This graduation thesis deals with gender problem, so problems of the female and male roles at the current society. In the theoretical part are compiled the knowledge, which I gathered from the specialized publications. I described many factors, which explain why and how men and women are different from each other and which the effect it has on their defferent perception of the world. I expanded the gender problems and make this conception clear. I mentioned about the sexual and sex orientation and also about sexual and sex identity. I introduced a few well-known theories about the origin of the gender and sex identity. I dealed with the difference in men and women from sight both biological, psychological and social-culturally. I also mentioned the conceptions such as archetype, anima and animus I attended to the illustration of the male and female principle jin and jang. In this thesis I solved the problems of the male and female role and how the human being learn them - the gender socialization. I wrote about the gender stereotypes and about roles of the men and women at the society nowdays. In the practical part I dealed with the reseach which its intend was revealed how the present generation of the women and men regard with the female and male role at our society.


If in a cellular network two mobile units communicate with each other without use of base station then it is termed as M2M communication and such thing can improve efficiency of spectrum. However such operation may cause interference to conventional cellular network. This paper proposes a resource allocation scheme to maximize throughput of a network while maintaining quality of service (QOS) for both M2M users as well as conventional cellular user. The proposed scheme first performs admission control and later allocates required power for each M2M pair and their respective partnered cellular units that have been admitted into network. Now in order to maximize throughput of network a suitable CU are selected as partners to admit M2M pairs. The results enclosed specifies the behavior of macro fading and shadowing effects at various CU position apart from this a cumulative distribution function for SNR has been provided along with its energy distribution and delay.


In 1915 the United States Reclamation Service (USRS) chose the Shoshone Project in Wyoming as the model for the reclamation idea at the PanamaPacific Exposition in San Francisco. It built a tabletop scale model to show such features as the storage dam, diversion dam, and distribution system. As the distilled essence of the engineer's idea of reclamation, it was a popular element of the Department of the Interior exhibit at the exposition.1 Dam a river where it leaves the mountains, regulate the flow downstream to where it can be diverted to cover cropland, and then watch the social and economic capital accumulate around it. This view of the dam, stubborn in its simplicity, remained at the heart of the reclamation vision. But the valley?both the land itself and the people who lived there?often had other ideas, and the conse? quences of damming and diverting the water of the Shoshone River have frequently proven more complex than the reclamation idea ever acknowledged. The Shoshone Dam (renamed Buffalo Bill Dam in 1946) was constructed in a narrow rock canyon a few miles upstream from Cody, just below the confluence of the north and south forks of the river. Those forks arise in the


In this paper we will try to propose some possible scenarios for operation of beams during the betatron squeeze, adjust and stable beam mode at 6.5 TeV energy for after the LS1. The available parameter space in term of intensity, chromaticity, octupole current, damper gain, bunch spacing and length will be explored and conclusions on possible settings for the operation will be based when possible on experience from the LHC physics runs. Different luminosity leveling scenarios will be considered. Techniques to mitigate instabilities when beam-beam effects are involved will also be discussed.


Student assessment plays a central role in health professions education. Assessing means to obtain information that will assist decision-making. It is therefore important that assessment planning and execution take into account its multiple functions, including reinforcing learning (formative assessment). Student assessment should focus not only on knowledge learning but also on the acquisition of psychomotor and affective skills, as well as documenting student progress and development. Assessment planning should be oriented by learning objectives previously defined for each educational step, according to desired outcomes in terms of skills and competences. The choice of methods for assessment should be guided by "what" is intended to be assessed, and also by "why" the assessment is being carried out. Characteristics of methods that determine a good assessment include validity, reliability, feasibility, acceptability, educational impact and catalytic effect. In the current Brazilian educational scenario concerning the health professions education assessments are focused predominantly on cognitive aspects aiming at pass/fail decision-making (summative assessment), with some disregard for considering skills and attitudes and for formative assessment. Transforming and improving assessment procedures involve considering student needs and standpoints and fostering faculty development, which is the responsibility of different stakeholders, such as schools, health systems and regulatory bodies. Key-words: Assessment; Evaluation; Student; Health Professions Education. 8. Pacheco JA. Processos e praticas de educacao e formacao: para uma analise da realidade portuguesa em contextos de globalizacao. Revista Portuguesa de Educacao, 2009; 22: 105-43. 9. Miller GE. The assessment of clinical skills/competence/performance. Acad Med. 1990; 65: S63–S67. 10. Epstein RM. Assessment in Medical Education. N Engl J Med. 2007; 356:387-96. 11. Wass V, Van der Vleuten C, Shatzer J, Jones R. Assessment of clinical competence. Lancet. 2001; 357: 945-9. 12. Norcini J, Anderson B, Bollela V, Burch V, Costa MJ, Duvivier R, et al. Criteria for good assessment: Consensus statement and recommendations from the Ottawa 2010 Conference. Med Teach. 2011; 33: 206–14. 13. Luckesi CCC. Avaliacao da aprendizagem escolar. Sao Paulo: Cortez, 1995. 14. Pimenta SG; Anastasiou LGC. Docencia no ensino superior. 4a. Ed. Sao Paulo: Cortez, 2010. 15. Formosinho J. Dilemas e tensoes da atuacao da universidade frente a formacao de profissionais de desenvolvimento humano. In: Pimenta SG; Almeida MI (Org.) Pedagogia Universitaria: caminhos para a formacao de professores.Sao Paulo: Cortez, 2001. Referencias Bibliograficas 1. Dicionario on line de lingua portuguesa Priberam, disponivel em http://www.priberam.pt/dlpo/ (consultado em 05/03/2014). 2. Harlem, W.;Crick, RD A systemcatic review of the impact of summative assessment and tests on students' motivation for learning. London: EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London, 2002. Disponivel em http://www.eppi.ioe.ac.uk, (consultado em 28/02/2014). 3. Sordi MRL. Alternativas propostas no campo da avaliacao: por que nao?. In: Castanho, S; Castanho, ME.(org) Temas e textos em metodologia do ensino superior. 6a. Ed. Campinas: Papirus, 2009.(Colecao Magisterio: Formacao e Trabalho Pedagogico). 4. Gardner J. Assesment and learning.2nd Edition.Thousand Oakes: SAGE, 2012. 5. Vasconcellos CS. Avaliacao da Aprendizagem Praticas de Mudanca: por uma praxis transformadora. Sao Paulo: Libertad, 2003. 6. Bloom BSS; Englehart MD;Furst EJ; HILL WH; Klathwohl DR. Taxonomia de objetivos educacionais.Porto Alegre:Globo, 1976. 7. Anderson L, et al. A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: a revision of Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. New York: Addison, Wesley Longman, 2001.


A scientific instructional design is the soul of computer_assisted language learning (i.e. CALL) and fundamentally contributes to its high quality and efficiency.In this paper the author makes an analysis of the theoretical basis of the scientific instructional design of CALL in the perspective of modern learning theories and language teaching theories. And the author also makes a further research on the main aspects of the design and gives some constructive advice on the solution of problems we should pay attention to.


Capital structure is an important element for every company and directly affects the firms' performance and financial position. This study aims to evaluate the impact of capital structure on the performance of non-financial firms listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period 2005-2012. The data consist of 150 publicly listed non-financial firms from 8 non-financial industries in Indonesia. Panel data for the selected firms were generated and analyzed using both fixed effect model and random effect. The result shows that capital structure (DAR) has a significant impact on firms' performance (ROA, ROE, and GPM) and has no significant impact of capital structure on firms' performance caused by industry differences. Infrastructure, utilities, and transportation industry has the strongest industry effect on the impact of capital structure on firms' performance.


In this project the design of a compact load transducer is proposed in order to know the tensile load of wires under their operational conditions.
This transducer will consist basically of two components, an elastic element (to be designed) and some strain gauges (to be installed).
Finite element analysis is a powerful tool when it comes to the design stage of any device, and with proper simulation software this process can be faster and more reliable. For the design of the elastic element, this kind of simulation software is used to understand its behaviour and adequate it for the correct stress measurements of steel wires from 0.4 to 1 mm in diameter.
The mode of operation of the transducer would be: the wire induces strain into the elastic element, which is measured by the strain gauges (attached on its surface). Many wires will be tested and the relation between the strain and the load at which the wire is tensed will be characterized. Thus, with this analytical expression the tensile load can be easily determined.
In the next chapters all the needed information about the designing process, the technology used, the mechanical behaviour of the device and at last but not least, the results once it is working, are exposed.


Territories may be conceived as multidimensional spaces, where each dimension represents the presence of stocks of single types of territorial capital: location, size, quality, internal and external interactions. Relationships of a functional, hierarchical or cooperative nature may take place within the single dimension (economic, social, environmental, cognitive, identitarian) or, more interestingly, among the different dimensions, generating huge and diversified cross-externalities and synergy effects. The conceptual breakthrough allowed by the relatively new concept of territorial capital consists in the almost infinite widening of the structural and functional relationships that are assumed to determine the growth potential of single places/regions, along the scientific trajectory of the last 70 years in the direction of an ideal place-based production function with heterogeneous capital assets. The full spectrum of territorial capital types may be considered and included, provided that good measures or proxies are available. The goal of this chapter is to make an assessment of the utilization of the territorial capital concept in regional development studies, from its development in 2001 to the present day. This includes analysing its definition and role in the interpretation of spatial development, before exploring its theoretical soundness and use in a regional production function. The latest empirical findings that use of the concept are then explored. The questions concerning its nature and intrinsic heterogeneity that remain open are considered, before concluding with the new contents and styles of policies suggested by the utilization of the concept.


superior efficacy to alclometasone dipropionate which, according to several classifications, is a mid-potent corticosteroid similar to hydrocortisone butyrate. Finally, the authors write that in a 3-week study, topical steroids were found to be more effective than topical immunomodulators, but fail to mention that the comparator used in that study was pimecrolimus cream. To discuss our results in the context of pimecrolimus is not relevant due to the clear differences in potency between tacrolimus ointment and pimecrolimus cream. In conclusion, while patient satisfaction is of major importance, the study setting of Burkhart and Burkhart was not satisfactory with respect to evaluating the efficacy of treatment.


Introduction: Although Sri Lanka has a well-established preventive and curative healthcare system, physical inactivity, which is one of the four main risk factors for development of NCDs is prevalent among one third the adult population. Implementation of in-service trainings in relation to reduction of physical inactivity and sedentary behavior has not been carried out in a uniform manner in Sri Lanka. Aim: To describe the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of a novel exercise based in-service training strategy for primary care health staff on promotion of physical activity among the public. Methods: The existing mechanism for promotion of physical activity among the public by the primary care staff was reviewed and challenges and limitations were identified. A series of consultative meetings were conducted with the participation of all stakeholders to develop a Training of Trainers (TOT) manual on physical activity guidelines for the public. In order to overcome the deficiencies identified a novel strategy was developed for the implementation of in-service trainings on the developed TOT manual at the Healthy Lifestyle Centers. A post training evaluation was conducted among the trainees three months after the training. Results: Out of the trainees, 138 (76.6%) responded to the post training follow up evaluation. Mean age of participants was 40.09 years (SD =7.18). Majority of the respondents were females (N=101, 73.2%). There were, 44 (31.8%) Medical officers, 45 (32.6%) Nursing Officers, 20 (14.5%) Public Health Nursing Officers, 11 (7.9%) Public Health Midwives, 2 (1.4%) Public Health Inspectors and 16 (11.5%) other staff members among the participants. The median satisfaction score was 7.9 out of 10. There was a significant improvement in competency following the training (X 2 =44.6, Df=1, P<0.05). Conclusions and Recommendations: The novel strategy is effective and was received with enthusiasm by the target audience. Possibility of implementing similar strategies for risk reduction of other modifiable NCD risk factors must be explored.


The societal monetary burden of cysticercosis in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, Honduras, India and the United States of America were estimated. Data on the frequency of infection and on associated morbidity in both human and pig populations and their costs were collected. Decision trees were used to assess the frequency of medical care and loss of value of pigs with their monetary impact. All results are in 2004 US$. The societal monetary cost of T. solium cysticercosis was estimated to US$13.4 million (95% CI: US$45.3 million-US$262.3 million) in India, US$20.0 million (US$6.2 million-US$37.6 million) in Honduras, US$24.8 million (95% CI = $10.5 million, $49.0 million) in the Eastern Cape Province, and US$3.1 million (95% CI $1.2 million, $6.4 million), in the United States. Porcine cysticercosis is a preventable infection that produces a very important monetary burden for some regions of the world. Introduction Neurocysticercosis (NCC), infection of the human brain by the larvae of the zoonotic parasite Taenia solium, is considered the most important parasitic infection of the human central nervous system and is estimated to cause between 20% and 50% of all late-onset epilepsy cases globally (Bern et al., 1999). Epilepsy is a syndrome with considerable social, psychological, economical and physical impact in a community, and affected individuals and their families are often stigmatized, leading to decreased productivity and increased costs to the society. Taenia solium requires humans and pigs as definitive and intermediate hosts, respectively, to complete its life cycle. The larval stage of the parasite can cause disease in both humans and pigs with potentially large economical impact in areas where the disease is endemic. In areas where meat inspection is present, infected pig carcasses are totally or partially condemned, leading to important income losses to the pig's owner. These losses are also likely to impact on local, regional, national and even international trade. The probability of a person being diagnosed or treated for NCC, the impact of the disease on his/her productivity and the probability of affected pig carcasses being condemned are likely to vary nationally and internationally. The costs associated with these elements are also likely to vary. Until recently there has been no concerted effort to assess these probabilities and costs on a global scale, and therefore a thorough assessment of the burden of disease and impact of T. solium cysticercosis has been impeded (Engels et al. 2003). Because this information was previously unavailable, NCC remains a "neglected" disease at the global level in spite of evidence indicating that it is a significant problem in many poor countries around the world. The purpose of this ananlysis is to estimate the societal monetary burden of cysticercosis in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, Honduras, India and the United States of America. Materials and Methods Epidemiological data Quantifying the monetary burden of cysticercosis requires obtaining valid data on the frequency of infection and on associated morbidity outcomes in both human and pig populations and their associated costs. In pigs, most economical losses occur when pigs are condemned in slaughterhouses. To our knowledge, there are no productivity losses associated with porcine infection. The major health consequences to humans of cysticercosis infection occur with NCC. The most common symptom is seizures, and an unknown proportion of persons with NCC will go on to develop chronic, remote symptomatic seizures (i.e. epilepsy). Thus, epilepsy was chosen as the primary outcome for the burden assessment. Data on the prevalence of cysticercosis infection, NCC or epilepsy in each of the 4 study countries were obtained from a variety of sources; most came from published sources, but some unpublished data and experts' opinions


Due to construction costs, the human effects of innovations in architectural design can be expensive to test. Post-occupancy studies provide valuable data about what did and did not work in the past, but they cannot provide direct feedback for new ideas that have not yet been attempted. This presents designers with something of a dilemma. How can we harness the best potential of new technology and design innovation, while avoiding costly and potentially harmful mistakes? The current research use virtual immersion and biometric data to provide a new form of extremely rigorous human-response testing prior to construction. The researchers' hypothesis was that virtual test runs can help designers to identify potential problems and successes in their work prior to its being physically constructed. The pilot study aims to develop a digital pre-occupancy toolset to understand the impact of different interior design variables of learning environment (independent variables) on learning performance (dependent variable). This project provides a practical toolset to test the potential human impacts of architectural design innovations. The research responds to a growing call in the field for evidence-based design and for an inexpensive means of evaluating the potential human effects of new designs. Our research will address this challenge by developing a prototype mobile brain-body imaging interface that can be used in conjunction with virtual immersion.


I estimate the level of emissions cost pass-through to hourly wholesale electricity prices in Germany, based on spot market data. I control for contemporaneous shocks to demand and supply by constructing a detailed supply curve for fossil generation and intersecting it with residual demand for fossil-based electricity for every hour. Determining the marginal generator allows me to use marginal fuel and allowance costs (rather than prices) as explanatory variables in order to identify the level of cost pass-through directly and with a high level of precision. I find that allowance costs are passed through to electricity prices completely (or nearly completely) on average, but that the degree of pass-through varies over the load curve. My results suggest that there is no economic reason for free allowance allocation to the German electricity sector, and thus I support the updated allocation rules in phase 3 of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme.


The aim of this study is to define the eco-compatibility of biopolymers, the so called "green plastics" with a view extended to all phases of life in order to quantify the environmental impact of these materials. Nowadays, biopolymers represent the most widespread materials when it comes to replace the conventional polymers and they are considered particularly promising in terms of environmental sustainability. Indeed, the production of plastics from renewable sources in recent years has had an exponential growth (from 180 ton in 2008 to 1 million of ton in 2011). This rise is due to the market demand of products and materials with an increased environmental performance compared to "traditional plastics", it is also due to the necessity to find alternatives to fossil fuel and to split the price of manufacturing to the fossil fuel cost. Therefore, the need to quantify the biopolymer environmental impact is becoming meaningful in order to give a concrete and objective answer to the market. However, even if there is the rapid growth on the market, the environmental data are still ambiguous and not well established. It is necessary to stress that the term "biopolymers" does not correspond to a precise and (internationally) recognized definition. In fact, This term is used both to indicate the raw material biologic origin (from biomass) and to report the information about the biodegradability in the biopolymers end of life contest. As a matter of fact, it must be specified that: - the biodegradability can be a characteristic both for a polymer coming from biomass and for one coming from fossil fuel source; - it does not exist a direct correlation between renewable source and biodegradability: a biopolymer from renewable sources is not necessarily biodegradable; - biopolymers are already implemented in the market to produces goods, for example in the packaging sector, but very often only a small percentage of their composition comes from a renewable source. In order to outline the effective sustainability when conventional polymers are replaced with biopolymers, it is necessary to consider the environmental burden related to the entire life cycle. In particular, it has to be considered: the biomass growing phase, the pellet and manufacturing production, the use phase and the end of life scenarios. Many evaluation methods are nowadays available to assess the environmental sustainability, but above all Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) remains the most reliable. LCA is in fact one of the most internationally recognized methodology for the evaluation of environmental burdens, related to a product or a service during all life cycle stages, from the extraction of raw materials to the end of life. In the specific case of biopolymers, the quantification of the environmental burdens through the application of the LCA methodology is a complex target because many are the issues to be considered for each phase and data availability is very little. In order to reach this target, a deep data collection from scientific studies and main LCA databases allowed to precisely detect specific issues concerning each of the different life cycle phases. In particular, the main issues are: the description of the parameters from the Marina Foschia Environmental Sustainability of BIOPLASTICS 3 sowing to the harvest step (raw material cultivation, carbon storage, land use change, agriculture management, transport) in biomass growing phase; the investigation of LCA data availability in the pellet production and manufacturing phase and the analysis of the existing data coming from chemical recycling plant (one of the possible end of life scenarios). It has to be mentioned that one of the most widespread biopolymer used in the market is the Polylactic acid (PLA): most of the information and data used in this study are referred to PLA life cycle


In paper I deal with the possible solution of evaluating the efficiency of information systems in companies. The large number of existing methods used to address the efficiency of information systems is dependent on the subjective responses of the user that may distort output evaluation. Therefore, I propose a method that eliminates the subjective opinion of a user as the primary data source.
Applications, which I suggests as part of the method, collects relevant data. In this paper I describe the application in detail. This is a follow-on program on any system that runs parallel with it. The program automatically collects data for evaluation. Data include mainly time data, positions the mouse cursor, printScreens, i-grams of previous, etc. I propose a method of evaluation of the data, which identifies the degree of the friendliness of the information system to the user. Thus, the output of the method is the conclusion whether users, who work with the information system, can handle effectively work with it.


The utility model relates to an elevator, in particular to an elevator car rapid dropping safety device. The elevator car rapid dropping safety device comprises an elevator car, a plurality of springs arranged in the elevator car, and handles arranged at the lower ends of the springs. The utility model skillfully increases the springs in the elevator car, the handles are arranged at the lower ends of the springs, therefore, when the elevator is accidentally and rapidly dropped, passengers in the elevator can be hung up through holding the handles on the springs, the counter shock force of the bottom surface to the passengers is reduced, the casualty of the passengers is effectively reduced and even avoided, and the utility model has the advantages that the structure is simple, and the manufacturing is convenient.


The job attitude is as the view which people work to one's own job and behavior taken, It has very important value and meaning to universities student at school of the labourer of a job of allowing, It is the important assurance that university students study and improving, practising and giving play to job technology in the future now. The new period university student's job attitude is educated, it is not enough to only have theories to educate, Must make great efforts to probe feasible, there is educational way of operating naturly, fully utilize and create the measure that the job attitude form, The job attitude that could really train and trains universities student at school.


Modeling offers a way to predict population changes and review harvest strategies for moose (Alces alces). Here, I review the usefulness of population modeling to moose management and provide an example of how a simple population model can be constructed using spreadsheet software on a microcomputer. I give an example of the potential application of such a model using population data from the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Modeling was used to predict the changes in bull harvest, bull:cow ratios, and other population parameters resulting from a change in hunting regulations. The model successfully predicted the effects of a spike-fork harvest strategy. This information was useful in alerting the hunting public to expected changes in hunting success and allowed managers to predict how selective harvest would impact bull:cow ratios. It was also useful in predicting the impact of a severe winter on subsequent harvest. The challenge of wise moose management is the same today as it has always been: the long-term maintenance of a valuable renewable resource. In today's complex world, the diverse and ever increasing demands for the moose resource make our task as managers more difficult. Population modeling offers an appropriate way to organize complex information and evaluate management strategies. According to Webster's 1989 dictionary, "model" is defined as "a mathematical representation of facts, factors, and inferences of an entity or situation". We use models to help us organize data, identify weak or missing information, and formulate hypotheses about biological processes. We do this by developing a framework of quantitative information which allows us to better understand complex processes, make biological predictions, detect flaws in our data base and assumptions, and finally qualify our decisions. Models can range from simple words to complex mathematical functions, and there is often little relationship between their complexity and reality. The objective of modeling is to develop a useful approximation which 235 ALCES VOL. 29 (1993) pp.235-242 includes only the most important facts that correctly interact with one another. Even with this goal, however, no one can deny that the procedure often piles one assumption upon another, inevitably leading to mistakes, even large ones. Models are merely the means to an end. They represent formalized ways of guiding adaptive management of natural resources (Thomas 1986). Models are not meant to replicate the complexity of nature, but to capture the essence of a phenomenon (Krebs 1980). Starfield and Blelock ( 1986) provides an excellent treatment of the subject of building models for wildlife management. There are many different types of models available to the moose manager (Page 1987). In a broad sense, we can classify models into ( 1) single species, (2) multiple-species or community, and (3) habitat-analysis. Single species models often evaluate the response of one dependent and one independent variable. Such models are useful in understanding the effect of one variable upon another (i.e., age at first breeding and twinning in adults). These models are usually deterministic (one outcome) and do not consider normal population stochasticity (variable outcome). Examples CONSTRUCTING SIMPLE POPULATION MODELS -SCHWARTZ ALCES VOL. 29 (1993) of single species models include POPII (Fossil Creek Software, Fort Collins, Co.), habitat suitability index (HSI) (Allen et al. 1987, 1988, 1991), and the moose model presented here (Schwartz et al. 1992). Examples of multiple species models include community guild models and predator-prey models (Ballard et al. 1986, Ballard 1992). Several habitat-analysis models have been used in moose management and include a habitat carrying capacity model (Regelin et al. 1987) and habitat evaluation programs (HEP) (Shea 1981). A number of studies have used various population models for moose. Perhaps the first to attempt to model moose populations was Bubenik et al. (1975) using an old analog simulator in a novel yet informative approach. Both Vanballenberghe (1980), Vanballenberghe and Dart ( 1982), Ballard et al. ( 1986), and Ballard ( 1992) used population modeling to evaluate the potential impacts of wolf and/ or bear predation on moose population dynamics. Boer (1988), Heydon (1992), Balciauskas (1992), and Schwartz eta/. (1992) used population modeling as of means of assessing harvest yields from various populations. Regelin et al. (1987), Parsons (1987), Allen et al. (1988, 1991), and Jandt (1992) have used modeling to evaluate the habitats of moose, and Bubenik et al. (1992) developed a model to evaluate the sociobiological variables of moose management. I do not intend to review in detail all of these studies, but do feel it is important to mention them in general review. Here I would like to concentrate on a single species model. Although there are existing models available, often managers find that the form of their data does not match the required inputs. In such cases, it may be necessary to develop a working model that suits the existing data base. Unless one knows programming language, model development may be difficult or impossible. However, using standardized computer software can make the task much easier. The population model used for evaluating the impact of spike-fork harvest on the Kenai Peninsula was developed using Lotus 123 (Lotus Development Corp., Cambridge, MA.), one of the popular spreadsheet software packages. The model projected population size and change, bull:cow ratios, calf: cow ratios, and harvest for a 30 year period. It was structured to consider 20 age classes (calves, yearlings, and adults 3-18), both sexes, and 3 time periods within a year (birth to autumn, hunting season, and post-hunting through the next birth period, or winter). Inputs into the model were survival coefficients for each age class by sex by time period, and reproductive output for adult females. I chose to use survival coefficients because I had good information on neonatal predation, estimates of hunting mortality, and natural survival of adults. Spreadsheet software provides a working environment with a grid made up of horizontal rows and vertical columns. Cells are units of the worksheet where data are stored. Each cell has a unique address that consists of a specific column (usually identified with a letter) and row (identified with a number). For example, in the most basic model we can put the number of animals alive at the start of a time period in cell A 1. In cell A2, we can put the survival value for that time period, and cell A3 would contain the product of A 1 and A2 (Fig. 1 ). For example, we may have 1000 calves born during the calving season with a 55% survival rate during the summer (45% lost to predation). Consequently, the number of calves alive at the start of the hunting season would be 550, or the product of 1000 X0.55. In the model here, I considered 3 time periods, so it is necessary to continue the process further (Fig. 2) and calculate the number of animals alive after the remaining 2 time periods. In the example above, I calculated the number of calves surviving the sum-


Benzene is probably the most studied compound in the history of organic chemistry. This molecule may be considered the parent compound for most molecular crystals based on C–H··· interactions, and is therefore a valuable natural laboratory for evaluating the effect of tuning such interactions by, for example, atomic or isotopic substitution. Lattice parameters of several benzene crystals have been measured using the High-Resolution Powder Diffractometer (HRPD) at the ISIS neutron spallation source. The protonated, deuterated and fluorinated benzenes, which are liquid at room temperature, were frozen by immersion in liquid nitrogen and then ground to a powder. The powders were transferred to chilled slab-geometry aluminium sample containers and then inserted into a CCR. Since C6Br6 is a solid at room temperature, this was loaded into a similar container under ambient conditions. The three low-melting-point analogues were measured up to within a few degrees of their melting temperatures; for C6D6, where pre-melting effects on the lattice parameters have previously been reported, data were collected in 2 K increments between 260 and 276 K. Hexabromobenzene was measured up to 360 K (T/Tmelt = 0.6). These datasets provide the first thermal expansion measurements on C6F6 and C6Br6. All of the benzene derivatives exhibit anisotropic expansion, but that of C6F6 is extreme. The expansion along the 2-fold axis is several times larger than the greatest linear expansion in any of the other analogues. Moreover, there is a dramatic variation in the linear expansion along the c-axis, with a substantial increase in expansivity above 200 K. This corresponds well with other experimental data indicating the onset of rotational disorder at this temperature. The thermal expansion of the protonated and deuterated analogues of benzene are essentially identical (Fig. 1); as such, despite an absolute difference, the molar volumes of C6H6 and C6D6 as a function of temperature are parallel curves. This contrasts with the result of Dunitz and Ibberson (2008), also measured on HRPD, which showed the molar volumes crossing at ~ 170 K, that of deuterobenzene being larger at higher temperatures. Since our samples are heated in situ (using cartridge heaters inserted the frame of the sample holder) and we have allowed plenty of time for equilibration, we are confident of the accuracy of our sample temperatures. Furthermore, our C6D6 data are in excellent absolute agreement with Jeffrey et al. (1987) and Craven et al. (1993).


The paper contributes to the reconstruction of Giovanni Verga's large collection of letters, a complete national edition of which is not yet available. The author examines two unpublished letters that have been recently acquired by the municipal Historical Archive of Catania, Verga's hometown. The analysis focuses on the orthographical and morphological variations, on the dialectal interferences and the syntactical particularities of Verga's language. Lastly, three of his autographic letters are compared with their transcriptions, in the version already published by three scholars who deeply studied the work of the Sicilian writer.


Today, a plethora of enterprise middleware solutions are available, leading to the problem of choosing the right tool for a specific use case. Automated tests can support the selection of such software by determining decision relevant metrics, like e.g., throughput or the degree of standard conformance. To avoid side effects between tests, test isolation, i.e., to provide fresh instances of the software for each test execution, is essential. However, middleware suites are inherently complex, provide a large range of configuration options, have tedious or sometimes manual installation procedures, and long startup times. These idiosyncrasies aggravate the creation of fresh instances of such middleware suites, leading to slower turnaround times and increasing the cost for ensuring test isolation. We aim to overcome these issues with methods and tools from the area of virtualization and devops. In this work, we focus on BPEL engines which are common middleware components in Web Service based SOAs. We applied our proposed method to the BPEL Engine Test System (betsy), a conformance test suite and testing tool for BPEL engines. Results reveal that our method a) enables automatic creation of fresh instances of software without manual installation steps, b) reduces the time to create these fresh instance dramatically, and c) introduces only a neglectable performance overhead, therefore, reducing the overall costs of testing complex software.


We consider a model for a single link in a circuit switched network. The link has C circuits, and the input consists of offered calls of two types, that we call primary and secondary traffic. Of the C links R are reserved for primary traffic. We assume that both traffic types arrive as Poisson arrival streams. Assuming that C is large and R=O(1), the arrival rate of secondary traffic is O(C) while that of primary traffic is smaller, of the order . The holding times of the secondary calls are assumed exponentially distributed with unit mean. Those of the primary calls are exponentially distributed with a large mean, that is . The loads for both traffic types are thus comparable (O(C)) and we assume that the system is "critically loaded," i.e., the system's capacity is approximately equal to the total load. We analyze asymptotically the steady state probability that n2 (resp. n1) circuits are occupied by primary (resp. secondary) calls. In particular, we obtain two‐term asymptotic approximations to the blocking probabilities for both traffic types. This work complements part I, where we assumed that the secondary traffic had an arrival rate that was and a service rate that was . Thus in part I the R trunks were reserved for the "fast traffic," whose arrival and service rates were O(C) and O(1).


Objective Migraine is comorbid with restless legs syndrome (RLS). However, the temporal association between these two episodic disorders remains elusive. The current study investigated the temporal relationship between migraine and RLS attacks. Methods Migraine patients with RLS were recruited from a headache clinic. Patients with symptomatic RLS, RLS mimics, daily headaches, or daily RLS attacks were excluded. The patients recorded their headaches and RLS attacks for two weeks in a diary. The severity of each headache or RLS attack was rated on a four-point (0−3) Likert scale. Logit-normal, random-effects models were employed to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) for the temporal association between migraine and RLS attacks. Results Thirty migraine patients with RLS (28 F/2 M, mean age 35.5 ± 9.0 years) completed the study. On the basis of 420 daily diary records, migraine attacks were associated with subsequent RLS attacks occurring on the same and next nights (OR = 6.94, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 4.39–11.0 and OR = 3.00, CI = 1.92–4.68; both p < 0.001). RLS attacks were associated with subsequent migraine attacks only on Day 1 (OR = 1.97 (CI = 1.3–2.98; p = 0.01). Overall, the frequencies of migraine and RLS attacks in two weeks were correlated (Spearman's correlation = 0.56, p = 0.001). Conclusions Our study results showed a bidirectional triggering association between migraine and RLS attacks. The association was stronger and lasted longer for migraine triggering subsequent RLS than that for vice versa.


The purpose of this study is to examine the potential utility of anthocyanin pigments from maquiberry for natural hair dyeing under different experimental conditions. The levels of hair dyed and maquiberry color change were measured at the maximum absorption wavelength of anthocyanin following exposure to varying dyeing temperature, dyeing time, and pH. Several mordants were used, and the mordanting effect and colorfastness were investigated in accordance with the mordanting method and mordant concentration. As the dyeing temperature and dyeing time increased, the K/S increased and L* decreased; the K/S were in the 37.139-63.584 range. Anthocyanin pigments had the highest K/S value (63.334) and a* value (2.480) at pH 4. Anthocyanin pigments are especially sensitive to pH, and K/S decreased with increasing pH. Based on the K/S value only, pre-mordanting with FeSO4, MgSO4, MnSO4, AlK(SO4)2, CH3COOH, Co(NO3)2, CaCO3, Na2CO3 was effective; only CuSO4 was effective for post-mordanting. The changes of K/S values at mordant concentrations were 63.701 for 1% FeSO4 and 66.537 for 10% and 20% CuSO4. AlK(SO4)2 and Co(NO3)2 showed high K/S changes of 67.541 and 66.537 at 20%, respectively. The color fastness to washing decreased with repeated shampooing. The K/S was in the 60.144-38.646 range after washing. The results presented herein suggest that maquiberry may be useful to be used as a hair dye.


We investigate the growth, fabrication, and characterization of an electrically-injected spin-polarized laser utilizing an Fe/n+-Al0.1Ga0.9As Schottky tunnel barrier for efficient spin injection into an InGaAs quantum well vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser. A threshold current reduction of 11% and maximum degree of circular polarization of 23% are observed for a 15 µm mesa diameter laser at 50 K. The lack of a threshold current reduction and circularly-polarized electroluminescence in similar nonmagnetic and Fe control lasers provides further evidence of spin injection. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


Korper ohne und mit Kerbe. Spannungszustand homogen und heterogen, ein- und mehrachsig. Einheitliche Fassung der Bruchtheorie fur statische und Ermudungs-Beanspruchung.

The author considers the fatigue of metals. He examined solids under various conditions: with and without notches; homogenous and inhomogenous state of stress, uni-axial as well as multi-axial. He gives a uniform version of the theory of breaking for static and dynamic stress.


The standard molar enthalpies of formation of H4SiWI2040.6H20 (I), H4SiWI204o-6DMF. H20 (II), H4SiWI204o.8DMSO.H20 (Ill) have been determined. Thermodynamic cycles were designed, and the heat of reactions in the thermodynamic cycles were measured ealorimetrically. The infrared spectra were compared with those of the heteropoly anion ct-H4SiWl2040 [1] and of the ligands DMF and DMSO. The evolved gas from the adducts was monitored by a quadrupole mass spectrometer at a heating rate of 16 deg.min -1.


The evolution of microstructure of microalloyed steel under different thermo-mechanical conditions is under consideration. The analysis of the influence of deformation history on microstructure development of the material has been provided. The flat rolling deformation conditions were simulated by plane strain compression test (PSCT) on fully integrated close-loop mechanical testing system GLEEBLE 3800 in IMZ Gliwice. The plane strain compression test is accepted as a most convenient for sheet rolling studies, since the deformation mode is very similar to that of rolling, allowing the determination of the flow stress and microstructure evolution data. For the given samples geometry, the significant irregularity of mechanical conditions in deformation zone have been detected. The inhomogeneous character of deformation conditions within the specimen complicates processing and interpretation of the results. On the other hand, such inhomogeneity allows observe the influence of deformation conditions on microstructure development. To analyse the local strain and strain rate distribution futures and its influence on flow stress level and microstructure development, the finite element simulation of the process has been made. Local deformation conditions obtained by mathematical simulation were associated with the results of metallographic analysis. The dependences of average grain diameter on deformation history and time of annealing has been obtained.


This interactive feature presents a 43-year-old man who presented to the emergency department with abrupt onset of abdominal pain. Test your diagnostic and therapeutic skills at NEJM.org.


In this paper I try to establish both differences and interrelations between mono- and bilingual lexicography (for which I coin the term glossography) from the making of specialized dictionaries and encyclopedias (for which I coin the term cosmography). Glossography aims at establishing a semantic equivalent between the entry word and its explanation. Cosmography aims at the opposite: with the entry word as a point of departure, a cosmographic article will provide the user with new information that is not inherent in the entry word itself. On another level, the cosmographer strives to organize the world systematically and to find the most suitable entry word for the fragment of the world he wants to describe. The glossographer takes the word as the point of departure, and relations between words (hyponomy, synonymy etc.) is secondary. But in practice the two approaches are interrelated. A typical glossography will contain lots of more or less specialized technical terms from different fields which cannot be explained without reference to the world. Also, glossographic articles often include cosmographic information that places the meaning of a word in an extralinguistic context. And glossographic features are often included in cosmographic articles: pronunciation, etymology.


The rapid development of Video On Demand (VoD) service especially in wireless network incurs huge bandwidth costs. To reduce the bandwidth pressure and improve the user experience, Wireless Service Providers (WSP) began deploy cache in the Mobile Switching Center (MSC) following the power law distribution observation of video popularity for the whole system. However, based on the Sina Video dataset we find that for each MSC the popularity distribution does not necessarily follow the power law distribution and hence it is beneficial for the MSCs to cooperate in cache based on the aggregated power law distribution. In this paper, we propose two models for cooperative cache among MSCs. One is cooperative cache model of MSCs of the same WSP, the other one is cooperative cache model of MSCs of different WSPs. Then we propose a novel heuristic cache algorithm for the MSCs cooperation of the same WSP by considering the aggregated popularity distribution, the individual popularity distribution of each MSC and the physical distance among MSCs. We evaluate the performance of the proposed models and heuristic cache algorithm with the previously mentioned dataset. Results show that our heuristic cache algorithm is effective and efficient the performance gain reaches 88.48% of the performance gain of optimal solution at most. And the time cost reduces to 0.003% of that in the optimal solution by using cluster. In addition, we propose a number of visits interval method to select a proper cycle of cache update to obtain higher and more stable hit rate of cache.


The village head carries out the tasks assigned by the central government to regulate and carry out these policies made in the framework of joint development with the community towards a prosperous society. Through Mr. Gunawan's leadership, Gading Rejo Village carried out development using the Village Fund in accordance with development priorities which were jointly developed with the community. Development carried out using village funds is the construction of roads, construction of water culverts, water irrigation channels, monuments, and community activity units. Village community development is a development movement based on community self-help and mutual cooperation.
The type of research used in this research is descriptive type with a qualitative approach, data collection techniques, observation, interviews, documentation. The results of this study indicate that the leadership of the village head Gadingrejo to increase community participation in the management of village funds focuses more on the democratic leadership style, the leadership style of the Gadingrejo Village Head obtains high direction of support from the community, in guiding the community, the village head gives instructions to the community such as mechanisms in the field and what is needed in development, so that the duties and functions of the village head can be carried out properly.


We report on the noise characterization of a two-stage dc superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) amplifier developed for resonant gravitational wave detectors. The back action noise is estimated by coupling the SQUID to an electrical resonator at 1.6 kHz with Q=1.1×106. From measurements of back action and additive SQUID noise, performed in the temperature range 1.5–4.2 K, an upper limit is set on the noise temperature Tn of the device at the resonator frequency. The best value obtained at 1.5 K is Tn⩽16 μK and corresponds to 200 resonator quanta. The thermal component of the noise temperature is found in reasonable agreement with the predicted value.


Discusses the optimal trajectory planning problem of classical nonholonomic systems. Most conventional studies have discussed the nonholonomic motion planning problem considering only kinematics. However, when a trajectory is required to minimize the traveling time or the energy used in performing tasks, the dynamics must be taken into consideration. In this paper, a trajectory planning method that considers the full nonlinear dynamics of the system is proposed. This method is based on the concept of geometric phase and the minimum cost trajectory planning algorithm which were previously developed for motion planning of robotic manipulators. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.


In this paper we consider C0-group of unitary operators on a Hilbert C � -module E. In particular we show that if A ⊆ L(E )i s aC � -algebra including K(E) and there is x ∈ E with = 1 and if αt is a C � -dynamics on A with generator δ and θx,x ∈ D(δ), then there is C � dynamics αx,t such that αx,t(θx,x )= θx,x t ∈R , and there is a C0-group


OBJECTIVE To explore the related risk factors of the nosocomial infections in the diabetes patients so as to provide basis for further adopting effective prevention and control measures.METHODS By means of the retrospective review,the clinical data of 1835cases of diabetes patients who were treated in the hospital from Jan 2009to Dec 2011were statistically analyzed.RESULTS The nosocomial infections occurred in totally 203cases of patients in the three years with the incidence rate of 11.06%;the patients with respiratory tract infections accounted for 40.89%,followed by the patients with urinary tract infections(23.15%),the patients with gastrointestinal tract infections(16.75%),and the patients with skin and soft tissue infections(6.90%);totally 201strains of pathogens were isolated,among which the gram-negative bacilli accounted for 57.71%;the advanced age,poor control of blood glucose,invasive operation,long hospital stay,complication,and unreasonable use of antibiotics were the leasing risk factors of the nosocomial infections.CONCLUSIONThe incidence rate of the nosocomial infections is high in the diabetes patients,it is necessary to take the effective prevention and control measures according to the risk factors so as to reduce the incidence of nosocomial infections in the diabetes patients.


Based on vectorial Debye theory, tight focusing of radially and azimuthally polarized vortex beams passing through a dielectric interface are studied. The intensity distribution in the focal region is illustrated by numerical calculations. We show the influence of numerical-aperture (NA) on the full-width at half maximum (FWHM) of the focal spot or the focal hole. It has been found that compared with the azimuthally polarized Bessel–Gaussian (BG) beams, the longitudinal component in the z direction of the radially polarized BG beams has no influence on the FWHM of the focal spot and hole, but enhances the total light intensity.


Background: Big cats are widespread across the globe and India is also the host of this group of animals. Canine distemper virus (CDV), a morbillivirus that causes one of the most contagious and lethal viral diseases known in canids, has an expanding host range, including wild animals and its cases have also been observed in big cats. In such a situation, serological analysis of the biological samples may give significant information on the presence of diseases in a particular area. Sampling in big cats is often challenging hence in the present study, serum samples of big cats available in the laboratory were subjected to detection of antibodies against major viral infections including canine distemper. Methods: Serum samples collected from Royal Bengal tigers and Indian leopards irrespective of age and sex of the animals were subjected to the serological analysis of canine distemper virus (CDV), canine parvovirus (CPV) and canine adenovirus (CAV) infections using commercially available dot-ELISA kit. Result: Seroprevalence of antibodies against CDV and CPV infections in tigers and leopards was observed which indicated an exposure of these species to canine distemper and canine parvovirus infection in the ecosystem. Results also revealed constant seroprevalence of CPV infection throughout the study period whereas CDV seroprevalence was observed variable during this period. These findings also suggested significant presence of the viral pathogens in big cats.


We present a new scheme for establishing both secure and anonymous building access. By combining cryptographic techniques including broadcast encryption and garbled circuits, we develop a new model for anonymous communication in which the knowledge-restriction protocol replaces the multi-receiver, honest majority requirement of other secure multi-party schemes. The resulting advantages include a scheme that is robust and secure to unauthorized and dishonest parties, anonymous to the authorized user, adaptable to online changes, and polynomial time in the number of users. We provide justification for our chosen approach, as well as other possible future directions for further understanding and developing such schemes.


PPS-based strong acid ion exchange fiber was used to absorb cationic dye basic fuchsin and methyl blue in solution. The experimental results showed that the amount of methylene blue and basic fuchsin absorbed increased respectively with increasing of initial concentration from 100 to 600 mg/L. The adsorption capacity of the fiber was up to 604.81mg/g of basic fuchsin and to 618.94mg/g of methylene blue. The removal rate of the methylene blue reached 99.9% from 100 to 500mg/L, but of basic fuchsin from 100 to 300mg/L. Adsorption kinetic equation for basic fuchsin can be expressed as a pseudo-second-order dynamic process. The fiber is to be perfect prospect for the wastewater treatment because of its high adsorptive capacity and diffusion rate.


Understanding of the legal interpretation used to be based on the right of interpreting while the interpretation by the judge was not accepted.The change of legal interpretation is to change from the authority to the judges.Therefore,the legal interpretation by the judges plays an important role in it especially in building up a reasonable and fair standard of judgment.It helps to realize the social justice of the law.


Thispaper overviews 18 plagiarism detectors that have been developed and evaluated within PAN'10. We start with a unified retrieval process that sum- marizes the best practices employed this year. Then, the detectors' performances are evaluated in detail, highlighting several important aspects of plagiarism de- tection, such as obfuscation, intrinsic vs. external plagiarism, and plagiarism case length. Finally, all results are compared to those of last year's competition.


The microbial community that lives in the human body, called the microbiota, consists of a large variety of microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, eukaryotes and archae [...].


Pacific Bell began using vendor report cards as a means to provide performance feedback in 1990. One of the elements of the report card specifically measures the vendor's responsiveness to escalated problems. This item is called trouble resolution. AT&T's first grade in this area for one of its products, the 5ESS Switch, from Pacific Bell reflected poor performance, which prompted a joint effort between AT&T Customer Technical Support and the Pacific Bell Electronic Switching Assistance Center to understand and improve the performance and the grade. This joint effort spanned the period between September 1, 1990, and February 1, 1991, and was referred to as the Pacific Project. The authors describe the Pacific Project, the subsequent results, and the process changes.<<ETX>>


Mango (Mangifera indica Linn) plays a central role as fruit crop among the horticultural fruits in Mali. Mali is among the largest mango producers in West Africa and among the fastest growing mango exporters in the world. The volume of mangoes produced is estimated at 575000 tons per year. Mango production is an important socio-economic activity in Mali, providing employment in rural areas and income through exportation. The study focused on marketing channels of mango famers in Mali. The secondary data were used to investigate marketing channels of mango in Mali. This paper consists of three parts. In the first part, the socio-economic characteristics of mango farmers in Mali were explained. In the second part, information about the development of Mango production and trade in Mali was given. In the third part, marketing channels of Mango farmers were examined. In general, it is difficult to say that Mango marketing channels operate effectively in Mali. The ineffectiveness of marketing channels occurs mostly at the local market level. It is important to strengthen the marketing infrastructure for Mango's marketing channels in Mali to be more effective. The government of Mali needs to implement a special incentive program, especially for wholesalers, who play an important role in increasing post-harvest losses. There is a need for financial support and training of wholesalers during the transportation, storage and processing of fresh mango. It is also important to extend these supports for mango producers.


Objective To study the therapeutic effect of nerve growth factor(NGF) combined with Shuxuening injection in the treatment of acute cerebral hemorrhage.Methods One hundred and twenty patients with acute cerebral hemorrhage were randomly divided into a Shuxuening injection group(n=40),ganglioside NGF group(n=40) and combination group(n=40),and the changes of the clinical therapeutic and neurological functional deficit scores(NFDS) were observed 14 days after the treatment.Results The total effective rate of the combination group was higher than that of the Shuxuening group or the NGF group.NFDS of the combination group was higher than that of the Shuxuening group or the NGF group.Conclusions NGF combined with Shuxuening injection is effective in the treatment of acute cerebral hemorrhage.


Polish refugees, including boys Stanislaw Manterys (sitting on left) and Petrus (sitting to the right), arriving in New Zealand on the ship General Randall on 1 November 1944. Taken by John Dobree Pascoe.
Quantity: 1 b&w original negative(s).


The Asian Study Trip on Ferrocement was organized for 15 professionals from Chile. The objectives of the study trip were to learn from the Asian experiences on ferrocement and to establish linkages. Thailand, India, Singapore and the Philippines were visited. The trip was for four days in each country with one day technical seminar, two days technical trip and one day cultural trip. This paper presents what has been learned and seen in the countries visited.


This study explores the ways in which Grade 11 girls from an independent, predominantly middle to upper middle-class Catholic school construct their relationship to Mathematics. The study illustrates how doing Mathematics is doing gender and sexuality and furthermore how the association with Mathematics underpins identity work as the category "girl" is lived out amongst sixteen and seventeen year old white and Indian South Africa girls. The girls in this study associate with two kinds of Mathematics, that of Core Mathematics and Mathematical Literacy and it is argued that they relate to Mathematics in terms of the hierarchies and power vested in each. By drawing upon the stories of the girls in these two different learning areas of Mathematics the study shows how they actively negotiate, use and strategise around Mathematics. The girls who take Core Mathematics as a subject use the masculine power of Mathematics as proof of real intelligence to inscribe and claim power over other girls and boys. On the other hand, although girls who take Mathematical Literacy as a subject, rejected Core Mathematics and showed enjoyment of Mathematical Literacy, insert themselves in a subordinate way to the Core Mathematics girls. Further to this, the study shows how girls construct their sexuality in relation to Mathematics where Mathematics and its association with economic and social capital is also perceived as sexual capital. What this study shows is that when each of the girls in this study relates to Mathematics, she does not relate to the learning area of Core Mathematics or Mathematical Literacy alone, but her relationship to Mathematics is embedded with social processes including sexuality, gender, race, class and age and these are actively acted upon. South Africa has made it a priority to focus on improving the participation and performance of the majority of learners, particularly girl learners, in the areas of Mathematics and Science. The White Paper on Education calls for "an appropriate Mathematics, Science and Technology education essential to stem the waste of talent and make up the chronic national deficit in these fields of learning which are crucial to human understanding and to economic development" (Department of Education, 1995, p. 26). Assuming that Core Mathematics and Mathematical Literacy can provide girls with equal chances to succeed is, as this study shows, simplistic.


1 2 Factors controlling the dominance of antibody responses to specific sites in viruses 3 and/or protein antigens are ill-defined but can be of great importance for the induction of 4 potent immune responses to vaccines. West Nile virus and other related important 5 human-pathogenic flaviviruses display the major target of neutralizing antibodies, the E 6 protein, in an icosahedral shell at the virion surface. Potent neutralizing antibodies were 7 shown to react with the upper surface of domain III (DIII) of this protein. Using the West 8 Nile virus system, we conducted a study on the immunodominance and functional 9 quality of E-specific antibody responses after immunization of mice with soluble protein 10 E (sE) and isolated DIII in comparison to inactivated whole virions. With both virion and 11 sE, the neutralizing response was dominated by DIII-specific antibodies but the 12 functionality of these antibodies was almost 4 times higher after virion immunization. 13 Antibodies induced by the isolated DIII had an at least 15-fold lower specific neutralizing 14 activity compared to the virion and only 50% of these antibodies were able to bind to 15 virus particles. Our results suggest that immunization with the tightly packed E in virions 16 focuses the DIII antibody response to the externally exposed sites of this domain which 17 are the primary targets for virus neutralization, different to sE and isolated DIII which 18 also display protein surfaces that are cryptic in the virion. Despite its low potency for 19 priming, DIII was an excellent boosting antigen, suggesting novel vaccination strategies 20 that strengthen and focus the antibody response to critical neutralizing sites in DIII. 21 22 23


Domestic water purification devices (point-of-use) are important choices for people to deal with sudden drinking water contamination. Especially for sudden heavy metal and arsenic contamination, home water purification units can play a key role as a secondary line of defense. Most of the arsenic removal studies are limited to meeting the requirements of local water quality standards and few studies have been conducted on arsenic removal from household water purifiers. In this paper, the distribution characteristics of arsenic in water at the end of the pipeline network in the Shanghai water supply area have been investigated. Three types of household water purifiers, mainly with membrane separation technology, were selected to treat the simulated arsenic contamination in tap water sources. The effects of pH and inorganic salts on arsenic removal were studied in comparison to the results of coexisting ion concentrations in tap water. The results showed that the total arsenic concentrations in different tap water samples range from 0.479–1.195 µg L−1, which is lower than the limit value for arsenic concentration set by China's drinking water standard GB 5749–2006 (10 µg L−1) and by the World Health Organization (10 µg L−1). It is found that reverse osmosis and nanofiltration water purifiers were more effective in removing As(V), with removal rate above 97.7%, and less effective in removing As(III), the rate ranging from 40.1 to 56.3%. Preliminary validation was provided for the safety of household water purifiers in securing universal and sudden drinking water contamination. Domestic water purifiers are effective in reducing the risk of arsenic exposure in drinking water.


Within the European technology validation project NEWAC (new aero engine core concepts) innovative cores aimed at implementation in post 2020 transport engines have
been studied. Four routes were investigated, a variable core, a pulse detonation combustor, a counter rotating core, and unconventional heat management. The
study searches for technically feasible configurations and
attempts to evaluate the benefit to the aircraft.


The IFNs are a family of secreted glycoproteins that play roles in regulation of antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory responses in vertebrate cells. Two types of IFNs have been described, the type I IFNs (α, β, ω, and τ) that are produced by leukocytes and fibroblasts, and the type II IFN (γ) that is produced by T-lymphocytes and natural killer cells in response to infections by viruses and bacteria, as well as in response to noninfectious agents [1,2]. Both types of IFNs exert their biological effects through the signal transduction pathways that initiate by binding of IFNs to their corresponding cell surface receptors; interferon α receptor (IFNAR) for all type I IFNs and interferon γ receptor (IFNGR) for type II IFN. IFN receptors have been detected in almost all mammalian cell types [3,4]. Binding of IFNs with their receptors leads to activation of the Janus kinases (Jaks), which in turn leads to tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stat) proteins [5]. Activated Stat-1 proteins form dimers that translocate to the nucleus and selectively regulate the genes containing the GAS element in their promoters. Heterotrimers of Stat-1, Stat2 and p48 (known as ISGF3γ and IRF9) also translocate to the nucleus and results in regulation of genes containing ISRE in their promoters [1,2]. The interferon regulatory factors also are induced by these pathways and form a group of secondary transcription factors that bind to ISRE sequences and affect transcription of different sets of genes, depending on the cell type and the nature of cellular stimuli [6]. In addition to the pathways described above, other signaling proteins and transcription factors have been shown to participate in the IFNinduced cellular responses. These include p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), transcription factors CBP/p300, USF1 and NF-κB, shown to act as co-activators, and the class II transactivator (CIITA) that can act as a suppressor of transcription [7-11]. IFNs are known to affect the expression of more than 50 cellular genes. Among IFN-regulatable genes are several members of the proteoglycan gene family, including aggrecan, perlecan and glypican, members of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan gene family, including decorin and © 2003 Molecular Vision


The invention discloses a lining plate with high abrasion resistance for a ball mill. The lining plate is prepared from the following components in percentage by weight: 1.8-2.2% of C, 0.5-0.7% of Si, 0.9-1.1% of Mn, 17-19% of Cr, 1.1-1.3% of Mo, 0.4-0.7% of Ca, 0.7-1.2% of Al, 1.5-2.3% of Ti, 0.01-0.04% of S, 0.02-0.03% of P and the balance of Fe and inevitable impurities, wherein carbide (Fe, Cr)7C3 can be formed; and the content of (Fe, Cr)7C3 is as shown in the following formula: F(Fe, Cr)7C3=4*C+1.2*Cr+0.8. The lining plate is relatively high in abrasion resistance and relatively high in elasticity limit, yield point and toughness, and as the impact toughness can be greater than 12J/cm , the lining plate is capable of bearing impact of the ball mill or milling sections.


Abstract. Suckling rats were treated every 8 h by intragastric instillation of 16, 16‐dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (PG) in a dose of 25 μg kg‐1 (PG25), or 100 μg kg‐1 (PG1OO), or saline from postnatal day 7–11. PG increased small intestinal villus length and crypt depth, most markedly in the duodenum, leading to a mucosal height of 543 ± 24 μm after saline, 670 ± 26 μm after PG25 and 823 ± 40 μm after PG100. In the proximal small bowel, PG1OO raised the mean activities of sucrase by 439%, maltase by 98%, trehalase by 584%, lactase by 58% and alkaline phosphatase by 76%. In the distal small intestine, only sucrase and trehalase activities were stimulated whereas other enzymes were depressed. PG25 caused similar but less pronounced changes of enzyme activities. Eight hours after both the last PG25 and the last PG1OO dose, plasma gastrin and corticosterone levels were decreased while thyroxine remained unchanged. The effect of a single dose of 100 μg kg‐1 PG or saline was also tested on 5‐ and 11‐day‐old rats; they were killed 16 h after PG administration. An increase in villus length occurred along the entire small intestine of rats treated on day 5, and also in the ileum of rats treated on day 11. In the proximal intestine, maltase and trehalase were stimulated after early and late treatment and, in addition, sucrase and lactase after late treatment. Serum corticosterone levels were found to be significantly higher 2–6 h after PG1OO than in the controls and then decreased gradually. We conclude that administration of PG to suckling rats induces maturation of the small intestine and could, in part, be attributed to corticosterone release.


Japanese schools may start using technology to benefit education, though the shift itself would happen in a culturally bound way. In addition, Japan has unique problems like the language barrier she has to solve if she recognizes the possible "inequity" foreseen and feared by Halverson and Collins.


When items are read out of storage during unconstrained recall, how should their memory strengths affect recall order? Commonsense argues that items will present themselves to consciousness in the order of their relative memory strength and that, hence, the read out sequence will be stronger to weaker. In experiments with 6- to 13-year-olds, however, this sequence was never obtained. Dichotomous measures of memory strength (strong vs. weak) showed that weak items were always recalled before strong items. Continuous measures of memory strength showed that the sequence was weaker to stronger to weaker. This pattern, which we term the cognitive triage effect, occurred at all age levels, for a variety of material, with different definitions of memory strength, and became more pronounced with age. Three results suggested that the pattern was not due to a deliberate strength-based ordering strategy: The pattern was observed in children as young as age 6; it was present at the earliest stages of recall; and adults (who also exhibited the pattern) were unaware of what they were doing.


In this work, a PIC controlled adjustment system was developed and modeled to keep the field sprayer booms parallel to the field ground during field operations. The mechatronic system is composed of mechanic, hydraulic, electronic and programming parts. The mechanic, hydraulic, and electronic parts of the system were designed and simulated by using computer software programs. To test the system, a field sprayer was considered as a basic TA R IM B IL IM LE R I D E R G IS I     J O U R N A L O F A G R IC U LT U R A L SC IE N C ES 1 7 (2 01 1) 2 433 Tarla Pulverizatorleri Icin PIC Kontrollu Aktif Bir Bum Dengeleme Sisteminin Gelistirilmesi, Koc & Keskin T a r i m B i l i m l e r i D e r g i s i – J o u r n a l o f A g r i c u l t u r a l Sc i e n c e s 17 (2011) 24-33 25 oscillatory working agricultural machine to which it is very important to keep the sprayer boom parallel to the ground. A special prototype sprayer boom with two sections (left and right) each with a 5 m width was designed and manufactured. The boom sections on the sprayer were controlled using an electro-hydraulic system. The control of the boom height was based on two ultrasonic height measurement sensors mounted at the end of boom sections. The field experiments were conducted at three different fields (stubble field, harrowed field, clover field), three different speeds (3.5 km h, 4.5 km h, 6.0 km h) and three different heights (60 cm, 80 cm, 100 cm). The results of the experiments indicated that the system was affected by the field conditions and speed variations. The minimum differences between the measured boom heights and the entered set values were observed when the system was operated at 6 km hon stubble and harrowed field and 3.5 km hon clover field. Under the test conditions used for the experiments in this study, the developed system controlled the two boom sections separately at the desired heights. Although the system controlled the boom sections separately, control of both sections showed similar characteristics. The developed system, under the test conditions, kept the booms at desired heights dynamically during the field operations. Anahtar sozcukler: Precision farming; Ultrasonic sensor; Electro-hydraulic control; Boom suspension system © Ankara Universitesi Ziraat Fakultesi


The performance of CDMA systems has been studied by numerous investigators. In particular, reverse link capacity estimates indicate a potential increase ranging from 10 to 20 times that of the analog system (AMPS) depending on specific assumptions. This result makes broad assumptions and is not related to specific network deployment and traffic distributions. Theoretical results are compared to results obtained from the Graphical Radio Network Engineering Tool (GRANET), a state-of-the-art radio planning tool that accounts for the deployment of CDMA sites, radio propagation, receiver sensitivity, grade of service provided, and supported traffic.


A number of examples of different chromosomal anomalies occurring in siblings have been reported. Most of these have been the result of multiple instances of nondisjunction occurring in the same family [l, 3, 4, 5 , 8, 9, 15, 17, 181. The present paper concerns two siblings with chromosomal abnormalities. One of them is a mentally retarded boy with epilepsy and microcephaly associated with an extra small metacentric chromosome. His sister is a typical case of mongolism with trisomy of one of the small acrocentric chromosomes.


We introduce in this paper the dynamics of Relative Superior Mandel-bar sets of inverse complex function for Ishikawa iteration. The z plane fractal images generated from the generalized transformation function 1 () n


Abstract It is incumbent at all teacher training institutions to ascertain whether they are imparting appropriate made-to-measure skills that will enable student teachers to attain internationally competitive levels when entering the teaching profession. The specific aim of the paper was been to determine open distance learning student teachers' reflections on the problems they experienced with regard to extra-curricular activities when they had to do their teaching practice at schools. Within the perspective of qualitative research, phenomenology as a qualitative research design has been chosen as the method of obtaining data. Semi-structured and open-ended questions were used to collect data. Two theories were used as theoretical frameworks, namely, an ODL theory called the Commodel and Piaget and Vigotsky's social-constructive learning theory. The results revealed that numerous problems were experienced by ODL student teachers with regard to their participation in extra-curricular activities during their teaching practice periods at schools.


Certain cardiovascular phrases or concepts, particularly roentgenological terms, should be dispensed with because they are either erroneous, misleading, or an impediment to learning. This article discusses a partial list. The first five (cardiothoracic ratio, ventricular enlargement, water-bottle heart, straight back syndrome, straight left heart border) are impediments to the evaluation of the roentgenographic cardiac silhouette; the next two (the trachea is midline, two types of right arch) distract the learner from an understanding of the position and nature of the aortic arch; the next two (Kerley's A, B, and C lines and poor inspiratory effort) obscure relatively simple and reliable roentgenographic reflections of cardiopulmonary pathophysiology, and the last two are improper names that needlessly complicate the complicated subject of aneurysms, dissections, and ruptures. That the assertions in this article are true is substantiated bibliographically. My only contribution is a realization of the chronic learning problems attributable to the persistence of


Aquaponics is an integrated food production technology of aquaculture and hydroponics. Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) is an economically important vegetable crop that can be grown aquaponically. In addition to selecting the right choice of lettuce cultivars, developing an optimal harvest strategy could increase lettuce production. Lettuce production using two harvest methods, Cut-and-Come-Again (CC) and Once-and-Done (OD), was evaluated using 'Red Sails' lettuce in a flow-through aquaponic system rearing trout. With the CC method continual harvesting was possible on a weekly basis after the initial harvest, while it took five weeks for each harvest using the OD method. The total yield of lettuce by the CC method was 6.7 kg from 9 trays, while 22.6 kg of lettuce was harvested by the OD method using 54 trays. In harvests by the OD method, 6 times as many seeds were sown compared to the CC method. The average yield per tray harvested by the CC method (744.4 g/tray) was 78% higher than that by the OD method (418.5 g/tray) because the CC method used 6 times less trays. Productivity, calculated by the average yield per growing week, of the two harvest methods at the first harvest was similar, but 4.8 times higher in the CC method than in the OD method at the second harvest due to the shorter harvest time. However, visual and decay ratings of lettuce harvested by the CC method began to decline afterwards. Together, the OD method after two consecutive harvests by the CC method would help growers to obtain increased yield of quality lettuce.


This article aims to obtain the optimal combination of the switching loss, maximum zero-sequence circulating current (ZSCC), and line current ripple, which benefits most of the applications. The analysis shows that the interleaved discontinues pulsewidth modulation (IDPWM) maintains the minimum switching loss and line current ripples, but it introduces a larger ZSCC. Therefore, to obtain the optimal combination of the switching loss, maximum ZSCC peak, and line current ripple, it is essential to retain the minimum switching times and the optimal line current ripple of IDPWM but further reducing its overly large ZSCC. Further analysis reveals that IDPWM includes the vector combinations with medium ZSCC change rates, resulting in the larger ZSCC. Given the redundancies of the vector combinations, this article proposes a simple matrix to modify the original modulation signals of IDPWM, eliminating the medium ZSCC change rates. The proposed PWM scheme retains the minimum line current ripple and switching times as those of IDPWM while further reducing its overly large ZSCC, as validated by analytical results as well as experimental results. Since the proposed method obtains the optimal combination among switching loss, line current ripple, and maximum ZSCC peak, we name the proposed PWM scheme a high-performance DPWM.


Distributed multi-target tracking (DMTT) is addressed for sensors having different fields of view (FoVs). The proposed approach is based on the idea of fusing the posterior Probability Hypotheses Densities (PHDs) generated by the sensors on the basis of the local measurements. An efficient and robust distributed fusion algorithm combining the Generalized Covariance Intersection (GCI) rule with a suitable Clustering Algorithm (CA) is proposed. The CA is used to decompose each posterior PHD into well-separated components (clusters). For the commonly detected targets, an efficient parallelized GCI fusion strategy is proposed and analyzed in terms of L1 error. For the remaining targets, a suitable compensation strategy is adopted so as to counteract the GCI sensitivity to independent detections while reducing the occurrence of false targets. Detailed implementation steps using a Gaussian Mixture (GM) representation of the PHDs are provided. Numerical experiments clearly confirms the effectiveness of the proposed CA-GCI fusion algorithm.


The deterioration of security and humanitarian conditions in the Sahel region has widely acknowledged implications for the EU, and the strategic importance of tackling them has been established in EU strategies. Local land degradation sits at a nexus of the many challenges as it is a driver of poverty, famine, conflict, migration, poor governance, loss of biodiversity and climate change. A local framing of the issues makes it possible to identify the actions that can address them. The vast number of people engaged in land-based livelihoods offers the potential to halt and even reverse degradation. The main limiting factor for this is the lack of targeted financing. The EU can be a leader in this process through (1) integrating ecosystem health into existing programming; (2) designing new projects targeting sustainable land use; (3) supporting the development of monitoring systems that enable funding, including from carbon markets; and (4) lowering administrative barriers to partnerships.


This document shows a solution to display documents in a trustworthy manner. The application focuses on systems that are used for signing and verification, because trustworthy display is of particular interest in the area of electronic signatures. Moreover, this paper focuses on XML [I] as format for encoding documents. The paper shows how a display module can apply advanced filtering techniques. Such advanced filtering techniques can ensure a maximum of security for displaying documents. A system built on this approach could assist the user much more than traditional systems can. Hence, the user needs to take less care in everyday business, when executing sensitive tasks like signing electronic documents. Furthermore, such a system would be easier to manage, because most functionality is generic. Thus, extending the system to handle new types of documents does not require installation of new


This review compares literature concerned with aquatic bioassays used to evaluate and predict toxicant related water pollution problems. The EPA has prepared a compendium of short-term health and ecological effect bioassays. (DAD)


SUMMARY: In this article, the authors write about an experience that took place at "Cardenal Spinola" Teacher Training College. Some resources and material non specific to the area of mathematics were used in this experience for the teaching of Geometry and Arithmetic. Some every day objects such as Alhambra tiles any kind of mosaics, some of M.C. Escher's works which permitted the development of mutiple activities, were used together with less frequently used mathematical objects, thus attracting pupils' attention, (Moebius band and fractals). Results may be judged by the reader: pupils got to design high quality mosaics like the one this article includes.


Interviews are an established research method across multiple disciplines. Such interviews are typically transcribed orthographically in order to facilitate analysis. Many novice qualitative researchers' experiences of manual transcription are that it is tedious and time-consuming, although it is generally accepted within much of the literature that quality of analysis is improved through researchers performing this task themselves. This is despite the potential for the exhausting nature of bulk transcription to conversely have a negative impact upon quality. Other researchers have explored the use of automated methods to ease the task of transcription, more recently using cloud-computing services, but such services present challenges to ensuring confidentiality and privacy of data. In the field of cyber-security, these are particularly concerning; however, any researcher dealing with confidential participant speech should also be uneasy with third-party access to such data. As a result, researchers, particularly early-career researchers and students, may find themselves with no option other than manual transcription. This article presents a secure and effective alternative, building on prior work published in this journal, to present a method that significantly reduced, by more than half, interview transcription time for the researcher yet maintained security of audio data. It presents a comparison between this method and a fully manual method, drawing on data from 10 interviews conducted as part of my doctoral research. The method presented requires an investment in specific equipment which currently only supports the English language.


The invention relates to a preparation method and application of a dihydroporphine photosensitizer and a dihydroporphine sonosensitizer belonging to the chemical medicine field. The compounds have the general formula as shown in the specification, and the dihydroporphine photosensitizer and sonosensitizer compounds have different degrees of inhibition effects on human hepatoma cell line Hep G2 in in-vitro antineoplastic activity assessment. The ratios of optical activity to dark activity and sound activity to dark activity are higher than that of hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether as a positive control, and the method can be used for preparation of the photosensitizer and the sonosensitizer for photodynamic therapy sonodynamic therapy method for cancer treatment.


It is well known fact that, most of the tasks in military applications are more dangerous than others. These tasks can be solved by an autonomous robot. So we are using a robot instead of human solider. This robot is used to detect the opponent solider. A metal detector is also used to detect the metal in war fields. To gather the information we design a robot who monitor the every position of enemy and send the feedback to user on real time basis. A camera is placed on the robot with a gun to capture the real time video and to shoot the opponent solider if anybody is present. In this paper robot act as a vehicle that can be operated remotely by using RFID


INTRODUCTION Anaemia is a common clinical sign in horses and is characterized by decreased red blood cell count, decreased packed cell volume (PCV), and, exc ept in cases of hemolysis, decreased hemoglobin below the lower end of the reference ran ge. It can be classified in 3 categories according to its origin: (1) anaemia due to blood l ss (hemorrhage), (2) anaemia due to hemolysis (those 2 first categories being of regene rative nature) and (3) anaemia due to an inappropriate erythropoiesis, the latter being of n on regenerative nature. In horses, it is not possible to distinguish between regenerative and no regenerative anaemia on the basis of haematology. Only a bone marrow aspiration allows d ifferentiating between those 2 kinds of anaemia. Recognition of clinical signs associated w ith different types of anaemia is thus essential to identify the cause of anaemia if appro riate management is to be instituted. The most common causes of anemia in horses are shown in Table 1. In this conference, the diagnosis and treatment of the most common causes of anaemia in horses will be reviewed. Therefore, this approach w ill be applied on clinical cases on an interactive basis.


Received 2 June 2006; revised manuscript received 27 September 2006; published 22 December 2006A scanning force microscope was used to measure the frequency shift above various atomic sites on aNaCl 001 surface at 7 K. The data was converted to force and compared to the results of atomistic simulationsusing model NaCl and MgO tips. We find that the NaCl tip demonstrates better agreement in the magnitude ofthe forces in experiments, supporting the observation that the tip first came into contact with the sample. Usingthe MgO tip as a model of the originally oxidized silicon tip, we further demonstrate a possible mechanism fortip contamination at low temperatures.DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.74.245426 PACS number s : 68.37.Ps, 34.20.Cf, 82.30.Fi


. HTTPSis the standardforconfidentialandintegrity-protected communication on the Web. However, it authenticates the server, not its content. We present WebTrust, the first comprehensive authenticity and integrity framework that allows on-the-fly verification of static, dynamic, and real-time streamed Web content from untrusted servers. Our frame-workseamlesslyintegratesintoHTTPandallows tovalidatestreamedcon-tentprogressivelyatarrival.Ourperformanceresultsdemonstrateboththepracticalityandefficiencyofourapproach.


This study is an attempt to understand and address the mental health issue, of working professionals through facial expression recognition. As a society, we are all currently talking about ways as to how a person who is suffering from any emotional issue can adopt certain ways to come out of a specific circumstance and how we as a society can support such people in these situations.Our endeavor is to work on a way where the identification of such persons who are going through a difficult phase in their life can be performed. It is not always evident that a person going through a tough phase may open up about their feelings to people around them and hence making use of AI/ML to identify a person's emotion through their facial expressions captured over a span of time thereby recommending them some activities, thoughts which can help them in getting over their emotions when they are sad, fearful or else will address the problem to some extent.


Rapid surface construction for rendering with on-demand precision is essential to 3D geographic information science (GIS). High accuracy surface modeling (HASM) method can construct surface with high accuracy. However, due to its slow speed, it can't be applied to 3D GIS and real-time rendering. To meet this goal, an efficient algorithm for HASM running on GPU has been presented. Fully utilizing the GPU computing power, this method has a high efficiency and can be adapted to real-time simulation and 3D rendering. Then, we combined the high performance simulation method with an efficient rendering method, so that dynamic surface simulation and real-time rendering can be integrated in the same framework and carried out concurrently. In this framework, we simulated the coarse terrain on demand and then posted it for rendering. Preconditioned conjugate gradients method is used to solve the huge linear systems arising from HASM. As for the rendering method, we made use of state-of-the-art GPU techniques such as vertex buffer object, texture buffer so that the rendering could be carried out with high efficiency. Thus, through fully harnessing the computing power of modern GPUs with multiprocessors and many stream processors, we can execute surface modeling and rendering concurrently and efficiently. Test results show our method can construct surface dynamically and visualize it at a high frame rates and allows for high quality visualization.


In online health-care community (OHC), patients can choose which physician would provide the expert consultation service. However, the success of registered service depends on many factors including online contributions by physicians in the OHC. This study investigates the moderating effect of physicians' endorsement on their online workload. With data from a leading OHC in China, we designed an empirical study involving 140156 records. The results show that for the physician's contribution behavior, the standardized coefficient was 0.317, and the standardized coefficient of the physician's popularity was 1.588. All estimates were statistically significantly at a 0.1% level. Our study discovered that the popularity of physicians plays a main role in gaining registered service, and their online contributions also increase the volume of this service. Moreover, the physicians from tertiary hospitals, with more thank letters and from larger cities were more potential to gain OHC service, comparing with physicians with higher position, with longer profile words, awards and longer relationship time.


Judging from the historical change of international legislation concerning the onus probandi allocation of the carrier in sea transportation claims and from the challenges of theories of the onus probandi by some of China's legislative regulations, there is not a general standard for the allocation of onus probandi. There is a close relationship between this allocation and civil responsibility. In present age, China can consider solve the allocation of onus probandi by means of legal explanation.


The concepts of immediate versus delayed reward in the theory of newsreading was originally introduced by Wilbur Schranun in 1949,1 and has been since then mostly used by Schramm and his colleagues.' Schramm's basic assumption is that newsreadmg must be in one way or another ren~ardirtg. In line with Freud's concepts of the pleasure principle and reality principle 3 Schramm argues that certain news items offer the reward inunedintely (pleasure principle, the reading offers immediate pleasure) while others offer the reward delayedly (reality principle, the reward is gained sometimes later). The nature of the news offering immediate vs. delayed reward is described by Schramm as follows:


ABSTRACT The protests that took place across Turkey in the summer of 2013 started as a bottom-up response to the plans of the government and Istanbul municipality to build a shopping mall on a small yet symbolic park in the cultural heart of the city. Taking the name of this point of origin, Gezi Park protests have quickly turned into a countrywide resistance movement against the hyper-developmentalist environmental and urban policies of the government, and the authoritarian tendencies of PM (now President) Tayyip Erdoğan. The movement unified opposition from all sides of the political spectrum, and transformed not only environmental discourses and policy-making but also the language in Turkish politics. Using Laclauian discourse theory and 25 semi-structured interviews with protesters and opinion leaders, this article documents how environmental policy has become the focus of popular dissent and analyses the signifiers around which the resistance has emerged. The hegemonic struggles between the government and the protestors and the lasting effects of the protests are critically discussed, to scrutinise the increasingly focal place of environmental discourses in the global conjuncture.