One million three hundred thousand people left Sweden for America between 1860 and 1930. In the same period, approximately two hundred thousand people returned to Sweden. "Coming Full Circle?" is an analysis of the fate and local impact of the local returnees on the Bjare peninsula in southern Sweden. This thesis examines anew both the sources used by previous Swedish research and previously neglected material. The earlier Swedish research deemed the American experiences of the returnees and their impact on local Swedish communities to be insignificant. This thesis shows that methodological errors and use of insufficient source material hampered the results of the previous Swedish research. This resulted in premature conclusions concerning the effect of the return migration, both on the returnees and on the local communities. The returnees to the Bjare peninsula were both economically and politically successful. The time spent in America enabled many returnees to climb socially or at least maintain the same social status as their parents, despite poor odds. Compared to their peers who hade remained in the Bjare peninsula, the returnees more successfully managed to avoid proletarianization. The time spent in America also affected the lifestyles of the returnees, lifestyles that many returnees maintained to some degree after their return to Sweden. Through their more affluent lifestyles and economic successes, the returnees played a part in the transformation of the Bjare peninsula. The results from the the Bjare peninsula show that the Swedish returnees were not as unique as has been argued by the previous research. On the contrary, the Bjare returnees displayed many of the features associated with return migration that has been found in other countries around the world.


This book, nicely printed and well-illustrated, with numerous colour photographs, is a heavily revised and updated version of Y. Er Scarborough's Ph.D. dissertation completed at Cornell University in 1991 on the funerary monuments of Rough Cilicia and Isauria during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. The core of the thesis is three regional survey chapters (3. Rock-cut tombs and sarcophagi of Rough Cilicia; 4. Monumental and built tombs of Rough Cilicia; and 5. Funerary monuments in Isauria), with further chapters of preliminaries (1), historical overview (2), and conclusions (6).


Do the critical pedagogic approaches adopted by teachers fully succeed in deconstructing the UN's institutionalised power relations? Applying an intersectional feminist lens to the analysis of curriculum design, this essay examines how two undergraduate modules taught at British universities between 2013 and 2016 are structured according to a repressive 'neo-liberal gender logic', and considers the implications this has for how gendered war and peace are conceptualised; and how male and female students are socialised as future employees of institutions.


The utility model relates to the technical field of machinery, in particular to a nitrogen charging device of a foaming machine, which comprises a polyether charging barrel, a manual valve, a pressure gauge, a densimeter, a circulating pump, a nitrogen storage tank, a pressure adjusting valve, an electromagnetic valve, a check valve, a pressure sensor, a static mixer, a polyether pipeline and a nitrogen pipeline. Compared with the prior art, the nitrogen charging device not only reduces viscosity of the polyether, but also improves foaming mixing effects of the foaming machine, and saves raw material consumption, thereby reducing production cost.


Although the knowledge about Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD) and its risk factors and treatment is continuously growing, it still remains the most likely reason of mortality in western countries. In general, the short timespan between witnessed symptoms and sudden death caused by cardiovascular disease is about one hour or, if no symptoms are observed, 24 hours. The preliminary occurring Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA) bases in approximately 70% of all SCD cases on Coronary Heart Diseases (CHD) provoking Myocardial Infarctions (MI) by atherosclerotic plaque on myocardial relevant arteries. Consequently, the restricted blood flow reduces the oxygen density triggering the mechanism of fibrotic scarring, in which connective tissue replaces the functional muscle tissue. This unexcitable collagenous scar tissue alters the myocardial conductivity. Untreated, arrhythmias, in particular ventricular fibrillation (VF), can be initiated being responsible for 50% of total SCD3,4. During VF ventricular muscles twitches randomly rather than contracting ending up with an interrupted pump activity. Recent developments show that the correction of cardiac conductivity by using Catheter Ablation (CA) can decrease the risk of VF and, consequently, SCD. An Electrophysiology Study (EPS) offers the electric potential map of the myocardium and indicates abnormal electrical circuits interrupting the propagation of electrical impulses. These causative fibrotic areas are terminated through heating induced by catheter-based electrodes with alternating current in the radiofrequency range. Low resolution aggravates a precise differentiation between affected and physiological myocardial tissue. In addition, applied to muscle tissue CA has also the ability to cause fibrotic scarring explaining the relation between unprecise guidance of CA and a higher probability of recurrences. Promising imaging modalities to increase the therapeutic success are advanced techniques such as Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) microscopy and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) for more sensitive diagnostics. SHG imaging can reveal density and individual fibril morphology of collagen. Classification into different stages of fibrillogenesis can be performed allowing allocation of examined cardiac tissue into non-infarcted, pharmacological treated and untreated. In contrast, OCT provides real-time three-dimensional imaging of tissue morphology. Switching from structural to spectroscopic investigation, Raman excitation offers the unique molecular fingerprint and, therefore, the conclusive evidence of molecular changes in point-scan acquisition. Accordingly, combining OCT, SHG microscopy and Raman spectroscopy in one setup with a shared sample arm and a common objective facilitates to benefit from the individual advantages of each modality.


The following is a series of broad, poetic, indefensible, contradictory statements that attempt to suggest one possible path which might lead me towards a more exciting, vibrant, contemporary theatre. I publish them only to encourage discourse and incite originality.


In Britain and Belgium home-grown community soap has proven instrumental in the public service's wooing of the national/regional audience in terms of ratings, image building and the process of enculturation. The community subgenre, characterized by social commitment and realism, imposes itself as the public service's privileged soap model and the culturally most specific soap model. As such Thuis/At Home, a home-grown nonexportable regional community soap, produced by the Flemish public service VRT, lends itself to an investigation of the articulation/construction of Flemishness conducted against the backdrop of a comparative study between Thuis and its British counterpart EastEnders. Through an examination of the construction of the community, social class and gender, as well as thematic preoccupations and a narrative/ideological analysis of representative storylines, I attempt to distil the unarticulated givens of Thuis's social structure as indicative of the agenda of the society that watches the soap. Thuis's preoccupation with conflict and crime coupled with authority-in-crisis, the influence of American soaps in terms of female stereotyping and lack of a common ground geographically, historically and in terms of class conspire to the construction of an imaginary, inward-looking community and a conservative worldview at the expense of female-centred narratives and difference. Cultural tropes and most importantly, an informal standardized language which has become the point of resistance against Dutch and French linguistic and cultural hegemony unify the heterogeneous Flemish community on and offscreen.


Swelling of neck always have a wide range of differential diagnosis. Salivary glands are group of organs that secretes saliva which helps in normal functioning of the oral cavity. Many conditions affect the salivary gland because of its size and location. Sialadenitis is the inflammatory condition of the salivary gland which is commonly encountered yet infrequently discussed topic. Sialoliths are calcified organic matter that forms with in the secretory system of the major and minor salivary glands. Sialolithiasis is one of the major causes for sialadenitis which has been shown in many studies. Here we have discussed about a swelling which was present in the right submandibular region with a duration of 3 weeks for which OPG, Lateral Ceph and Ultrasound has been taken for finalising the diagnosis.


Crystal growth of 6H-SiC(01-14) on 3C-SiC(001) substrates was studied. In order to obtain large size alpha-SiC crystal, it is important to grow 6H-SiC layer on 3C-SiC substrate. There is a possibility of obtaining low density of MOS interface states using 6H-SiC(01-14) plane. Sublimation epitaxy was used to obtain 6H-SiC(01-14) grown layer. The grown surface of 6H-SiC(01-14) was observed by optical microscope. The polytype of the grown layers were investigated by photoluminescence and Raman scattering spectroscopy. It is shown that polytype transformation from 3C-SiC to 6H-SiC was achieved. Introduction Silicon carbide (SiC) is an important and promising semiconductor material for the power device applications. There are many polytypes of SiC. It is important to form large diameter alpha-SiC substrate such as 4Hand 6H-SiC for device applications. 3C-SiC hetero-epitaxy on silicon substrate by chemical vapor deposition has been well reported in the literature and today the technology for the growth of large diameter 3C-SiC on Si substrate has been achieved. In order to obtain large size alpha-SiC crystal, it is important to grow 6H-SiC layers on 3C-SiC substrates. 6H-SiC(01-14) plane is inclined by 54.7 degrees toward <01-10> axis from (0001) basal plane (Fig.1). Recently, high performances of MOSFET devices using a-planes such as 4H-SiC(03-38) and 4H-SiC(11-20) are reported [1,2]. On the other hand, the Si(001) plane is used for MOSFET studies because of lower density of interface states compared to other planes. The 6H-SiC(01-14) plane is equivalent to the Si(001) plane and the 6H-SiC(0001) plane is equivalent to the Si(111) plane. Hence, there is a possibility of obtaining low density of MOS interface states using the 6H-SiC(01-14) plane. The sublimation growth of the 6H-SiC(01-14) plane on 3C-SiC(001) substrate has been reported [3,4]. Based on this background, it is interesting to grow 6H-SiC(01-14) on 3C-SiC(001) substrates by sublimation epitaxy. <111> <0001>


Summary. 1. A method is described for the direct measurement of oxidative N-demethylation in liver mierosomes. It is based on the spectral difference of the substrate l~-monomethyl-p-nitroaniline and its demethylation product p-nitroaniline. The kinetics of the disappearance of N-monomethyl-p-nitroaniline in suspensions of washed rat or mouse liver microsomes can be determined spectrophotometrically at 420 nm. The pyridine-nucleotide eofaetor requirement of this reaction has been studied with the result that only NADPH is active, while NADI-I has no effect. The reaction can be inhibited by the microsome inhibitor SKF 525-A. 2. Phenobarbital stimulation of this reaction was compared to that of O-demethylation of p-nitroaniso]e. Iu N-demethylation the stimulation quotient, i.e. the ratio of stimulated versus normal activity, was found to be consistently around 3, while that of O-demethy]ation is close to 2. The substrate constant Ks for N-monomethyl-p-nitroaniline of 0.715 =~ 0.023-10 -~ increases on stimulation to 1.89 ~= 0,14 • 10 -4. The Ks of O-demethylation, however, remains unchanged on stimulation. The observations suggest the coexistence of different enzyme proteins for the two demethylation reactions, without, of course, furnishing direct evidence. D,n-ethionine in doses of 100 mg/kg and above abolishes stimulation. Die oxydative Abspaltung von Alky]resten vom Stickstoffatom ist ein im O rganismns hi~ufig beschrittener Weg zur ehemischen Inaktivierung yon Arzneistoffen. Viele Ph~rmaka sind sekundi~re oder tertiiire Amine. Ihre N-Methylgruppe kann in der Leberze]le dutch arzneimittelabbauende Enzymsysteme unter Bildung eines Mols Formaldehyd abgespalten werden. Als Beispiel ffir diesen geaktionstyp ist die N-Demethylierung yon Amidopyrin zu Monomethylaminoa ntipyrin und weiter zu Aminoantipyrin sehr h~ufig untersueht worden (B~omE u. AXELI~OD, 1950 ; HALBEI~KANN U.


Medical staff working at mental health care facilities believes that patients' aggressive behaviors are relatively rare but also inevitable part of the job. The personnel commonly follow such a belief and accept aggressive episodes due to absence of advance awareness training programs and gaps in the standard operational procedures that could minimize patients violent acts and enhance workplace safety. The systemic solutions how to proceed when facing patient aggression are still weak or missing. The medical staffers should not be left alone with negative emotions or fear after they were confronted with the patients aggression. The co-workers' supporting conversations and professional advice to the victimized personnel can significantly help to cope with difficult emotions, and in the long term prevent frustration and burnout.


Over the past decade, granular computing has rapidly emerged as a new paradigm for distributed information systems. This paper describes an approach to develop service-oriented systems with granular computing theories and OMG standard UML (Unified Modelling Language)[1,4]. The paper goes on to outline how to integrate granular computing structures, methodology and UML for modelling, organising and addressing systems through a case study of emergency assistance service system (EAS). Our approach to building software development solutions emphasizes the importance of using granular computing structures, methodology and domain modelling as a critical initial step in developing and producing software architectures and applications. It aims to present an effective schedule and plan for software development process and addressing activities characteristics, whilst reducing the complexity of the complex systems' design and development by exploiting granular computing and UML's productivity potential.


The 3D structure of biological tissue is crucial to gain structural insights for physiology and pathology. Histological section images have higher resolution compared to MR and CT image. Therefore, a 3D model reconstructed from histological section images gives us more detailed structural information. However, histological section images have non-rigid deformation (e.g. tissue stretching, tearing) caused by the sectioning process of the tissue. This deformation causes a gap between neighbor images. Therefore, image registration is required to reduce the gap for reconstructing 3D model from histological sections. In the registration process, we obtain appropriate transformation that maps the source image onto the target one. Several popular methods in registration for histological images [1], [2] are based on the Free-form deformations (FFD) with B-spline interpolation. FFD estimates displacement at control points and calculates the displacement at every point using interpolation. However, the descriptive power of the deformation highly depends on the resolution of the grid of the control points [3]. In this paper, we propose a novel non-rigid registration method that extends FFD. The proposed method has three improvements on the displacement field. First, each control point has a rigid transformation (translation and rotation) where a control point of FFD has a displacement (translation). Second, the interpolation method is also modified as a weighted blending of rigid transformations rather than taking a weighted sum of translational vectors. Third, the control points are defined not on a grid, but on several local regions according to the pattern


Cyclophosphamide (CP) has been widely used in the treatment of various malignancies and autoimmune diseases, but acrolein, a byproduct of CP, causes severe hemorrhagic cystitis as the major side effect of CP. On the other hand, a large amount of prostacyclin (PGI2) is produced in bladder tissues, and PGI2 has been shown to play a critical role in bladder homeostasis. PGI2 is biosynthesized from prostaglandin (PG) H2, the common precursor of PGs, by PGI2 synthase (PTGIS) and is known to also be involved in inflammatory responses. However, little is known about the roles of PTGIS‐derived PGI2 in bladder inflammation including CP‐induced hemorrhagic cystitis. Using both genetic and pharmacological approaches, we here revealed that PTGIS‐derived PGI2‐IP (PGI2 receptor) signaling exacerbated CP‐induced bladder inflammatory reactions. Ptgis deficiency attenuated CP‐induced vascular permeability and chemokine‐mediated neutrophil migration into bladder tissues and then suppressed hemorrhagic cystitis. Treatment with RO1138452, an IP selective antagonist, also suppressed CP‐induced cystitis. We further found that cystitis‐related nociceptive behavior was also relieved in both Ptgis−/− mice and RO1138452‐treated mice. Our findings may provide new drug targets for bladder inflammation and inflammatory pain in CP‐induced hemorrhagic cystitis.


The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) has been designated as a facility instrument on the first NASA polar orbiting platform as part of the Earth Observing System (Eos) and is scheduled for launch in the late 1990s. The near-global daily coverage of MODIS, combined with its continuous operation, broad spectral coverage, and relatively high spatial resolution, makes it central to the objectives of Eos. The development, implementation, production, and validation of the core MODIS data products define a set of functional, performance, and operational requirements on the data system that operate between the sensor measurements and the data products supplied to the user community. The science requirements guiding the processing of MODIS data are reviewed, and the aspects of an operations concept for the production of data products from MODIS for use by the scientific community are discussed. >


Organic semiconductors have become essential parts of thin-film electronic devices, particularly as hole transport layers in perovskite solar cells where they represent one of the major bottlenecks to further enhancements in stability and efficiency.


Nitrogen-containing carbon nanotubes were obtained by pyrolysis of acetonitrile (CH3CN) at 850 °C over catalytic nanoparticles formed by the thermal decomposition of Co and Ni bimaleates or their mutual solutions. Structure and composition of synthesized samples were studied by electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It is found that the yield of the nanotubes, the quality of the layer packing, and nitrogen content in the CNx nanotubes depend on the catalyst composition. XPS of the N 1s spectra show that nitrogen atoms are in two different electronic states in the carbon nanotubes. According to quantum chemical calculations these states can be ascribed to nitrogen atoms substituting for carbon atoms in the graphite network and pyridine-like atoms. It was shown that the nanotubes synthesized using catalyst with the ratio Ni/Co 1:1 contain the greatest proportion of pyridine-like nitrogen.


Abstract The article addresses the recent problem of borehole lifting of oil containing sand solids. The presence of sand in oil produced results in a reduced operating life of downhole equipment. The problem of preventing sanding up and sand formation in pumping equipment may be solved and stable sand production may be ensured by producing oil using borehole screw pumps with a surface-type drive, in which the screw is rotated by rotating hollow rods. Rotating hollow rods improve carry-over of sand particles to the surface with rotational oil flow by imparting additional momentum to these particles. Rotational variables of the pipe (cylinder) that enables transport of solids are set only for the air flow moving in a horizontal pipe (cylinder). The purpose of the study is to establish pipe rotational variables in directional wells that enable stable sand transport with fluid flow. Work results have been obtained from numerical studies using the differential equation system and rules of theoretical solid movement, computer simulation and experimental results processing at a laboratory facility. Theoretical study results have been acknowledged by experimental studies. The work establishes the criteria that allow defining the speed range of directional hollow rods that enables carry-over of solids to the surface with fluid flow. Study results may be used to produce oil with submersible screw pumps with a surface-type drive that use hollow sucker rods for pump down.


Green Alternative to Bisphenol A Found Bisphenol A (BPA) is as ubiquitous in our life today as its use is controversial. While this compound is found in clear plastics, epoxy resins, adhesives, etc., a number of studies in recent years have been published suggesting its potentially harmful effect on humans. Richard Wool from the University of Delaware and his team have synthesized a lignin-based Green alternative called bisguaiacol-F (BGF). It has mechanical properties similar to BPA but without BPA's harmful effects. Wool and his team used derivatives of lignin, which is a heavily aromatic natural polymer easily available from plant material. Over 70 million tonnes of lignin is produced each year as a byproduct of the paper industry. However, most of it is wasted by incineration. The research team is now working on ways to turn this into plastics. On the one hand, that would cut waste and on the other reduce dependence on oil. BGF is structurally similar to BPA, having two hydroxyphenyl groups. It is synthesised by reacting two lignin breakdown products, vanilyl alcohol and guaiacol. Wool and his colleagues have shown that BGF-based polymers have thermal stability and mechanical strength similar to those based on BPA. However, BGF is also sufficiently different to BPA. It does not cause endocrine disrupting effects. According to the team members, their process could easily be scaled up. The first BGF-based plastics could be marketed in the next –two to five years. While welcoming the development, experts have cautioned that more advanced toxicity tests have to be carried out on the new materials to make sure they are actually safer than BPA. [1]


This work represents a subset of a Masters' research, which investigated how the pedagogical and non-pedagogical professional practices of mathematics teachers who teach in adult education are developed. In this paper we present the curricular management practices, tasks and materials, communication and evaluation. Through a case study of the daily activities of three math teachers who teach young people and adults, a qualitative research was developed, whose investigative tools were field observations, semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. Our study indicated that curriculum management practices are determined by a straightforward exposition teaching style, based on problem solving. Regarding the proposed tasks, teachers do not resort to learning materials other than blackboard and chalk, and rarely use the textbook. Communication in the classroom is univocal, sometimes supplemented by inadequate metaphors, especially in the teaching of algebra. The practices of student evaluation are predominantly focused on the summative function.


In the region of Bankut and Omassa, Bukk Mountains the strength of the rocks of 29 outcrops was studied based on Rock Mass Rating (RMR). Strength of the rock masses showed no correlation with the material of the Formations they exposed, however, correlation between the orientation of valleys and ridges and the location of the most deformed rocks and thus that of the rock masses with poorest qualification could be observed.


Ribbed (Rogen) moraine in northeastern Minnesota associated with the Rainy Lobe of the Laurentide Ice Sheet is extensively distributed at transition of scoured Canadian Shield bedrock and thick drumlinized till and is associated with eskers. This setting suggests a strongly extensional glaciological setting as the ice transitions from bedrock to thick unconsolidated sediment. As part of our investigation of ribbed moraine formation simple glaciological modeling is used to conceptualize the ice flow regime and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) isused to study internal structure of the forms. Our numerical flow model used a specified accumulation pattern and basal shear stress distribution to calculate the balance velocity and assess increasing ice velocity across the bedrock-till transition where ribbed moraines occur. GPR profiles were collected parallel to ice flow and multiple profiles on one form were used for 3-dimensional analysis. Modeling suggests that the velocity increase across the transition is likely no greater than 100%. GPR reveals that about half of the ribbed moraine forms have an imbricated structure on the stoss side that we interpret as depositional. We conclude that ribbed moraine in NE Minnesota formed in a net erosional environment. As the drumlinized till thinned, ribbed moraine became the stable bedform. We interpret the imbricate structures on the stoss side of the forms as local deposition of till suggesting that the forms were migrating upglacier. The association with eskers suggests that effective subglacial drainage enhances ribbed moraine formation.


Practical Halbach array is only close to ideal structure, hence it has to be optimized and improved before being used in project. In this paper new approaches are presented to optimize 8-piece linear Halbach array. By changing the length, width and magnetization direction, we can get stronger magnetic field with less magnet. Optimization indexes are presented to get the reasonable length of the module; the rational width is calculated to get higher horizontal component of magnetic fields; and offset-Halbach structure is made to get even higher horizontal component of magnetic fields. All the optimizations and designs are tested in laboratory with practical Halbach arrays. These can be used in designs of magnets for future engineering applications.


Transplantation-associated thrombotic microangiopathy is associated with complement activation in vitro.This data further supports the use of eculizumab for the treatment of patients with TA-TMA.


A framework of simulation models for including human exposure to contaminants in regional scale aquifer management problems is presented. The framework includes horizontal flow and transport of contaminant plumes in the aquifer and multiple-pathway human exposure. Well water from the aquifer simulation model is used as the source of contaminant in the human exposure model. The exposure pathways considered for regional analysis are ingestion of foods grown using well water as part of the irrigation supply; ingestion and dermal absorption of contaminants in tap water; and inhalation of vaporized contaminants while bathing. An environmental compartment model is used to track the contaminant in irrigation water into the soil layers in contact with food products. The simulation framework is demonstrated in a study of the sensitivity of exposure to various aquifer and water supply parameters. The region used is hypothetical; however, the parameters are typical of California.


The first decade of the 21st century witnessed an historic reduction in global poverty and a near doubling of the number of people who could be considered middle income. But the emergence of a truly global middle class is still more promise than reality. In 2011, a majority of the world's population (56%) continued to live a low-income existence, compared with just 13% that could be considered middle income. And though there was growth in the middle-income population from 2001 to 2011, the rise in prosperity was concentrated in certain regions of the globe, namely China, South America and Eastern Europe. The middle class barely expanded in India and Southeast Asia, Africa, and Central America.


A thermophil bacterial strain(Bacillus stearothermophilus) which produces thermostable cellulase was screened from heat compost.Physiological and biochemical characteristics of the strain were studied.Otherwise,the cellulase was purified.The optimum temperature of cellulase reaction process was 66 ℃ and the optimum pH was 7.0.Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence sodium dodecyl sulphate resolved the cellulase into at least 8 subunits.


in present study, rate constants for radical degradation of 52 aromatic pollutants were predicted with QSAR model. The parameters of model were obtained from optimized calculation of aromatic pollutants that were carried out at B3LYP/6-311G** level with density functional theory. Then, different molecular descriptors were taken as theoretical descriptors to establish the QSAR models by partial least square regression analysis. The novel QSAR model contains four variables, of which square regression coefficient is 0.82, standard deviation is 0.10. The QSAR model obtained reveal the reliability and good predictivity for the prediction of the rate constants of aromatic pollutants.


Polymer flooding enhances oil recovery, but during the application of this technology, it also creates a large amount of polymer-contained produced water that poses a threat to the environment. The current processing is mainly focused on being able to meet the re-injection requirements. However, many processes face the challenges of purifying effect, facilities pollution, and economical justification in the field practice. In the present work, to fully understand the structure and principle of the oil field filter tank, and based on geometric similarity and similar flow, a set of self-designed filtration simulation devices is used to study the treatment of polymer-contained produced water in order to facilitate the satisfaction of the water injection requirements for medium- and low-permeability reservoirs. The results show that, due to the existence of polymers in oil field produced water, a stable colloidal system is formed on the surface of the filter medium, which reduces the adsorption of oil droplets and suspended solids by the filter medium. The existence of the polymers also increases the viscosity of water, promotes the emulsification of oil pollution, and increases the difficulty of filtration and separation. As filtration progresses, the adsorption of the polymers by the filter medium bed reaches saturation, and the polymers and oil pollution contents in the filtered water increase gradually. The concentration and particle size of the suspended solids eventually exceed the permissible standards for filtered water quality; this is mainly due to the unreasonable size of the particle in relation to the filter medium gradation and the competitive adsorption between the polymers and the suspended solids on the surface of the filter medium. The oil concentration of the filtered water also exceeds the allowable standards and results from the polymers replace the oil droplets in the pores and on the surfaces of the filter medium. Moreover, the suspended particles of the biomass, composed of dead bacteria, hyphae, and spores, have strong attachment and carrying ability with respect to oil droplets, which cause the suspended solids in the filtered water to exceed the permissible standards and oil droplets to be retained in the filtered effluent at the same time.


ABSTRACT In this paper, the ventilation of a "crêpe" paper-processing workshop containing dryers, which generate a high thermal load, is considered. Displacement ventilation has been used for many years in industries with high thermal load. The main ventilation design problem is to find the appropriate ventilation flow that guarantees that the interface between the fresh air zone and the hot air zone is located above the occupied region of the room. The paper presents a mathematical model, implemented in a general computer code that can provide detailed information on the velocity, temperature and moisture fields in three-dimensional buildings of any geometrical complexity. The simulation results could be used as a base for further analysis for ventilation design for other industrial processes producing high levels of thermal loads and moisture, intending to a proper ventilation system selection for a more healthy and comfort environment in a building.


Plants have served as a source of medicine to man for several decades now and still remain a source for vast potent bioactive molecules for the treatment of ailments. The anatomical and physiological features of plants may provide valuable characters and character states in assessing homology and elucidating phylogenetic relationships among plants. Anatomical features of vegetative as well as reproductive organs have been studied and the results of such research have found application in systematics, particularly for resolving controversial taxonomic problems. Vitex species possesses numerous biological activities proved by many experimental studies. One of the ancient uses of Vitex negundo Linn. documented in ayurveda is to provide mental peace. The leaf extract of Vitex negundo are generally used as preservation in storage of grain to protect the pulses against insects. Vitex leucoxylon Linn. is used as folkloric medicine in India for the treatment of cancer. The stem of Vitex negundo consists of wide parenchymatous pith, Chlorenchymatous hypodermis and TLS showing the multiseriate rays. Vitex leucoxylon TLS shows biseriate and uniseriate rays with intervessel pits.


Analysis of two water subsidy schemes--a means-tested subsidy in Chile and a geographically targeted subsidy in Colombia--shows that the means-tested system is better able to identify poor households than the geographically targeted scheme. However, the overall distributive impact of both schemes is quite similar, at least for the three lowest income deciles, because the amount of benefits per household in the geographically targeted Colombian scheme are differentiated by the socioeconomic classification of household. Despite the relative merits of the Chilean means-tested scheme, targeting errors are still quite large. More than 60 percent of subsidies accrue to households that are above the third decile of the income distribution. If the policy objective in Chile is to benefit a significant proportion of households in the lowest income deciles, then either the targeting mechanism must be improved or the number of subsidies has to increase to take into account these targeting imperfections. In Colombia a...


Cryptographic algorithms have played an important role in information security for protecting privacy. The literature provides evidence that many types of chaotic cryptosystems have been proposed. These chaotic systems encode information to obviate its orbital instability and ergodicity. In this work, a pseudo-random cryptographic generator algorithm with a symmetric key, based on chaotic functions, is proposed. Moreover, the algorithm exploits dynamic simplicity and synchronization to generate encryption sub-keys using unpredictable seeds, extracted from a chaotic zone, in order to increase their level of randomness. Also, it is applied to a simulated electrical energy consumption signal and implemented on a prototype, using low hardware resources, to measure physical variables; hence, the unpredictability degree was statistically analyzed using the resulting cryptogram. It is shown that the pseudo-random sequences produced by the cryptographic key generator have acceptable properties with respect to randomness, which are validated in this paper using National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) statistical tests. To complement the evaluation of the encrypted data, the Lena image is coded and its metrics are compared with those reported in the literature, yielding some useful results.


A 61-year-old male with human immunodeficiency virus was admitted for non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. He reported a three-year history of stable angina and was previously evaluated one year prior with an electrocardiogram exercise stress test, during which he was able to reach greater than 10 metabolic equivalents. Coronary angiography one year after this benign stress test revealed severe triple vessel disease. Here we describe unique considerations for the diagnosis of ischemic heart disease in patients with HIV-associated cardiometabolic disease.


ABSTRACT THE preceding papers in this series by Cuckler et al. (1956) and Cuckler and Malanga (1956) showed that nithiazide [1-ethyl-3-(5-nitro-2-thiazolyl) urea] was the most effective antihistomonad (blackhead) agent in a series of closely related compounds. Furthermore, nithiazide was found more potent and less toxic than 2-amino-5-nitrothiazole in experimental enterohepatitis. This paper presents the results of studies on the absorption and excretion of nithiazide by turkeys and chickens and the effect of this compound on their growth, maturation and reproduction. These studies have shown that chickens and turkeys tolerated nithiazide better than 2-amino-5-nitrothiazole or 2-acetylamino-5-nitrothiazole, chemically related compounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS The turkeys and chickens used in these studies were obtained from commercial sources when 1 day of age. Straight run Beltsville White turkeys and White Rock cross chicks were used in the laboratory experiments, and the birds were kept in electrically heated battery brooders. The floor-pen growth trials involved White . . .


A comparative behavioral study was carried out on Nile hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) after pairing in Lahore zoo from March 2008 to July 2008. Previous study was conducted in 2003 when the male hippopotamus (named: Raja) was leading a solitary life in Zoo. During the study carried out before pairing, Raja was observed as an inactive animal and totally different from its wild conspecific. A female was introduced in 2007 after the suggestions given in the previous study. Results of recent study conducted after pairing were compared with results of the previous study with the help of histograms. Results showed a clear difference in the behavior of the male after pairing. Overall activity of the male increased after the introduction of female and the male became quite active. During the current study, behavior of male and female was also compared to explain the possible reasons of change in behavior of the male. Female was observed as an extremely inactive animal, activity however increasing towards the end of the study, perhaps due to change in environment as she was brought from a herd. Very little interaction between male and female was observed, that too in July only. The reason might be the age difference. For bringing a positive change in the behavior of captive animals some novel stimuli and environmental enrichment should be introduced by the zoo authorities.


The contribution the social security programs ma.ke to the N&on has required increasing expenditures over the years. Even if nothing more were done than to carry forward present services, future expenditures would have to rise to meet the needs of an increasing population, particularly among children and older people. To meet new challenges will cost more. The need for these expendit.ures must be evaluated in relation both to available resources and other community obligations. In this evaluation, however, the following two considerations should influence the decisions made. While the numbers needing community services and the types of services required are increasing, so also are the average productivity of the American worker and the number in the labor force. Beyond this, the long-run, if not the immediate, price of neglecting human needs usually is considerably higher than the cost of meeting them as they occur. If the Nation accepts and meets the challenges the future presents, the next 25 years will see progress in social security comparable to the progress of the past 25 years in basic economic security.


Employing multiple data bases derived from land-mobile satellite measurements using the Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS) at 20 GHz, MARECS B-2 at 1.5 GHz, and helicopter measurements at 870 MHz and 1.5 GHz, the Empirical Road Side Shadowing Model (ERS) has been extended. The new model (Extended Empirical Roadside Shadowing Model, EERS) may now be employed at frequencies from UHF to 20 GHz, at elevation angles from 7° to 60° and at percentages from 1% to 80% (0 dB fade). The new model was arrived at by employing additional 20 GHz mobile measurements of transmissions from the Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS). The mobile measurements were made in central Maryland, Texas, and western United States. The EERS distribution, which is a representative median of multiple measured distributions, gives equal probability fade deviations within ±5 dB relative to the measured levels for elevation angles above 20°. A model is also presented for estimating the effects of foliage (or non-foliage) on 20 GHz distributions, given distributions from deciduous trees devoid of leaves (or in full foliage).


The contribution of ethnicity to counseling students' multicultural counseling competence (MCC) was revisited and expanded upon by examining differences among and between European American, African American, and Latino counseling students. Results revealed that Latino counseling students self-reported higher multicultural counseling competence than African American and European American counseling students. No difference in multicultural counseling competence was revealed between African American and European American counseling students. Implications for future research and multicultural training are discussed.


Adsorption is a process that has been showing promising results in the recovery of butanol, acetone, and ethanol compounds from the fermentation broth in ABE route, in which butanol is produced by biomass instead of oxo process. In this work, different sources of activated carbon were investigated as adsorbents in diluted aqueous solution of butanol, ethanol, and acetone. The adsorbents were characterized based on particle size distribution. Adsorption tests were conducted in a batch system. Kinetic data indicated a fast adsorption process. The equilibrium data for butanol and acetone were better described by Freundlich isotherm, indicating a reversible process, with weak adsorbate-adsorbent interactions.


Phosphatation of Cu-containing powder metallurgical samples were made in different bath compositions. Measurement of coatings weight showed that the results from two baths (same components with different ratio of H3PO4 and ZnO) didn't change significantly in successive phosphating of samples, but in the case of bath (same components with some additives), coatings weight reduced remarkably. Corrosion rate of samples decreased significantly after phosphating. Zn and P peaks in EDX spectra confirmed phosphate layers formation. SEM image of the sample phosphated in the bath without additives showed that phosphate layer is amorphous whereas for samples obtained from other baths were amorphous-crystalline.


THE PAPER BEGINS BY DISCUSSING THE PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF DESIGN IN A WIRE SAW. THESE WILL INCLUDE SUCH THINGS AS THE TYPE OF WIRE USED, ABRASIVES, HORSEPOWER OF OPERATION, AND DRIVE COMPONENTS. THE MANY USES OF WIRE SAWING IN THE QUARRYING AND FINISHING OF GRANITE ARE DEALT WITH. A STEP-BY-STEP PROGRAM OF THE REMOVAL OF A BLOCK UNIT OF GRANITE FROM THE QUARRY SITE IS EXPLAINED THROUGH THE FINISHED SLABBING AND JOINTING IN THE PLANT. THE POSSIBILITIES, SPECULATIVE ONLY OF WIRE SAWING TECHNIQUES IN UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION WORK IS PRESENTED. /AUTHOR/


Do you rush off to attend a free lunch and talk on hospital placements? Or is your white coat weighed down by a pocket full of free pens? Upasana Tayal looks into the cost of these freebies


Lauren A. Turner and A. J. Angulo explore how institutional theory can be applied to explain variance in higher education organizational strategies. Given strong regulatory, normative, and cultural-cognitive pressures to conform, they ask, why do some colleges engage in high-risk decision making? To answer this, they bring together classic and contemporary approaches to institutional theory and propose an integrated model for understanding outlier higher education strategies. The integrated model offers a heuristic for analyzing external and internal pressures that motivate colleges to implement nontraditional strategies. Through an analysis of recent trends among outlier colleges and their approaches to the Scholastic Aptitude Test, Turner and Angulo contextualize the model and consider its potential for understanding why higher education organizations adopt characteristics that differentiate them from their peers.


Underlying this article is the conviction that social scientists typically take on board a too restrictive concept of knowledge acquisition. The paper propounds a new concept of knowledge acquisition, one which is self-referential (i.e. which affects one's presuppositions) and which draws upon the unfamiliar to reveal and undercut the familiar. The aim of this paper is twofold. First, it is to show that this concept of knowledge acqui sition is already anticipated by Foucault, that it is a major concern of his, and that it is a common thread throughout his work. Consequently, a new light can be thrown on both Foucault's archaeology and his genealogy: both are directed towards a self-referential form of knowledge, and as such the two periods are shown to have more in common than conventionally assumed. Second (and conversely), the aim of the paper is to elucidate this self-referential type of knowledge by showing how it is used by Foucault.


Although new surveillance means have been deployed in Portugal in the last few years, such as automatic detection camera systems, the National Lookout Towers Network (NLTN) is still the main organized fire detection system, having a total of 236 observation posts. These posts have been placed gradually over the last decades, resulting in a under optimized network. To evaluate the NLTN covering effectiveness we have developed several automatic computer positioning algorithms, capable of objectively evaluating a surveillance configuration and calculate optimal changes. These algorithms run in MATLAB environment, are based on terrain elevation model data and use the cartography created by Rego and Catry to evaluate the covered area (Rego and others, 2005). The developed algorithms were first used to create a value ranking of all the surveillance posts in the context of the current NLTN, in order to determine which should be removed. We concluded that removing 20 posts (8.5 percent), the covered area would only be reduced by 0.4 percent. Next, the algorithms were used to automatically search the elevation model and create a database with the most valuable surveillance locations in Portugal, containing 27,244 sites. These sites were evaluated to determine which were the most valuable to add. We concluded for instance that adding 20 new posts (8.5 percent) results in a covered area increase of 6.6 percent. Next we determined the optimal repositioning of existing posts. We concluded for instance that the optimal repositioning of the 20 less valuable posts would conceive a gain of 6.2 percent in covered area value. The final step was to determine a new global configuration targeted to cover the same area value as the NLTN. A solution was found having only 142 surveillance posts, 39.8 percent less than the current NLTN. In this paper we present the developed algorithms and the methodology used in evaluating and optimizing NLTN. This methodology can be applied with success in other regions with a low efficiency Towers Network.


Abstract The dorsal skin gland appears to be a sexually dimorphic character for all species of Dipodomys; however, this feature has not been characterized for most taxa. Previous studies of several species have demonstrated the histological uniqueness of the gland in D. spectabilis. Other attempts to correlate seasonal variation in gland size with reproductive patterns have met with mixed success. An examination of the dorsal skin glands of 333 museum study skins of adult Dipodomys elator demonstrated a July–August size decrease in both sexes, although the glands of males were larger and more variable in size than those of females. Gland size of males was positively correlated with testes measurements, and the data for females, though more limited, suggested that postpartum individuals exhibited greater gland development than pregnant animals. Histological samples demonstrated that the fully developed dorsal skin gland in D. elator consists of about 100 individual secretory units, is similar to 5 other species of kangaroo rats (D. agilis, D. deserti, D. merriami, D. ordii, D. panamintinus; Quay 1954), and is markedly different than that of D. spectabilis. We present a histological description of the dorsal gland of juveniles and the underlying panniculus dorsalis.


In this paper a new RST-based algorithm is introduced which extracts knowledge from field data and establishes fuzzy rules of reduced-dimension multilayer fuzzy controller. It is advantageous for understanding, checking rules and artificial correction to keep every level's fuzzy inference rules in three-dimension sizes. The rough-fuzzy controller is combined with conventional PID, building up the hybrid intelligent controller. The simulation of load control system shows that the hybrid controller processes higher control qualities with high speed, small overshoot and strong robustness.


Under water acoustic communication using Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) systems was shown to be effective in exploiting the time and spatial diversity characteristics of the underwater acoustic communication channel (UWAC). However, Inter Symbol Interferences (ISI) caused by the multipath phenomenon of the MIMO channel, affects the communication system performances. Our work shows that by using the Time Reversal (TR) technique, the channel capacity is achieved without the requirement for Channel State Information (CSI). A very shallow underwater sea trial was conducted. The results confirmed the validity of our analysis. It demonstrated that the 2X2 TR MIMO channel capacity is roughly 2 times larger than the non TR SISO channel capacity and is equivalent to the optimal MIMO system performances. Thus, our TR MIMO system (combined with a low level ISI mitigation) achieves the optimal MIMO system performances without the need for channel estimation.


In order to reduce the problems probably happened when carrying out the on site test of UHV 1100 kV GIS, and based on the on site experience of domestic UHV substation test in recent years, the test technology of on site AC voltage test of UHV 1100 kV GIS is systematically introduced in terms of the structure characteristics of UHV 1100 kV GIS, the choice of test scheme, consideration of test frequency and voltage applied process, attentions of test wiring, and test criterion. This paper also analyzes the key points during the test in detail, and gives an estimated example of test parameters which provides the basis for equipment configuration and test source choice. Adequate preparation should be made ahead of time due to high AC withstand test voltage of 1100 kV GIS, large capacity of equipment, great height of bushing, which may bring many difficulties to the actual implementation of on site test.


Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of body position (supine vs prone) on cardiorespiratory activity during quiet and active sleep in growing low birth weight (LBW) infants.


The Nature of Youth Employment Learning to Work Gender Differences in Employment and Income Experiences Among Young People Developmental Consequences of Youth Employment Child Labour and Exploitation Occupational Safety and Health in Young People Reconceptualizing Youth Unemployment Youth and Labour Representation.


Chromium hexacyanoferrate (CrHCF) modified grassy carbon electrode (GC) in different electrolytes was studied by cyclic voltammetry and in situ FTIR spectroelectrochemistry. The results indicate that the behavior of CrHCF firm can be understood in term of two structures: Cr1/3Cr(III)Fe(II)(CN), and MCr(III)Fe(II)(CN)(6). Besides,the film exists in amorphous state: the outer layer is porous film, while the inner layer is relatively compact. According to the electrochemical reaction of CrHCF, the lattice can contract and expand with the cations' diffusion.


In Today's world, medical diagnostics by tele-communication plays a major role in people life. There brings a need for securing medical data when transmitted over an insecure communication channel. To ensure the confidentiality, integrity and authenticity for the medical images when transmitted, we propose an algorithm named SLICE abbreviated from Scrambling LogIstic Chaotic Encoding to ensure security for the medical documents and images transaction. The input DI-COM image is scrambled pixel by pixel and is distributed in an unexplored manner. A random pixel value is obtained from the image by performing splitting and shifting operation. The chaotic map is then applied. The image from chaotic map is then DNA encoded. The DNA encoding performs a masking operation on the pixel value to obtain a binary sequence. The binary sequence is added with the obtained random pixel value. All these phases are reversed to decrypt the encrypted image. Since the key has strong sensitiveness, decoding becomes very difficultand hence ensures security of patient's medical document. This ensures the algorithm protects patient's medical images. Experimental results have shown that the proposed algorithm maintains a high level of integrity and robustness. The algorithm also provides a promising performance and computational efficiency for securing digital medical encryption using DICOM images.


Most real-world dynamical systems are often involving continuous behaviors and discrete events, in this case, they are called hybrid dynamical systems (HDSs). To properly model this kind of systems, it is necessary to consider both the continuous and the discrete aspects of its dynamics. In this paper, a modeling framework based on the hybrid automata (HA) approach is proposed. This hybrid modeling framework allows combining the multi-state models of the system, described by nonlinear differential equations, with the system's discrete dynamics described by finite state machines. To attest to the efficiency of the proposed modeling framework, its application to a two-tank hybrid system (TTHS) is presented. The TTHS studied is a typical benchmark for HDSs with four operating modes. The MATLAB Simulink and Stateflow tools are used to implement and simulate the hybrid model of the TTHS. Different simulations results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed modeling framework, which allows us to appropriately have a complete model of an HDS.


Author has separately introduced the advanced melamine production process with high pressure method for Holland SLP,Japanese NISSAN and Italian ETCE etc.;has briefly described the developing progress and present state of the melamine industry in China;has summarized the technical measures and effect in aspects of tail gas recovery,waste water reuse,waste sludge disposal and production capacity scale etc.for high pressure melamine plant in China;has presented the suggestions of reasonably selecting scale,extending industry chain and attention to "three waste" disposal etc for the chemical fertilizer enterprise with combinative production of melamine.


This dissertation was conceived from the interest of studying the possible ways to ensure better care for the subject in psychological distress by the teams of the Psychosocial Care Centers (CAP) and the Family Health Strategy (ESF). Considering that these services are elements of public policies for the restructuring of health care models, this study aims to investigate the implementation of Mental Health policies in Primary Health Care and its contribution to the expansion of the Psychosocial Attention field. Beside of this, aims to analyze, in view of the intercession of the actions of the CAPS with the ESF, what would be the indicators that have been used to monitor the actions and to achieve service purposes in mental health. And, based on the identified indicators, to analyze if there are contributions of these indicators for the transformation of the work of the Community Health Worker in mental health care. It is based on the assumption that mental health indicators in Primary Health Care are important for health assessment, enabling making decisions and practices in health that are adequate to the real needs of the population and should contribute to the basic health care, by means of the Family Health Strategy, to set up a powerful service for the expansion of the field of Psychosocial Care and that the intercession between its principles and those of Mental Health be established as an advance towards the Psychiatric Reform under the concept of deinstitutionalization. We used qualitative methodology and theoretical, bibliographic and descriptive research, having as reference the theme of Mental Health and Family Health Strategy. We used as theoretical reference for the study the principles and guidelines of the Brazilian Sanitary Reform and the Psychiatric Reform in Brazil. We believe that the study will result in contributions to new debates in the context of Mental Health and the Family Health Strategy about new problems, limits, impasses and ways of overcoming the current configurations of their respective public policies. It will also contribute to a reflection on how the intercession of Mental Health actions with the Family Health Strategy may be able to broaden and guarantee access to the subject's health under psychological suffering, to bring about changes in the direction of deinstitutionalization, in addition creating new care practices and attention technologies.


Introduction, 671. — I. The Tactic of Union Monopoly, 674. — II. The Inadequacy of Limits on Union Monopoly, 679. — A. Competitive Checks through Unemployment, 680. — B. Price Increases as a Restraint on Union Monopoly, 689. — C. Employer Resistance as a Check on Union Monopoly, 691. — III. Non-wage Elements in Labor Costs, 693. — IV. Union Power and the Power of Enterprise Monopoly, 694. — V. Other Factors in Union Power, 695. — VI. Conclusion, 696.


The hyperspectral imager VIRTIS onboard the Venus-Express spacecraft gives us images of Venus with a typical projected field of view covering 40° in latitude and 50° in longitude across the Venus South hemisphere when observed from the apocenter, at a distance of about 65000 km. Observations at a wavelength of 1.7 μm are effectively used to map the lower clouds placed at an altitude of about 48 km over the surface. This cloud layer presents a mixture of cloud textures, in the range from bland regions with a few structures to chaotic regions highly contrasted [1]. The dynamical recurrent patterns in this layer are here investigated through a Fast Fourier Transform analysis (FFT) method able to differentiate automatically, in each single image, the regions with laminar and turbulent dynamical regimes. The calibrated radiance signal is selected in longitudinal cuts at a fixed latitude with longitudinal extension of 1000 km. Then the FFT is calculated and a power spectrum for each radiance scan is retrieved. The fixed sample extension ensures that we can actually compare results from different latitudes and different images. The power spectrum is then fitted by a bilinear function with two characteristic slopes for two different ranges of wavenumbers. The slope of the power spectrum serves as an indicator of the dynamical regime and it can be used to investigate the energy transfer in the atmosphere between different scales of motions, as explained by the classical turbulence theory for the kinetic energy spectra [2]. The two slopes are calculated in correspondence of two intervals: from 1000 km to 200 km (medium scale) and from 200 km to 40 km (local scale). The values of these slopes change with the cloud dynamical structures and we use the values of these spectral slopes to identify the laminar and turbulent regions in the images automatically. Another parameter well correlated to the cloud turbulent-laminar aspect is the difference between the first wavenumber (1000 km) and the mean value of the power spectrum in the interval from 40 km to 20 km. This gap of power spectrum is able to highlight the different dynamical conditions. In particular, it removes the ambiguity present in the value distribution of the slopes in the case of transverse laminar fluxes respect to the zonal motion. Figure 1: a typical VIRTIS image at 1.7 μm showing the Venus clouds on the night side at about 48 km of altitude from the surface. The colored curved lines indicate the latitude in degrees. EPSC Abstracts, Vol. 4, EPSC2009-541, 2009 European Planetary Science Congress, © Author(s) 2009


This two-part report addresses the feasibility of two approaches for using adaptive forward-lighting systems (AFS) to reduce headlamp glare under different conditions. AFS approaches involve dynamically changing headlamp beam patterns that respond in real time to different surrounding conditions such as roadway geometry, ambient lighting, or the presence of other drivers. In the first part, four field studies are described that investigated interactions between roadway lighting and vehicle headlamps, to determine whether dimming headlamps can be a suitable AFS strategy when roadway lighting is present. The studies found that glare impairs drivers' forward visibility and produces feelings of discomfort, even when street lighting is present, and that in lighted areas, it is possible to dim headlamps (potentially via AFS), reducing glare to oncoming and preceding drivers, without significantly impairing drivers' performance with respect to detection distance. In the second part, another AFS approach was investigated. This approach involved use of a "prime beam" optimized for forward visibility as the main beam pattern, subtracting portions of light when needed to reduce glare to oncoming or preceding drivers. A prototype system using a prime beam was developed, evaluated for visibility and glare in field tests in comparison with conventional low and high beam patterns, and demonstrated on a moving vehicle. The prime beam approach appears to be a promising one to ensure adequate forward visibility under a wide range of conditions while controlling glare to other drivers, and for studying characteristics of lighting as they pertain to visual performance and safety.


The author compares the secular Islamic countries of Egypt and Turkey, both part of the Ottoman Empire around World War I. At that time both had similar levels of population, income and development. After independence, both followed an etatist development strategy, choosing to base their industrialization on import substitution and to expand their public sectors. As a result of that strategy, the author argues, the growth of productivity has been constrained in both countries. Although etatism was abandoned in Turkey in 1980, it continues in Egypt, with a huge and growing bureaucracy blocking reform. The roles of the military and of the two leading autocrats - Ataturk in Turkey and Nasser in Egypt - are contrasted to show how the differences in these military regimes affected their political and economic evolution. By analyzing the similarities and the differences between the two countries, the author reveals how real wages, economic policy, agricultural pricing, and consumer subsidies can be explained by the deeper forces of political economy. The detailed analysis of the evolution of the two economies includes discussion of land distribution, labor and product markets, and social development. An analysis of political developments during the period of democracy in Egypt from 1923 to 1952 and Turkey since 1950 is also included.


How much of XML, XSLT and schema languages are actually used in creating real world applications as opposed to student assignments? Is there a minimum subset of the growing WC3 XML standards that can be safely taught that will equip students for the workplace without overburdening them? These questions are addressed by a statistical analysis of the code of an XML and XSLT application written by two level 7 students completing a 45 credit programming project. The application used XSLT to add formatting to XML data and produce output in html and pdf formats. The frequency of use of XSLT elements in this application will be analyzed.


The dynamic viscosities of blends of high molecular weight, narrowmolecular-weight distributed polystyrene and poly(2, 6-dimethylphenylene ether) are studied. The zero shear viscosity ηo depends on the weight average molecular weight Mw and on the average entanglement molecular weight Me in the blend according to ηo ≈ M3.4w(blend)/M2.4e(blend).


The work is devoted to the study of the fruits of winter and autumn apple trees grown on the territory of the Belgorod region. The results of research of technological indicators of apple quality are presented. According to the results of the tests carried out, it was found that the fruits of the Zhigulevskoe variety turned out to be the best in terms of a set of indicators: the dry matter content was 15.4%, sugars - 12.3%; organic acids - 1%, sugar-acid index - 12.3 units; concentration of vitamin C - 13.9 mg / 100 g; R - active substances - 110 mg / 100 g; the total amount of pectin substances - 6.4%, including 1.1% - water-soluble pectin. The efficiency of the technology for the production of apple jam with the addition of strawberries from fruit and berry raw materials obtained in the conditions of the Belgorod region has been substantiated.


This paper introduces the technique of XML and its characteristics,expounds the functions of XML in the network studying(E- learning)and the concrete application in the individualized E- learning.


In this brief overview, we give examples of economic dynamics problems with references to works in which such problems are studied using modern computer technologies, as well as to works that provide a theoretical basis for such studies. Following [1, 657], by reliable computing experiment (RCE) we mean such purposeful computer calculations combined with analytical studies that lead to the strict establishment of new facts (theorems).


OBJECTIVE
To examine the effects of cognitive and contingent factors on the adoption of smartphone health apps, focusing on the technology acceptance model (TAM).

METHODS
American college students (N = 422), who currently owned smartphones but were not using health apps, completed an online survey.

RESULTS
Results from a path analysis mostly supported the proposed hypotheses, showing that subjective norm, health consciousness, health information orientation, and Internet health information use efficacy significantly affected the main components of TAM.

CONCLUSION
Study findings provide scholars and practitioners with an empirical model of explaining the cognitive and micro-mechanisms of determining the adoption of health apps, especially among younger populations.


David M. Peterson,∗ Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45459 Ez Hassan,† Timothy Ombrello,‡ Campbell D. Carter,§ U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433 Brendan McGann,¶ and Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556 Hyungrok Do‖ Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea


Building on the previous work of Budowski, Murphy and Butler, this paper develops a conceptual framework that examines tourism industry relationships from a human ecological perspective. In particular, predation, competition, neutrality and symbiosis are used to illustrate that tourism industry stakeholders (i.e., various types of tourism, operators, local people, and other land users) value and use resources differently and, in doing so, place varying levels of pressure on each other and the resource base. Human ecology is identified and discussed as a field of research that holds potential in strengthening our understanding of tourism's human ecological interactions.


Abstract A new and single correction function which could be used with the London equation to account for the retardation effect on van der Waals attraction, was recently proposed. The function is simple enough to permit closed-form solutions to be obtained by the Hamaker–De Boer approach for macrobodies of a few different shapes. In this paper, closed-form solutions are presented for sphere–half space and sphere–sphere systems. The results are shown to agree well with those which employ Overbeek correction functions.


This disclosure relates to a guidance arrangement for web handler, for example of the type used for moving an elongated tape. A direction modifying idler roller has associated therewith means for maintaining the alignment of a tape with tape receiving and dispensing members disposed on opposite sides of the roller irrespective of any misalignment of the roller. Basically, the tape guidance means includes a fixed member having arcuate tape guide surfaces over which the tape slides and each guide surface having associated therewith shoulders which are resiliently mounted and which engage opposite edges of the tape.


The prospects for capacitor storage systems will be affected greatly by their energy density. An idea of increasing the "effective" energy density of the capacitor storage by 20 times through combining electronic circuits with capacitors was originated in 1992. The method, referred to as ECS (Energy Capacitor System) is now supported by twenty companies and organizations working on actual products. There are two major fields, firstly for vehicles and transportation such as passenger cars, buses, trucks and railroads, and secondly for power lines such as uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs), load-levelers and back up storage for solar or windmill generators. Successful capacitor hybrid vehicles have already been described elsewhere [1-4], so this paper will mainly address general applications, including use in power lines.


This paper introduces a virtual oscillograph V0.94 for measuring the sound velocity.The result is very precise.It also enriches the classical physics experiment with modern contents.


The paper explains enumerative induction, the confirmation of a law by its positive instances, in ranking theoretic terms. It gives a ranking theoretic explication of a possible law or a nomological hypothesis. And it shows, finally, that such schemes of enumerative induction uniquely correspond to mixtures of such nomological hypotheses. Thus the paper shows that de Finetti's probabilistic representation theorems may be directly transformed into an account of confirmation of possible laws and that enumerative induction is equivalent to such an account.


This communication presents a new design of a quadri-polarization-agile aperture-coupled patch antenna array for 60 GHz applications. Four polarization states, namely, vertical linear polarization, horizontal linear polarization, left-hand circular polarization (LHCP), and right-hand circular polarization (RHCP) can be flexibly reconfigured by dynamically switching the excitation of the corresponding port. More importantly, as the LP and CP radiations are achieved by using differential feeding and sequential-rotation feeding, respectively, the array exhibits wide impedance and axial ratio (AR) bandwidths, high polarization purity as well as symmetrical pattern with the main beam fixed at boresight. The −10 dB impedance bandwidths are better than 11.6% (57–64 GHz) for the four polarization states. The measured AR bandwidths are from 58 to more than 64 GHz for both the LHCP and RHCP. The good radiation performance together with the quadri-polarization-agile capability of this new array, as demonstrated in the communication, underlines its suitability for the future 5G communication systems, especially in a multipath propagation environment.


Starting from the present conditions of English teaching toward arts and P.E majors in colleges and universities,as well as connecting with several measures in today's teaching reform and the teaching program about arts and P.E majors in the author's own university,this paper gives an exploration about the appropriate teaching methods toward this special group.


The quality of nuclear medicine imaging, as in all imaging modalities, depends on the whole investigation procedure. If any of the separate steps is unsatisfactory, the result is not reliable. Most of the individual steps and the facility can, and should, be checked by employees of departments regularly, but this is not enough. The need for overall quality assurance by independent outside observers is taking place in medical imaging. In this work, methods and a phantom were developed for the external quality assurance of nuclear medicine imaging. The pilot test was made in 1993 when bone imaging and brain perfusion single photon emission tomography (SPET) were evaluated in 19 Finnish laboratories. Since then Labquality Ltd. (Helsinki) has organised four external quality assurance tests of nuclear medicine in Finland. In 1994 eleven laboratories were studied with a bone phantom. A 3-D brain perfusion SPET phantom was imaged in twelve laboratories in 1995. The following year the quality of myocardial perfusion SPET imaging between 19 Finnish laboratories was compared with a cardiac phantom. Nineteen laboratories participated in the evaluation of dynamic radionuclide renography in 1997. A renal phantom was developed for that survey. The results of the pilot test showed the need for objective audit tests of nuclear medicine imaging in Finland. In the first test by Labquality in 1994 one laboratory failed to detect any of the six spinal bone lesions. The quality of brain SPET images was good in only four out of twelve laboratories in 1995. Quality was amazingly low with the others. Laboratories used a wide scale of methods in myocardial perfusion SPET imaging and, sometimes, inappropriate protocols. Results of the renography test suggest that the difference between laboratories is most probably due to variations in protocols and programs. The present study shows that the quality of nuclear medicine imaging in Finland is heterogeneous. The laboratories producing the best and the worst quality varied between the surveys. The reasons are most probably the difficulty of nuclear medicine, the varying interest towards examinations and the lack of resources to concentrate enough on all procedures. Also, the lack of standardisation and harmonisation of investigations play major role. The methods and the developed renal phantom described in this study were found suitable for multicentre evaluation of overall quality in nuclear medicine. The quality of medical imaging has to be high to ensure total patient care. Regular external quality assurance by independent observer is one implement of overall quality management of nuclear medicine. These results and findings shall promote other countries and fields of medicine to perform regular external quality assurance surveys, too. National Library of Medicine Classification: W 84, WN 180, WN 203, WN 206 Medical Subject Headings: diagnostic imaging; nuclear medicine; tomography, emissioncomputed, single-photon; radioisotope renography; phantoms, imaging; laboratories; quality control; bone and bones; brain; heart; kidney Heikkinen, Jari O. Isotooppikuvantamisen ulkoinen laaduntarkkailu. Kuopion yliopiston julkaisuja C. Luonnontieteet ja ympäristötieteet 89. 1999. 50 s. ISBN 951-781-727-4 ISSN 1235-0486


It is meaningful to analyze urban spatial structure by identifying urban subcenters, and many methods of doing so have been proposed in the published literature. Although these methods are widely applied, they exhibit obvious shortcomings that limit their further application. Therefore, it is of great value to propose a new urban subcenter identification method that can overcome these shortcomings. In this paper, we propose the density contour tree (DCT) method for detecting urban polycentric structures and their spatial distributions. Conceptually, this method is based on an analogy between urban spatial structure and terrain. The point-of-interest (POI) density is visualized as a continuous mathematical surface representing the urban terrain. Peaks represent the regions of the most frequent human activity, valleys represent regions with small population densities in the city, and slopes represent spatial changes in urban land-use intensity. Using this method, we have detected the urban "polycentric" structure of Beijing and determined the corresponding spatial relationships. In addition, several important properties of the urban centers have been identified. For example, Beijing has a typical urban polycentric structure with an urban center area accounting for 5.9% of the total urban area, and most of the urban centers in Beijing serve comprehensive functions. In general, the method and the results can serve as references for the later research on analyzing urban structure.


Aiming at the serious heave phenomenon of the branch canal lining operation in Ningxia,the lining work structure destruction conditions,causes and the influencing factors are analyzed on the basis of investigation of 5 kind of lining structure patterns of the existing branch canal,i.e.,trapezoidal cross section,the U shaped cross section,the arc bottom trapezoidal cross section,the arc slope-angle trapezoidal cross section and the trapezoid mix cross section(liner plate + builds stone).The study stresses the analyses of the channel structure,the cross section pattern,the discharge capacity,the canal route,earth digging or filling,groundwater level,and construction technique.The structural optimization suggestion is proposed through the massive investigation analyses of the advantage and disadvantage of each kind of lining structure.This study will play a positive role in the water-saving transformation,the channel heave prevention,and channel service life extension in Ningxia.


This work aimed to explore the factorial structure and the measurement invariance between groups of the emotional dependence questionnaire (EDQ). Participants included a random sample of 569 university students, 67.8% women and 51.2% had a romantic partner. The multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA) showed metric invariance for the EDQ. Particularly, the findings indicate that five of six scales of the questionnaire have an average variance extracted higher than 53% and a composite reliability of more than 0.75; the borderline expression scale was excluded. It was found that the EDQ has a strong measurement invariance degree between genders, χ2(365) = 750.14, p<.05; RMSEA= .07; CFI= .92; TLI= .92; and the presence of a partner, χ2(365) = 750.30, p<.05; RMSEA= .06; CFI= .92; TLI= .92.


The U-BIOPRED study is a multicentre European study aimed at a better understanding of severe asthma. It included three steroid-treated adult asthma groups (severe nonsmokers (SAn group), severe current/ex-smokers (SAs/ex group) and those with mild–moderate disease (MMA group)) and healthy controls (HC group). The aim of this cross-sectional, bronchoscopy substudy was to compare bronchial immunopathology between these groups. In 158 participants, bronchial biopsies and bronchial epithelial brushings were collected for immunopathologic and transcriptomic analysis. Immunohistochemical analysis of glycol methacrylate resin-embedded biopsies showed there were more mast cells in submucosa of the HC group (33.6 mm−2) compared with both severe asthma groups (SAn: 17.4 mm−2, p<0.001; SAs/ex: 22.2 mm−2, p=0.01) and with the MMA group (21.2 mm−2, p=0.01). The number of CD4+ lymphocytes was decreased in the SAs/ex group (4.7 mm−2) compared with the SAn (11.6 mm−2, p=0.002), MMA (10.1 mm−2, p=0.008) and HC (10.6 mm−2, p<0.001) groups. No other differences were observed. Affymetrix microarray analysis identified seven probe sets in the bronchial brushing samples that had a positive relationship with submucosal eosinophils. These mapped to COX-2 (cyclo-oxygenase-2), ADAM-7 (disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 7), SLCO1A2 (solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2), TMEFF2 (transmembrane protein with epidermal growth factor like and two follistatin like domains 2) and TRPM-1 (transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 1); the remaining two are unnamed. We conclude that in nonsmoking and smoking patients on currently recommended therapy, severe asthma exists despite suppressed tissue inflammation within the proximal airway wall. Severe asthma exists despite suppressed tissue inflammation in proximal airways when on current recommended therapy http://ow.ly/1rb6303haKP


Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) is a subclass of Mobile ad hoc networks which provides a differentia te approach for intelligent transport system (ITS). Th e routing protocols fall into two major categories of topolog y-based and position-based routing. In position-based routi ng, each node is aware of the positions of its direct neighb ors by periodically sending out airframe messages that ind icate the current position of the node. In addition, with the aim of sending a packet to a destination node, the sender requires information on the current geographic position of t he destination node. This research modifies the GPSR p rotocol by including the learning phase. The learning phase is used to determine the cost of the edge. Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) is a subclass of Mobile ad hoc networks which provides a differentiate approach fo r intelligent transport system (ITS). The routing pro tocols fall into two major categories of topology-based an d position-based routing. In position-based routing, each node is aware of the positions of its direct neighb ors by periodically sending out airframe messages that ind icate the current position of the node. In addition, with the aim of sending a packet to a destination node, the sender requires information on the current geographic position of t he destination node. The research modifies the GPSR pr otocol by including the learning phase. The learning phase is used to determine the cost of the edge.


This wall chart of the country rankings of the status of women was produced by the Population Crisis Committee (PCC). The PCC is a private non-profit organization founded in 1965 which advocates voluntary family planning and other actions needed to solve world population problems. This chart statistically rates the status of women in 99 countries. Measurements of womens well-being and the gender gap between mens and womens status combine to provide a ranking--in a single figure--of the differences in womens condition between countries. Each country score is compiled by adding 20 measures of womens status related to the categories of 1) health 2) marriage and children 3) education 4) employment and 5) social equality. In each category 3 measures are related to womens general well-being and the 4th gauges the gender gap. Each of the 20 measures has a maximum of 5 points 5 indicating the highest status. The maximum possible score is 100 75 for womens status and 25 for gender gap. Each countrys status is then visually plotted on a world map according to a color scheme relating to womens status.


The invention discloses a method for cuttage and culture of seedling of Melia azedarach Linn, comprising the following steps: (1) preparing a cuttage matrix; (2) preparing rooting agent; (3) selecting materials and cutting; and (4) managing and transplanting after cottage. The method for cuttage and culture of seedling of the invention can keep the excellent performance of the stock plant of the Melia azedarach Linn, and has the advantages of high reproduction coefficient, strong and tidy plant growth, simple and convenient operation and the like. Compared with the root buried seedling culture method, the invention improves the nursery stock breeding amount by above 80%, the operation program of the cuttage technology is easy to popularize and apply, the cost is one tenth of that of propagation by tissue culture, and the invention has the important practical and popularizing meaning on the Melia azedarach Linn nursery stock breeding.


Adherence to Sports-Injury Rehabilitation Programs A. Craig Fisher PhD, Mary A. Domm MS & Deborah A. Wuest EdD To cite this article: A. Craig Fisher PhD, Mary A. Domm MS & Deborah A. Wuest EdD (1988) Adherence to Sports-Injury Rehabilitation Programs, The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 16:7, 47-52, DOI: 10.1080/00913847.1988.11709551 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913847.1988.11709551


The objective of this paper is to promote the use of solar energy in powering traffic signal systems for rural areas in Qatar with no power grid. A photovoltaic system is needed in order to use this energy continuously. The results of the investigation of components, design, and market availability are shown in the paper. Solar cells, which are used for absorbing sunlight and generating electric current, are the main source for the system's operation. A charge controller is used to control the flow of charge through the battery and to protect the battery from overcharging and deep discharging. A dc-dc converter is used to regulate the output voltage which depends on the type of dc to dc converter. Lead acid batteries are used as the electric energy storage for the PV system to use electrical energy in the absence of sunlight. The principle operation of the system and the feasibility of using it for rural area with no power grid have been studied. For this project, a mount tracker was constructed that enabled the solar panel to be placed at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 degree angles in order to determine which angle and what time provides the optimum voltage. Experimental results for different angles of radiation at different times of the day and different days of the year are shown in the paper.


The family Leguminosae (the family of the pulses, grams and beans) is of very great economic importance. It occurs both in the tropics and in the temperate regions and has a worldwide dis- tribution. The family comprises herbs, shrubs and trees. The leaves are alternate, stipulate and mostly compound. The flowers are nearly always arranged racemosely and are hermaphrodite or polygamous, irregular or regular. The fruit is a legume. The seeds are exendospermous, the cotyledons being thick and rich in food materials. They are noted for their longevity.


One of the most vexing dilemmas for physicians who treat hypertensive patients is when to choose antihypertensive drugs versus dietary interventions,


Online Social Network has become a great platform for many domains. It usually deals with huge amount of data. Data Mining is an essential factor in analyzing and making decisions in these voluminous data. EMarket is one such Domain, handling these type of huge data. Analyzing the behavior of each individual can create a good difference in profit of retailers in online shopping. The revenue of companies can be increased by integrating the shopping behavior of an individual with a recommendation system. Several challenges arise in the process of constructing an efficient recommendation system. Behavioral Analysis plays a major role in suggesting the right products to the customers. Since the Online Social Network is dynamic, the quality of results obtained should also be focused. This paper deals with the major factors involved in the construction of the Recommendation System such as Social Network Analysis, Behavioral Analysis, Data Mining Tasks and EMarket.


Author(s): Ferreira, Trenise | Abstract: Just a few decades ago, the acronym "HBCU" was synonymous with black coaching and athletic achievement. Today, however, it's much more difficult to find sports fans who know that "HBCU" stands for Historically Black Colleges and Universities, and more difficult still to find those who remember the role these schools played in shaping the college football landscape as we know it today."Student Body Left" is a multimedia journalism project that explores the unique relationship between the desegregation of the South Eastern Conference (SEC) in NCAA athletics and the overall decline of sports at the Historical Black College a Universities (HBCU). Up until the 1980s, the HBCUs had some of the most illustrious programs in the South, and routinely sent players to the NFL. They defied Jim Crow by fielding incredible football teams of all-black athletes that challenged white supremacy, and in doing so, promoted civil rights through sports.But then desegregation happened in the SEC schools (Mississippi, LSU, Alabama, etc.), and not only did the complexion of college football change, so too, did the landscape of football in the South. By and large society heralds the integration of the SEC as a major accomplishment in our society, and while that's not arguable, the space that HBCU football now occupies in the conversation of NCAA athletics is one of novelty and afterthought. Much of their remarkable history has been forgotten, falling into the shadows of the bigger, formerly all-white SEC schools.This project focuses on Grambling State and Southern Universities, fierce rivals and schools that once were the pinnacle of HBCU football in Louisiana. Through interviews with former coaches and players from those schools, including James Harris, the first black quarterback to start successfully in the NFL, "Student Body Left" aims to tell the other side of the story of desegregation in the SEC."Student Body Left" is broken up into four chapters, each focusing on a specific part of this complex story."Consequences" details desegregation in the SEC and the crippling fallout of that action. "New Directions" takes a look at where the HBCUs stand today, and what can be done to better preserve this illustrious history going forward. Through video and audio interviews, interactive graphics and photos, this hidden history of HBCU excellence takes shape.


The social conflicts in our country are largely due to socio-environmental controversies linked to extractive activities such as mining. To avoid these conflicts and mitigate the great environmental impact in the region, the mining sector obliges the holders of the activity have environmental management instruments that guarantee a better and sustainable use of mining activity. This article deals with the instrument destined to the rehabilitation of the area disturbed by the extractive activity: The mine closure plan.


In 1999 we prepared a trilogy of papers relating to population futures for Australia. The central paper (McDonald and Kippen 1999b) makes the argument that the long-term prospect of below-replacement fertility greatly reduces the range of viable population futures for Australia. This argument has been made in a context where, on one hand, some environmentalists have been calling for an Australia with a population considerably smaller than its present level (6-12 million) while on the other hand, some with a development orientation have called for a population considerably larger than the present level (50-100 million). These extremes, as we have stated, are sheer demographic nonsense. To reach 50 million in 50 years, Australia would need net migration of almost half a million persons every year for the next 50 years. The average over the past decade and over the past five decades has been 80,000 per year. The maximum level ever was about 150,000 (a level approached only twice in Australia's history, both times for only 1-2 years). To reach 12 million in 50 years, 100,000 Australians would be required to leave Australia every year for the next 50 years. We argue that it is not sensible to aim for population decline in the context of below-replacement fertility because all of the decline would be concentrated at the young ages. The result would be substantial absolute falls in the size of the labour force and the creation of a momentum for future population decline which would be difficult to reverse. We also argue that


The effect of sulfur and calcium impurities on coke reaction was investigated by simulating petroleum coke with low-impurity pitch coke and via impurity doping. Its mechanism has often been discussed via X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectrometry. The results show that sulfur has a strong catalytic effect on both the reactivity of coke in air and CO2 in the case with no other impurity interference. Its catalysis is probably realized by triggering a reaction system. However, during the carbon–air and carbon–CO2 reactions, an obvious mutual inhibition between the catalytic impurities of sulfur and those of calcium occurred when calcium was added. Inert CaSO4 and weak catalytic CaS are likely to be the key to producing this mutual inhibition.


In recent years many sociologists have become concerned with the relation between the research process and existing theory. The use of formal mathematical models to enhance this relationship has not proved completely satisfactory. In this note we discuss the use of a type of formalization1 which has many of the advantages of the mathematical model, yet at the same time maintains some of the values of the more subjective theoretical approach with which we are familiar in sociology. The interactionist notions about the self-concept will be used to exemplify what is involved in this type of formalization. The strategy is very simple: First, we scrutinize the theory to search out what seem to be its basic propositions and make these postulates explicit; second, the variables or concepts are identified and carefully defined; third, all interrelationships between the variables that can be derived from the basic postulates are considered. We will use those rules of logic which are part of ordinary language rather than the rules of mathematics. Finally, after the formalized theory has been explicated, we can consider the conditions under which each of the basic postulates will be expected to hold. Let us now proceed by stating the formalized theory of the self-concept, considering an example of its application, and finally evaluating this approach as a method of handling theory.


Industrialization efforts in Central America started in the post–World War II period, partly as a result of advocacy by the U.N. Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) of import-substitution industrialization and integration policies. Import-substitution industrialization was expected to stimulate employment and technological development, and to alleviate the balance-of-payments difficulties resulting from deteriorating terms of trade. From the beginning, import-substitution industrialization was linked to the creation of the Central American Common Market (CACM), which was expected to encourage industrialization through the formation of larger markets and through protectionist policies. But integration's final form abandoned many of the policies advocated by ECLA, particularly those relating to planning and treatment of foreign actors. Instead, the 1960 integration agreements emphasized "free trade" and the rapid creation of a customs union. The Central American Common Market provided an opening to foreign capital, which was encouraged, rather indiscriminately, through protection and fiscal incentives.


To investigate electric-field-induced superconductivity in covalent semiconductors, band structures and inducedhole carrier density of hydrogenated Si(110) surface in an external electric field were calculated by using first principles full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave method. Results predict that the induced-hole carriers, which form a Fermi surface with a hole pocket centered at Γ point, are less than the critical density of superconductivity for boron-doped Si. Thus, electric-field-induced superconductivity at Si(110) surface may be difficult to achieve, which is in contrast to the case of diamond(110) surface. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2014.109]


SUMMARY

Strains within field populations of barley powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei) varied greatly in their response to ethirimol. Each strain remained stable whether the fungicide was present or not, and no evidence for adaptation was obtained. Strains of intermediate sensitivity were the most frequent within the pathogen population, and these also dominated model populations maintained in the laboratory. Ethirimol eliminated sensitive strains from laboratory mixtures, and increased the relative fitness of insensitive ones, but not sufficiently to oust the intermediate strains. Mildew from treated field plots was less sensitive than that from untreated plots, but only early in the epidemic. Insensitivity was not related to the level of ethirimol used and, at four times the rate used commercially, insensitive strains were no more frequent than at lower rates. As the complexity of mildew populations increased, changes in ethirimol sensitivity in response to selection became less pronounced, and it is suggested that strains of intermediate sensitivity to ethirimol exert a stabilising effect within natural populations. This could alter if the fitness of insensitive strains were to increase, perhaps through recombination. Consideration should be given to the effect ethirimol might have on the composition of the pathogen population if applied when sexual recombination occurs, and to the role ascospores play in disease development.