As an item of living necessity,the residential house falls into the category of inflexible commodity within certain range of price.When the suppliers of residential houses realize this,they tend to reduce the amount of supplies through coordination and thus raise the price with the purpose of gaining more profits.Then the curve that indicates the supply will become negatively skewed.Under such circumstances,because of the imbalanced demand and supply,the price of the houses may rise continuously.To check this trend,the government should make policies to interfere with the price in light of a balanced demand and supply of residential houses.


The new high resolution aerogeophysical survey in SW Rondonia, Brazil cover 50,000 km 2 . Gamaspectrometry and magnetics were flown in N-S flights lines with 500m separations. This work deals only with magnetic data and present a preliminary interpretation. The area is very near to the magnetic equator (-3o) and the main skills used was based on derivatives maps. Due the high quality of the survey the interpretation brought a very high increase on the behavior of horsts and grabens as seen comparing the figures 3 (known geology) and 10 (current geophysical interpretation).


Objective
To explore the characteristics and influencing factors of cognitive impairment in adult moyamoya disease (MMD).

Methods
A total of 466 adult patients with MMD (case group) admitted to Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University from June 2013 to December 2017 were retrospectively enrolled. The neuropsychological scale evaluation results were summarized. A matched group of 50 healthy adults were enrolled as the healthy control group. The characteristics of cognitive dysfunction were analyzed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze the influencing factors of cognitive impairment in patients with MMD.

Results
Overall cognitive function, long-term memory, attention and executive function in the case group were significantly lower than those in the control group (all P 0.05).

Conclusions
According to the single-center experience of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, cognitive dysfunction in adults with MMD involves specific cognitive domains and is affected by risk factors such as age, years of education and complications, while no significant difference in cognitive function has been found among different disease subtypes.

Key words:
Moyamoya disease; Adult; Cognition disorders; Factor analysis, statistical


Atmosphere
The ozone layer is on the path to recovery after concerted efforts to control the production of ozone-depleting substances under the Montreal Protocol. In the latter half of the 21st century, the ozone layer will be controlled mainly by atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. In a Perspective, Liang et al. explain that ozone layer recovery may slow down. This is because of incomplete compliance with the Montreal Protocol, rising emissions of ozone-depleting substances that are not controlled, and increasing emissions of natural ozone-destroying substances owing to climate change. Full recovery of the ozone layer to its 1980 state will require improved compliance with regulations and successful efforts to limit climate change.

Science , this issue p. [1257][1]

 [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aaq0145


Throughout analyzing the XLPE power cable insulation aging caused by the water tree,the on-line monitoring system design based on the difference frequency is presented.The program is adopted by about 100 Hz low-frequency AC voltage and frequency superposition,observing the impact of aging cable,getting the cable insulation to the state of aging water tree on-line diagnosis.Simulation experiments have obtained good low-frequency waveform degradation signal,and achieved the expected results of monitoring.


As the "third wave" of democratization spread across the globe after 1974, more and more citizens got a chance –often for the first time in their livesto cast their vote in multi-party elections. Since then, the number of countries holding regular elections for executive and legislative offices has sharply increased: over 85% of the world's states now select their national leaders through elections. Unfortunately, the variety of elections has multiplied concomitantly, ranging from "free and fair" elections with genuine contestation between parties or candidates to "façade" elections that are marred by manipulation and fraud. In light of these empirical developments, research on the quality of elections is increasingly relevant. Not only as a way to clarify the fuzzy boundaries between regime types, particularly electoral autocracy and electoral democracy. But also, and more importantly, to understand the causes of variation in election quality as well as its consequences for the functioning of government and broader democratization processes in these policies. This thesis studies the quality of elections in 97 countries in Southern Europe, Central and Eastern Europe, the Former Soviet Union, Sub-Saharan Africa, South America and Central America from 1974 until 2009. Chapter 1 reviews the literature on democratization and elections and specifies the research questions addressed. Subsequently, chapter 2 proposes a definition of the quality of elections that is grounded both in academic work as well as international legal conventions on human and political rights, and introduces the data collected to 'measure' election quality. The resulting database on electoral fraud in third wave regimes contains election quality scores for over 880 elections. Chapter 3 and 4 study variation in election quality across polities, attempting to explain why some new democracies manage to "get their elections right" while others do not. Chapter 5 and 6 ask the "so what" question by investigating the consequences of variation in election quality: do elections of higher quality generate more accountable and responsive governments? Finally, chapter 7 connects the findings in the earlier chapters by inquiring to what degree and how election quality affects broader democratization processes and concludes with suggestions for policy-making and further research.


The use of one's image or personality for the marketing of goods and services has become more and more valuable for both the individuals who boast celebrity status and the undertakings who seek to hire their image for endorsement and marketing purposes. There are many examples – the chef Jamie Oliver and his association with Sainsbury's, Elton John is the latest Orange Telecommunications adverts, David Beckham for various companies etc. It is clear that in the Information Age the image of a celebrity can become a valuable brand in itself. To use that image or the trade marks of a celebrity in a way that implies product endorsement tends to be an expensive mistake. Consequently, there are also a number of examples where undertakings have used individual's images without prior permission which caused embarrassment and negative headlines for the business at best, or potentially expensive court action at worst. The former runner David Bedford probably got the ball rolling with his complaint to Ofcom about The Number's alleged use of his image in their 118 118 advertising campaign.[1] Caledonian MacBrayne, the ferry operator sailed into stormy waters in November 2004, when it used without authorisation or payment the names and photographs of famous celebrities such as Madonna, Gwyneth Paltrow, Kate Moss, Pierce Brosnan and many other glitterati who have used the CalMac service in their new advertising brochure. The brochure included "articles" which are purported to have been written by the celebrities and many were none too pleased.[2] Also last autumn, Catherine Zeta-Jones sued a strip club in Reno, Nevada over its use of her image on its web site, which carried the tagline "The Friendliest Topless Cabaret in Reno." Zeta-Jones, currently the face of Elizabeth Arden's new fragrance, says the images would 'dilute the value of her celebrity endorsement'. However, the club's owners say they obtained the photo from a "royalty free" web site and did not recognise the Oscarwinning star.[3] And as recently as early March 2005, David Beckham, Zinedine Zidane, Luis Figo, Raul and Ronaldo, together with their club Real Madrid, are concerned that seven on-line bookies have used the names and pictures of the club, the players and club strips in ads without consent.[4] Infringement actions have been filed in France, Germany and Belgium, and further details on the alleged charges are awaited with interest. These examples merit an examination of the legal position of a so-called 'personality right' in the United Kingdom where such a right has been traditionally posted missing. Other jurisdictions, notably the United States and Germany have had decades of experience with regard to a personality right, and may offer some insight and point to possible solutions. It is argued that the fledgling UK position is in danger to be dragged into the human rights/law of privacy mire that currently exists on these shores. Germany serves as a good example in order to illustrate the likely problems that can arise if property law and human rights law concepts are mixed up, while the US appears to offer a more attractive way forward.


Extensive efforts have been made to develop wide‐bandgap metal compound‐based carrier‐selective contacts to improve the performance of crystalline silicon (c‐Si) solar cells, by mitigating the deleterious effects of metal–Si contact directly. Herein, thermally evaporated wide‐bandgap strontium oxide (SrO x ) is exploited as an electron‐selective contact for c‐Si solar cells. Benefiting from a lower work function (3.1 eV) of SrO x , a strong downward band‐bending is achieved at the n‐type c‐Si/SrO x interface, enabling the electron‐selective transport characteristic. Thin SrO x films simultaneously provide moderate surface passivation after annealing and enable a low contact resistivity on c‐Si surfaces. By the implementation of a single‐dielectric‐layer SrO x ‐based rear contact, a champion power conversion efficiency of 20.0% is realized on the n‐type c‐Si solar cell featuring an intriguing fill factor of 82.8%. Moreover, electron‐selective SrO x contact is demonstrated to show high thermal stability up to 500 °C. The SrO x layer formed by a facile thermal evaporation process presents a unique opportunity to develop highly efficient and low‐cost c‐Si solar cells.


Churning losses are a complex phenomenon which generates significant power losses when considering splash lubrication of gear units. However, only few works deal with bevel gears dipped lubrication losses. The objective of this study is to provide a wide variety of experimental tests on churning losses, especially getting interested in geometry of spiral bevel gears influence. A specific test rig was used in order to study a single spiral bevel gear partially immersed in an oil bath. Experiments have been conducted for several operating conditions in terms of speeds, lubricants, temperatures and gear geometries to study their impact on splash lubrication power losses. These experimental results are compared with the predictions from various literature sources. As the results did not agree well with the predictions for all operating conditions, an extended equation derived from previous works is introduced to estimate churning losses of bevel gears.


The ease of transactions at financial institutions has now been facilitated by the existence of technology that is updated on an ongoing basis. This is also what makes Islamic banking innovate on its products, one of which makes people's business credit (KUR) sharia accessible through a digital platform in collaboration with the telecommunications service company "Telkomsel". This easy access to Sharia KUR financing can be accessed through platforms available on your cellphone under the name DigiPOS and 99%Usahaku. With this innovation, it is hoped that business actors can increase their capacity to go digital so they can compete with established businesses. The existence of this phenomenon, the author will discuss about how the mechanism of KUR Syariah and implementation of digital-based KUR Syariah. The research method that the author uses is descriptive qualitative research using field research. The data source used is primary data collected using direct interview techniques with Indonesian Islamic Banks. And secondary data were taken from various literatures related to research.


The thesis addresses the question of whether the working hours of salaried attorneys are in line with existing legal requirements. In the first part, the regulations of the German Hours of Work Act are examined. This includes a consideration of the special features of the profession of lawyers and the conflicting strict legal requirements. In the course, it is examined whether lawyers can be excluded from the scope of the law's application and whether a waiver of the mandatory legal protection is possible. In the second part, selected provisions of Directive 2003/88/EC are examined regarding to potential opportunities for lawyers.


O L I T I C A L A F F A I R S in the colonial period of American life have been a subject of great importance to the student of history. Numerous studies describe the institutional framework of government, political struggles on the provincial scene, political leadership, and the extent of the suffrage. Few of these works, however, have been able to present any analysis of local factional quarrels and their relationship to colonial political life. The Special Collections Department of the Rutgers University Library possesses an election broadside of March, 1772, from Cumberland County, New Jersey, which reveals the characteristics of local political warfare. This was the last general election called by the Royal Governor, William Franklin, before the American Revolution. Thirty Assembly seats were to be filled, two from each of the thirteen counties and two representatives from the cities of Perth Amboy and Burlington, the respective capitals of East and West Jersey. The election had been called by Franklin to give three new counties formed in 1748 their proper representation in the Assembly. Cumberland County was one of these new counties. The general election of 1772 was contested amid growing tensions between the Assembly and the Governor. The British Ministry in 1769 and 1770 had vetoed two Assembly measures which would have established a provincial Land Bank to alleviate New Jersey's currency shortage. In the wake of this rebuff the Assembly continued to agitate for a money bill while contesting with Governor Franklin over salaries for government officials and supplies for His


Defective chloride transport in epithelial cells increases mucus viscosity and leads to recurrent infections with high oxidative stress in patients with CF (cystic fibrosis). NAC (N‐acetylcysteine) is a well known mucolytic and antioxidant drug, and an indirect precursor of glutathione. Since GSNO (S‐nitrosoglutathione) previously has been shown to be able to promote Cl− efflux from CF airway epithelial cells, it was investigated whether NAC also could stimulate Cl− efflux from CF and non‐CF epithelial cells and through which mechanisms. CFBE (CF bronchial epithelial cells) and normal bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE) were treated with 1 mM, 5 mM, 10 mM or 15 mM NAC for 4 h at 37°C. The effect of NAC on Cl− transport was measured by Cl− efflux measurements and by X‐ray microanalysis. Cl− efflux from CFBE cells was stimulated by NAC in a dose‐dependent manner, with 10 mM NAC causing a significant increase in Cl− efflux with nearly 80% in CFBE cells. The intracellular Cl− concentration in CFBE cells was significantly decreased up to 60% after 4 h treatment with 10 mM NAC. Moreover immunocytochemistry and Western blot experiments revealed expression of CFTR channel on CFBE cells after treatment with 10 mM NAC. The stimulation of Cl− efflux by NAC in CF airway epithelial cells may improve hydration of the mucus and thereby be beneficial for CF patients.


In this present study, I examine the bene!ts of a Javanese Gamelan program conducted over two months at a juvenile prison in Central Java. The participants were 40 teenage prisoners between 13 and 19. Many of them exhibited dramatic changes in behavior, sociability, and self con!dence during the course of this gamelan program. I also compare this program with a similar one at a prison in England. Through this comparison, I explore the signi!cance of using a traditional performing art, the Javanese Gamelan in a case where it is a local tradition and one where it is not. In present day Javanese society, due to the effects of globalization, the decline of traditional performing arts is a matter of concern. However, I demonstrate that it is possible for this type of program to add new value to traditional performing arts and re-invigorate this traditional art while simultaneously empowering local society.


The Purpose of this study is to investigate the thermal insulation behaviors expressed by lower density bamboo composite panels in their thermal coductivity test. The composite panels prepared for this test were constructed by using ply-bamboo as face and back layers and using polyurethane foam or poIystyrene foam or with nothing (hollow) as core. RF resin adhesives was used to fasten the face and back layers to the core. The thermal conductivity of the composite panels were measured according to ASTM CI77 and JISA1412 Standards, Results obtained can be summarized as follows: (1) The thermal conductivity of the composite panels (BP- PU group and BP-PS group) decreases linearly with the increasing of construction coefficient (t_2/t_1). Their relationship can be shown by the experimental formulas (9) and (10). (2)The thermal conductivity of the composite panels (BP-A group) increases linearly with the increasing of construction coefficient (A %). Their relationship can be shown by the experimental formulas (11) and (12).(3)Thermal conductivities of the composite panels obtained by following ASTMCI77 standard are lower than those by following JISA1412 standard. (4)The thermal insulation effects of bamboo composite panels can be described briefly as follows: BP-PU group > EP-PS group » BP- A group.


This article explores the different perspectives that the political philosophies of John Rawls and Jacques Derrida offer us on the question of the possibility of constitutional democracy and international justice. It also engages with the views of Frank Michelman regarding the relation between the political liberal conception of justice and legal justification.


A transfer device in a packaging machine comprises a holding device by means of a folding box can be transferred laid flat can be removed from a storage and simultaneous raising of a further conveying device. The holding device is rotatably mounted on a planetary part of a planetary gear and is moved on a hypocycloidal path having a plurality of reversal points and intermediate curved arcs. The planetary part is rotatably mounted on a rotatable planet carrier. One of the turning points is arranged at the removal location of the folding box from the supply. It is provided here that the rotational movements of the planet carrier, the planet portion and the holding device are superimposed such that the hypocycloidal path in the region of the turning point at the removal location of the folding box from the storage for a distance of at least 10 mm in a straight line and substantially perpendicular to the to the with extending retaining device come into abutment surface of the folding box.


Objective To improve the quality standard for Reyanning Tablets. Methods Herba Taraxaci were identified by TLC,and Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati(emodin) was determined by HPLC. The HPLC conditions were: RP-C18 column , mobile phase of MeOH-water (80∶20) and detection wavelength at 287 nm. Result The identifications of Herba Taraxaci, were specific. HPLC for the determination of emodin showed a good linear relationship in the concentration rang of 0.03056~0.3056μg (r=0.9995) and the average recovery was up to 101.19%, RSD was 2.40% (n=6) . Conclusion These methods can be used for the quality control of Reyanning Tablets.


As the major cause of deaths worldwide, cardiovascular diseases are responsible for about 17.9 million deaths per year 1. Research on new technologies and methodologies allowed the acquisition of reliable data in several high income countries, however, in various developing countries, due to poverty and common scarcity of resources, this has not been reached yet. In this work, cardiovascular data acquired using cardiac auscultation is going to be used to detect cardiac murmurs through an innovative deep learning approach. The proposed screening algorithm was built using pre-trained models comprising Residual Neural Networks, namely Resnet50, and Visual Geometry Groups, such as VGG16 and VGG19. Furthermore, and up to our knowledge, our proposal is the first one that characterizes heart murmurs based on their frequency components, i.e. the murmur pitch. Such analysis may be used to augment the system's capability on detecting heart diseases. A novel decision-making function was also proposed regarding the murmur's pitch. From our experiments, low-pitch murmurs were more difficult to detect, with final f1-score values nearing the 0.40 value mark for all three models, while high-pitch murmurs presented an higher f1-score value of about 0.80. This might be due to the fact that the low-pitch share their respective frequency range with the normal and fundamental heart sounds, therefore making it harder for the model to correctly detect their presence whereas high-pitch murmurs' frequencies distance from the latter.


This is an excellent book. I was pleasantly surprised to read an innovative and stimulating analysis when I expected a rehearsal of familiar arguments. The authors manage to offer what they promise in the title, a profound commentary on one of Kant's most famous essays, and they shed new light on controversial issues. The book is divided into two parts. The first one offers Kant's essay Toward Perpetual Peace (1795) and the relevant passages on the law of nations or international law in The Metaphysics of Morals (1797; cf. 7–87). The text is based on the Weischedel edition, and includes in the margin the pagination of this edition and that of the Akademieausgabe. The bulk of the book is a careful commentary by the two editors, offering a historical introduction, a step-by-step interpretation of the two texts, the history of the reception of Kant's texts, a section on Kant's legacy in contemporary debates, a glossary and an extensive bibliography. The introduction sets forth the key thesis of the book: Perpetual Peace and the Doctrine of Right are seen as two complementary works which together offer a coherent system of international legal theory (cf. 98–9). Both works only seem to contradict each other; in fact they analyse and develop three distinct phases in the evolution of a global legal condition: the state of nature among states, a transitory phase and finally public international right (cf. 100–1 and 129). After a historical introduction, which focuses, among other subjects, on colonialism and Kant's preliminary work, the authors continue with a profound analysis of the two texts, and this section is the longest part of the book (125–305). Based on their initial assumption that Kant distinguished three distinct phases in the evolution of a global legal condition, they divide this chapter into three sections, adding a fourth on Kant's reflections concerning the realization of this legal condition (usually subsumed under the title 'philosophy of history'). I find this distinction particularly helpful and


Introduction Setting the context for communities of practice: Increasing capabilities in the knowledge-driven organization Communities of practice: high-trust vessels for increasing capabilities Situating communities of practice in a strategic context A Blueprint for Building Communities of Practice Building communities of practice as a strategic tool: The community development process model Phase I: community design and launch Phase II: community implementation and growth Establishing community value: measurement and reflection Creating communities: a course of action Community design and launch: illustration of activities Community implementation and growth: illustration of activities Communities as catalysts for change Appendix: Community development: quick-start toolkit.


Pulmonary sequestration is a rare congenital lung malformation characterized by an abnormal segment of bronchopulmonary tissue supplied by aberrant systemic arteries. Due to the non-specific symptomatology, the diagnosis can be missed. Imaging is the cornerstone of the diagnosis. Complete surgical resection provides the definitive treatment. We report a case of pulmonary sequestration associated with an asymptomatic aspergillosis presenting during adulthood and describe briefly the epidemiology, embryology, histology, imaging and surgical treatment of this congenital abnormality.


We design and develop a data compression engine on a single FPGA chip that is used as part of a text-classification application. The implementation of the prediction by partial matching algorithm and arithmetic coding data compression is totally in hardware without any software code. Our design implements a dynamic data structure to store the symbol frequency counts up to maximal order of 2. The computation of the tag-interval that encodes the data sequence in arithmetic coding is done in a parallel architecture that achieves a high speedup factor. Even with a relatively slow 50 Mhz clock our hardware engine performs more than 70 times faster than a software-based implementation in C on a CPU running on a 3 Ghz clock.


In this paper we consider networks that consist of components operating under a randomly changing common environment. Our work is motivated by power system networks that are subject to fluctuating weather conditions over time that affect the performance of the network. We develop a general setup for any network that is subject to such environment and present results for network reliability assessment under two repair scenarios. We also present Bayesian analysis of network failure data and illustrate how reliability predictions can be obtained for the network. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 50: 574–591, 2003


This study aims to determine the effect of Elastic Power Bands training on increasing the sickle kick in the Pencak Silat Athletes of Porprov Kab. Luwu. This research method is quantitative research in the form of an experimental One-Group Pre-test Post-test Design carried out by giving X treatment to the subject. The population in this study was the PencakSilat Athletes of the Province of Luwu Regency, totaling 19 people. The sampling technique was used when all population members were sampled, namely the saturated sample technique. The data collection technique used a sickle kick ability test through pair training. The results of this study indicate that the Elastic Power Bands exercise positively affects the ability to perform crescent kicks in the Porprov Pencak Silat Athletes of Luwu Regency. The test results of the athlete's sickle kick using the Elastic Power Bands exercise, in the pre-test, the average value obtained was 66.4667, and in the post-test, the average value obtained was 80.2667. From the two tests performed, it can be seen that the average post-test has a higher score than the average pre-test, which means that the Elastic Power Bandster exercise has an effect on increasing crescent kick ability. So there is an average difference between the results of the pre-test and post-test, which means that there is a significant effect of Elastic Power Bands training on the pencaksilat sickle kick.


Let T be a finite number of multiple set of real numbers taken as increasing order of numbers. The purpose of this article is to study the different properties of MIN matrix and MAX matrix of the set T with min (xi, xj) and max (xi, xj) as their (i, j) entries, respectively. We are going to do this by interpreting these matrices as Fermat max and min matrices and applying the determinant formulae and the inverse formulae for Fermat MIN matrices and Fermat MAX matrices.


Silver-containing film materials are formed by vacuum sputtering of silver nanoparticles on the surface of polyelectrolyte complexes based on chitosan and sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose (pectin). The obtained samples were characterized by the methods of wide-angle X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy, and their antimicrobial, antiviral and cytotoxic properties were also investigated. The presence of metallic silver on the surface of polyelectrolyte complexes was confirmed by the method of wide-angle X-ray diffraction. It was established that upon sputtering of silver, a ~200 nm thick layer is formed within 5 minutes. It was shown that Na-CMC–Ag–chitosan and pectin–Ag–chitosan samples, formed by silver sputtering, exhibit antimicrobial activity against test cultures of S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans. Antiviral activity of samples against influenza A virus and herpes simplex virus type 1 was also established. The obtained samples were not cytotoxic, did not inhibit the viability of MDCK and BHK cell cultures.


divorce court work and if Family Courts are established all social work for them too should be transferred to the local authority! In other words they seem to imply that the &dquo;requirements of justice&dquo; argument can only be applied to work for the criminal courts. This is remarkable. Has your committee forgoten that it is equally important for the non-criminal courts to be seen as impartial, which are also concerned with fundamental issues of liberty and justice'? In suggesting that the local authority might provide a service in noncriminal proceedings I fear that your committee hopelessly compromises the basic argument for a separate court-based service for any court, unless they see some hitherto unstated reason why &dquo;the requirements of justice&dquo; argument should only apply to criminal courts. lf it is to be a genuine court social work service it will have to give up its involvement in the executive side of penal administration namely prison welfare, after-care and parole. If it is to be a delinquency focused service then many of its present non-delinquent court functions will either have to be just given up, or be undertaken by the local authority, or perhaps be transferred to a new and separate court social work service but quite how this latter solution would be organised is difficult to see. This is the dilemma which has to be faced. I suspect that it is because the service cannot bear to acknowledge its painfulness that it seeks to base its case for an independent service on the confused and inconsistent compromise that your Development Committee evidently does.


The editors of the UN Chronicle asked me to contribute an article for this issue commemorating the 70th anniversary of the founding of the United Nations. I agreed, since this is an institution unlike any other in terms of its mission, its universality and the hopes vested in it when it was created. Throughout my political career, the United Nations played an important and significant role.


Background Chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) represents a phenotype of CRS, whose immunological mechanisms are still unclear. So far there are neither suitable biomarkers to determine the course of the disease nor an individual therapy. Objective The purpose of this study was to characterize the CRSsNP endotype by identifying and validating non-invasive proteomic biomarkers. Methods A highly-multiplexed proteomic array consisting of antibodies against 2000 proteins was used to identify proteins that are differentially expressed in the nasal mucus of the CRSsNP and control groups (n = 7 per group). The proteins identified to be most differentially expressed were validated in matched nasal mucus samples using western blots and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Validation was also done in a second cohort using western blots (CRSsNP n = 25, control n = 23) and ELISA (n = 30 per group). Additionally, immunohistochemistry in CRSsNP and control tissue samples was performed to characterize the selected proteins further. Results Out of the 2000 proteins examined, 7 from the most differentially expressed proteins were chosen to be validated. The validation results showed that 4 proteins were significantly upregulated in CRSsNP mucus, including macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta (MIP-1β), resistin, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3). Cartilage acidic protein 1 (CRTAC1) was not significantly upregulated. Two proteins were significantly downregulated including scavenger receptor class F member 2 (SCARF2) and P-selectin. All proteins selected are mainly associated with inflammation, cell proliferation/differentiation, apoptosis and cell–cell or cell–matrix interaction. Conclusion Proteomic analysis of CRSsNP and control mucus has confirmed known and revealed novel disease-associated proteins that could potentially serve as a new biosignature for CRSsNP. Analysis of the associated pathways will specify endotypes of CRSsNP and will lead to an improved understanding of the pathophysiology of CRSsNP. Furthermore, our data contribute to the development of a reproducible, non-invasive, and quantitative "liquid biopsy" for rhinosinusitis.


Abstract Mineral Resource downgrades can be prevented by integrating better structural geological interpretations into project evaluations. Geological modelling for Mineral Resource estimation is presented as a systematic process of structural geological analysis at the deposit-scale using drill-sampled grade data. The initial step in this process is to use Maximum Intensity Projection (MIP) rendering to interpret axial symmetry and its orientation from the grade interval mid-points at the deposit-scale, thus reducing the modelling process's degrees of freedom to only three—estimating the prolateness of the grade or lithological distribution. This approach contrasts with the brute-force methods for assessing modelling uncertainty because the axial direction is fixed to the down-plunge orientation, thus eliminating from the outset, structurally implausible geometric configurations and unrealistic geological scenarios common in brute-force methods. Adopting this new approach of creating geological models means moving away from conventional mining industry methods that prioritise operational considerations in constructing resource estimates but fail to explain the geometric complexities of mineral deposits. We use experiments and a practical case study of a historical gold mine in Western Australia to highlight the significance of analysing the structural control of a gold deposit at the deposit-scale using raw grade data. Our research is based on anecdotal evidence suggesting that erroneous geological modelling leads to unforeseen Mineral Resource downgrades. However, we cannot confirm this hypothesis because there have been few, if any, independent public inquiries into Mineral Resource downgrades. To establish the underlying reasons for significant resource downgrades with certainty, impartial investigations (modelled on accident investigations in the aviation industry) are imperative. KEY POINTS There is a general lack of incorporating structural geological knowledge in creating resource models, which can lead to poor outcomes such as Mineral Resource downgrades. Structural geological analysis of drill-sampled raw grade data allows the structural controls on a deposit to be better understood. We offer a simple workflow for understanding and modelling these patterns.


The control of fruit fly is the key and difficulty in the watermelon plantation management and the trap by sex or nutrition attractant still is the most important method against it currently.The dominant species of fruit fly in the watermelon field was Bactrocera dorsalis which accounted for about 60% and B.cucurbitae followed,according to the investigation presented in this paper.A novel nutrition attractant named Shiyingke contained 0.05% abamectin could trap various fruit flies effectively by 1~10 times diluents and got the effectiveness more than 80% after 42d treatment under the conditions of change twice the nutrition attractant every 7 days consecutively,which is superior to the physical adhesives commonly used in watermelon plantation.All these results indicated that the nutrition attractant Shiyingke could meet the requirement for control fruit fly and should be deserved to development further.


We prove that the KdV equation is linearized by an analytic function, which is projectively analytically invertible. The Cauchy problem for the KdV equation is entirely solved by this fact. The non-linear superposition principle is a trivial consequence of convexity for the image of the linearization operator.


Introduction: Psoriasis is chronic disease where treatments are often needed throughout life. Since 1806, when Thomas girdlestone used potassium arsenate for Psoriasis to present era, we are still in search of drug which can cure this disease. Azathioprine is a relatively safe drug which has not been tested vigourously for chronic plaque type Psoriasis. Aims and objectives: To evaluate and compare the effect of Methotrexate and Azathioprine in chronic plaque type Psoriasis. Material and methods: this study was a randomized, double blind control hospital based study, conducted over 100 Psoriasis patients, divided into two groups of 50 each. Group A which received Methotrexate in a dose of 15 mg weekly for 12 weeks. Group B received Azathioprine in a dose of 2 -3 mg/kg/day for 12 weeks. Severity of Psoriasis was assessed by PASI on 0,4,8 and 12 weeks and relapse was seen within 8 weeks of stopping the medication. Results: Statistically significant difference found after 8 and 12 weeks of treatment, with significantly higher PASI Clearnace by Methotrexate in comparison to Azathioprine. Conclusion: Although azthioprine is effective but Methotrexate is more effective than Azathioprine in chronic plaque type Psoriasis.


The relations between resource types, modes of calculating retirement pensions, and the principles that legitimate those modes that have been operative in France since the late 1980s are analyzed. The preferred approach to retirement pensions in French reforms has been to see them as deferred income, and this applies indifferently to integration of the various retirement schemes, pension indexation and contribution level, and the policy of promoting capitalization. However, empirical study of retirement entitlements for the main retirement schemes brings to light another approach: retirement pensions as a continued wage. With regard to individuals


Darul Hikmah / Darul Ilmi is a non-regular Islamic educational institution. This educational institution on the one hand is the college while on the other side is the library. The library is open to the public so that students, college students, Muslim intellectuals who love science frequent visit to the library.


We examine human body reaction patterns to disturbances in the frontal plane while standing with the aim of developing balance control strategies for humanoid robots. Four reaction patterns are identified and related to the magnitude of the disturbance. Models for two of them are then developed and implemented with a humanoid robot HOAP-2. Special attention is paid to the transitions between the reaction patterns. The experimental data show that the models and controllers are appropriate and ensure smooth reaction control under both impact-force and continuous-force disturbances.


The crisis of culture and the radicality of romantic love in the work of Louise Brachmann (1777-1822)
The romanticist writer Brachmann (1777-1822) has all but been forgotten today. In contrast, her poetic gift is marveled at in the 19th century and the disturbing effect of her texts is discussed. Her way of life and her suicide arouse attention and become the talk of the literary salons. With her fairy-tale like story Die Wanderer im Geisterreiche (1805) Louise Brachmann contravenes readers' expectations of the time. This contribution to the Journal fur deutsche Frauen is considered as a fundamental critique of the bourgeois formulation of notions of beauty with the aim of social control and furthermore negates the notions of progress of the Enlightenment. The author pointedly expresses the reflection on love and death that arose around 1800.


Understanding the structural behavior of double perovskites plays a pivotal role in optimizing their optical, electrical, and magnetic properties, especially when the effects of external parameters are considered. In this work, we report the high-pressure phase transition, the light absorption, and the bandgap of double perovskite Ba2SmSbO6 investigated by using in situ high-pressure synchrotron X-ray diffraction and Raman and ultraviolet−visible (UV−vis) absorption spectroscopy measurements up to 40 GPa. We found that pressure induces the phase transition from a cubic Fm-3m to a tetragonal I4/m at 8.6−12.8 GPa, as accompanied by the splitting and broadening of the diffraction peaks. The evolution of various modes in the Raman spectra and the enthalpy calculations support the phase transition of Ba2SmSbO6 under compression. The analysis of UV−vis absorption spectroscopy reveals that the bandgap as a pressure of function is closely related to the phase transition. Calculation results demonstrate that the pressure-induced variation of the electronic structure mainly stems from the contribution of conduction states in Ba2SmSbO6. Our investigations provide a fundamental understanding of the structure−property modulation in Ba2SmSbO6 under high pressure and will functionalize a new applicationpressure sensor.


The present invention, at least 10% of the carbon dioxide formed from the reaction of polyisocyanate and water or organic acid of the expanded gas volume, a polyurethane or polyisocyanurate relates to a foam composition, the composition forming the foam bipolar aprotic solvent mixture It includes an amount of from 1% to 10% by weight by weight based on the total weight.


The Ultrafast Electron Microscopy (UEM) is one powerful tool to study the ultrafast dynamics of light-matter interaction at a high temporal resolution of sub-picosecond time scale that is 10 orders better than the conventional TEM.[1] The UEM has been widely used in physics, chemistry and materials science. Other than light-matter interaction observed in UEM, the investigation of photon-electron interaction has been enabled by one unique technique called Photon-Induced Near Field Electron Microscopy (PINEM) developed in UEM to capture the evanescent electromagnetic field on its intrinsic time scale and nanometer scale.[2, 3] In free space, the photon-electron interaction is forbidden due to the energy-momentum mismatch. However, the energy-momentum mismatch can be eliminated through the altered dispersion relation of photons using materials. In PINEM, the free electrons gain or loss quantized photon energy when electrons overlap with photons spatiotemporally near the nanostructures or interfaces, where the phase velocity of photons is reduced to the group velocity of free electrons due to the spatial confinement. The images formed by those electrons gaining photon energy are called PINEM image for plasmonic field mapping in UEM. Surface plasmons, collective oscillating charge wave at the surface of metals or interface of metals/dielectrics under light excitation, are among the most attractive candidates for next-generation information due their extremely and strong coupling The


The influence of nutritional supplementation and the degree of anaerobiosis on the production of esters and fusel alcohols in very high gravity brewing was examined. Although fermentation in semianaerobic conditions led to a drastic reduction in ester production, acceptable ester levels were found under anaerobic conditions where worts were supplemented with lipids and assimilable nitrogen. Such fermentations were rapid, and resultant beers may be organoleptically acceptable to the consumer.


Millions of miles of pipeline are carrying fluent energy for our daily life, including water, natural gas, crude oil and nuclear materials. Micro in-pipe robot offers an effective technical method for pipe inspection and maintenance. A new bidirectional telescopic in-pipe robot was presented in this paper. In the first place, the whole structure of the in-pipe robot was described, illustrating its functions of motion principle and telescopic mechanisms, respectively. Then the inverting discipline and the driving force of mechanisms were analyzed in detail. The supporting lead screw nut was selected according to robots characteristic requirements, and its structural stability requirements were met after a series of verification. In the end, the buffer spring that satisfied with the restriction analysis was successfully designed.


Binge Eating Disorder (BED) is a common atypical eating disorder. The treatment of BED calls for multi-professional expertise and co-operation between doctors, psychologists and nutritional therapists. Different therapeutic and psychosocial approaches are the primary means in treating BED. Medication may be used as supportive treatment. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most studied drugs in this context. This is a review article on studies examining the efficacy of the psychopharmacological treatment of BED.


The sequential Sonogashira reaction and the cyclization reaction of various 2-iodoanilines and terminal alkynes in the presence of a palladium catalyst and tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) gave the corresponding 2-substituted indoles in good yields.


Result: Values of S.ALT, S.LDH and S.ALT:S.LDH were 121-1170 (mean 293±266), 150-2150 (mean 677±543) and 0.07-3.5 (0.52±0.5) respectively in enteric hepatitis, while in viral hepatitis were 5802280 (1320±293), 290-1180 (445±180) and 4.5-87.2 (40±15) respectively. There is much more alteration of S.ALT level in patient of viral hepatitis as compared to typhoid hepatitis (p<0.05) and levels of LDH are more raised in patients of typhoid hepatitis as compared to viral hepatitis (p <0.05).So,the values of S.ALT:LDH ratio are higher in acute viral hepatitis as compared to enteric hepatitis (p<0.05).


Abstract Low and high moisture kernels and embryos were imbibed by soaking in distilled water at 5°C and 25°C. Leaching of seeds and embryos was measured by ion conductivity of imbibition water after fixed time intervals. Imbibed kernels were placed on moist filter paper after 1 h imbibition and embryos on a solid culture medium after 15 min imbibition and germinated at 25°C. Primary root length was measured 3 days after germination. The leakage from seeds or embryos was correlated with the velocity of water uptake but did not show its highest values when low moisture seeds or embryos were imbibed at chilling temperature. Furthermore germination was apparently not affected by imbibitional chilling of either low moisture content seeds or embryos. In one of the three genotypes tested (B73) seedlings from low moisture content seeds imbibed at 5°C showed a reduction of the primary root growth. However, this reduction was also seen in seedlings from low moisture B73 seeds imbided at 25°C and resulting in higher level of leaching. Thus, injury by imbibition of low moisture seeds appears independent of chilling temperature and not due to loss of semipermeability of membrane lipids. Our results suggest that, in the case of embryos, water inrush into the cells reaches levels injurious for membrane integrity independently of the two moisture contents and temperature considered.


This chapter summarizes what is known about stx-encoding phages, it is not all-inclusive. Researchers begin with a brief discussion of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), present general information on lambdoid phages, and finally segue into a discussion of the main subject, stx-encoding phages. Shiga toxins are members of a family of bacterial toxins known as AB5 toxins, which are composed of one A subunit associated with five B subunits. In vitro studies suggest that, once it is in the lumen, Stx prevents the apoptosis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and induces superoxide production by these cells, which can lead to increased endothelial damage. The excised phage genome enters the lytic cycle and is ready to be transcribed and replicated, leading to the packaging of progeny DNA into phage particles that are ultimately released by phage-directed lysis of the bacterial host. The induced fraction can be greatly increased if lysogens are treated with DNA-damaging agents that activate the expression of the SOS system. Specifically, the bacterial RecA protein activated by bound single-stranded DNA binds and facilitates autocleavage of the phage repressor, causing prophage induction. Clinically, the antibiotic treatment of STEC infections has been correlated with a significantly higher incidence of secondary sequelae such as HUS. The authors focus their discussion on the stx-encoding phages that have been best characterized biologically: H-19B and 933W.


/^N April 1, 1954, the federal manufacturers' excise tax on a number of household electrical and gas appliances, #s.uch as electric and gas ranges, refrigerators, water heaters, freezers, irons, toasters, etc., was reduced from 10 per cent to 5 per cent. This reduction was made without the usual lengthy debate; it was not included in the original House bill reducing excises but was added in the Senate and accepted by the House. The 10 per cent tax dated back to the Revenue Act of 1941. Since manufacturers of appliances typically establish retail prices, either on a suggested or enforced basis, this tax reduction provided an opportunity for a study of the reactions of prices to a tax change without the difficult task of assembling large numbers of price changes made by numerous retailers. It is recognized, of course, that the appliances by no means always sell for the list prices. But these list figures are of sufficient importance in the pricing structure in these markets that changes made in them throw substantial light on the general reaction of the prices to the tax change. Accordingly, manufacturers' suggested retail list prices before and after the April 1 tax change were obtained on a total of 274 models of various appli-


In a cooperation style in which a human operates one robot and the other autonomous robots assist that robot, the autonomous robots must be able to recognize the motion of the human operated robot in real time. Vision is the most useful sensor for this purpose. By using vision, the assistant robot recognizes the current target object and actions of the human operated robot to the target. For the working robots, we use two hexapod robots which are able to utilize two forelegs as arms in order to manipulate objects. Joint motion of each leg and occlusion by another leg makes it difficult to recognize and track the motion of the hexapod robot. We propose a method for the recognition and tracking of the 3D position and posture of the hexapod. Through the use of 2D image matching, the body of the hexapod, several legs, and toes of the legs can be recognized in turn. The positions of the body and toes are measured by binocular-stereo, and the angles of the legs can then be obtained, which are used for motion recognition. We propose a motion recognition mechanism using an eigenspace method which can reduce the dimensions necessary for matching. The effectiveness of this method is tested through an experiment using two hexapod robots.


Cryptococcus gattii infection has the potential to cause a significant outbreak. Over the past 10 years, the incidence of Cryptococcus gattii infection in Vancouver Island, Canada has been significantly higher than that observed in other areas throughout the world. During this outbreak, most patients were immunocompetent. Cryptococcus gattii has been reported to disperse to adjacent areas. In this paper, the mechanisms responsible for outbreaks of Cryptococcus gattii infection, including molecular typing analysis, possible origin, virulence factors, and dispersal mechanisms of the pathogen are reviewed.


In this study, we examine Russian millennials' attitudes toward migrants—an estimated 10 million legal and four million illegal migrants, who work in construction, service, and retail industries. More specifically, we examine the influence of various factors such as perceived fear of migrant crime, economic, and cultural competition on explaining xenophobia measured by social distance and ethnic exclusionism. Drawing from a survey of 944 university students in St Petersburg, Vladivostok, and Rostov-on-Don, Russia, our findings suggest that fear of migrant crime along with perceived cultural threats are strong predictors of xenophobic attitudes toward migrants. However, the economic threat did not appear to be a strong predictor of xenophobia. Variations existed between cities on dimensions of a perceived threat from migrants, suggesting that geographic and city characteristics are important factors.


Background  Oropharyngeal dysphagia is a major complaint among the elderly. Our aim was to assess the pathophysiology of oropharyngeal dysphagia in frail elderly patients (FEP).


The exercise of criminal action may be undertaken
by the State, the social cluster, or a person who has
suffered harm as a result of the crime. The latter possibility, called private action has been taken recently
in Colombia through constitutional reform. Based
on the foregoing, this article reviews the history of
the concept of criminal action and the alternatives
that emerge regarding its ownership. We also study
the legal nature in national legislation has had the
criminal and procedural intervention possibilities
that have been granted to victims of crime in the
last three Codes of Criminal Procedure and the judgments of the Constitutional Court more representative on the subject, up to the consecration of the private prosecution. Having established this, I will
analyze the bill project that is currently being under
examination in the House of Representatives by
which is looking to regulate such institution, in order
to describe its scope and to identify its gaps.


(R)-(−) [42340-98-7] C13H11NO (MW 197.25)

InChI = 1S/C13H11NO/c1-10(14-9-15)12-8-4-6-11-5-2-3-7-13(11)12/h2-8,10H,1H3/t10-/m0/s1

InChIKey = GONOHGQPZFXJOJ-JTQLQIEISA-N

(S)-(+) [73671-79-1]

InChI = 1S/C13H11NO/c1-10(14-9-15)12-8-4-6-11-5-2-3-7-13(11)12/h2-8,10H,1H3/t10-/m1/s1

InChIKey = GONOHGQPZFXJOJ-SNVBAGLBSA-N

(enantiomeric resolving agent for alcohols,1, 2 thiols,1, 3 sulfonamides,4 and amines5 (forms diastereomers separable by chromatography or crystallization); used in creating enantiomeric stationary phases for liquid chromatography;6, 7 reagent in the synthesis of chiral nonracemic allenes8)

Alternate Names: NEI; (R)-1-isocyano-1-naphthylethane.

Physical Data: bp 106–108 °C; fp 93 °C; d 1.13 g cm−3; optical rotation [α]D20 = −47° (c 3.5, toluene), [α]D24.1 = −50.5° (c 27.9, benzene).

Solubility: freely sol benzene, toluene, and a variety of dry organic solvents; reacts with water.

Form Supplied in: colorless liquid; available commercially >99% pure.

Preparative Methods: from (R)-(+)-1-(1-Naphthyl)ethylamine by reaction with Phosgene or by a method using Trichlorosilane.1

Handling, Storage, and Precautions: stable when stored between 0 and 4 °C; reacts with water; highly toxic; should be handled with proper skin and eye protection in a well-ventilated fume hood.


2021 International Joint Conference on Robotics and Artificial Intelligence (JCRAI 2021), which took place in Chengdu, China during Nov. 7-9, 2021. The purpose of this gathering is to bring researchers, engineers, scientists and industry professionals to an open forum where advances in the field of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence can be shared and exchanged. The conference is an ideal platform for keeping up with advances and changes to a consistently evolving field. Leading researchers and industry experts from around the globe will be presenting the latest studies through papers and oral presentations. Against the backdrop of Covid-19 epidemic, the conference cannot be successfully held without the hard work of the conference committee. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to them. The meeting was originally planned to be held in Chengdu, China, however, due to travel restrictions of COVID-19, the conference was held virtually. At the conference, each presenter has 15 minutes to display their achieved research results, and a Q&A session held after the presentation. About 40 presenters attended the conference, and we held an online meeting via Webex. List of Conference committee is available in this pdf.


: Since the new era, China's education system has been in constant change, especially in the context of the Internet era, the development of the accounting industry has ushered in new changes, and the demand for accounting talents has changed. At this time, the reform of accounting talent cultivation mode has become the focus of the reform of accounting major in colleges and universities. Therefore, in the development process of colleges and universities, for the cultivation of accounting talents, it is necessary to base on the needs of social development, introduce "Internet plus education", reform and innovate the traditional cultivation mode of accounting talents, cultivate the information literacy of accounting talents, and comprehensively improve the cultivation level of accounting informatization talents. In this regard, based on the "Internet plus" era, the article explores the training path of accounting informatization talents in colleges and universities.


Abstract DYESTUFFS are divided into about twelve main groups according to their method of manufacture; thus we have the sulfur colors, which are made by fusing together various organic compounds with sulfur and sodium sulfide, the azo colors in which the intermediates are coupled together by means of the diazo reaction, and so on. Most of the organic dyestuffs may be regarded as salts in which either the colored organic base is combined with a colorless inorganic acid (basic dyes) or the colored organic acid is combined with a colorless inorganic base (acid dyes). This salt formation has in most cases rendered the color soluble in water. In the absence of salt-forming groups in the colored compounds, or when their action is insufficiently potent, the resulting substances are sufficiently insoluble in water to be of direct use in the rubber industry; examples of such pigments are monolite yellow and monolite red. A consideration will be made of the method of employing the water soluble dye-stuffs, which ar...


The concept of genetics has been cited in Ayurveda classical texts indicating that Scholars of Ayurveda had a fine understanding of concept of genetics thousands of years back. Different combinations of mahabhutas and doshas pertain to genotype and manifestations of such arrangements pertain to phenotype. Genotype in ayurveda has been defined as beeja, beejabhaga, beejabhagavyava to utmost extent. Beeja refers to the blueprint that has entire information of an individual. A beeja consists of small units, beejabhaga, which has further smaller units, beejabhagavayava. Genotype leads to manifestation of phenotype which refers to Prakriti. There are certain other factors which have an influence on Prakriti. It is the umbrella term in ayurveda which most appropriately corresponds to phenotype of individual. In short, phenotype is a manifestation of genotype and influencing factors. To support this fact, there are various descriptions in Ayurveda regarding the genetic and hereditary basis of diseases. In the present study, the objective is to understand the concept of genetics as per contemporary parlance.


Nearly a thousand people undergo operations yearly, and only a few of them will get the blood and plasma on time. Then what about the rest? So to make blood and plasma available to all people equally, we are proposing a web-based application named "Donors Spot Blood and Plasma Donation Management System with GPS Using MERN STACK". It is a free and open-source multi-page web application developed by using the MERN stack. The seeker can get the details of the donors based on the information available on our site. Our web application provides a better platform for interaction between the seeker and donor in case of an emergency by tracking the location of the donor with the help of GPS and giving the details of the donor's information. With the help of GPS, the seeker can track the location of donors. The usage of the MERN stack is due to its robustness and scalability. Each word in the MERN stack represents the different technologies. Here, M stands for Mongo DB, E stands for Express, R stands for React, and N stands for Node. Each of these makes the proposed system work efficiently. The resultant output will be the donors' information in the tabular format and, in the Google maps, the donors' location will be pointed out. In order to make it more efficient, we can include the blood and plasma banks along with organ donation for future purposes.


This paper is about the continuous electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide to formate in a polymer electrolyte membrane cell using an alkaline ion-exchange membrane sandwiched between two catalyzed electrodes. This type of cell configuration allows carbon dioxide conversion to occur at high efficiencies and is particularly attractive for large-scale implementation. Formate was produced at high efficiency, and hydrogen evolution was suppressed with lead and indium as catalysts. The production of formate was monitored by UV-visible spectroscopy. During short experimental runs, the faradaic efficiency of formate production was as high as 80%. The faradaic efficiency was strongly dependent on the concentrations of carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, and carbonate at the surface of the electrodes. Low concentrations of carbon dioxide in the reactant feed led to the mass transport limitations and hence low faradaic efficiencies. The results show that mass transport limitations can be mitigated and high efficiencies can be realized by conducting the electrolysis in a pulsed mode. An alkaline membrane-based flow cell that ensures abundant availability of carbon dioxide to the electrodes can be a cost-effective and efficient approach for the continuous production of fuels from sunlight, storing of renewable energy, and lowering carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.


WORLD War II produced many new types of weapons, several of which have effected revolutionary changes in the nature of combat. These include a host of aerial innovations, radar, proximity fuses, automatic computers, shaped charges, and so on. Outstanding among them all, however, are two particular weapons which have widened the scope of war: the operational guided missile and the atomic bomb. Both weapons involve such radical departures from "accepted" means of offense and defense that they require an entirely new concept of armed internal conflict. Germany began her guided missile research in prewar days and, during the war, introduced and used many and varied types of missile weapons. These included the Henschel Hs 293 series, the Fritz X, Rheintochter, Schmetterling, Wasserfall, V-l, V-2, and others. Germany clearly led the world in missile development and utilization. The United States, however, engaged in considerably more missile work than has been generally realized. In free-falling bombs, the Americans developed a series of weapons which included Azon, Razon, and their successors; at Rabaul they tested Felix heat-seeking bombs. In 1943 the familiar B-17s launched hundreds of GB-1 glide bombs against Cologne, and improved models of these bombs finally were used. As the war neared its end, Japanese ships frequently encountered the Bat, radar-homing glide bomb. Fighter planes were converted into radio-controlled, televisionguided "bombs." England tested experimentally a few ground-to-air and air-to-ground, radio-controlled guided missiles, but these were of little significance in the over-all war picture. It is not commonly known that during the latter stages of World War II Japan rushed the development of the guided missile for tactical purposes. The Oka, Kikka, Shinryu, Baika, Tsurugi, and Toka were all piloted suicide bombs which glided, or were powered by rockets, jets, or piston engines, to their targets. Remote-guided bombs were developed also for use against American warships and aircraft. The following descriptions pertain to these guided missiles. All organizations referred to are Japanese.


"A Crucible Moment: College Learning & Democracy's Future," by the National Task Force on Civic Learning and Democratic Engagement (Association of American Colleges and Universities, AAC&U). This report calls on educators to envision a college education with civic learning and democratic engagement as its goals rather than a more limited mission of workforce preparation. Downloadable PDFs of entire report or highlights. http://www.aacu.org/crucible [3]


The effects of ferrosilicon rare-earth on microstructure, surface hardness, and impact toughness of Cr12MoV die steel were studied. The results show that the microstructure of Cr12MoV die steel is improved, and the surface hardness and impact toughness of the die steel increase after adding ferrosilicon rare-earth. When the content of rare-earth is 0.4%,the surface hardness of the Cr12MoV die steel is 71 HRC, while the impact toughness is 14.35 J/cm2.


Comparisons of formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis (H-14) de Barjac and different application times were conducted in small streams against Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt in northeast Tennessee. Teknar liquid (wdc), Vectobac (WP), and Bactimos (WP) produced average mortalities of 85, 80, and 61%, respectively, at 10 mg/liter per 1 min (= 10 ppm) 10 to 400 m below the point of application. The efficacy of the 1-min application time of Teknar at 10 mg/liter was significantly higher in terms of mortality and effective carry than the 20-min application at 0.5 mg/liter. Doubling and trebling the concentration of Vectobac WP and Bactimos WP, respectively, increased mortality and carryover that of the rate of 10 mg/liter per min, but was not proportionate to increase in dosage.


An analysis of the condition of post-socialist legal sense of Russian society is made in the article. The author considers the legalist and libertarian juristic conceptions and determines the key goals of legal education in the transformational society.


Abstract A variety of vegetables were grown in a greenhouse in loamy soil or sand with a control watered to 33 bar and treatments aerated for various time intervals to determine effects on yield or other plant characteristics. Statistically significant yield increases were noted for most aerated plant types grown in loam or sand. For the loam nitrogen leaf tissue of beans was significantly greater than controls for all aerated treatments. This was probably a result of mineralization since it was not found in aerated treatments of soybeans grown in sand.


In the last decades, several research efforts have been made to develop Human Robotic Systems (HRSs) for supporting people in aerial, terrestrial and maritime Search and Rescue (SAR) operations, in real-world hostile environments like earthquakes, volcano eruptions or avalanches. HRSs have further been developed for industrial, domestic and entertainment domain applications. Unlike autonomous systems, HRSs are primarily designed to support people and robots working together in teams in close and continuous human-robot interaction. This interaction requires that the robotic technologies meet the stakeholders needs in order to develop HRSs which are really effective in amplifying human productivity as well as in reducing mission risks. These requirements can be achieved only if end-users are tightly involved in all the phases of the developmental process of the HRS, and each of these phases provides a close coupling to real-life experimentation. In this presentation, the HRS developed under the EU FP7 ICT project NIFTi is exposed. The core of the design methodology is a user-centric approach. The user-centric methodology is a general approach for both iteratively and incrementally developing HRSs. Its cyclical nature provides for an end-users involvement, which gradually increases in the development process. Moreover, its incremental nature is such that the complexities of both use cases and scenario evaluations increases, at each cycle, in order to meet project objectives, user requirements and technology. The presentation aims to give a brief technical overview of the complex system, which has been developed employing this methodology, also discussing the benefits of this approach in particular with respect to situation awareness and human-robot collaboration. Relation to WP This paper describes the design approach developed in the project NIFTi that is also used in TRADR, e.g., in T6.3. Availablity Unrestricted. Pre-print included in the public version of this deliverable. EU FP7 TRADR (ICT-60963) 33 DR 6.2: M. a. sorties to assess a large-scale dynamic disaster area Worst et al. 2.2 Surmann, Worst (2015), "How can MAVs assist humanrobot teams in disaster response over multiple sorties?" Bibliography Hartmut Surmann, Rainer Worst. "How can MAVs assist human-robot teams in disaster response over multiple sorties?" Poster from TRADR booth at IROS 2015. Abstract Typical applications of Micro Aerial Vehicles (MAVs) in Urban Search and Rescue environments include aerial photography, inspection tasks, and 3D modeling. To perform multiple sorties of MAVs during a mission, integration of information over time as well as fusion and integration of different sensors is needed.Typical applications of Micro Aerial Vehicles (MAVs) in Urban Search and Rescue environments include aerial photography, inspection tasks, and 3D modeling. To perform multiple sorties of MAVs during a mission, integration of information over time as well as fusion and integration of different sensors is needed. Relation to WP This poster describes essential MAV actions and approaches to use them for the creation of persistent models, which were developed in the context of T6.3. Availablity Unrestricted. Included in the public version of this deliverable. 2.3 Bagosi, Timea (2015), "TRADR High-level database" Bibliography Bagosi, Timea. "TRADR High-level database, Year 2" Unpublished Technical Report, 2015. Abstract In this report we describe the high-level database for TRADR Year 2. The evolution of the web reached its semantic era, data on the semantic web is organized according to graph-like ontologies, and stored in triple store repositories. A short overview of the existing triple store technologies and their benefits is provided. A more detailed description shows the technology chosen and used for the TRADR project.In this report we describe the high-level database for TRADR Year 2. The evolution of the web reached its semantic era, data on the semantic web is organized according to graph-like ontologies, and stored in triple store repositories. A short overview of the existing triple store technologies and their benefits is provided. A more detailed description shows the technology chosen and used for the TRADR project. Relation to WP This report discusses the existing semantic web triple store technologies for the TRADR high-level database, hence it is part of the database and high-level (team) data integration of WP6. Availablity Restricted. Not included in the public version of this deliverable. 2.4 Kong (2015), "TRADR Dataset Dissemination Strategy" Bibliography Dong-Uck Kong. "TRADR Dataset Dissemination Strategy" Unpublished Technical Report, 2015. EU FP7 TRADR (ICT-60963) 34 DR 6.2: M. a. sorties to assess a large-scale dynamic disaster area Worst et al. Abstract Benchmarking is an objective to quantify and compare the performance of own processes to the others. Often in that way, measuring the success becomes possible in the research community. A lot of robotics research groups over the world publish the recorded sensor data from their experiments and provide benchmarks. One of the main goals of TRADRproject is to achieve the best possible modeling and understanding of the disaster scene. To enable this by comprehensive environment perception, multiple types of sensors on multiple robot platforms are used at the same time. Due to the multimodality and the realistic and challenging experiment environment, data generated in TRADR exercises can provide an interesting and unique opportunity for benchmarking of mobile robotic algorithms.Benchmarking is an objective to quantify and compare the performance of own processes to the others. Often in that way, measuring the success becomes possible in the research community. A lot of robotics research groups over the world publish the recorded sensor data from their experiments and provide benchmarks. One of the main goals of TRADRproject is to achieve the best possible modeling and understanding of the disaster scene. To enable this by comprehensive environment perception, multiple types of sensors on multiple robot platforms are used at the same time. Due to the multimodality and the realistic and challenging experiment environment, data generated in TRADR exercises can provide an interesting and unique opportunity for benchmarking of mobile robotic algorithms. Relation to WP This report presents examples of available datasets for benchmarking in mobile robotics and provides a suggestion how to disseminate the datasets collected in TRADR, e.g., in the context of T6.3. Availablity Restricted. Not included in the public version of this deliverable. EU FP7 TRADR (ICT-60963) 35 Human-robot teaming in disaster response – a user-centric approach – Mario Gianni∗, Ivana Kruijff-Korbayová‡, Rainer Worst§ and the NIFTi Project Team ∗ALCOR Laboratory, DIAG A. Ruberti, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy ‡Language Technology Lab, DFKI, Saarbrücken, Germany §Fraunhofer IAIS, Sankt Augustin, Germany


Data Mining helps to reveal very important patterns and associations in large databases. Discovering these associations is very important to decision makers. Many organizations have multiple distributed databases and it is important to discover and maintain its association rule. Any update in the database requires starting the whole mining process again to generate new rules. This requires rescanning the whole database to maintain rules. This paper presents an efficient approach to reduce the time of incremental mining for association rules in distributed databases. The proposed approach is Apriori based distributed formulation on message passing interface. It uses the concept of pre large concept to help in reducing the cost of incremental mining. Experiments prove that our proposed incremental approach is much efficient than existing approaches. We present comparative analysis between the proposed approach and existing approach.


Pyrolysis and combustion experiments were performed on two facemasks (hereafter named Tissue and Surgical) commonly used in the Russian Federation, first in a thermobalance and under four low-temperature ramps (5, 10, 15, and 20 °C/min). The pyrolysis mass rate curves present a unique devolatilization peak. The combustion mass rate curves present a unique devolatilization peak followed by a shoulder or a small further peak on its right-hand side. Both processes mainly occur between 200 and 500 °C. Simulations of these pyrolysis and combustion processes are performed with good agreement using the extended independent parallel reaction (EIPR) model. The gas chromatography technique was used to analyze the by-products of pyrolysis experiments performed under isothermal temperatures of 300, 400, and 500 °C. Combustion experiments were finally performed in a horizontal oven under a temperature ramp approximately equal to 5 °C/min to measure the main gaseous emissions: CO2 emissions are the main emissions of the Tissue mask, while total hydrocarbons are the main emissions of the Surgical mask. Significant differences are observed between the results obtained for the two masks because of the fibers they are built with (natural or synthetic).


Presented in this paper is a simple and quick method of designing beam-column channel sections by introducing equivalent axial compression load. The example shows that the section selection by this method is safe, economical and optimal.


The biodiesel surrogate, methyl propanoate (MP), is more reactive than methane. Mixtures of the two can be used to control combustion initiation in various combustion systems. Reported here is a shock tube study of the influence of chemical interactions resulting from mixing the two fuels on observable combustion properties, such as global chemical time scales and species time histories. Experiments are carried out at pressures of about 4, 7.4, and 10 atm covering a temperature window of 1000 to 1500 K. Using direct laser absorption, CO time histories during MP pyrolysis are obtained. The CO absorbance is further used to determine pyrolysis times by means of which the effect of temperature on MP pyrolysis is probed. Reactivity differences are first examined with the fuel concentration maintained at 3% and then with the oxygen concentration fixed at 10%. The evidence of chemical interactions during ignition is observed through a reduction of methane ignition delay times caused by MP addition. The influence...


As a major source of social support for people with health problems, Online Health Communities (OHCs) have attracted a great number of members. Using text mining and unsupervised machine learning techniques, we revealed that users of a popular breast cancer OHC play different roles in social support activities. A role transition network was constructed to illustrate how users' roles change over time. We also found evidence for role diffusion via social ties -- users tend to adopt roles of their network neighbors. The comparison of how users' roles spread among users suggests that some roles are more viral that others. Our findings provide a better understanding of dynamics in users' roles, which could greatly help managing an active and successful OHC.


The possibility of realizing a superfluid state of bound electron‐hole pairs (magnetoexcitons) with spatially separated components in a graphene double layer structure (two graphene layers separated by a dielectric layer) subjected to a strong perpendicular to the layers magnetic field is analyzed. We show that the superfluid state of magnetoexcitons may emerge only under certain imbalance of filling factors of the layers. The imbalance can be created by an electrostatic field (external gate voltage). The spectrum of elementary excitations is found and the dependence of the Berezinskii‐Kosterlitz‐Thouless transition temperature on the interlayer distance is obtained. The advantages of using the graphene double layer systems instead of double quantum well GaAs heterostructures are discussed.


First order equations of motion for a flapping wing micro-air vehicle are presented. The first order, longitudinal equations of motion are obtained from the second-order, strongly coupled, multi-body equations of motion using an approximate inverse. The nonlinear dynamics of the longitudinal equations of motion are averaged using two different methods: local averaging over a fully flapping cycle and local averaging over quarter-flapping cycles. Open loop simulations are presented, near a hover condition, for both averaged systems. The results for the locally averaged system are not consistent with the solution to the full system - suggesting that the neglecting of individual contributions to the dynamics, due to averaging over the entirety of a flapping cycle, is not a valid approach. Better results are obtained when the equations of motion are averaged over a quarter of a flapping cycle. The quarter-cycle results show a significant improvement in the accuracy of the position and orientation of the simulations versus the cycle averaged simulations.


In order to explore into the path of industrial green development,we proposed the concept of marine land industrial systemic coupling,and constructed an evaluation index system of industrial systemic coupling and coordination.Based on the comprehensive evaluation of these two sub systems,a coupling coordinated model was constructed and the coupling and coordination degree of Tianjin marine-land system during 2000 ~ 2010 were measured.In addition,the interactive relationship of Tianjin marine-land system was analyzed and its future development was predicted by using GM(1,1) model.The research indicated that:(1) The coupling degree of marine-land industry was quite high and had always been under high level phrase during 2000 to 2010;(2) The overall coordination level of marine-land industrial system had been under steady progress,which experienced the phrase of barely coordination,initial coordination,and intermediate coordination successively from 2000 to 2010;(3) The contribution that marine-land industrial systems had made to the coupling systemic development had temporal laws,and the evolution process of each subsystem had been through an " S" type periodic variation.


For the testis to properly function, it has to be dependent on the arrays of hormonal messengers acting through different hormonal pathways (1). To maintain the proper functioning of testicular cells; gonadotropins must play a big role (2). They are referred to as 'prime regulators of germ cell development'. Lead is considered to be a reproductive toxicants and or a disruptor of the endocrine system. In Nigeria, infertility is a major problem accounting to about 12 million infertile people (3-5).


Primary epiploic appendagitis is a rare disorder occuring as a result of the inflammation of the epiploic appendages of colon. Because it is self limiting and requires only conservative treatment, differential diagnosis from the other entities, which present with similar symptoms and need surgical intervention must be made. Computed tomography is the most efficient and accurate imaging modality for this purpose. Thus unnecessary surgery and use of antibiotics can be avoided.


This paper analyzes the concept,characteristics,service theory of information commons,and discusses the system platform construction,service capabilities,and information resources of the organization and management of library BLOG based on the theory.


This type of discrimination occurs where a person is treated unfavourably because the person is homosexual, heterosexual, bisexual or of a chosen gender, or because of characteristics that they


Generation of parametric images of myocardial blood flow (MBF) from dynamic PET requires a reproducible and reliable method to obtain left and right ventricular time-activity curves. We propose the use of Independent Component Analysis (ICA) on PET temporal information to segment the image data into three categories: right ventricle (RV), left ventricle (LV) and myocardium. ICA is an established signal processing technique that assumes that the dynamic signal in each voxel is a linear mixture of signals from statistically independent sources. The mixing process is due to cardiac motion and partial volume effects. Due to its ability to find the intensity of the underlying sources, ICA generates a 3D map of the mixing coefficients that allows the segmentation of structures. Dynamic cardiac PET data were acquired with a Siemens Biograph mCT PET/CT scanner using Rb-82 and [15O]water in nonhuman primate and pigs with injections of different activities. The Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) was used to compare the segmentations between scans of different species with different tracers. The LV and RV regions were used to calculate input functions for kinetic analysis and MBF estimation. Pairwise comparisons of the segmentations between different [15O]water PET scans gave DSC of 0.91 ± 0.09 and 0.92±0.08 for the RV and LV segmentations, respectively. For Rb-82 PET scans, the DSC values were of 0.89 ± 0.09 and 0.85±0.10 for RV and LV. We used contrast CT as a gold standard for the LV and RV segmentations. Pairwise comparisons of the segmentations between different contrast CT and Rb-82 PET scans gave DSC of 0.86 ± 0.09 and 0.85±0.09 for the RV and LV, respectively. Our work shows the reliability and reproducibility of the results of the segmentation algorithm. High quality parametric images of MBF and the kinetic parameters were obtained. These results suggest that ICA may be useful to extract time-activity curves for kinetic MBF analysis. The effects of partial volume on input TAC determination were also evaluated.


We report two cases of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) successfully treated with Kampo formulae including Uzu (aconiti tuber). The 1 St case was a 33-year-old male. Since the age of 20, he had stiffness and pain in his back. At 26 years of age, he was diagnosed with AS by a nearby orthopedist. When he consulted our department in 1997, X-ray examination revealed a Bamboo spine appearance. Because coldness exacerbated the pain, we prescribed Uzu-to. Together with a decrease in inflammatory reaction, his pain and quality of life were improved. The 2 nd case was a 24-year-old male. He had left hip joint pain since the age of 14, and at 16 was diagnosed with AS and treated with NSAIDs. Methotrexate (MTX) had also been prescribed from the age of 23, since the pain of other joints and back was gradually progressive with consistently positive inflammation. He did not, however, improve on MTX, and visited our department in 2002. His HLA-B 27 was positive, while iliosacral arthritis was also noted. Uzukeishi-to was then prescribed, resulting in decreased pain, alleviation of restricted motion, and an improved inflammation reaction. This suggests that Kampo formulae which include Uzu may be useful in the treatment of AS.


Verbs as the most important part in language teaching have been argued, but the importance of verbs is out of question. When acquiring verbs, students often make wrong use of them, because they did not realize or understand the different characters of verbs in English and Chinese. Different from ancient Chinese, the vector direction and value of modern Chinese are both blurry, so to be clear, they need add some other words or complements. While in English verbs, the vector direction and value are quite clear, a little like the use of ancient Chinese. If the vector direction needs to be changed, it is necessary to change the verbs themselves or the morpheme, and adjust the sentence pattern to them with different results.


A trauma or congenital pathology may seriously compromise the performance of upper limbs from an operative standpoint and informally, tluough sensitivity. These special aspects show how difficult it is to develop an artificial limb capable to reply important functions, such as for example: eating, independence in the batluoom and so on In order to carry out a good treatment with orthopaedic devices, it is necessary to define specific and closely-aimed rehabilitation programs that are personalized and differentiated in relation to the case to be treated First of all, it will be necessary to make specific psycho-physical evaluations regarding mobility, function, muscular potential (when applying myoelectric-controlled upper limb prostheses), motivations, learning capacity of the subject in question and anything else necessary in order to define the correct protocol to be adopted (Special attention must be paid when treating children, which requires full involvement and conviction by the parents)


This presentation explains and demonstrates modes in which utilizing Google Drive (Docs/Slides/Pages) for online coursework submission can substantially reduce grading time for instructors, while simultaneously increasing meaningful feedback for students. Piloted in many online and hybrid courses at the University of Minnesota's Center for Spirituality and Healing, both student and instructor reaction to the practice has been overwhelmingly positive. Integrating specific Google Apps into Online Learning Platforms (such as Moodle) offers both students and instructors a free, organized and reliable way to create and present material (papers, presentations, web pages, group work) for submission, and then to receive timely and meaningful input or feedback from both instructors and collaborators. Note: Examples for this session will be demonstrated in the Moodle LMS, but the information presented is transferable to other systems.
https://www.csh.umn.edu/education/credit-courses/csph-1101-self-society-and-environment-integral-systems-approach-personal-wellbeing-and-engagement


A qualitative analysis is given for a ratio-dependent predator-prey system with Holling type Ⅲ functonal response.The existence and stability of nonnegative equilibria and the nonpersistence of the system are investigated.


The paper analyzes the situation when input signal is changed during the period of CP=1,draw a conclusion that masterslave JKFF occur one and only change,and explain the reason and result.At last,emphasize the input signal must keep during the period of CP=1.


The crystal structure of (BrBS)3 was redetermined. Significant differences between this structure determination and an older one arise both in the molecular and crystal structure. Mean values of the bond distances and ring angles are: B-S 1.807 Å, B-Br 1.895 Å, B-S-B 109.2°, S-B-S 130.7°.


Abstract The cellular immunity of 64 patients with an histologically proved carcinoma of the lung was investigated using the technique of lymphocyte transformation to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). The patients were treated by radical radiotherapy and were tested before treatment, at the end of treatment, and at intervals during follow-up. The average respone of the patients before treatment was lower than that of the controls. Transformation was depressed by radiotherapy. The lymphocyte transformation response before treatment was not related to survival of the patient after treatment, but there is a suggestion that the degree of depression during radiotherapy is related to survival.


The sea slug Aplysia represents a model organism for the study of neurobiological circuitry, rhythmic motor activity, memory and learning. The R15 is an endogenously bursting neuron that regulates a host of pathways in Aplysia, including respiration and egg‐laying. The R15 activates the L7, which enables egg discharge through the Large Hermaphroditic Duct. The present study examines the circadian properties of the R15 and its influence on the L7 neuronal output. This study uses SNNAP the Simulator for Neural Networks and Action potentials (Ziv et al., 1994) to construct the R15→L7 network. This network is based on models formulated by Butera (1995) and Komendantov (2000). Simulations mimicking abdominal ganglia functions in Aplysia produce changes in the L7 output due to stimulation by the R15. The study shows that changes in circadian patterns of the R15 due to alterations in K+ ion channels and Ca2+‐dependent K+channels markedly impact the function of the L7. Comparison with output from Hodgkin‐Huxley type cells stimulated by the R15 reveals unique properties of the L7 excited by the R15.


The traditional teaching mode of physics experiment has been fossilized,and it is unable to adapt to the current rapid development of science and technology and meet the requirements of students'experimental skills.In this paper,the subject-research teaching mode in college physical experiment is explored for fostering students' innovative consciousness and practical ability.Then,implementation method is proposed.At last,problems in implementation process are analyzed.


Seismic records obtained from a seismometer array located in downtown Tokyo Japan for about ten years were inversely analyzed to estimate the dynamic soil parameters. Due to the illposed nature of the problem, the simple and often used "least square method" does not properly estimate the parameters. The Extended Bayesian Method combined with the Akaike Bayesian Information Criterion was introduced to overcome this difficulty. The results obtained were compared with dynamic triaxial test results obtained at the time of the seismometer installation. The shear moduli agree quite well with the estimated results, however the damping ratios estimated are slightly higher than the ones obtained in the laboratory.


Database construction is an important content in registration and certification of rural collective land ownership.The article introduces the method of database construction based on ArcGIS.The article illustrates the standard of the database structure,the map layers creation and attribute data collection,which provides the reference to related study.


We study two different I/O access strategies for parallel computation implemented on cluster systems,and develop parallel algorithms for high-dimensional matrix-matrix and matrix-vector multiplications.We present an effective solution to eliminating mapped experimental data in memory or Cache,which have impact on the I/O test results.Experiments show that the parallel read(PR) strategy of I/O is superior to the master read(MR) strategy.


Religions have had different outlooks of understanding and living since their beginning. These different manners of understanding and living in the form of denominations have continued to exist as religious sociological phenomena. These manners of understanding, which have gained a specific system, constitute the means of acquiring their own knowledge and the knowledge gained through this way in the course of time. The formation and sustainability of each denomination has been provided by educational processes. Relationship between denominations and education is worth examining from this point of view. In the present study, the historical process of relations between denominations and education in the context of religious education approaches were revealed. For this purpose, firstly information about the education process which started with the birth of the Islamic religion was given and the beginning of the relation between education and denominations were presented. The place of denominational education in the education system which is institutionalized with madrasahs was revealed. In this sense, it can be considered that, institutionalization of religious education was realized by virtue of denominational education. However, it is also possible to find information about the lack of denominational approach in the madrasah education. After the establishment of modern educational institutions, the relationship between denominations and schools was examined with concepts such as nondenominational, denominational, and inter-denominational approaches. The developments in the field of religious education and denominations relations, from the Tanzimat to present were investigated. As a result, the importance of the non-denominational approach in the field of religious education from the beginning to present was emphasized.


Happily, in the later chapters Professor Grossfeld contrives to lengthen his stride and some highly stimulating passages ensue, dealing with such matters as Culture and Law, Language and Law, and Geography and Law: The last mentioned is, arguably, the finest chapter of the book and contains some really telling examples of the non-transferability of familiar rules and principles of English Common Law to the alien climate and territorial vastness of the North American continent. These case studies oblige the book's English readers to re-examine their own law in its native setting, and to reflect upon the unacknowledged, formative forces which have helped determine the shape of the legal landscape with which they are perhaps almost too familiar. It is a pity that there is no chapter on 'Technology and Law', for here too the impact upon established legal principles can be dramatic and profound, as is revealed on page 82 at the conclusion of the vivid account of the see-saw saga of 'the fencing problem' in the American West: the invention of barbed wire in the 1870s, and likewise the coming of wind-powered irrigation pumps, transformed the conditions under which the law had to try to regulate the conflicting interests 'twixt farmer and rancher. There is more material concerning the United Statesranging in quality from the profound to the mundane in chapter ten. The unevenness of this chapter can perhaps be justified on the basis that i t is clearly aimed at imparting a vivid impression of the American legal maelstrom to a readership, the majority of whom have not (yet) experienced i t for themselves at first hand. Here, as in all other parts of the book, any deficiencies in the standard and plenitude of the argument in the main text is more than compensated for by the outstandingly informative references supplied in ,the well-judged, and wide-ranging, footnotes which contrive to be abundant without in any way seeming to overburden the book's small pages. This, then, is a book to be savoured by anyone who is looking for some fresh ideas about the ways in which the comparative study of law can be explored and taught, or who is in need ofan inspiringand provocativeway of approaching and presenting more familiar themes and issues. I t is a lively, and worthwhile, 'read'.


Objective To investigate the effect of intubation injecting Kaiselu to alleviate the constipation in elderly patients. Methods 100 cases of senile constipation were randomly divided into two groups,experimenta group and the traditional method of anal plug group (P 0.05). In the experimental group,50 ml same dose of Kaisailu was connected with No. 16 suction pipe and light inserted into 10 ~ 15 cm. Results Efficiency of defecation was 90% in the experimental group and 60% in control group; the remission rate of abdominal distension and abdominal signs was 80% in experimental group and 44% in control group (P 0.05). Conclusion Intubation of Kaisailu into the enema to treat the senile constipation is a safe and reliable method,which is better to the traditional method of anal plug.