Abstract We investigated local and geographic variability in the up- and downstream distribution limits of threatened Lahontan cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi) in stream habitats of the eastern Lahontan basin in northern Nevada and southeastern Oregon. At a geographic scale, elevations of upstream distribution limits were significantly correlated with latitude and longitude, suggesting a potential influence of climatic gradients. Elevations of upstream distribution limits also were positively correlated with maximum basin elevation, which suggested topographic, rather than climatic constraints may be important. Upstream distribution limits were not significantly affected by local variation in stream size or presumptive dispersal barriers. Stream gradient was related to upstream distribution limits, but this was again confounded by maximum basin elevation. Stream gradients used by Lahontan cutthroat trout at upstream limits were considerably steeper than those observed for other subspecies of...


Comment information in aerial photos notes important parameters,such as camera style,elements of exterior orientation and so on.In this paper,a modified segmentation method is introduced,which makes it possible to implement segmentation of comment information in oblique aerial photos.First,decompose the image with wavelet transform.Then,segment the comment information,combining with the theory of mathematical morphology.Experiment result shows that the segmentation method is fast and precise.


The aim of this article is to investigate the evolution of European Union's (EU) regional integration policy towards third countries and regions. Several factors changed and are changing the environment, thedeterminants and the scope forwhichRegionalTradeAgreements (RTAs) are negotiated worldwide. A major factor of such development is represented obviously by the globalization process which had a great impact both economically and politically on the world order. Indeed, globalization emphasised for instance the competition


Support for this work was provided by: Ministry of Education and Science (Spain) (CTQ2008-05520 project); Valencian Community Government (Spain) (PROMETEO/2009/043/FEDER project).


Panel-data of Kenyan manufacturing firms collected between 1993-95 indicate that trade credit constitutes a significant portion of such firms' external financing. Regression analysis points out firm size, firms being formal, demand, debt position, promotional activities, and educational level of firms to be important determinants of access to trade credit. Ethnic origin, argued to be an important explanatory variable in previous research on trade credit in African manufacturing, is shown to be of little relevance for the likelihood of obtaining trade credit. Concerning advance payment, it seems that Asian-owned firms and relatively indebted firms have less interest in requiring such credit.


Real-time online audio searching systems require high performance indexing architecture for massive audio fingerprints. To improve the performance of hash table based indexing for audio fingerprints, this paper designs and evaluates a hybrid data structure which combines linked list with vector to store the values in the hash table to balance the searching performance and the memory usage. To extend the hash table to cluster environment, three distribution patterns are designed and implemented, and experiments show that the content-oriented distribution pattern is better than the keyoriented distribution pattern. The proposed serialized data layout of the hash table can further improve the searching performance with less memory usage. All the experiments are executed on practical massive data sets including up to 1,000,000 songs, and the results certificate the improvement of the methods proposed.


We observed diurnal vertical migrations (DVMs) of four noxious phytoflagellates: Chattonella antiqua, Heterosigma akashiwo (raphidophyte), Karenia mikimotoi, and Heterocapsa circularisquama (dinoflagellate) under various light conditions such as fluence rate, day length, light regime, and wavelength in the laboratory. For all flagellates cyclic DVMs were observed at an irradiance of 30 μmol quanta m−2 s−1 on a 12 h : 12 h light : dark (L : D) cycle. Start times of upward and downward migrations under the light condition differed among species, indicating that each flagellate has its own original DVM cycle. The ascent period of C. antiqua during the photoperiod was much longer than the other flagellates, whereas K. mikimotoi remained submerged longer. No flagellate displayed cyclic DVM in the dark, and only K. mikimotoi did even under weak light of 1 μmol quanta m−2 s−1. C. antiqua and K. mikimotoi extended their surface‐accumulation periods at longer photoperiods, but the other species scarcely changed theirs. For all the flagellates, a DVM rhythm was entrained by shifting the L : D cycle; this occurred under white or blue light, but not under red light. These results indicate that all flagellates require (blue) light for maintenance and adjustment of DVM cycle but responses to change in light intensity and day length differ among species. The present study suggests that the species‐specific DVM cycle and its photoresponse property can change time staying in surface or bottom layers in the natural environment, and therefore, may affect photosynthesis and nutrient uptake for survival and growth in four phytoflagellates.


Two muskmelon cultivars(Zaojin and Elizabeth) were treated under low temperature(30℃/20℃,21℃/12℃,15℃/8℃,d/n).The root vigor and proline content,soluble sugar and soluble protein in seedling leaves were determined.The results showed that root vigor of Elizabeth were higher than Zaojin under the same treatment,and with time-going,both cultivars raised at first and then declined.Under 15℃/8℃,soluble sugar and praline of Elizabeth were higher than Zaojin in same treatment.Soluble protein declined at first and then raised with stable-going.Change of Zaojin soluble protein was relativly stable under 30℃/20℃ and 21℃/12℃.At the same time,soluble protein of Elizabeth was higher than Zaojin under 15℃/8℃.


A SURVEY of the providers of medical treatment in mid-nineteenth-century Bristol, based mainly on data from the 1851 census, showed the herbalists and their allies as a small but definable group.' They tended to live in the poorest parts of the city and in this, as well as in many other characteristics, they were situated at the opposite social pole to the opulent physicians. Their patients must have been drawn largely from the unknown poor and for this reason, if for no other, they should be worth studying: medicine has so commonly been seen from the perspective of the orthodox practitioners. The contrast was sharpened in the first half of the nineteenth century by the arrival from America of new ideas about herbal medicine which forced both the medical profession and the new herbalists to confront each other in extreme, and consequently revealing, postures. Against this background, the herbalists working during the two middle decades of the century in Bristol have been investigated.


Sclerosis of the coronary arteries is much more common than thoracic pains; about 75% of patients in whom it was found in a widespread form at autopsy never had heart disorders. But, on the other hand, thoracic pains were observed almost exclusively in this sclerosis; only in 2 cases only the aorta was affected. Extensive infarcts in the heart muscle were found in 3 patients who died in a particularly long and severe attack of chest pain, which occurred once without any preceding pain.


Since 2007,a new style of Internet language has caught people's attention--popular sentence patterns.This linguistic phenomenon never seems to stop but continues to gain momentum.The essay aims to appreciate the stylistic features of those patterns based on the stylistics theory 'Style as deviance'.更多还原


Abstract Hydrodynamics of porpoising instability in vertical-plane motions of high-speed planing vessels have been investigated for years. However, not much work has been published on dynamic control of vertical-plane motions of planing boats by controllable appendages. In this paper, effects of controllable transom flaps on heave/pitch motion characteristics of high-speed planing vessels are investigated. A control-oriented nonlinear model is derived first for the high-speed prismatic planing craft equipped with a controllable transom flap in the calm water. Then, effects of different static flap deflections on the ship's equilibrium running attitude and vertical-plane motion stability are analyzed. Analysis shows that porpoising cannot be avoided at high speeds by presetting static transom flap deflections through static feedforward control. An LQR feedback controller is designed to achieve local asymptotical stability.


In this thesis, we address the challenges of label scarcity and fusion of heterogeneous 3D point clouds and 2D images. We adopt the strategy of end-to-end race driving where a neural network is trained to directly map sensor input (camera image) to control output, which makes this strategy independent from annotations in the visual domain. We employ deep reinforcement learning where the algorithm learns from reward by interaction with a realistic simulator. We propose new training strategies and reward functions for better driving and faster convergence. However, training time is still very long which is why we focus on perception to study point cloud and image fusion in the remainder of this thesis. We propose two different methods for 2D-3D fusion. First, we project 3D LiDAR point clouds into 2D image space, resulting in sparse depth maps. We propose a novel encoder-decoder architecture to fuse dense RGB and sparse depth for the task of depth completion that enhances point cloud resolution to image level. Second, we fuse directly in 3D space to prevent information loss through projection. Therefore, we compute image features with a 2D CNN of multiple views and then lift them all to a global 3D point cloud for fusion, followed by a point-based network to predict 3D semantic labels. Building on this work, we introduce the more difficult novel task of cross-modal unsupervised domain adaptation, where one is provided with multi-modal data in a labeled source and an unlabeled target dataset. We propose to perform 2D-3D cross-modal learning via mutual mimicking between image and point cloud networks to address the source-target domain shift. We further showcase that our method is complementary to the existing uni-modal technique of pseudo-labeling.


Big technology companies like Facebook, Google, and Amazon amass global power through classification algorithms. These algorithms use unsupervised and semi-supervised machine learning on massive databases to detect objects, such as faces, and to process texts, such as speech, to model predictions for commercial and political purposes. Such governance by algorithms—or "algorithmic governance"—has received critical scrutiny from a vast interdisciplinary scholarship that points to algorithmic harms related to mass surveillance, information pollution, behavioral herding, bias, and discrimination. Big Tech's algorithmic governance implicates core IR research in two ways: (1) it creates new private authorities as corporations control critical bottlenecks of knowledge, connection, and desire; and (2) it mediates the scope of state–corporate relations as states become dependent on Big Tech, Big Tech circumvents state overreach, and states curtail Big Tech. As such, IR scholars should become more involved in the global research on algorithmic governance.


Bisphosphonates are widely used in multiple myeloma; but only a randomized clinical have showed that zolendronic acid improved survival as well as reduce the number of bone events. We used data from TriNetx, a global federated health research platform that includes patients from Europe and US


ABSTRACT The limitations of objectives tests, the language Skills needed for university work, and effective ways of appraising and communicating these skills to the university are discussed. The goals of university English as a second language (ESL) programs is to train international students in the linguistic and academic skills they will need in American universities. This goal is complicated by objective language tests. Such factors as cheating, test coaching, testing emphasis upon language recognition and not production, cultural bias, test interpretation, and test anxiety often cause a discrepancy between test scores and actual ESL potential. Some of the skills that are needed by university students but are inadequately tested by objective tests include reading, writing, listening, oral production, and study skills. It is necessary to evaluate the student's proficiency in these skills in addition to an objective test score in order to determine university admittance. Therefore, ESL teachers should insist that testmakers continue to improve the objective tests and to promote the acceptance of skill-based evaluations of students' proficiency by admission officers. (RW)


Nowadays networks-on-chip are emerging as a hot topic in IC designs with high integration. In addition to popular mesh and torus topologies, other structures can also be considered especially in 3D VLSI design. The shuffle-exchange topology is one of the popular interconnection architectures for multiprocessors due to its scalability and self-routing capability. By vertically stacking two or more silicon wafers, connected with a high-density and high-speed interconnect, it is now possible to combine multiple active device layers within a single IC. In this paper we propose an efficient three dimensional layout for a novel 2D mesh structure based on the shuffle-exchange topology. Simulation results show that by using the third dimension, performance and latency can be improved compared to the 2D VLSI implementation.


Aim The combinatorial optimization problem in PID parameter control of the CNC servo system is discussed.Methods Based on the standard genetic algorithm,a PID parameter adjustment method is presented,which makes the probabilities of crossover and mutation automatically change along with the fitness values.Results In keeping the population diversity,it can not only ensure the convergence of the algorithm,but also maintain a better stability of system.Conclusion As compared with the traditional Ziegler-Nichols PID parameters setting algorithm of dynamic response analysis and simulation test performance comparison,it is shown that the PID parameter adjustment based on adaptive genetic algorithm has superiority in terms that it can follow expected output value rapidly and steadily and the system response has a better real-time performance and control precision.


In this thesis Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) is used to investigate the development
of turbulent premixed flame kernels during the early stages of growth typical of the
period following spark ignition. Two distinct aspects of this phase are considered: the
interaction of the expanding kernel with a field of decaying turbulence, and the
chemical and thermo-diffusive response of the flame for different fresh-gas
compositions. In the first part of the study, three-dimensional, repeated simulations with
single-step chemistry are used to generate ensemble statistics of global flame growth.
The surface-conditioned mean fluid-velocity magnitude is found to vary significantly
across different isosurfaces of the reaction progress variable, and this is shown to lead to
a bias in the distribution of the Surface Density Function (SDF) around the developing
flame. Two-dimensional simulations in an extended domain indicate that this effect
translates into a similar directional bias in the Flame Surface Density (FSD) at later
stages in the kernel development. Properties of the fresh gas turbulence decay are
assessed from an independent, non-reacting simulation database.
In the second part of this study, two-dimensional simulations with a detailed 68-step
reaction mechanism are used to investigate the thermo-diffusive response of pure
methane-air, and hydrogen-enriched methane-air flames. The changes in local and
global behaviour due to the different laminar flame characteristics, and the response of
the flames to strain and curvature are examined at different equivalence ratios and
turbulence intensities. Mechanisms leading to flame quenching are discussed and the
effect of mean flame curvature is assessed through comparison with an equivalent
planar flame. The effects of hydrogen addition are found to be particularly pronounced
in flame kernels due to the higher positive stretch rates and reduced thermo-diffusive
stability of hydrogen-enriched flames.


We have studied the optical and transport properties of AlGaAs/GaAs single quantum well infrared photodetectors (SQWIPs). The SQWIP shows a narrowband photocurrent at around 9.2 µm, due to intersubband transition in the steady state characteristics, measured using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The bias voltage dependence of the magnitude and the spectral shape of the observed steady state photocurrent indicates that the photocurrent is strongly affected by the tunneling escape process. Furthermore, a transient photoresponse of the SQWIP has been studied using free electron laser (FEL) pulses. A comparison of the steady state photocurrent and the transient photoresponse shows that the charging current induced by the band bending effect contributes to an increased photo sensitivity.


Objective: The purpose was to investigate whether self‐reported health‐related quality‐of‐life (HRQOL) parameters at time of diagnosis and/or 1‐year follow‐up are prognostic for disease‐free survival (DFS) in early‐stage breast cancer patients.


The paper presents the results of the classical theory of fluctuations in the quasiharmonic van der Pol oscillator. Stochastic equations for amplitude and phase of self-sustained oscillations are formulated and then their solutions are analyzed. The autocorrelation function and power spectrum of noisy self-sustained oscillations are studied. Then the spectral and correlations characteristics of chaotic self-sustained oscillations are numerically analyzed in spiral chaos oscillators. Statistical characteristics of spiral chaos are explored both without and in the presence of fluctuations, and the obtained results are compared with the classical theory of fluctuations in the van der Pol oscillator.


Selenium and tocopherol levels in the blood of female beef cattle (3 to 7 years old), feed and soil of grassland were determined at an early (November, 1985) and end stage (May, 1986) of housing on 21 farms in Hokkaido. The average levels of serum selenium and blood glutathione preoxidase (GSH-Px) activity of the beef cattle showed deficient values lower than 35 ppb in selenium and 30 enzyme units in GSH-Px activity in all the farms at the early stage and in 71.4% of the farms at the end stage of housing. The selenium level in the feed and hay showed a lower value than 0.05 ppm in 25 samples out of 42 (59.5%) at both the early and end stages of housing. In addition 10 samples out of 20 (50%) of other roughages including grass silage, haylage, rice and wheat straws examined, revealed low levels of selenium under 0.05 ppm. Upon examing the selenium level in the soil of the grassland, water soluble selenium, which is available for the plant, was lower than 0.1 ppm and the selenium level of the grass was also at a very low level. The a-tocopherol level in the feed, hay was lower than 3mg/100g in 13 samples out of 18 (72.2%) at the end stage of housing. However the other roughages and concentrates also showed low levels. Accordingly, serum tocopherol of the beef cattle at the end stage of housing showed a lower level than 200 pg/100ml in 5 out of 21 farms (23.3%). From the results described above, it was observed that if beef cattle in Hokkaido are mainly fed with roughage, it might cause probable marked low levels in both serum selenium throughout the year and of serum tocopherol at the end stage of housing.


A new and innovative approach is presented to integrate sensors in materials and set up "smart materials". Semi-finished parts are functionalized by printed sensors and printed interconnects. These functionalized parts are then further processed to components. This is a new and simple approach to integrate sensors in a material. Two examples of printed sensors and the process of integration are presented. One is a printed sensor on carbon weaves, integrated in carbon fiber reinforced plastic. The other one is a sensor structure printed on an aluminum sheet and integrated during high pressure die casting. Besides the benefits of this technological approach, challenges are focused in the paper as well.


Botryosphaeria dothidea and Phomopsis sp.are the two main pathogenic fungi causing fruit rot of kiwifruit in Fengxin county,Jiangxi province.Indoor toxicity of six fungicides to the fungi was tested by measuring mycelial growth rate.The results showed that five fungicides of TrifloxystrobinoTebuconazole 75% WG,50% Iprodione,10% Difenoconazole,70% Thiophanate-Methyl and 60% Pyraclostrobin-Metiram were highly toxic to both B.dothidea and Phomopsis sp..The EC50 values of these five fungicides to B.dothidea were 0.143 9 μg/mL,0.150 2 μg/mL,0.179 5 μg/mL,0.264 0 μg/mL and 0.946 6 μg/mL,respectively,and those to Phomopsis sp.were 0.089 3 μg/mL,0.222 8 μg/mL,0.132 0 μg/mL,0.403 4 μg/mL and 0.792 2 μg/mL,respectively.50%Kresoxim-Methyl,however,had very low toxicity to the two fungi,and its EC50 values to B.dothidea and Phomopsis sp.were 7 890.7 μg/mL and 12 881.0 μg/mL,respectively.


This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. For more information, please contact email@example.com. Recommended Citation Wildebush Berry, Joan M.; Cuda, Stefani K.; Edwards, Judi L.; Ericson, Mary E.; Frisbee, Emilie Ford; Hand, Steve Ernest; Hannibal, Mary Anne; Myers, Laurel M.; Perry, Sharon Lee; Richards, Loree; Schmidtke, Barbara Burns; Voris, Stephen Walker; and Westby, Barbara M., "The Portland, Oregon ASAP : an evaluation of treatment effectiveness" (1981). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 3514.


In this paper kennedy -c hua neural network method for optimal co-ordination of overc urrent relay s is proposed. The existing optimal c o-ordination of overcurrent relay s methods, the simplex &dual simplex with both objectiv e function and constraints a re used. Recently a method has been developed to c oordinate ov ercurrent relays without objectiv e func tion. The method of this paper whic h is an optimal approac h is based on kennedy-chua neural network with the advantages of higher speed, no need of auxiliary variables and capability of handling non linearity of relay characteristic s. The method does not need any initial solution. In this paper, the optimal settings of overcurrent relays for the IEEE 8-BUS network are obtained and c omparison between the new method and existing methods is made. From the results, the advantages of the kennedy-chua neural network method can be c onc luded.


Objective To study the effect of oligonucleotides +495bp~+584bp of SCN5A promoter on gene transcription regulation and identify the potential cis-acting element in this region.Methods The +495bp~+584bp of SCN5A promoter was amplified by polymerase chain reaction(PCR)and recombinated into pGL3-promoter luciferase report gene vector and transient transfected HEK293 cell and H9C2 cell.The activity of the luciferase report gene was detected.Results The recombinant expression vector was confirmed by restriction analysis and sequensing.Analysis of luciferase report gene identified that the activity of luciferase report gene of pGL3-promoter in HEK293 cells had not obvious difference compared to the unloaded pGL3-promoter luciferase report gene in HEK293 cells,but its activities increased proximately(22.5±5.4) times higher than that of pGL3-Promoter in H9C2 cell.Conclusion There is a tissue specific cis-acting element that can enhance the activity of transcription in +495bp~+584bp region of rat SCN5A.


This paper presents an introduction of an embedded processor-based laboratory environment monitor system and its design for hardware and software. This system aims at completing monitoring a variety of real-time data and the states of laboratory, judging environmental index automatically, and detecting intrusions from outside companied with sound and light alarm. To sum up, this system achieves the intelligent management of laboratory. By wired or wireless means, the laboratory monitoring system can communicate with PC and realize telemetry, meeting the needs of unmanned laboratory.


A photoelectrochemical cell for conversion of light to electrical energy based on the photosensitized oxidation of water at a chemically vapor deposited, thin film, n-type TiO2 anade and the reduction of oxygen at a fuel cell-type cathode is described. The effect of load resistance on the current, cell voltage, and power was studied, and quantum and power efficiencies under short-circuit conditions for monochromatic light of about 365 nm was estimated as 26% and 1-2%, respectively. Open-circuit cell voltages of 0.89V were obtained. The cell is simple to construct and is capable oK continuous operation with no apparent deterioration in performance. Photoeffects at semiconductor electrodes received renewed attention when these materials were recognized as potential candidates for use in the conversion of light to electrical and chemical energy via some electrochemical process; this subject has been reviewed and discussed recently (1, 2). Of special interest are semiconductor electrodes which do not decompose or corrode during the photoelectrochemical process (e.g., n-type TiO2), so that the light exclusively induces charge transfer to selected species in solution. We describe here the construction and behavior of an electrochemical photocell which produces electrical power under illumination by light of suitable spectral characteristics. Although this electrochemical cell differs in operating mechanism from the familiar solid-state solar cell, the result, conversion of ]ight to electrical energy, is the same. The cell is based on the photosensitized oxidation of water to oxygen at a chemically vapor deposited n-type TiO2 anode and the reduction of oxygen at a fuel cell-type cathode and offers good quantum efficiency, simple construction, and continuous operation without renewal of electrolyte or electrode decomposition. Its major limitation for utilization of solar energy is its response only to the short wavelength (below 400 nm) portion of the spectrum.


Workflow management systems (WFMSs) have attracted a lot of interest both in academia and the business community. A workflow consists of a collection of tasks that are organized to facilitate some business process specification. To simplify the complexity of security administration, it is common to use role-based access control (RBAC) to grant authorization to roles and users. Typically, security policies are expressed as constraints on users, roles, tasks and the workflow itself. A workflow system can become very complex and involve several organizations or different units of an organization, thus the number of security policies may be very large and their interactions very complex. It is clearly important to know whether the existence of such constraints will prevent certain instances of the workflow from completing. Unfortunately, no existing constraint models have considered this problem satisfactorily. In this paper, we define a model for constrained workflow systems that includes local and global cardinality constraints, separation of duty constraints and binding of duty constraints. We define the notion of a workflow specification and of a constrained workflow authorization schema. Our main result is to establish necessary and sufficient conditions for the set of constraints that ensure a sound constrained workflow authorization schema, that is, for any user or any role who are authorized to a task, there is at least one complete workflow instance when this user or this role executes this task.


Given that current treatment options for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are of limited efficacy, we have focused on chemoprevention and the mechanistic Target Of Rapamycin (mTOR), a nutrient‐sensing serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates cell growth and metabolism. Using the Solt‐Farber model of progenitor‐derived HCC, we have shown that mTOR is activated in the early stages of preneoplastic foci development. Rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, blocks this activation. The aim of this study is to characterize the genetic signature and molecular pathogenesis of rapamycin‐inhibited foci as compared to placebo progressive preneoplastic foci. Persistent foci, which were reduced by up to 80% in the rapamycin group, were isolated by laser capture microdissection and the transcriptome of the captured tissue analyzed by microarray. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) showed that rapamycin significantly (FDR<0.05) suppressed genes associated with ribosomal biogenesis, cell cycle progression, glutathione metabolism and ubiquitin‐mediated proteolysis. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) was performed using input that consist of genes showing a 2.4 fold change and FDR<0.05. Results revealed several canonical pathways, including FXR/RXR function and activation, and upstream regulators, PPARA and HNF1A. These results indicate that inhibition of mTOR signaling early in the process of hepatic carcinogenesis has a persistent, anti‐growth effect associated with marked changes in gene expression.


We present an analytical solution for intra-channel nonlinearity based on perturbation theory. By relaxing the unrealistic lossless assumption in the conventional method, the model accuracy is improved by 20% for 1500km CD-managed link. Further application of the model shows a 0.6dB Q improvement under a 128Gb/s DP-QPSK pre-distortion experiment.


In Indonesia, landslides are one of the many natural disasters that often occur during the rainy season. Especially in mountainous areas, cliffs, hills, which cause many losses. Therefore, it is necessary to create a landslide Early Warning System. Slope, vibration, and excessive water content in the soil are the leading causes of landslides. To measure these parameters, an Internet of Things (IoT) based system is used that is connected to various sensors. In this study, the fuzzy value obtained from the measurement of the MPU6050 Accelerometer and Gyroscope sensor, also Soil Moisture sensor sent to the Antares server using LoRa. In research, Fuzzy algorithm is used to analyze the sensor detection results in the form of three final decision rules based on the knowledge of a landslide expert, namely Safe, Alert, and Watch out, which can be seen on an android device with 90% accuracy value and 10% error.


What we would today recognise as economic argument first appeared during the seventeenth century in texts directed to practical issues of trade, finance and population. Such argument is aligned therefore by a domain of problems, not by any distinctive analytical approach; 'economic analysis' can therefore be identified as such by the character of the issues addressed, not by the nature of the analytical techniques deployed. In the later eighteenth century some kind of consensus did form around the principal features of an appropriate framework of analysis; Adam Smith's Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776) applied to the existing domain of problems a consistent set of principles turning upon the 'system of natural liberty' which the book espoused. Smith's own work was rooted in the Scottish Enlightenment; and the subsequent development of classical political economy in Britain during the first decades of the nineteenth century was heavily influenced by figures from Scottish intellectual life, by publications such as the Edinburgh Review, and by educational innovations flowing from Scotland, most notably the creation in 1826 of a secular University of London teaching a range of modern subjects, among them political economy, taught by a Scot, J. R. McCulloch. Smith himself had drawn heavily on the existing economic literature of the time, especially that produced by François Quesnay and the Physiocrats, whose work he encountered while travelling in France during the 1760s. In Germany, Austria, Italy and Russia the ready reception of Smith's teaching was directly related to Enlightenment thought and the reading public which it shaped. In continental Europe Smith's book was soon translated, and quickly gained canonical status; and so, across Europe, from Edinburgh to St. Petersburg, a direct linkage can be identified between the Enlightenment and the diffusion of modern economic analysis. The principal lines of development with which we will be concerned here were aptly summarised by Bruno Hildebrand in the mid-nineteenth century, relating economic concepts to political developments in a manner which still informs our understanding today: The oeconomists of the absolutist state, the so-called Mercantilists, regarded the economic life of peoples as the product of human government, a life whose purpose was attained by decree. The Physiocrats and Adam Smith, by contrast, claimed that the human world was governed by natural laws as immutable as those which ruled the world of plants and minerals; hence they considered all such government regulations …


Laryngeal venous malformations rarely but do cause airway obstruction resulting in life‐threatening events. The perioperative airway management for the patients with them has not been well established. We suggest a strategy for laryngeal venous malformations management in the patients who undergo surgery in addition to planning for airway management.


Coumarin 6( C6) doped fluorescent hybrid nanoparticles( NPs) were prepared by a reprecipitation-encapsulation method. The as-prepared NPs were characterized by SEM and DLS. The C6-doped NPs gave strong green fluorescence under the excitation of 450 nm. The concentration-dependent fluorescence of C6-doped NPs was then studied. The results indicated that the fluorescence of C6 was quenched by intermolecular energy transfer rather than by aggregation. In addition,the difference in spectral shape of PS-based and PMMA-based NPs was interpreted from the view of polymer structure. The broad emission band in PS-based NPs was attributed to two different microenvironments surrounding C6,while the narrower emission band in PMMA-based NPs to one local environment. Finally,the loading capacity of the hybrid NPs for C6 is studied,and higher doping concentration will result in aggregates in water.


T4SS is composed by many kinds of protein by ATP energy.The system could pass the entire cell membrane and generate lots of substrates.The structure of T4SS components was expounded,such as substrate transport passport,atomic-resolution,outer-membrane compound,inner-membrane compound and pore etc.T4SS larger component,other structures,and the mechanism of interaction among components need further investigation.


The designing method of machine fixture with CAD is studied in the essay,meant t o promote standization and serialization of clamping appratus


 12  1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152  8550, Japan ) Azopyridine-containing methacrylate monomer was copolymerized with N -isopropylacrylamide by radical polymerization. The copolymer with N -isopropylacrylamide content of > 0.99 showed a solvent-dependent photochromic behavior. In a THF solution, the trans-cis photoisomerization of the azopyridine moieties smoothly proceeded by a UV light irradiation, while the copolymer displayed a negligible change in the UV / Vis absorption spectra in water. The decrease in the photoisomerization efficiency was probably due to the im-mobilization of the trans -azopyridine moieties in the polymer matrices because


1Particular thanks to the University of the South, the George Mercer, Jr. Memorial Scholarship Fund, and the Conant Fund of the Board for Theological Education of the Episcopal Church for financial support, and to the Dean and Faculty of the Episcopal Divinity School for appointment as a Visiting Scholar, during the sabbatical which made this project possible.


Statistical post-editing (SPE) has been successfully applied to RBMT systems and, to a less successful extent, to some SMT systems. This thesis investigates the impact of SPE on SMT systems. We apply SPE to an SMT system using a new context-modelling approach to preserve some aspects of source information in the second stage translation. This technique yields mixed results, but fails to consistently improve the output over the baseline. Furthermore, we compared the results to those of an RBMT+SPE system and a pure SMT system, using both automatic and human evaluation methods. Results show that while automatic evaluation metrics favour a pure SMT system, manual evaluators prefer the output provided by the combined RBMT+SPE system. We investigate the use machine learning methods to predict which sentences would benefit from post-editing, however, as the oracle score for both SMT and SMT+SPE was not much higher than the two systems alone, we decided to compare two systems that had a higher upper bound. Combining our analysis with machine learning techniques for quality estimation, we are able to improve the overall output by automatically selecting the best sentences from each of the SMT and RBMT+SPE systems.


This study conducted on the Assemblies of God has been arranged into 4 main chapters. Chapter 1 deals with how the A.O.G. began . Briefly, the church started with a group of people who had believed and experienced the outpouring of the Divine Spirit accompanied by the phenomenon of speaking in tongues. This feature drew the believers together to form a new movement called the Pentecostal movement, the end-result of which was the Assemblies of God. Chapter 2 outlines the early missionary programmes in the A.O.G., gives a glance-over of these programmes, how they are conducted, by whom and for what reason. It also explains why the Pentecostal movement flourished at such a rapid pace. Chapter 3 brings the A.O.G. closer to home and observes its growth and expansion in Malaysia, giving an idea of how the A.O.G. took root in this country and traces its gradual influence on the people. Chapter 4 comes forth with a study of the Emmanuel A.O.G., situated in Ipoh. It gives as detailed as possible an account of how an A.O.G. church works, giving particular attention to the programmes. Chapter 5 rounds up the project with an attempt to evaluate and understand the position of the A.O.G. in the light of the world.


The paper introduces the present situation and characteristics of vanadium resource in China,summarizing the current situation of mineral processing technology of pre-concentration for vanadium titano-magnetite,coal mine with vanadium resources,and graphite vanadium ore in domestic and overseas.Moreover,the paper discusses the prospect of beneficiation technology of vanadium resources.


When connected to the power distribution grid, Distributed Generation Photovoltaic (DGPV) systems not only contribute to supply the load demand, but can also assist the grid performance by means of several ancillary services, notably in voltage support after a voltage drop. Main current grid codes and international standards require DGPV units to remain connected even in the event of severe voltage sag. In order to minimize the impacts on the distribution grid, the photovoltaic sources can be used to inject reactive power. This paper discusses the main aspects related to voltage support using DGPV sources and proposes a voltage control architecture, considering the contribution of each DGPV unit and using a distributed communication infrastructure.


Abstract The aims of this study were to determine the influence of the factors affecting fin damage under different rainbow trout production systems and to compare the findings with the known experimental reports. The study was based on a questionnaire that included information about the main factors i.e. oxygen level in exit water, water temperature, stocking density, daily feed ration, number of meals and grading frequency on seven rainbow trout farms. Standard multiple regression analysis, based on a previously published fin damage dataset, was used to assess the relationship between the level of fin damage per fin and the factors. Daily feed ration received the strongest weight in the model for the caudal, anal and both pectoral fins, whereas number of meals received the strongest weight in the model for both pelvic fins. Grading frequency received the strongest weight only in the dorsal fin model. Lower levels of daily feed ration and number of meals combined with higher water temperature increased the level of fin damage, whereas stocking density had no effect. The results conform to the experimental research on fin damage in rainbow trout. The research model contributes to the overall assessment of fish welfare and the regression analysis used in this study could be used on rainbow trout farms to evaluate the effect of the main factors on the level of fin damage.


Objective To construct an animal model for ischemia and blood stasis by ligation.Methods Six New Zealand white rabbits were selected to pass the full-layer skin and cartilage of rabbit ears and to ligate all blood vessels except for those from caudate. The location of suture was exposed and sterilized by iodophors three times a day. The changes of temperature and color, as well as dropsy and infection of suture part were observed, and the vein blood gas analysis for the ears was performed on day 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 after ligation.Results The color turned to deep violet-black immediately after stitch and lighter 14 days later, still somewhat violet-black till 21 days. Dropsy appeared on the first day and was very obvious on the seventh day after ligation, thereafter the degree of dropsy gradually decreased and dropsy was not noticeable on 21st day after ligation. The parameters we detected such as temperature, oxygen partial pressure and carbon dioxide partial pressure of vein blood were lower after ligation than before ligation (P0.01).Conclusion The model we established is reliable and convenient to produce, which can be used in the study on the wound repair resulting from ischemia and blood stasis.


Modern networks are highly connected with different network types such as fiber, wireless and satcom as well as having global extent and ubiquitous access. Vulnerabilities at a portion of the network can spread to other parts of the network. Thus, each node or link of the network should be viewed as inherently unreliable. This paper examines the problem of transmission of critical messages over a network via the use of path diversity and forward error-correcting codes and suggests strategies for performance-cost trade-offs.


Climate change is a massive challenge for humanity but its relationship to accounting may seem remote. However, accounting, as a discipline, has an important input to offer to this multidimensional challenge. Public sector entities are now slowly adopting reporting practices to disclose actions and performance measures related to the environment, for example sustainability reporting, integrated reporting, and environmental reporting. In these reports, the presentation is mostly made with either quantified or non-quantified measures that, in the majority of cases, are non-monetary. Assigning monetary values to delicate issues can be extremely difficult and, in some cases, inappropriate. The inherent difficulties of monetizing actions or omissions that impact the natural environment create a vague picture, where the costs related to environmental preservation or the costs caused by environmental deterioration are not very clear.


In this paper we study the small Na$_{N}^{+}$ (N l 12) cationic clusters fragmentation channels, with all electronic calculations performed at the B3LYP/6-311G+(d,p) DFT level of theory. For these cluster sizes, we obtain for all neutral, cationic, bi-cationic and anionic species the optimized geometries, total energies and electronic properties such as the adiabatic ionization potentials, electron affinities and global hardnesses. Furthermore, we propose the novel concept of global hardness change, Δ η, within the conceptual DFT formalism, based on the maximum hardness principle of Chattaraj, Lee, and Parr. Thereafter we compute for all possible fragmentation channels the involved energetics, ΔE, and the global hardness change, Δη, both methods are shown to be in agreement with available experimental findings for all but one case. We show that hardness and the global hardness change are good DFT descriptors to assess the preferred fragmentation channels, where formation of the hardest fragments seems to be the driving force.


Spina bifida occulta(SBO)is a malformation of the spinal cord and its surrounding structures. It is caused by the failure of neurulation and is defined as a condition characterized by the absence of cerebrospinal fluid leakage without skin defects;therefore, it is also known as closed spinal dysraphism. Here we have reviewed the embryology‒based pathogenesis, outlined clinical pictures of whole SBO including our clinical data, and mentioned individual disease states. SBO comprises various pathological conditions related to the type of failure during notochord formation and primary and secondary neurulations. Neurological disorders are caused by spinal cord tethering, mass effect, and dysplasia of the nerve tissue. Comorbid cutaneous abnormalities and lower intestinal and urogenital anomalies are initial signs for the diagnosis of SBO. Surgery for tethered spinal cord and mass effect, except for dysplasia of the nerve tissue, possibly help in the improvement or stabilization of symptoms. Surgery is generally recommended in symptomatic SBO cases and in asymptomatic SBO cases in children;however, prophylactic surgery is controversial. Comprehensive care and postoperative follow‒up are necessary over a prolonged period. (Received February 16, 2018;accepted March 9, 2018)


Objective The effect of traditional Chinese herbal medicine on the intestinal probiotic micro-organisms was reviewed in this paper.The influence of different kinds and doses of Chinese herbal medicine on probiotics' growth,as well as the research methods,were described in detail.The interaction mechanism,prospect development trends of traditional Chinese herbal medicine and intestinal probiotics were proposed also.


The final section of the book examines an integration of human rcsource management with business strategy. Although only consisting of one chaptcr, this section raises a number of issues for further discussion. Acknowledging the problems that have been with human resource management in the past, with the myopic view of human resources as a number of disparate and functional operations, it examines the question that underpins the discipline: how can human resources contribute to competitive advantage within thc organisation? It considers that a distinct role for human resources is still missing in many instances, as it relates to the strategic issues affecting a business. This chapter raises more questions than it answers, leading potentially to a greater debate on the value of human resource management as a management tool. As with many books that have a number of contributors to the final product, the style is, to some extent, variable. A number of the authors look at the issues from a purely New Zealand perspective, while others tend to take a global perspective, with a mention of the New Zealand situation as a comparison to the views expressed in the chapter. It must be mentioned that the book is written to be used as a textbook rather than a selection of readings on a range of topics, and is presented in the accepted style of a text, giving overviews of topics rather than in-depth analyses of them. It is because of this proposed use that a variable style may be seen as having some disadvantage and that a consistent style would be preferred. The format used may, then, have a number of drawbacks. Countering this, though, because of the diversity in style, and the deliberate choice of researchers familiar with a particular field, it may also be vicwed as an enrichment of the subject matter. On the positive side, the theoretical issues are soundly discussed by all contributors, with a satisfactory range of supporting material found at the end of each chapter, allowing the reader to undertake further research into a particular area of interest. For post-graduate and ~1BA students of human resource management, this book could prove to be a valuable source covering the theoretical framework of a number of human resources areas, in more depth than has previously been done in similar texts for students.


The implementation of intelligent transport systems (ITS) is becoming more complex and it is becoming more difficult to realize it successfully. The methodology of the European Framework ITS Architecture (FRAME) has been developed in accordance with the standards and practices of systematic engineering, and it should be used in the early stages of ITS life cycle. The European framework ITS architecture combines the users requirements and functional aspects and it can be used successfully for creating the national ITS architectures because it is independent of any particular technology and physical design. This approach to the development of national ITS architecture of Southeast European countries, which implies high compliance of users ITS requirements, enables the creation of frameworks that insures institutional and technical connection during the implementation of ITS projects. The development of national ITS architecture without the compatibility of the users requirements and without using the methodology of the European framework ITS architecture would result in much higher costs of ITS development and deployment, difficulties in achieving system interoperability, and difficulties in the process of upgrading and updating of national architecture throughout the ITS life cycle.


High spectral resolution measurements of upwelling terrestrial and atmospheric radiance were made using the Scanning High-resolution Infrared Sounder (S-HIS) during the South African Regional Science Initiative (SAFARI 2000). An overview of the sub-Saharan surface emission features will be described.


Reading is the one of very important ways of acquiring information and also the basis of other English skills.According to the relevance theory,relevance is the nature of human cognition.It occurs while a man is in reading communication.Readers with different language backgrounds will have different relevance.If the teacher makes effort in using the relevant approach in teaching reading,students can achieve more accuracy and efficient understanding with least efforts so as to enhance students' reading ability and improve the reading efficiency.


Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci 2009;29(2) 375 ABS TRACT Ob jec ti ve: To eva lu a te the si tes of ex tra pul mo nary Ga-67 up ta ke. Ma te ri al and Met hods: A to tal of 113 pa ti ents (49 ma le, 64 fe ma le; me an age 38±7 ye ars) with cli ni cally and ra di o lo gi cally di ag no sed sar co i do sis we re ret ros pec ti vely analy zed. Who le body pla nar ima ges we re ob ta i ned 48-72 ho urs af ter the in tra ve no us ad mi nis tra ti on of a me an do se of 185 MBq Ga-67. Scin tig rams we re eva lu a ted vi su ally by thre e blind ex pe ri en ced nuc le ar me di ci ne spe ci a lists re ac hing a fi nal con sen sus. Re sults: Eighty-two oft of 113 pa ti ents (73%) sho wed ab nor mal fin dings as a sign of in trat ho ra cic in vol ve ment. Thirty-six pa ti ents had hi lar and me di as ti nal up ta ke (lamb da sign) (44%), 20 had only hi lar up ta ke (24%), 6 had only me di as ti nal up ta ke (8%) and 20 had dif fu se pa rench ymal up ta ke (24%). In 113 pa ti ents, 168 si tes of ex tra pul mo nary in vol ve ment we re ob ser ved. Fifty-ni ne pa ti ents had pan da sign (52%), 45 had sa li vary or lac ri mal gland up ta ke (40%), 37 had lymph no de up ta ke (33%)-11 in gu i nal, 11 sup rac la vi cu lar, 7 axil lary, 4 epit roch le ar, 3 pa ra a or tic and 1 cer vi cal re gi on-7 pa ti ents had ar ti cu lary up ta ke (6%), 16 pa ti ents had bre ast up ta ke (14%), 2 pati ents had fo cal li ver up ta ke (2%) and 2 had cu ta ne o us up ta ke (2%). Fo ur pa ti ents had nor mal Ga67 scin tig raphy (4%). Conc lu si on: Ga-67 scin tig raphy has be en used to eva lu a te the ex tent of sar co i do sis. It de mon sra tes not only in trat ho ra cic but al so ex trat ho ra cic in vol ve ment.


Combined with the reconstruction example of the power supply engineering of the hospital,the author describes problems and mehtods needing attention in the reconstruction of the power supply engineering of the hospital from three aspects of standarding the power supply system of the hospital,the reasonable selection of the protection apparatus and the scientific selection of the power supply equipment to guarantee the normal operation the hospital.


: The objective of this work was to identify relevant settling velocity and rheology model parameters and underlying filamentous microbial community characteristics that influence the solids mixing and transport in secondary settling tanks. Weekly batch settling tests were carried out using a novel column setup in a four-month measurement campaign with activated sludge samples collected at Lundtofte wastewater treatment plant in Denmark. Additionally, rheological experiments were made using a rotational viscometer in order to compare different models describing the flow behaviour of activated sludge. Quantitative fluorescent in-situ hybridisation (qFISH) analysis was carried out on the same sludge samples. The correlation of model parameter values with the relative volume fraction of two filamentous bacterial groups indicate that filamentous bacteria can significantly influence secondary settling by affecting hindered settling velocity and the yield stress of activated sludge. This study finds that microbial filament abundance, predominantly, those residing inside the microbial flocs, are responsible for alterations in the hindered settling velocity and rheological behaviour. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was used to assess the impact of calibration scenarios for settling and rheology under low and high abundance of filamentous bacteria. Results suggest that higher filamentous bacteria abundance can cause significant variance in the CFD model outputs.


The rise of a new information environment—the World Wide Web—has revealed the downside of the long history that libraries have with metadata. The question that we must face, and that we must face sooner rather than later, is how we can best transform our data so that it can become part of the dominant information environment that is the Web. This issue of "Library Technology Reports" examines how this transformation can occur, and what can be done to help facilitate it. The movement of library data into the linked data cloud is not as far off as it might seem. Like the scientific databases, the metadata already exists and is in a data format. Some transformation of the data to a format compatible with the semantic Web will be necessary, but the encoding that has already been done (mainly in the MARC format) and the degree of vocabulary control that exists facilitate the transformation. It truly is a matter of transformation, at least in a first step. After that, the only limits are those of the imagination of information seekers all over the globe.


The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between principal leadership practices, teacher commitment and school bureaucracy, as well as investigating the mediating effect of school bureaucracy in enhancing teacher commitment in Malaysian secondary schools. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM) was used to develop a mediation model in explaining the underlying mechanism of the effect of school bureaucracy on the relationship between principal leadership practices and teacher commitment. The results indicate that there is a significant relationship between leadership practices and teacher commitment in the schools, and the relationship was partially mediated by school bureaucracy. The findings could be taken into account by local educational leaders in their endeavor to improve the effectiveness of their teachers


This work was conducted to investigate the effect of LTA on the expression of SphK1 in SGC7901 human gastric cancer cell.SphK1 mRNA was detected by RT-PCR and expression level of SphK1 protein was examined by western blotting.The results showed that both the mRNA and protein expression of SphK1 were lower than that of the control(P0.05) after treatment with 200 and 500 μg.mL-1 LTA for 72 h.The results showed that LTA from Bifidobacterium could down-regulate the mRNA and protein expression of SphK1.


Advanced carbon materials have played an important function in the field of energy conversion and storage. The green and low-carbon synthesis of elemental carbon with controllable morphology and microstructure is the main problem for carbon materials. Herein, we develop a green and low-carbon method to synthesize porous carbon by reacting CO2 with LiAlH4 at low temperatures. The starting reaction temperatures are as low as 142, 121, and 104 °C for LiAlH4 reacting with 1, 30, and 60 bar CO2, respectively. For the elemental carbon, the porosity of elemental carbon gradually decreased, whereas its graphitization degree increased as the CO2 pressure increased from 1 bar to 60 bar. CO2 serves as one of the two reactants and the CO2 pressure can adjust the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the formation reaction for synthesizing elemental carbon. The mechanism for CO2 pressure-dependent microstructure and morphology of carbon is discussed on the basis of the formation reaction of elemental carbon and gas blowing effect of H2 and CO2. The elemental carbon with different morphology and microstructure exhibits distinct electrochemical lithium storage performance including reversible capacity, rate capability, cycling stability, and Coulombic efficiency, owing to their different lithium storage mechanism. The elemental carbon synthesized at 30 bar CO2 delivers the highest reversible capacity of 506 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles even at 1.0 A g−1. Advanced energy storage technology based on the green and low-carbon synthesis of carbon materials is a requisite for providing a stable and sustainable energy supply to meet the ever-growing demand for energy.


An unfortunate consequence of vitiated India-Pakistan relations immediately after the Mumbai terrorist attacks was the relatively muted response of civil society organisations (CSOs) in the two…


A cryogenic low phase noise amplifier and an high Q superconductor resonator at 1 GHz have been designed and realized. A good agreement between the measured and simulated data at 80 K for these two devices is observed. An all cryogenic oscillator has also been designed with the same devices on an alumina substrate. This oscillator is still under test.


Case 1. This boy, horn 3 weeks before term, birth weight 2 500 g, was admitted 34 days old with serum sodium level 105 mmol/l, potassium 9.1 mmolil. Urinary 17-KS and pregnanetriol were low and treatment with 9-fluorohydrcicortisone (9rr-FF) was started. At the age of 2 114 years he was readmitted to hospital in shock and with respiratory insufficiency. Hydrocortisone was added to the treatment. After this he had signs of permanent brain damage with Cerebral paresis, oligophrenia and epilepsy. At 11 years o f age, his growth was normal, he had a height of 116 cm and a weight of 26 kg. Bone age 6 I/? years, no sign of sexual precocity, normal plasma testosterone. His daily treatment for the last two years has heen cortisone 15 mg, 9a-FF 0.05 mg and salt. Cusr 11. This boy. who weighed 3900 g at birth, was admitted 12 days old with serum sodium 112 mmolil and potassium 7.9 mmol/l. Treatment with cortisone and 9mFF was started. At the age of 2 years he had 3 episodes of hypoglycemia late at night. After replacing the evening cortisone dose with an equivalent dose of dexamethasone, he has only had a few episodes of hypoglycemia in connection with acute febrile illness. His daily treatment during the last 6 years has been cortisone 10 mg, dexamethasone 0 . 1 mg. 9a-FF0.02 mg and salt. Since the age of 5 112 years he has had a non-progressive premature pubarche (Tanner stage 11) with normal infantile testes and penis. At 10 years of age he had normal height (140.5 cm) , normal weight (32 kg), and retarded bone age (7 years). Laboratory studies: plasma testosterone: 1.9 nmolil (normal boys <I0 years: 0.10-0.69), FSH: 7-8 IE/l (2-6), LH: 2 IE/I ( S 2 ) . Case Ill. This hoy. who weighed 2500 g at birth, was admitted 13 days old with serum sodium 124 mmol/l and serum potassium 9.7 mmol/l. H e was treated with cortisone and 9u-FF. His subsequent progress has been satisfactory. At age 8 1/2 years, his height is 119 cm (-2 SD) , weight 24 kg. Bone age 4 I/? years. His daily treatment for the last 3 years has been cortisone 12.5 mg 9n-FF0.05 mg and salt supplement. He has no sign o f sexual precocity and a normal plasma testosterone.


The structure of Part III This book has examined the international law rules permitting one state to operate within another's sphere of jurisdiction ('jurisdictional rules') and governing the conduct of such operations ('operational rules'). This chapter focuses upon the operational rules of maritime interdiction at general international law, while the following chapters deal with the consequences of their breach under the rules of state immunity and state responsibility. This chapter commences by discussing the emergence of increasingly standard safeguard provisions applicable to interdictions before discussing in detail the law on the use of force during interdictions. These safeguard provisions constitute the essential primary obligations during an interdiction, breach of which gives rise to issues of state immunity and responsibility. Allegations of wrongdoing, especially under flag-state law, raise questions of whether boarding-party officials enjoy state immunity for their acts aboard foreign vessels. As seen in NAFO practice, disgruntled vessel masters may undermine inspection regimes by bringing proceedings against individual inspectors for their official acts. The immunity of boarding parties is thus a practical issue in maritime policing and is considered in Chapter 11. Issues of state responsibility may arise from interdictions in three principal cases: alleged breaches of public international law (including rules on the use of force), wrongs to private parties and breaches of flag-state law. These may overlap. The use of excessive force during an interdiction may constitute a public wrong against the flag state and a violation of individual rights of those aboard.


Abstract Early and late leafspot of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), caused by Cercospora arachidicola Hon and Cercosporidium personation (Berk. & Curt.) Deighton, respectively, are disease problems of major significance throughout the world. Leafspot control strategies using fungicides can result in a 10% increase in production costs. Field screening tests were conducted in 1980 and 1981 to identify breeding lines with resistance to leafspot Nine genotypes from a cross between Chico x Florigiant and the reciprocal cross were compared with Florigiant for relative susceptibility to the leafspot fungi. Variation in leafspot resistance, especially to C. arachidicola, was found in the peanut germplasm tested. High yielding genotypes with greater resistance to leafspot than Florigiant were identified. Differences in leafspot susceptiblity from reciprocal cross populations indicate that a cytoplasmic factor and additive genetic effects may control leafspot resistance.


In the present paper we investigate two different holographic record modes realized in dye-polymer media. Both methods - dynamic and stationary - are applicable to the same sample and are reversible. Dynamic recording is caused by triplet photochromism of dyes and it may be used to receive versatile information about photophysical properties of substances. Stationary relief-phase holograms are recorded through heat generation under laser radiation is absorbing and are noted for high diffraction efficiencies. Scanning probe microscope was used to instigate the relief- phase holographic grating.


A survey was conducted to study the rearing practices, morphological characteristics and growth performance of Muzaffarnagari sheep in the breeding tract. Data on 512 sheep of either sex pertaining to different age groups were recorded. The results revealed that flocks were mainly maintained by Pal/Gadaria and Khatik communities on extensive system. Lambing and breeding were recorded round the year in the flocks. Animals were shorn twice a year using hand scissors. Overall means for body length, height at withers, chest girth and tail length of lambs (0–1 month old) ranged from 25–28, 32–35, 35–57 and 21–37 cm, respectively. The corresponding figures ranged from 49–55, 55–61, 53–63, 36–44 cm in 1–3 month, 53–60, 59–63, 61–70 and 42–43 cm in 3–6 month, 63–71, 68–76, 65–75 and 42–45 cm in 6–9 month, 80–83, 73–79, 79–81 and 50–54 cm in 9–12 month age groups and 79–86, 80–87, 82–89 and 54–52 cm in adult sheep. The least squares means of body weight were recorded as 6.32, 14.80, 19.82, 22.75, 25.57 and 42.33 kg, respectively in the corresponding age groups. Effect of sex was highly significant (P<0.01) on body weights in all age group except 0–1 month.


Dispersed along the shelves of the British Library today are many volumes that once stood side by side in private libraries. The contributors to "Libraries within the Library" present a collection of essays that explore some of the most important printed collections which were brought together to form the British Museum Library in 1753, casting new light on the individuals whose personal interests and taste they reflect. This book is divided into Introduction, The Foundation Collections, The Early Decades, The King's Library, Later Collections of Books within the British Museum library, Appendices.


Examines expenditure on property held by an investor or a person running a business, particularly the contrast between capital expenditure for Capital Gains Tax purposes and that allowed for income taxation purposes. Considers the possible effects of proposals for new VAT laws on the property industry. Surmises that the distinction between revenue and capital expenditure is still not fully resolved, being a "live" issue affected by current practice and future cases.


AHP and entropy-weighted method is used to get the comprehensive weight of index system in this paper,based on the index system of information warfare ability evaluation of ship formation.We get the composite evaluation score through fuzzy comprehensive evaluation.Taking the Nimitz ship formation of America as an example,we evaluate its capacity of investigation and treatment of information.Finally,we establish a kind of mathematic model by analyzing deeply,which can be used to find out the weak index that mainly affects information warfare ability of ship formation.


In early Ming Dynasty,a large number of Han people were willing to be the adherents of Yuan,and DAI Liang was the most typical of them.He was very loyal to the Yuan Dynasty,and wanted to restore its rule.When failed,he started his secluded life in Siming,and expressed the grief of destruction of his country by poetry.When called up to the capital by Emperor ZHU Yuan-zhang, he refused to be an official of Ming,and died in Nanjing finally.People admire his integrity and his poetry and prose,both making great achievements.Scholars did a lot of research on it,but there are many different opinions on DAI Liang's death in the documents,such as the concrete location and manner of death.Some pople have been thinking about this issue,but didn't make it elaborate.This paper analyzes all the views,trying to restore history and finding out the truth on DAI Liang's death.


ABSTRACT Reproductive success in species that have retained a planktonic stage is dependent on the release of larvae during periods when abiotic and biotic factors are optimal. Analysis of stratified plankton samples collected from May through September 1980 indicated reproductive activity for Callinectes sapidus throughout the summer with a peak in late July. Presence of stage I larvae was positively correlated with temperature. Seasonal distribution of megalopae was bimodal with a broad peak occurring in late August through September. This suggests a two phase recruitment. Timing of reproduction and recruitment coincide with seasonal changes in current patterns that would enhance larval retention in the offshore waters near the mouth of Chesapeake Bay.


Objective To observe the clinical effects after implantation of an aspherical intraocular lens Acrysof IQ.Design Prospective,randomized concurrent-controlled study.Participants 64 patients(64 eyes)with bilateral senile cataracts.Methods Pa- tients were operated with phacoemulsification and IOL implantation.They were divided randomly into 2 groups according to the table of random number:one group with Aerysof IQ(aspherical IOL)implantation and the other with Acrysof SN60AT(spherical IOL).Thor- ough ophthalmic examinations,including visual acuity,slit lamp examinations,fundoseopy,wavefront aberrometry,contrast sensitivity, were performed 1 week,1 month and 3 months after surgery.Main Outcome Measures Visual acuity,the best corrected visual acuity, spherical aberration(C 12),the root mean square of the total higher-order aberration(RMSh),and contrast sensitivity at 4 kinds of light backgrounds.Results At 1 postoperative month,RMSh(0.30±0.68μm)and C12(0.07,±0.04μm)in aspherical IOL group were signifi- cantly lower than those of the spherical IOL group(0.49±0.14μm,0.36±0.06μm)(P=0.00)with a 6.0 mm aperture.At 3 postoperative months the RMSh(0.30±0.07μm)and C12(0.06±0.06μm)in aspherical IOL group were significantly lower than those of the spherical IOL group(0.47±0.14μm,0.34±0.06μm)(P=0.00)with a 6.0 mm aperture.The asphefieal IOL(Acrysof IQ)provided statistically sig- nificant better contrast sensitivity at all spatial frequencies under mesopic conditions(3 cd/m~2)with and without glare(P0.05).Con- clasion The aspherical IOL(Aerysof IQ)can reduce RMSh and C12,providing better contrast sensitivity in mesopic conditions,thus can improve visual quality.(Ophthalmol CHN,2008,17:94-97)


PURPOSE
Exercise-induced hypoxemia (EIH) in highly trained athletes is associated with an increase in histamine release (%H) during exercise. Certain cytokines, known as histamine-releasing factors, are capable of interacting with basophils and/or mast cells to cause the release of histamine. The aim of this study was to determine whether the increased histamine release in highly trained athletes is related to a high plasma level in interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta), IL-3, or IL-8 in arterial blood.

METHODS
These parameters were measured in 11 endurance athletes (23.2 +/- 1.2 yr (mean +/- SEM)) known to develop exercise-induced hypoxemia and 11 control subjects (25.0 +/- 1.1 yr) at rest, during an incremental exhaustive exercise test, and at the fifth minute of recovery.

RESULTS
Histamine release increased between rest and maximal exercise in the athletes (P < 0.01), showing a strong correlation with EIH (r = 0.76, P < 0.01) and was unchanged in the controls. IL-3 plasma concentration was not altered with training and/or with exercise. Circulating IL-8 levels were not different between trained and untrained subjects at any testing level and increased at maximal exercise in both groups (P < 0.01). IL-1beta plasma levels were higher in athletes than in controls (P < 0.05) at each testing level and increased during exercise only in the athletes (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION
An elevated concentration of IL-1beta in plasma and its association with increased IL-8 levels during exercise may partly explain the increase in %H associated with EIH in highly trained athletes. Histamine, IL-8, and IL-1beta releases during exercise reflect an inflammatory reaction, which is probably involved in EIH.


In many ways, what makes a "good" reverberation-chamber configuration for wireless over-the-air (OTA) tests that require signal demodulation is the opposite of what makes a good chamber configuration for EMC and EMI applications. For EMC/EMI tests, we strive for a highly reverberant, high Q environment with as little unstirred energy as possible to efficiently expose the device under test (DUT), on average, to the same isotropic, Gaussian-distributed field using a minimum number of mode-stirring states. Even though the DUT is not instantaneously exposed to the same field on a frequency-by-frequency basis, with a well-stirred chamber set-up the fields should, theoretically, be identically distributed when averaged over a modestirring sequence. The isotropy of the fields can be verified with a goodness-of-fit test to confirm that the magnitude of the fields are Rayleigh distributed. As well, providing the minimum loading to obtain the well-stirred condition [1] usually ensures excellent spatial uniformity when measured samples are averaged over a mode-stirring sequence, reducing the criticality of device placement in the chamber (subject to the constraints of the working volume for the specific reverberationchamber configuration at a given frequency of interest). On the other hand, for OTA testing, we often intentionally load the chamber with significantly more RF absorber than that required to meet the well-stirred condition in order to replicate the flat-fading channel conditions that wireless-device equalizers are designed to accommodate. Figure 5.1 illustrates this, where we see that a significant amount of absorbing material is needed to measure the correct value of receiver sensitivity, as indicated by the plateau in the value of total isotropic sensitivity (TIS). For smaller amounts of loading, the chamber set-up itself introduces distortion into the measurement [2-4]. This distortion obscures the goal of the OTA test, which is to assess the receiver's performance. Once the channel is sufficiently flat, adding additional amounts of absorber does not significantly affect the mean value of the measured TIS, although the uncertainty due to lack of spatial uniformity may increase. Seminal work in this area can be found in the literature, including [2-17]. Such loading is necessary to study device performance under conditions for which the


The defeat of neo-liberalism is no longer a question for debate. The triumph of neo-liberalism never occurred, the economic model of the free market is disintegrating before our eyes, and in the countries of Eastern Europe the words and expressions comprising the liberal lexicon have taken on the force of obscenities. This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website , where most recent articles are published in full. Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.


The features of the application of different soils under turf laying in permafrost conditions. Considers tillage techniques and training soils conditions bookmark lawns, seeding and planting, care in the summer and winter seasons. The recommendations for depth bookmark lawns, burrows for moms-seeding, types of grass mixtures and planting shrubs schemes, doses of mineral fertilizers.


The kinetic form of the suppression of the perchlorate catalysis of the methanolysis of triphenylmethyl chloride in benzene solvent by tetra-n-butylammonium chloride has been investigated. This is consistent with a catalysis brought about by a simple perchlorate ion, suppressed by a competition between such ions and alkylammonium chloride ion-pairs for the alkyl halide ion-pair.The results are discussed in relation to the qualitatively similar special salt effects observed in acetolysis reactions by Winstein and co-workers, with particular reference to the necessity of the concept of intimate and solvent-separated ion-pairs in the interpretation of these effects.


Effects of Ni cation substitution on the copper sites are examined in the Y-Ba-Cu-O system in the concentration range 0{le}{ital x}{le}0.15. The ferromagnetic and two types of antiferromagnetic substitution are considered for both copper sublattices. Pronounced differences between these types of doping'' in terms of partial densities of state (DOS), the Fermi level, and the DOS at the Fermi level are found only in the case when the Cu(1) sublattice is doped.'' The calculated x-ray emission and x-ray photoemission spectra show distinct differences between chain or plane alloying; however, they are clearly too insensitive to provide information about the preferred type of the magnetic arrangement.''


The ever-increasing energy consumption in large-scale distributed computing systems such as clusters, grids and clouds raises social, technical, economical, and environmental concerns. Therefore, designing novel energy-efficient approaches, to reduce energy consumption, at all levels of distributed system architecture is of great importance for the whole society. However, the essential step towards the introduction of energy-efficiency in large-scale distributed systems is to measure the power consumption, accurately, reliably, and continually in each component of the system. This paper briefly surveys the current approaches for measuring and profiling power consumption in large scale distributed systems. Furthermore, the practical case study of a real-time power measurement in multi-core computing system, as a basic building block of a distributed computing system, is presented.


Thank you very much for reading balada del viejo marinero y otros poemas. As you may know, people have look numerous times for their chosen books like this balada del viejo marinero y otros poemas, but end up in harmful downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some harmful virus inside their desktop computer. balada del viejo marinero y otros poemas is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our book servers hosts in multiple locations, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the balada del viejo marinero y otros poemas is universally compatible with any devices to read.


The corrosion inhibition of mild steel by coffee husk aqueous extract (1) and its high molecular weight fraction (2) was investigated in 1 mol L -1 HCl medium. Gravimetric tests showed that for both inhibitors, inhibition efficiency ( IE ) increased with time and extract concentration, reaching a IE of 89.2% and 90.3% for 800 mg L -1 of inhibitors (1) and (2), respectively, in 24 h of immersion. Gravimetric tests varying temperature showed the activation energy ( E a ) barely varied for Inhibitor 1. For Inhibitor 2 a decrease in E a was noted, a hint it is attached on the metal surface by chemisorption. Polarization curves indicated that both extracts act as mixed type inhibitors. Impedance results showed a decrease in double layer capacitance ( C dl ) and an increase in charge transfer resistance ( R ct ), with a better performance for inhibitor (2). Both extracts presented a good linearity with respect to Langmuir isotherm, an evidence of a monolayer formation. Our results suggest inhibitor 1 acts by purely blocking the metal surface, and in case of inhibitor 2, it screens the metal surface and reduces the activation energy.


First, for data set v10 in the heuristic comparison test 1, we should have reported 20,472 instead of 23,671 as the result of Tate and Smith (2005). This oversight on our part means that the reported improvement for this data set should have been 2.32%. Second, the corresponding author failed to cite a personal communication from Venkat Narayan in June of 1999 (Narayan, 1999) in which he introduced the author to the sequence-pair representation and suggested the core


. Graded ditopological texture spaces have been presented and discussed in categorical aspects by Lawrence M. Brown and Alexander ˇSostak in [7]. In this paper, the authors generalize the structure of diuniformity in ditopological texture spaces defined in [13] to the graded ditopological texture spaces and investigate graded ditopologies generated by graded diuniformities. The autors also compare the properties of diuniformities and graded diuniformities.


Introduction: An incidental adnexal mass is a common finding that is routinely evaluated by gynecologists and gynecologic oncologists. In fact, in the United States nearly 5 to 10% of women at some point in their lives will undergo surgical evaluation of a suspected ovarian neoplasm. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted in the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belgaum during the period of September 2012 to August 2013. Data like age, age of menarche, menstrual history, menopause, gravida, surgery, OC pill and family history were noted from the records available in Department of Medical Records and recorded on a predesigned and pretested proforma. Results: The present study was conducted in the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belgaum during the period of September 2012 to August 2013 on a total of 300 women. A total of 150 women who presented with ovarian tumor during past three years were grouped as cases and compared with 150 age, parity and use of OCP matched women with intact ovary with or without hysterectomy were grouped as controls. Conclusion: In this study 63.33% of the women who belonged to controls had tubal ligation compared to 52.67% of the women among the cases. The Odds ratio was found to be 0.644 (95% CI – 0.406 to 1.022; z= 1.868; p=0.061) indicating that the tubal ligation was associated with lower odds of development of ovarian tumor. Based on these findings it may be concluded that, there is limited relation between risk of ovarian tumor and tubal ligation as the difference was statistically not significant.


Background: Over the last several decades, the field of solid organ transplantation (SOT) science and practice has advanced significantly, only to be continually challenged by the risks for infection in SOT recipients. Aim: We aimed to study the risk factors for post-transplant infection. Methods: The study was a retrospective cohort. It included 27 pediatric patients underwent liver transplantation (LTx). All patients' records were reviewed. A wide range of potential risk factors for infection and post-transplant complications were recorded. Followup data were collected for 1.5 years post-transplant, every infection attack during this period were subjected to detailed risk analysis. Results: The first month post-LTx encountered 50% of infections. Older age and higher body mass index of the donor, prolonged short ischemia time, anhepatic phase, roux-en-y biliary anastomosis and intensive care unit (ICU) stay duration were associated with higher risk of infection. Bacterial and fungal organisms were predominant in the 1st month post LTx, while viral and protozoal organisms were predominant thereafter. Rejection is one of the common complications that initially misdiagnosed as infection. Aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase at cutoff levels of 101, 101, 433 and 231 IU/L respectively were significant discriminators between infection and rejection, with higher levels in the latter. Conclusion: Infection is a significant cause of morbidity after LTx. Inappropriate donor selection, surgical complications and ICU stay duration were associated with higher risk of infection. The 1 st month post LTx was the most critical period; infections predominant during this period were mainly of the bacterial and fungal types. Transaminases and biliary enzymes, but not FK trough level, were significant discriminators between infection and rejection with an overall 88.4% accuracy.


An understanding of the importance and need of large wood in river systems has gained significant strength in the research and applied studies of eco-hydraulics in recent history. Large wood structures are being incorporated into habitat restoration project designs at a more frequent rate today than ever before. There is usually a significant impact to the local hydraulics with the addition of these types of structures that drives their geomorphic influence. Successful restoration projects require an understanding of the relationship between the structure, resultant hydraulic processes, and eventual geomorphic forms. Having greater confidence in how to best represent these features numerically will aid in their design helping drive down inflated safety factors resulting in better, faster, cheaper installations as well as ensure feature effectiveness, stability, and longevity. The Bureau of Reclamation has partnered with the Sonoma County Water Agency to research how to best represent large wood structures in a depth-averaged two-dimensional numerical hydraulic model (SRH-2D) by using a selection of methodologies through a matrix of varying model parameters and techniques. Applying the results of this sensitivity analysis to a field data set the best overall methodology was selected and it was determined just how applicable twodimensional hydraulics modeling can be in representing large wood structures.


Regarding《JJF1059-1999》as the norm,the uncertainty for measurement result of the standard apparatus for current transformer is evaluated.In order to rationally indicate the dispersivity of measurement value specifically,the measurement results of ratio error and phase displacement of current transformer are evaluated with scientific approach,based on which the ability of calibration and measurement of the standard apparatus is determined and the veracity basis is provided with establishing the highest current standard for Shaanxi power system.


The autocatalytic cyclohexane oxidation was investigated in a lab-scale bubble column reactor with on-line measurement of bubble sizes. Significant conversion was obtained at temperatures between 420 and 430 K. The main products were found to be cyclohexyl-hydroperoxide, cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone. Rising oxygen concentrations favour the production of cyclohexanone. Temperature mainly affects the induction time. At conversion rates greater than 5% bubble coalescence was inhibited, affecting bubble size distributions for gas hold-ups above 1%.


This paper reviews the development of the ROK policy on North Korea and its relations with inter-Korean economic cooperation over the past 15 years. It also briefly assesses the current status of inter-Korean economic cooperation and discusses its future development. In addition, the paper argues as follows. The ROK policy on North Korea consists of three parts: 1) the basic perceptions of the existing DPRK regime, 2) set of prioritized policy goals such as peace, coexistence and unification between the two Koreas and 3) various policy measures with the most important being inter-Korean economic cooperation. As a result, changes in the perceptions of the DPRK or in prioritizing policy goals on North Korea have had direct impacts on both the pattern and performance of inter-Korean economic cooperation and vice versa. It means that interKorean economic cooperation has been fundamentally driven by the ROK government. For future development, however, this governmentled economic cooperation should be converted into a private sector-led initiative that can be relatively free from the changes in South Korea's policy on the DPRK. This private sector-led economic cooperation will also allow the ROK government to pursue its policy on North Korea in more efficient and rational ways.


SANTILLÁN, J. E. The structure of visual space and the perception of collinearity in open field: analysis of procedures, model testing and cognitive aspects. 2009. 176 p. Tese (Doutorado) Faculdade de Filosofía, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2009. The purpose of the present work was to investigate, using a spatial configuration of collinear stimuli in the open field, the accuracy and stability of the adjustments and distance estimates. Aspects related with the collinearity task were analyzed and the data confronted with the phenomenon of the anisotropy of perceived space. In addition, the results were fitted using different theoretical models, assessing their implications for the geometry of the visual space. The cognitive aspects related with this kind of task, when used in the open field, were also considered, particularly these referred to mental visualization and cognitive correction. 96 volunteers participated in the different experiments of this study, with a mean age of 26 years old for women and 28 for the men. In the collection of the experimental data, indirect measures were used, in particular a kind of exocentric pointing task, and, also, direct measures, like verbal judgments. The result shows that the observers achieved a good performance in the collinearity task, with errors varying systematically in function of the egocentric distance to the target. The results of the collinearity task were analogous to those found in the literature, and they didn't show significant variations when one more target, indicating the center of the spatial configuration of stimuli, was added on. The egocentric and exocentric distance judgments were adjusted using different theoretical models (lineal, power function, Common model, Tangle). The best fit was obtained by the Tangle, the non-linear model of Foley, Ribeiro-Filho and Da Silva (2004) (with RMSE=0,29m for egocentric distances and 0,31m for exocentric distances). In this model it was evidenced that the inequality of the triangle was accomplished for angles that varied from 67 to 101 degrees, while the sum of the segments of the collinearity lines didn't equal the value of the total distance among their extreme points. The anisotropy of the visual space found in the experiments, was coherent with the reports in the literature, appearing as a phenomenon difficult of being represented geometrically. The evidences presented in this work point to the relevance of the cognitive processes when performing spatial tasks such as: collinearity adjust, mental visualization, distance estimation, with the cognitive corrections increasing as the complexity of the visual environment grown. They were also found differences in the judgements according to the observers' sex, with variations depending on the considered tasks. Summarizing, the present experimental work contributed to this area of research, with an analysis about the procedures based on the adjust of collinearity, the application of the theoretical model of Foley, Ribeiro-Filho and Da Silva (2004) in estimatives based on this kind of tasks in the open field, as well on the related cognitive aspects. Key-words: Visual perception. Space perception. Distance perception. Psychophysics.


A blind space-time joint channel and direction of arrival (DOA) estimation method is proposed for DS-CDMA systems. The new method employs a linear antenna array and requires only the signature sequence and timing of the desired user to blindly estimate the channel pa- rameters and the DOA. Two blind algorithms that exploit antenna arrays are also proposed for enhancing the channel estimates. Simulations show the improvements for channel estimation of our method and algorithms over existing techniques and the accuracy achieved for DOA computation.


Essentially new technology of the manure processing into the high-quality concentrated organic fertilizers on the cattle farms is offered. This technology is tested in Shaumyan collective farm (agricultural production cooperative) from Myasnikovskyi district of the Rostov region.


A new method of fast predicating system stability based on system identification is presented in this paper.By means of distinguishing the stability margin of power system,stability simulation can be terminated in advance.Therefore,it is possible to realize on line quasi realtime stability control.


Mônica Moreno Gabira , Richardson Barbosa Gomes da Silva , Fernanda Pacheco de Almeida Prado Bortolheiro , Caroline de Moura D'Andrea Mateus , Roberto Lyra Villas Boas , Sergio Rossi , Miguel Montoro Girona , Magali Ribeiro da Silva (2) The production of forest seedlings with adequate morphological and physiological characteristics is essential for the success of plantations. Substrates and irrigation are the major factors determining seedlings' growth. Substrates made of urban and agricultural residues are a sustainable alternative to peatbased substrates. In this study, we evaluated how composted sewage sludge substrates affect the growth and gas exchange in seedlings of Cedrela fissilis Vell. Seedlings were produced under daily irrigation depths of 6, 9, and 12 mm, and on different substrates. The substrates were based on sewage sludge composted with Eucalyptus bark or sugarcane bagasse, and a commercial substrate based on peat, involving a double factorial design with 12 treatments (3 irrigation depths × 3 substrates). Both physical and chemical characteristics of substrates were analyzed, and morphological traits and gas exchanges of seedlings were measured. Sewage sludge-based substrates presented different characteristics according to the material it was mixed. Eucalyptus bark provided higher bulk density (0.19 g cm) and lower total porosity (75%) to the substrate, while sugarcane bagasse increased macroporosity up to 60%. Seedlings produced in sewage sludge-based substrates presented a height up to 17.8 cm and stem diameters of between 8.39-10.29 mm. Higher shoot and root dry mass was obtained in sewage sludge-based substrates with irrigation depth of 9 mm, which were 3.71 and 2.01 g, respectively. Photosynthetic carbon assimilation varied between 2.26 and 3.23 μmol CO2 m s, and water use efficiency varied from 2.058 to 3.395 μmol CO2 (mol H2O), with the highest values being obtained in seedlings produced in sewage sludge-based substrates with irrigation depth of 6 mm. Our results demonstrate that sewage sludgebased substrates are an efficient alternative to commercial peat-based substrates for seedling production.


The COVID-19 pandemic has changed many people's lifestyles. Restrictions on community activities require the community to be smart in dealing with the situation to be able to maintain economic conditions and the health of their families. In the development of society which is now instantaneous, the increase in public consumption is also followed by an increase in waste which is a source of environmental problems (pollution). With the majority of the livelihoods of the residents of Beringin Raya Village being informal, they are most affected by the pandemic. Therefore, there needs to be other activities that provide direct benefits to the community. An activity that is easy to do and provides great benefits, one of which is to process organic household waste for something more valuable, in this case eco enzyme. With housewives as the spearhead of change, their involvement in outreach activities to increase knowledge and skills is important. Not only the provision of materials but also demonstrations of making eco-enzymes and distribution of samples became the motivation to make changes.


In this survey paper we discuss the recent techniques for software architecture evaluation methods for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) systems that use fuzzy control methodology. We discuss the current methodologies and evaluation approaches, identify their limitations, and discuss the open research issues. These issues include methods used to evaluate the level of risk, communications latency, availability, sensor performance, automation, and human interaction.


Despite the negative associations with the term, social design is about creating new social forms (or buttressing existing ones) through leveraging the features of social settings. Recent years have seen more of a trend towards understanding social design as social interventions meant to create positive change for a greater good. At the same time, there lacks a clear articulation of the steps needed in order to engineer a social design project. Through an examination of the Fun House Project, the purpose of this paper is to show how a social design project can be presented in a design process format. Our goals are to explicate the social design process, to make it visible, to articulate it, and to provide an example of a procedural format for social design projects.


Purpose
This study aims to examine how employee advocacy, via the value and credibility of their professional social media content, affects their followers' attitudes toward the brand through the mediating role of parasocial relationships.

Design/methodology/approach
A quantitative research was used, and questionnaires were answered by LinkedIn users who follow at least one person they consider to be an employee advocate. A total of 390 responses were analyzed using structural equation modeling.

Findings
The results suggest that the credibility of an employee advocate positively impacts the parasocial relationship between the user and the employee, which, in turn, impacts the user's attitude toward the brand represented by the employee advocate.

Practical implications
The results of this study suggest that employee advocacy on LinkedIn can shape positive attitudes toward the advocate's brand. These findings suggest that organizations should consider employee content and credibility as strategic tools in marketing communications.

Originality/value
This study delineates the linkages between the credibility and content value of the employee advocate, the parasocial relationship they have with followers and their attitude toward the brand. This research contributes to the literature on employee advocacy and studies on the concepts of parasocial interactions and relationships.