, recursive partitioning, survival analysis, neural networks and the human information processing approach. The main objective was to study empirically whether the results stemming from the use of alternative methods differ from each other. This was conducted using the Finnish data one, two and three years prior to failure in empirical analysis. The results indicated that there was a statistically significant difference in prediction accuracy only between logistic analysis and survival analysis one year prior to failure. Two and three years prior to failure statistically significant differences were not found. The results indicate, with the three variables employed in this study, that no superior method has been found. Even one of the latest applications, neural networks, is in its present form only as effective as discriminant analysis was as early as thirty years ago.


Research Background – Environment concern and environmental attitude on purchase intention towards green products chosen Ades Mineral Water as an object research. Research Problem – The paper aims to analyze The Influence of Environmental Concern and Environmental Attitude on Purchase Intention towards Green Products: A Case Study of Students college in Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. Literature Review – Green purchase intention could be safe environment, the customers would have been environment concern and environmental attitude. Data and Methodology – The sampling method used in this study is random sampling with total 150 respondents who are consumers from Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta students, the data was collected by using questionnaire and was analyzed using SPSS 22 with research method used is descriptive survey method and the method of explanatory survey. Conclusions – The concept of Environment Concern on environmental Attitude is one of the most significant variable to directly impact purchase intention and green product.


ABSTRACT Higher education faces challenges in retaining students who require a command of numeracy in their chosen field of study. This study applies an innovative combination of relative risk and social network analysis to enrolment data of a single cohort of commencing students from an Australian regional university. Relative risk, often used in epidemiology studies, is used to strategically investigate whether first year mathematics subjects at the university demonstrated a higher risk of attrition when compared to other subjects offered in the first year of study. The network analysis is used to illustrate the connections of those mathematics subjects, identifying service subjects through their multiple connections. The analysis revealed that attrition rates for eight of the nine subjects were within acceptable limits, and this included identified service subjects. The exception highlighted the issue of mathematics competencies in this cohort. This combined analytical technique is proposed as appropriate for use when investigating attrition and retention at faculty and institutional levels, including the determination of levels of intervention and support for any subject.


The recombinant antibody AI179 against the Myc tag detects a Myc-tagged protein exogenously expressed in human cells by Western blotting.


This paper presents an effective approach to estimate the fixed internal and varying external parameters of the camera for real time experiments using 2D-3D point correspondences. Images are acquired at each time step, a pose estimation algorithm is then employed to determine the camera pose w.r.t the object. A simple homogenous transformation is derived between the camera and end-effector to determine the position of the manipulator end-effector, as camera is mounted on the tool in eye-in-hand configuration. The paper focuses on determining the pose accurately and to look upon those issues that we encounter in real time. The major contribution of this paper is in two folds: camera pose parameters are easily and accurately recovered from 2D to 3D point correspondence; second is that experiments using real images are conducted, which presents good results.


The phthalic acid esters(PAEs) are a group of environmental endocrine disruptors,which have a wide range of uses,and it can enter the human body through the digestive tract,respiratory tract and skin contact.Many scholars,at home or abroad,have considered that PAEs not only have carcinogenic,mutagenic and teratogenic effect,but also are related to adverse pregnancy outcomes,pregnancy complications,endometriosis,ovarian premature senility,reproductive system tumor and precocious puberty.The reproductive toxicity of PAEs is mainly presented by analog or antagonism of endogenous hormone.Meanwhile,PAEs influence the reproductive and endocrine effect of the ovarian through disturbing aromatase activity,as well as the synthesis,secretion and transportation of related gene and protein expression,while it lead to fetal abnormalities and impact the embryonic development by inducing chromosome aberration,influencing the lipid and zinc metabolism of placenta,interfering with the normal physiological process of apoptosis and cell proliferation.However,most of the research conclusions about reproductive toxicity of PAEs come from rodent animal experiments and in vitro studies,and there are no direct evidences of the harm on human reproductive functions.Due to metabolic differences between species,many problems need to be solved.But the epidemiological data show that PAEs exposure would threaten women's reproductive health,and researchers should pay much attention to it.


Friedrieh Nietzsche advanced that the love of Christianity is the resentment in the exquisite form.Max Scheler continued and refuted Friedrieh Nietzsche' assertion arguing that the contemporary benevolence is the true revolt of the slavish moral.By analysing and comparing the two philosophers'theory of resentment,we find they agree that resentment results in value shift while they differ in their judgement on the object overturn by resentment.The divergence of views derived from their different comprehension of life and life value.


The Weyl calculus is a means of constructing functions of a system of hermitian operators which do not necessarily commute with each other. This note gives a new proof of a formula, due to E. Nelson, for the Weyl calculus associated with a system of hermitian matrices.


A custom-built ion mobility spectrometer has been used to obtain the IMS spectra of cocaine, heroin, amphetamine sulfate and LSD at different drug concentrations and desorption temperatures. Practical detection limits for these four drugs were obtained as a function of desorber temperature and for heroin as a function of analysis time. Spectral and ionization interferences for each of the four drugs of interest were determined. Spectral interferences by innocuous materials are few; ionization interferences occur only at very high ratios of the mass of innocuous material to that of the drug of interest.


Purpose – This study aims to examine and discuss the opportunities and barriers older employees face in the recruitment process in comparison with younger candidates. The paper aims to analyze Kazakhstani employer preferences in terms of the age of their employees.Design/methodology/approach – The study draws on an analysis of the existent literature, statistical data, and the observations and experiences of the authors.Findings – The results suggest that both younger and older employees in Kazakhstan face barriers in the recruitment process. While recent graduates lack experience and a knowledge level capable of meeting the requirements of businesses, older employees are heavily trained and less adaptable to change in the environment. Employers in Kazakhstan are more willing to hire young employees rather than older workers. The recruitment process is primarily based on personal contacts.Practical implications – By describing the barriers older employees face in the recruitment process, the paper appeals...


Background;Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system and second cause of disability in young adults. An effective and well tolerated oral agent without associated immunosuppression is highly desirable as monotherapy or for use in combination with other MS-modifying agents for treatment of multiple sclerosis. BBI is a small (8 kD) serine protease inhibitor derived from soybeans, with pronounced anti-inflammatory effects. Our previous studies have shown that oral BBI dramatically reduces autoimmune inflammation of the CNS in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE), resulting in amelioration of clinical disease and significant reduction of inflammation, demyelination and axonal loss. Here, we present that BBI acts on T cells and induce Tr1 cells with high ability of IL-10 production causes suppression of effector phase of EAE disease. BBI also decreases number of pathogenic infiltrating T cells into the CNS. In terms of mechanisms of action, BBI does not act through IL-27 signaling pathway but induces IL-10 and Tr1 cells through t-bet and stat-1 transcription factors. Additionally, it enhances expression of c-maf, a major Tr1 transcription factor, and IL-21 a necessary cytokine for Tr1 maintenance. Furthermore, BBI induces IL-10 production in human CD4+T cells which makes it a promising candidate for treatment of multiple sclerosis. Disclosure: Dr. Safavi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rasouli has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mari has nothing to disclose. Dr. Zhang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rostami has nothing to disclose.


Abstract Background Age-related immunosenescence may impair the immune response to vaccination in older adults. Adjuvanted influenza vaccines are designed to overcome immune senescence in older adults. This study estimated the relative vaccine effectiveness (rVE) of MF59-adjuvanted trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (aIIV3) vs egg-derived quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV4e) and high-dose trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (HD-IIV3) in preventing influenza-related medical encounters in the 2019–2020 US season. Methods This retrospective cohort study used electronic medical records linked to pharmacy and medical claims data. The study population included adults age ≥65 years with a record of aIIV3, IIV4e, or HD-IIV3 vaccination. A doubly robust inverse probability of treatment weighting model was used to derive adjusted odds ratios (ORs). rVE was calculated by (1 – ORadjusted)*100 and was determined overall and separately for age subgroups. An exploratory analysis evaluated the outcome separately in inpatient and outpatient settings. Results Subjects received aIIV3 (n = 936 508), IIV3e (n = 651 034), and HD-IIV3 (n = 1 813 819), and influenza-related medical encounters were recorded in 0.5%, 0.9%, and 0.7% of each cohort, respectively. Overall, the rVE of aIIV3 was 27.5% (95% CI, 24.4% to 30.5%) vs IIV4e and 13.9% (95% CI, 10.7% to 17.0%) vs HD-IIV3. aIIV3 had a more favorable rVE in inpatient and outpatient settings. Findings remained consistent across age subgroups and during alternative seasonal dates. Conclusions Adults age ≥65 years vaccinated with aIIV3 had fewer influenza-related medical encounters compared with IIV4e or HD-IIV3 during the 2019–2020 US influenza season.


The gatekeeping function of political journalism has never been as important. What has become known as the 'infodemic', the spread of spurious and false claims, has shown itself a threat to public health and well-being. Journalism is uniquely placed to reassert its role as arbiter within the information environment. We argue that professional standards must be central to the work of journalism, empowering them to ensure they determine what is news, who are the credible sources and rebalance their attention away from the loudest and most controversial voices to create a more pluralist news environment to inform and educate citizens. The COVID-19 pandemic has emphasized the problematic nature of disinformation, we argue journalists must protect citizens from being misinformed, from making unwise choices, so protecting the overall health of democracies. © 2022 selection and editorial matter, James Morrison, Jen Birks and Mike Berry.


The change of paradigm on local government implementation from centralized government system to decentralized one and the centralization of authority on center government and local one (executive) to power sharing between the executive and local legislative should be followed up by changing of management of local government. The management of local government should have a change of value of which the previous of management executed by internal interest orientation of government organization toward an external one attached by the improvement of service and delegation of a part government service-duty to public one as well, so that the law enforcement authority must be cooperated to realize the justice and welfare of local autonomy era.


From 1970 to 1979, the Middle East peace negotiations were led and dominated by the United States. Thus, less scholarly attention has therefore been given to the British policy on the Middle East peace settlement through this period, particularly regarding the issue of the Palestinian question. The British government role and participation in the Arab Israeli settlement seemed inactive and marginal. However, a solution of the Palestinian question was consistently viewed by the British as the most important issue in a comprehensive plan that could lead to a just and durable peace in the Middle East. Although Britain did not involves directly with the US's peace negotiation, London has repeatedly declared her policy in the public, either unilaterally or jointly with her European Allies. By analysing archival records recently declassified in London, this paper examines the British policy and diplomacy towards the Palestinian question during the peace negotiations period from 1970 to 1979. In spite of a political change of the British government between Conservative and Labour, the finding of this study proven that Britain under both parties was remains consistent with her policy towards the Palestinian question.


The development is described of a prototype machine for dyeing wool continuously in 75 % formic acid at 50–60dC, with recovery of the formic acid by distillation. A complete plant for treating 8000 lb of wool per day of two shifts was estimated to cost $A120,000 (£55,000). Excluding the cost of dyes and further processing, dyeing wool on this scale of operation was estimated to cost 70 cents (7-7 d.)per lb, and at 200,000 lb per day with three-shift operation 5-3 cents (5–8 d.)per lb. The very even uptake of dye obtained in formic acid would be expected to result in further savings on the cost of recombing after dyeing.


Watershed is an area of land where all of the water that falls in it ends up in the same place. Water in the watershed comes from rainfall and stormwater runoff. The quality and magnitude of stormwater is affected by all the variations to the land use in mining, agriculture, roadways, urban expansion, and the activities of individuals within a watershed. Watershed health can be judged by the ecological environment of the watershed as well as the ecosystem services. Mohand Rao watershed, located in Haridwar district of Uttarakhand state in India, also faces ecological threat due to natural as well as anthropogenic processes which become root cause of watershed pollution. Main natural process in this watershed is the risk of seasonal flood and the major anthropogenic activity is mining of the riverbed material. Stormwater is contaminated by sanitary sewage, due to improper sewage lines in the villages. This leads to water contamination paving good environment for the pathogens to thrive. Thus contamination of water in the watershed is carried forward to the floodplain areas from highlands. Therefore, this book chapter emphasized on potential factors (especially water pollution) by which watershed ecosystem are getting deteriorated.


General Comments The authors present a case of rapid intercontinental transport of air pollution associated with a meteorological bomb, which occured in November 2001. The transport is simulated by a lagrangian model and was directly observed as enhanced NO2 by the GOME instrument. The paper explores the origin of the NOx (lightning vs anthropogenic) and a climatology of how such rapid long range transport events affect transport of short lived species.


Abnormalities of serum enzyme activities may be associated with hyperthyroidism but the frequency with which this is seen is uncertain.F The most commonly described finding is a raised alkaline phosphatase activity but serum activity of transaminases may also be increased.' These changes are usually incidental. We now report a case of Graves' disease presenting with profound cholestatic jaundice in a 31-year old female.


discussed war-related injuries we also received stories from veterans about experiences using the VA to obtain healthcare for injuries or illnesses sustained after military service. There were conflicting opinions among the authors about the quality of care received. Some authors wrote about being very satisfied with and thankful for the care received through the VA medical system while others appear to be disillusioned and have not been able to get needed services. The supplement in this issue of NIB also includes a commentary article by E. Ann Jeschke, a bioethics consultant who specializes in post-deployment medicine and veteran's health care. The commentary draws out themes and lessons learned from the narratives. The first story, by Keynan Hobbs, taps into two themes that recur throughout the collection of stories.


It is well known that stasis and obstruction in the urinary tract predispose to and perpetuate urinary tract infection, and that these conditions must always be looked for when infection is persistent or recurrent. Not all the relevant urological conditions may be deemed suitable for surgical correction-for example, bilateral renal calculi in the aged, congenital lesions presenting late in life, urethral stricture controlled by regular dilatation, etc. Necrotic tissue in the prostatic fossa after a prostatectomy presents a most favourable pabulum for organisms. All these factors make eradication of infection immeasurably more difficult or impossible. This series is biased, as it contains a large number of these difficult patients-chronic urological out-patients. By contrast, the primary infections in the urinary tract are usually treated by the general practitioner, and these uncomplicated infections are cured easily with an appropriate urinary antiseptic.


An experimental questionnaires-based planning program was developed to comprehensively address the transit and paratransit needs of employee commuters working in the major employment centers of Seattle. The study area chosen was a downtown hospital service node in Seattle. The experiment had three objectives: To develop detailed information about work related transportation needs and interests of individual employes. Attempt the operational application of survey information in planning improved transit service, employer shift and parking management, city controlled neighborhood parking and access, and the development of paratransit alternatives. And, to develop and enroll hospital employees in operational paratransit programs. Data analysis suggests that the survey questionnaire was effective and the responses provided insight into a relatively extensive, latent market for transit and paratransit development. The planning appear for service development was only marginally feasible because those agencies operating existing transit services were limited in their ability to immediately participate in paratransit planning. A publicly financed survey planning approach that leads towards specialized transit and paratransit services was found to be an economical alternative.


Abstract This article deals with development of fault-trees for risk assessment of dam gates and associated operating equipment. The first part of the paper deals with background information leading to the selection of Lafitte Method as the preferred method for risk assessment. The article also discusses in detail the initiating events, consequential events, and the consequences, dealing with transient and persistent overtopping results of the sensitivity analysis along with a detailed list of various failure events, the associated failure modes and their cause/effect dealing with dam gates. Actual detailed fault-trees for dam gates and associated operating equipment are presented.


Objective To observe the impact of different pacing sites in hemodynamic and cardiovascular events after restoration of spontaneous circulation.Methods A total of 76 patients with-in hospital cardiac arrest occurred from November 2010 to January 2014 were confirmed by electrionic device monitoring or electrocardiogram and they received cardiopulmonary resuscitation,and their ages were over 18 years.Patients with end-stage of various disease,malignancy and cardiac arrest due to incurable diseases or debility of physical conditions were excluded.The 76 patients were divided into two groups according to pacing site checked by X-ray fluoroscopy in emergency rescue unit:right ventriclular outflow trace pacing group [n =36,male 26 cases,female 10 cases,age (57.31 ± 16.65) years] and right ventricular apex pacing group [n =40,22 male cases and 18 female cases,age (60.43 ± 15.48) years].All patients' QRS duration were measured by ECG after pacemaker implantition and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF),left ventricular short axis reduced rate (FS),heart rate (HR),cardiac index (CI) were tested by bedside echocardiography and non-invasive hemodynamic monitoring was used during the early to middle stage.All the hemodynamic variables and the cardiac events were observed after spontaneous circulation recovery.All the data were analyzed by SPSS version 13.0 statistical software.Results There were no significant differences in age,gender,the primary disease,the time from cardiac arrest to spontaneous circulation restoration and dosage of epinephrine (P > 0.05).In comparison with right ventricular apex pacing group,LVEF,FS,HR,CI were higher in right ventriclular outflow trace pacing group [(0.46 ± 0.04)% vs.(0.44 ±0.05)%,(0.34±0.05) vs.(0.32±0.04),(0.04±0.46) L/minvs.(3.47±0.46) L/min,(0.46±0.29) L/ (min · m2) vs.(2.46 ±0.26) L/ (min · m2),P < 0.05] and right ventriclular outflow trace pacing group had shorter QRS duration than right ventriclular apex pacing group [(128.25 ± 6.06) ms vs.(151.93 ± 8.99) ms,P < 0.05]; fewer atrial fibrilation event was detected in right ventriclular outflow trace pacing group after restoration of spontaneous circulation than that in right ventricular apex pacing group.But incidences of cardiac failure and thrombus were not different between two groups (P > 0.05).Conclusions The right ventriclular outflow trace pacing resulted in better hemodynamic and fewer atrial fibrilation after restoration of spontaneous circulation.

Key words:
Pacemakers;  Cardiopulmonary resuscitation;  Restoration of spontaneous circulation


Several studies have demonstrated an order-of-entry effect on market share, suggesting that pioneers outperform later entrants. However, other research has pointed out the limitations of these stud...


This case study shares some of the experiences gained when introducing some k-12 teachers in International Schools to the opportunities available on the internet to "get their class online" and support learning and teaching. The examples given and materials shown are practical applications and would be of particular interest to teachers, school managers and to those involved in teacher education and training. It is possible to successfully introduce teachers, with minimal internet experience, to applications that can be set up at little or no expense (providing the school has an internet connection) using application service providers (ASPs). As an example, this paper illustrates how, when working with a group of teachers, a BLOG, Website and listserv can all be set up in ninety minutes therefore empowering the teachers to specifically encourage online co-operative group work with their students. This paper does not aim to describe the detailed specifics of the event but the presentation of the paper will model the process used for delivery.


A new technique of reinforcing earth masses around tunnels, known as the spiling reinforcement technique, is illustrated. The system consists of a series of radially installed reinforcing spiles spaced between 2 and 5 ft. with an angle of approximately 30 deg to the tunnel axis. The spiles are formed by inserting 1-1.5 in. diameter rebars into the holes with subsequent grout. The principle of this system is to stabilize a weak mass by installing reinforcing elements into the in-situ mass as excavation proceeds. A reinforced mass adjacent to the opening is therefore formed. This method minimizes not only the instantaneous instability but also the permanent deformation. The system has been primarily used in reinforcing tunnels in weak rock formations and proven very successful. The application also involves reinforcing tunnels in soft grounds but in limited occasions due to the lack of proven design methodology. This report presents the results of the preliminary investigation of the spiling reinforcement system in soft ground tunneling. It includes the development of the analytical method of analysis, the major findings from the parametric study, and the development of the centrifuge model testing program. The analytical method of analysis includes the development of a computer finite element program with the generalized plane strain approach. The model testing program includes the modeling process of tunneling and spiling reinforcement, and the simulation of the excavation procedure in flight. The objective of this research is to conduct a preliminary study of the spiling reinforcement system regarding its behavior through theoretical and experimental investigations. It is hoped that the research would result in a better understanding of the soft ground tunneling reinforcement technique and the formation of a rational design approach for this technique.


Oxidation of 3-methyl- or 7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]quinoxalinedione produced the unusual product, dihydroxybenezo[g]quinoxaline-5,10-dione-carboxylic acid or dicarboxylic acid. This process was used for the synthesis of a series of 2,3,8-trisubstituted isoindolo[5,6-g]quinoxalinetetraone derivatives.


The storm of April 17 began 24 hours after a large active sunspot-group had crossed the central meridian in latitude north 13°. The group first appeared on April 12 and developed rapidly in size. A red auroral display was seen on Mount Wilson on April 17 while this storm was in progress.

A bright chromospheric eruption of intensity 3 began at 16h 47m GMT, April 21, in a spot-group north 28°, east 60°. Starting at 16h 54m, H decreased 39 gammas in 21 minutes. The time of its recovery is uncertain because of a slight disturbance which lasted throughout the day. A very well-marked radio fade-out was observed at the Huancayo Magnetic Observatory, beginning at 16h 54m, with a complete fade-out from 16h 56m to 17h 49m.


Introduction: Hypertension is one of the most leading causes of death worldwide. It is an important risk factor for ischemic heart disease (IHD), chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cerebrovascular diseases. Objectives: The aim of the study was evaluation of the status of blood pressure control and trends in prescribed antihypertensive medication usage among hypertensive patients in Shahrekord, Iran. Patients and Methods: In a cross-sectional descriptive study 250 hypertensive patients were enrolled. The patients were evaluated based on the status of blood pressure (BP) control and the prescription trends and efficacy of antihypertensive drugs. The data were also evaluated in subgroups of diabetics or non-diabetics, smokers or non-smokers, patients with or without CKD, patients with or without IHD. Results: A total of 250 patients (149 women and 101 men) were enrolled in this study. The mean age of participants was 66.22±13.58 years. Mean systolic and diastolic BP were 143.4±29.4 mm Hg and 85.8±12.5 mm Hg respectively. Poor controlled BP was seen in 106 patients. The more common prescribed antihypertensive drugs were angiotensin receptor blockers (46%), diuretics (33.6%) and beta-blockers (32.8%). Conclusion: The study showed that most of the patients had poor controlled BP and physicians increasingly prescribe angiotensin receptor blockers.


In the present work a counter-current extraction experiment, MA separation from real high-level PUREX raffinate, is reported. HLLW feed, obtained from small scale PUREX reprocessing of commercial LWR fuel (45.2 GWd/tM) in a centrifugal extractor battery, was used without further treatment for the DIAMEX process which was carried out in the same 16-stage centrifugal extractor set-up. With up to six extraction stages, feed decontamination factors above 400 for lanthanides and above 1 000 for minor actinides were reached. Co-extraction of Mo and Zr was efficiently prevented using oxalic scrubbing. The back-extraction proved to be very efficient, yielding in four stages more than 99.9% recovery of MA and lanthanides. Co-extracted Tc, Ru and Pd were less efficiently stripped


The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of liquidity, financial leverage, and firm size on firm performance of manufacturing company listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during period 2016-2018. The sample used is 72 companies. The results showed that liquidity variable has significant negative impact on firm performance, financial leverage variable has insignificant positive impact on firm performance, and firm size variable has insignificant negative impact on firm performance.


In this paper, a new upper bound for inverse sine is established.We would point out that the numbers, 3 and π ,6 andπ( √ 2 + 1 ), in Shafer-Fink inequalities, are optimal.


Data in today's modern digital world is characterized by various varieties, multiple modalities, huge volume and is getting generated and accumulated at a rapid speed. Deep learning techniques have emerged as a breakthrough tools in analyzing this data. In this paper, we employ a Convolution Neural Network (CNN) on three dimensional structural MRI (sMRI) images of human brain for diagnosis of Alzheimers Disease (AD). The longitudinal images of various subjects are obtained at different time points from the ADNI dataset and subjected to our proposed classification framework. We construct six different datasets based on the number of image slices of GM images with combinations of different time points of scans or only the baseline visit. The classification results obtained from our proposed CNN model shows better performance for Gray Matter (GM) images that are obtained at different time points. Also, the model achieves best classification performance when the number of training features are low and the training sample size is high.


John F. Enders and Measles Virus Vaccine-a Reminiscence.- Measles Virus Receptors.- Measles Virus and CD46.- Measles Virus Glycoprotein Complex Assembly, Receptor Attachment, and Cell Entry.- The Measles Virus Replication Cycle.- Nucleocapsid Structure and Function.- Reverse Genetics of Measles Virus and Resulting Multivalent Recombinant Vaccines: Applications of Recombinant Measles Viruses.- Measles Virus Interaction with Host Cells and Impact on Innate Immunity.


Laparoscopic treatment of an isolated gallbladder rupture in a schoolboy rugby player resulting from blunt abdominal trauma has not previously been reported. A case report of this rare occurrence is presented together with a brief review of the literature.


In this paper,we conducted hyperspectral composition-spectrum association modeling using the improved Artificial Neural Network (ANN) on the Matlab simulation platform. Moreover,the GEP (Gene Expression Programming) is employed to mine the function model. Based on this method,we did effective exploration and attempt on hyperspectral composition -spectrum association modeling; and compared the results with the ANN method. The results indicate that the model based on GEP produces higher predict accuracy and more easily interpreted.


Background: It has been previously proposed that electrocardiographic abnormalities may be associated with acute pancreatitis. However, there is a lack of data on the QT interval and dispersion value in patients with acute pancreatitis, and no data are also available concerning QT interval and QT dispersion in acute biliary pancreatitis (ABP). Aims: We aimed to investigate the QT parameters in patients with ABP, to compare them with those of healthy controls, and to analyze the relationship between QT parameters and Ranson score. Methods: The present study included 32 patients with acute biliary pancreatitis and 35 healthy controls. The severity of the pancreatitis was determined by Atlanta criteria: fewer than 3 Ranson criteria or fewer than 8 APACHE II (the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation) points indicated the mild disease (group 1); 3 or more Ranson criteria or 8 or more APACHE II points or organ failure or systemic complications or local complications indicated the severe disease (group 2). On admission, all patients underwent a standard 12-lead electrocardiogram, and corrected maximum QTc interval (QTcmax), corrected minimum QT interval (QTcmin), and corrected QTc dispersion (QTcd) values of the subjects were measured according to the Bazett formula in this study. Results: QTcmax and QTcd were significantly longer in patients with ABP than in healthy controls (442 ± 38 milliseconds versus 413 ± 34 milliseconds, P < 0.05; and 67 ± 21 milliseconds versus 42 ± 18 milliseconds, P < 0.001, respectively). Similarly, QTcmax and QTcd were significantly longer in group 2 than in group 1 (440 ± 38 milliseconds versus 450 ± 34 milliseconds, P < 0.01; and 66 ± 9 milliseconds versus 71 ± 11 milliseconds, P < 0.01, respectively). Correlation analysis showed that there is a significant positive relationship between Ranson scores of patients and QTcmax and QTcd (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: The effect of acute biliary pancreatitis on QT intervals and dispersion appears to be dependent not only on the disease but also on its severity, and these parameters may give additional prognostic information in ABP patients, even in the initial evaluation.


It is difficult to discuss cost, because the meanings of the word are so varied. It can be used as a noun or a verb: The cost is reasonable. It cost him his life savings. It can be used to define an amount of money to be paid for a service: The average wholesale cost of one day's 400 mg. dose of imatinib therapy for chronic myelogenous leukemia is $130.1 It can denote something more important than money: In 2009, it is estimated that breast cancer will cost 40,170 women their lives.2 Its meaning changes as a consequence of vantage point: The cost of cancer care to society is unsustainable. No cost is too high for my daughter's treatment if there is any chance it will help her. At the end of medical school, student indebtedness averaged more than $100,000 in 2004.3 The cost to support one year's graduate medical education may be as high as $150,000.4

The accounting term "cost of goods sold" has a specific meaning that differs from the asking price, which is also different from the final sales price. The patient's bill for the drugs in one cycle of FOLFOX VI listed a cost of more than $8,000: the average sales price (ASP, the estimated acquisition price to a practice) is approximately $4,200. Therefore, the allowable 106% ASP Medicare cost is $4,452, though Medicare would pay only 80% of that amount or $3,561, leaving a cost of more than $890 for the patient and secondary insurance.5 (This is an approximation, ignoring drug waste, home infusion medications, and other factors.)

I asked my peers what the cost of caring for patients with cancer meant to them. They recognized the costs for patients but also mentioned awareness of what it takes to provide services to others, including preparation for a career in oncology and the expense of college and medical school as well as the time, sacrifice, and tension of deferred gratification inherent to medical education. Many recognized the uncompensated time associated with running a small business, which involves borrowing money for drug purchases and medical supplies; leasing, buying, and maintaining office space; hiring, supervising, and paying staff while worrying about their job satisfaction; and interacting with lawyers, accountants, professional and business liability insurance agents, and health plan and hospital administrators—along with the frustration of understanding where exactly we were trained to do this. They mentioned the difficulty of hiring new physicians, whose high expectations are matched by knowledge of the high compensation medical oncologists have recently achieved4 and a realization of the gap between the supply and demand for oncologists.5,6 They acknowledged the emotional strain of dealing with patients who died more often than hoped for, and the unsettling necessity of going right from pronouncing a patient dead to seeing a different patient, with no opportunity to adjust, let alone grieve.

With greater trepidation, I asked my patients what the phrase "cost of care for cancer" meant to them. Perhaps not surprisingly, the majority of responses were quite literal discussions of the expense of care. "Out of pocket" expenses were mentioned most frequently. Those with Medicare receiving expensive oral medication were frustrated by "the doughnut hole" and acutely aware of their responsibility to pay 100% of costs for drug expenses under $295, 25% of costs between $296 and $2,700, and 100% of costs from $2,701 to $6,154 annually, despite often having believed they had more complete coverage.7 Those with traditional insurance were amazed at the frequent requirement for visit copays and expressed disbelief at the cost associated with treatments, emergency room visits, radiologic tests, surgical procedures, and hospitalizations. One patient, a childhood cancer survivor with a secondary treatment-related malignancy, had reached the end of her lifetime insurance benefit and was simply distraught. They were mystified by bills and confused by provider multiplicity, varied billing formats, and lack of help in understanding when and to whom personal payments are due. They also mentioned cost of time, lost in both going for treatment and being unable to accomplish things because of a lack of energy from their disease.

During our conversations on cost of care, patients expressed gratitude for my services and those of my staff. As difficult as these discussions are, their value to us and our patients is "priceless." As always we welcome your feedback and suggestions. Please send comments to moc.liamg@ssuennm.


We present a theoretical model describing recently observed collective effects in large magneto-optically trapped atomic ensembles. Based on a kinetic description we develop an efficient test particle method, which in addition to the single atom light pressure accounts for other relevant effects such as laser attenuation and forces due to multiply scattered light with position dependent absorption cross sections. Our calculations confirm the existence of a dynamical instability and provide deeper insights into the observed system dynamics.


A system for controlling an air flow rate into a vehicle engine room may include a fan shroud in which a cooling fan including a fan motor and a fan blade may be mounted, a rotary shutter which may be provided in the fan shroud while corresponding to an operation area of the fan blade, and in which an area through which air passes may be varied in a circumferential direction, a plurality of flaps which may be provided in the fan shroud, and opens and closes a part of a portion where the rotary shutter may be not mounted, and a control unit which controls an open area of the rotary shutter, operations of opening and closing the plurality of flaps, and an operation of the cooling fan in accordance with an operating state of a vehicle.


Objective To discuss the injective method,contrast agent concentration and delay time of MSCT direct venography in lower extremity vein,in order to make optimal venographic schedule.Methods Thirty-two patients with lower extremity vein diseases underwent MSCT direct venography in using different concentration and injective rate of contrast agent,and the images were analyzed.The displaying ability of MSCT direct venography in lower extremity vein segment was compared with that of X-ray venography in 22 patients.Results Blood flow correlation constructed defect was the main factor impacting image quality of CT venography in lower extremity.The image scores between the groups of injective rate 1.5 ml/s and the group of 2.5 ml/s were statistically different(χ 2=5.495,P =0.019),whereas no difference of image score was found between the group of concentration of 25% and 15%(χ 2=3.333,P =0.068).The displaying ability of CT and X-ray venography in anterior tibial vein,posterior tibial vein,popliteal vein and femoral vein was not statistically different(χ 2=2.095,P =0.148).For iliac vein,the displaying ability of CT outstripped that of X-ray venography(χ 2=8.324,P =0.004).Conclusion With the schedule of delay time 50 s,injective rate 2.5 ml/s and concentration 45 mgI/ml(nonionic 300 mgI/ml and diluted 15%),MSCT direct venography in lower extremity can acquire satisfactory image,and its displaying ability of iliac vein is better than that of X-ray venography.


The coupling between the spatial modulation of the order parameter and the electric polarization, known as the flexoelectric effect in liquid crystals, appears in spin structures in the case of magnetic media. In this paper the various implications of spin flexoelectricity are reviewed including: magnetically induced electric polarization in magnets, electric field driven magnetic domain wall motion, tilting of the domain wall plane, and switching of domain wall chirality as well as the pinning of a magnetic domain wall at the ferroelectric one in multiferroics.


We present a new semi-analytical model of the population of satellite galaxies of the Milky Way, aimed at estimating the effect of the geometry of reionization at galaxy scale on the properties of the satellites. In this model reionization can be either: (A) externally-driven and uniform, or (B) internally- driven, by the most massive progenitor of the Milky Way. In the latter scenario the propagation of the ionisation front and photon dilution introduce a delay in the photo-evaporation of the outer satellites' gas with respect to the inner satellites. As a consequence, outer satellites experience a longer period of star formation than those in the inner halo. We use simple models to account for star formation, the propagation of the ionisation front, photo-evaporation and observational biases. Both scenarios yield a model satellite population that matches the observed luminosity function and mass-to-light ratios. However, the predicted population for scenario (B) is significantly more extended spatially than for scenario (A), by about 0.3 dex in distance, resulting in a much better match to the observations. The survival of the signature left by the local UV field during reionization on the radial distribution of satellites makes it a promising tool for studying the reionization epoch at galaxy scale in the Milky Way and nearby galaxies resolved in stars with forthcoming large surveys. Several recent semi-analytical models (SAMs) have shown that the observed luminosity function of the satellites of the Milky Way (hereinafter MW) can be well reproduced under a number of simple assumptions for the baryonic physics. Most past studies implemented a uniform, instantaneous reionization by simply suppressing star formation in the sub-haloes below zreion. Here, on the contrary, we investigate the effect of varying the structure of the UV field at reionization on the properties of the satellites of the MW. 2. MODEL Our SAM is partly inspired by (1), but it describes the reionization epoch in more detail: instead of assuming instantaneous quenching of star formation, we compute photo-evaporation times using the formula of (2), as a function of halo mass and incident UV flux. Star formation shuts down in a halo once its photo-evaporation is achieved. Our model (A) represents an external reionization scenario, where all halos see the same flux. Our model (B) represents an inside-out reionization scenario, driven by an internal source. We approximate this regime by putting one central UV source at the position of the most massive progenitor of the MW. Finally, we compute the distance and luminosity-dependent detection probability of our model satellite population following the prescriptions of (3). See (4 )f or more details.


Summary The purpose of this paper is to describe the development of the amebocytes in the testicular cavities and epididymal ducts of Dina lineata. The samples used in this study were healthy and sexually mature. Testicular amebocytes are found to enter the testicular cavities arising from the submesothelial connective tissue, and they proceed towards the spermatogonial morulae, to which they attach by means of tight junctions. When the amebocytes come out of the morulae, they increase in size and develop the cellular features of a macrophage. These cells remove residual cytophores and can eventually fuse to enclose entire morulae. Free amebocytes in the epididymial ducts show no phagocytic activity when they are in the zone of the duct next to the atrium, whereas they show a well developed macrophagic activity when they are found near the testicular cavities. Their function is the removal of dead or injured spermatozoa.


Room temperature ferromagnetic Zn0.95Co0.05O thin films with (002) preferential orientation have been successfully deposited by pulsed laser deposition at different oxygen partial pressures on n-type (100) silicon substrate. A maximum saturation magnetization of 0.86 μB/Co was achieved at room temperature at 5 × 10−6 Torr oxygen partial pressure. HRTEM and XPS results indicate that the observed ferromagnetism is not due to metallic Co microclusters in the thin films. Oxygen vacancies in the films were detected from photoluminance characterization, which showed a significant effect on the ferromagnetic behavior. By changing the amount of oxygen vacancies through adjusting the oxygen partial pressure during deposition and post-deposition annealing, the ferromagnetic behavior of the thin films can be tuned significantly. This implies that the oxygen vacancies, which contribute to the bound magnetic polarons model and RKKY indirect interaction, are the likely cause of this ferromagnetism.Room temperature ferromagnetic Zn0.95Co0.05O thin films with (002) preferential orientation have been successfully deposited by pulsed laser deposition at different oxygen partial pressures on n-type (100) silicon substrate. A maximum saturation magnetization of 0.86 μB/Co was achieved at room temperature at 5 × 10−6 Torr oxygen partial pressure. HRTEM and XPS results indicate that the observed ferromagnetism is not due to metallic Co microclusters in the thin films. Oxygen vacancies in the films were detected from photoluminance characterization, which showed a significant effect on the ferromagnetic behavior. By changing the amount of oxygen vacancies through adjusting the oxygen partial pressure during deposition and post-deposition annealing, the ferromagnetic behavior of the thin films can be tuned significantly. This implies that the oxygen vacancies, which contribute to the bound magnetic polarons model and RKKY indirect interaction, are the likely cause of this ferromagnetism.


Current harmonic production of a 5 MW offshore wind turbine prototype is investigated on an onshore test site. On the PCC an atypical high level of the sixth harmonic current was measured. The evaluation of the existing configuration for future extensions with other wind turbines requires the investigation of this effect. Therefore the existing technical structure with medium voltage cable connection and parallel double-tuned harmonic filter is analyzed. The sixth harmonic generation through asymmetrical loads is shortly introduced. It is shown, that the reason for the high level of sixth current harmonic is not a series-resonance, but an undesired additional effect caused by the double-tuned filter, which damps the uneven harmonics. Measurements confirm the theoretical approach.


This paper presents a novel nine-switch integrated power conditioner in place of conventional twelve switch converter i.e. back-to-back converter for improving the power quality. In a nine-switch power converter, the suitable carrier-based pulse-width modulation technology is introduced and studied in detail. The proposed converter having some of advantages that is component saving feature, reduction of commutation, reduced semiconductor cost etc. The novelty of this proposed scheme is that middle switch of the converter is shared by the inverter and rectifier, thereby reduces the switching in compared with traditional twelve switch back-to-back converter. The control scheme is also incorporated with nine-switch converter, which is helpful for raising the power quality with minimization of voltage sag.


The aim of this paper is to investigate the existence and direction of relationship between stock prices and exchange rates for Turkish financial market. Granger (1969) causality testing methodology was employed to reveal the nature of relationship between the two variables. This work contributes to the existing body of literature in the way that in Turkish financial market, there is a uni-directional causality running from stock prices to exchange rates using the daily observations for the sample period, which runs from February 23, 2001 to November 4, 2009. Also, the model used in this study extends the scope of exchange rate variables including a total of five currencies i US dollar, Euro, Japanese Yen, Pound Sterling, Swiss Franc and two baskets of currencies of Undersecretariat of Foreign Trade of Turkey. This evidence has implications for the policy makers and economic actors to perceive the movements in stock prices as a dynamic determinant, which may affect the success of their exchange rate policies.


Research methodology as a subject has become more and more popular these days, given its importance in socio-economic development. Research is for all areas of human activity, including natural and social sciences, where scientists advocate extensive use of research for development and for academic advancement. This book therefore, present the research process with warmth and humanness so that the student's first experience with its use is positive. The main purpose of this book is to provide students with the relevant knowledge in writing abstract, introduction, research problem, formulating objectives, research questions/hypothesis, methodology, data collection, analysis and interpretation, conclusions, recommendation and references. It also provides an adequate coverage of approaches to data analysis and interpretation. The book takes both students and researchers through the research process, from developing a research idea, to designing and conducting a study, through analyzing and reporting data. Overall, the book provides coverage of the entire research process: how to conceptualise a research idea, researchable question, and select methodology.


This paper studies on the grooving-cycle Function for FANUC CNC system,and using Fanuc Custom Macro program,designing the customization grooving-cycle Function which is much efficient and universal,and helpful to NC programming for grooving very quickly.


The present study evaluates a mass media public information campaign regarding the greenhouse effect, designed by the Dutch Ministry of the Environment. During more than two months, the mass media (national television, national newspapers, billboards) were employed intensively to make the public aware of the nature and causes of the greenhouse effect, its consequences and possible ways of dealing with this environmental problem. As an evaluation of the campaign was deemed important, the research reported here was executed. In a Pre-Post Design survey (N=704), assessments were made of changes in knowledge, problem awareness, willingness to show ecologically sound behaviours and perceived necessity of additional superimposed policy measures. The results show that it is hard to change current cognitions and behaviour but, more importantly, the data suggest that knowledge and problem awareness may be less instrumental in promoting behavioural change than was assumed before the campaign. These results are reflected upon from a social dilemma perspective. This perspective stresses that it is unlikely that individuals are willing to forfeit some of their personal comfort in favour of long-term collective interests if not only the desired collective goal (the prevention of ecological disaster) but also the contributions made by other parties are surrounded by much uncertainty. The present campaign primarily focused on reducing citizens» uncertainty about the collective goal and ways of achieving it, while it left citizens in complete uncertainty about the contributions made by other parties. Additional analyses support the significance of citizens» expectations about contributions of other parties. These expectations were positively related to respondents» own contributions and negatively related to the perceived necessity of additional superimposed policy measures. The strategic implications for future campaigns are discussed.


Introduction: Epilepsy is a brain disorder that has neurobiological, cognitive, psychological, and social consequences for affected patients. The purpose of this research was to determine the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy(CBT) on modification of dysfunctional attitudes in patients with epilepsy. Methods: In the study, 20 epileptic patients were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. CBT during 8 weekly sessions was applied for the experimental group with a focus on cognitive restructuring, modification of cognitive distortions and training of behavioral techniques. Dysfunctional attitudes scale(DAS) was applied as the pre-test, post- test and in the follow- up for both groups. Analysis of covariance was applied for analysis of data. Results: Data analysis showed that the mean scores of DAS in the experimental group as compared to the control group was significantly increased during post-test and follow-up(p<.05). Conclusion: Cognitive-behavioral therapy is remarkably effective in modifying dysfunctional attitudes in epileptic patients.


One of the benchmark analyses to be performed with the first data at the CERN Large Hadron Collider will be the measurement of the Z boson transverse momentum spectrum. In this article, I present a prospective analysis for this measurement in the dimuon channel on the ATLAS experiment. The analysis uses simulated datasets at a center-of-mass energy of 10 TeV. After summarizing the motivations for the measurement, I discuss the Z boson selection criteria, possible physics backgrounds, and background removal techniques with a focus on data-driven background determination. I conclude with an outlook toward the collision data expected in 2009-10.


A Markov-mean-field model is developed to describe growth-induced polarity in single-component organic crystals formed by dipolar molecules. Results of an analytical theory agree well with corresponding Monte Carlo simulations. Polarity formation is analyzed in terms of three basic energy differences, two of them resulting from the interaction of functional groups (synthons) and a third one accounting for the lateral interaction. Basic packing types are discussed with respect to polarity formation. The Markov model provides a general description of the phenomenological behavior when moving energetically from centric to polar structures. Keeping synthon interactions within reasonable limits, the range for designing lateral coupling is limited to a few kilojoules per mole for a square lattice: Between a gap of about -2 kJ/mol ≤ ΔE⊥ ≤ 3-4 kJ/mol (300 K), the stochastic process of orientational disorder is either significantly increasing (centric structures) or decreasing (polar structures) polarity. Outside of these borders, orientational disorder represents only a small perturbation to centric or polar structures. With respect to the existence of structure types, the model predicts that a molecular packing where the lateral energy difference between a parallel and an antiparallel alignment of molecules is larger than about 3 kJ/mol (square lattice, 300 K) most likely results in a centric structure featuring a low level of orientational disorder. A fundamentally new behavior for the growth of polar crystals is predicted: As a consequence of the Markov model, one of the two inequivalent growth directions of a polar axis is metastable against a 180° flipping of most of the dipoles. This type of a continuous process of twinning is different from geometrical twinning. A first set of data on real crystals is given, demonstrating polarity formation in crystal structures for which the X-ray analysis has reported only centric space groups.


In the thesis,the followings are briefly introduced,including the mole cular biology mechanism of plant resistant genes r esisting disease reaction,the tech niques of resistant genes cloning,having be cloned resistant genes,the structural characteriza tion of resistant genes and their analogs,and the proceed of plant resistant genes engineer.


The effect of compound MTP on induced clotlysis and its possible mechanism were investigated on the experimental model of pulmonary thrombosis in rat with fibrin labeled with FITC. The histological specimens of rat lung tissue were prepared and the degradation of FITC-labeled fibrin was analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The results showed that MTP was able to enhance fibrinolysis in vivo. It was speculated that compound MTP could enhance intrinsic activity of prourokinase as a plasminogen activator in a rat pulmonary embolism model.


This paper investigates supply-side fraud elasticities of financial intermediation. Three rationales that make intermediation inevitable in modern economics were identified as dependent variables: reduction of transaction cost, transformation of risk, and transformation of liquidity. They were represented by operating cost, valueat-risk, and liquidity ratio, respectively. The independent variables stated in monetary value are unauthorized loans, theft & robbery, and fraudulent withdrawal. These variables were preferred after detailed literature review in the area. Three OLS-type multiple regression models were formulated to estimate the values of the dependent variables and the coefficients of the independent variables. Stationarity test, co-integration test, and Granger causality test were conducted for purposes of ensuring reliability of the time series data collected from NDIC, CBN and NBS in respect of the variables listed above. F-test and t-test were conducted to ascertain the statistical significance of the results. The coefficients of the independent variables were then used to evaluate the dependent variables on account of their responsiveness to changes in bank fraud. It was found that financial intermediation is inelastic to bank fraud. It was concluded that as a result of the minute elasticity, financial intermediation cannot be threatened by fraud but incidence of fraud is a signal for intermediaries and regulators to be alive to the responsibilities.


Abstract : The cyclo-octatetraene complex C8H8M0(CO)3 was prepared for the first time and some of its properties were examined. A comparison of a protonated cationic form of this complex with the related C8H9(+)Fe(CO)3 cation strongly supports nonclassical homotropylium structures for the former complex and the C8H9(+) free ion.


The reaction of quinazoline 3-oxide (I) with active methylene compound without a base catalyst was carried out and resulted in finding the transformation of I into quinoline derivatives even if the yields of quinoline derivatives were very poor (few percentage). Thus, the reaction with malononitrile gave 2-amino-3-quinolinecarbonitrile (V), with phenylacetonitrile, 2-amino-3-phenylquinoline (VII), with ethyl cyanoacetate, ethyl 2-amino-3-quinolinecarboxylate (IX) and ethyl α-cyano-ο-[N-(2-cyano-2-ethoxycarbonylvinyl) amino] cinnamate (XI), with 1, 3-diphenyl-1, 3-propanedione and 1-phenyl-1, 3-butanedione, 2-phenylquinoline (XII), with 2, 4-pentanedione, methyl 2-methyl-3-quinolyl ketone (XIV) and 4-acetonyl-8-quinolinecarbonitrile (XV), with ethyl acetoacetate, ethyl 2-methyl-3-quinolinecarboxylate (XVII) and 3-acetylcarbostyrile (XVIII), respectively. But in the case of the reaction with diethyl malonate, ethyl 4-quinazolineacetate (XX) was obtained. The possible reaction process for this transformation was also proposed and discussed.


"Fashion is the eternal recurrence of the new. Are there nevertheless motifs of redemption precisely in fashion?" This question, left unanswered in Walter Benjamin's late text "Central Park", is th ...


The energy shortage, the expanding transit use and the need to make better use of the economic and human resources entrusted to transit presents a challenge to transit management. Although carrying capacity causes concern, one of the main problems facing management will be the forming of the proper frame of reference to understand this new environment. A strong, broad marketing commitment will be required. Potential customers will require information oriented to the future. Changing costs will require better information, better management and flexibility in thinking. The development of human resources for transit is a matter of urgency. Surveys show tht the demographic pattern of new riders differs from present or past riders. The transit service provided will have to be more accessible and convenient. The needs of new riders may require new kinds of services. These new services will create short-run peak capacity problems and place burdens on equipment and personnel. Better cost management will be needed to effectively control rising costs and cost-control will require better trained and better educated managers.


This paper interprets a method to seek the optimized observer point in application,and provides a simple and convinent method in intervisibility problem based on the irregular griding model


The aim of this paper is to stress that an expert providing medico-legal opinion in matters relating to medical malpractice, workers compensation, transport accident and other injuries should preferably be a recognised expert in the field by virtue of knowledge, training, qualification and experience, free from bias as far as is possible and willing to provide evidence if called to court. Based on over ten years experience of conducting what is now largely a medicolegal practice and recently having obtained a Post Graduate Diploma in Health/Medical Law from Melbourne University and with approximately 800 assessments conducted yearly over that period, requirements for taking a comprehensive history, carrying out a thorough physical evaluation as well as assessment of all appropriate investigations and writing a "stand alone" medicolegal report will be outlined. Also included in the final opinion should be comments on opinions given by other experts. One should also include the summarised opinion in the world literature relating to the main issue. Finally, just as a judge does when giving his judgement the reasons underlying the opinion should be fully explained. Judges throughout Australia conducting medical lists are concerned that many medical assessments appear to be biased towards the party requesting and paying for the report; ways of reducing bias will be suggested. Finally the author will give his views on the value of expert medical panels independently appointed by the courts through the learned medical colleges giving their opinion on liability and whole person impairment in medical malpractice claims, and similar to medical panels currently assessing workers compensation injury in most states in Australia.


In Korean residential building, wall – piloti structures have been frequently used in the ground floor. For cost-effective design, a new wall – piloti structure where the walls are directly connected with the columns without transfer girder was suggested in the previous study. In this study, the proposed structure was applied to actual residential building. To verify the structure safety, structural monitoring and long-term behavior prediction was carried out. Strain gauge and displacement meters was installed to measure the strain of re-bars and the deflection of slab. During the construction period, in all wall – piloti structures, compressive strain was less than the allowable strain and relative deflection of slab satisfied the serviceability criteria. Further, in the long-term behavior, the maximum vertical strains of the re-bar were less than allowable strain under the service load condition.


What distinguishes Craven's work is not only its confident deployment of a wide array of primary historical sources but its capacity to bring to bear the perspectives of different disciplines and different theoretical frameworks. The result is rich, stimulating, and provocative. Chapters on the evolving labour movement and the changing structure of industry set the stage for an examination of the specifics of the state's response. Here a good portion of the book is devoted to the mind of Mackenzie King, the crucial figure in all this. Craven sets the intellectual background to young Mr King's political economy and then examines his practice as the first deputy minister (later minister) of labour, his authorship of the first major labour legislation, and his role as 'conciliator' extraordinaire. Craven sees King as an example of Gramsci's 'organic intellectual' in uneasy relationship with the emergent class antagonisms of corporate capitalism: this tension was both creative and, in the end, limiting. King was shaped by his time and, to a degree, shaped his time. Craven here adroitly avoids the reductionist trap of an overly deterministic Marxism, without losing Marxist insights into the structural limitations of individual action in history. King succeeded in part in restoring 'industrial peace,' yet he also failed in large measure. Both King's own limitations and, more importantly, the limitations of liberal capitalist society are marshalled to explain this mixed bag. One wishes at times that Craven might exhibit a little more fairness to some of his colleagues in the King industry, whose differing perceptions he sometimes dismisses too precipitously, or even pointedly ignores. Many may suspect that his reading of a kind of secret logic in Industry and Humanity having to do with a distinction between the 'community' and the 'public' is, even after extensive baroque elaboration, rather too modest a point to bear the weight of all the significance with which he invests it. But these are small cavils. This is certainly a major scholarly achievement. The empirical evidence alone would constitute a publishable historical work in the old sense. Happily, Craven also gives us much more in the way of analysis as well. He also knows how to write very well indeed, sometimes with wit, always with polish. Nobody interested in the history of early twentieth-century Canada can afford to ignore this milestone. m•;i•.•LI• WHIT.•K•R Carleton University


The present invention relates particularly useful silicone compositions to produce anti-fouling varnish may be coated on a support of a flexible support or bulk. Its purpose is for fabrics coated with silicone elastomers, economic, with adhesive, non-slip, is to provide an antifouling silicone varnish shiny. This object is achieved, A- dry POS resin (A), the preferably of formula MM Medium (F) 0 to 800 parts by weight, G-at least one adhesion promoter (G) 0 to 5 parts by weight, H- least one functional additives to impart characteristics (H) 0 weight parts is preferably achieved by crosslinkable silicone composition containing 0-5 parts by weight. The present invention also relates to a method for varnishing, and also includes a composite material comprising a support and coated varnish.


Urinary excretion of nonesterified cholesterol (NEC) in women with neoplasms of the placenta, ovary, cervix and endometrium has been investigated. Patients with other types of tumors and unrelated diseases, as well as a series of clinically and biochemically normal women, were also studied for comparison. Women with carcinomas of the steroid-producing glands and related organs had a hyper-excretion of NEC when their values were compared with those for all other patients. The hyperexcretion of NEC in patients with carcinoma in situ of the cervix and/or endometrium implies the possibility of using NEC urinary excretion as a chemical screening method for early detection of carcinomas of the reproductive tract. To date, only pregnancy, Cushing's syndrome and diabetic acidosis have been found to be accompanied by the excess excretion of NEC.


Identification of high risk items has previously been shown to reduce retail thefts for a small number of target items and for shorter time periods. This study assesses the effect of public identification on thefts of nine personal hygiene items over a 15 week period. Posting signs and publicly identifying target items was associated with near total elimination of thefts for these items. Sales of target items increased slightly during the intervention period and no negative customer or employee reactions were noted. The findings provide further support for public identification as a cost-effective theft reduction technique.


PURPOSE: An apparatus and a method for estimating the position of a mobile unit are provided to minimize an estimated position error of a mobile unit while broadening an arrangement gap of a beacon. CONSTITUTION: An RF(Radio Frequency) transceiver(210) transceives RF signals. An ultrasonic wave receiver(220) receives an ultrasonic signal. A controller(230) transmits the RF signal through the RF transceiver to the beacon and receives an RF response signal to calculate the distance between a mobile unit and the beacon based on the RF signal. When the ultrasonic signal transmitted from beacon with the RF response signal is received by the ultrasonic receiver, a controller calculates the distance between the moving body and the beacon based on the ultrasonic signal.


But please don't let it cost you a great deal, on our behalf, or I shall be miserable and feel responsible again. -Letters 235, ed. Huxley He was so clearly in the grip of a tension he could not control, that seemed to pull him in opposite directions with equal force. -E.T. 163 When D.H. Lawrence showed Jessie Chambers the Paul Morel version of the novel in 1911, before he met Frieda, Chambers urged him to write it closer to the truth. She hoped "that in the doing of it Lawrence might free himself from his strange obsession with his mother" (E.T. 192). Of course, this "strange obsession" has been the focus of much criticism of Sons and Lovers, and rightly so, since this obsession dominates the latter half of the novel. Unfortunately, the critical focus on that relationship has too often reflected suspect knowledge of human relations based on psychological models that have been rejected by the scientific community and many therapists. In her memoir after Lawrence's death, Frieda Lawrence seems to add to this "strange obsession" in a conversation she reports having with Lawrence during his revision of Sons and Lovers: "Tf my mother had lived I could never have loved you, she wouldn't have let me go'" (F Lawrence 56). What she claims next, however, is telling: "In after years he said: T would write a different 'Sons and Lovers' [sic] now; my mother was wrong, and I thought she was absolutely right'" (F Lawrence 56). The question is: couldD.H. Lawrence have written a different Sons and Lovers between 1910 and 1912? Moreover, what exactly did he mean when he said, "my mother was wrong"? Was she wrong because he '"loved her, like a lover'" (qtd. In Maddox 65); or was he responding to feelings of "[g]uilt for the unfairness of the portrait of Arthur Lawrence"? (Maddox 151). I suspect the answer lies somewhere in between. As Earl Ingersoll suggests, "Lawrence was almost immediately resistant to Frieda's Freudian reading of his text." Nevertheless, "he probably focused more fully on the relationship between Paul and his mother in the final revision" (434). Indeed, Lawrence did focus on that relationship because, in his attempt to write it more closely to the truth, and, in his response to his own belief that '"one sheds one's sickness in books'" (qtd. In Maddox 151), he revealed much about himself through Paul. Brenda Maddox contends that "as therapy, the book was a flop" (151), which is correct only in that therapy would not have solved Lawrence's problem. The Paul-Gertrude dyad in the novel, however, does characterize a more likely psychological condition, illustrated by his response to Frieda when she asked Lawrence what she gave him that other women had not: "You make me sure of myself, whole" (F Lawrence 35). I will argue that what Gertrude Morel offers Paul compares with what Frieda provided Lawrence and that Paul represents current neuroscientific understanding of the inhibited temperament. If so, such an empirical understanding of human behavior might provide new insight in addressing scenes in the novel that might seem overanalyzed, and, at the same time, this empirical approach might provide the means to examine other crucial scenes that have largely been ignored. Despite Lawrence's resistance to Frieda's "Freudian reading," much criticism remains fixated on Freud's Oedipal theory (Weiss), or Lacan's equally impractical understanding of the Oedipal dynamic (Ingersoll; Reisner). Moreover, Post-structural readings that claim to be a new window of opportunity (Burden 2003), or that focus on metaphor, metonymy, and quirky linguistics (Doherty; Campbell; Baron, 2001, 1998) to explain Lawrence's characters too often end up as baffling cul-de-sacs: "Caught between the demands of literal sense-making and the seductive freedoms of metaphor . . . [Paul] is the source of tension between opposites which the novel explores, but never finally resolves" (Doherty 330). Such a dialectical approach, moreover, often leads critics to such over-simplifications as Cynthia LewieckiWilson's that "all Lawrence's work . …


A novel multiband antenna array capable of wide angle beam steering at each operating band is designed using a multiplexed antenna feed utilizing dual band isolation circuits based on a Composite Right/Left Handed (CRLH) transmission line (TL). The antenna feed utilizes three CRLH TL based isolation circuits, each connected to an antenna element. The method described here has the advantage of being able to connect any three antennas using a simple and straightforward design procedure while maintaining good match at the common input. It also allows for the placement of the antenna elements in each band to be at the desired inter-element spacing (e.g. half wavelength). For demonstrating the concept, a 2×1 linear array fed with the purposed multiplexed antenna feeds operating at 1.59GHz, 3.75GHz, and 5.9GHz frequency bands, is fabricated, then measured. The measured results show good agreement with the theory.


The target of this study was to analyze the effect of a proprioception program on the balance in a group of young soccer players. A program of 8 exercises was proposed, which were extracted from the warm-up program developed by Bizzini, Junge, & Dvorak (2007) "11 + a finished warm-up program to prepare for injuries in the soccer", which were adapted and applied for 4 weeks, 4 times a week in meetings that lasted between 15 and 20 minutes. It was applied to a group of 17 athletics whose ages range between 14 and 15 years old, belonging to the Eleven Caldas S.A school of soccer club, to which a previous evaluation was applied with the Romberg test and the Romberg sensitive test. The athletics were reevaluated after having finished the four week program obtaining results, that were positive and demonstrated the proprioception program improved their balance, with an increase of 18% in the Romberg test and 29% in the Romberg sensitive test. As conclusions, one emphasizes the efficacy of proprioception program to improve balance.


Title of Dissertation: A PROFILE OF THE QUALIFICATIONS OF SPECIAL EDUCATION TEACHERS AMONG HIGH POVERTY, URBAN, AND RURAL SCHOOLS Loretta Marie Mason, Doctor of Philosophy, 2008 Directed By: Professor Peter Leone Department of Special Education The purpose of this study was to provide a descriptive profile of the special education teachers in the SASS:04 sample and to examine how the qualifications of special education teachers varied among K-12 public schools according to the urbanicity or proportion of students in poverty within a school. Variables related to teacher qualifications, demographic characteristics, teaching positions, and school characteristics were identified from the 2003-04 Schools and Staffing Survey database. Descriptive bivariate statistics and logistic regression analysis were used in this study. The findings demonstrated statistically significant differences in the qualifications of special educators among many of the subgroups analyzed. The analysis by demographic characteristics revealed that minority group members, younger special educators, and male special educators were less qualified than other special education teachers. Inspection of qualifications by school level and teaching assignment also found statistically significant differences. The investigation of the qualifications of special educators by poverty quartiles and by urban areas revealed a statistically significant relationship between qualifications and the type of school analyzed. The findings emphasize the need to provide targeted interventions to promote supplying all schools with qualified special education teachers. The findings also indicate that qualified special education teachers may not be equitably distributed and that further work in this area is necessary. A PROFILE OF THE QUALIFICATIONS OF SPECIAL EDUCATION TEACHERS AMONG HIGH POVERTY, URBAN, AND RURAL SCHOOLS


In the event of a severe accident in a nuclear power plant, when airborne radioactive particles may be released to the environment (so-called source term), emergency disaster control authorities have to take measures early enough in order to protect the general public. Computerized analytical tools to guide and assist the plant crisis team or an external emergency team for estimating radioactive releases are helpful and time saving in such events. In case of a severe accident, information about expected source terms should quickly be transmitted to the authorities via data transmission or ready-made forms to make forecasts of the radiological situation, e.g., with the decision support system RODOS .


Geodetic observations are affected by the disturbing potential of the luni-solar tide. Among those observations, the value of g obtained from gravimetric survey needs correction by the gravimetric factor. This correction is derived from the Numbers of Love, which depend on the adopted model of Earth. Because of this, it is necessary to update the correction since the gravimetric factor widely used in Brazil as δ = 1.20 does not consider local rheological variations and they are latitude dependent. A discrepancy of about 1% between the observed tidal gravimetric factors δ of the "Trans World Tidal Gravity Profiles" (TWTGP), related to Brussels fundamental station, and those obtained by recent observations reported by Freitas and Ducarme (1991). Experiments based on inertial force effects also reveal a variation of about 0.5% in the observed δ. A same order of magnitude difference is obtained for an anelastic Earth model when compared with a viscous-elastic model and even when different frequencies of tidal perturbations are considered. In this paper regression models are presented for gravimetric factors for the lunar components O 1 and M2 in Brazil. These models were obtained from observations performed at stations belonging to the Brazilian segment of the TWTGP.


We used our GIS variant of the PnET-CN model to investigate changes of forest carbon stocks and fluxes in Mid-Atlantic temperate forests over the last century (1900-2000). Forests in this region are affected by multiple environmental changes including climate, atmospheric CO2 concentration, N deposition and tropospheric ozone, and extensive land disturbances. Our objectives are to gain mechanistic understanding of the complex interactive effects of changing environmental factors on forest carbon dynamics, and to partition the forest carbon responses to different causes. Our results indicate that, for the whole forest area in the Mid-Atlantic, net primary productivity (NPP) increased by 25% over the last century due to chronic changes in climate and atmospheric chemistry. Among these factors, change in climate increased NPP by 4%; interannual climate variability caused 7% lower NPP; and changes in atmospheric chemistry had the dominant impact of increasing NPP by 34%, while 5% of this impact was further reduced by the interaction with interannual climate variability. With consideration of land disturbances, NPP may end up increasing more due to a greater response to N deposition which may compensate for N loss in disturbed soil pools. Annual net ecosystem productivity (NEP) fluctuated annually and was affected primarily by climate variability. This research shows that changes in atmospheric chemistry could be important driving variables that affect net carbon change in regions where air pollution is a significant factor


In a method for personalizing portable data carriers (700) is a nonvolatile memory (350) of the data carrier (700) with personalization data (100, 101, 102), wherein the personalization first as virtual personalization (1000) (in a virtual disk 500 ) is carried out, then a memory map (250) (as bit-exact copy of a memory 150) of the virtual volume (500) is generated, and finally, the memory map (250) (with the aid of its physical memory addresses directly in the memory 350) of the real data carrier (700) is introduced. The personalization data (100, 101), 102) additionally comprise the initialization data (90) also individualization data (110, 111, 112). Preferably, the introduction of the personalization data can (100, 101, 102) after the production of the data carrier into the data carrier (700) (700) in a disk (700) issuing institution or at the end customer to be performed.


A 8-year-old male Akita was examined because of weakness and tachypnea of 2 months' duration. Digital percussion and concurrent auscultation of the cranioventral thoracic area revealed dull, nonresonant sounds. Thoracic radiography revealed a large, soft-tissue density encompassing the entire left cranial cuadrant of the thorax. Based on location, radiographic appearance, and the lymphoid cells found on cytologic examination of the mass, thymoma was considered as a temporary diagnosis. Thoracotomy was performed through the 4th and 5th intercostal space. A 11 by 17 by 7 cm lobulated mass was excised from the anterior mediastinum. Light microscopic examination of the mass revealed thymic tissue with capsular and vascular invasion by lymphocytes. The findings were consistent with thymoma. No metastasis was noted at the surgery. The surgical recovery was uneventful and clinical weakness improved without medical therapy. At 24 months after the surgery, the dog has not shown recurrence of thymoma without any clinical signs.


A solid phase extraction procedure for simultaneous separation and preconcentration of traceamounts of Cu+2 ion from various real samples prior to its determination by flame atomicabsorption spectrometry has been developed. The proposed method is based on the utilization ofmultiwalled carbon nanotube in combination with Cupferron ligand as a solid phaseextractant. The influences of the analytical parameters, including pH, amounts of ligand andadsorbent, sample volume, volume and concentration of eluent, flow rates of solution and ,interference effects from the foreign metal ions were investigated for the optimum recoveries of theanalyte ion. The optimum pH for the separation of Cu+2 ion on the new sorbent was 7.0. Therelative standard deviation (RSDs) and the recoveries of standard addition for this method werelower than 5 % and 95-100 %, respectively. A sample volume of 200 mL resulted in apreconcentration factor of 100. The proposed procedure was successfully applied to thedetermination of copper in various real samples with satisfactory results.


During past two decades, "Pass through a democratic status" gave attention by most Middle East analysts. In fact, since the early 1980s, The Middle East and The North of Africa affected by third wave of democratization effects and both state and society felt its impacts. Since, civil society has been promoting and strengthening, from one hand, and sovereign governments gradually withdrawal has begun, from the other. In a number of countries, this civil society strength with weakness and withdrawal of sovereign governments was so that made some analysts optimists to the coming Middle East. However, during the time, it was revealed that the democracy in the states' viewpoints was different from the Middle Eastern citizens' democratic calls. Put it differently, the sovereign political elites sought for a democracy in which there was no changes in power relationships, and participation declined to a quantitative presence in elections with predictable results as well. This led the writers and analysts to adopt more real and precise positions to obstacles of democratic transition. To better understanding, one should aware that, like any other social changes, this democratic transient, in each nation and country, requires proper subjective and /or objective conditions to achieve. Proper subjective grounds mean penetration of democratic thoughts and notions among peoples. Besides, Proper socioeconomic conditions are very important and necessary; the increased and promoted middleclass and its independence of state is the most important indications of these objective situations. Of course, these two positions is hard to reach, and it doesn't mean that this democratic transition will be occurred so fast and simple, since, as evidently, the historical and cultural background might appear a rigid and hard obstacle or on the contrary shortens this process.


This paper draws on the experience of international companies as a guide to future policy-making. What factors have guided investment decisions in post-conflict countries? How do different companies in different sectors perceive political and security risks? How do they manage these risks? What are the lessons both for the private sector and for policy-makers? This paper begins with a review of the extractive industries, but then broadens the discussion to discuss three other sectors: mobile phones, construction and commercial banks. It cites examples from Afghanistan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iraq, Somalia, Sierra Leone, and Timor-Leste. The four sectors vary in the scale of investment that they need, and the time -frame in which they expect to make returns. These calculations in turn influence their attitudes to conflict-affected countries. 'Junior' petroleum and mining companies are willing to take on high political, and security risks in the hope of making major discoveries before their larger, more risk-averse competitors. However, 'major' companies in the extractive industries normally expect a reasonable prospect of long-term stability before committing to large-scale projects which may last for 20-30 years. By contrast, mobile phone companies make smaller investments, and start getting a return as soon as the first subscriber makes a call: they may be able to recover their initial outlay within two or three years. Construction and engineering companies will take on short-term reconstruction contracts, but will hesitate to commit to long-term investment-for example in utilities-unless there is a stable government and legal system. Banks will not set up operations unless there are viable banking laws and foreign exchange regulations. The paper is selective rather than comprehensive-the contrasts it identifies make clear that there is no single post-conflict model that can, or should be applied to all cases. Rather, its aim is to identify common themes, provoke debate, and inspire more detailed research on specific countries, sectors and companies.


Recent years have Seen a surge of interest in the problems of aging and chronic disease. Planning has to include consideration of the multifaceted characteristics of these problems and the variable and often changing needs of patients with prolonged illness and disability. In planning for these long-term patients, the principles are simple. Once the maximal functional ability of the patient is achieved, it should not only be maintained but utilized, and the continuing services should match the needs. To provide less service than required is obviously poor care, and to provide more than necessary is poor economics. A constellation of services and facilities ranging from those for acute medical care and skilled nursing care to those for protective housing and home care are necessary to cover the broad range of requirements. There must be an effective flow between these facilities and the different levels of care. These programs, to be complete, must extend beyond medical and paramedical areas to many nonmedical fields and include an effective means for coordinating all necessary community resources. The terminology used and the methods of communication assume added importance because of the broad scope and interdisciplinary nature of these programs. It has become obvious that the terminology and measurements developed for communication about acute illness and short-term patients are inadequate for this purpose. It is equally obvious that, to be effective, any classification of long-term patients must reflect accurately their important characteristics. Although chronic illness and disability are not limited to the aged, most of those requiring extended care are in the advanced age group. These patients characteristically have multiple pathologic disorders, most of which can be considered an extension of a seemingly inevitable degenerative decline. There may well be no single identifiable disease that can be judged solely accountable for the patient's disability. The problems and needs of these patients, like the diagnoses, are usually multiple and interdisciplinary in scope. Moreover, there is often considerable variation in their functional status. Most existing medical facilities and services are geared to acute disease, and those for chronic disease are anything but dynamic. Programs for the management of acute disease are concerned primarily with diagnosis and treatment. The functional capacities and continuing needs of the patient receive, except in a few areas, little consideration. Programs for the management of chronic disease, however, are primarily concerned with these factors. Planning in these areas has been retarded, a t least in part, by the absence of a