A socio-economic survey of farmers' in selected farming Local Government Areas of Borno
State, Nigeria was carried out in the year 2020 in order to suggest solutions that can improve
production. The selected Local Government Areas include Bayo, Biu, Kwaya-Kusar, Hawul
and Shani. Structured questionnaire was designed and administered in 25 farming
communities in the study area. A total of 375 household heads (farmers) were randomly
selected 5 each in the 25 communities drawn from the 5 LGAs. Simple descriptive statistics
such as percentages, frequency distribution tables, and charts were used to analyze the data
generated. The study revealed male farmers dominated the farming population (86%). 61.1%
of the farmers were in the active age category (31-45yrs) and formally educated with farming
as both their primary occupation and main source of income. The land tenure arrangements
identified in ascending order of importance are family inheritance, individual, communal and
government ownerships. Acquisition of land for farming purposes was not a problem especially
to non-indigenes or by purchase or rent/hire. Cases of land disputes were few in the
communities and were resolved mainly by the family/community elders. The average farm
holding in the communities was 5.7 hectare per farmer which is above the national average of
2 hectares. Only 6.1% had access to loan before but most (98.7%) indicated the need to have
grants and 36.8% expressed desire to have loans now. It is recommended that land tenure
reform on inherited agricultural lands be undertaken with the view to sufficiently liberalize
land rights. This is to suggest that government need to redefine the land use decree of 1978, so
as to separate farm Lands from Lands for other uses as the land tenure affects their crop
production.


The authors study the effects of sensor pattern and sensor position perturbations on the angle estimation performance bound for multiple narrow-band sources. The Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) is used with a probabilistic modeling of the perturbations. The CRLBs of a linear uniform array under sensor position and pattern perturbations are evaluated in detail for the case of two narrowband sources.<<ETX>>


Purpose – To re‐examine the role of property management from an institutional economics perspective.Design/methodology/approach – The role of property management is explored by asking why property management has emerged from the first principle. Then, an analytical framework for property management is put forward. Different dimensions of institutional arrangements, ranging from open access to communal private property or solely owned private property, are discussed in the real estate property context.Findings – The paper shows that a unique feature of property management is its role in excluding outsiders and resolving internal conflicts among the stakeholders of communal private property.Research implications/limitations – This approach opens up a new research agenda for property management. The adoption of different institutional arrangements in property management can be explained by further studies.Practical implications – The efficiency of different institutional arrangements for the governance of co...


Numerical analysis was done using time marching method to solve 2D Euler equations in order to simulate the flow field of 2D turbo cascades tested in short duration facilities. The results indicated that the time establishing a steady flow field is much shorter than the operation time of short duration facilities. The flow field characters are obtained as well as the unsteady lift and drag of the blades. It's very helpful for programming test schemes and the design of short duration facilities.


Electro-hydraulic actuators (EHAs) become more and more important in the modern industry due to their advantages over electrical drives. Although EHAs have been applied to various applications for precise pressure, force, or position control tasks, operating EHA systems under faults, especially from sensors could lead the economic losses and catastrophic failure to overall system, or even put human life in danger. Thus, retaining the stability of these systems under sensor failures is one of the critical issues in developing EHAs. In this paper, a study on an advanced sensor fault tolerant control of a typical EHA with tracking control tasks under sensor-fault conditions has been carried out. Here, an extended Kalman-Bucy unknown input observer (EKBUIO) composed with a density threshold-based fault detection (DTFD) is proposed in designing the real-time sensor fault tolerant control (SFTC) of EHA system. The effectiveness of the proposed SFTC architecture has been investigated by experimenting on a test bed using an EHA in sensor failure conditions.


The invention discloses a C12-C13 long-chain binary acid refining method, which comprises the steps of: adding crude C12-C13 long-chain binary acid produced through a biological fermentation process into a dissolving tank and adding activated carbon or resin into the dissolving tank at the same time; adding purified water or deionized water into the dissolving tank, agitating and heating to enable the binary acid to be fully dissolved in the water and insoluble substances to be absorbed by the activated carbon or the resin; using nitrogen to press solid-liquid mixtures in the dissolving tank into a pressure-resistant filter and removing the activated carbon to obtain clear liquid; cooling the clear liquid and using a centrifuge for centrifugal dehydration to obtain a wet filter cake; and using purified water or deionized water to wash the wet filter cake and drying the filter cake to obtain the refined binary acid. By using a low-cost, nontoxic, hazard-free, safe and environment-friendly solvent to refine the crude long-chain binary acid, the refined long-chain binary acid which can be used for a subsequent polymerization process is obtained.


This introduction considers recent work in toleration; the nature and definition of toleration; and the relationship between toleration and broader questions of political philosophy.


This research was conducted to determine the relationship between the health concerns and illness perception in chronic diseases.The data were collected using a "personal information form", "disease perception scale", "health concerns inventory", the inventory of depressive symptoms. The mean age of of patients participating in the study 60.31±18.27. 24.4% patients with KOAH, 22.5% (36) of flour diabetes, 16.3 (26) % patients of heart disease, 15% (24) in the musculo-skeletal disorder, 51.2% (82) were male. 65% (104) in the disease duration of 10 years or less. According to course of the illness, 52.5% (84)of patients that the disease worsened. 81.3% (130) were married.. 31.3% (50) is not literate, 26.9% (43)'s literate. 48.8 % (78) is housewife/unemployed, 19.4 % (31) of the farmer. 81.9% (131) doesn't work. 18.2 (29) % are smokers. 73.2% (117) income of 0-100YTL. 58.2% (93)'s assesing poor. Type of disease in patients' perceptions regarding the scale (these symptoms related to disease) average score is12.84±12.80'dir. Mean disease duration of patients' perceptions of scale (acute/chronic) and 2.30±2.44.Consequences of the diseaese is 0.53±1.17'dir. Disease control mean score is 1.22±1.32. Disease understanding with the weight (r=0.303 p<0.01), and disease to understand the size (r=0.281 p<0.01), duration (cyclic) and income (r=-0.242 p<0.01), were positively and significantly relationship. Duration(acut/chronic) and elapsed time (r=0.345 p<0.01) have a significantly negative relationship. Health concerns mean score of 30.23±7.38. 95.8% (153) of them have high health concerns. Mean score of depressive symptoms is 25.39±10.78. 30.5% (48) 25-32 points (medium), 10.7% (17) 33-40 points (heavy), %7.3(12)'u 41 and over 41 (severe, very severe depression). The majority of patients with high health anxiety and the majority of them was determined to live depressive symptoms in the middle level. Keywords: illness perception, health anxiety, depression, chronic illness.


As powerline communication (PLC) technology does not require dedicated cabling and network setup, it can be used to easily connect multitude of IoT devices deployed in enterprise environments for sensing and control related applications. IEEE has standardized the PLC protocol in IEEE 1901, also known as HomePlug AV (HPAV) which has been widely adopted in mainstream PLC devices. A key weakness of HPAV protocol is that it does not support spectrum sharing. Currently, each link in an HPAV PLC network operates over the whole available spectrum, and only one link can operate at any time within a single collision domain. In this work, through an extensive measurement study of HPAV PLCs in a real enterprise environment using commodity off-the-shelf (COTS) HPAV PLC devices, we discover that spectrum sharing can significantly benefit enterprise level PLC networks. To this end, we propose a distributed spectrum sharing technique for enterprise HPAV PLC networks, and show that fine-grained distributed spectrum sharing on top of current HPAV MAC protocols can significantly boost the aggregated and per-link throughput, by allowing multiple PLC links to communicate concurrently, while requiring only a few modifications to the existing HPAV devices and protocols.


The i.r. spectra of Zr(BH4)4, Zr(BD4)4, Hf(BH4)4, Hf(BD4)4, and U(BH4)4 have been interpreted in conjunction with the Raman spectra of benzene solutions of Zr(BH4)4 and Hf(BH4)4. In all cases the results are strongly indicative of a triple hydrogen bridge structure of symmetry point group Td.


This study examines the relationship the tendency of management to meet earnings targets (earnings benchmarks) and the timeliness of audit reports. The timeliness of audit reports is measured by the number of days from the date of fiscal year-end of the financial statements until the date of the audit report. While the tendency to meet the earnings target is measured using a tendency to report a slight of net income and little change in earnings compared with previous year. This study also examines the role of corporate governance mechanisms through the role of board of directors and audit committees in relation to earnings management's tendency to meet earnings targets and the timeliness of audit reports. Using 419 firm-years observation of manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the period of 2009-2014, as well as using multiple regression, these studies did not find evidence that earnings management using a tendency to meet earnings targets affect the timeliness of audit report. However, by using 300 firm-years observation from manufacturing industry listed on IDX  for the year 2010-2014, I found weak evidence that corporate governance mechanism through the role of board of commissioners and audit committee have a moderating role that weaken the positive relationship between the tendency to meet earnings targets with the timeliness of the audit report. Keywords : earnings benchmarks, audit report timeliness, corporate governance, board of commissioner, audit committee


Ipsos MORI was commissioned by the Department for Education (DfE) to carry out research on the effects of the English Baccalaureate (EBacc). The research was undertaken in June and July 2012. The research comprised a quantitative (online and telephone) survey of 618 teachers and qualitative research with schools, pupils and parents/carers. The survey builds on a similar survey of 692 teachers conducted in summer 2011, although additional questions were asked in 2012.


The aims of this research are to isolate, examine antioxidant activity and chemical structure of flavonoid compounds from citrus parasite leaves (Scurrula fusca G.Don). Flavonoid compounds isolated from the leaves of citrus parasite by extracting 3000 g leaves powder using methanol. Methanol extract re-extracted with ethyl acetate. Ethyl acetate extract was partitioned with mixture of methanol and n-hexane. Methanol layer hydrolyzed with HCl 6% and obtained 3.02 g (0.10%) aglycone of flavonoids. Aglycone of flavonoids were isolated and purified by column chromatography. Pure compounds F3 (10 mg) was obtained as a brownish green amorphous solid and F4 (14 mg) as a yellow amorphous solid. The antioxidant activity of both compounds were investigaed by DPPH free radical scavenging method using ascorbic acid as a control positive. Antioxidant activity of F3 and F4 obtained with IC50 values of 9.383 μg / ml and 8.713 gμ / ml respectively. The antioxidant activity of both compounds classified as very powerful because they have IC50 values lower than ascorbic acid antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 12.08 gμ / ml. Determination of the chemical structure of both compounds F3 and F4 done by interpretation of spectral data of spectroscophy FT-IR, UV, 1D NMR ( 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, and DEPT),2D NMR ( 1 H1 H 1 COSY, 1 H13 C HMBC, 1 H13 C HMQC) dan LCMS. Based on these data, F3 expressed as 3.7-dihydroxy-5-methyl-3', 4'dihydrofurano-flavonol and F4 as 3,5,7,4'-tetrahydroxyflavonol or Kaempferol.


To investigate the floatability of macerals of the Shenfu coal,the proximate analysis,ultimate analysis,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),wetting heat and surface potential properties of vitrinite and inertinite samples were measured.The results show that the chemical composition,structure and the physicochemical property of vitrinite and inertinite are similar.The hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups co-exist in these maceral samples,and the oxygen containing functional groups influence the wetting property of maceral significantly.The oxygen-carbon mass ratio of polar oxygen containing functional group in vitrinite is 0.135,within which 0.090 is from the hydroxyl,and those of inertinite are 0.112 and 0.061 respectively.Therefore,the vitrinite shows less hydrophobicity,which is in contrast to some information given in published papers.The wetting heat of inertinite in double de-ionized water is 9.639 J/g,and that of vitrinite is-21.306 J/g.Both vitrinite and inertinite carry negative charges on their surfaces in a wider range of pH values.The ξ-potentials of inertinite and vitrinite have little difference,and the pH values of their zero-potential points are 2.80 and 3.40.


As an important event in the literature of the 1980s,"The death of Haizii"caused a series of effects,with "Haizi myth"being one of them. In the myth,Haizi was portrayed as a saintlike poet with the divine foresight of Messiah—a result from the symbolic narration of his life and works,behind which is the cognition of the poetic space and its self-identity standards as well as their respective reconstruction and reestablishment.


This paper details a soil nutrition management and decision-making system for protected culture of vegetables.This system is designed in order to solve the problems existing in protected vegetable cultivation such as the decline of vegetable yield and quality,deterioration of soil environment,and unbalance of soil nutrition caused by improper fertilization.It includes four subsystems,i.e.,a soil nutrition management subsystem by using Java Applet model and WebGIS technology,a fertilization recommendation subsystem based on a vegetable fertilizing model,a vegetable nutrition diagnosis expert system by CBR(Case-Based Reasoning) and a soil fertilizing technology query subsystem.The system can help vegetable producers to effectively manage soil nutrition and provide soil nutrition diagnosis and recommended rates of fertilizer application so as to increase the producers'income and realize the sustainable utilization of protected culture soil.


According to the energy guideline of European Union, the overall primary energy consumption needs to be reduced by 1/3 compared to the current, while the proportion of the renewable energy usage should be increased. The heating demand, which plays a role in the overall energy consumption, thus should be supplied more efficiently. With district heating, it is possible to aggregate large-scale excess heat from industry or waste heat for heating purpose. Nowadays, the district heating system are experiencing a transition towards the 4 th generation district heating (low-temperature district heating), which will be operated mainly at 50-55 °C as supply temperature and 25 °C as return temperature[1]. That means more low-temperature renewable energy sources will be accessible. But how to provide sufficient heat without violating any comfort and hygiene requirements is crucial for the new generation district heating. The local substation is used to harmonize the parameters between the primary side and secondary side. The optimization of the substation is helpful to remove the temperature or hygiene restrictions of low temperature district heating (LTDH), enhance the stability of the heat supply, and create synergy with the power grid. Considering the features of different district heating systems and building typologies, different methods to improve the performance of the district heating system are proposed.


Purpose

This paper introduces a generic structure for a futures workshop, developed especially to be used in brief practically oriented foresight projects. Based on experiences of tens of dozens of workshops where this method has been used, this paper aims to inform and educate practitioners of futures studies on the method and discuss its characteristics.

Design/methodology/approach

The design of the ACTVOD workshop method was influenced by the need to have a futures workshop design that would encourage creativity and allow for the hosting of a futures workshop in a rather short amount of time. ACTVOD takes advantage from several theoretical insights and methods within futures studies. It combines elements from heuristic problem-solving, scenario workshops (focus on finding action plans towards desired future) and soft systems methodology.

Findings

ACTVOD is a rather easy and time-efficient way of producing and collecting good-quality insights on the future and bringing those insights to a practical level. Major challenges using it relate to the transition between workshop stages and on reporting, which relies heavily on participants' activity.

Originality/value

This is the first time the characteristics of the ACTVOD workshop method are thoroughly introduced in an academic journal. Learning of the method would be useful for practitioners of participatory futures studies methods, especially those who are frequently invited to facilitate short workshops for varying audiences.


We give a Skolemised presentation of Zermelo's set theory (with notations for comprehension, powerset, etc.) and show that this presentation is conservative w.r.t. the usual one (where sets are introduced by existential axioms). Conservativity is achieved by an explicit deskolemisationprocedure that transforms terms and formulae of the extended language into provably equivalent formulae of the core language of set theory. Finally we show that the notation {t(x) | x\in u} (`the set of all t(x) where x ranges over u') is also definable in this framework, which proves that the weak form of replacement which is needed to define syntactic constructs such as (set-theoretic) lambda-abstraction and infinitary Cartesian product does not need Fraenkel and Skolem's replacement scheme to be justified.


Supernumerary teeth are not rare and are most often found in the maxillary anterior region. Rarely, multiple impacted supernumerary teeth are found. We reported a rare case of eight impacted supernumerary teeth detected on panoramic radiographic examination during orthodontic therapy in a 14-year-old girl.


. This experiment focused on 11th Grade rs' mastery level using Strategic Intervention Material (SIM) based-instruction in General Mathematics least mastered competencies. Pre/posttest Quasi-experimental research was employed with two classes of 11th Graders from the Technical, Vocational and Livelihood (TVL) track were taught via SIM-based instruction and direct instruction, respectively. These learners took the subject amid the school year 2018-2019 and were tagged non-numerates in their previous mathematics class. To ensure proper maneuvering of the SIM and time-on-task, the teacher-researcher handled both classes at the same venue and time frame. The learners' pre/posttest mean scores served as basis in determining learners' mastery level while t -test analyses tested the pre- posttests' difference of the comparison groups. Findings revealed the posttest mean scores of SIM-group to be significantly greater than the DI-group, hence SIM-based instruction is an effectual means in reaching mastery on least mastered competencies in General Mathematics. Hence, it is recommended not to delimit Direct Instruction in upskilling least mastered competencies alongside with SIM-based instruction. Furthermore, SIM-based instruction can be implemented to other schools to supplement its effectiveness and to maximize its use in the future, and that studies on the use of SIM-based remedial instruction in other learning areas, be conducted to confirm the result of the experiment. Abstract . This study investigated the effect of a Strategic Intervention Material (SIM) on the achievement of Grade 11 students at risk of dropping out (SARDO) in General Mathematics. The study used experimental method of research through a single group pre-test/ posttest design among SARDOs of Dolores National High School for the School Year 2018-2019. Pretest and posttest questionnaire involving solving rational equations were used as main instrument for data collection both before and after the experiment periods. Results indicated that there is highly significant achievement in the level of Grade 11 students' performance in solving rational equations applied through a SIM day Self-Paced Intervention Program. The study concluded that teaching students using SIM in a self-paced manner gives a high effect on students' learning. Hence, it recommends among others that a SIM-based instruction should be encouraged in schools and that teachers of all levels and disciplines be given training-workshop on theories and practice of SIM to address learning gaps in the academe. Abstract . This study focused on the effect of a QR-embedded Strategic Intervention Material (QRSIM) on the achievement level of 11th Grade Students in General Mathematics via Solomon-four group research design, focusing on the least mastered competencies in solving exponential equations. A total of 120 students participated in the experiment at Dolores National High School during the school year 2019-2020. Findings revealed that; the students were unable to reach the expected level of achievement based on the pretest; the experimental and control groups with pretest performed better in the posttest assessment; no significant difference was observed between the pretest achievement level of the students; the pretest and posttest achievement levels of the experimental and control group shows a significant achievement; and that the achievement levels among the four groups significantly improved in the posttest. The findings of this study highlight the use of an innovative SIM based instruction and its counterpart in teaching frequently least mastered competencies in the subject, General Mathematics that paves the way in developing mathematical competencies among 11th grade learners. Furthermore, the researcher recommends that; assessing the learners' level of achievement prior to instruction will aid teachers in developing instructional tools and approaches suited to their scholastic needs; Mathematics teachers should be geared with appropriate knowledge on the use of 21st century teaching and learning resources such as Strategic Intervention Material to help a student who finds mathematics concepts difficult to comprehend; and that a similar study be conducted to cover other least learned competencies in the Eastern Samar division to further probe and enrich the findings of this study. Abstract . Health literacy affects a person's characteristics and exposure to various tools and mechanisms. However, there is insufficient research on the elements of school facilities and their impact on literacy. Hence, a descriptive-correlational study on health literacy and factors indicating schools' health readiness was conducted among senior high school teachers in Dolores National High School. This study's findings revealed that most senior high school teachers are female, young in the teaching profession, Master's degree holders, not exposed to medications, and have a high level of health literacy. Findings showed a significant moderate relationship between teachers monitoring practices and their communicative (p = .016) and critical health literacy (p = .026). Also, linear regression analyses revealed their length of service as the most significant predictor of health literacy level. Hence, it is recommended to develop a training design that will equip teachers in managing health issues among senior high school learners. Abstract . The advent of technology paves for a better understanding of the various realities the world contains. However, misuse of these instruments' impacts people's way of living and education, especially in the new normal. Thus, an analysis was carried out to classify cybercrime awareness indicators as viewed by senior high school students at Dolores National High School using a researcher-developed unidimensional questionnaire. An 18-item Likert scale researcher-developed questionnaire, termed Cybercrime Awareness Tool (CcAT), was administered to a total of 200 students, with 50 respondents per senior high school strands using Google Form. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) also known as Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was applied to the collected data which gave rise to four factors named; 1) Awareness on Phishing, 2) Awareness on Spamming, 3) Perceived effectiveness of antivirus software, and 4) Bullying on the web. The CcAQ was also found to have adequate internal consistency of .823 Cronbach alpha for the overall instrument, and subscale alphas ranging from .772 to .858. The multivariate analysis of variance on the interaction of sex and senior highs school strand showed a significant link to the respondents' cybercrime awareness. Hence, the researchers recommend this tool to assess schools' cybercrime awareness on the four factors. Abstract . Continuity in education is a crucial task of the education sector in the time of pandemic. Thus, a study was made on the level of readiness and effectiveness on the implementation of distance learning among barangay elementary schools in Taft district, province of Eastern Samar during the school year 2020-2021. Using correlational research design, th e researcher employed survey questionnaire among 100 4Ps' parents selected via total enumeration technique. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics at .05 level of significance. Findings revealed that the majority of the parent-recipients are earning a living through crop farming with a secondary level of education and that they belong to small family size. The barangay elementary schools are perceived to be highly ready and very effective in implementing distance learning. Notably, there is a significant negative association between parents' educational attainment and the perceived effectiveness of modular distance learning implementation, while a significant positive relationship between schools' readiness and effectiveness in implementing distance learning. Moreover, data revealed a significant difference in schools' readiness to implement distance learning. Hence, it is recommended for the Department of Education to provide a guidebook to parents that will enable them to assist their children in answering learning modules correctly, and to regularly review and monitor schools' learning continuity plans and to strengthen linkages with other stakeholders. Abstract . A phenomenological study was conducted to examine the challenges of out-of-field teachers in English, including their coping mechanisms and their suggested solutions to manage their sentiments in public senior high schools during the school year 2019-2020. The researcher used a one-on-one interview guide in collecting data, which were analyzed using the Ajjawi and Higgs framework of data analysis. The lack of content mastery that results in poor students' performance is the top sentiment for out-of-field teachers, and it was hard for them to teach English as it is out of their specialization. It was found out that the out-of-field teachers employed several coping strategies and suggested solutions to DepEd to manage their sentiments, such as; acquiring competence through training, self-learning and motivating, asking for assistance from co- teachers, and to improve schools' manpower. Hence, the researcher recommends the conduct of a comparative study on the performance of students and teachers, and regular mentoring of school heads and master teachers to aid out-of-field teachers. This calls for program mechanics that deal with alleviating the challenges that novice out-of-field teachers experience through program reforms, training and skills enhancement, professional development, and peer mentoring programs. Abstract . This study focused on the achievement levels of Grade 11 struggling learners using an electronic Strategic Intervention Material in Mathematics (eSIMath) in teaching least mastered competencies in the subject, Statistics and Probability for Senior High School. A Solomon


Qualitative research methods are increasingly being used in engineering education research. In this context there is an ongoing discourse in the community around ways of ensuring interpretive research quality. This paper presents a process-oriented framework of research quality that was developed while undertaking a study that was recently published in the Journal of Engineering Education. Drawing on the concept of Total Quality Management (TQM), the framework consists of two components i) a procedural view of the research process, broadly defined as Making Data and Handling Data, and ii) a flexible typology of fundamental processes of validation (theoretical, procedural, communicative, pragmatic) and the notion of process reliability. Both of these aspects of the framework are illustrated with examples from the aforementioned study. Future work is planned to further develop the conceptual framework as a language for the engineering education community to engage in a discourse around shared, contextual and flexible understandings of research quality. Introduction: Questions of quality in qualitative engineering education research Engineering education research is an inherently interdisciplinary endeavor [1-3] that is currently being undertaken by a community of engineers, social and educational researchers with diverse and contrasting disciplinary and epistemological perspectives [4]. An ongoing discourse in the community is consequently centered around appropriate research methods [5-9] and ways of conducting research of acceptable quality [4, 10, 11]. In this context, Borrego [12] asserts that "the field of engineering education has not yet developed its first paradigm" with the term paradigm being defined as "consensus with regard to [among other aspects] standards of rigor"(p. 6). Addressing this pre-paradigmatic nature of the field, this paper is concerned with questions of research quality in qualitative approaches to engineering education research. More specifically, we draw on an example study recently published in the Journal of Engineering Education [13] to present and explore a number of challenges to research quality in the context of concrete examples from the data collection and analysis. Based on these reflections, we present a processoriented framework of research quality that was developed while undertaking the example study and offer it here as a further step in the ongoing discussion of interpretive research quality in the engineering education research context. Example study: Interpretive investigation of Accidental Competency formation The interpretive study that provides the context for the illustrations used in this paper (see part 3) is an exploratory investigation of engineering students' competence formation from a broad, holistic perspective [13]. More specifically, the authors conceptualized the notion of Accidental Competencies as a lens through which to investigate how students' overall competence formation emerges from the complex interplay of explicit instruction and a wide range of influences from the learning environment [14]. Accidental Competencies were conceptualized as the unintended Page 25298.2 consequences, positive and negative, of students" overall experience of completing an engineering program. Data was collected in focus groups based on critical incident techniques [15-17] with 67 students in their transition from university studies into professional practice. The students were selected from a range of innovative placement programs (i.e. industry, co-op and service learning programs) from institutions in Australia, Germany, Thailand and the United States. This international selection ensured that a wide range of students' experiences could be captured and the focus on placement students meant that participants were able to recall detailed experiences from their education while having also had a significant exposure to engineering practice. The focus groups were digitally recorded and transcribed for the subsequent data analysis using the qualitative software NVivo7. The iterative analysis based on a grounded theory approach and constant comparative methods yielded clusters and subordinate categories of competencies that the students had developed. Similar codes described the educational influences and work experiences that contributed to these learning processes [for more information see: 13]. The illustrations of challenges to ensuring research quality are based on one dominant theme (role models) that emerged from the analysis. In the focus groups the students reported that teachers and industry engineers were role models who had a significant impact on the development of their professional self-perception. These development processes resulted from a complex interplay of the influence of teachers and engineers with other educational factors to significantly shape the students" "professional way of being" [18, p. 389]. Challenges to research quality: Socially constructed reality In investigating student learning that emerges from these complex interactions it became apparent that the "object" of our research interest was neither "out there" [19, p. 37] to be observed in a materialistic sense, nor was it is it solely "in the individual"s head". Rather, it extended beyond the individual, in that it was constituted through, and emerged from, the shared lived experience ["Lebenswelt" in: 20] of groups of individuals [21]. Put another way, this meant that the reality we were interested in investigating was socially constructed [22-24], by the participants and the researcher [1] in the data gathering situation. Illustration: To clarify this point, this illustration considers an example from the above-described study that is concerned with the function of teachers as professional role models. Examining this result more closely illustrates the emergent and inter-subjective nature of the social reality under investigation. More specifically, the teacher"s influence for the individual student was found to be constituted of concrete psychological realities – examples are feelings of consternation, or experiences of tensions between their own professional way of being and their perception of the workplace. The phenomenon of the teacher as a role model, however, emerged only from a sustained and complex interaction of the student with various teachers, other students and industry supervisors. More specifically, the influence of role models as the phenomenon under investigation consisted of, but at the same time, exceeded the individual Page 25298.3 student"s psychological realities, emerging on a higher level from complex social interactions. This ontological assumption of a socially constructed reality poses the question as to whether the researcher can derive truthful knowledge claims about a social system as the research object. The traditional scientific paradigm assumes a transcendent, materialistic reality that can be known independent of context and time. In contrast, the above illustration identifies a constructed, or, inter-subjective, reality as the object of interpretive research. Equally, interpreting the data entails a subjective process of making sense of the participants" multiple perspectives. Considering the multitude of possible outcomes from such interpretations suggests that the social system under investigation does not "determine absolutely the one and only correct view that can be taken of it" [25, p. 14]. This, in turn, means that knowledge is socially constructed both in its production by the researcher and in its representation within the research community. In communicating knowledge claims to the research community, the constructivist nature of knowledge implies that representations must follow the meaning conventions of the research community by "calling things by the right names" [25, p. 23]. An example of how these aspects of qualitative research manifested in the example study is presented below. Illustration: Drawing on the prior illustrative example, the following illustrates the constructivist process of generating knowledge from interpretation by examining more closely how the final interpretation of the teachers" influence as role models was derived. During the data gathering, the students spoke of their individual experiences with academics, industry supervisors and of other educational influences. In this discussion, a shared multi-faceted view of the phenomenon emerged among the students. This understanding was constituted by their multiple perspectives but was, at this point, of a tacit nature, i.e. everyone knew what was being talked about and contributed their related stories. In the initial data analysis this shared understanding emerged across several transcripts and was, at this stage, captured in a preliminary node with the "invivo" description "academics vs. real engineers". This first interpretation was socially constructed, in that it emerged from the students" shared understanding in several focus groups. Additionally, an expression taken directly from the respondents" own words was used to categorize this type of contribution. In terms of useful knowledge, however, this interpretation did not extend far beyond the context of the focus groups. The next step of representing this knowledge thus involved "calling things by the right names" [25, p. 23]. One term commonly used to describe the teachers" influence is that of the "role model". However, this name for the category was one of several choices and was, as such, not directly "imposed by the structure of empirical reality" [25, p. 15]. More importantly, choosing this concept on the basis of my interpretive judgment also applied a range of P ge 25298.4 pre-existing conceptions and frameworks from the literature to this category. To provide a brief historical perspective, before becoming part of everyday language the notion of a role model was proposed as a specific sociologi


This paper presents a 1V low noise amplifier (LNA) for 700~900MHz WSN applications in 0.18m RF CMOS process.The LNA uses capacitor cross-coupled, current-reused and noise cancellation techniques to reduce noise and power consumption.The simulation results are as follows: The voltage gain is variable with high gain at 22dB and low gain at 0dB. At low gain mode, the input referenced 1dB compression point (IP1dB) is -15dBm and the input 3rd intercept point (IIP3) is 1dBm. The noise figure (NF) at high gain is 2.85dB (@800MHz).It consumes about 0.9mA current from 1V power supply.


We have fabricated a new 3D-IC embedded flexible hybrid system (FHS) based on a Fan-Out Wafer-Level Packaging (FOWLP). The unique FHS structure is consisting of PDMS as a flexible substrate in which the 3D-IC with through-Si vias (TSVs) and microbumps are embedded. The mechanical and electrical properties of the 3D-IC embedded FHS are characterized by using repeated bending test with the TSV/microbump daisy chains. The new FHS can be expected to be used as high-performance wearable device systems for biomedical applications.


Internet of things (IoT) is the things or devices with software, intelligent sensors interconnected via the internet to send and receive data with another device. This capacity makes things, i.e., smartphones, smart homes, intelligent toys, baby monitors, IP cameras, and many more to act as intelligent devices like artificial intelligence (AI) and be utilized in the everyday lifeworld widely. IoT has enormous expansion potential, and many challenges have been acknowledged but are still open today. The botnet is a collection of bots from IoT devices used to launch extensive network attacks. In addition, rapid growth in technology has led to an incomplete understanding of IoT. The increasing number of IoT devices has led to the spread of malware targeting IoT devices make IoT Botnet behaviors challenging to identify and determine. To detect these IoT Botnets, a preliminary experiment on flow analysis is necessary. This paper is to identify IoT Botnet attack patterns from the IoT Botnet behavior that get from IoT Botnet activities. Therefore, this research is to identify IoT Botnet attack patterns in a hostbased and network-based environment. First, this paper contributes to discovering, recognizing, categorizing, and detecting IoT Botnet activities. Next, organizing information to have a better understanding of the IoT botnet's problem and potential solutions. Then, construct the IoT Botnet attack pattern by analyzing the characteristics of the IoT Botnet behavior. This IoT Botnet attack pattern divides into two environments which are host-based and network-based. As a result, this paper aims to inform people about the attack pattern when the IoT device has been infected and become part of the botnet. Keywords—IoT; botnet; IoT botnet; host-based; network-based


In the modern educational practice there is a tendency to move from the mass unifi ed education to the education, focused on personal abilities and characteristics of each person and on the level of his or her health. The modern educational paradigm pays more attention to the holistic development of the personality than to the formation of knowledge, abilities and skills of pupils. In these conditions we've got a new perception of social and pedagogical importance of formation of particular axiological attitude to health and of readiness to preservation, promotion and creation of health as the most important resource for the further life prospects by children during the educational activities. The paper presents an unusual approach to the formation of axiological attitude towards health andreadiness to health preservation and promotion by using the therapeutic music and sound potential in the class of small children. This article reviews the method of theoretical research «Modeling» as a means of formation of readiness to the health creating activities by using the applied music resources in the class of small children. The author presents in detail the essential characteristics of the conceptual model, its structure, the component structure.


I am very grateful to Dr Cuthbert for sharing his detailed reading and valuable thoughts and suggestions. Indeed, this opinion paper does not claim to have found the only explanation for linear (or non-linear) behaviour of groundwater drainage in catchments, but rather would like to present an alternative perspective and an alternative explanation for how the laboratory scale Darcy equation can be made to match with linear macro-scale behaviour. The conceptual connection, as presented in Figure 2, is the fact that in unconfined aquifers (without an impermeable base) streamlines start predominantly vertical. Also it requires an equally distributed resistance to entering the preferential drainage network. Equal resistance implies a constant proportion of W (the distance to entering the preferential drainage network) and Darcy's k (the conduc-


This paper contributes to the literature on the monetary transmission mechanism by using monthly data (January 2001 to December 2022) from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin to investigate how headline inflation responds to changes in monetary aggregates in Nigeria. The structural vector auto regression (SVAR) method by which the impulse response functions (IRF) and variance decomposition were used to examine the response of inflation to changes in narrow money (M1), M2, M3, and the interbank call rate In deviation from economic theory, the study found that positive shocks to M1 and M2 caused inflation to decline insignificantly. Positive shocks to M3 had an insignificant positive impact on inflation both in the short- and long run. This finding highlights that shocks to M3 are not a significant source of inflation pressure, and its control may not be a useful tool for the CBN to tame inflation in Nigeria. The study found that inflation declined insignificantly in response to positive shocks to the interbank call rate. This finding suggests that hiking interest rates have not been effective in addressing the problem of inflation in Nigeria. Overall, the results showed that using M1, M2, and M3 and interbank call rates is less potent in controlling inflation in Nigeria. Hence, this paper recommends reducing the number of financially excluded Nigerians by encouraging banking habits among Nigerians, especially those in un served and underserved rural areas.


Learning is essential to expand the capabilities of a robot. But what is the meaning of learning for a robot and how is the implementation of a learning task? This question is a key question and in addition to what should be learned. This paper defines a general learning model, classify robot learning and develops a learning architecture for locomotion of a simple walker. These learning architecture contains a construction of the simple walker, the Q-Learning algorithm, the development of an appropriate reward function and consider the convergence of the learning system.


Abstract : Technological aspects of high-power forgingpressing equipment for industry in the USSR are discussed. Use of such equipment allows for substantial lowering of metal expenditure, the reduction in cost of the finished product, and the improvement of mechanical properties of the base metal. The fifth five-year plan (1951-1955) called for an increase in the production of highpower forging-pressing equipment by eight fold. However, during this period only a 5.6 fold increase was accomplished. Cost and metal consumption in producing these units were primary obstacles in their production. High-power, small-dimensions presses of new structural design should result in reduction of production costs.


The judicatory proceeding is the most effectual way to protect civil rights. But when judicature intervenes in medical disputes, it must keep a very prudent attitude , insist on necessary principle , hold its scope,occasion, perfect judicatory technique, pay attention to the result of the disposal of the judicatory, then ensure the justice in the cases of medical disputes and try its best to avoid negative effect coming from judicatory proceeding.


A high sea level (-46 to -33m) has been dated on mangrove peat from the Congo estuary of 42.000 to 32.000 yBP. These results agree with isotopic data


In this paper, we propose a method for estimating the Sobolev type embedding constant on a domain with minimally smooth boundary. We estimate the embedding constant by constructing an extension operator and computing its operator norm. We also present some examples of estimating the embedding constant for certain domains.


Surface temperature reduction in terrain denuded of vegetation (as by overgrazing) is postulated to decrease air convection, reducing cloudiness and rainfall probability during weak meteorological disturbances. By reducing land-sea daytime temperature differences, the surface temperature reduction decreases daytime circulation of thermally driven local winds. The described desertification mechanism, even when limited to arid regions, high albedo soils, and weak meteorological disturbances, can be an effective rainfall reducing process in many areas including most of the Mediterranean lands.


Social justice means both psychological and social needs based on equality, liberty and fraternity as properly incorporated in various provisions/directives of the Constitution of India which ultimately reflects an uncompromising respect for human dignity with an overriding concern for the poorest and weakest in the society. Gandhi and Ambedkar, the chief architects of social justice in India, furthered the themes and as a result, social processes are constantly changing while in globalisation, the Government of the day is bound to refresh the old and start a needed new to get the fullness of life. The research paper aims to examine the various constitutional provisions which provide social justice to a large section of people in the country. In addition to keeping in view the political philosophies of Gandhi and Ambedkar it seeks the answer of several questions asked about the implementation of social justice in India. It is an innovative paper and hence it may be useful for many countries aiming to achieve social justice for weaker sections of society.


The unique cell cycles that characterize various aspects of the differentiation of germ cells provide a unique opportunity to understand heretofore elusive aspects of the in vivo function of cell cycle regulators. Key components of the cell cycle machinery are the regulatory sub-units, the cyclins, and their catalytic partners, the cyclin-dependent kinases. Some of the cyclins exhibit unique patterns of expression of germ cells that suggest possible concomitant distinct functions, predictions that are being explored by targeted mutagenesis in mouse models. A novel, meiosis-specific function has been shown for one of the A-type cyclins, cyclin A1. Embryonic lethality has obviated understanding of the germline functions of cyclin A2 and cyclin B1, while yet other cyclins, although expressed at specific stages of germ cell development, may have less essential function in the male germline.


In high-mobility OFDM systems, Doppler distortions cause inter-carrier interference (ICI) that may degrade the system performance severely. Although thoroughly studied, hardly any approaches for ICI estimation and compensation exist that maintain the OFDM-specific subcarrier-wise signal processing and thus provide a solution with reasonable demands on complexity. For a multi-antenna receiver, this paper proposes such an approach which relies on optimum combining of the signals from the different receive antennas. The ICI is characterized in terms of a frequency-selective interference function, which can be estimated by simple means using common pilot signals.


The 14C ages of the basal organic deposits accumulated in 32 small lakes located higher than or near the altitudinal limit of proglacial Lake Barlow, in Temiscamingue, span the period between 10400 and 6490 years BP. A regional pollen zonation has been established, allowing the rejection of the 14C ages younger than 8500 years BP, as minimum ages for local ice retreat. From 10400 to 8500 BP, whatever the age of the lake, the same general sequence of vegetation has spread over the deglaciated landscapes. The initial vegetation was dominated by Picea and Larix (pollen, macrofossils) and included Quercus, Ostrya, Ulmus, and Fraxinus (pollen influxes equal or greater than what they are today) along with plants having a present-day mainly arctic distribution such as Dryas integrifolia and Silene acaulis (macrofossils). The initial proglacial vegetational environment on the islands or around Lake Barlow was thus an open conifer forest with arctic plants and groves of relatively thermophilous deciduous trees, wh...


The axial and radial components of the electric field in a hydrogen arc with superimposed axial magnetic field have been measured with potential probes. The axial field was found to be only 3.1 V/cm, whereas in the radial direction fields up to 400 V/cm indicate a rotation of the arc. Radial fields are caused by υ x 23 e. m. forces due to this rotation. The probe measurements indicate velocities of the order of 106 cm/sec which are confirmed by Doppler shift measurements. A simple model is considered in which Lorentz forces cause a rotation of the arc; calculations are in agreement with the measurements. Axial velocities (2 · 104 cm/sec) have also been determined, by measuring the velocity of a perturbation due to the probe. This perturbation travels downstream in the arc and is observed as a small drop in the arc voltage passing the anode region.


The magnetoelectric (ME) susceptibility (αme) is the fundamental property that describes the coupling between the polarization and magnetization of a ME media. It is a complex quantity (αme*) which has rarely been studied. Here, we report investigations of the ME susceptibility for various ME laminated composites, which demonstrates that αme is on the order of 10−7s∕m for these materials, which is dramatically larger than that of single phase materials.


Based on the perspective of economy development demand in county level,the thesis has designed evaluationindex system of support ability,including ability of promoting industrial development,technology innovation and application,technology service and resources of science and technology support. The thesis analyses and evaluates empirically thesupporting ability of science and technology in county level in Anhui by means of the analytic hierarchy process(AHP). Theresult shows that support ability of science and technology in county level in Anhui is still weak,gap of supporting abilityamong counties is larger and especially,we must highlight the problem of supporting ability in some poverty-strickencounties is serious.


Objective:To compare the results of PET,EEG and MRI in patients with intractable epilepsy,and to explore the application value and feasiblity of 18 F FDG PET in the localization of epileptogenic focus.Methods:Brain imaging of 18 F FDG PET was determined in 102 patients (M64,F38,average age 22.1) with intractable epilepsy,five patients were imaged by PET during ictal and 97 were imaged during interictal phase. All the patients received the examination of EEG and some of MRI. The efficacy of 18 F FDG PET for the localization of epileptogenic foci was compared with that of EEG and MRI.Results:102 patients showed interictal one or more hypometabolism and ictal focal hypermetabolism. The positive rate of detection epileptic focus was 92.4% and accurate lateralization and localization rate was 52.9%,significantly higher than those by EEG and MRI (p0 01) The finding of epileptogenic foci by EEG in concordance with PET was 41.2%,MRI in concordance with PET was 41.7%.Conclusions:PET imaging might be a sensitive and safe method for effective localization of epileptogenic focus. It might have significant advantages over EEG and MRI in detecting and localizing epileptogenic focus. However,it might be still doubtful that abnormal metabolism areas by PET do all belong to epileptogenic foci. A combination of PET,EEG and MRI might increase the positive rate and accuracy for localization.


CLaC labs participated in Task 1 and 4 of SMM4H 2019. We pursed two main objectives in our submission. First we tried to use some textual features in a deep net framework, and second, the potential use of more than one word embedding was tested. The results seem positively affected by the proposed architectures.


Libertarians believe that freedom exists but is incompatible with determinism, and so are committed to the compatibility of freedom and indeterminism. Perhaps the most pressing objection to libertarianism is the so-called Mind argument for the incompatibility of freedom and indeterminism. This paper presents a new criticism of the Mind argument that is at once decisive and instructive. After some preliminaries, we introduce a plausible principle (γ) that places a requirement on one's having a choice about an event whose causal history includes only other events. We then argue for these three claims:


As part of our "What Is Just Tech?" series, we invited several social researchers—scholars, practitioners, artists, and activists—to respond to a simple yet fundamental question: "What is just technology?" This interview was conducted by Just Tech program officer Catalina Vallejo, who spoke with Desmond Upton Patton, Professor of Social Work at Columbia University and Just Tech Advisory Board member. Patton (he/him) studies how gang-involved youth conceptualize threats on social media and the extent to which social media may shape or facilitate youth and gang violence. He is the founding director of SAFElab, which centers young people's perspectives in computational and social work research on violence, trains future social work scholars, and actively engages in violence prevention and intervention. In their conversation, Vallejo and Patton spoke about social media as an amplifier of violence, the importance of lived experience informing computational research, and misunderstandings about Black grief.


Outline of vehicle and machinery used at Japanese National Railways that deals with the principle of magnetic levitation, guidance and propulsion is presented. The test results are discussed.


We present recent improvements in the perturbative treatment of particle interactions in Kinetic Field Theory (KFT) for inertial Zel'dovich trajectories. KFT has been developed for the systematic analytical calculation of non-linear cosmic structure formation on the basis of microscopic phase-space dynamics. We improve upon the existing treatment of the interaction operator by deriving a more rigorous treatment of phase-space trajectories of particles in an expanding universe. We then show how these results can be applied to KFT perturbation theory by calculating corrections to the late-time dark matter power spectrum at second order in the interaction operator. We find that the modified treatment of interactions w.r.t. inertial Zel'dovich trajectories improves the agreement of KFT with simulation results on intermediate scales compared to earlier results. Additionally, we illustrate that including particle interactions up to second order leads to a systematic improvement of the non-linear power spectrum compared to the first-order result.


Skin conditions are a common problem addressed by medical providers. Up to 25% of individuals in the United States will seek attention for these conditions each year. The same problem occurs in the Athletic Training Room (ATR) where the concern of infectious skin conditions can be seen. Most are simple and can be treated without concern of spread to susceptible athletes. But some can be quite serious and spread rapidly through a team and opponents during competition. Knowledge of the different types of skin infections is necessary to help treat these athletes and prevent spread to others. With proper diagnosis and treatment, Certified Athletic Trainers (AT) can keep the athlete off the field of play for a minimum period and prevent transmission.


AIM: To evaluate the effect and safety of aciclovir eye drops in the treatment of virus keratitis. METHODS: Seventy patients with virus keratitis were randomly divided into two groups. forty patients (M 22, F 18; age (48± s 15) a) were treated with aciclovir eye drops and thirty patients (M 13,F 17;(45±16) a) were treated with ribavirin eye drops as a control gorup, sc 5 times a day for 14 d. Clinical symptoms improving, total integration improving, total effective rates, and adverse reactions were evaluated. RESULTS: In test and control group, the patients of symptom control, effective, better, ineffective were respectively nine, three, eight, twenty patients and two, seven, three, eighteen patients after 7 d treatment ( P 0.05); thirty one, seven, two, zero patients and twelve, nine, seven, two patients after 14 d treatment( P 0.01). Total integration of two groups were respectively 5±3, 1.1±1.4 and 6±5, 2.6±2.9. Compared with that (10±5, 11±4) before treatment, the differences were significant ( P 0.01 ). Total effective rate was 30 % in both test group and control group after 7 d treatment. Total effective rate was 95 % in test group that was significantly higher than 70 % in control group after 14 d treatment( P 0.01). Adverse reactions both groups were mild. CONCLUSION: Aciclovir eye drops were effective and safety in treatment of virus keratitis.


Abstract In this study, we compared nutrient content emphasized on labelling of processed milks with that of whole milks and evaluated how well they conform to labelling standard. A total of 98 samples (33 whole milks, 28 calcium fortified milks, 30 low-fat milks and 7 lactose hydrolyzed milks) were col-lected in hypermarkets in Seoul from August 28 to August 30 in 2012. Calcium, fat and lactose contents were tested in the samples. Calcium contents ranged 102.2∼113.0 mg/100 mL in whole milks and 120.1∼337.8 mg/100 mL in calcium fortified milks. The level of calcium contents in fortified milks ranged very broad. Accordingly, the standard of calcium contents on fortified milks will be required. Fat contents ranged 3.1∼3.9 g/100 mL in whole milks and 0.1∼1.9 g/100 mL in low-fat milks. The average of fats content in low-fat milks was nearly one third than whole milks. Lactose contents was ranged 4.6∼5.1 g/100 mL in whole milks and not detected in lactose hydrolyzed milks. All of proc-essed milks were suitable to processing standard and labelling standard. But nutrition claims often used on processed milk such as "High" or "Low" were not adequate to indicate the exact nutrient content, which is a cause of the confusion for milk product labelling to consumers. We need a lot of research about nutrient labelling that can deliver appropriate and understandable information to customers.


The late tail of the breakthrough curve (BTC) of a conservative tracer in a regional‐scale alluvial system is explored using Monte Carlo simulations. The ensemble numerical BTC, for an instantaneous point source injected into the mobile domain, has a heavy late tail transforming from power law to exponential due to a maximum thickness of clayey material. Haggerty et al.'s (2000) multiple‐rate mass transfer (MRMT) method is used to predict the numerical late‐time BTCs for solutes in the mobile phase. We use a simple analysis of the thicknesses of fine‐grained units noted in boring logs to construct the memory function that describes the slow decline of concentrations at very late time. The good fit between the predictions and the numerical results indicates that the late‐time BTC can be approximated by a summation of a small number of exponential functions, and its shape depends primarily on the thicknesses and the associated volume fractions of immobile water in "blocks" of fine‐grained material. The prediction of the late‐time BTC using the MRMT method relies on an estimate of the average advective residence time, tad. The predictions are not sensitive to estimation errors in tad, which can be approximated by , where is the arithmetic mean ground water velocity and L is the transport distance. This is the first example of deriving an analytical MRMT model from measured hydrofacies properties to predict the late‐time BTC. The parsimonious model directly and quantitatively relates the observable subsurface heterogeneity to nonlocal transport parameters.


In this paper we used Finite Element Modeling (FEM) to investigate the wafer bow induced during the substrate transfer process for GaN LED on 200mm silicon wafer. The substrate transfer process is to transfer the thin GaN LED device layer to a carrier wafer using a permanent bonding layer. In this work two different bonding materials were benchmarked, a metallic CuSn alloy and a Benzocyclobutene (BCB) polymer. It is important to control the wafer bow during the process because the high wafer bow value may cause problem for further process steps, besides it affects process quality such as in lithography and can be a threat to the device reliability. It was found that the wafer bow changes during substrate transfer process. Metallic bond material introduces high bow values at the end of the substrate transfer process. Different compositions of metallic bond material inlfuence the final wafer bow.


Now, half a century has passed since social welfare was introduced into Korea. And this thesis was started under questions if it is right to adopt the theories and methods based on the realities of Western, particularly American society to the century without considering our own situation. And the difference of those paradigms between the western and eastern are suggested ; the former is analytic Dualism, while the latter is represented synthetic Monism. With the premise represented above, rest on a fallacies and limitations of the western standpoints, I have indicated the new charateristics of social welfare in Korea as follows. First, assuming satisfaction of needs as the absolute condition to happiness, the needs theory in social welfare ignored that individual may feels happy depending on how he/she diffused his/her own needs outward. Therefore, the selective redution of individual needs may be prevented or solved the many different social pathologies caused by human fetishism and endless needs. Second, modem civilization of human being are a slave to a fetishism too much by a flourishing capitalism. Therefore humanity of our society have fall into ruin as days go by. So we, in social welfare, must be concerned to an anti-fetishistic view of life. Third, all the social problems and phenomena have both two characteristics : subjective and objective ones. Therefore, We must armed with the synthetic Monism which deserved a special emphasis on subjectivity. So with client in social welfare practice, social worker must be concerned to elevate their moral qualifications and trust. For the purpose of enlightment for the Social welfare, what is called social welfare education' must be established as a field. Finally, undoubtly it is right that the nature is not a subject of overcome or control to a target of consolidate. Therefore, Social Welfare must made up a scientific diagnosis and professional prescription on a assumed premise that Social Welfare is a kind of social provision about social problem.


This article summarizes the antiseptic control in cosmetic production , introduces the purpose,contentand method of antiseptic control,discusses the axenic operation and the accession and use of preservative inmanufacture.


Every telecommunication market player is launching innovative business models and offering better services which in turn have increased the cost of retaining customers. Realizing the importance of customer retention, service providers are now putting more efforts in prediction and prevention of customer churn. This work being divided into two phases, with phase one presenting some of the commonly used data-mining techniques for the identification of churners and customer segmentation based on various Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). While phase two phase discusses how social network analysis extracts relationships between different subscribers to improve the results produced by the traditional learning algorithms at individual subscriber level. Satisfactory results have been achieved from Base model which were significantly enhanced by applying the social network analysis technique.


Decreasing reliability of nanometer CMOS technologies with each technology generation is a bottleneck for development of dependable Cyber Physical Systems. This paper presents two analogue health monitors, namely IDDT and temperature along with their integration to the IJTAG network for MPSoC life-time prediction. The monitors are integrated as embedded instruments in a MPSoC. A technique for dynamic synthesis of the analogue front-end for the IDDT instrument and an architecture for integrating analogue embedded instruments into an IJTAG network is introduced in this paper. The embedded instruments have been designed in TSMC 40nm CMOS technology.


CLAUDE BERNARD was probably the first to realize the harmful effect of infection on a diabetic patient's carbohydrate metabolism, and of recent years this phenomenon has become widely recognized by the clinician. The tendency of sepsis or febrile infections to cause further impairment of glucose tolerance usually necessitates an increment in the insulin dosage, and occasionally results in the production of a so-called " insulin resistant " state, in which relatively large doses of insulin fail to control the hyperglycemia. The seriousness of such disturbances in diabetic individuals can be appreciated when it is realized that infection, even in non-diabetic individuals, may provoke a state of diminished glucose tolerance. Experimentally, it is possible to produce a somewhat analogous condition in laboratory animals, and various explanations have been based on such experiments to explain the condition found in man. Sweeney [1928] assumed that infection caused a diminished output of endogenous insulin, but most observers do not accept the view that infection so seriously damages the pancreas as to impair its output of insulin. It has been suggested that infection causes a stimulation of the thyroid and adrenal glands [cf. Lawrence and Buckley, 1927; Lawrence, 1927; Cramer, 1928; Evans and Zeckwer, 1927]. These last-mentioned authors investigated the hyperglyceemia produced in rabbits by the injection of killed B. coli and B. proteus cultures. Removal of one suprarenal gland, together with denervation of the other, completely prevented this type of hyperglycaemia, whilst ergotamine, administered simultaneously with the bacterial material, also abolished the usual hyperglyceemic response. Evans and Zeckwer, therefore, consider that bacterial hyperglyceemia is caused by central splanchnic stimulation, with resultant suprarenal overactivity, and increased glycogenolysis.


The deleterious influence of pesticide on the physiological biochemical and histological aspects of several aquatic non-target organisms including gas stations have been well documented. However, much it needs to be studied in the context of ever fluctuating and environmental conditions due to the increase in the pesticidal influx into the ecosystems including the freshwater bodies, at present dealing with the impact of an organophosphate best decide monocrotophos on the whole animal oxygen consumption in normal bilateral eyestalk ablated and eyestalk extract injected freshwater the crab. Barytelphusguerini. Oxygen consumption after day-1, day -4 and day 7 of exposed crabs to lethal and sub lethal concentrations of the pesticides has been estimated although oxygen consumption was found to increase initially in the ablated crabs, rate of oxygen consumption decreases later with the exposure period, whereas eyestalk extract injected crabs exhibit increased oxygen consumption reaching near normal levels for the same period the observation reveals the role of neuroendocrine control of oxygen consumption in the crab. Histological changes In the Gills under lethal exposure and concentration have also been observed.


Ancient reproduction worship determined by primitive men's reproduction is expressed in population art. Population art, originating from ancient reproduction worship, is expressed in three modes: that expressed in the form of fish and frog in Yangshao culture in the Neolithic Period; that expressed in dragon and phoenix in Hemudu culture and Dawenkou culture in east and southeast coastal China; that expressed in the form of pregnant goddess in the late period of Hongshan culture in the area adjoining Bohai Sea in east China.


Nowadays, many universities and schools require on-the-job training or internship for their students. Since Hotel XYZ are frequently open for on-the-job training students, their satisfaction and job performance should be explored in order to improve the on-the-job training program in Hotel XYZ. There are four indicators of trainee satisfaction, which comprise of job itself, supervisor, peers/coworkers, and tools and equipments. As for job performance, the eleven indicators comprise of quality of work, productivity, job knowledge, adaptability, dependability, initiative, interpersonal relations, attendance, safety and security, teamwork, and motivation. This research is aimed to identify how the trainee satisfaction is, and the factors that they consider as most important, how the job performance of the trainees are, and which factors of job performance are closely related to the evaluation of the supervisor, and also to identify the correlation between those variables. Analysis is done by using validity and reliability tests, cross tabulation analysis, importance-performance matrix, cluster analysis, and spearman rank correlation coefficient. Overall, although most of the trainees have high job performance, it is also found that most of them are actually dissatisfied with their on-the-job training, which means that there is no correlation between trainee satisfaction and job performance.


Received:August 17, 2017, Revised:September 13, 2017, Accepted:September 16, 2017 Corresponding to:Young Ho Lee, Department of Rheumatology, Korea University College of Medicine, 73 Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea. E-mail:email@example.com Copyright c 2018 by The Korean College of Rheumatology. All rights reserved. This is a Open Access article, which permits unrestricted non-commerical use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Review Article pISSN: 2093-940X, eISSN: 2233-4718 Journal of Rheumatic Diseases Vol. 25, No. 1, January, 2018 https://doi.org/10.4078/jrd.2018.25.1.3


We discuss some aspects of indivisibility of the special values of Dedekind zeta functions at negative odd integers associated to real quadratic fields. These values are closely related to the orders of certain cohomology groups and algebraic K-groups. We show that, for an even number n and a prime p under some conditions, a quantitative result for the distribution of real quadratic fields whose special values of the L-functions at 1 i n are indivisible by p.


Abstract Thrombocytopenia, anasarca, fever, reticulin fibrosis and organomegaly (TAFRO) syndrome is a recently proposed disease entity that is considered to be a variant of Castleman's disease. Here, we report a 42-year-old woman with fever, pleural effusion, massive ascites, severe oedema, hepatosplenomegaly, renal failure and thrombocytopenia who developed broad cerebral infarction with severe stenoses of the bilateral internal carotid arteries during the early course of treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first report of TAFRO syndrome with severe cerebral infarction, which suggests cerebral artery vasculitis.


Abstract This paper presents the main results of a survey of techniques and methods that can be used to represent the resonant self-shielding phenomenon in reactor lattice calculations. We concentrated our investigation on techniques already used in legacy lattice codes and on advanced techniques that are likely to be used for third- and fourth-generation reactor analysis.


The perimeter improvement meets anthropogenic degraded lands through spoil mounding with sterile raw resulting from mining activity. These lands are unproductive, have an unaesthetic, affecting the beauty of landscape, and are sources of pollution to adjacent land and nearby waters by washing taluses, and movement of soil particles by wind infertile.In order to improve current conditions, an area for improvement, designed to bring those lands into production.


The user determines which crosssections will be used to define the structure for the purposes of the simulation. Each cross-section is divided into curves to which numerical tags are assigned in order to identify related curves in consequtive croas-sections. These are entered into an ASCII input file. The user-defined cross-sections are normally chosen at a point which coincides with abrupt changes in the structure. The SIG program is initiated. A simple text menu is used to control program function, and the normal procedure is to augment the user defined geometry with additional cross-sections. These computer augmented cross-sections are linearly interpo lated curves between user-defined cross-sections. The next step is to generate a segmented NEC geometry file. The algorithm will segment all the cross-sections using the user defined segment length, and link them longitudinally, to form a fully joined gridded geometry in the NEC GW card format.


Multicore processors are the next technological step in order to increase the processing power in embedded real-time systems. This work focuses on scheduling algorithms as well as examination approaches of real-time, efficiency, and robustness properties for complex task sets in these systems. For this purpose, a task set extension is proposed, which defines complex task activation patterns and the variation of non-preemptive parts of the task execution time. Furthermore, the multicore real-time scheduling algorithms Partly-Pfair-PD² and P-ERfair-PD² are proposed. For schedulability evaluation, a simulation-based examination approach is presented. Finally, a comparison approach for probabilistic task sets is proposed. The application of the contribution is shown in different case studies.


Abstract : Several lines of evidence have suggested genetic and dietary differences may be important in PCa, particularly among AA (African American) men. In this study, we aimed to test the hypothesis that mutations/sequence variants in the AMACR gene, and dietary intake of foods rich in phytanic acid, increase the risk to PCa among AA men. We conducted a population based study by ascertaining 213 AA men who have PCa and 264 race, age, and county-matched controls from 15 counties of North Carolina. We have completed the 1st task, study subject recruitment. We have also obtained additional grant funding related to the science of this project, which will help provide independent confirmation of the findings from this study in a different study population. We have used the newly recruited study population to complete a study confirming genome-wide variants in AA PCa cases and controls, and our results are in-press. The results from this project have increased our knowledge of potential risk factors and suggest potential preventive strategies for prostate cancer in AA men.


This study sought to investigate the screening process of athletes for basic school sports competitions and its influences on students' attitude towards Extracurricular Activities in the Gomoa East District. The study employed the descriptive survey design involving 150 respondents. The data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistic.  It was found out that, the respondents had a general positive perception about the screening process and therefore there is the need for a more scientific approach to the screening exercise to make it more robust and transparent to boost stakeholder's confidence and continuous interest. It is therefore recommended that a more scientific approach should be adopted to reduce significantly the level of bias in the screening process


This paper presents the study of the influence of the thickness and the concentration of high- k particles (BaTiO3) on composite AC breakdown where the matrix is an epoxy resin. The studied samples thicknesses are between $25\mu\mathrm{m}$ and $700\mu\mathrm{m}$. The BaTiO3 particle concentration is ranging between 0 and 30 vol%. The AC breakdown results show an impact of the particle content on the breakdown as well as the thickness. A difference on the scale parameter " $\alpha$", representative of the breakdown voltage, highlighted that the breakdown strength for the composites is proportional to ~d−0.5 (>200 $\mu\mathrm{m}$), for all concentrations.


ACCEpTED: December 18, 2020 Introduction: Vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (vEDS) is considered the most severe form of EDS because of its typical life-threatening complications in young adults: spontaneous rupture of arteries, uterus or intestine1. The prevalence of vEDS is at least 1:200.000. It is associated with autosomal dominant mutation in COL3A1 gene, which encodes pro-alpha 1 chains of type III collagen. The median life expectancy is 48 to 51 years. The beneficial role of celiprolol in reduction of arterial complications has been described, and the mechanisms may be related to reduction of hemodynamic stress and by upregulation of collagen synthesis via transforming growth factor-β2,3. Case report: A 26-year-old man was referred with long history of serious vascular complication. From early childhood he was prone to spontaneous bruising. At the age of 7, after minor trauma, he had a duodenal hematoma. Hemophilia was ruled out. In 2014, urgent nephrectomy was done because of spontaneous rupture of right renal artery. Calf varicose veins were treated with foam sclerotherapy in 2016. In 2017, urgent femoro-femoral bypass was performed due to spontaneous rupture of the left common iliac artery (CIA) and failure to repair extremely vulnerable CIA wall. Several months later hybrid vascular procedure was done due to spontaneous dissection of right external iliac artery. Early postoperative course was complicated by spontaneous pneumothorax. His physical appearance was also suggestive to vEDS: thin skin, characteristic facial appearance (thin lips, small chin, thin nose, prominent eyes with dark circles), small joints hypermobility. Molecular genetic testing in 2019 confirmed vEDS: our patient is heterozygous for COL3A1c.1149+2_1149+51del. His current medical therapy includes vitamin C and tolerable dose of celiprolol. For the last three years he is without new adverse vascular events.


The base station apparatus (2) the classification unit mobile station apparatus (3), classified into non mobile station apparatus multipoint coordinated transmission target mobile station and the multi-point cooperative transmission of the object to be connected to the first cell ( 20), a first allocation unit for allocating radio resources to the mobile station apparatus of the subject multi-point coordinated transmission connected to the first cell (21), the multi-point coordinated transmission connected to the second cell that is different from the first cell so as to reduce interference with the radio resource allocated to the mobile station apparatus of the target, a second allocation unit for determining a radio resource to be allocated to the mobile station apparatus is not the target of the multi-point coordinated transmission connected to the first cell (21) equipped with a.


Sociologist Stacy J. Williams examines cookbooks and articles about cooking written by second-wave feminists. She explains how these activists brought their political ideas to the kitchen and suggested cooking in ways that could work toward greater gender equality.


ABSTRACT To predict the fringing flux distribution along the axial length of a permanent magnet electric machine, a segmented permanent magnet model, in which magnets face a slotted and infinitely permeable boundary, is presented in this paper. By using the model and the method of Fourier expansion, the analytical solution to the fringing field problem can be easily determined. With the aid of the analytical results, the effective armature length for permanent magnet electric machines due to the axial extension of the magnet may be obtained.


This article is the product of the research project "Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the Financial Sector Institutions of Ibague," and aims to analyze the city's banking behavior with respect to CSR. It was a mixed research study that included quantitative and qualitative aspects, in particular, descriptive and multivariate analysis, following the methodological guide for the study of Spanish SMEs. The variables analyzed were related to the following: strategy and structure; stakeholders (customers and workers); community; and the environment. The results of the study showed that CSR principles have not exceeded the threshold of mere compliance with legal provisions. In this sense the items relating to CSR promotional events, funds for social and environmental causes, and the report about CSR were also rated as moderate assessments.


The invention provides a methanol-and-oil-tank linkage-adjustment-and-control distributed control system. The methanol-and-oil-tank linkage-adjustment-and-control distributed control system comprises tanks, control valves, a DCS control platform and an MCU circuit. Linked control is carried out on the methanol-and-oil-tank linkage-adjustment-and-control distributed control system, and therefore methanol gasoline is prepared. Denatured alcohol is formed after methanol additives formed by multiple compounds and methanol are mixed, and the methanol gasoline is prepared accordingly. The methanol gasoline is rapidly generated through automatical controlling, production efficiency is improved, resources are saved, the environment-friendly effect and the efficient effect are achieved, and the preparing process is safe.


Structural capital is "organizational-level knowledge" present in the firm as a result of a learning meta-process called institutionalization. This knowledge basically resides in organizational routines, processes, strategy and culture which codify and preserve memories and knowledge. The purpose of this paper is to determine the relationship and influence of the structural capital on organizational performance. This study was conducted at Telekom Malaysia Berhad (TM) Headquarters and aims to address the significance element in intellectual capital focusing only on structural capital towards organizational performance. A mixed method research approach was used with a pragmatic knowledge claim with strategies of inquiry that involve sequential quantitative and qualitative data collection through questionnaire survey and interviews. Overall results revealed that structural capital do matters and have a significant influence on organizational performance of TM. The findings obtained in this study particularly useful for both employers and employees in understanding the importance of structural capital towards performance of TM. It is suggested that TM should implement system and program framework to be part of TM's policy as a contribution to TM's organizational success. The study also implies that the importance of structural capital should be emphasized not only to TM but also to other organizations for future research.


Objective To investigate the effect of combined lornoxicam small dose of fentanyl for postoperative intravenous analgesia.Methods February 2009 to 2010 February for postoperative analgesia 268 cases were divided into two groups,observation group 138 patients,control group 130 cases,of the two groups for postoperative pain 4,8,12,24,48 hours score,sedation score and side effects were observed.Results The postoperative 4,8,12,24,48 hour pain score,sedation score comparison no significant difference(P0.05).Observation group of adverse reactions were observed in 12 cases,8.69% incidence of adverse reactions;The control group were 35 cases of adverse reactions,adverse reaction rate 26.92%.Statistical analysis,the observation group and control group incidence of adverse reactions significant difference(P0.05).Conclusions The lornoxicam and small dose of fentanyl can enhance lornoxicam analgesia,analgesic effect than single effect of lornoxicam,and can reduce the amount of fentanyl and the adverse effects of fentanyl.


Abstract : This project examined how human listeners discriminate temporal patterns and how groups of human observers detect signals presented on complex visual displays. The experiments with temporally-coded auditory patterns showed how listeners' attention is influenced by the position and the amount of information carried by different segments of the pattern. Analyses of group signal detection included mathematical analyses, computer simulations, and human experiments. These analyses specified the effects on performance of team member ability, team decision rule, correlation between member judgments, and type of member interaction. The results of this research may be useful for improving the design of auditory display systems and for optimizing the performance of decision making teams.


Sectoral and land use public policies have to be assessed by indicators, particularly for their consequences on the population wellbeing. Considering that the landscape transformations are mainly due to socioeconomic activities, often guided by these policies, indicators cannot be based on the sole creation of wealth but have to integrate some considerations from landscapes dynamics. Land use data could help to characterize these dynamics in building new wellbeing composite indicators. They could be used to assess the "territorial governance" and the degree of social acceptability of these policies.


Objectives:The study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of dental students regarding the ocular complications that occur due to dental infection. Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was conducted with a questionnaire consisting of 11 questions (six knowledge items and five attitude and practice items) was distributed among first-, second-, third-, fourth- and fifth year dental students via email. Of 120 questionnaires distribution, 102 questionnaires were filled by the students, hence the response rate of this study was 85%. All the items were in the format of multiple-choice questions. Based on the responses from 102 questionnaires, the frequencies and percentages for each item of the survey were analyzed. Results:Nearly 63% of participants were aware of ocular complications resulting from dental infection. Discussion with colleagues and peers are the main source of information (56%) among the dental students. Three-fourths of the participants (75%) reported that these complications were under-reported in textbooks, curriculum and literature. More than 80% of the participants indicated that ocular complications should be considered seriously if not considered it may result in irreversible ocular damage, and 83% advocated research on ocular complications due to dental infections. Conclusion: Even though the awareness of ocular complications due to dental infections was found to be adequate among our undergraduate dental students, there is a need of education and training about prevention and initial management of these sorts of complications associated with dental infections and post tooth extraction. Moreover, this awareness and early diagnosis of ocular complications and appropriate referral to ophthalmologists will improve the patient outcomes.


This study aimed to explore the validity of the Persian 60-statement Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) developed by Costa and McCrae (1992) by employing schema theory and factor analysis. To this end, its 24 reverse statements were rendered positive and administered to six hundred and ten grade three senior high school (G3SHS) students in Mashhad, Iran. The first analysis of the inventory showed that the 254 words and 60 statements of the inventory referred to as schema types and species dropped to 210 and 45, respectively. The acceptable loading of 45 species on factors extracted by principal axis factoring and rotated via Varimax with Kaiser Normalization showed that instead of five factors, 17 genera underlie G3SHS students' personality, i.e., Extravert, Relaxed, Conscientious, Organized, Thorough-Going, Open, Field-Dependent, Unorthodox, Domineering, Agreeable, Friendly, Welcoming, Respectful, Fast-Paced, Proud, Considerate, and Curious. The results are discussed and suggestions are made for future research.


The invention relates to a bone grafting filler metal particle body which is used for bone defect filling. Bone grafting holes for containing grafted broken bone particles or bone paste are formed on the bone grafting filler metal particle body and are in interpenetrated connection with one another, and micropores which are communicated with one another are formed on the external surface of the particle body and the internal surfaces of the bone grafting holes. When surgery is performed, a certain amount of bone grafting filler metal particle bodies is mixed with autogenous bones or bone blocks, bone particles and bone paste of allogenic bones according to the requirement for bone defect filling, the fillers of autogenous bones or the allogenic bones can be partially replaced in an occupation manner, bone cells and microvessels grow into the insides of the bone grafting filler metal particle bodies during the recovery process of a patient, and a fusion embedded bone repairing body with biological activity can be formed.


Expression of microtubule‑associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) is correlated with poor prognosis in many human cancers. Hypoxia induces LC3 expression and is an essential characteristic of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). The aim of the present study was to elucidate the mechanism by which LC3 facilitates EOC cell migration and invasion under conditions of hypoxia. The effects of LC3B inhibition under hypoxic conditions on migration, invasion, and adhesion in HO8910PM and HO8910 EOC cell lines were investigated. LC3B inhibition was achieved by small‑interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting LC3B or by treatment with 3‑methyladenine (3‑MA). Cell migration, invasion and adhesion and the arrangement of the cytoskeleton were determined by Transwell migration assays and rhodamine phalloidin staining. Western blot analysis was performed to evaluate the expression level of LC3B and the expression and activity of ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA). Increased LC3B expression was associated with HO8910PM and HO8910 cell migration and invasion promoted under hypoxic conditions. LC3B siRNA and 3‑MA treatment each attenuated hypoxia‑induced LC3B expression, along with migration and invasion, and this was associated with a decrease in RhoA expression and disorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. LC3B may promote the migration and invasion of EOC cells by affecting the cytoskeleton via the RhoA pathway. In addition, LC3B may be a marker of tumor hypoxia and/or metastasis in EOC cells.


ing away from Herberger's syntactic analysis of the scope-marking sentences, her explanation for why the scope marking sentence in (49a) only has a de re reading is as follows (see also Dayal (2000)): was, being a wh-element is treated as a quantifier (i.e., a whquantifier). The embedded CP serves as the restriction of the wh-quantifier. Quantifier restrictions do not contribute to the assertion part of the sentence, but rather to the presupposition. In other words, in (49a), the proposition "Rosa kissed someone" is the restriction of was, and therefore the presupposition. Dayal (2000) proposes that languages can differ as to how the indirect dependency is realized syntactically. In particular, she suggests that in one variant, the structure involves typical subordination of the embedded CP, as in (50). Crucially, the restrictor of the wh (∃)-quantifier is phonologically null, but coindexed with the embedded CP2.


The notion that osteomyelitis is a medical disease to be treated by antibiotics alone and not by surgery is alarming to many orthopidic surgeons. The basic pathology of the condition has not changed but its course has been modified by the introduction of wide-spectrum antibiotics, so that with reasonable certainty we can choose drugs which are effective against the infecting organism without having recovered it to test its sensitivity. No one can deny that a number of cases of acute osteomyelitis can be treated perfectly well with antibiotics alone, but in assessing the results we should look not only at the proportion of good results but also at the failures of this kind of treatment and the longlasting disability that can result. If osteomyelitis is to be treated conservatively, it should be by an orthopxdic surgeon who is prepared to intervene at once and operate if there are indications that his treatment is failing. Once the inflammatory process starts in bone, the rate of its development depends partly on the resistance of the patient and partly on the virulence of the organism, but it leads to a rising tension within the bone which, once it becomes higher than the circulatory pressure, leads to necrosis of portions of the bone, or even of the whole shaft of the long bone. The aim of surgery is to release this tension and to enable the circulation in the bone to continue so that not only does the bone survive but also the circulating antibiotic is given free access to the site of infection. Some prefer treatment by aspiration to surgical decompression but it is noteworthy that in the series of 60 consecutive cases which we have reviewed, there were 10 where pus was found only in bone and not under the periosteum; thus it could not have been reached by an aspirating needle. Aspiration does not reduce the tension sufficiently to relieve the circulatory problem, though it may be successful in obtaining the organism for culture and sensitivity testing.


Researchers often study the impact of legal change by investigating judges' decisions and ignoring litigants. Many scholars believe the Supreme Court's decisions in Twombly and Iqbal increased how specific factual allegations must be to avoid dismissal, but studies generally fail to find an effect. Using text analysis, I find evidence that litigants and their lawyers changed the information they provided after the decisions in certain types of cases. These results call into question prior studies and illustrate the need to consider the behavior of litigants. They also help shed light on issues of access to courts and separation of powers.


Leptin gene polymorphisms incorporated in markers assisted selection programs could to make more efficient the animal production systems. The leptin gene mut...