1. Measuring Immigrant Assimilation in the United States: (ABSTRACT) This report introduces a quantitative index that measures the degree of similarity between nativeand foreign-born adults in the United States. It is the ability to distinguish the latter group from the former that we mean when we use the term "assimilation." The Index of Immigrant Assimilation relies on Census Bureau data available in some form since 1900 and as current as the year before last. The index reveals great diversity in the experiences of individual immigrant groups, which differ from each other almost as much as they differ from the native-born. They vary significantly in the extent to which their earnings have increased, their rate of learning the English language, and progress toward citizenship. Mexican immigrants, the largest group and the focus of most current immigration policy debates, have assimilated slowly, but their experience is not representative of the entire immigrant population.


Searching MEDLINE (from 1966 to November 2001), EMBASE (from 1980 to November 2001), Cancerlit (from 1966 to November 2001) and the Cochrane Library (Issue 3, 2001) were searched. The authors also contacted experts in the field, searched the Internet, and checked the citations of studies and reviews obtained for additional studies. The search terms used were reported in detail. There were no language restrictions. It appears that unpublished literature was eligible, although the authors did not explicitly state this.


The article considers the possibility of developing university students' special genetic competences while going into the Mongolian Gerbil's fur coloration heritage. It gives the examples of interbreeding schemes of the certain phenotype animals, the analysis of genotypes through the polyhybrid interbreeding with the help of Microsoft Office Excel, the tasks on the Mongolian Gerbils' genetics.


As has been shown by previous research, students may possess various misconceptions in the area of thermal physics. In order to help them overcome misconceptions observed prior to instruction, we implemented a one-hour lecture-based intervention in their introductory thermal physics course. The intervention was held after the conventional lectures and homework sessions, and it consisted of three phases: individual working, hinting, and peer discussion. To probe students' conceptual understanding before, during, and after the intervention, use was made of a diagnostic test related to the multiphased process of an ideal gas [D. E. Meltzer, Am. J. Phys. 72, 1432 (2004)]. The students' conceptions were monitored by analyzing the explanations they provided and by recording the peer discussions of five voluntary pairs. The intervention helped students to realize the flaws in their explanations and increased the proportion of their scientific explanations, the increase being statistically significant in five tasks out of seven. When the same themes were addressed in a post-test, it was shown that the level of accurate explanations remained almost constant after the intervention, and hence it could be deduced that the impact had not been short-lived. In comparison with earlier studies conducted with the same material, our intervention produced a better learning outcome, the difference being 15–20 percentage points. In addition, the number of misconceptions on the part of the students was smaller in our study, although with individual exceptions. Hence, we conclude that the intervention was successful and that similar interventions could also be designed and implemented in other areas of physics.


Surveys of the spectral photon distribution of light in the understory of eight boreal forest stands in northern Alberta were made during 1984. Two seasonal patterns of change in the red:far-red (R:FR) ratio and in the amount of photosynthetically active radiation (expressed as a percentage of full sun, %PAR) were observed. In stands dominated by broadleaf deciduous trees, the R:FR ratio and %PAR values declined rapidly in May and June during the time of leaf expansion and then increased in association with leaf senescence in September. In stands dominated by mature evergreen conifers, both the R:FR ratio and %PAR values declined continuously from an early season high to a late season low. Several young evergreen stands exhibited no seasonal change in light characteristics. During mid-July, the R:FR ratios and %PAR values were lower in older stands than in younger stands of the same successional sequence. The variability in light characteristics within mature forests was higher in mid-July than in Septemb...


In this paper, we consider the use of a new parallel efficient global optimization algorithm based on the use of the pseudo expected improvement (PEI) criterion, for the optimal design of analog circuits. A comparison with the conventional efficient global optimization algorithm (EGO) is presented. We show, via two analog circuit designs that the proposed approach gives the same optimal circuit sizing but within reduced computing time.


This paper provides up-to-date analysis of the status of the undersea communication cables for Pacific Island countries. It identifies those countries with vulnerability to outages because they have just one cable and those countries that do not have a cable connection. This contribution to the 'Current Legal Developments' section builds upon the worldwide interest generated by a communication outage in Tonga early in 2022 and two announcements regarding cables for Kiribati late in 2021.


The fall of Western Roman Empire is an extreme important historical event.Traditional history has ever endowed it variety of important significance,such as the ruin of slavery society,the establishment of feudality in West,the widespread of Christianity in Continental Europe.However,from the historcal space-time structure,the classical civilization was a mediterranean world and the end of it and the fission of mediterranean world was a long process.Moreover,it also opened new spaces that the Western,Byzantine and Islamic civilizations around the sea confronted and the tripartite of forces.The new structure and interaction relations always regulates the running track of history of Mediterranean region since its birth.


Abstract Objectives  To assess the perceptions of genetic and metabolic bone disorders with a focus on X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) in the Middle East and Africa. Materials and Methods  An online survey of a convenience sample of physicians from relevant disciplines. The questions covered respondents' profiles, awareness of rare bone diseases, and XLH's burden, symptoms, and management. Results  A total of 139 respondents were included in the analysis. Responses came from the Arabian Gulf (41.7%), Middle East (20.1%), North Africa (17.3%), and Sub-Saharan Africa (20.9%). The largest single specialty was endocrinology (41%). When asked, 16 (11.5%) could not know about any metabolic/genetic bone diseases, and 123 respondents (88.5%) stated that they could think/were aware of some metabolic/genetic bone diseases, 111 enumerated various genetic and metabolic disorders. When they were presented with a typical case scenario of XLH, 18.0% of the respondents admitted ignorance of any possibility. However, 82.0% indicated having some idea of the condition. Of the latter group, 109 provided suggestions for possible diagnosis; the top single diagnosis was XLH. A smaller proportion of adult physicians had patients with symptoms attributed to XLH. Around three-quarters of respondents were aware of conventional therapy for XLH with vitamin D and phosphate supplementation. However, 89.8% of respondents welcomed specific biological therapy. Conclusions  Physicians are reasonably aware of XLH but have variable knowledge. They are unsatisfied with its conventional treatment. More in-depth knowledge of recognizing and modern management of bone metabolic and genetic conditions should be enhanced, particularly among adult physicians.


Recent optical conductivity experiments of doped graphene in the infrared regime reveal a strong background in the energy region between the intra and interband transitions difficult to explain within conventional pictures. We propose a phenomenological model taking into account the marginal Fermi liquid nature of the quasiparticles in graphene near the neutrality point that can explain qualitatively the observed features. We also study the electronic Raman signal and suggest that it will also be anomalous.


Density (ρ), and dielectric permittivity (ε) of the binary mixture of ethylene glycol + 1- propanol have been determined as a function of mole fraction of ethylene glycol at T = (298, 308 and 313)K. These measurements have been employed to compute thermodynamic properties like molar volume (V), and molar polarization (P) of the liquid mixtures. Excess properties such as VE, εE and PE for the binary mixture have also been calculated at different temperatures. In order to calculate the standard deviations of the excess properties, Redlich – Kister polynomial equation was used. The negative and positive values of the excess properties predicted the type and strength of molecular interactions between the components in the binary mixture.The excess molar volume for the mixture at all temperatures is found to be negative. The εE values for ethylene glycol + 1-propanol has been found to be negative at 298K and but positive values are obtained at 308 and 313K. The divergent magnitudes of εE values at different temperatures have been attributed to different strengths of hydrogen bond interactions as well as alignments of net dipoles.


Intelligent big data analytics and machine learning systems have been introduced to explain for the early diagnosis of neurological disorders. A number of scholarly researches about intelligent big data analytics in healthcare and machine learning system used in the healthcare system have been mentioned. The authors have explained the definition of big data, big data samples, and big data analytics. But the main goal is helping researchers or specialists in providing opinion about diagnosing or predicting neurological disorders using intelligent big data analytics and machine learning. Therefore, they focused on the healthcare systems using these innovative ways in particular. The information of platform and tools about big data analytics in healthcare is investigated. Numerous academic studies based on the detection of neurological disorders using both machine learning methods and big data analytics have been reviewed.


The method for performing automated operation on the workpiece by at least one autonomous device is provided. Method includes sensing a direction pattern to the positioning, the workpiece along the first path by a first autonomous device of the at least one autonomous device. Method also includes the the step of crossing the first path to a location within the first detected distance party first precision target mark positioning on a workpiece, along a first path by following the direction pattern detected by the autonomous device, It includes.


We propose a new measure for stationarity of a functional time series, which is based on an explicit representation of the $L^2$-distance between the spectral density operator of a non-stationary process and its best ($L^2$-)approximation by a spectral density operator corresponding to a stationary process. This distance can easily be estimated by sums of Hilbert-Schmidt inner products of periodogram operators (evaluated at different frequencies), and asymptotic normality of an appropriately standardised version of the estimator can be established for the corresponding estimate under the null hypothesis and alternative. As a result we obtain confidence intervals for the discrepancy of the underlying process from a functional stationary process and a simple asymptotic frequency domain level $\alpha$ test (using the quantiles of the normal distribution) for the hypothesis of stationarity of functional time series. Moreover, the new methodology allows also to test precise hypotheses of the form "the functional time series is approximately stationarity", which means that the new measure of stationarity is smaller than a given threshold. Thus in contrast to methods proposed in the literature our approach also allows to test for "relevant" deviations from stationarity. We demonstrate in a small simulation study that the new method has very good finite sample properties and compare it with the currently available alternative procedures. Moreover, we apply our test on annual temperature curves.


Bisphosphonates are used for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Long terms effects re
-
main unclear although several reports describe cases of proximal femur stress fractures or low energy fractures
associated with long term alendronate use. However, it is unclear the treatment that require this kind of fractures,
and there are discussions about the best decision between medical or surgical care strategy. We describe a case of
a 61 years old woman with 2 years bilateral femoral pain and alendronate therapy for more than 15 years. Radio
-
graphs and MRI images showed bilateral femoral stress fractures and cortical bone reaction. In this case we decide
surgical treatment whit bilateral intramedullary nailing


Orbital cellulitis (OC) refers to acute infection of soft tissues of the orbit behind orbital septum. As many as 11% cases of OC result in visual loss. Here, we report a 60-year-old female who is a known case of Type 2 diabetes mellitus presented with complaints of right-sided headache, unable to open right eyelid, and unable to move eyeball for 1 month. Magnetic resonance imaging brain with orbit contrast done showed right-sided OC with forming abscess. Nasal endoscopy was done and nasal swab culture showed growth of Staphylococcus aureus. The patient was kept on antibiotics and was discharged after improvement. Prompt diagnosis and proper management are essential for curing the patient with OC. This is particularly important to prevent visual loss and other severe life-threatening complications.


Abstract In an inventory and order based production control system (IOBPCS), there are three fundamental system parameters. One of these, the production delay time, is beyond the control of the IOBPCS designer. Indeed, the production delay may be highly variable with time due to a variety of problems commonly found in manufacturing industry. This uncertainty must be countered by the proper use of a feedback loop which detects and operates on inventory deviations. The IOBPCS designer is thus left with the forward path demand averaging time and feedback path gain to adjust, as best he can. This paper studies the ability of the IOBPCS to recover from shock demands, and to protect the manufacturing process from random variations in consumption. It is shown that the feedback path is of fundamental importance in good control, and that adequate performance cannot be obtained by feedforward alone. Dynamic recovery is examined graphically by separately identifying the feedforward and feedback components. Random di...


75 year-old-man was presented at Emergency department after falling from the second floor. Left-sided rib fractures with haemothorax and pneumothorax (Figure 1), and hemoperitoneum were diagnosed. ECG showed sinus rhythm, pathologic R-wave progression in V1-4 and repolarization abnormalities (Figure 2). Echocardiography revealed left ventricle (LV) with normal size and ejection fraction (EF) 53%. There were no cardiac mechanical complications and pericardial effusion. Lung drainage and abdominal laparoscopy performed immediately. On the next day patient represented with hypotension, high dose catecholamine infusion was started to maintain RR 90-95/60 mmHg. There was no breathing in the left chest and new systolic murmur with punctum maximum at the left lower sternal edge was heard. High-sensitivity Troponin I reached 416 pg/ml. Echocardiography revealed LV apical dyskinesia and additional cavity with systolic expansion and thin wall, separated from LV cavity – intramyocardial dissecting hematoma (Figure 3). No color Doppler flow was visualized in this structure (Figure


This study analysed the influence of the quality of outdoor products on perceived values, and recommendation intention. The objective of this study is to suggest the efficient operating direction for specialized outdoor products to grow as an axis of the outdoor industry. The survey was conducted for the customer of outdoor products shop, located in seoul and Gangwon-do. Total 223 were used for the analysis and analysis results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, innovation of outdoor customer was found to have a significant influence on perceived value. Second, perceives value was found to have a significant influence on recommendation intention of outdoor customer. The results of the empirical analysis shown in this study property support the theoretical standard system to achieve successful performance and useful information necessary for systematic operation of specialized outdoor products shop.


Over the years a number of guiding principles have developed to help in this tricky area of practice. In the United Kingdom, it has for many years been an accepted principle of trade mark practice that the addition of matter to a registered trade mark, which does not alter the meaning and character of the combined mark, will not lead to the later mark being deemed different to the registered trade mark. For example, a well known case from the nineteen sixties held that the mark BULOVA ACCUTRON was confusingly similar to the registered trade mark ACCURIST. BULOVA was the house mark of the defendant and the court held that the public would view the mark BULOVA ACCUTRON as two separate marks. ACCUTRON and ACCURIST were similar and thus infringement was found. However, this practice has never been tested before the European Court of Justice (ECJ), until now. On the 6th October 2005, the ECJ considered the matter of whether the marks THOMSON LIFE and LIFE were confusingly similar. Medion AG ('Medion') is the owner in Germany of the trade mark LIFE for leisure electronic devices. Thomson Multimedia Sales Germany & Austria GmbH ('Thomson') forms part of one of the largest companies in the world in the leisure electronic devices sector. Thomson began marketing its products under the mark THOMSON LIFE. In July 2002, Medion brought an action before the Landgericht (Regional Court) of Dusseldorf for trade mark infringement. The Landgericht rejected the application on the ground that there was no likelihood of confusion between the marks THOMSON LIFE and LIFE. Medion appealed the decision to the Oberlandesgericht (Higher Regional Court) Dusseldorf which decided to refer the matter to the ECJ for consideration. The Oberlandesgericht commented that the current case law of the German Federal Court of Justice was based on a theory known as 'Pragetheorie' (theory of impression conveyed). Pragetheorie holds that in order to assess whether two marks, which contain a common element, are similar it is necessary to consider the overall impression conveyed by each of the two marks and to ascertain whether the common component characterises the composite mark to the extent that the other components are largely secondary to the overall impression of the mark. There will be no likelihood of confusion if the common component merely contributes to the overall impression of the sign. It will not matter whether the trade mark incorporated still …


Method and device for controlling and monitoring of a resistance welding operation, the welding current intensity being changed during operation on the action by the voltage applied on the electrodes. According to the invention, the method comprises combining the regulation of the heating parameter (depending on the voltage applied to the electrodes) and the regulation of the welding time (depending on the rate of decrease of the electric resistance) with desired values  Application: non-destructive testing of weld quality .


third essay, by Josh Lauer, uses the Marxist concept of alienation in turning to the issue of consumer surveillance. The second part of the book contains seven chapters dealing with specific communications technologies in relation to audiences and their media participation. These cover blogs and their potential in the world of established media; early Spanish newspapers and the high degree of participation they allowed; the question of ownership in the Latina/o press; youthproduced radio and radio training; The War Tapes, an independent participatory film project in which members of a New Hampshire National Guard unit filmed their experiences in Iraq; a series of YouTube films produced by faith-based and community groups involved in the reconstruction of New Orleans; and as an afterword, a brief consideration of the people formerly known as the audience. The editors, Nico Carpentier and Benjamin de Cleen, provide an introduction and Sonia Livingstone adds a preface. Altogether, a useful collection that reopens the question of access and participation, and will help move debate along in this changing area of the media landscape.


The dominance of English as the international lingua franca has led to rampant Anglocentrism and the reification of concepts that are in fact culturespecific. One such concept, often thought to refer to a universal human "attribute," is the ethnopsychological personhood construct mind. In this paper, I argue that the best weapon to combat Anglocentrism is the English language itself—or rather, a metalanguage based on what English shares with all other languages of the world. That metalanguage, which has existed for some time, is known as the "Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM)". This paper shows how far NSM practitioners have come in their efforts to demonstrate that the word mind is a cultural construct that has nothing universal about it and that cannot be used to define the ethnopsychological personhood constructs of other languages. Instead, it is just as culture-specific as any other ethnopsychological personhood construct and does not deserve any special status.


In State of California v. Superior Court (Lyon), the California Supreme Court applied California's public trust doctrine to the shores of navigable, nontidal water (the shorezone)2 and to some swamp and overflowed lands. The court held that the owner of marshland bordering on a navigable lake holds his land subject to the public trust, 4 which prohibits land use "incompatible with the public's interest in the property." 5 The decision affects a large amount of land. Four thousand miles of shoreline along 24 navigable lakes and 31 navigable rivers in the state are involved.6 Shorezone is extremely important to the people of California for economic, recreational and ecological reasons. 7 This Comment argues that, in view of the shorezone's value, the court was correct in applying the public trust to shorezones and to some swamp and overflowed lands. Yet in reaching the correct result, the court seriously compromised the opinion's future effect by misusing and ignor-


In the field of human-machine interaction, gesture recognition using sparse multichannel surface electromyography (sEMG) remains a challenge. Based on the Hilbert filling curve, a dual-view multi-scale convolutional neural network (DVMSCNN) is designed to enhance gesture recognition performance in this paper. The network consists of two parts. In the first part, sEMG is filled using Hilbert filling curve, and the obtained images in the time and electrode domain are used as inputs to the block. In the second part, the depth features learned by block are fused and classified by a "layer fusion" based view aggregation network. The evaluation of the architecture in the four databases of Ninapro-DB1, DB2, DB3 and DB4 shows that DVMSCNN is more than 7% more accurate than other state-of-the-art methods. When validated using a home-grown dataset, DVMSCNN was able to achieve a recognition rate of 0.8848.


The three previous chapters have provided in-depth and detailed studies of the UPE experience of three countries, one from Western, one from Eastern and one from Southern Africa. This chapter and the next are designed to add two outlines – of Nigeria as the most populous African country and Tanzania as a case where scarce resources did not inhibit educational development. For reasons of time and resource constraints, these two cases were not studied so deeply, but the research team believe that the narratives that follow will enrich and illuminate the whole issue of sustaining and maintaining UPE.


To the Editor: Venta Donecet et al. performed an original randomized, double-blind, controlled trial: "The effectiveness of Kinesio Taping for mobility and functioning improvement in knee osteoarthritis: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial." in the recent issue of the Journal of the Clinical Rehabilitation. This study involved 187 subjects with symptomatic I–III grade KO. They were divided into specific Kinesio Taping and nonspecific knee taping groups. The author concluded that the investigated Kinesio Taping technique did not produce better mobility and functioning improvement results over non-specific knee taping but had higher patient-reported subjective value for symptom attenuation and experienced mobility enhancement. We want to propose one issue in this study. According to the research, the identifier in ClinicalTrials.gov is NCT03076177. The outcome measures in the clinical protocol contain multiple secondary outcomes (knee pain intensity, patella tendon pain threshold, knee function, leg circumference, and knee flexion), and the primary outcomes measure used Numeric Pain Rating Scale (an 11-point scale from 0–10. "0"= no pain, "10" = the most intense pain imaginable) to evaluated knee pain intensity from baseline at 4 weeks in the protocol. Nevertheless, the published manuscript presented Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores (KOOS) to evaluate the knee pain intensity. Regarding the secondary outcomes in the study, we could not find the results about the patella tendon pain threshold from baseline at 4 weeks or 8 weeks; the leg circumference (thigh, knee, and calf) and knee pain intensity from baseline at 8 weeks in the list of the secondary outcomes in the research protocol. All the outcomes in the study were used to evaluate knee function. We wondered why the Visual Analogy Score or Numeric Pain Rating Scale was not used to assess the pain intensity because these two outcomes have been widely recognized, especially in musculoskeletal pain.


This paper analyses the economic and financial situation in the present China. The analysis shows that China should practice a measurable monetary policy in the mid term, while this year, the quantity of money supply should be enlarged and an advisable monetary policy must be practised. The background for the interest rate reduction and possible consequences are also given.


The deflagration-to-detonation transition on the tip of an elongated flame in a tube is shown to be related to a dynamical saddle-node bifurcation of the inner flame structure leading to a runaway of the pressure in finite time. The comparison with the experiments shows a good agreement.


Bedload transport measurements in two upland streams are considered as a function of the excess stream power exerted on the bed by the flow.

During low flows when the framework gravels remain undisturbed, fine sediments are winnowed from the bed-surface layer once a threshold of 3·4 W m−2 is exceeded and the transport rate is strongly supply limited. However for stream powers in excess of 15 W m−2 framework gravels are mobilized and the efficiency of the transport process approaches a local maximum of about 1 per cent for discharges up to 2/3 of bankfull.

An inverse depth dependence in the efficiency of the transport process was noted but although bedload calibre increased as a function of discharge its influence on efficiency could not be demonstrated. However it was suspected that the size-sorting relationships of the bed-material in a number of rivers in relation to the transport efficiency might profitably be examined further.


Abstract : This thesis examines the Beagle Channel dispute in its entirety, beginning with the initial discovery of the area, to the 1984 Treaty of Peace and Friendship which has tentatively resolved the century-long dispute. It contains an examination of the various treaties and arbitrations which have occurred over the last 100 years, and also the incidents which have occurred due to the absence of an effective treaty. Additionally, this thesis examines the numerous subsidiary issues which have affected all efforts by Argentina and Chile to being able to resolve the dispute, to include petroleum reserves in the area, fishing rights, territorial claims in Antarctica and national pride and esteem. Finally, this thesis provides that the Beagle Channel dispute is only a symptom of more important problems in the area, which include political and economic expansionism, the need to acquire valuable natural resources, and the need to find new locations for expanding populations.


This chapter deals with pragmatics and proposes an analysis of various modifiers applied to different types of nouns. It examines expansions that occur with nouns, and looks at the placement of the modifiers with respect to their governing nouns. The chapter presents the concepts that serve an analysis of the ordering of the elements within noun phrases, namely factors that may affect the internal order of noun phrases: pragmatic aspects; values that adjectives or genitives can exhibit, and the contextual status of referents. It provides an overview of the nouns examined. The chapter is devoted to quantifying expressions, specification of a referent, description of a referent, evaluation of a referent, identification of a referent, expressions of possession, valency complements, optional complements, and complex noun phrases. It argues that the semantic value of adjectives and genitives may be more or less "actualized".Keywords: adjectives; noun phrase; pragmatic aspects; referent; semantic value; valency complements


Stability analysis of neural-network-based nonlinear control has presented great difficulties. For a rigid-body robotic manipulator whose nonlinearities are unknown, we employed linear-parameter-neural-networks to approximate on-line the unknown nonlinearities and then succeeded in designing the control law and the adaptive law of neural network weights. It is shown that the proposed control is continuous, guarantees global stability without knowledge of nonlinear dynamics, and ensures a finite upper bound on the attenuation performance index. That is, the proposed control is both robust and optimal. Simulation results show that the controller we proposed exhibits robustness and excellent tracking performance.


This Malay kingdom inherited the Malacca Kingdom's power, including Kelantan, Perak, Terengganu, Pahang, Johor, Singapore, Bintan, Lingga, Inderagiri, Kampar, Siak, and Rokan. In the present context, this area is the territory of three countries (Indonesia-Malaysia-Singapore). As time passed, the area of Malay glory began to split in two with the 1824 London agreement between the Dutch and the British. The struggle for territory by these two countries has made Riau, Lingga, Johor, and Pahang, which are one cultural family, must be separated. The British controlled the Malay Peninsula, now Malaysia, while the Dutch controlled the archipelago of Indonesia. This paper is qualitative research that uses a historical approach. The method used in reconstructing past events related to Indonesia-Malaysia-Singapore relations before the 1824 London Treaty went through four stages of work, namely heuristics (source collection), source criticism (external/material and internal/content), interpretation (interpretation), and historiography. (writing historical stories). The primary sources used in this research are Malay manuscripts from the 18th and 19th centuries. This research shows that Indonesia Malaysia Singapore have the same socio-cultural roots. The emotional bond was not disturbed after the London Agreement of 1824, which was agreed upon by the British and Dutch colonial governments.


The formation of tolerance among young people has recently become an important aspect in the research of scientists of the psychological and pedagogical direction. This is due to a number of aggressive manifestations that are unacceptable for modern society in students of schools and universities. In this regard, the purpose of the article is to develop a scheme for the formation of tolerance to asocial phenomena and experimentally prove its effectiveness in the process of professional pedagogical education. The research was conducted by 72 students – future teachers with the use of the author's scheme for the formation of social tolerance in the holistic educational process at the university. The peculiarity of the author's development was the use of interactive teaching methods and methods of the theory of solving inventive problems. For statistical evidence of the effectiveness of the implementation of the author's research, the Wilcoxon T-test was used. The practical implementation of the experiment showed the effectiveness of the author's development in forming students' tolerance for differences in society, culture, behavior that does not go beyond legal norms, and intolerance for violation of moral norms of behavior in society.


PURPOSE: A search-based English word input system and method using an on-screen key is provided to input and display the corresponding word with the input of a part of the alphabet. CONSTITUTION: A word DB(DataBase)(140) stores English words. A search result DB(150) stores the searched words. A search engine(130) searches the word DB with the inputted alphabet. The search engine stores the searched words in the search result DB. A keyboard display and input module(120) displays a first keyboard and a second keyboard in an on-screen keyboard part(110) for successively inputting alphabets. The keyboard display and input module requests the word corresponding to the alphabet inputted through the on-screen keyboard part. The keyboard display and input module displays a third keyboard in the on-screen keyboard part for inputting the search result word and the next alphabet. If the number of the search result word in the input of the third keyboard is under the specific number, a fourth keyboard is displayed in the on-screen keyboard for inputting the search word.


1. Freedom of the Press. 2. Media-Government Relationship. 3. Media and the Public Trust. 4. People's Right to Know. 5. Public Access to the Media. 6. Media Bias and Political Leanings. 7. Power of the Media. 8. Quality of Media Content. 9. Journalistic Objectivity. 10. Deciding What Is News. 11. News-Gathering Tactics. 12. Journalistic Ethics. 13. The New Communitarianism and Public Journalism. 14. Propaganda and the Media. 15. Race and Ethnicity. 16. Advertising. 17. Public Relations. 18. Journalism as a Profession. 19. Globalism and the Media.


A number of effective classification algorithms have been developed for spoken language recognition, and it has been a common practice in the NIST Language Recognition Evaluations (LREs) that an information fusion is applied to boost the performance of the recognition system. This paper investigates the fusion of multiple output scores generated using different classifiers that complement to further reduce the classification error rate in spoken language recognition. We introduce a local performance metric to optimize the performance of the classifier fusion. The experiments are conducted on the 2009 NIST LRE corpus. The experimental results show that the proposed fusion effectively improves the performance over individual classifiers.


STRONGYLOIDES STERCORALIS INFECTION AFTER SIMULTANEOUS PANCREAS AND KIDNEY TRANSPLANT; A CASE REPORT IN SURVIVAL Ameena Bagree, Amber Podoll, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas USA Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection has been described rarely in single solid organ transplant patients but never in dual organ transplants to date. It is associated with a very high mortality rate (80-90%). We present a 50 year old Canadian-born male 4 months status post simultaneous pancreas kidney (SPK) transplant that was maintained on prograf, mycophenolic acid and low dose prednisone. He had several months of indolent symptoms of nausea and diarrhea with no identifiable source and multiple negative stool cultures. He, then, acutely represented with diarrhea, vomiting, larva currens abdominal rash, and acute respiratory failure with no readily identifiable exposures. Mycophenolic acid was discontinued. Extensive Strongyloides larval infiltration was detected by duodenal biopsy with massive shedding in nasogastric and respiratory secretions. An initial regimen of enteric Ivermectin 15mg daily and Albendazole 400mg BID was started. His Ivermectin was titrated to three times daily. The patient improved clinically and was extubated 10 days after initiation of therapy. Ivermectin was discontinued following negative larval samples from stool, tracheal, and gastric aspirates but had to be resumed due to one episode of recurrence of larva. Once the larval samples cleared, the ivermectin dosing was eventually minimized to the lowest possible dose and tapered off along with albendazole. The main concern during his therapeutic course was diminished responsiveness and neurotoxicity from ivermectin. The patient has now begun to make a slow neurologic recovery and long term outcomes remain to be determined. His renal and pancreatic grafts remained fully functional throughout his illness. This unique case highlights the importance of aggressive, early diagnosis and proposes a potential treatment regimen that can reduce this infection's high mortality.


The Urban Institute conducts the National Survey of America's Families (NSAF) to assess the New Federalism by surveying children and adults in 12 states and in the balance of the nation. The 12 states account for about 50 percent of the country's population. The initial round of the NSAF took place in 1997, with followup rounds in 1999 and 2002. The major objective of the study is assessing the effects of the devolution of responsibility for major social programs. A consortium of foundations, led by the Annie E. Casey Foundation, funds NSAF. Westat is responsible for the sample design, data collection, and weighting. The survey is a dual frame design with a random digit dialing (RDD) sample and an area probability sample. In this paper we consider only the RDD sample. See Cunningham, Martin, and Brick (2003) and the Urban Institute's URL for more details on the survey and its methodology (www.urban.org).


In this note we present a solution to the question of whether or not, in the presence of torsion, the topological Nieh-Yan term contributes to chiral anomaly. The integral of Nieh-Yan term is non-zero if topology is non-trivial; the manifold has a boundary or vierbeins have singularities. Noting that singular Nieh-Yan term could be written as a sum of delta functions, we argue that the heat kernel expansion cannot end at finite steps. This leads to a sinusoidal dependence on the Nieh-Yan term and the UV cut-off of the theory (or alternatively the minimum length of spacetime). We show this ill-behaved dependence can be removed if a quantization condition on length scales is applied. It is expected as the Nieh-Yan term can be derived as the difference of two Chern class integrals (i.e. Pontryagin terms). On the other hand, in the presence of a cosmological constant, we find that indeed the Nieh-Yan term contributes to the index with a dimensionful anomaly coefficient that depends on the de Sitter length or equivalently inverse Hubble rate. We find similar result in thermal field theory where the anomaly coefficient depends on temperature. In both examples, the anomaly coefficient depends on IR cut-off of the theory. Without singularities, the Nieh-Yan term can be smoothly rotated away, does not contribute to topological structure and consequently does not contribute to chiral anomaly.


The experiments proved that expected goals were attained and better results were achieved "structure directional in hurdle teaching" structure directional can improve teaching quality and questions about the application way structure directional to teach the sport skills of the Track and Field so as to improve the teaching theory and produce reference for the teaching way were discussed.


Mg(OH)2 (MH) nanoparticles were synthesized by hydration of the light-burned MgO at low temperature (70°C) with the additive of magnesium acetate. Mg(OH)2 nanoparticles have platelet-like structure and approximately 20-40 nm in thicknesses. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were applied to characterize the crystal phase, size distribution and morphology of the crystal particles. The effect mechanism of magnesium acetate was proposed


Small cells are attractive nodes for building infrastructure with comparably reduced cost. To effectively deploy small cells in mobile networks, mobility performance is the main issue because of smaller coverage. The paper focuses on the reduction of handover failure when a mobile moves out of small cells, which has the highest handover failure rate. Proposed handover scheme reduces handover failure by minimizing interruption time for handover preparation. In addition, the mobile can directly connect to the target cell if the source cell's channel condition goes below a threshold. Furthermore, the scheme can be provided with existing LTE handover procedure. To verify the performance of the proposed scheme, the latency for radio access is compared and the proposed scheme shows the minimization of handover interruption time.


The magnetostatic energy E m in bulk materials containing inhomogeneities cannot be neglected. Its significance suggests an approach similar to the domains in magnetic thin films. As a first approximation, the domain wall is assumed to be planar and its propagation one-dimensional. Examples of grain boundary parallel and perpendicular to the domain wall were illustrated. Next, the planar constraint on the domain wall was relaxed. The domain subwalls were assumed to move sinusoidally in its length. For an assumed path of domain wall movement, the energetics of the energy terms E EX , E AN , and E m were evaluated. The motion is similar to the recently proposed new mode of Neel wall motion by Slonczewski, namely, the Neel-wall breathing. The motion becomes two-dimensional in its propagations.


The parts of the Gibraltar Mountain (AZ-050-012) and Planet Peak (AZ-050-013) Wilderness Study Areas for which mineral surveys were requested by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management encompass 18,807 and 16,430 acres, respectively, in west-central Arizona. Throughout this report, reference to those specific areas, or to the "study areas" refers only to those parts of the wilderness study areas for which mineral surveys were requested. Field work was carried out during the winter and spring of 1988 by the U.S. Bureau of Mines and the U.S. Geological Survey to appraise the identified (known) resources and assess the potential for undiscovered mineral resources in the study areas. The study areas lie within a region containing welldeveloped detachment faults, including the Buckskin-Rawhide detachment fault that is present in and adjacent to the study areas. Numerous small hematitic copper prospects are associated with this fault, but neither study area has identified mineral resources. The region currently is of interest for gold exploration. The mineral resource potential in the Gibraltar Mountain Wilderness Study Area is high for copper, iron, and gold and low for silver, barite, manganese, and fluorite in and near the Mammon mine along the southwest edge of the study area. In the northwest corner of that study area the mineral resource potential is moderate for copper, iron, and Manuscript approved for publication, Aug. 27, 1990 gold and low for silver, barite, manganese, and fluorite. Basaltic rocks that cover much of the study area are probably not mineralized, but the underlying rocks may be; thus the underlying rocks have an unknown potential for copper, iron, gold, manganese, silver, barite, and fluorite resources. The mineral resource potential in the Planet Peak Wilderness Study Area is high for copper, iron, and gold and low for barite, manganese, and fluorite in those areas of exposed upperplate rocks and is moderate for copper, iron, and gold and low for barite, manganese, and fluorite in exposed lowerplate rocks. The mineral resource potential for silver around the Pride mine is high and elsewhere is low. Areas covered by Quaternary and Tertiary alluvium have an unknown potential for all these elements except in the alluvium-covered areas along the south, southeast, and northeast margins of the study area, which have a high resource potential for copper, iron, and gold in upper-plate rocks beneath the alluvium. The study areas have no potential for oil and gas or for geother-


Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the level of quality of life and related factors in type 2 diabetic patients who were followed up at the Primary Care Unit of a university hospital in southern Thailand.Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in type 2 diabetes patients who were continuously followed up at the primary care unit. Quality of life was the primary outcome assessed by the World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief-Thai questionnaire and related factors were analyzed using the multivariate generalized linear model.Results: This study included 158 patients who fit our eligibility criteria. The median age was 66 years old and median duration of diabetes was 10 years. Most had comorbidities and a quarter had diabetic complications. The results show 64.6% of the study sample had a good level of quality of life and no one had a bad level of quality of life. The results of multivariate generalized linear model show that no factors were associated with overall quality of life. Obesity was statistically significantly associated with a lower quality of life in the physical health dimension [odd ratio (OR)=0.35 (0.14, 0.89), p-value=0.027] and diabetic complications were associated with a lower quality of life in the psychological dimension [OR=0.27 (0.08, 0.85), p-value=0.025].Conclusion: Most diabetic patients had a good quality of life. There were no factors associated with overall quality of life, but obesity and diabetic complications were statistically significantly associated with some dimensions of quality of life. Healthcare providers should assess aspects of quality of life in patients with chronic diseases.


The diversity of personality possessed by humans makes one hesitate to explore the work that interests him. The world of psychology has several test tools that can be used to analyze a person's personality which is the end result of a test that is used to see a person's personality tendency and what type of work is suitable for the interest, where current state and private companies still use manual tests by making questionnaires or a series of questions which will be given to the object which is employee candidate to study. Then the questionnaire is filled in by each object so that the value is collected and recalculated, by using a manual system an employee will wait a very long time to see the results.To solve this problem, a system is designed to facilitate the analysis of the personality of prospective employees and to place them in the positions or professions. The system was designed using the Edward Personal Preference Schedule method is one of the personality test tools that is able to reveal 15 personalities. Based on the results of the processed data there are 3 types of personality, the first type is a personality with the highest score, namely autonomy with a score of 18, the second type is affiliation with a score of 17, and the third type is domination with a score of 17 so it can be concluded that respondents X were advised to work in military sections such as the TNI.


The measuring task, the engineering constraints, and the resulting design of the stratospheric and mesospheric sounder are described in broad terms. The calibration system and its performance are discussed in more detail. One significant side effect in the design and its impact on the fields of view is also discussed. The major lessons for future pressure modulator radiometer designs are summarized.


In this paper, we study massless braneworld black holes as gravitational lenses. We find the weak and the strong deflection limits for the deflection angle, from which we calculate the positions and magnifications of the images. We compare the results obtained here with those corresponding to Schwarzschild and Reissner-Nordstrom spacetimes, and also with those found in previous works for some other braneworld black holes.


BETWEEN the two great social classes in ante-bellum Mississippi, the whites and the slaves, there lived a third group composed of free negroes and mulattoes. Though this group was always comparatively small in Mississippi it received much attention from the white people-attention that was usually hostile and was caused by a lively apprehension of the potential dangers that lurked in the existence of this class. A study of the laws passed by the state legislature for the government and control of the free colored element will afford partial evidence of the hostile and fearful attitude of the white people toward the free negro. Such an examination will also form the background of our knowledge of the social and civil condition of this same group, though this background will have to be modified and supplemented by other facts before our ideas of the status of the free negro will approach reality. Probably the key to the condition of the free negro and mulatto' can be found in the assumption that all colored persons were considered slaves unless the contrary could be proved. This principle was most clearly stated at various times by the Supreme Court of Mississippi. In an opinion of this court it was held that " the laws of this state presume a negro prima facie to be a slave ".2 A few years later a lower court was upheld in certain instructions it had given to a jury, namely, that " if the jury believed that the plaintiff was a negro, it was primiZa facie evidence that he was a slave ". This theory is apparent in laws that were passed at various times requiring free colored persons to procure certificates of their unshackled condition. The general substance of these laws can be given briefly.4 Every free negro was required to present himself at court, county or probate, and give evidence of his non-servile condition. If the proof was satisfactory the court would have the negro supplied with a certified copy of the record. This certificate would


According to the feature of the passive carrier-envelope phase (CEP) stabilized idler of the optical parametric amplified process, a CEP stabilized three-stage collinear optical parametric amplifier is built. Millijoule ultrashort infrared output (1.4 mJ/40 fs/1 kHz at 1.8 μm) with CEP fluctuation ~516mrad is obtained from the system. After passing through a hollow-core fiber and block material, the pulses are finally compressed to less than two cycles (<12 fs), and the single pulse energy is 0.54mJ. The system provides an excellent laser source for the experiments of individual attosecond pulse generation and other high harmonic generation (HHG).


The measurement of customer assets value has become a significant task in the field of marketing. Although a series of achievements have been formed, the deeper research is still needed in the following aspects: how to build parameter estimation model of various variables based on the interaction among customer assets elements and how to get the scientific and available measured data. In order to solve these problems, this paper, based on the characteristics of customer relationship in Business to Business (B to B) enterprise and the analysis of the variable factors in the interactive models will systematically and practically use the seemingly unrelated regression method to construct three main parameters estimation models in the customer assets measurement model, and prove the feasibility of the model through a case study. Research results show that measurement model system constructed by this method solves the problem of interaction and germination among parameters influencing factors. At the same time, factors concentration simplifies data sources to ensure the reliability and objectivity of the data, and thus improve the accuracy and feasibility of the estimation of customer assets value.


The association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) in euthyroid subjects was in dispute. We aimed to investigate this issue in a population‐based cohort study.


To the Editor: We heartily applaud Dr. Antoniou et al for their important inquiry into the poorly understood associations in the natural history of systemic sclerosis (SSc) cardiopulmonary manifestations (1). The authors found that SSc patients with combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) had lower diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and higher ratios of forced vital capacity (FVC) percent predicted to DLCO percent predicted than SSc patients with isolated interstitial lung disease (ILD). Although not based on right heart catheterization (RHC) hemodynamics, these findings raise key concerns that may impact clinical trials and practice. We would like to introduce these additional points. Regarding the comparison of spirometry results between the groups, it is striking that FVC, a heavily reliedupon clinical trial measure in SSc-related ILD (2), was not lower in the SSc with CPFE group in Antoniou and colleagues' study, despite their having a larger extent of ILD than the patients without emphysema. This is consistent with prior descriptions of CPFE, which have demonstrated relatively normal FVC values despite significant ILD, perhaps due to a balance of restriction and gas trapping, which preserves lung volumes (3). The authors suggest that the presence of emphysema is unlikely to confound the use of FVC as a prognostic variable in SSc-related ILD, but these relatively normal lung volumes may lead to underrecognition of ILD when pulmonary function tests (PFTs) are used for screening. Also, change in FVC as an outcome measure may be influenced by these PFT differences, and prospective studies are warranted to determine change in FVC over time in this unique cohort. Regarding risk of pulmonary hypertension (PH) and CPFE, though the DLCO and FVC/DLCO ratios seen in SSc with CPFE may be caused by the presence of emphysema itself, it is equally plausible that patients with SSc and CPFE more commonly have PH, or have more severe PH, than the non-CPFE, SSc-related ILD cohort. In the non2connective tissue disease (CTD)2related CPFE literature, ;50% of CPFE patients have PH (3), which tends to be severe (4,5). In fact, patients with CTD-related CPFE (predominantly with SSc and rheumatoid arthritis) had more severe elevations in estimated pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) compared to those with CTD-related ILD without emphysema (6). Although in the study by Antoniou and colleagues the difference in rates of echocardiography-defined PH between the 2 cohorts was not statistically significant, PH occurred at a 50% higher rate in the SSc with CPFE group compared to the SSc-related ILD without emphysema group (24% versus 16%) (1); actual RHC-defined PH rates and the severity of existent PH were not reported. Thus, rather than disregarding an elevated FVC/DLCO ratio in SSc patients with CPFE as being confounded by emphysema, perhaps this patient cohort should be screened even more aggressively for PH development. Instead of raising questions about the reliability of gas transfer and FVC/DLCO ratio as a screening variable, the findings reported by Antoniou et al may provide further rationale for the use of RHC despite nonsupportive echocardiography findings. In the DETECT cohort, 20% of the SSc patients with RHC-confirmed PH had a tricuspid regurgitant jet (TR) velocity of ,2.5 meters/second (thus, with high likelihood of falling well below the systolic PAP cutoff of 40 mm Hg in Antoniou and colleagues' study), and TR was undetectable in as many as 7% of the patients in the DETECT cohort (7). The study by Antoniou et al also prompts consideration that gas transfer variables may demonstrate superiority as noninvasive predictors of the development or presence of PH in SSc. Ultimately, without RHC data, the differences in DLCO and the FVC/DLCO ratio between the groups cannot be confidently attributed to a higher rate of PH or more severe elevations in PAP in the SSc without CPFE group, nor, without longitudinal follow-up, can the risk of having PH or future development of PH be determined. We look forward to future studies utilizing RHC, along with serial follow-up for PH development and FVC change, in this important patient cohort. Supported in part by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS), NIH (award U54-GM-104940 and Cardiovascular COBRE grant 1P-306M206392-01A1 to Dr. Lammi). Dr. Steen has received consulting fees, speaking fees, and/or honoraria from Gilead, Actelion, United Therapeutics, and Bayer (less than $10,000 each) and research grants from these companies.


PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to explore the perspectives of caregivers of persons with stroke with respect to their own physical activity.

METHODS
A qualitative, descriptive approach was used to study 10 caregivers of persons with stroke, recruited from a stroke exercise class in a large urban rehabilitation facility. Caregivers participated in individual, semi-structured interviews that were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using a constant comparative method. An inductive, iterative approach was applied to determine the codes and themes.

RESULTS
Four main themes were identified: change in role, change in activity, barriers to activity and health, and change in meaning of activity. Barriers to activity included guilt, time, and energy. Participants revealed that activity became more therapeutic after stroke and that participants preferred purposeful, functional, and partnered activities.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings emphasize the importance of the husband-wife dyad and of movement toward a family-centred care approach. Education should be provided to caregivers regarding their role, barriers, and health-promoting activities. Future research should focus on determining appropriate physical-activity programmes for caregivers as well as on evaluating implementation of partnered exercise programmes for caregivers and persons with stroke.


Model evaluation – the process of making inferences about the performance of predictive models – is a critical component of predictive model-ing research in learning analytics. In this work, we present an overview of the state-of-the-practice of model evaluation in learning analytics, which overwhelmingly uses only na ̈ıve methods for model evaluation or, less commonly, statistical tests which are not appropriate for predictive model evaluation. We then provide an overview of more appropriate methods for model evaluation, presenting both frequentist and a preferred Bayesian method. Finally, we apply three methods – the na ̈ıve average commonly used in learning analytics, frequentist null hypothesis significance test(NHST), and hierarchical Bayesian model evaluation – to a large set ofMOOC data. We compare 96 different predictive modeling techniques,including different feature sets, statistical modeling algorithms, and tuning hyperparameters for each, using this case study to demonstrate the different experimental conclusions these evaluation techniques provide.


OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the clinical efficacy of mifepristone plus gestrinone(nemestran) for hysteromyoma.METHODS: A total of 112 patients with hysteromyoma were randomly assigned to receive mifepristone alone(control group,n=55) or mifepristone plus gestrinone(treatment group,n=57) for 3 months.Before and after treatment,the uterine volume and the volume of the largest myoma,estrogen,progesterone and hemoglobin in the two groups were measured.Meanwhile,the adverse drug reactions in the two groups were evaluated.RESULTS: In both groups,the uterine volume and the volume of the largest myoma after 3-month treatment were significantly diminished as compared with before treatment(P0.05) and better improvement was noted in the treatment group than in the control group(P0.05);there was improvement in estrogen,progesterone and hemoglobin as compared with before treatment(P0.05),yet the differences were not statistically significant between the two groups(P0.05);the differences in adverse drug reactions were all not statistically significant between the two groups(P0.05).CONCLUSION: Treatment of patients with hysteromyoma using mifepristone plus gestrinone resulted in remarkable inhibition efficacy on hysteromyoma and improvement of hormonal level.


This paper presents a moving target detection method based on combination of single Gaussian model and Gaussian mixture model.In practical situations,part of the dynamic background will bring a lot of interference to moving target detection,and traditional Gaussian mixture modeling method cant extract the complete target with poor real-time. Considering the advantages of treatment with single Gaussian model,the image is cut into static and dynamic background area which is processed with single Gaussian modeling method and Gaussian mixture modeling method respectively.After that, the moving target image stitching is gotten and some follow-up treatment treatments are done.Experimental results show that using this method can extract full target and have high real-time,it is insensitive to dynamic background interference, and has good robustness.


The present invention relates to an epitaxial structure, comprising: a substrate, the substrate having an epitaxial growth surface; a first epitaxial layer, the first epitaxial layer formed on the epitaxial growth surface of the substrate; a second epitaxial layer , the second epitaxial layer disposed on the first surface of the epitaxial layer away from the substrate; wherein, further comprising a graphene layer disposed between said first epitaxial layer and the second epitaxial layer.


The research subject covers the approach to the selection of plants to restore the lost aroma based on oxidation processes. The aim of the research is to substantiate the criteria of selection and predisposition of raw material lipid components to oxidation. The research methods include determination of the fatty acid composition, antioxidant activity of lipid extracts, identification of malondialdehyde, and measurement of the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) in the solution. The analysis of the lipid composition of fruits has showed a sufficient amount of unsaturated fatty acids that produce hydroperoxide compounds. The efficiency of aroma restoration depends on the number of formed 9-, 13- hydroperoxides that serve as a substrate for aroma-forming enzymes. The antioxidant capacity and oxidation-reduction potential of fresh fruits and fruits after cooking have been analyzed. These two characteristics determine the fruit ability to repeated formation of aromatic components. Gourds (watermelons, pumpkins, cucumbers) have been found out to have the sufficient potential to restore aroma by exogenous lipoxygenases. Keywords: flavor, oxidation, fatty acids, enzymes.


Annual production by Gammarus pseudolimnaeus Bousfield in Valley Creek, Minnesota, was computed, using the size-frequency method, separately by substrate type for the 5-year period, 1968-1972. Four substrate types were identified: sand (0 0 through 8); sand-gravel (0-5 through 8); gravel (0-1 through 5), and cobble (0 6, 7). Annual production was higher in fine-particle substrates than in coarse; 5-year means were: sand, 21.4; sand-gravel, 21.8; gravel, 15.0, and cobble, 11.0 g/m2 (dry weight). Siltation reduced production more in the fine-particle substrates than in coarse. Annual P/B ratios ranged mostly from 5.5-6.5, with 6.0 being the 5-year mean of all substrates combined. Densities and standing stocks were also higher in fineparticle substrates and were also affected more by the siltation in fine-particle substrates.


The use of advanced integrated survey techniques has allowed the acquisition of morphometric and colorimetric information to render three-dimensionally the frescoes by Francesco Solimena in the sacristy of san Paolo Maggiore in Naples. The research has explored different levels of knowledge by applying the necessary integration between consolidated knowledge and innovative technologies: combining innovative aspects of range-based modeling method and image-based modeling method, we created returnable models that can also be questioned remotely. The outcome is a contribution aimed at protection and enhancement of the cultural heritage, favoring conservation and restoration interventions as well as providing a permanent query of data and their complete use


Weather radar offers a practical way of estimating snowfall rate with high spatial and temporal resolution. Such remotely-sensed snowrates are useful for weather advisory and hydrometeorology. In either application a relationship between equivalent radar reflectivity ( e Z ) and water equivalent snowrate ( S ) is needed. Furthermore, this relationship should be tuned to the location and cloud type of interest. The leading coefficient in the relationship β α S Ze ⋅ = can be shown to vary with temperature-dependent properties of the snowflake size distribution. We describe measurements, and a statistical analysis, leading to a value forα which can be applied to wintertime upslope storms occurring in southeastern Wyoming, and report a positive correlation between α and surface temperature. This temperaturedependence is suggestive of a process which produces an inverse relationship between snowflake concentration and temperature, e.g., primary ice nucleation.


Slow dynamic channel allocation (Slow DCA) is a key technology used to support asymmetrical services between uplink and downlink in TD-SCDMA system, which may cause cross-slot interference when a cell is active in downlink slot while an adjacent one is in uplink slot. The crossed slot existing among adjacent cells will seriously affect the system performance. In this paper, we give a brief analysis about how the cross-slot interference emerges and how it influences TD-SCDMA system. Three schemes commonly used to suppress this interference are introduced. One is based on slots allocation direction, and the other two are separately based on region division in a cell and "virtual cell". Performances of each scheme are compared in an OPNET simulation scenario. Results show that the scheme based on "virtual cell" has a better performance compared with the other two schemes and it is proved to be the most practical one in the three schemes for solving the cross-slot problem.


The Bakyrchik deposit comprises disseminated gold-bearing sulfide ore minerals formed in a black shale formation, located in the Qalba gold province in Eastern Kazakhstan (Fig. 1). The deposit has 280 t (since 2014 of ore estimation) of gold reserve with average 7.7 g/t [1] in a gold-containing carbonaceous-sulfide ore formation. The highest amount of gold-bearing sulfide minerals are localized in siltstones with 0.2-0.4% carbon and presence of the carbonates [2] and the total sulfide content of the ore varies from 0.5% to 10% [3]. The studied rock sample was taken from siltstone with high arsenic-bearing sulfide minerals and gold occurs in ultra-fine microscopic forms such as ionic and colloidal, included in arseniccontaining sulfide minerals. The gold-bearing sulfide minerals in the deposit are arsenic pyrite (1.81-4.86 wt% of As) and arsenopyrite. The main purpose of the paper is to determine the concentrations of Au and Ag in arsenic-containing sulfide minerals, using sequential extraction method.


The N3 carrier system development completes the second phase of a comprehensive design program to provide a new family of short-haul carrier facilities. The system includes a 24-channel, single-sideband, amplitude modulated multiplex terminal, a common carrier supply, and an N-repeatered line. Associated development effort was directed toward the provision of a shop-wired, double-bay framework to combine the carrier terminals, voice-frequency patching jacks, signaling equipment, and automatic trunk processing facilities in one equipment package. Design objectives were established to meet today's and future stringent transmission performance requirements for direct, toll-connecting, and intertoll trunks. Taking advantage of the rapid growth in solid-state technology, significant transmission performance improvements have been achieved over earlier vacuum tube systems. In addition, installation, operating, and maintenance procedures have all been simplified. The system can be economically applied for distances as short as 35 miles, and with satisfactory transmission performance for distances exceeding 200 miles. A feature of special note is the provision of frequency correction units within the carrier terminal which essentially eliminates the frequency shift error introduced by the N-repeatered line.


The debate about the creation of Earth and the beginning of life is often considered one of the main reasons for tensions between the religious and the scientific communities. There is a lack of agreement regarding how the process of creation (or evolution) began and how it moved forward. What do major Abrahamic religions really believe about the creation of Earth and origins of life on its? Is there a difference of viewpoints about these aspects within the religions? Do these viewpoints in contradiction to the scientific theories in full, or are there any commonalities between the two perspectives? Is it possible to offer new interpretations for the religious texts to ensure compatibility with the scientific discoveries? This paper has been written with an aim to explore answers to these questions while referring to the religious scriptures as well as the relevant scientific theories. We have started this discussion with an explanation of the scientific viewpoint of the creation of Earth. It is then followed by an overview of the Jewish, Christian and Islamic perspective. Next, the discussion moves on to the beginning of life on Earth. This aspect is explored from evolutionary as well as creationist point of views. After setting the context and necessary background, we have discussed in detail how these various viewpoints contradict or support each other.


This chapter adapts an existing model of innovation in the plant breeding sector to demonstrate that common standards are not optimum from a global welfare point of view. Policy issues relating to Plant Variety Protection from an economic perspective are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the TRIP Agreement of the World Trade Organization. A variant of a model of innovation is described, and this allows the comparison between markets with different purchasing power. The model is calibrated and applied in hypothetical simulations involving uniform versus varying suitability between markets


I couldn't resist the opportunity to review Leslie Bella's The Christmas Imperative when the offer came. My own complicated and painful feelings which annually attend the Christmas season had just begun to fade. This year had been particularly bad and I had descended into a pre-Christmas rage weeks before the event. My sentiments were, not surprisingly, echoed to varying degrees amongst the women I know. Bella has done women a service with this book in helping those of us who celebrate Christmas, articulate and uncover the source of painful feelings of ambivalence, inadequacy, anger, guilt and exhaustion which accompany the Christmas season for so many.We feel both compelled to celebrate Christmas and inevitably guilty when our family celebration does not match the idealized image of the perfect family Christmas. Bella has termed the compulsion to reproduce Christmas as a happy family holiday the "Christmas imperative." Women experience this imperative as the need to orchestrate Christmas for our families. The quality of the family celebration at Christmas has become the litmus test for evaluating the emotional health or otherwise of our families and by extension our success or failure as wives, mothers, and daughters.Bella describes how this season brings into sharp focus both the visible physical work needed to reproduce Christmas (baking, cleaning, shopping, entertaining, etc., but more insidiously, the invisible emotional work that women do to promote happiness in our families. She details how we attempt to reenact Christmas rituals, and highlights their significance in affirming loving and stable family relationships and a sense of family identity. Our images of what constitutes a happy family are, of course, informed by "familist ideology"--prescriptive ideas of what proper families should look like (i.e., nuclear; breadwinner father, stay-at home mother)--despite the fact that most of our families do not conform to this traditional image. Christmas annually resurrects these familist expectations. Further, the "relational significance of Christmas puts impossible burdens on women who try to achieve a perfect Christmas in a less than perfect family." Our families are often less than perfect: many are haunted by alcohol, illness, death, conflict and divorce. In many situations happy Christmases are unattainable, yet the Christmas imperative traps womeninto trying to create one. As Bella states the result is "at best pretence and at worst a miserable fiasco" (p234).In her introduction, Bella sets out her theoretical framework including the concepts of familism, reproductive labour and relationality as women's emotional work. She successfully illustrates the significance of these concepts through the voices of contemporary women's experience of Christmas and the Christmas imperative. …


Where have we been, and where are we going? It is easier to talk about the past than the future. These days, benchmarks evolve more bottom up (such as papers with code). There used to be more top-down leadership from government (and industry, in the case of systems, with benchmarks such as SPEC). Going forward, there may be more top-down leadership from organizations like MLPerf and/or influencers like David Ferrucci, who was responsible for IBM's success with Jeopardy, and has recently written a paper suggesting how the community should think about benchmarking for machine comprehension. Tasks such as reading comprehension become even more interesting as we move beyond English. Multilinguality introduces many challenges, and even more opportunities.


Background: Plant tissue culture has been shown to be an efficient technique for the propagation of diverse Agave species using different in vitro regeneration processes. However, it has been demonstrated that genetic changes can occur in plants regenerated under these schemes, also called somaclonal variation. Objective: the objective of this study was to determine the genetic fidelity of plantlets regenerated from three different explants (mature zygotic embryonic axis, in vitro plantlet meristematic zone, and ex vitro plantlet meristematic zone) using two pathways of micropropagation (direct and indirect organogenesis) of A. salmiana and A. marmorata. Methodology: somaclonal variation of the obtained clones was evaluated using different DNA markers, such as anchored simple inter-sequence repeat (ASSR) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Results: the results show that only in those clones that undergo a callus phase and, consequently, indirect organogenesis, somaclonal variation was observed. In contrast, those clones obtained by direct organogenesis were genetically stable, it means not polymorphic bands were observed. Implications: it was achieved an efficient propagation protocol for A. salmiana and A. marmorata, maintaining genetic stability of regenerated plantlets as well as a possible alternative for genetic improvement by observing somaclonal variation via indirect organogenesis in both evaluated species. Conclusions: in this research, the micropropagation pathway (direct and indirect organogenesis) was the determining factor to maintain or not the genetic fidelity of the regenerated plants in both species of Agave used.


We have shown previously that inhibition of the isolated carotid body (CB) chemoreceptor (via CB‐specific hyperoxia & hypocapnia) markedly reduced the ventilatory response sensitivity of the central chemoreceptors to increased PaCO2 whereas stimulation (via CB‐specific hypoxia & normocapnia) markedly increased it (Blain et al., J. Physiol. 588: 2455‐2471, 2010). These findings were consistent with ventilatory hyperaddition of the CB and central chemoreceptors. We questioned whether changes in CB CO2 alone would result in similar interaction. To date, we have tested this in 4 unanesthetized and chronically instrumented dogs in which the CBs were isolated & perfused independently of the systemic circulation. CB hypocapnia (PcbCO2 ~ 20 mmHg < eupnea; PcbO2 normal) and CB hypercapnia (PcbCO2 ~ 20‐30 mmHg > eupnea; PcbO2 normal) were used to inhibit/stimulate the CB while systemic (and therefore central chemoreceptor) PCO2 was increased with 3 different levels of FICO2 in a normoxic background. We found that CB hypocapnia decreased (mean slope 34% of control), and CB hypercapnia increased (mean slope 125% of control), the ventilatory response of the central chemoreceptors to CO2. Our preliminary conclusion is that the hyperadditive CB/central interaction reported previously is independent of the stimuli used to inhibit/stimulate the CB.


Paleoclimate research based on the investigation of geochemical proxies in marine climate archives has been growing considerably during the last two decades, due to the development of more precise analytical systems. Thermal ionization and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometers, equipped with multi-collectors, enable to obtain precise and accurate isotopic data, an essential requirement for reliable reconstructions of the physical and chemical marine parameters. In the last 5 years, part of the paleoclimate investigation focused on the Mediterranean has been carried out using these cutting-edge analytical techniques through international collaborations among Italian, Australian and American scientists. Specimens of shallowand deep-water corals collected in the Mediterranean Sea, in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, have been analysed with laser ablation and solution ICP-MS and with a thermal ionization mass spectrometer. The correlation between Li, Mg, P, normalized to Ca, and the Nd and B isotopic composition of the coral skeletons with the most important marine parameters has enabled to develop and validate new geochemical proxies. The derived calibration equations can now be applied to well-dated fossil corals with the aim to reconstruct the climate variations in the past. This article reviews some of the principal results achieved in the last 5 years by the authors and present some future directions on the application of geochemistry to coral investigation.


Magnetic resonance (MR) techniques provide an objective, sensitive and quantitative assessment of the evolving pathology in multiple sclerosis. There is an increasing definition of the pathological specificity of newer techniques, and more robust correlations with clinical evolution are emerging. As the pathophysiological basis of in vivo nuclear MR signal abnormalities is further elucidated, it is likely that the importance of MR as a tool to monitor new therapies will increase.


The Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at Dokuz Eylul University has decided to adopt a modular-based problem/project oriented curriculum in Fall 2002. Current education system consists of two, three, or four week long problem/project-based modules. Different from the conventional approach, in this system traditional courses are taught individually as sequentially covered independent modules. While the first three years consist mainly of problem-based modules, the senior year is purely project oriented. In this study, we present our experiences with modular-based project oriented learning through the example of a senior year module, EE411 digital signal processing. Our experiences suggest that project oriented learning applied in the senior year is an effective method of teaching not only the theoretical or practical aspects of the subject matter but also the necessary qualities for real life experiences of soon-to-be engineers.


On the basis of engineering plasticity theory,a theoretical formula for punch bulging force is derived.In line with the formula,P-h curve of punch bulging force P related to punch bulging depth h is drown,which is then verified by experiments.


This paper describes our work to create an interface to facilitate querying using GeoSPARQL. GeoSPARQL is a recent extension to the RDF query language SPARQL in which spatial operators are added. Both SPARQL and GeoSPARQL are W3C standards. GeoSPARQL will be especially useful to geospatial specialists to be able to query RDF data containing spatial information over the Web, instead of loading data into a Geographic Information System (GIS). However, GeoSPARQL queries are difficult to write. To solve this problem, we developed a Web-based GeoQuery tool with an intuitive interface geared toward geospatial professionals. GeoQuery includes drop down lists to select attributes and to select spatial operators. Using user input, a query in GeoSPARQL syntax is automatically generated. Further, output is displayed on a map. GeoQuery uses the Parliament implementation of GeoSPARQL for query processing.


This 84-page book includes applications, techniques, and theory of microwave sweepers, and measurements of attenuation, RF power, and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR). Block diagrams and graphical illustrations supplement the discussions on the various topics.


By studying the algorithm of patrol boat automatic obstacle avoidance,an improved GOA(gradient of averages)algorithm based on the direction suppression was proposed,which had lower computational complexity than traditional line extraction algorithm.Using the GOA algorithm to suppress transverse texture and enhance the unique vertical(oblique)texture of obstacles,and utilize the special morphological template for noise rejection,the detection of objective characteristics has been accomplished together with the result of the time-domain filtering connectivity analysis.Compared with the LSD algorithm experimentally,the GOA algorithm can significantly improve the integrality of edge extraction,and reduce the computational complexity.On Davinci chip of TI the core function of the algorithm was optimized,and meet real-time requirements.


The experiment was aimed at determining effects of health-promoting nutritional education and changes in dietary habits of menopausal women on their visceral fatty tissue contents and concentrations of insulin and cortisol. A four-month-long period of nutritional education resulted in a reduction of dietary energy content, total protein consumption (including uptake of animal proteins), total fat (including saturated fats), cholesterol, and sucrose. On the other hand, an increase was recorded in the consumption of plant protein, starch, dietary fibre, vitamin B6, PP and beta-carotene as well as mineral components (Ca, Mg, and Zn). Those changes were accompanied by a slow, but steady, reduction of body weight (by 7.85±1.81 kg throughout the period of study, i.e. 0.49±0.11 kg per week) caused by the loss of both subcutaneous (0.38±0.15 cm, abdominal region, as measured at the L4 vertebra level) and visceral (1.0±0.56 cm, as measured at the L4 vertebra level) fatty tissue. The changes were accompanied by a reduction in BMI (from 33.2±4.4 to 29.9±4.3) and WHR (from 0.87±0.09 to 0.84±0.07). The 4-month-long period of changed nutrition was found to significantly reduce blood concentrations of glucose (from 104.8±27.3 to 82.7±8.6 md/dL), insulin (from 180.1±51.1 to 123.4±58.2 pmol/L), and cortisol (from 548.2±186.3 to 368.1±87.3 nmol/L); the women affected by hepatic steatosis exhibited arrested fatty infiltrations, as evidenced by increased liver electron density (from 33.7±6.7 to 47.3±4.7 H.u.).


Fast pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of biomass in the absence of oxygen. This study aims to evaluate thermal analysis of byproducts from fast-pyrolysis of Eucalyptus wood fines. The pyrolysis was conducted in a pilot-scale at 500°C and 100 mm H 2 O. Charcoal from this process showed high ash content (over than 20%) and incomplete carbonization. Aqueous extract and bio-oil showed similar thermal decomposition events. However, mass percentage decomposed at each temperature was different between these samples.


OBJECTIVE To study the preparing microemulsion by conductance and pseudo-ternary phase diagram,and to research its phase behavior.METHODS According to conductivity-moisture content graph,a series of pseudo-ternary phase diagram about the system of tween80-labrasol / Gemseal40-oleic acid / anhydrous ethanol / water under the different proportion of surfactant and cosurfactant(Km) accurately,screening microemulsion prescription,evaluating basic performance of microemulsion with electric conductivity,stability,dyeing method,droplet size,studying the phase behavior and structure type of microemulsion system under different Km.RESULTS Along with the increase of water content,the conductivity showed gradual continuous change.When the value of Km was 2:∶1,the conductivity increased sharply with the water content range between 20% to 66.3%,the conductivity increased gently when the water content varied from 66.3% to 74.5%,the conductivity came up to the platform period and then declined while the water content was above 74.5%.Besides,the microemulsion area in pseudo-ternary phase diagram came to the largest at this ratio.Paeonolum-loaded and Tripterygium Glycosides-loaded microemusions were prepared.The microemulsion was stable under high speed centrifuge,electric conductivity,dyeing method,droplet size which was according with the characterization of microemulsion..CONCLUSION Conductivity can be used to determine the structure of microemulsions,and reflect the changes of phase behavior,it can screen microemulsion prescription by pseudo-ternary phase diagram.


The effects of the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol from the fungal pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana on the activities of the plasma membrane H + -ATPase, Ca 2+ - ATPase, and 1,3-β-glucan synthase in barley roots were investigated in vitro. Plasma membranes were isolated by aqueous polymer two-phase partitioning. Proton pumping by the H + -ATPase was drastically reduced in a dose-dependent manner, with complete inhibition at 500 μM prehelminthosporol, while inhibition of ATP hydrolysis was less drastic, with a 35% inhibition at 500 μM toxin. Ca 2+ uptake was also reduced, although to a lesser extent than proton pumping, with a maximal inhibition of 60% at 500 μM toxin. The 1,3-β-glucan synthase activity was weakly stimulated at toxin concentrations below 100 μM, with higher concentrations being inhibitory. Taken together, our results indicate that prehelminthosporol exerts its effect in at least two ways. First, it appears to disrupt the membrane barrier and thus seriously interfere with establishment of the proton gradient that drives ion and nutrient uptake and affect the efflux of Ca 2+ to maintain the low cytoplasmic concentration of Ca 2 + essential for the function of Ca 2+ as a messenger in signal transduction. Secondly, it appears to inhibit the enzyme activities. The 1,3-β-glucan synthase is activated by Ca 2+ and can operate in the presence of low concentrations of prehelminthosporol (which may induce Ca 2+ leakage into the cytoplasm and hence activate the enzyme), to produce callose to seal leaky membranes.


Field experiments were conducted during 1997–98 to 1998–99 study the available phosphorus status and uptake of nutrients as influenced by phosphorus management practices in a maize-sunflower-cowpea fodder cropping system. The NPK uptake increased with increase in age of the crop. The nutrient uptake was higher with SSP+Microbial inoculants or SSP when applied alone, compared to the MRP applied plots. The soil available P status improved at all the stages of the crop in the cropping system. The highest available P was noticed with SSP+microbial inoculants and SSP when applied alone.


The paper is concerned with the interpretation of measurements on semi‐insulating gallium arsenide and, in particular, with the evaluation of effective bulk resistivities from the results of observations on two‐electrode systems. These observations tend to be dominated by injection effects, even when the contacts used are nominally of low resistance. Order‐of‐magnitude errors can arise from this cause, even though the specimen may appear to exhibit ohmic behavior. Carrier concentration, field‐ and space‐charge contours are calculated on the basis of a model within the realm of a small‐signal theory, for conditions which correspond to lifetime, relaxation, and hybrid operating regimes.


Moxibustion effect factors including the potency of the effect of vibration with Artemisia argyi leaves or mugwort leaf based compound materials moxibustion ginger,garlic,prepared aconite root and other lining; moxibustion material combustion heat,acupuncture operation reinforcing and reducing effect; the selected acupoints treatment area special therapeutic effect; influence factors from treatment in accordance with three categories of etiologic factors,such as people,time and locality; whether moxibustion feeling transfer occurrence or not is related to the heat is persistent and balanced or not,which is one of the influencing factors of moxibustion effect.


The book features recent work developed in collaboration with Krzysztof Wodiczko (a vehicle for veterans), a pavilion produced with the performance of Stelarc, a video piece with Warp recording artist Mira Calix and Minimaforms' critically acclaimed light installation in Trafalgar Square, Memory Cloud. Accompanying the projects are texts by Archigram's David Greene, Stelarc and Krzysztof Wodiczko.


To the Pythagoreans, the arché was the First Principle in the world and manifested as numbers and the laws underlying them. Pythagoras believed that the ultimate "substance" of all things, material and immaterial, was to be found in numbers. On the one hand, numbers had a special physical existence in the form of counting chips or numeric symbols and words for numbers that could be written down. On the other hand, numbers were also purely abstract formulating principles. This was understood by the builders of medieval cathedrals who, when producing their grandiose architectural works, were influenced by the tenets and beauty of Pythagorean geometry. They attempted to encode the secret symbolism of their "high knowledge" in their constructions in such a way that their knowledge would be understood only by those who had "eyes to see and ears to hear," following the Pythagorean principle that "truth is divulged only to those who seek." If numbers were associated with order they reasoned, and everything was determined by number, it followed that everything in the universe must be ordered. For the ancient Greeks the word kósmos meant first and foremost "order." By virtue of the harmony, system, and order to be found in the universe, Pythagoreans called the universe itself the cosmos. To the Greeks, this word also carried the suggestion of "beauty" as well as "order."


A SLALOM (semiconductor laser amplifier in the loop mirror) for optical frequency multiplication and pulse compression is presented theoretically. The influence of the relatively slow turn-on transition of the SLA and the window size to the switching window is discussed, and is neglected, instead of the sudden step for the transition in the short control pulse case in a previous paper 1. We make use of the two windows, which are created by the appropriate parameters of the proposed configuration, to multiply the optical pulse rate in the relatively long control pulse case. When the second window disappears in the short control pulse case, the device can be used as a pulse compressor. Analysis demonstrates that the 10 Gbit/s optical clock signal can be doubled to 20 Gbits/s, and a 100 ps pulse can be compressed to 34 ps at a rate of 2.5 Gbits/s with this device. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 24: 187–191, 2000.


Theme M EASURED cross-spectrum of a turbulence field usually shows some decay in the statistical correlation in addition to convention at a characteristic velocity. Under such a random excitation the computation of structural response statistics becomes much more tedious than that which would be the case if the turbulence were convected without decay, i.e., convected as a frozen-pattern. It is shown that a decaying turbulence can be decomposed into frozen-pattern components thus permitting a simpler way to calculate the structural response. The procedure so devised also provides a relationship whereby the measured input spectra can be incorporated. For illustration the theory is applied to an infinite beam which is backed on one side by a fluid-filled cavity and is exposed on the other side of the turbulence excitation. The effect of the freestream velocity is also taken into consideration.


Towards sustainable urbanization,food waste and wastewater from buildings need the appropriate infrastructure systems for management. The zero waste concept is gaining interest as a promising option for the sustainable development of society. The study aims to assess the cumulative energy demand and GHG emissions of a prototype zero waste system for building wastewater recycling and food waste management. The system is the combination of the Moving Bed Biofilm Reaction Membrane Bioreactor for wastewater treatment and the anaerobic digester with energy recovery for food waste management.


Marco Giugni's Social Protest and Policy Change is a theoretically ambitious effort to advance scholarship on the political consequences of social movements. With systematic data on three movements in three countries over twenty-five years, Giugni assesses whether and how movements influence policy change. Giugni's substantive focus is three of the major "new social movements": peace, anti-nuclear, and environmental, in three Western nations: Italy, Switzerland, and the United States—between 1975 and 1999. The major theoretical claim is that policy change occurs in the presence of widespread protest alongside supportive public opinion and favorable political alliances. Giugni sets out with three major goals in his book: to describe the three movements in each country, to develop a theoretical model for the policy consequences of movements, and to explain variation in policy change using original data on his cases. Divided into two parts, the first part addresses the descriptive and theoretical goals of the book. The theoretical chapter provides a review of past debates on the impact of social movements and the elements in Giugni's model. Although Giugni does not engage much work from the past ten years on movement consequences, he does provide a thorough and insightful account of earlier work on the impacts of movements with a primary focus on the debates about organization and disruption. The one strand of recent work that receives attention concerns the impact of public opinion and its relationship to movements and public policy. Giugni also advances an important concept—the viability of claims—that is useful for examining policy change across distinct social movements. Because movements seek changes of varying degrees of difficulty, scholars must take seriously the extent to which states have the autonomy to meet movement demands and the extent to which movement demands represent a greater or lesser threat to the state's own interests. The first part of the book also includes two descriptive chapters. The first reviews the history of each movement in each country, and the second describes major policy changes in each domain and country. Giugni provides excellent accounts of each case and generates numerous comparative insights throughout given his expertise on these movements and countries. The value of this kind of cross-national and cross-movement is most evident in this part of the book and is one of its major strengths. In the second part of the book, Giugni seeks to advance his third major goal of explaining the relationship between movements, political alliances, public opinion, and policy change. He develops his empirical analysis through a set of time-series regression models examining the impact of protest as well as movement organizations, political alliances, and public opinion. Even though the data includes hundreds of protest events, the analysis focuses on annual intervals and therefore statistical models are based on 15 to 20 observations. Protest event data are collected from a leading newspaper in each country for the Sunday and Monday editions, and Giugni focuses primarily on what he calls "unconventional" and "radical" protest rather than more institutionalized forms of claims-making because these are reported less reliably in the press. Policy change is measured as the spending for environmental protection, nuclear energy production, nuclear facility construction permits, and spending for defense. The statistical analyses are a series of bivariate models in which Giugni assesses one independent variable at a time for each of the nine cases. The first chapter in part 2 describes the plan of analysis and assesses the direct relationship between protest and policy change. This is followed by chapters examining the relationship between movement organizations, political alliances, and public opinion and policy change. Surprisingly, Giugni finds very little evidence that any of