Abstract We argue that p _T distribution data from the LHC on the invariant differential yield of the charged primary particles in pp collisions at √ s = 0.9, 2.76, 7 TeV and in Pb–Pb collisions at √ s _ NN = 2.76 TeV with 6 centrality bins contains several p _T regions with special properties. These distributions were analyzed by fitting the data with exponential functions. We conclude that the regions reflect features of fragmentation and hadronization of partons through the string dynamics. It seems that the region of 4 GeV/ c < p _T < 20 GeV/ c has highest number of strings. The increase in string density in this region could lead to fusion of strings, appearance of a new string and collective behavior of the partons in the most central collisions. These phenomena can explain anomalous behavior of the Nuclear Modification Factor in this region as a result of the inverse Compton Effect for partons. The inclusive spectrum of the π^0- and η-mesons produced in the pp collisions at LHC energies were analyzed too. It was found the spectra were also composed of several p _T regions, which could be characterized by the length of the regions and two free fitting parameters. The study of the length dependencies of the free fitting parameters and of the energy dependencies of the characteristics of the regions showed that the regions can be classified into two groups. It was found that the ratio of the length for the η-mesons to one for the π^0-mesons is approximately equal to the ratio of their mass. Assuming that the values of the lengths are directly proportional to the string tension the result could be considered as evidence in favor of parton string fragmentation dynamics. The results show that for the first group of regions the lengths of the regions are ~3–5 times greater than the lengths of neighboring, lower p _T regions. For the second group of regions the lengths of the regions are ~1–2 times greater than the lengths of neighboring lower p _T region. In the framework of the string fragmentation and hadronization dynamics, this could mean that the particles in the group I of regions are produced through previous-generation strings decays into ~3–5 strings while those in group II originate from previous-generation strings decays into ~2 strings.


The variability of the types of the small-leaved lime was regarded in dependence of the intensities of blossom, the types of blossom were distinguished, the relationship between the types of blossom ahd morphometric characteristics were found out.


Dioctadecyl phthalate ester was synthesized using phthalic anhydride and stearyl alcohol as raw materials and Ti(OC4H9)4 as catalyst.Thus,with n(stearyl alcohol)/n(phthalic anhydride)=2.2,m(Ti(OC4H9)4)/m(phthalic anhydride)=0.75%,reacting at 200 ℃ for 1 h or 1.5 h,the esterification rate of phthalic anhydride is 98.2% or 99.9% respectively.The reaction time is short,the quantity of catalyst is small,and the catalytic activity is high when Ti(OC4H9)4 was used as catalyst.


Our finding of a decrease in blood viscosity in newborn infants compared with adults leads to analysis of this change by measuring blood viscosity, plasma fibrinogen concentration, plasma viscosity and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of 24 adults and 16 newborn infants. Plasma proteins in newborn infants are synthesized to a lesser extent than in adults, therefore plasma fibrinogen concentration of newborn infants is less than that of adults. This causes decreased blood viscosity in newborn infants compared with adults. Secondly plasma viscosity of newborn infants is also less than that of adults. In the same situation this causes a decrease in blood viscosity in newborn. Thirdly. MCV of newborn infants is greater than that of adults because of young red cells. There is a negative correlation between blood viscosity and MCV. High MCV in newborns leads to low blood viscosity in newborn infants, compared with adults.


Aniline and diphenylamine add to the substituted end of the diene in tricarbonyl(2–6-η-hexadienium)iron to give dienylamine complexes having syn geometry. Tertiary amines, PPh3, and AsPh3 add to the unsubstituted end to give quaternary adducts having anti geometry. The tertiary amine adducts undergo elimination when heated in vacuo to give the syn-hexatriene complex in good yield. Tricarbonyl(2–6-η-heptadienium)iron is converted directly into the syn-heptatriene complex on treatment with tertiary amines, but forms anti adducts with PPh3. Hydrogen-2 labelled syn-[Fe(hexatriene)(CO)3] protonates at its unto-ordinated double bond.


Geoelectrical resistivity sounding using schlumberger array method was used to investigate the sub surface geologic characteristics and aquifer potentials of Lekki peninsula on geographical location of 627 and 627 30 N and longitudes 327 and 330E in ibeju-Lekki Local Government area of lagos states. The study area was divided into three stations or profiles which include: Oniru area one (Profile A-A'), Oniru area two (Profile B-B') and cheveron-Lekki (Profile C-C').
Interpretation of the vertical electrical sounding curves indicate that the geoelectrical layers in this part of lagos vary from four two five layers.Though, there is high aquifer potential in the different study locations or stations but most of the aquifer have been affected by saline intrusion, esspecially the shallow aquifers. This could be as a result of the coaster nature of Lekki and its nearness to the atlantic ocean.Based on this study, fresh groundwater can then,best be exploited by sinking of boreholes than hand dug wells. Since boreholes are drilled to a farther depth unlike in the case of hand dug wells which mostly depend on shallow aquifers, freshwater acquifer would rather be reliable explored through boreholes.


We prove some common fixed point results for four mappings satisfying generalized weak contractive condition in partially ordered complete b-metric spaces. Our results extend and improve several comparable results in the existing literature


The availability of predictions of future system inputs has motivated research into preview control to improve set-point tracking and disturbance rejection beyond that achievable via conventional feedback control. The design of preview controllers, typically based upon model predictive control (MPC) for its constraint handling properties, is often performed in a monolithic nature, coupling the feedback and feed-forward problems. This can create problems, such as: (i) an additional feedback loop is introduced by MPC, which alters the closed-loop dynamics of the existing feedback compensator, potentially resulting in a deterioration of the nominal sensitivities and robustness properties of an existing closed-loop and (ii) the default preview action from MPC can be poor, degrading the original feedback control performance. In our previous work, the former problem is addressed by presenting a modular MPC design on top of a given output-feedback controller, which retains the nominal closed-loop robustness and frequency-domain properties of the latter, despite the addition of the preview design. In this paper, we address the second problem; the preview compensator design in the modular MPC formulation. Specifically, we derive the key conditions that ensure, under a given closed-loop tuning, the preview compensator within the modular MPC formulation is systematic and well-designed in a sense that the preview control actions complement the existing feedback control law rather than opposing it. In addition, we also derive some important results, showing that the modular MPC can be implemented in a cascade over any given linear controllers and the proposed conditions hold, regardless of the observer design for the modular MPC. The key benefit of the modular MPC is that the preview control with constraint handling can be implemented without replacing the existing feedback controller. This is illustrated through some numerical examples.


Pt Schottky diode gas sensors for carbon monoxide (CO) were fabricated using slightly Si doped bulk GaN grown on sapphire substrate. The influence of diode size, Pt thickness, operating temperature on gas sensitivity was investigated. CO sensitivity was improved six times by optimizing the size and thickness of the Pt contact. Surface restructuring and morphology changes of Pt film were observed after thermal annealing. These changes are enhanced as the film thickness is reduced further and contribute to improve CO sensitivity.


Transformerless (TL) topologies are employed in 1φ PV inverter topologies due to their small size and low weight. Avoiding the grid side transformer requires the modulation technique and the basis topology to be accordingly changed in order to mitigate dc current components in the grid side and the leakage current to ground. This paper carries out a sensitivity analysis of selected TL topologies. This analysis investigates the impact of parameter variations of the employed semiconductor devices and detects the device which affects the most the overall efficiency. As a result, relevant info for engineers selecting the most suitable power devices for the implementation of a certain TL topology is provided.


The Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 3 (HER3) is a pseudokinase receptor which contains a catalytically inactive kinase domain in its intracellular region. Despite lack of catalytic activity, HER3 is an essential signaling receptor serving as an allosteric activator of other HER receptors (EGFR and HER2), and a potent scaffold for recruitment an activation of PI3K. To form an active complex, HER3 and the orphan receptor HER2 assemble into a singly liganded, pro‐oncogenic heterocomplex upon binding to the HER3 ligand neuregulin‐1b (NRG1b). In the absence of structures of the HER2/HER3 heterodimer, the mechanism by which HER2 and HER3 interact upon ligand binding remains unknown. We isolated the near full‐length HER2/HER3 heterocomplex with their growth factor neuregulin (NRG) and obtained a 2.9Å cryo‐EM reconstruction of the extracellular domain module. We discovered an unexpected dynamics at the HER2/HER3 dimerization interface, which is exploited by oncogenic mutations and known therapeutics targeting HER2 – such as trastuzumab. The unique features of the NRG‐bound HER2/HER3 heterodimer underscore an allosteric connection between the ligand‐binding pocket and the dimerization interface, and explain why extracellular domains of unliganded HER2 do not homo‐associate via canonical active dimer interfaces.


The remnant combustible gas in the pipeline of the release flare deflagrated because of the maintenance staff operations against job regulation,which have caused the damage of the release flare sealing.Through the analysis to the accident process,we find out the immediate reason caused the accident and the weakness in management.Then we can come up with the measures to prevent the accident and improve our administration,in case the similar malfunctions happen again in the future work.


Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to determine the toxic leadership perceptions of health care workers and to reveal whether the evaluations of the workers about toxic leadership subdimension differ according to individual and demographic characteristics or not. Another purpose of the study is to evaluate whether a scale that measures toxic leadership, validity and reliability revealed in other sectors can be used in the health care sector or not. Design/methodology/approach: The population of the study covers doctors, nurses and other health care workers who work in a state hospital operating in the province of Ankara, Turkey. The study was performed by convenience sampling. The data collection period covers between January-March 2016 and 292 usable surveys are attained. In order to reveal whether the evaluations of health care workers about toxic leadership and sub-dimensions differentiate or not in terms of individual and demographic characteristics, significance test of the difference between two means and one way analysis of variance were used. Findings: As a result of the conducted analyses, it was found that the scale used in the study was valid and reliable for health care sector as well. Additionally, it was revealed that toxic leadership perceptions of the participants had statistically significant differences in each of four dimensions in line with the age and total working experience, selfishness and negative state dimensions according to their profession. Originality/value: The lack studies examining the toxic leadership in the health sector in Turkey is the most important value of this study. Global Business and Management Research: An International Journal Vol. 9, No. 1 (2017) 13


This article provides an overview of the major federal and state health care programs serving children and pregnant women, including Medicaid, the Maternal and Child Health Block Grant Program, the Community and Migrant Health Center Program, and the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children. A detailed description of key amendments to the federal Medicaid statute which substantially expanded the number of pregnant women and children eligible for benefits is presented along with a discussion of the creative reforms of eligibility and service delivery systems some states implemented to expand utilization of prenatal care. Early evaluation results indicate that these perinatal reforms appear to be having a positive impact on both infants and pregnant women. An assessment of the possible impact of recent Medicaid expansions on children's access to medical care reveals that progress has been slow. States have not yet undertaken substantial initiatives to improve the accessibility and efficacy of child health programs. The author concludes, however, that creative efforts by a growing number of states give reason to be cautiously optimistic about the prospect of progress in the future. T he latter half of the 1980s witnessed dramatic expansion in the roles that state and federal governments play in providing and financing perinatal and well-child care in America. Sweeping initiatives were begun that have the potential to commit vastly larger sums of public monies to the support of maternal and child health. Expanding the delivery of prenatal care became a cause that attracted support across the political spectrum, on the grounds that expanded coverage was both a humane course to take and an efficient investment in our nation's future. Yet the manner in which change was achieved—by expanding eligibility for pregnant women and young children under the Medicaid program—has raised a number of questions regarding the appropriate and potential roles of government in serving these populations. Questions that have arisen include the following: n Is an insurance program like Medicaid the best vehicle to improve the health status of mothers and children? n Can a program that has such a strong historical link to the public welfare system escape that system's stigma and be fully embraced as a positive public health care program by mothers and families? n Can families' access to care be improved if the vehicle chosen to accomplish this goal is a financing program that is held in such negative regard by much of the private physician community? n Would government funds be better spent by increasing support for programs other than Medicaid that directly provide, rather than just finance, prenatal and well-child care? n Would real access be achieved more expeditiously by targeting dollars to expand the capacity of such public providers as state and local health department clinics and community and migrant health centers? This article describes the rapid evolution of this country's publicly subsidized systems of health care for pregnant women and children which has taken place during the past 5 years. First, an overview of the various major federal and state programs is provided. Second, a detailed description of the key amendments in the federal Medicaid statute that enabled its expansion is presented along with a discussion of the flexibility utilized by states to implement creative reforms of eligibility and service delivery systems. Also included are early evaluation results which indicate the positive impact that perinatal reforms appear to be having on both the insurance and health status of mothers and infants. Finally, an assessment of the possible impact of recent Medicaid expansions on children's access to medical care is presented. An Overview of Government Programs Serving Pregnant Women and Children Many government programs serve disadvantaged pregnant mothers and their children. Some hold these populations as their sole target, while others serve a much broader population. Some programs are designed to finance care by reimbursing providers for rendering care, while other programs subsidize the direct provision of services. Some programs are fully administered by federal agencies and operate under federal rules, while others share responsibility for management and rule making between federal and state levels of government. Appearing below are brief 136 THE FUTURE OF CHILDREN – WINTER 1992 descriptions of these programs—their objectives, organization, administration, and financing.


Gas burner (1) for oven, or grill, of the type comprising a Venturi tube (2) for mixing fuel gas and primary air, a main distribution chamber (3), longitudinally extended in the flow forwarding direction of the mixture, and located downstream to such a Venturi tube (2), as well as at least one delivery chamber (22a, 22b) placed outside the afore said main distribution chamber (3), and provided with flame holes (4; 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d) for the gas - primary air mixture outflow, such a main distribution chamber (3) and such an outer chamber (22a, 22b) being reciprocally fluidically connected, for at least one longitudinal length of the same main distribution chamber (3), by at least one through opening (16a, 16b, 17a, 17b). Advantageously, the afore said through opening (16a, 16b, 17a, 17b) has, relative to the forwarding longitudinal direction of the mixture flow, a greater cross section in the upstream portion and smaller cross section in the downstream portion of the afore said longitudinal length of the main distribution chamber (3).


This paper describes a motion Wavelet transform Zero Tree (WZT) codec which achieves good compression ratios and can be implemented in a single ASIC of modest size (and very low cost). WZT includes a number of trade-offs which reduce the compression rate but which simplify the implementation and reduce the cost. The figure of merit in our codec is ASIC silicon area required, and we are willing to sacrifice some rate/distortion performance with respect to the best available algorithms to that goal. The codec employs a group of pictures (GOP) of two interlaced video frames (i.e., four video fields). Each such field is coded by the well-known transform method, whereby the image is subjected to a 2-D linear transform, the transform values are quantized, and the resulting values coded (e.g., by a zero-tree method). To that goal we are using 3D wavelet transform, dyadic quantization and various entropy codecs. In the temporal direction a temporal transform is used instead of motion estimation. Some of the technical innovations that enable the above features set are: (1) Edge filters which enable blockwise processing while preserving quadratic continuity across block boundaries, greatly reducing blocking artifacts. (2) Field image compression which reduces memory requirements for fields within a GOP.


The bioavailability of iron in pasteurized and homogenized cow's milk was determined by the hemoglobin depletion-repletion technique using rats. A water soluble citrate phosphate iron complex (iron, 16.67%) was used to fortify milk (iron, 38 ppm). Results showed that iron in milk was as well available as that in ferrous sulfate (99% vs 100%); the same was true when the iron complex was tested as such (not added to milk). Thus, milk or milk components appear not to adversely affect the bioavailability of added iron under the conditions of this experiment.


A container bag having a base, side walls and lifting loops, the base having a reclosable bottom opening, characterised in that a liner is provided attached to the bag, the liner having a cone shaped lower portion. Preferably the liner is made from a lighter, and less expensive, material than the outer bag. Conveniently the liner is attached to the outer bag by means such as clips, adhesive or sewing, and may advantageously be sewn to the outer bag along the top thereof. Preferably the cone-shaped lower portion of the liner terminates in an opening which may be tied off, as is known in the FIBC art. The bottom closure of the outer bag may be a "petal" or "pyjama" closure, but advantageously is larger than may have been common hitherto. The cone-shaped lower portion of the liner will depend through the opening in the outer bag when the latter is untied.


paddy field ZHOU Xuan1, 2, 3, WU Liang-huan1,2 *, DAI Feng4, DONG Chun-hua3 (1.Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Ministry of Education/College of Environmental and Resource Sci原 ences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; 2.Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment/ Col原 lege of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; 3.Soil and Fertilizer Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha 410125, China; 4.Zhejiang Aofutuo Chemical Co., Ltd., Shangyu 312300, China) Abstract:Ammonia(NH3)volatilization is one of the main pathways of nitrogen(N)fertilizer loss in rice production. This study was con原 ducted to investigate the interaction effects of biochemical inhibitor combinations and fertilization models(one-off and three-time fertiliza原


The effects of adding different concentrations of Aframomum danielli (powder and ethanoic extracts) on nutritional, physico-chemical and sensory properties of wheat flour bread were examined. A. danielli powder – 2, 4 and 6%, and ethanolic extract (0.1 and 0.2%) were added, respectively, to flour. Using alveograph and consistograph, the physical properties of the dough-water absorption capacity, tenacity, extensibility, strength of flour and peak time were evaluated. As the concentration of A. danielli in the dough increased from 0 to 4%, alveograph tenacity increased from 96 to 193 mm H2O, extensibility decreased from 92 to 27 mm, gluten decreased from 12.21 to 10.56 mm, flour strength decreased from 365 to 255 while consistograph water absorption capacity increased from 56.8 to 58.9%. A 24-member panel familiar with spiced bread found that bread with A. daniell flavour and having no quality impairment can be made with 2% A. danielli powder and 0.1-0.2% ethanolic extract. The lower the level of A. danielli powder addition, the more acceptable the loaf to the taste panellists as the golden brown colour of the crust, texture and uniform crumb grain of spiced bread were similar to those of the control bread sample.


This paper presents an experimental study of the influence of some organic solvents (toluene, carbon tetrachloride, benzene, absolute methanol) and concentrations of the suspensions containing oxizincquinolate and POPOP in the above mentioned organic liquids in the third harmonic generation (THG) and the induced fluorescence by three-photon processes.


ABSTRACT This paper investigates the long-term causes behind massive feminist student protests in Chile in 2018. Based on in-depth interviews with key protagonists, it argues that the 2018 cycle owed a great deal to small feminist communities emerging during the prior decade within various student networks. Animated by sustained deliberation about the shortcomings of student sexual politics and a surge of feminism in Chile and abroad, these groups brought feminist ideas into the student movement, contributing to the development of identities, frames, organizations and repertoires that facilitated the take-off of protest in 2018. More generally, the paper suggests that attention to deliberative talk and critical communities illuminates how processes of social movement spillover, cognitive liberation and resource-building transform existing social movements, igniting protests around new demands.


Objective:By observing the effects of Toutongning capsule on the expression of c-fos and c-jun in periaqueductalgrey(PAG) and thalamencephalon in rats with migraine to discuss the therapeutic mechanism of Toutongning capsule.Method:The SD rats were evenly divided into 6 groups:normal group,model group,Flunarizine(1.04 mg·kg-1)intervention group,high-dose,mid-dose and low-dose Toutongning capsule groups(760,380,190 mg·kg-1).Migraine model in rats was established by NTG subcutaneous injection.After NTG subcutaneous injection the specimen at 4 hours and 6 hours was obtained.The expression of c-fos and c-jun were detected by immunohistochemistry.Result:The expression of c-fos and c-jun in PAG and thalamencephalon were increased in the model group compared with that in the normal group(all P0.01).At 4 hours after NTG subcutaneous injection,there was much more expression of c-fos and c-jun compared with those at 6 hours after NTG subcutaneous injection.The expressions of c-fos and c-jun in PAG and thalamencephalon were decreased in the high-dose Toutongning capsule intervention group,mid-dose Toutongning capsule intervention group and Flunarizine intervention group compared with those in low-dose Toutongning capsule group and in the model group(all P0.01).There was no significant difference between model group and low dose intervention group.Conclusion:By reducing the expression of c-fos and c-jun and restrainning the transmission of pain information in PAG and thalamencephalon,Toutongning capsule could treat migraine.And the effect of high-dose Toutongning capsule and mid-dose Toutongning capsule were much better.


Like Shklar, Milo is too perceptive and too circumspect tojoin the simplifiers that Midgley deplores. And yet, despite their perceptiveness and circumspection, many of our analyzers of evil have grossly simplified the idea of immorality. In their scrupulous examinations of complexities they have left out much of the ferocious ugliness of Kliban's monster. They too are negligent simplifiers. For instance, Jonathan Bennett has written an essay entitled "The Conscience of Huckleberry Finn;' in which he proves to his satisfaction that the morality of the eighteenthcentury American theologian Jonathan Edwards was "worse than


This report concerns studies of the use of n-type ZnSe as a window layer for n/p GaAs and GalnP 2 solar ceils. Emphasis was placed in this phase of the project on characterizing the interface between n-type ZnSe films grown on epi-GaAs films grown onto single crystal GaAs. Epi-GaAs and heteroepitaxial ZnSe films were grown by MOCVD with a Spire 500XT Reactor. After growing epitaxial GaAs films on single crystal GaAs wafers, well-oriented crystalline ZnSe films were grown by MOCVD. ZnSe films were grown with substrate temperatures ranging from 250°C to 450°C. Photoluminescence studies carried out by researchers at NASA Lewis determined that the surface recombination velocity at a GaAs surface was significantly reduced after the deposition of a heteroepitaxial layer of ZnSe. The optimum temperature for ZnSe deposition appears to be on the order of 350°C.


A formulation, general attribution theory, is presented and applied to the problem of Godattribution. Hypothesizing that religious attributions are a function of situational and stylistic factors, the present work deals with event-character and contextual influences which are aspects of the former. Twelve short stories picturing positive or negative social, economic, and medical occurrences varying in importance were written. In our initial experiment, these were administered under personal or impersonal-reference conditions to 135 respondents. The degree to which God was seen as involved in each happening was assessed. A four-factor ANOVA revealed God attributions varied meaningfully with event-domain, positive-negativeness, and event-importance. Significant interactions among these factors and with the personal-impersonal condition were also observed. In our second experiment, an experimental manipulation of a personal-impersonal experimental condition produced evidence that more God attributions result in personal than impersonal circumstances. An attempt to assess the effect of a church vs. a nonchurch context resulted in negative findings and recommends the necessity of making this potential source of influence more salient in future work. The utility of attributional concepts to explain much religious activity is increasingly apparent.


Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, is unexplained reasons and characterized with left ventricular hypertrophy, is an inherited chronic disease of the heart muscle. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is seen rarely but it is very important because of genetic transmission and high risk of sudden cardiac death. Echocardiography is basic application for diagnosis left ventricular hypertrophy. We defined a rare case in literature which has massive left ventricular hypertrophy


The article presents data on sports, active forms of leisure, travel among elderly Russians. An important conclusion is made that health promotion by means of active recreation and sports among senior citizens in Russia is one of the directions of active longevity policy. An overview of charitable foundations for senior citizens of the Russian Federation and their activities in promoting an active lifestyle among elderly citizens is presented.


Remote, unattended means has been designed and reduced to practice that retains and then releases an attached load by means of a restrained cable. The cable is released by an electrical impulse on signal.


A Dissertation Submitted to Mzumbe University Dar Ess Salaam College Campus in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Masters in Business Administration in Corporate Management (MBA-CM) of Mzumbe University
2014


Background: Single molecules of the kinesin-5 Cin8 were previously demonstrated to be minus-end-directed under high-ionic-strength conditions. Results: Under high-ionic-strength conditions, Cin8 lacking the tail domain is bidirectional. Conclusion: The tail domain is one of the factors that regulate Cin8 directionality. Significance: An important structural element was identified that regulates the directionality of kinesin-5 motors. The bipolar kinesin-5 motors are one of the major players that govern mitotic spindle dynamics. Their bipolar structure enables them to cross-link and slide apart antiparallel microtubules (MTs) emanating from the opposing spindle poles. The budding yeast kinesin-5 Cin8 was shown to switch from fast minus-end- to slow plus-end-directed motility upon binding between antiparallel MTs. This unexpected finding revealed a new dimension of cellular control of transport, the mechanism of which is unknown. Here we have examined the role of the C-terminal tail domain of Cin8 in regulating directionality. We first constructed a stable dimeric Cin8/kinesin-1 chimera (Cin8Kin), consisting of head and neck linker of Cin8 fused to the stalk of kinesin-1. As a single dimeric motor, Cin8Kin switched frequently between plus and minus directionality along single MTs, demonstrating that the Cin8 head domains are inherently bidirectional, but control over directionality was lost. We next examined the activity of a tetrameric Cin8 lacking only the tail domains (Cin8Δtail). In contrast to wild-type Cin8, the motility of single molecules of Cin8Δtail in high ionic strength was slow and bidirectional, with almost no directionality switches. Cin8Δtail showed only a weak ability to cross-link MTs in vitro. In vivo, Cin8Δtail exhibited bias toward the plus-end of the MTs and was unable to support viability of cells as the sole kinesin-5 motor. We conclude that the tail of Cin8 is not necessary for bidirectional processive motion, but is controlling the switch between plus- and minus-end-directed motility.


This paper describes the development and performance of a Linear Scarifying End-Effector (LSEE) designed and fabricated for deployment by a remotely operated vehicle. The end-effector was designed to blast or scarify in-grained residual contamination from gunite tank walls using high-pressure water jets after the bulk sludge had been removed from the tanks using an integrated suite of remotely operated tools. Two generations of the LSEE were fabricated, tested, and deployed in the gunite tanks at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, with varying levels of success. Because the LSEE was designed near the end of a four-year project to clean up the gunite tanks at Oak Ridge, a number of design constraints existed. The end-effector had to utilize pneumatic, hydraulic and electrical interfaces already available at the site; and to be deployable through one of the containment structures already in place for the other remote systems. Another primary design consideration was that the tool had to effectively extend the reach of an existing remotely operated vehicle from six ft. to at least ten ft. to allow cleaning the tank walls from floor to ceiling. In addition, the combined weight and thrust of the LSEE had to be manageable by the manipulator mounted on the vehicle. Finally, the end-effector had to follow an autonomous scarifying path such that the vehicle was only required to reposition the unit at the end of each pass after the mist had cleared from the tank. The prototypes successfully met each of these challenges, but did encounter other difficulties during actual tank operations.


Storage capabilities in novel "Health Grids" are quite suitable for the requirements of systems like ICGrid, which captures, stores and manages data and metadata from Intensive Care Units. However, this paradigm depends on widely distributed storage sites, therefore requiring new security mechanisms, able to avoid potential leaks to cope with modification and destruction of stored data under the presence of external or internal attacks. Particular emphasis must be put on the patient's personal data, the protection of which is required by legislations in many countries of the European Union and the world in general. In a previous paper we performed a security analysis of ICGrid, from the point of view of metadata and data, where we found the need to protect the data-at-rest from untrusted Storage Elements (SE). That research also proposed a privacy protocol to protect a patients' private metadata and data. This paper is the follow-up of our previous research, proposing an architecture based on gLite middleware's components, to deploy the contributed privacy protocol. As a proof of concept we show how to implement a Mandatory Access Control model for the metadata stored into the AMGA service. To protect the data itself, this paper presents our first experimental results on the performance ∗This work was carried out for the CoreGRID IST project no004265, funded by the European Commission. †Also with the Dept. of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada. ‡Also with the Dept. of Computer Science, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, Heraklion, GR 71409, Greece.


The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effectiveness of oral systemic antifungal (fluconazol) with nasal antifungal wash and aggressive surgical debridement in treatment of rhinocerebral mucormycosis. In a prospective hospital based study, we reviewed the management of 32 patients with rhinocerebral mucormycosis in Mosul general hospital and Al-Rahma Hospital (Mosul_Iraq), over a period of 7 years (Jan 1995 Dec 2001). Diabetes mellitus was the main underlying cause in our patients and the main causative agent was mucor sp..The mortality


The article traces the life of Australian actress Judith Anderson, particularly her experiences in the Sydney theater scene that led to her successful Broadway debut in the 1920s and her later film career.


The efficiency with which diodrast (3, 5-diiodo-4-pyridone-1-acetic acid) and hippuran (oiodohippuric acid) are excreted by the renal tubules (1, 2) raises the question to what extent the organically-bound iodine in these molecules is responsible for the phenomenon of tubular excretion. Since suitable quantitative methods for the determination of unsubstituted compounds wvere not available, substituted derivatives of hippuric acid which could be determined by appropriate coupling reactions were prepared 2 and studied under conditions permitting the exact comparison of renal clearances with those of diodrast atnd hippuran. Methods of comparing clearances. When two substances, both of which are excreted by the tubules, are presented to the tubular excretory mechanism simultaneously, one substance may depress the tubular excretion of the other (2, 3).3 Consequently, in the absence of information to


This dissertation researched on important epidemiologic and prevention intervention components of three crucial stages of the HIV care continuum, including HIV testing/diagnosis, linkage-to-care and antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation. Specifically, I use propensity score adjustment to examine the intervention effect of prior repeat HIV testing to reduce HIV risk among HIV-negative men who have sex with men (MSM) in a cross-sectional study, and found higher prior HIV testing frequency was significantly associated with a reduced HIV risk; I conducted a qualitative study to assess determinants of linkage to and engagement in HIV care, and identified several key personal, structural and social barriers and facilitators for HIV utilization; I also evaluated sociodemographic, behavioral and clinical predictors of ART initiation among HIV-positive Chinese MSM, and found important intervention factors to enhance to ART use among HIV-infected Chinese MSM.
In sum, this dissertation explored novel perspectives of the HIV epidemics and HIV care utilization among Chinese MSM which had never been studied. The study findings provided implication for the design of future intervention programs, and rendered evidence to strengthen the current HIV prevention policy among Chinese MSM.


Background: The purpose of this study is to determine the frequency, number, location and the orientation of the septa in the maxillary sinus by computed tomography. In addition, to evaluate the relationship of sinus septa with age, gender and type of dentition, which are patient related factors. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was done by examining the images taken from patients who applied to Harran University Faculty of Dentistry between January 2017 and January 2020. Ethics committee approval was obtained from Harran University Clinical Research Ethics Committee with the decision numbered HRU / 20.09.08. The study was carried out by evaluating the computed tomography images of 500 head and neck regions. While examining the images, the parameters of the patient's age, gender and status of the dentition (full dentition, partial dentition, or edentulous) were recorded. Septas were classified as coronal, sagittal and transversal. Results: A total of 500 computed tomography images were examined. 446 of them were included in the study because they met the inclusion criteria. Thus, a total of 892 maxillary sinuses were examined. 198 (44.4%) of the patients examined were male and 248 (55.6%) were female. The average age of the patients was 33.4 years old, the youngest was 18 and the oldest was 79 years old. 248 patients (55.6%) were full dentition, 168 (37.7%) were partial dentition and 30 (6.7%) were edentulous. At least one septum was detected in 135 (30.2%) patients. 126 (93.3%) of these patients had only one septum, while 9 (6.7%) had more than one septum. A total of 146 septums were detected in the patients. No significant relation was found between the prevalence of maxillary sinus septa and the age (p = 0.415), gender (p = 0.443) and dentition type (p = 0.078) of the patients. A significant relation was found between the orientation and positions of the maxillary sinus septa (p = 0.017). Conclusion: As a result of this study, it was observed that approximately one third of the population had a maxillary sinus septa. Planning implant surgeries with three-dimensional images reduces the possible complications. It was also seen that three-dimensional images could change the planning based on two-dimensional images. However, it was evaluated that the results of these study need to be confirmed by more comprehensive studies.


Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA), thrombocytopenia, fever, renal failure, and neurologic symptoms comprise the cardinal features of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Etiologies can include medications, infections, cancers, or transplantation. We present a patient with a history of rectal cancer treated with mitomycin-C who developed MAHA, acute kidney injury, and thrombocytopenia 6 months after completing therapy and to did not respond the plasmapheresis or steroids. She was treated with four weekly doses of rituximab with full recovery.


Summary form only given. We utilize the traveling-wave structure and strain-compensated material growth to achieve high efficiency with low driving voltage and high saturation power. An InGaAsP-based material grown by MOCVD is used to fabricate a 300 /spl mu/m long ridge waveguide type EA modulator. The active region consists of 10 quantum-wells.


The authors performed experimental study for the purpose of the following two items from a viewpoint of cavitation erosion of a cylindrical orifice in view of a problem at the letdown orifice in PWR (Pressurized Water Reactor). 1. To get the critical cavitation parameter of the cylindrical orifice to establish the design criteria for prevention of cavitation erosion, and 2. to ascertain the erosion rate in such an eventuality that the cavitation erosion occurs with the orifice made of stainless steel with precipitation hardening (17-4-Cu hardening type stainless steel), so that we confirm the appropriateness of the design criteria. Regarding the 1st item, we carried out the cavitation tests to get the critical cavitation parameters inside and downstream of the orifice. The test results showed that the cavitation parameter at inception is independent of the length or the diameter of the orifice. Moreover, the design criteria of cavitation erosion of cylindrical orifices have been established. Regarding the 2nd item, we tested the erosion rate under high-pressure conditions. The cavitation erosion actually occurred in the cylindrical orifice at the tests that was strongly resemble to the erosion occurred at the plant. It will be seldom to reproduce resemble cavitation erosion in a cylindrical orifice with the hard material used at plants. We could establish the criteria for preventing the cavitation erosion from the test results.Copyright © 2002 by ASME


Every dental nurse has an important role in recognizing signs of abuse and neglect. This article explores child protection issues for dental practice in regards to legislation, inspection, identification of abuse, referral, training and best practice.


In the cloud computing environment, data are encrypted to be stored in many distributed servers. Global Internet service providers such as Google and Yahoo recognized the importance of an Internet service platform and have used low-priced commercial-node-based and large-scale cluster-based cloud computing platform technologies through R&D. As various data services have been available in the distributed computing environment, the distributed management of big data has become a major issue. In the various uses of big data, security vulnerability and privacy invasion may occur due to malicious attackers or inner users. In particular, various types of security vulnerability occur in the block access token, which is used for the permission control of the data block in Hadoop. To supplement the security vulnerability, a secret-sharing-based block access token management technique is suggested in this paper.


The present research project aims is to implement an intelligent lighting circuit through
programmable control for San Lorenzo de Jipijapa church. This Project is focusedon the
need to reduce the energy consumption costs does not cause damage to the use of this
intelligent lighting technology that today are very useful.
So, LED lighting occupies a very important place in the lighting market which produces
real energy savings. That is to say that we can install it from anywhere, for example in
homes, shops, hotels, educational establishments, supermarket, etc.
The used methodology to determine the scientific fact were the bibliographic, the
descriptive method, the hypothetical-deductive method and the analytical method;
Among the mechifiques that were used we have interviews and the surverys. Finally, it
was possible determine the requirements to improve the illumination of the church. This
Project had great social impact since the direct beneficiaries are the citizens and the
church.


The goal of the present study, a part of the PROOF (Predicting Occupational biomechanics among OFfice workers) study, was to determine if there was a relationship between psychosocial stress, measured by reward and over-commitment, and trapezius muscle activity while workers performed their own computer work in the field. We observed that workers reporting higher levels of over-commitment and lower reward also experienced approximately 40% higher median trapeizus muscle activity levels than workers reporting lower levels of over-commitment and lower reward (change from 3.5% MVC to 6% MVC), with no difference in muscle activity for workers reporting high reward and either low or high over-commitment. Workers reporting higher levels of over-commitment experienced more variability in trapezius muscle activity. The results of this study may be used to inform interventions targeting reduction of musculoskeletal disorders among office workers.


The reaction aluminium oxide–carbon–chlorine has been investigated and found to produce aluminium chloride, oxygen and carbon dioxide. This occurred when a mixture of aluminium oxide and carbon was heated either in a stream of chlorine or in a static atmosphere of chlorine. No carbon monoxide was obtained when a stream of chlorine was used, but small amounts were formed in a static atmosphere of chlorine. The temperature at which reaction started, as shown by the formation of a sublimate of aluminium chloride in the reaction tube, decreased as the proportion of carbon to aluminium oxide increased. In a number of experiments, less carbon was consumed than should have been for the amount of aluminium oxide that reacted, if it be assumed that carbon dioxide, rather than oxygen, was a primary product. From the results obtained, the writers believe that oxygen is a primary product of the reaction, while carbon dioxide is a secondary product, the carbon acting primarily as a catalyst.In experiments with tungsti...


Objective: To investigate the expression of utrophin and dystrophin in muscles of the patients with childhood muscular dystrophy(MD).Methods: The expression of utrophin wes analyzed by immunofluorescence methods with the muscle biopsies from 8 patients with childhood MD and 2 normal controls.Results: Immunofluorescence reactivity for utrophin was weak and discontinuous in a minority sarcolemma of Duchenne muscular dystrophy(DMD) patients with severely reduced dystrophin.Utrophin was negative on sarcolemma of DMD patients with moderate decreased dystrophin and other non-DMD muscular dystrophies.There was no immunofluorescence reactivity for utrophin on sarcolemma of normal biopsies.Conclusion: The expression of utrophin in childhood MD was related to the decline of dystrophin expression,and may has relationship with the severity of clinical symptom.


The influence of world outlook principles of the Ukrainian and philosophy mentality on the process of the Ukrainian (Cossacks) baroque establishing, and its manifestations in forming the Ukrainian aesthetic though is reviewed.


Titanium doping in lithium manganese oxide spinels was shown to be beneficial for the structural stability of the potential Li-ion battery cathode materials LiTixMn2–xO4, 0.2 ≤ x ≤ 1.5, yet the distribution of Li/Ti/Mn in the structure and the cation oxidation states, both pivotal for the electrochemical performance of the material, are not fully understood. Our work investigates the changes in the local ordering of the ions throughout this series by using a combination of 7Li NMR spectroscopy and ab initio density functional theory calculations. The 7Li NMR shifts are first calculated for a variety of Li configurations with different numbers and arrangements of Mn ions in the first metal coordination shell and then decomposed into Li–O–Mn bond pathway contributions to the shift. These Li–O–Mn bond pathways are then used to simulate and assign the experimental NMR spectra of different configurations and stoichiometries beyond those in the initial subset of configurations via a random distribution model an...


The ability to individually control and monitor training load and the perception of training load is an important aspect of effective coaching [1]. Monitoring training intensity is also a critical component to the process of creating an individualized periodization focused training plan. Having the ability to effectively quantitate training load for various exercises and drills using a single term would be very useful in overall ease of program understanding and administration. There have been attempts at quantitating training from "aerobics points" [2] and training volume [3] to the training impulse [4]. These methods have supporting factors and limitations that make them difficult to implement in a team sport with intermittent intensities. Given the importance of both high intensity training and variable training bouts for athletes of the intermittent nature. Information regarding the practicality and accuracy of the Omni Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) method during exercise in sports specific scenarios could be valuable for coaches and trainers. RPE is an easy to use tool for measuring intensity during physical activity. Therefore, the intent of this study was to evaluate the relationship of the RPE and Indirect Calorimetry (IC) (METs) based methods of monitoring training intensities during drills with varying intensity to emulate game like conditions. To examine the relation between OMNI ratings of perceived exertion and MET levels of intensity measures throughout a series of collegiate basketball drills. Crimson Publishers Wings to the Research Research Article


White dwarf–white dwarf (WD–WD) and neutron star–neutron star (NS–NS) mergers may produce Type Ia supernovae and gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), respectively. A general problem is how to produce binaries with semi-major axes small enough to merge in significantly less than the Hubble time (tH), and thus accommodate the observation that these events closely follow episodes of star formation. I explore the possibility that such systems are not binaries at all, but actually coeval, or dynamical formed, triple systems. The tertiary induces Kozai oscillations in the inner binary, driving it to high eccentricity, and reducing its gravitational wave (GW) merger timescale. This effect significantly increases the allowed range of binary period P such that the merger time is tmerge < tH. In principle, Chandrasekhar-mass binaries with P ∼ 300 days can merge in ≲ tH if they contain a prograde solar-mass tertiary at high enough inclination. For retrograde tertiaries, the maximum P such that tmerge ≲ tH is yet larger. In contrast, P ≲ 0.3 days is required in the absence of a tertiary. I discuss implications of these findings for the production of transients formed via compact object binary mergers. Based on the statistics of solar-type binaries, I argue that many such binaries should be in triple systems affected by the Kozai resonance. If true, expectations for the mHz GW signal from individual sources, the diffuse background, and the foreground for GW experiments like LISA are modified. This work motivates future studies of triples systems of A, B, and O stars, and new types of searches for WD–WD binaries in triple systems.


A fundamental inconsistency exists within today's society between the creation of new, interactive participatory spaces through information technology, on the one hand, and the decreased role of the individual as a general participant in governance on the other. The questions of whether digital democracy exists and if individuals, groups or policy makers can harness democratic values on the 'Net ABSTRACT


In consideration of the deficiency of traditional methods of evaluating the efficiency of scale inhibitor,and image processing technology more and more widely used in the field of detection,a new method of evaluation was developed and tested for the first time.This method was based upon supersaturation image processing technology.Na2CO3 solution as titration liquid was dropped into CaCl2 solution as mother liquor by peristaltic pump and sampled from a CCD camera continuously and automatically.The image feature-titration solution volume curve could be established rea1 time,and the inflection point of the curve had been programmed for titration process.The efficiency of scale inhibitor could be evaluated with the method mentioned above.The experimental results have good agree with the traditional bubble test,and it has advantages such as high accuracy,good repeatability,quickly-evaluating and easily-operating,etc.


ABSTRACT The synthesis, characterization, physico-chemical and electrical properties of complexes of pyridine-2-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (PTSC) with transition element cations are reported. The complexes [Fe(PTSC)2Cl2]Cl and [Ni(PTSC)2-(H2O)2]Cl2 were prepared. Molecular structures of these complexes were identified by using elemental analyses, FT-IR, UV-VIS, thermogravimetric and molar conductivity techniques. The structure, along with other physico-chemical studies, established that the complexes of PTSC were low-spin. The spectroscopic study of the compounds showed that the transition metal complexes had octahedral geometry. A spectrophotometric determination of nickel(II) with pyridine-2-carbaldehde thiosemicarbazone in methyl alcohol solution is proposed and the stability constants of the nickel(II) complex were determined by the Job method. The electrical conductivity of the compounds increases with elevated temperature. Their conductivities follows the order Ni>Fe. The calculated values of the activation energy of mobility, Eμ, suggests that conduction in the studied complexes takes place by a hopping mechanism, where one electron hops from one molecule to another.


"This technical report is a reprint of the thesis written by Chithra Rajagopalan as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Electrical Engineering at the University of Illinois."


Variations in sea surface temperature (SST) and vertical thermal structure in the western subtropical North Pacific, which has the largest air‐sea heat flux of the world's oceans, provide insights into the mechanisms of climate change related to air‐sea interactions. Here, we present planktonic δ18O and Mg/Ca records from the western subtropical gyre of the North Pacific spanning the last 30 kyrs. The results indicate that subtropical SSTs were approximately 3°C lower during the last glacial than in the Holocene interglacial, indicating that glacial cooling occurred uniformly in the low to mid‐latitudes of the western North Pacific. A decrease in intermediate depth temperatures at the late glacial suggests that the formation and/or advection of the subtropical mode water was enhanced due to a strong East Asian winter monsoon. The results suggest that the change in the thermal structure of the subtropical gyre was related to changes in East Asian monsoon activity.


The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effects of agricultural policies that, as part of the peace accord in Colombia, have been proposed for the rural regions most affected by the armed conflict. Specifically, we are interested in their economy-wife and distributional effects. To that end, we use a newly built 2014 social accounting matrix for Colombia to calibrate an extended version of the well-known PEP 1-1 computable general equilibrium model. The policies we consider comprise an increase in total factorial productivity due to greater technical assistance and infrastructure construction, and production and employment subsidies in order to promote the substitution of illicit crops. It is found that value added, demand for labor, and factor incomes increase in the areas most affected by the conflict, while the opposite occurs in the other areas. Moreover, total rural income increases as long as the financing mechanism does not consider an increase in the taxation of rural incomes. In fact, we found that the distributional effects are strongly conditional on the financing mechanism that the government adopts.


We give uniform upper bounds for the number of rational points of height at most B on non-singular complete intersections of two quadrics in P^3 defined over Q. To do this, we combine determinant methods with descent arguments.


Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) was introduced by the Indian Government in 1997-98 as an initiative to create self-employment opportunities to alleviate urban poverty. Under this scheme the Central and the State governments share the financial responsibility in the ratio of 75:25 for providing subsidised loans to the self-help groups (SHGs) promoted by local government bodies in urban areas. Various studies conducted on this scheme all over India indicate that due to various lacunae in the implementation of the scheme it has failed to achieve the objective of poverty alleviation through self-employment generation. This study is based on a random sample of SHGs from below poverty line households in Thane city for the implementation of SJSRY. The study shows that SJSRY has not achieved the desired results due to poor implementation. While greater emphasis was laid on the delivery of financial assistance, other vital linkages and support mechanism did not get the desired attention. The scheme can do well if an ecosystem is created by establishing institutional linkages for training, marketing and technical support for the SHGs combined with a fool proof supervisory framework to monitor the scheme.


Ground vehicle stability controllers can be significantly improved through knowledge of the vehicle's tire-ground normal force. This work demonstrates a proof-of-concept study of such an estimator. The method involves work from two previous methods that perform real-time estimation of the vehicle's mass and horizontal CG position. Inclusion of the previous work provides the foundation for a comprehensive method that estimates the tire-ground normal load of a ground vehicle that is invariant with respect to the vehicle parameters.Copyright © 2014 by ASME


New 252Cf encapsulation techniques have been developed which offer possibilities of variation in source strength and geometry. These techniques involve the concentration of 252Cf by extraction into...


An international comparison of current transformer calibrations between five metrology laboratories has been conducted. The measurements were made at current ratios ranging from 1 A: 1 A to 200 A: 1 A at 10, 100, and 200 percent of rated current and from 5 A: 5 A to 200 A: 5 A at 1, 10, 100, and 200 percent of rated current, at a frequency of 50 Hz. Several ratios have also been compared at 60 Hz. Except at some low-level currents the results show very good agreement among the five laboratories. The current differences are typically within ±1 ppm and the phase displacements within ±1.5 ¿rad.


BACKGROUND
Bovine Parainfluenza Virus type 3 (BPIV3) is a major but often overlooked pathogen that causes respiratory disease in cattle, especially during transportation and in feedlot situations. There is a demand for the rapid detection and serological diagnosis of BPIV3 to monitor the presence of the virus and its antibodies in cattle, which is critical in designing suitable interventions and control.

METHODS
In the present study, ssDNA aptamers with high affinity and specificity against the HN protein of BPIV3 were selected using microplates as the matrix.

RESULTS
After eleven rounds selection, thirty-four different DNA sequences were obtained in total, wherein w-32, w-33, and w-34 were repeated seven, eleven, and nine times, and with Kd values of 56.57 ± 2.7 nM, 24.64 ± 2.84 nM, and 31.3 ± 3.32 nM, respectively. Two-dimensional structural analysis showed that the three aptamers had several loop structures that were probably more energetically favorable for target binding. Of the three candidates, aptamer w-33 showed the best affinity in an indirect enzyme-linked aptamer assay (ELAA). The percent inhibition cutoff value of the ELAA, assessed using twenty negative sera, was 31%.

CONCLUSION
In a comparative study with commercial ELISA kits, the positive detection rate of the ELAA was slightly higher than that of the commercial ELISA kits, and the coincidence rate of ELAA and ELISA was 88%. Further optimization of the ELAA method with more serums is needed.


Substance P (SP) is a member of the tachykinin family. In the central nervous system, SP participates among others, in the regulation of pain, learning, memory, emotion, and sexual functions. In the periphery, SP affects the gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and urinary systems. Galanin, similarly to SP, appears to be involved in wide range of physiologic functions including cognition, waking and sleep, feeding, mood, blood pressure, reproduction, and development where acts as a trophic factor. The similar distribution of SP-immunoreactive (SP-IR) fibers and galanin-IR perikarya in the human hypothalamus suggests functional interaction between these neuropeptides. We have utilized double label immunohistochemistry to reveal these putative juxtapositions and found that the majority of galanin-IR neurons receive contacting substance P-IR fibers that often cover a significant area of the galaninergic perikarya forming multiple en passant type contacts. These SP-galanin juxtapositions are located mainly in the basal part of the infundibulum/median eminence, populating the basal periventricular region as well as in the basal perifornical area. The density and the morphology of these associations suggest that these contacts are functional synapses and therefore may represent the morphological substrate of the control of SP on multipe functions regulated/modulated by galanin. SP via galanin, may modulate anterior pituitary hormone secretion, as contrary to SP, high density of galanin immunoreactivity is present in the median eminence, and by innervating galanin-IR neurons projecting to other parts of the brain, SP can modulate indirectly their activities.


It is a characteristic property of intransitive verbs that they do not take any overt complements. As far as their selectional or subcategorisation properties are concerned, they are usually described as "single-argument" verbs, or oneplace predicates. While intransitive verbs of the unaccusative type have a complement at D-Structure (cf. (1a)), which needs to raise to structural subject position because it is not Case-licensed by the verb (Burzio 1986), intransitive verbs of the unergative type are traditionally considered to be "Agent-only" verbs that is, they do not select an internal argument at all (cf. (1b)).


579 Q . X I A O, J . J . J A C K S ON , A . B A SA K, J . M . B O W L E R , B . G . M I L L E R , * A . Z A K AR I A N * ( U N I V E R S I T Y OF C A L I F OR N I A , S AN T A B A R B A R A A N D F L O R I D A ST A T E U N I V E R S I T Y, TA L L A H A S SE E , US A ) Enantioselective Synthesis of Tatanans A–C and Reinvestigation of Their Glucokinase-Activating Properties Nature Chem. 2013, 5, 410–416.


During an unpleasant air raid with the Nursing Home on fire I decided on simple drainage with removal of calculi! The patient was very well until 1951, when a return of symptoms was wrongly interpreted by me and I urged cholecygtectomy. At this second operation, the gallibladder was a tiny, thin-walled harmless relic. There was a carcinoma of the head of the pancreas. Following radical surgery she was well for five years, and at the end of seven years died of breast cancer.


Abstract : In this final report, we describe our efforts that culminated in the determination of the x-ray crystal structure of a T cell receptor-MHC molecule (TCR/MHC) complex. Based on the structure, we proposed several common characteristics that all TCR/MHC complexes may have. We prepared and analyzed crystals containing mutant peptides that differ from the wildtype peptide in their immunological properties. We have made progress in determining the structure of another T cell receptor bound to the same MHC-peptide complex. When finished, these new structures and their comparison to the first TCR/MHC structure should lead to further insights in how T cell receptors recognize their MHC-peptide ligands. In this final report, we describe our efforts that culminated in the determination of the x-ray crystal structure of a T-cell receptor/MHC molecule (TCR/ MHC) complex. Based on the structure, we proposed several common characteristics that all TCR/MHC complexes may have. We prepared and analyzed crystals containing mutant peptides that differ from the wildtype peptide in their immunological properties. We have made progress in determining the structure of another T-cell receptor bound to the same MHC/peptide complex. When finished, these new structures and their comparison to the first TCR/ MHC structure should lead to further insights in how T-cell receptors recognize their MHC/peptide ligands.


Abstract Hepatic involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may be due to the disease itself, but is most often associated with the use of hepatotoxic drugs, hepatic steatosis and coexistence of viral hepatitis. Cases of Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) associated with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) have been reported in adults with lupus. The authors report a rare case of juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (jSLE) associated with APS who presented BCS and subsequent progression to large regenerative nodules and hepatocellular carcinoma.


This paper aims to estimate the impact of macroeconomic indicators (gross domestic product-GDP, inflation rate and industrial production index) on liquidity, profitability and solvency of financial institutions in the Republic of Serbia. The research is based on applying a dynamic GMM panel model, while the results of the application of static panel models were analyzed as the control results. The research results support the assumption that the growth of GDP and inflation rates affects the increase of financial institutions' profitability. Also, the estimation results implicate that the growth of GDP and the inflation rate is linked with the reduction of financial institutions' liquidity, while the growth of industrial production rate affects its increase. Finally, the results of the study indicate that GDP growth has an influence on the rise of financial sector solvency. This comparative analysis using panel data models is relevant to a broad range of researchers and policymakers interested in macroeconomic relations and the financial sector.


Author(s): Eskelinen, Holli C.; Hill, Heather M.; Walker, Rachel T.; Trone, Marie | Abstract: The scientific community has mourned the loss of Dr. Stan Kuczaj, Professor at The University of Southern Mississippi and Director of the Marine Mammal Behavior and Cognition Laboratory, for the past year. In this time of grieving and reminiscing, his scientific legacy has continued to live on through students, collaborators and trusted colleagues. Stan's passing has acted in part as a motivator to continue to publish works that he invested time and energy in as a tribute, seeing his visions through to fruition. In addition to publishing droves of literature, his colleagues within the development and comparative fields have bound together for the common goal of advancing the science through new collaborations, merged resources, and tackling innovative topics in comparative studies. This second commemorative special issue is a testament to the vast scope of Stan's impact on the scientific community, as well as his legacy that each of his students and colleagues continues to cultivate. Ten additional papers round out our initial tribute to Dr. Stan Kuczaj in honor of his lifetime achievements.


During the Ethiopian campaign of 1935-36, the health and sanitary conditions of the metropolitan troops were generally good. In a report to Mussolini, A. Castellani, commander of the Medical Corps for Italian East Africa, referred to the excellent health of the troops in Ethiopia. ^ In spite of the fact that typhus infections were increasing, the number of sick and dead were comparatively fewer than among troops stationed in Italy. ^ This conclusion was confirmed by the American Military Attache in Rome, Norman E. Fiske, who was sent to Ethiopia as an observer. He also commented, however, that hundreds of workers and soldiers had died of sunstroke and that many others suffered from pneumonia, amoebic dysentery, malaria and syphilis. S As a matter of fact, the number of sick men increased so fast that the number of hospital ships grew from two to eleven by the time Addis Ababa was occupied on 5 May 1936. Although containing incomplete data, the reports from the hospital boats are very important because estimates of Italian casualties during the war and occupation can be extrapolated from them.


For the study of an influence that fin thickness and shape of heat exchanger have on the elevation of heat transfer efficiency, we make models of plate fin type heat exchanger and louvered fin type heat exchanger which was given a transformation of fin thickness in plate fin type heat exchanger and louvered fin type heat exchanger which are ofen used now. And the influence of fin thickness on pressure drop and characteristics of heat transfer was experimented and analysed when air velocity and temperature of plate heating was a variable.


An approximate linear relationship between the proton affinities of conjugate bases (B's) and the free energies of hydration of conjugate acid ions (BH+'s) is found for B = alkyl-substituted H2O and NH3. With increase in proton affinities, the free energies of hydration increase linearly with a slope of about 1 for analogous compounds. The charge derealization in the protonated bases and the structure-making effect induced by the hydrophobic groups in the alkyl-substituted H3O+ and NH4+ are crucial factors in the determination of the free energies of hydration.


Digitization of Chinese ancient books plays a positive role in the modern academy. But digitization can also lead to academic alienation. Disguise of knowledge indicates one of its superficial characteristics. In this process,some ancient books are singled out to be digitalized,while other ancient books are not chosen. The result is that the ancient books having not been chosen will inevitably be neglected and can never be compiled into the databases. So the accuracy of research conclusion can be affected because the neglected ancient books can not be retrieved. The disguise of knowledge is a common phenomenon in the process of digitalization of Chinese ancient documents,which is a dilemma in both technology and philosophy. The problem above- mentioned is worth studying and the academic circle should pay a great attention to.


Lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) have a wide range of applications in the fields of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) for their both high energy density and high power density. Lithium-ion capacitors have become a potential alternative for next-generation chemical energy storage equipment owing to high energy density, high power density, and excellent cycle performance. The prelithiated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) electrode was prepared by internal short circuit (ISC) and doping to intercalate lithium into MWCNTs. SLMP and lithium metal were used as lithium resources, respectively. The prelithiated carbon nanotubes were used as anode and activated carbon electrode as cathode. The capacitors were assembled in a glove box filled with argon. The prelithiated MWCNTs electrode eliminated irreversible capacity and improved substantially electrochemical performance of lithium-ion capacitors.


ABSTRACT In this study, a theme-centered STEAM program converged with field trip was developed in the 'The stratum and fossils' unit of elementary science. The objectives were to find the influences on academic achievement, creative problem solving abilities and scientific attitude of elementary school students. The STEAM education program was composed of content which can be applied effectively by converging field trip and STEAM elements. As the results applied the STEAM program to elementary school students, the experimental group improved effectively in the academic achievement, creative problem solving abilities and scientific attitude compared to the control group, which took the theoretical lesson. In conclusion, it is necessary to develop systematically and continuously programs converging STEAM and field trip in various units of science subject which field trip is possible. Key words : geology, STEAM program, field trip, academic achievement, creative problem-solving ability, scientific attitude


We used the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to explain Korean adults' intention to continue to exercise at public fitness and sports centers. It was predicted that whether an individual used the centers primarily for sports played alone or for sports played with others would influence how TPB variables were related to intention to exercise. The findings showed that attitude was more strongly related to intention to participate in sports played with others at the centers than it was for sports played alone. Subjective norms were more strongly related to intention to play sports alone at the centers than intention to play sports with others. The implications of the different reasons that motivated people who were doing different types of exercise are discussed.


In this study the thermal decomposition kinet- ics of uranyl acetate dehydrate (UO2(CH3COO)2� 2H2O) were studied by thermogravimetry method in flowing nitrogen, air, and oxygen atmospheres. Decomposition process involved two stages for completion in all atmo- sphere conditions. The first stage corresponded to the removal of two moles of crystal water. The decomposition reaction mechanism of the second stage in nitrogen atmo- sphere was different from that in air and oxygen atmo- spheres. Final decomposition products were determined with X-ray powder diffraction method. According to these data, UO2 is the final product in nitrogen atmosphere, whereas U3O8 is the final product in air and oxygen atmospheres. The calculations of activation energies of all reactions were realized by means of model-free and mod- eling methods. Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) methods were selected for model-free calculations. For investigation of reaction models, 13 kinetic model equations were tested. The model, which gave the highest linear regression, the lowest standard deviation, and an activation energy value which was close to those obtained from KAS and FWO equations, was selected as the appropriate model. The optimized value of activation energy and Arrhenius factor were calculated using the selected model equation. Using these values, thermodynamic functions (DH*, DS*, and DG*) were calculated.


Obesity is characterized by a certain pathological imbalance in the mechanisms of proteolysis, which results in an increase in the number of degraded protein molecules, their fragments and the peptide pool in the tissues. Despite a significant number of literature on the biochemistry of obesity, the issue of the participation of proteolytic processes in the pathogenesis of obesity, their features and potential effects on metabolism is not well understood. At the same time, the appearance in the bloodstream of atypical protein molecules can be an important component of this pathology. Studying the processes of formation of these molecules can be very useful in planning strategies for correcting the development of this pathological condition, and the molecules described can be used as marker molecules for the development of obesity. The results of this work are the identification of changes in the quantitative and qualitative composition of the peptide component of the fraction of medium-weight molecules in rat tissues under experimental obesity. Chromatography, which separates by size, shows changes in the number of peaks and molecular weight of the peptide molecules in homogenates of obese rat tissue. The results indicate a certain imbalance in the proteolysis system with the development of obesity caused by the consumption of high-calorie diets, which in turn can be a potential cause of the appearance of certain non-physiological mechanisms in the functioning of metabolism in this pathology. This, in turn, can be triggers for the development of concomitant pathology and complicate the correction of the metabolic profile in the development of obesity. Further studies of the characteristics of changes in the peptide pool in rat tissues can contribute to a better understanding of biochemical processes in the context of this pathology, which is important for the development of approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of obesity. The study of potential mechanisms for the development of a dysfunction of the proteolysis system and methods for its correction can be successfully applied when working out strategies for treating various pathological conditions of the body, where a certain imbalance in the functioning of this system occurs.


Objective
To explore the optimal time for first ambulation out of bed after cesarean delivery, so as to provide a scientific basis for postoperative exercise guidance after cesarean section.

Methods
From January to December 2016, a total of 531 cases of cesarean section were selected and randomly divided into three groups. In the first group, the first time of out of bed ambulation was 6 to 8 hours (Group A) ; the second group was 9 to 11 hours (Group B) ; and the third group was over 12 hours (Group C) . The maternal vaginal blood loss within 24 hours after operation, the first time of postoperative exhaust, wound healing, urinary retention, lower limbs deep vein thrombosis and maternal comfort and pain scores were assessed in the 3 groups.

Results
The differences in the first exhaust time, the comfort degree of first time ambulation, the pain scores of the first ambulation and 24 hours after operation among the 3 groups were statistically significant (F=4.541, 10.731, 12.060, 3.214; P 0.05) .

Conclusions
The most reasonable time for the first off-bed ambulation after cesarean section is 6 to 8 hours.

Key words:
Cesarean section; The first time of off-bed activity; Reasonability


Trypsin digestion for 90 min revealed the α5 chain of type IV collagen along the glomerular basement membrane and Bowman's capsule in paraffin-embedded renal sections of controls. In the 9 patients with the ultrastructures suggestive of Alport syndrome (AS), 8 patients were classified as X-linked dominant type due to the lack or mosaic pattern of α5 chain in paraffin sections of renal biopsies by trypsin digestion, and 1 patient was classified as autosomol recessive type due to the lack of α5 chain in the glomerular basement membrane only. Trypsin digestion is useful for the diagnosis of AS in paraffin-embedded renal tissue.


Titanium alloys are used i n odontology applications owing to their excellent biocompatibility. The corrosion resistance of titanium alloys is an important component of their biocompatibility. In this study, the electrochemical corrosion resistance of Ti6Al4V, Ti6Al7Nb, Ti6Al2Nb1Ta1Mo, Ti5Al2,5Fe and commercial titanium in Afnor saliva was in- vestigated. Maintaining titanium and Ti6Al7Nb alloy in Afnor saliva for 7 days results in the formation of a protective layer, the resistance of which is high and could be compared with that of a passive layer resulting from electrochemical treatment. The replacement of vanadium with niobium or iron favours the passivation, thus increasing the corrosion resistance.


The invention relates to a plugging deice of a flat disk with a variable inclined angle. The plugging device comprises a single-layer disk, a plug body and a waist part for connecting the single-layer disk and the plug body, wherein the single-layer disk is formed by weaving elastic yarns and comprises a plurality of support rods which are radially arranged, the surface of the plug body is provided with grids formed by weaving elastic yarns, the waist part comprises at least one connecting wire, an annular interlocking structure with a hole is arranged in the center of the single-layer disk, the support rods are connected into a flat whole through the annular interlocking structure, and the connecting wire at the waist part is connected with the annular interlocking structure and the grids of the plug body. The plugging device disclosed by the invention integrates the characteristics of the flat single-layer disk and the flexible waist structure, and the single-layer disc has a function of self-adaptively adjusting forms and can be effectively applicable to various different physiological structures; and meanwhile, complications are reduced.


In this paper we present a simple extension to a well-known analytical model for coplanar waveguides (CPWs) on conventional substrates that enables us to calculate the broadband electromagnetic properties of CPWs built in membrane technology. We demonstrate the accuracy of the analytical model by comparing to measurements and numerical simulations for frequencies up to 110 GHz.


This paper studies the demand of domestic and imported livestock by the U.S. meat processing industry. Two types of meats are analyzed: slaughter cattle and hogs. Static and dynamic inverse input demand models are estimated. The static inversed input demand model performed better than the dynamic inversed input demand models. Calculated own price elasticities (flexibilities) and cross price elasticities (flexibilities) indicate that the demand for imported livestock by the meat processing industry is very sensitive to the change in the domestic price for livestock. The demand of domestic slaughter livestock is less sensitive to the change in imported livestock prices.


The adaptor complexes AP‐1 and AP‐3 are localized to endosomes and/or the trans Golgi network (TGN). Because of limitations in analysing intracellular adaptor function directly, their site of function is a matter of ongoing uncertainty. To overcome this problem and to analyse adaptor sorting at the TGN, we reconstituted vesicle formation from Golgi/TGN‐enriched membranes in a novel in vitro budding assay. Melanocytes were metabolically labelled followed by a 19°C temperature block to accumulate newly synthesized proteins in Golgi membranes, which were then enriched by subcellular fractionation and used as donor membranes for vesicle formation in vitro. The incorporation of the melanosomal proteins tyrosinase and tyrosinase‐related protein 1 (TRP‐1) as well as Lamp‐1 and 46 kDa mannose‐6‐phosphate receptor (MPR46) into Golgi/TGN‐derived vesicles was temperature, nucleotide, cytosol, ADP ribosylation factor 1 and adaptor dependent. We show that sorting of TRP‐1 and MPR46 was AP‐1 dependent, while budding of tyrosinase and Lamp‐1 required AP‐3. Depletion of clathrin inhibited sorting of all four cargo proteins, suggesting that AP‐1 and AP‐3 are involved in the formation of distinct types of clathrin‐coated vesicles, each of which is characterized by the incorporation of specific cargo membrane proteins.


This study conduct to assess the effectiveness of an educational Program based on Roy's adaptation theory for mothers of educable mentally retard children. The present study is quasiexperimental with single group pretest and posttest design. The sample includes 40 mothers with Educable mentally retarded children. A cognitive-behavioral program based on Roy's adaptation theory was hold. The program consisted of four weekly group sessions for two hours. Comparison four adaptation modes scores at pretest and post test showed significant differences in all modes of * Corresponding author. Tel.: +98-913-216-0360; fax: +98-216-690-4252. E-mail address: firstname.lastname@example.com http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/FutureAcademy/ejsbs(2301-2218).2012.2.9 Taghavi Larijani / The EJSBS 232 adaptation (P<0.001). The findings have identified that psycho educational program can effect on adaptation level in mothers of intellectual disabled children. © 2013 Published by C-crcs. Peer-review under responsibility of Editor or Guest Editor of the EJSBS.


Abstract Background Subfascial wound suction drains are commonly used after spinal surgery to decrease the incidence of post-operative hematoma. However, there is a paucity of literature regarding their effectiveness. Objective To report four cases of post-operative spinal epidural hematoma causing massive neurological deficit in patients who had subfascial suction wound drains. Methods During an 8-year period, a retrospective review of 1750 consecutive adult spinal surgery cases was performed to determine the incidence, commonalities, and outcomes of catastrophic neurological deficit caused by post-operative spinal epidural hematoma. Findings Epidural hematoma causing major neurological deficit (American Spinal Injury Association B) was identified in 4 out of 1750 patients (0.23%). All four patients in this series had subfascial wound suction drains placed prophylactically at the conclusion of their initial procedure. Results Three patients developed massive neurological deficits with the drain in place; one patient had the drain removed at 24 hours and subsequently developed neurological symptoms during the following post-operative day. Significant risk factors for the development of hematoma were identified in two of the four patients. Average time to return to the operating room for hematoma evacuation was 6 hours (range 3–12 hours). Neurological status significantly improved in all four patients after hematoma evacuation. Conclusions Post-operative epidural hematoma causing catastrophic neurological deficit is a rare complication after spinal surgery. The presence of suction wound drains does not appear to prevent the occurrence of this devastating complication.


The paper introduces application of construction by dynamic compaction in treatment of collapsible loess on Fu-Chao Freeway,construction methods as well as quality control and inspection,which offer reference for similar methods for treatment of collapsible loess.


Continuous girder bridges become increasingly popular because of the rapid development of highway throughout the world. Most of previous researches on vibration analysis of a multispan continuous bridge subject to complex traffic loading and vehicle dynamic interaction focus on the girder displacement not considering braking effects. In current literature, few studies have discussed the effects of braking on continuous girder bridges. In this study, we employ the finite element method (FEM) to investigate the dynamic response of continuous girder bridge due to three-axle vehicle. Vertical reaction forces of axles that change with time make bending vibration of girder increase significantly. The braking in the first span is able to create response in other spans. In addition, the dynamic impact factors are investigated by both FEM and experiments on a real bridge structure. The results of this study extend the current understanding of the bridge dynamic behaviors and can be used as additional references for bridge codes by practicing engineers.


The global obesity epidemic continues to be one of the major health burdens on society, which directly affects our younger generation. Worldwide, more than 40 million children under the age of five were overweight with a global prevalence of overweight being 6.7% in 2010 [1]. The rates of overweight and obesity have been dramatically increasing in some developing countries such as China [2] over recent years. This highlights the need for a better understanding of the effect of early life factors on overweight and obesity and, more importantly, developing effective early interventions.

Research evidence has already showed that some early infant feeding practices, including breastfeeding and the timing of the introduction of solids as well as children's eating habits and television viewing time, are among the most identifiable factors contributing to early onset of childhood obesity [3]. However, these risk factors for overweight and obesity are just the tip of the iceberg. There remain many unknown factors which require further research. In particular, the context of early life factors includes family environments and parental inferences as well as societal influences. With this in mind we selected the theme for this special issue.

There has been an excellent response, with various research ideas and approaches and the authors' making important contributions to this special issue. We wish to highly commend the authors for their well written papers exploring a range of issues related to early life factors associated with childhood obesity, which include epidemiological investigation, laboratory research, and intervention studies at various life-stages such as gestation period, infants, childcare, primary, and adolescents.

J. A. W. Baidal et al. examined underlying reasons for early life obesity risk factors and identify potential early life intervention strategies by conducting 7 focus groups with 49 Hispanic women who were pregnant or had children of age < 24 months. They concluded opportunities exist in the first 1000 days to improve Hispanic mothers' understanding of the role of early life weight gain in childhood obesity and other obesity risk factors. K. N. Dancause et al. assessed degree of objective hardship and subjective distress in women pregnant during severe flooding. Their results support the hypothesis that prenatal stress increases adiposity beginning in childhood and suggest that early gestation is a sensitive period.

Adolescence is a much neglected focus for overweight and obesity research. K. J. Sawka et al. address this gap by using social network analysis to examine how friendships affect sedentary behaviour and physical activity levels. Examining a cross-sectional analysis of 1061 adolescents (11–15 years), they found that adolescents with no friendship nominations participated in less moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). A. L. Rodriguez-Ventura et al. also explored the barriers to losing weight experienced by children and adolescents in Mexico from the perspective of the children/adolescents and their parents using a series of focus groups. They found that barriers to losing weight included a perception that they were not overweight and not recognising overweight or obesity as a disease with serious consequences.

Very early overweight prevention programs can begin during pregnancy, with a focus on healthy weight gain by the mother. E. Y. Lau et al. conducted a systematic review of the literature on the association between gestational weight gain (GWG) and offspring's body weight with a focus on prospective and retrospective cohort studies. The authors found that total GWG and exceeding the recommendation were associated with higher BMI z-score and elevated risk of overweight or obesity in offspring.

Acknowledging that parents play a critical role in developing and shaping their children's physical activity and sedentary behaviours, particularly in the early years of life, H. Xu et al. also conducted a systematic review of associations of parental influences with physical activity and screen time among young children. Their findings suggest that parents' encouragement and support can increase children's physical activity, and reducing parents' own screen time can lead to decreased child screen time.

A. D. Keita et al. report on the feasibility and acceptability of a new early intervention program, the Healthy Homes, Healthy Families Pilot Study, which builds on the success of the home-based Healthy Beginnings program [4]. The Healthy Homes, Healthy Families Pilot Study, was designed to empower low-income racially/ethnically diverse parents to modify their children's health behaviours. They found vegetable intake among children significantly increased at follow-up, and fruit juice consumption decreased. J. Bonnet et al. also focused on early intervention and the idea of introducing discussion with parents of children's healthy weight when the child is 12 months old. They identified that children at this age were already demonstrating poor nutrition and physical activity behaviours and proposed that talking with parents at the 12-month visit with the family medicine primary care providers about "French fries" and nutrition was potentially an important opportunity for health promotion.

Using theory is important in developing and evaluating programs, and R. Lakshman et al. used the Medical Research Council framework for the development and evaluation of complex interventions: the baby milk intervention and trial. They reviewed the epidemiological evidence on early life risk factors for obesity and interventions to prevent obesity in this age group and identified the prevention of excess weight gain in bottle-fed babies and appropriate weaning as intervention targets. They developed intervention materials and evaluation tools and conducted qualitative studies with mothers (intervention recipients) and healthcare professionals (intervention deliverers) to refine them. Evaluation will follow, but it was noted that the rigorous development process was resource intensive.

A. C. Lindsay et al. described how childcare providers play an influential role in promoting healthful eating and physical activity behaviors of preschool children in their care. They also identified many barriers and challenges in establishing and maintaining healthful nutrition and physical activity behaviors, including high cost of healthy foods, cold weather, and physical environment of childcare centers and homes. K. Rottger et al. also sought to explore physical activity in the preschool setting, as this can be a time when gross motor skills are developed. Using direct accelerometry and anthropometrical and family-related data, they compared physical activity levels of 114 children attending different preschool settings in four cities of the trinational Upper Rhine region (Freiburg, Landau/Germany, Basel/Switzerland, and Strasbourg/France). Children from Strasbourg and Landau were significantly more passive than children from Basel and Freiburg, with the authors concluding that more open preschool systems such as those in Basel, Freiburg, and Landau did not lead to more physical activity "per se" compared to the highly regimented desk-based system in France.

School based programs continue to be important, and S. Kobel et al. report on the results of primary school focused program "Join the Healthy Boat." This teacher delivered program focused on increasing physical activity, decreasing screen media use, more regular breakfast, and reducing the consumption of soft drinks. 1943 primary school children participated in the cluster-randomised study. Significant effects were found in the intervention group for screen media use among girls, for nonmigrant children, and children with parents having a low education level.

While recognising overweight and obesity as significant public health problems, S. N. Saeidlou et al. sought to examine the more traditional developing country problem of malnutrition. Working with the Office of Community Nutrition Improvement and the United Nations Children's Fund, they conducted a prevalence study of malnutrition and obesity in 902 children under 5 years old in the Salmas district of North West Azerbaijan, Iran, in 2011. The prevalence of obesity and overweight in children was 1.3% and 5.1%, respectively. They found that the prevalence of malnutrition based on underweight, stunting, and wasting was estimated to be 2.3%, 7.3%, and 1.4% among children, respectively, and was more common in rural areas.

Li Ming Wen

Chris Rissel

Gengsheng He