The present invention relates to a method for updating a liquid crystal glass etching apparatus for chemical liquid, the chemical liquid nozzle and updated with the updated liquid. In order to maintain the optimum state of the environment of the liquid crystal of the glass is etched to facilitate the updating of the liquid crystal of the liquid glass etching apparatus, thereby a high-quality crystal glass components. Medicated state update method for a liquid crystal glass chemical etching apparatus is configured to, in an etching tank filled with liquid, the configuration of the liquid ejection nozzle and a suction nozzle, the nozzle immersed in the chemical solution liquid discharge, the suction and discharge at the same time using the nozzle suction, liquid and uniform stress is applied to facilitate the updating of the chemical liquid.


This study offers comprehensive data on the turnover of legislators in the fifty U.S. states for the past four-and-one-half decades. The data show that turnover rates vary substantially among the states over this long period of time; however, the general trend is for turnover to have decreased in recent years. A breakdown is offered of various legislative institutional types, including not only the familiar dichotomy between the senates and the houses but also distinctions between staggeredand nonstaggered-term senates, four-year and two-year term senates and the two-year versus four-year term houses. This detailed specification of the different institutional types produces some interesting and potentially useful findings regarding the rates of turnover associated with the different types of state legislatures.


Nowadays, although it is a commonplace in language pedagogy to stress the importance of cultural teaching and to say that it is not possible to teach a language without culture, there are still a lot of problems worthy of reconsideration. This article makes an in-depth explanation of the close relationship between cultural teaching and foreign language teaching in terms of Transfer Theory and Schemata Theory, and then makes an analysis of the problems about when and how to carry out the English cultural teaching and what should be taught, and at the same time puts forward some tentative and constructive suggestions. This article argues that the establishment of the English cultural syllabus combined with the improvement of the textbook design and cultural test is the key to solving the above-mentioned problems and to improving the students' cross-cultural awareness and cross-cultural communicative competence.


Terns, in common with many other memo bers of the large Order Laro-Limicolae, are often exasperatingly difP.cult to identify in the field; their diagnosis in the hand is sometimes equally perplexing. Contributory causes are the, usually, strikingly different juvenile, winter and summer plumages in the same species, and the close similarity of the juvenile and winter plumages in several different species. In southern Australia, for example, six species of Sterna with black bills are likely to occur: dougallii (j uv, and winter). striata (all plumages), hirundo longipennis (all plumages), macrura (juv. and winter), nereis (juv.) and albifrons (juv.). Size differences between all six are not sufficiently great to be of. any significance in the field, except under ideal conditions-s-i.e. when other easily recognisable species are nearby for compari·son. A warning should, therefore, be sounded about too-hasty field identification of any black-billed tern. The Arctic Tern (Sterna macrura Naumann) is a North Palaearctic and North Nearctic breeder, migrating as far south as the Antarctic continent and certain sub. antarctic islands, e.g. Heard Island (Downes, 1952). Two Australian specimens have recently been recorded (Hitchcock, 1952, Morgan, 1954) from, respectively, South-Western Australia and Western Victoria. A third and, possibly, fourth have now to be recorded for South Australia. The third specimen is a male in adult summer plumage in the collection of the S.A. Museum (reg. no. B4478). It was found dead at Brighton on November 1, 1923, and therefore constitutes the first-taken Australian specimen, ante-dating the Bunbury record (Hitchcock, ibid) by three years. The skin was exhibited at a meeting of the S.A.O.A. in November, 1923, and was recorded (S. Aust: Orn., vol. 7, pt. 5, p. 117; ibid., vol. 19, p. 64) as 'Sterna dougallii,' the Roseate Tern.


Based on our 2D BEM software THBEM2 which can be applied to the simulation of an elastic body with randomly distributed identical circular holes, a scheme of BEM for the simulation of elastic bodies with randomly distributed circular inclusions is proposed. The numerical examples given show that the boundary element method is more accurate and more effective than the finite element method for such a problem. The scheme presented can also be successfully used to estimate the effective elastic properties of composite materials.


Abstract
 Continued rapid population growth in rural areas is a major challenge to future land access for all in Ethiopia. Landlessness is growing and farm sizes shrinking. This tends to erode the constitutional right of all rural residents without another livelihood option to access land for subsistence. With the recent land laws also stipulating minimum farm sizes, this also restricts inheritance rights of children living on small farms. It also restricts the opportunity to share land equally among spouses upon divorce. Co-management of land among divorced parents and children on small farms is also challenging. The result may be disguised fragmentation. Given the growing landlessness and inheritance rules and the need for alternative livelihoods for youth, we may wonder whether women are at a disadvantage in non-farm employment. Recent studies of a large sample of resource-poor rural youth that have been eligible to join youth business groups and have been allocated rehabilitated communal lands have female members that on average have fewer assets, lower incomes and less education than male members. They are also much less likely to own a mobile phone and to become group leaders or group board members. This shows that young women in Ethiopia continue to be disadvantaged and are among the most resource-poor and vulnerable. There is a need for more targeted policies to give them equal opportunities in the ongoing rural as well as rural-urban transformation processes.


Statins are one of the most widely prescribed medications in the United States; however, there is a concern that they are associated with new‐onset‐diabetes (NOD) development. We sought to understand the risk of dysglycemia and NOD for a cohort of individuals that reflect real‐world physician prescribing patterns.


In this paper, the basic formula for a double galvanometer deflection system with a distortion lens is given. Various distortion equations and distortion error formulas, and the adjusting method and adjusting error formula are described. The characteristic relationships regarding the constant ratio and the constant error-difference for the system have been deduced. These relationships are consistent with experimental results obtained from large screen display. Finally, a linear scanning scheme with distortion-free on a plane screen is discussed.


A NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORD for a longcorseletted frigate mackerel of the genus Auxis was established on November 30, 1957, with the capture of 21 specimens in the centr al Pacific Ocean. These fish were taken from the same school together with five short-corseletted frigate mackerels. The catch was made from the research vessel "John R. Manning" of the Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations (POFI) , by poleand-line fishing, one mile offshore, two miles northwest of Cape Kaea, lanai. Although the longand short-corselerred Auxis are known from both sides of the Pacific, only the shortcorseletted form has been reported heretofore from the central Pacific area. As is the case with some of the other scombrids, the taxonomy of this genus is not very clear. Although the identity of the shortcorseletted form has been well established as A. thazard (Lacepede 1802), the nomenclature of the long-corseletted form has been confused because of incomplete description and subsequent misnaming by other workers . It is hoped that this paper will help to clarify the nomenclature of this genus. The long-corseletted form of the western Pacific has been identified by various names. Kishinouye (1915 : 13-14) recognized two species of Auxis in Japanese waters , to which he ascribed the names A. hira and A. maru. The former species was described as having a short corselet which ended slightly posterior to the pectoral fin, whereas the latter was described as having a long corselet which extended to the anal fin. Under the description of the latter species, Kishinouye stated that "Bleeker's tapeinosoma may also be this species, but the figure and description of this species are very rough and unclear ." In recent years Herre and Herald (1951 : 319 ) and Wade (1949 : 229 ) applied the name tapeinosoma to the Phil ippine


This paper presents our design and implementation of a fast and accurate data aggregation strategy for LoRa networks named One-shot. To facilitate data aggregation, One-shot assigns distinctive chirps for different LoRa nodes to encode individual data. One-shot coordinates the nodes to concurrently transmit encoded packets. Receiving concurrent transmissions, One-shot gateway examines the frequencies of superimposed chirp signals and computes application-defined aggregate functions (e.g., sum, max, count, etc.), which give a quick overview of sensor data in a large monitoring area. One-shot develops techniques to handle a series of practical challenges involved in frequency and time synchronization of concurrent chirps. We evaluate the effectiveness of One-shot with extensive experiments. Results show that One-shot substantially outperforms state-of-the-art data aggregation methods in terms of aggregation accuracy as well as query efficiency.


Appliance control utilizing fuzzy logic inference and a new class of sensors has had a profound effect on manufacturers, suppliers, and consumers in the Japanese market. Companies in other countries should consider creating the capability to exploit a sudden shift in market direction toward embedding these technologies in appliances. A strategic plan for assuring that this shift in emphasis is a pleasant one must address three main issues. First, appliance manufacturers must target for development appliances with embedded "smart" capabilities. Second, manufacturers of sensors must be prepared to develop sensors appropriate for fuzzy logic control. Third, traditional controls theorists must develop a core understanding of fuzzy logic inference control theory, and learn when and how it is best utilized. >


We analyze three environmentally conscious works that are concerned with the state of Finnish forests: the documentary film Metsän tarina/Tale of a Forest (2012), the book with the same name (2013) and the series of short documentaries Tarinoita metsästä/Tales from the Forest (2013). By combining methods from arts research and ecology, we ask how the narratives adapt material from nature photography. The film and book present mythic stories and old Finnish beliefs about forests. They also contain references to cultural memory. Additionally, the biodiversity on display reflects a conventional practice to exhibit large or charismatic species. However, the ecological message remains only implicit, expressed through aesthetic choices rather than information about natural processes. Overall, we suggest that adaptation in these narratives can be understood as an artistic process of recycling and referencing and as a way to reconnect with cultural memory and nature. As such, it can enhance relationships with nature and awareness of conservation needs. However, we ask whether the past-oriented strategy is a politically effective way to activate a connection with nature in modern Finland, where discussions about environmental problems are closely connected to heated debates about forestry.


The article presents a General description of the conflict-free situation of interrogation of participants in criminal proceedings, including the motives of giving bona fide testimony by victims, witnesses, suspects, accused. The importance of considering non-conflict situation of the interrogation due to its specificity related to the need for a differentiated approach to the faithful testimony of the interviewee, as not all of them are reliable. Consideration by investigators and investigators of the motives for giving bona fide testimony by participants in criminal proceedings will help in the selection of tactical and psychological methods and techniques of interrogation.


Does intensive glycemic control affect microalbuminuria in patients with longstanding type 2 diabetes? To address this question, researchers from several U.S. veterans' hospitals randomized 153 men with type 2 diabetes (average duration, 8 years) to receive either standard treatment (usually, 1 insulin injection daily) or intensive treatment (a stepped regimen designed to …


This editorial refers to 'Deletion of the metabolic transcriptional coactivator PGC1β induces cardiac arrhythmia' by I.S. Gurung et al ., pp. 29–38, this issue.

The interrelationship between lipid and glucose metabolism and arrhythmias has recently been a topic of intense investigation. The increased prevalence of arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation (AF) has been reported among those with obesity and type II diabetes mellitus (DM) as well as metabolic syndrome.1 Studies have been conducted to elucidate the close relationship between lipid metabolism and AF.2 Furthermore, the roles of inflammation and macrophages have gained attention in the development of arrhythmias and injuries.3,4

In 1990, Issemann and Green5 reported on the activation of a member of the steroid hormone receptor super family by peroxisome proliferators. The nuclear receptor was named peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR), and three isoforms were subsequently identified, PPAR α, β/δ, and γ. These PPARs are involved in lipid and glucose metabolism and energy production.6 PPARγ is involved in lipid and glucose metabolism, and agonists of PPARγ, i.e. thiazoridinediones such as rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, were introduced as therapeutic agents for DM.7,8

PPARγ coactivator (PGC)-1 family proteins have recently …


We have developed a cluster model for the structure of an informational space as a combination of informational signals that carry information about emergency signs at a deviation of a technological process parameters at electric power facilities, based on the application of an apparatus of the fractal-cluster theory. A dynamic fractal cluster model is derived to describe processes in the informational space of information control systems in software technical complex of the automated control system for a technological process at a power plant. We have established functional dependences of the dynamics of change in the electro-physical magnitudes of technological parameters, such as current and voltage, on the informational fractal dimensionalities. Based on the application of a dynamic fractal cluster model, we detected random informational signals that make it possible to identify false triggering and failures of technological equipment. To estimate the reliability criterion in the functioning of information control systems in software technical complex of the automated control system of a technological process at power plants, we derived analytical dependences that connect a gain in the amount of information, fractal time and the informational fractal dimensionality. By determining the amplitude, phase, and frequency of random informational signals in real time, we established conditions for the signs of emergency and pre-emergency. The obtained theoretical and practical results have been demonstrated to improve the reliability of operation of information control systems in a software technical complex for automated control systems.


In massive MIMO systems, the channel shows a spatial non-stationarity that has a significant impact on the design of sparse channel estimation scheme based on compressive sensing, due to the large size of antenna array. In this letter, the block matching pursuit (BMP)-based two-stage sparse channel estimation scheme is proposed for spatial non-stationary (SNS) channels. In this scheme, the BMP is introduced to search for the support blocks and the threshold-based denoising method is utilized to refine the supports of non-zero elements. In order to evaluate our scheme, we provide a simple SNS channel model modified from the 3GPP 3D channel model to capture the delay-domain special sparse characteristic. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can recover channels effectively and achieve better performance than comparison methods.


In this paper, the use of multimodal transportation systems for Istanbul was reviewed. It was seen that there is a high imbalance towards the use of highway transportation. Especially, the marine and the railroad lines are underutilized and have not developed properly over the years. Due to extensive use of highway transportation, inter-and intra-city traffic experiences extensive congestions, delays, time and monetary losses. One of the bottlenecks of this congestion is at the Bosphorus Straight where there are two long span bridges. Recently, one of the bridges on the strait, Fatih Sultan Mehmet (FSM) Bridge, has undergone rehabilitation, thus offering reduced traffic capacity. This reduced capacity is taken partially by the other long span bridge (Bogazici Bridge) and partially by the marine transportation lines. In this paper, the traffic flow data before and after the FSM Bridge maintenance are presented along with the marine line data, especially for the redistribution of the traffic during the rehabilitation work at the FSM Bridge. It was concluded that with a well-developed and designed strategy, the marine lines can provide a more balanced modal distribution and more efficient transportation for the city of Istanbul.


In this paper,the theory of digital X-ray radioscopy is presented,together with its technologic characteristics.Relations of the factors,which affect the image quality,are analyzed.According to the relations,the technologic parameters of X-ray radioscopy for welds on air reservoir of the locomotive are selected,then interrelated experiments are carried out and the images are collected.Based on the experiments and images,the optimal technologic compounding for locomotive main air reservoir is gained.


This paper investigates the problem of disturbance-observer-based sliding mode control for stabilization of stochastic systems driven by fractional Brownian motion (fBm). By proposing a novel disturbance observer, an integral-type sliding surface is put forward with the estimated disturbance error confined within a certain value. Meanwhile, by virtue of fractional infinitesimal operator and linear matrix inequality, a sufficient criterion is derived to guarantee the asymptotic stability of obtained sliding mode dynamics. Further, an observer-based sliding mode controller is designed to ensure finite-time reachability of state trajectories onto the predefined sliding surface. Lastly, an illustrative example is utilized to verify the reliability and applicability of the proposed control strategy.


Several studies show that the use of the History and Philosophy of Science (HFS) in education, specifically in Chemistry Teaching is necessary, since it can allow a greater understanding of Sciences. In this sense, the use of such an approach allows to form more critical and reflective citizens. Thus, this paper seeks a literature about the contributions of electrical studies in developing concepts on battery, where discusses a presentation of the episodes and historical controversies occurred in the construction of such concepts. It is believed that considerations about these episodes contribute to the construction of scientific knowledge and teacher training.


Thesis compares Nazism and Communism with focus on law system of both regimes. The objective is to give the answer on the question asked in the title of this thesis - Are these regimes different or the same?


Background: Pathologic fractures of the mandible following radiation and embolization can be a challenging problem for patients. Occasionally, patients have already completed the oncologic component of their treatment and are trying to move on with their lives. A pathologic fracture is not only painful, but also a frustrating hindrance as it limits food intake and overall nutrition. In addition, pathologic fractures are challenging to repair.


The article reports reliability and validity of the Conceptions of Mathematics Questionnaires, based on responses of 154 undergraduate mathematics majors from four universities in South Africa. The reliability estimated as internal consistency had a Cronbach alpha of .84. To establish the validity, Principal components analysis with varimax rotation yielded a two-component solution accounting for 44% of variance. The components were interpreted as Fragmented Conceptions and Cohesive Conceptions of mathematics, as in Australia Since the factor solution was comparable to that reported in Australia, this result is a sufficient basis for the use of the questionnaire in South Africa.


The levels of heavy elements in stars are the product of enhancement by previous stellar generations, and the distribution of this metallicity among the population contains clues to the process by which a galaxy formed. Most famously, the 'G-dwarf problem' highlighted the small number of low-metallicity G-dwarf stars in the Milky Way, which is inconsistent with the simplest picture of a galaxy formed from a 'closed box' of gas. It can be resolved by treating the Galaxy as an open system that accretes gas throughout its life. This observation has classically only been made in the Milky Way, but the availability of high-quality spectral data from SDSS-IV MaNGA and the development of new analysis techniques mean that we can now make equivalent measurements for a large sample of spiral galaxies. Our analysis shows that high-mass spirals generically show a similar deficit of low-metallicity stars, implying that the Milky Way's history of gas accretion is common. By contrast, low-mass spirals show little sign of a G-dwarf problem, presenting the metallicity distribution that would be expected if such systems evolved as pretty much closed boxes. This distinction can be understood from the differing timescales for star formation in galaxies of differing masses.


The Organ as a Mirror of Its Time is directed at two primary audiences— organists (due to the jargon and detailed organ speciacations) and historians of music, religion, intellectual trends, and technology. The pipe organ is an inherently interdisciplinary topic, since one must confront the physical (mechanical, architectural) and cultural (musical, religious) aspects of its creation and use. As Snyder states, "It is the central thesis of this book that organs have stories to tell about the times in which they were built that go far beyond the music that was played on them".


The essential minerals, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium (macrominerals) and trace elements chromium, copper, fluorine, iodine, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, phosphorus, selenium, and zinc, have diverse and critical functions in human metabolism. Dietary sources and the intake requirements for macrominerals and trace elements for optimal physiological well-being have been established, and the upper range of intake has been also been set so that unwanted or even toxic effects can be avoided. Deficiency of certain trace elements contributes importantly to the global burden of illness and mortality, especially in infants under the age of five years. An up-to-date familiarity with the scientific basis of mineral and trace element physiology is therefore critical for maintaining good standards of clinical practice and to inform the best standards of nutritional advice, especially in the treatment of severe illnesses associated with deficiency or toxic excess of one or more macrominerals or trace elements.


Composition is disclosed which contains a biologically active substance and irregularities inorganic oxide. Preparation and use of compositions containing biologically active substances and irregularities inorganic oxide are also disclosed.


The Effect of Extra Effort on the Acquisition of Observing Responses in Discrimination Learning by Stevan Charles Bennett A study of discrimination learning using albino rats was undertaken. Theory holds that organisms prefer conditions where stimulus cues provide information predicting forthcoming reward or nonreward over conditions where this information is not provided. In 1952, Wyckoff performed an experiment with pigeons in which he attempted to isolate the behavior by which attention leads to discrimination learning. He called this attention behavior the observing response. He concluded from his results that information predicting reward or nonreward reinforces observing. In 1956, Prokasy performed a similar experiment using albino rats in an E-shaped maze. Results showed that the subjects preferred a condition allowing them to predict forthcoming reward or nonreward over a condition that did not. Subsequent research indicated that this preference depended on a number of variables. Manipulating these variables led to results including preference for predictable condition, no preference for either condition, or preference for unpredictable condition.


Land cover data is important information to describe how much of a region is covered by plantation, forest, residential, rice field and river. In many applications the required information relates to the coverage of land cover class in a region, which is generally derived from a count of the pixels allocated to the class of interest in a classification. The design of the system in this study conducted for detecting land cover using Grey Level Co Occurrence (GLCM) method is used as the extraction in process of taking main image and Naive Bayes as a classification of grouping the images based on the types of land cover. Based on the testing data which is consist of 150 images we obtained the best accuracy is 85% with 206.6715 seconds computation time.


A chironomid–July air temperature inference model based on chironomid assemblages in the surface sediments of 81 Swiss lakes was used to reconstruct Late Glacial July air temperatures at Lac Lautrey (Jura, Eastern France). The transfer‐function was based on weighted averaging–partial least squares (WA‐PLS) regression and featured a leave‐one‐out cross‐validated coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.80, a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 1.53 ° C, and was applied to a chironomid record consisting of 154 samples covering the Late Glacial period back to the Oldest Dryas. The model reconstructed July air temperatures of 11–12 ° C during the Oldest Dryas, increasing temperatures between 14 and 16.5 ° C during the Bølling, temperatures around 16.5–17.0 ° C for most of the Allerød, temperatures of 14–15 ° C during the Younger Dryas and temperatures of ca. 16.5 ° C during the Preboreal. The Lac Lautrey record features a two‐step July air temperature increase after the Oldest Dryas, with an abrupt temperature increase of ca. 3–3.5 ° C at the Oldest Dryas/Bølling transition followed by a more gradual warming between ca. 14 200 and 13 700 BP. The transfer‐function reconstructs a less rapid cooling at the Allerød/Younger Dryas transition than other published records, possibly an artefact caused by the poor analogue situation during the earliest Younger Dryas, and an abrupt warming at the Younger Dryas/Holocene transition. During the Allerød, two centennial‐scale 1.5–2.0 ° C coolings are apparent in the record. Although chronologically not well constrained, the first of these cold events may be synchronous with the beginning of the Gerzensee Oscillation. The second is inferred just before deposition of the Laachersee tephra at Lac Lautrey and is therefore coeval with the end of the Gerzensee Oscillation. In contrast to the Greenland oxygen isotope records, the Lac Lautrey palaeotemperature reconstruction lacks a clearly defined Greenland Interstadial (GI) event 1d and the decreasing temperature trend during the Bølling/Allerød Interstadial. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The reactions F + CH30H HF + CH30, F + C2HSOH HF + C2HS0, and F + OH HF + O(3P,'D) are studied by photoelectron spectroscopy of the negative ions CH30HF, C2HSOHF, and OHF. In each case, photodetachment accc%cE the transition-state region for direct hydrogen abstraction. The photoelectron spectra exhibit resolved vibrational structure which is sensitive to details of the potential surface in the transition-state region. To aid in the interpretation of the spectra, ab initio equilibrium structures, harmonic frequencies, and hydrogen bond dissociation energies are calculated for the ions C H 3 0 H F and O H F . The anharmonic hydroxyl hydrogen stretching potential is also calculated for the two ions. Using the calculated ion properties and the fitted ab initio reaction surfaces of Sloan et al. ( J . Chem. Phys. 1981, 75, 1190), a two-dimensional dynamical simulation of the photoelectron spectrum of O H F is presented and modifications to the reaction surfaces are discussed. The spectra of the alcohol complexes are discussed in light of this simulation, and the role of the "bath" degrees of freedom in these spectra is considered.


Regarding two cases in which there was a coincidence of indomitable vomiting and copious salivation with the existence of a vesicular drift, the author asks himself whether the phenomenon of indomitable vomiting on the one hand and myxomatous degeneration of the villi on the other are not mutually dependent.


In this paper, we give a survey on fault tolerant issue in distributed systems. More specially speaking, we talk about one important and basic component called failure detection, which is to detect the failure of the process quickly and accurately. Thus, a good failure detection method will avoid the further system lost due to process crash. This survey provides the related research results and also explored the future directions about failure detection, and it is a good reference for researcher on this topic.


A simple, novel, green, economic, environment friendly and convenient one-pot fabrication of luminescent gold nanoclusters, incorporating an aqueous extract of the peels of Allium cepa L., otherwise considered as a common household waste material, has been described. The optimal experimental conditions including concentrations of Allium cepa L. extract and different reaction temperatures have been investigated in detail. The nanoclusters were characterized by various spectroscopic techniques, such as ultra-violet spectroscopy (UV-vis), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Selected Area Electron Diffraction pattern (SAED), Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FTIR), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX). spectroscopic results revealed the formation of clusters with an average diameter in the range of 4–9 nm and depicted a fluorescence emission spectrum at 640 nm. Furthermore, the EDX pattern also revealed the formation of gold nanoclusters. The prepared nanoclusters were effectively utilized for the remediation of two carcinogenic and lethal textile dyes, rose bengal and methylene blue from aqueous solution. Approximately, 98.9 and 95.1% of rose bengal and methylene blue dye were degraded within 180 and 145 min using the synthesized gold nanoclusters, respectively. Additionally, the exhausted nanoclusters were regenerated and their photo catalytic capability was evaluated for three continuous rounds of cycling. The exhausted nanoclusters and the intermediates of the degradation process were respectively analysed using TEM, SAED and LC-MS techniques. The catalytic efficiency of the fabricated nanoclusters was also evaluated by conversion of 4-nitro phenol to 4-amino phenol in the presence of sodium borohydride in an aqueous medium. It was observed that about 97.3% of 4-nitro phenol was reduced within 70 min. Furthermore, the fabricated clusters were also found to inhibit the growth of a common human pathogenic bacterium, Escherichia coli. Hence, the present study has unfastened a pioneering way for synthesizing Au NCs and their applicability for the remediation of hazardous compounds and their potential as antibacterial agents.


A predator-prey model with sparse effect subject to the Neumann boundary condition is investigated.Firstly,Turing instability and global stability of positive constant steady-state solution are obtained by operator spectrum theory and Turing theory.Secondly,using diffusion coefficient as bifurcation parameter,the bifurcation at positive constant steady-state solution is obtained by perturbation theory and bifurcation theory.Moreover,the structure of the solution near bifurcation points is given and the local branch can be extended to a global branch.


We consider the spectral approximation of flow optimal control problems with state constraint. The main contribution of this work is to derive an a posteriori error estimator, and show the upper and lower bounds for the approximation error. Numerical experiment shows the efficiency of the error indicator, which will be used to construct reliable adaptive hp spectral element approximation for flow control in the future work.


In order to meet the needs of insufficient well space for the elevator updating in the building or installing in the old residential building, the simulation model of the pre-trigger stopping system is established. The simulation of the stop mechanism using the position trigger is carried out, and the effectiveness of the simulation model is verified by comparing the field measurement with the simulation results.


Through experimental ecology methods,effects of exposure,water temperature,salinity and substrate on survival rate of adult Estellarca olivacea were studied.Results showed that when the humidity is 65% to 75%,adult Estellarca olivacea's ability of exposure declines with the rising of experimental water temperature;under the conditions of water salinity 24.6 and pH 7.8,the most suitable water temperature for adult Estellarca olivacea is 5 to 19.8℃;under the conditions of water temperature 19.8℃ and pH 7.8,the optimal salinity for adult Estellarca olivacea is 15 to 30 and under the conditions of water temperature 20℃ to 23℃,salinity 21.8 and pH 8.1,adult Estellarca olivacea can survive in many kinds of substrate,among which argillo-calcareous and argillaceous are the best two.


Under the influences of global warming and increasing extreme weather, the rain flashover faults of insulator strings happen with high frequency. Enhanced electrical performance of insulators or insulator strings in extreme weather is important for grid disaster prevention and mitigation,and is also a powerful support for the strong and smart grids in China. However,flashover accidents of insulator strings in heavy rainstorms happen with high frequency,and there is little study on the flashover mechanism and performance of insulator strings in heavy rainstorms. This paper deals with the AC flashover performance of insulator strings in heavy rainstorms. Two types of insulators,XP-160 porcelain insulator and LXY4-160 glass insulator,were tested. The results show that: 1)the rain flashover voltage of the insulator strings is independent on the contamination on lower surface of the insulators,and changes almost linearly with string length;2)the rain flashover voltage decreases with the increase in flux and conductivity of rain, satisfying negative power function relation;and 3)different angles between rain curtain and conductor affect the flashover voltage. It is concluded that preventing formation of rain curtain and increasing surface resistance of insulator can facilitate prevention of rain flashover on insulator strings in rainstorm.


Privacy protection is a crucial issue in machine learning algorithms, and the current privacy protection is combined with traditional artificial neural networks based on real values. Spiking neural network (SNN), the new generation of artificial neural networks, plays a crucial role in many fields. Therefore, research on the privacy protection of SNN is urgently needed. This paper combines the differential privacy(DP) algorithm with SNN and proposes a differentially private spiking neural network (DPSNN). The SNN uses discrete spike sequences to transmit information, combined with the gradient noise introduced by DP so that SNN maintains strong privacy protection. At the same time, to make SNN maintain high performance while obtaining high privacy protection, we propose the temporal enhanced pooling (TEP) method. It fully integrates the temporal information of SNN into the spatial information transfer, which enables SNN to perform better information transfer. We conduct experiments on static and neuromorphic datasets, and the experimental results show that our algorithm still maintains high performance while providing strong privacy protection.


The reaction of c 6H5sF3, CsF and c12 was studied under a variety of conditions. The reaction run in the presence of a trace of water yielded c6H5so2F and c1c6H4so2F. The reaction run in stainless steel at 170°C yielded an amber solid believed to be a polymer with the empirical formula c6H3. 67sF2• Chlorination of ~ c6H5sF3-csF mixture in monel at 220°C yielded a yellow liquid tentatively identified as a mixture of the new species c6H5sF4c1, FC6H4sF4c1 and c1c6H4sF4c1.


ABSTRACT This article investigates the value of the Book of Aristeas as a guide (or model) for modern approaches to the translation of the Septuagint. The question is how three new translation approaches, namely the interlinear model of the NETS project, the reception-oriented approach of the Septuagint-Deutsch, and the free-standing replacement translation of the French (La Bible d'Alexandrie), are using the Book of Aristeas to justify their translations. The first approach, using the interlinear model, takes seriously the fact that the Septuagint is a Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible. It focuses on the linguistic relationship between the Hebrew/Aramaic and the Greek text. The second approach is the German Septuagint-Deutsch, which adopts a methodological position between that of NETS and that of La Bible d'Alexandrie. What NETS and the Septuagint-Deutsch have in common is that they both regard the Old Greek text as the basic text with which to operate. La Bible d'Alexandrie includes the reception of the Septuagint, especially in Patristic literature, and not only the Old Greek. In the latter approach, the Septuagint is a freestanding translation. The role of the book of Aristeas as metatext in these projects is investigated to determine whether—and if so, how—the Book of Aristeas controls the modern translators' mental preparation for the translation process.


It is rather complicated to predict the characteristics of strata response to mining operation in thick seams. However, a comprehensive evaluation of ground behavior is a prerequisite for maintaining efficient production, especially when the top-coal-caving method behind the face is applied. An analysis of the conditions of top coal has revealed that a 1.8m thick layer of coal just above the shield supports is well fractured. However, a 4.2m thick layer of coal above the fractured part is either not fractured or is fractured in the form of large blocks leading to obstruction of windows of shields during coal drawing. It is concluded that, in order to decrease dilution and increase extraction ratio and efficiency of operation, top coal should be as uniformly fractured as possible. Hence, an efficient and continuous coal flowing behind the face can be maintained.


Cation-exchanged montmorillonite clays catalyse the Fries rearrangement of phenyl toluene-p-sulphonate to give selectively 2- and 4-hydroxyphenyl p-tolyl sulphones as major and minor products respectively.


The invention discloses a method for realizing high availability of communication equipment. The communication equipment comprises a resource pool composed of a host machine and a backup machine. The method comprises the following steps: a collaborative server maintains information of all equipment in the resource pool; and the collaborative server notifies the backup machine to take over the task when the host machine is detected to be abnormal. Through the method, backup-to-host switching can be realized in a short period of time when the host machine fails. Moreover, the backup machine can back up multiple host machines simultaneously. In the process of switching, the backup equipment does not need to configure data in advance, but fully takes over data of failed equipment.


Horseshoe crabs are remarkable creatures that have survived nearly 500 million years. They are highly valued in several diverse applications. Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL), a product of a very specialized cell extracted from horseshoe crab blood, is vital to the detection of endotoxin contamination in our parenteral medications and vaccines. No other test for presence of endotoxin is as valid, or as dependable as the LAL assay. Horseshoe crabs are also used in the medical research of vision. In addition, they possess an essential function in the ecosystem with shorebirds. Unfortunately, the Limulus polyphemus population is declining rapidly, due to their recent increased harvest as use for eel and conch bait. There are two ways to help solve this problem. One way is to prevent further depletion of the species by decreasing the number being killed. The other way is to increase the number being born. This can be accomplished by preserving conditions favored by horseshoe crabs for spawning. Some of these conditions may or may not include sand grain size, water temperature, water salinity, and beach slope. I examined each of these factors on five beaches off the Delaware Estuary (where horseshoe crabs frequent). My conclusion supports my hypothesis that spawning horseshoe crabs prefer high water temperatures (above 20C), and low water salinity (between 20 and 30 ppt). However, I reject my hypothesis that horseshoe crabs favor smaller sand grain sizes in nest site selection and my results for beach slope are inconclusive.


The relationship between personality traits and political opinion is perhaps one of the more obscure, though important, areas of politics. In this article the authors argue that personality traits influence public opinion only under "conducive conditions," defined as the absence of inhibiting and the presence of facilitating factors. In order to account for the public support of aggressive policies in the United States during the Korean and Vietnam Wars, they turn to the theory of authoritarianism developed after the Second World War by a research staff under the direction of Theodor W. Adorno, identifying the psychological bases of anti-Semitism. Herzon, Kincaid, and Dalton discover a substantial correlation between authoritarianism and racial prejudice, on the one hand, and aggressive opinions on the Korean and Vietnam Wars, on the other.


In the new historical era when higher education opens the door widely to more and more students, problems of a special group of poor students came into the spotlights. Considering their living and ideological state, key solution to this problem lies in establishing effective mechanism to support the poor students, to help them out of economic difficulties on the one hand, guide them to build up correct concept on how to get rid of poverty, encourage them to have confidence in themselves, and become mentally strong and healthy on the other.


In this contribution we briefly review some aspects of Lipatov's gauge invariant QCD high energy effective action. The high energy effective provides a field theory framework to systematically factorize QCD scattering amplitudes and related theories in the limit of high center of mass energies. After a short review of the underlying concepts, we address the question how the high energy effective action can be used for actual calculations. As an explicit example we review the derivation of the gluon Regge trajectory up to 2 loop. We then review two topics of current interest: automatic amplitude generation of high energy effective action amplitudes and a discussion of the relation between the so-called Color-Glass-Condensate framework and the high energy effective action.


ABSTRACT This article is a comparative study of the cultural policies of North Korea (DPRK) and South Korea (ROK) in the 1960s and 1970s, specifically concerning the disciple of music. In this period, both South and North Korean regimes demonstrated similar conceptualisations of 'national music', harmonising Korean traditional music with western musical styles, but the end result differed in the two regimes. The DPRK developed national music through a homogenised musical style by assimilating Korean folk music with a western musical style while excluding traditional court music, with drastic modifications to traditional instruments and musical forms. In contrast, the ROK's policy on establishing national music resulted in a combination of traditional court music for the ruling class and western classical music, indicating elitism. Particularly, this article argues that these distinct features of their national music were the result of differences in the strength and interest of government officials between the regimes.


A joint oil stockpiling facility no more than 3 days sailing from its key markets would be ideally positioned as a Strategic Petroleum Reserve for net importing nations during times of crisis and tight markets. At other times, the facility would have additional value in its capacity to provide an excellent central location for the sale of spot crude for a crude oil marketing company or major producing company. At the same time, the sale of crude oil options to Asian markets can provide a secure and reliable source of supply during times of volatility and enhance a major producing company's market share in the region. Spot crude oil and product sales from a joint oil stockpiling facility would be able reach tight markets in a few days, and in fact would be available for pick-up in variable quantities that are appropriate for specific market disruptions. As a result, the sale of spot crude oil spread options would have the potential to address sporadic and unanticipated increases in demand without adding undue downward pressure to regional oil prices. The case study develops a model to price the sale of crude oil spread options to China from a hypothetical joint oil stockpiling facility in Northeast Asia over a 15-year period from 2016 to 2030. This study contributes to existing literature by illustrating a commercially attractive way to enhance the value of Strategic Petroleum Reserves and joint oil stockpiling reserves in Northeast Asia during times of transition and volatility on global oil markets.


The total ozone column (TOC) shows a strong annual cycle, so the threshold to define its lower values is better characterized as deviations from local climatological mean levels. A complete analysis of the effects of low total ozone on the UV radiation measured in Barcelona (Northeast of Spain) is described in the present work. The ozone "mini‐holes" climatology in Barcelona, obtained from the daily ozone satellite data series (1978–2006), shows a seasonal behaviour with a maximum number of episodes in winter and early spring. Nevertheless there are a great number of events in the study area during September, when the UV irradiance reaching the Earth's surface is still high and consequently the biological effects such as erythema could be more important. In fact, daily low ozone columnar contents in comparison with climatological means are detected throughout the year generally associated to weather systems passing. The deepest ozone "mini‐hole" reported in the area was in 2004. It lasted three days with ...


Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs have become popular in multi-objective optimization problems, which are parallel in nature and don't require differentiability of objective functions and constraints, and also which deal with a set of possible solutions in a single run. Many Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms (MOEAs are proposed at present. Firstly, this paper reviews the origin of MOEAs; secondly, the first generation MOEAs are analyzed, which are characterized by simplicity, such as NSGA, NPGA, MOGA and so on, and the achievements and shortage during the first generation are also discussed. Thirdly, the MOEAs developed during the second generation, including SPEA、PAES、NSGA II、NPGA2、PESA、Micro-GA and etc., are detailed and compared, which use elitism to improve the efficiency. At last, some important research areas of MOEA are addressed.


History can often be read as story or drama, with the events of the narrative partitioned into scenes. As a play, the history of music theory in eighteenth-century France has Jean-Philippe Rameau as its main character. The scenes in which Rameau and his opponents debated his theory are filled with contentious dialogue. Even if the historian excludes Rameau and devotes scenes to his predecessors, contemporaries and interpreters, the plot still revolves around the story's protagonist who stands in the wings.


Based on particle swarm optimization(PSO)and the properties of fractional lower order moment(FLOM) of α stable distribution,a novel method of parameter estimation for skewed α-stable distribution is proposed.Aiming at the disadvantage of existing method without giving multi-parameter at the same time and utilizing characteristics of FLOM,the sign of β is detected and the moment of the FLOM is selected.Based on above/previous analysis the objective function is given.It is demonstrated by simulation results that three parameters can be obtained through PSO-FLOM directly.The novel method is effective and the accuracy is advanced or equivalent to Kuru-FLOM.


An American study of the attitudes of hospital nurses towards nurses with disabilities has found that they perceive settings such as outpatient clinics as more welcoming workplaces for colleagues with disabilities than areas with high levels of patient acuity.


AIM
To evaluate the effect of brinzolamide-timolol fixed combination on intraocular pressure (IOP) after cataract surgery.

METHODS
The study included 92 eyes of 87 patients who underwent cataract surgery and intraocular lens implantation. Patients scheduled for phacoemulsification were assigned to 1 of 2 groups. The treatment group received 1 drop of brinzolamide-timolol fixed combination immediately after surgery, and the control group received no treatment. The IOP was measured preoperatively and at 2h and 24h postoperatively.

RESULTS
The mean IOP change was lower in the treatment group than in the control group at 2h postoperatively. The difference between the mean IOP values of the two groups at 2h postoperatively was found to be statistically significant. Twenty-four hours after the surgery, the mean IOP change was still higher in the control group when compared to the treatment group.

CONCLUSION
The fixed combination brinzolamide-timolol can effectively reduce IOP after cataract surgery.


The article addresses the problem of personality development in a multinational Russia. Organization of multicultural education space is represented as a system of conditions contributing to the development of multicultural personality in the society ethnic diversity.


Traboulsi syndrome is a rare genetic disorder, inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion. It is characterized by facial dysmorphism, lens dislocation, anterior-segment abnormalities, and spontaneous filtering blebs. In 1995, Traboulsi and co-workers reported six members of a consanguineous family from Druze sect in Lebanon with dysmorphic facial features (crowded teeth, large beaked nose, flat cheeks, retracted chin and antimongoloid slanting of palpebral fissures), subluxation of crystalline lenses, iridocorneal adhesions, and spontaneous filtering blebs(1). Subsequently, another Lebanese family and an isolated Lebanese patient were reported with similar clinical phenotype (2,3). This necessitated an entry in Online Mendelian Inheritance In Man (OMIM 601552). The molecular cause of Traboulsi syndrome was first studied through autozygosity mapping and exome sequencing, which revealed two homozygous mutations in exon 22 and 25 of ASPH gene(4). Recently, a homozygous novel variant in exon 2 of ASPH gene has also been found to be associated with Traboulsi syndrome (5). ASPH gene is located at the q arm of chromosome no.8 (8q12.3), which is a widely expressed type II membrane protein involved in calcium homeostasis. It encodes Aspartyl/Asparaginyl beta-hydroxylase that specifically hydroxylate aspartic acid or asparagine residues in the epidermal growth factor (EGF)domain containing proteins using iron as a cofactor(6). Genetically engineered knockout mice of ASPH gene showed abolished beta hydroxylation activity in EGF containing proteins(7). The EGF specific unusual posttranslational modification has significant developmental consequences A 35-year-old male presented with complaints of progressive decrease in vision in the right eye since childhood. There was no prior history of ocular trauma or incisional surgery. On examination, he was found to have a long face, anti-mongoloid slanting of palpebral fissures, prominent beaked nose, retrognathia and malar hypoplasia (Figure 1A and B). His best-corrected visual acuity was 6/24 in right eye (RE) and 6/9 in the left eye (LE). Slit lamp examination of the RE showed a diffuse elevated bleb near the limbus in the superonasal quadrant, shallow anterior chamber, and dislocated microspherophakic lens in the anterior chamber. Left eye showed clear cornea, deep anterior chamber, normal iris pattern and microspherophakic lens (Figure 1C and D). His intraocular pressure (IOP) was 6 and 14 mm Hg in the RE and LE, respectively. Gonioscopy and ultrasound biomicroscopy of the RE showed scleral thinning with iris strands bridging the area (Figure 1E and F). Fundus examination revealed a normal disc and retina. Rest of the physical examination was unremarkable. Laboratory investigations including serum homocysteine and urine lysine were within normal limits. Electrocardiogram and echocardiogram were normal. Based on these findings we ruled out other causes of ectopia lentis and diagnosed our patient with Traboulsi syndrome. We have examined the parents and children of the proband, they were normal without ocular or facial anomalies. Peripheral blood samples were collected from the proband and his parents. DNA was extracted by modified salting-out method (8) and quantified with Nano spectrophotometer (Nano Drop Technologies, Inc Wilmington). Polymerase chain reaction was performed for all 25 exons of ASPH gene in the proband. The PCR products were treated with ExoSAP-IT® reagent to remove the unincorporated primers and DNTP's with zero sample loss. Cyclic PCR was performed using the forward primer of exon 22 and exon 25. Big dye termination chemistry method was used for sequencing (3130 Genetic Analyzer; Applied Biosystems, CA). The sequencing results were analyzed by Finch TV version 1.5 and BLAST. Sanger sequencing results revealed mutations in exon 22 of ASPH gene in proband which could be associated with the disease phenotype. To understand the genetic basis of inheritance, an exon 22 of ASPH gene was amplified (449 bp) from proband's parents and a control sample, further it was subjected to sanger sequencing. The chromatogram of proband showed a 5 bp homozygous deletion mutation (c.1869_1873 del GGACT Ref [NM_004318.3]) with an altered reading frame in the coding region of exon 22 and the sequencing results of proband's parents also displayed a heterozygous peak with predicted frameshift mutation in comparison to the control chromatogram representing a normal peak with intact coding region of ASPH exon 22 (c.1869_1873 GGACT Ref [NM_004318.3]). N Blast analysis


We present digital documentation of the Cockroach Key archaeological site in Tampa Bay on the western coast of Florida, USA. The site consists of a mound and midden complex constructed by Native Americans between around 100 and 900 CE. Although well known to antiquarians of the 1800s and archaeologists of the early 1900s, the site has slowly become "hidden in plain sight" to both archaeologists (owing to the lack of contemporary investigations) and the public (owing to the density of vegetation). We use LiDAR-based mapping and ground-penetrating radar to document the site's surface and subsurface features.


The electron transfer reactions between CF [image omitted] and Ar have been studied using a position-sensitive coincidence time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The spectra show the formation of CF [image omitted], CF [image omitted] and CF [image omitted] ions, accompanied by Ar+ ions, by dissociative and non-dissociative electron transfer reactions. Analysis of the PSCO data shows that the CF [image omitted] and CF [image omitted] ions are formed by reactions of ground state CF [image omitted](2B2) ions. The CF [image omitted] product is formed in high lying vibrational states of its ground electronic state, just below the dissociation asymptote to [image omitted]. The formation of CF [image omitted] proceeds via a sequential mechanism, involving the population of highly excited vibrational levels of the ground electronic state of CF [image omitted] which dissociate to CF [image omitted](2A1) + F when the CF [image omitted] is well separated from the Ar+ ion. No evidence of complexation is observed. The energy dependence of the experimental yield of the CF+ ion is consistent with it arising from a reaction of an electronic excited state of CF [image omitted], as proposed in a previous study of this collision system. The unimolecular dissociation of the reactant dications is also observed and indicates that these ions are predominantly in their ground (2B2) electronic state. The kinetic energy release of this unimolecular reaction indicates the metastable well of the CF [image omitted](2B2) state is approximately 3 eV deep and also shows that CF [image omitted](2B2) ions well below the barrier to charge separation can dissociate on the time-scale of the experiment. This observation implicates predissociation, possibly via a repulsive dication state, as the mechanism for the unimolecular charge separation of the ground state of CF [image omitted].


Radiation‐induced liver damage (RILD) is a poorly understood and potentially devastating complication of hepatic radiation therapy (RT) for liver cancers. Previous work has demonstrated that hepatocyte transplantation (HT) can ameliorate RILD in rats. We hypothesized that RT inhibits generation of cellular ATP and suppresses hepatic regeneration.


In order to study the projectile can have the maximum range at what projection angle,the air resistance existed was deduced by using Lagrange multipliers,and the optimum projection angle and the maximum range of the projectile projecting out of some inclined plane were given.the maximum range and the best angle when the starting point and end point being not at the same height were deduced.By computer programming,it was verified by taking an example of calculating the maximum range and optimum projection angle while projecting grenades,by which the kinetics process of projectile motion in physics teaching was analyzed furthermore,helping improve the teaching effect.


Data resource management (DRM) has been critical to IS for almost two decades and yet there have been curiously few research studies on the subject. This study proposes and tests a model relating the nature of database planning and the database administration function to database performance. The results of a survey of 171 organizations reveal that the identification of subject databases and the existence of a managerial DBA (as opposed to a technical DBA) is strongly related to a select set of benefits associated with databases. These benefits include the integration of applications, control of data redundancy, the ability to respond to ad-hoc informational needs and the security of data. Database planning and DBA role were found to have no significant effect on the more operational benefits and those related to application development. These results suggest an evolutionary pattern in the attainment of DBMS benefits with implications for both research and practice.


Purpose: We evaluated the clinical manifestations of, and risk factors for, infectious keratitis in patients with ocular graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).Methods: A total of 11 patients who developed infectious keratitis after a diagnosis of ocular GVHD between January 2015 and December 2020, and 36 who did not (the control group), were included in this retrospective study. We recorded sex, age, any underlying disease, any other organ affected by systemic GVHD, systemic immunosuppressant use, follow-up duration, clinical manifestations, the severity of ocular GVHD prior to infection, the size of the epithelial defect, the depth of infiltration, hypopyon status, and the results of microbiological tests. Systemic and ocular indices (including systemic GVHD status) were compared using the chi-squared test. Risk factors for infection were identified.Results: Of the corneal indices, the presence of corneal filaments, the extent of corneal neovascularization, and the number of corneal epithelial defects were significantly higher in the infected group (p = 0.023, p = 0.004, and p = 0.001, respectively). GVHD severity was also significantly higher in that group (p < 0.001). The presence of corneal filaments, corneal neovascularization, and corneal epithelial defects prior to infection correlated significantly with the risk of infection (p = 0.046, p = 0.010, and p = 0.003, respectively). Multivariate analysis identified corneal epithelial defects as a significant risk factor for infection (p = 0.029).Conclusions: In patients with ocular GVHD, corneal epithelial defects, corneal neovascularization, and corneal filaments prior to infection were associated with the development of infection. In particular, corneal epithelial defects before infection was a significant risk factor for infection.


This paper presents a methodology for consideration of the nature of the power flow in a transmission network with significant levels of wind generation. A DC load flow approach is adopted to calculate the level and direction of power flow in response to varying levels of wind generation. The approach is applied to a section of the Irish transmission network.


Toxicity of four fungicides against Ralstonia solanacearuu was measured by improved inhibition zone method in order to find which fungicide boasted the best inhibitory effect. Results indicated that inhibition rates gradually rose with the increase of concentration. Inhibition rates of qingkuling, agricultural streptouycin and zhongshenguycin reached 94.3%、89.1% and 84.4% in 72 h under the concentration of 1450, 310 and700 mg ?L-1, respectively while the inhibition rate of xinjunan acetate was as high as 78.1% in 48 h. The toxicity level of four fungicides was in the following order: agricultural streptouycin xinjunan acetate qingkuling zhongshenguycin. The toxicity of agricultural streptouycin and xinjunan acetate was larger than that of qingkuling and zhongshenguycin, the EC50 of agricultural streptouycin and xinjunan acetate was 274.57 ug·L-1 and 148.25 ug·L-1, respectively. It was concluded that agricultural streptouycin and xinjunan acetate were ideal fungicides for prevention of Ralstonia solanacearuu.


Identifying the fraud risk of applications on the web platform is a critical challenge with both requirements of effectiveness and interpretability. In these high-stakes web applications especially in financial scenarios, decision rules have been extensively used due to the rising requirements for explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). In this work, we develop a rule learning framework with rule mining and rule refining modules for addressing the learning efficiency and class imbalance issues while making the decision rules more broadly and simply applicable to risk management scenarios. On four benchmark data-sets and two large-scale data-sets, the classification performance, interpretability, and scalability of the framework have been proved, achieving at least a 26.2% relative improvement over the state-of-the-art (SOTA) models. The system is currently being used by hundreds of millions of users and dealing with an enormous number of transactions in Ant Group, which is one of the largest mobile payment platforms in the world.


We analyze the ground-state energy and correlation energy of the Heisenberg model as a function of spin, both in the ferromagnetic and the antiferromagnetic case, and in one, two and three dimensions. First, we present a comparative analysis of known expressions for the ground-state energy ${E}_{0}(S)$ of homogeneous Heisenberg models. In the one-dimensional antiferromagnetic case we propose an improved expression for ${E}_{0}(S),$ which takes into account Bethe-ansatz data for $S=1/2.$ Next, we consider inhomogeneous Heisenberg models (e.g., exposed to spatially varying external fields). We prove a Hohenberg-Kohn-like theorem stating that in this case the ground-state energy is a functional of the spin distribution and that this distribution encapsulates the entire physics of the system, regardless of the external fields. Building on this theorem, we then propose a local-density-type approximation that allows us to utilize the results obtained for homogeneous systems in inhomogeneous situations too. We conjecture a scaling law for the dependence of the correlation functional on dimensionality, which is well satisfied by existing numerical data. Finally, we investigate the importance of the spin-correlation energy by comparing results obtained with the proposed correlation functional to ones from an uncorrelated mean-field calculation, taking as our example a linear spin-density wave state.


Planned change and learning are often presented as necessary and beneficial organizational activities, especially during times of environmental flux. Although change can be imposed as a diktat from above, the literature often suggests that employees and others should become involved in such change. Thus, the organization is faced with questions about obligations to involve employees, clients, customers, and citizens in such change. This study examines how various moral schemata treat moral claims to participation. Although there is no clear answer to the question of the moral obligations of the organization with respect to engaging participation in planned change, these schemata do alert organizational leaders to the moral complexities surrounding participation.


Abstract
CV Metha Berkembang is one of the companies engaged in the production and sale of aluminum sills. The sales process on CV Metha Berkembang has not been computerized where orders are made with consumers coming directly to the company's location or being able to call the company's phone number. An uncomputerized ordering process is needed in a company, where the ordering system does not require consumers to come to the place. For this reason, an ordering information system is needed that can make it easier for CV Metha Berkembang to carry out ordering activities. The system development method used is the prototype method, while for modeling the system used, namely flowcharts, data flow diagrams and entity relationship diagrams and conducting functional testing with blackbox testing. The result of this final project is in the form of a Website Application that aims to help the ordering process. This application is useful for the admin department to be able to confirm orders and input sold stock data. With this application, it can help consumers, leaders, managers, and admins in processing order data, sales stock, and total stock of goods.


We present a study of the environments of extended radio sour ces in the Australia Telescope Low Brightness Survey (ATLBS). The radio sources were selec t d from the Extended Source Sample (ATLBS-ESS), which is a well defined sample containin g the most extended of radio sources in the ATLBS sky survey regions. The environments we re analyzed using 4-m CTIO Blanco telescope observations carried out for ATLBS fields i n the SDSSr band. We have estimated the properties of the environments using smoothed d ensity maps derived from galaxy catalogs constructed using these optical imaging data. The angular distribution of galaxy density relative to the axes of the radio sources has been quanti fied by defining anisotropy parameters that are estimated using a new method presented her . Examining the anisotropy parameters for a sub-sample of extended double radio source s that includes all sources with pronounced asymmetry in lobe extents, we find good evidence f or nvironmental anisotropy being the dominant cause for lobe asymmetry in that higher ga laxy density occurs almost always on the side of the shorter lobe, and this validates the us efulness of the method proposed and adopted here. The environmental anisotropy parameters have been used to examine and compare the environments of FRI and FRII radio sources in two redshift regimes ( z < 0.5 and z > 0.5). Wide-angle tail sources and Head-tail sources lie in the m ost overdense environments. The Head-tail source environments (for the HT source s in our sample) display dipolar anisotropy in that higher galaxy density appears to lie in th e direction of the tails. Excluding the Head-tail and Wide-angle tail sources, subsamples o f FRI and FRII sources from the ATLBS survey appear to lie in similar moderately overdense e nvironments, with no evidence for redshift evolution in the regimes studied herein.


In this paper a short description is given on a Hydro-Meteorological simulation process applied on 3 Springs of the Estância de aguas da Prata (SP). The simulation of the various phases of the Hydrologic cycle, using daily rainfall and potential evaporation as the dynamic input and various physical or empirical basin parameters, yields a continuous daily discharge series, together with the corresponding flux of the rain-water passing through the non-saturated and the fully saturated soil and/or rock layers (or aquifers). The daily rainfall data were obtained from the C3-34 (FEPASA/CTH) rainfall station and the spring discharges were measured once a month during the period 18/4/1978-7/4/1979.


Even though the economic data are positive at present, everyday life for broad swathes of the population in many European Union Member States is still dogged by unemployment and, to an even greater extent, the fear of job losses and social decline. People in Europe are experiencing increasing casualisation as well as a widening gulf between poor and rich. This is the backdrop for growing scepticism about European politics.


We study in the present paper the response of a flexible macromolecular chain to the application or removal of an electric field. The polymer is mainly modeled as a Gaussian chain, and the case of freely jointed chains is also treated. We consider the dynamics of the chains, after the inception and subsequent cessation of an electric field. In particular, we calculate two properties. One of them is the time‐dependent chain expansion, as measured by the components of the gyration tensor, that can be determined by transient electric‐field light scattering. The other property is the transient electric birefringence, related to the reorientation of the chain segments. In this way, the dynamics of two different properties can be compared. The transient properties are analyzed in terms of a series of relaxation times. We propose the use of a mean relaxation time as a convenient representation of the rate of the dynamic process, and show that it can be deduced from simulation or experiments with more accuracy th...


This paper presents an approximation design for a decentralized adaptive output‐feedback control of large‐scale pure‐feedback nonlinear systems with unknown time‐varying delayed interconnections. The interaction terms are bounded by unknown nonlinear bounding functions including unmeasurable state variables of subsystems. These bounding functions together with the algebraic loop problem of virtual and actual control inputs in the pure‐feedback form make the output‐feedback controller design difficult and challenging. To overcome the design difficulties, the observer‐based dynamic surface memoryless local controller for each subsystem is designed using appropriate Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functionals, the function approximation technique based on neural networks, and the additional first‐order low‐pass filter for the actual control input. It is shown that all signals in the total controlled closed‐loop system are semiglobally uniformly bounded and control errors converge to an adjustable neighborhood of the origin. Finally, simulation examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed decentralized control scheme. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


State development agencies originated to assist in the creation or increase of the industrial and manufacturing bases of the individual states. As these bases grow, they enlarge the number of jobs and increase the tax rolls for both the state and local governments. It was not until the 1960s that these branches of state governments began to direct considerable attention to the international economy. Beginning in the Kennedy administration, the federal government through the Department of Commerce, headed by Luther Hodges, a former Governor of North Carolina, encouraged the states to participate. In the following years, the growth of the international marketing of products and the movements of multinational corporations across national, state and local political borders brought awareness to states of the need to protect as well as to develop their industrial and manufacturing bases. State development agencies began their international efforts with marketing assistance and promotion for products made within their states. Later toward the end of the 1960s and early 1970s, they moved to the attraction of foreign capital investment into the states in the forms of plants, warehousing and sales operations. While scholarly and media attention has focused in recent years on United States multinational corporations marketing and locating in other countries, limited attention has been paid to the reverse effect and the state and local governmental agencies that assist these activities.


Pakistan is a founding member of the Organization of the Islamic Conference. It has played a vital role in the establishment of the Organization and a number of its subsidiary organs and affiliated bodies. Pakistan has hosted numerous conferences and meetings which facilitated the growth of the institutional infrastructure of the OIC. Discussions at those meetings have also led to the preparation and adoption of plans for increased contacts and cooperation among the member states in the political, economic, social and cultural fields.


The aim of this study was to provide baseline data for use in the development of tailored interventions for helping Korean adolescent smokers to adopt smoking cessation. Therefore, I chose to develop a new instrument that reflected the social context of Korean adolescents. Given that transcultural comparison is also important in communicating study results, it would have been wise to use a translated instrument if there was one with established validity and reliability. Waltz, Strickland, and Lenz (2005) contended that the purpose, population, setting, and time perspective should be evaluated when considering the use of existing instruments. Most of the instruments previously developed using the transtheoretical model have targeted adult smokers in community settings of the United States, and, therefore, some items need to be rephrased, reorganized, or deleted to fit into the school settings of Korean adolescent smokers. For example, "I recall articles dealing with the problem of quitting smoking" was included for consciousness-raising in the instrument developed by Prochaska, Velicer, DiClemente, and Fava (1988), which had established content validity and internal consistency reliabilities. This item was substituted with "I know that smoking cessation campaigns are underway on the Internet and TV" for consistency with adolescents now preferring to watch TV and use the Internet rather than read newspapers or magazines. Moreover, Prochaska et al. (1988) included "remove things from my home that remind me of smoking" and "remove things from my place of work that remind me of smoking" for stimulus control. These questions were combined and changed to "removing things from around myself that remind me of smoking," and a new item was added to allow for the situation of adolescents: "I avoid friends who smoke so as to control my smoking desire." Although the instruments in the present study were developed based on existing instruments and exhibited construct validity based on a factor analysis, only one expert assessed the content validity of the newly developed instruments. Therefore, in the development of new instruments, it is recommended that future studies establish the content validity by consultation with multiple experts. The present study included the pros and cons of smoking for decisional balance. I assumed that tobacco users would be familiar with the pros and Western Journal of Nursing Research Volume 29 Number 3 April 2007 319-321 © 2007 Sage Publications 10.1177/0193945906295530 http://wjn.sagepub.com hosted at http://online.sagepub.com


This application report presents a TMS320F280x based digital control design and implementation of a high frequency dc-dc switching power supply. Starting with a dc-dc buck converter and a given set of performance specifications, different control blocks and parameters, used as in the analog control design approach, are reviewed prior to the control design in digital domain. The control loop is then analyzed and the digital controllers are designed using different control design approaches. Code examples are provided illustrating the controller implementation using TMS320F280x DSP controller. MATLAB based digital control design approaches presented here are finally validated with multiple test results from a prototype converter. The sample code described in this document can be downloaded from http://www.ti.com/lit/zip/SPRAAB3.


Growth of Ag islands under ultra‐high vacuum condition on air‐oxidized Si(110)‐(5 × 1) surfaces has been investigated by in situ reflection high energy electron diffraction and ex situ scanning electron microscopy and cross‐sectional transmission electron microscopy. A thin oxide is formed on Si via exposure of the clean Si(110)‐(5 × 1) surface to air. The oxide layer has a short range order. Deposition of Ag at different thicknesses and at different substrate temperatures reveal that the crystalline qualities of the Ag film are almost independent of the thickness of the Ag layer and depend only on the substrate temperature. Ag deposition at room temperature leads to the growth of randomly oriented Ag islands while preferred orientation evolves when Ag is deposited at higher temperatures. For deposition at 550 °C sharp spots in the reflection high energy electron diffraction pattern corresponding to an epitaxial orientation with the underlying Si substrate are observed. The presence of a short range order on the oxidized surface apparently influences the crystallographic orientation of the Ag islands. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Complex bioimpedance measurement is an important key which enables to characterize the state of tissues and organs. Body fat content, tissue ischemia, skin hydration are some different areas where it is widely used. As compared to conventional methods, new tetrapolar method has been investigated to calculate the bioimpedance based on magnitude ratio and phase difference detection technique. Low power consumption, low cost and its simpler design make it more popular and efficient technique than traditional bioimpedance measuring system.


We prove optimal bounds in L^2(R^2) for the maximal oper- ator obtained by taking a singular integral along N arbitrary directions in the plane. We also give a new proof for the optimal L^2 bound for the single scale Kakeya maximal function.


Applying three new type variable restrictors, new static characteristic formulas and optimum restrictive parameters ,nearly constant clearance of hydrostatic sliding way was gotten in a wide load range.The algebraic equation for bearing clearance and pad load is a three exponent function,by selecting the flow line of two inflexions of the curve as load range,higher moving precision was obtained.


CANMET is a new residuum hydrocracking process, capable of achieving high conversion on difficult feedstocks. A description is given of the process and detailed performance data are presented for the upgrading of Laguna vacuum bottoms. The economic performance of the technology is evaluated in a case study where CANMET unit for upgrading vacuum bottoms is incorporated into a conventional refinery. CANMET is shown to offer an excellent route for upgrading heavy vacuum residues, yielding a 25.5% DCF return with a payout time of 4.2 years. 5 refs.


In biological and its related sciences, the demands of high-spatial-resolution observation are increasing, and the demands are suggested by that the recent development of some super resolution techniques with luminescent staining methods. The luminescent staining methods are also used to identify organelles in a bio-cell and are standard techniques for the identification of the organelles [1]. X-ray microscopy is recently developed because it shows the high spatial resolution without any staining of organelles. On the other hand, the organelles observed in X-ray microscope images cannot be exactly identified because there is no identification information. One of the solutions to identify the organelles is to combine of the usual staining-methods for organelle-identification with X-ray microscopy. In this study, an instrument capable of both visible and X-ray was constructed.


Ants are a group of social insects that belong to the order Hymenoptera and the Family Formicidae. This study aims to determine the type of ants (Formicidae) in the Mangrove Area of Tatengesan Village, Southeast Minahasa. This research occurred in Tatengesan Village, Posumaen District, Southeast Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi. The research method uses a purposive sampling method with the placement of the paths determined based on considerations taking into account the physical and biological conditions that affect the presence of ants in the field. Observation lines were made in as many as three transects, each with four observation plots. Data was collected using adhesive paper traps (Fly Sheet) and direct capture method (hand collecting) and analyzed using the Shannon-Weiner diversity index, species richness index, and species evenness index. Placement of self-adhesive paper on each transect, including lower tree stratum, highest tide limit, middle tree stratum, and upper tree stratum. Based on the results of the research on the observation transect, there were five genera, namely Anoplolepis with 25 individual ants, Camponotus with 31 individual ants, Crematogaster with 98 individual ants, Oecophylla 2168 ants, and Tetraponera 6 individual ants from 6 species of ants consisting of Anoplolepis gracilipes, Camponotus atriceps, Camponotus sp., Crematogaster scutellaris, Oecophylla smaragdina, and Tetraponera nigra. The highest number of genera obtained was Oecophylla, the highest number of species was Oecophylla smaragdina, and the number of individuals caught was 2168.


My participation in this discussion of the coat and skin in Animal Adaptation and Production can only be justified on the basis that as an explorer, geographer and climatologist I have tried to understand the mechanism of adjustment of myself and other men to extremes of environment through the range of some 200 to 300 degrees Fahrenheit. Even though I have worked in close association at times with physiologists, I cannot assume to speak as one of them but rather to summarize some of the understanding I gained from them which tended to explain my own observations.


Under the condition of mobile rain-proof shelter,by cultivating in pots containing soil in combination with the pond culture,with summer maize(Zea may L.) as material,the experiment in regulated deficit irrigation(RDI) was conducted,The results showed that RDI in summer maize was a practicable technology for water-saving,high-yield and high-efficiency.Under appropriate amount of water deficit at right stages,Tr decreased obviously,and Pn diminution was not obvious.There were super-compensation effects in photosynthesis and photosynthetic products accumulation after re-watering.The proportion of photosynthetic products distributed in the grains tends to increase.RDI was able to control vegetative growth,and promote reproductive growth.The indexes of RDI for water-saving and high-yield in summer maize as are follows: the stage of regulated water deficit is three leaves-jointing,the amount of water deficit is 45%FC~65%FC,or regulated water deficit during jointing-heading,the amount of water deficit is 60%FC~65%FC,and the water deficit duration is 21days.RDI increased yield by 25.24%,water consumption decreased by 15.41%,water use efficiency(WUE) increased by 45.05% as compared with conventional irrigation. Two mathematical models were established based on the data from three-factor quadratic rotational regression design experiment.Various optimal schemes for the combination of RDI and agronomic techniques under various objectives were worked out by computerizing simulation.


During the 2014-2015 fissure eruption of Bárðarbunga volcano in Iceland the central caldera experienced continuous subsidence of more than 65 meter. The subsidence was accompanied by a notable seismic sequence of 77 M> 5 earthquakes, for which full moment tensors and relative centroid locations were estimated. Strain release by earthquake rupture cluster mostly beneath the northern and southern caldera rims. We interpreted the earthquake radiation as frictional controlled rupture at segments of the caldera ring fault and additional sub-vertical CLVD sources below, possibly related to the response of the magma reservoir feeding the Bardabunga fissure eruption.


This paper establishes air-defense missile ballistic mathematical model and the TBM penetration probability model is set with queuing law.By simulation calculating,the influences on the TBM penetration ability are quantitatively discussed,such as TBM attacking density,defense weapon amount,fire unit interception probability and so on.This paper further presents a missile technology and tactical manage approach to enhance TBM penetration ability under the condition of the air-defense missile defense system.


Zebrafish terra encodes a transcription factor that is specifically expressed in developing somites. Previous studies suggested that this gene is involved in vertebrate somitogenesis. In this study, the genomic DNA of terra locus was isolated and its organization was investigated. The analysis showed that terra locus consists of 3 introns and occupies 3154 bp in the genome of zebrafish. The exon intron junctions of the second and third introns conform to the GT AG rule, while the first intron has the unusual junction sequences of GT AC. An IPTG inducible expression system was established to produce terra protein in bacterial cells. Overexpression of terra protein leads to the formation of inclusion bodies in the bacterial cells. The protein will be used to study its structure and function. 


Modern day power systems in the restructured environment have grown to a level of complexity that the use of automation has become imperative for secure operation and control. The volume of significant events that occur in a multi-area interconnected power system has become enormous to an extent that system operators need intelligent systems to support them in decision making. This paper presents an implementation of complex event processor (CEP) for processing high level power system events from the perspective of a multi-area system. The definition and modeling of basic and complex high level events is carried out and an event processing engine is employed to process data streams in real time to detect the occurrence of the events. Online real time data on the high voltage Indian national grid is used in this paper for driving the CEP system with the objective of detecting the occurrence of complex events. The methodology, implementation and results of the proposed CEP system are presented.


Globalization and ethnic conflicts, the two hot issues in the world today, have become the major concerns in the research work of each country. Globalization, despite its beneficial rewards to the Western powers, has exerted negative influences on the social structure of the developing countries where ethnic conflicts and separatism become prevalent. In other words, globalization is one of the major causes of ethnic conflicts. The more severely these countries are stricken by globalization, the more intense the ethnic conflicts are.


Joining a super group has its perks, but it's not all smooth sailing. Learn about the potential problems you could face if you decide to leave it.


This volume presents twelve articles written by philosophers and scientists, who deal with the relation between theology (or religion) and natural sciences from different perspectives. Four articles (Harrison, Heller, Pinsent and Polkinghorne) have been originally written in English by leading promoters of the science-religion-dialogue, while the remaining articles have been written by outstanding German scholars. The book is divided into three parts, every part consisting of four articles. The first part illuminates different aspects of the relationship between science and religion in general, that is from the point of view of the philosophy of science. The other two parts focus on special sciences and on metaphysical and theological questions related to them. In particular, the second part relates to "physical and cosmological explorations" and the third part to "walks on the border in the realm of life sciences".


E-government is an area under strong development and the Swedish public administration is not an exception in that respect. There is a whole chain of processes connected with introduction of new te ...


Background: Medicines procurement processes in the public health facilities (PHFs) in Tanzania are characterized by two main procurement systems, the centralized and decentralized procurement systems. Policy for medicines procurement is in favour of the centralized procurement system, managed by the Medical Stores Department (MSD). Despite much effort of improving the access of medicines in the public health facilities, prices of medicines have remained substantially high for individuals to afford. Objective: The main objective of the survey was to assess medicines procurement price, availability and distribution of medicines in the centralized and decentralized procurement systems in the public health facilities in Dar es Salaam region. Methods: The study was an explorative cross-sectional survey that applies both quantitative and qualitative approaches to determine medicine procurement price of the centralized and decentralized systems, investigate the medicines availability in the selected public hospitals and asses the efficiency of distribution systems. Results: The result shows that median percentage availability of medicines in the hospital was 72.5 %. Overall median percentage availability of each individual medicine in the surveyed hospitals was 71.4%. The average median stock-out days per year was 97.2. The median decentralize, centralised and international reference prices were, Tshs 122.5, 77.7 and 63.35 respectively. MPR of the decentralized to international reference prices, centralized to international reference prices, and the decentralized to centralize procurement prices, the ratios were, 1.92, 1.1, and 1.85 respectively. Conclusion: Findings of the study revealed that, availability of medicines is fairly high in public hospitals during day of data collection but high stock out for the past six months of review. There is no statistical significant difference in median prices across all procurement systems. However, there was statistical significance difference in MPRs of medicines procurement prices across the categories. The centralized procurement prices were reasonably cheaper compared to decentralized and international reference prices. Low order fulfilment rate in the centralized procurement and high supplier procurement lead time in the decentralized procurement systems are the factor contributing to the fairly high availability and stock out of medicines in the public hospitals.


By collectively leveraging advanced communications systems, sensing, drones, wearable technologies and large-scale data analysis, smart firefighting is envisioned as the next generation firefighting with the capacities of gathering massive real-time scene data, transferring them into useful information and insights for fire responders, and even providing them with more safe and accurate decisions. For smart firefighting, timeliness and accuracy are two foremost system requirements, yet they are unsatisfied in many applications. One reason for such dilemma is due to the underlying used computing architecture (i.e. cloud computing) that can produce extra latency in large-scale data transmission. To address this problem, we explore the firefighting field utilizing edge computing and discuss the overall system architecture, opportunities, challenges, as well as some early technical suggestions on building edge-enabled smart firefighting. To validate the feasibility of edge computing, we simulate the firefighting context and respectively deploy a video-based flame detection algorithm on a local Intel's edge computing platform and a remote Amazon EC2. The preliminary results show that edge computing can significantly increase system's reactive speed, with on average 50% reduction in system latency.


An automatic observation system of electrical prospecting with the function of safety guard against electrical shocks was made. Two programs (HITEIKOU. BAS and DEPTH2.BAS) are prepared for use this system effectively. One is the real time processing of data to draw contour maps of apparent resistivities and their changing rate. The other is the time series processing of long period data.


Modelling, forecasting and overall understanding of the dynamics of the power grid and its frequency are essential for the safe operation of existing and future power grids. Much previous research was focused on large continental areas, while small systems, such as islands are less well-studied. These natural island systems are ideal testing environments for microgrid proposals and artificially islanded grid operation. In the present paper, we utilise measurements of the power grid frequency obtained in European islands: the Faroe Islands, Ireland, the Balearic Islands and Iceland and investigate how their frequency can be predicted, compared to the Nordic power system, acting as a reference. The Balearic Islands are found to be particularly deterministic and easy to predict in contrast to hard-to-predict Iceland. Furthermore, we show that typically 2–4 weeks of data are needed to improve prediction performance beyond simple benchmarks.


This paper develops a simple model of reputation to show how firms operating in concentrated sectors can use the sponsorship of (general) human capital investments to trained workers as a device of commitment with prospective employees. Employees of firms that operate in concentrated sectors learn skills that are valuable only for a limited number of alternative employers. This gives monopsonistic power to the training firm over the trained workers. Foreseeing it, potential employees will be reluctant to work for the firm unless the employer is able to commit herself not to take advantage of such situation. It is argued that human resources policies including the provision of (specific or general) human capital to workers reduces employers' commitment costs. Evidence from the 1995 of the ECHP shows that, consistently with the predictions of the model, firms from more concentrated sectors are more likely to provide their workers with training, education and health insurance.