Objective:To summarize the regularity of choosing the fourteen meridians' acupoints in the clinical controlled trials of treatment of essential hypertension.Methods:Articles of randomized controlled trials or clinical controlled trails concerning the acupuncture treatment for essential hypertension in the previous 30 years were retrieved.The acupoints used in the enrolled articles were classified according to their distribution on the fourteen meridians.Results:Totally 80 articles were enrolled.The acupoints used were involved almost all the meridians.Acupoints of the Liver Meridian of Foot-Jueyin were most frequently used,followed by the Stomach Meridian of Foot-Yangming.The top 12 most frequently used acupoints in the enrolled articles were:Taichong(LR3),Quchi(LI11),Fengchi(GB20),Zusanli(ST36),Taixi(KI3),Sanyinjiao(SP6),Fenglong(ST40),Shenyu(BL23),Ganyu(BL18),Neiguan(PC6),Yongquan(KI1),Baihui(DU20).Conclusion:The Liver Meridian of Foot-Jueyin and the Stomach Meridian of Foot-Yangming are used as the main meridians in the acupuncture treatment for essential hypertension.The most frequently used acupoints are Taichong(LR3),Quchi(LI11),Fengchi(GB20).


Considering that the rates of employment, unemployment and underemployment are not sufficient to determine the employment status of society fully, this work creates an Employment Quality Index (ICE) for the urban area of Ecuador for the years 2010 and 2012, based on the methodology used by Villacorta at work on job quality presented by the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics of Peru (INEI), which considers four dimensions: income, mode of recruitment, affiliation health insurance and the number of hours worked. In addition, ICE is calculated for salaried and non-salaried, it identifies the economic industry that reports the highest and lowest ICE, and there is a comparison of the indicator with the results obtained by job satisfaction in the National Survey employment, Unemployment and Underemployment (ENEMDU).


RATIONALE
Vitamin D deficiency is common in patients with asthma and COPD. Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels may represent a cause or a consequence of these conditions.

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether vitamin D metabolism is altered in asthma or COPD.

METHODS
We conducted a longitudinal study in 186 adults to determine whether the 25(OH)D response to six oral doses of 3 mg vitamin D3, administered over one year, differed between those with asthma or COPD vs. controls. Serum concentrations of vitamin D3, 25(OH)D3 and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25[OH]2D3) were determined pre- and post-supplementation in 93 adults with asthma, COPD or neither condition, and metabolite-to-parent compound molar ratios were compared between groups to estimate hydroxylase activity. Additionally, we analyzed fourteen datasets to compare expression of 1α,25[OH]2D3-inducible gene expression signatures in clinical samples taken from adults with asthma or COPD vs. controls.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS
The mean post-supplementation 25(OH)D increase in participants with asthma (20.9 nmol/L) and COPD (21.5 nmol/L) was lower than in controls (39.8 nmol/L; P=0.001). Compared with controls, patients with asthma and COPD had lower molar ratios of 25(OH)D3-to-vitamin D3 and higher molar ratios of 1α,25(OH)2D3-to-25(OH)D3 both pre- and post-supplementation (P≤0.005). Inter-group differences in 1α,25[OH]2D3-inducible gene expression signatures were modest and variable where statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS
Attenuation of the 25(OH)D response to vitamin D supplementation in asthma and COPD associated with reduced molar ratios of 25(OH)D3-to-vitamin D3 and increased molar ratios of 1α,25(OH)2D3-to-25(OH)D3 in serum, suggesting that vitamin D metabolism is dysregulated in these conditions.


Memorization of the temporal sequences is very important and interesting problem. One of the examples is memorization of melodies. When we memorize melodies, we can recall it from a part. The function can be considered as an associative memory of the temporal sequences. From a technical point of view, it can be considered that the rest of the melody can be determined by some leading some notes. In this paper, we apply the complex-valued recurrent network, which has much superior ability to deal with temporal sequences than the conventional real-valued networks, to memorization of melodies. It is shown in computer simulations that the network can memorize some melodies and recall them correctly from any part.


We developed a mid-IR 2f-wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) detection system combining a continuous wave external-cavity quantum cascade laser (QCL) at 5.2 μm and an astigmatic multipass cell. The high-sensitivity performance of the 2f-WMS system was validated by simultaneously probing the strongest interference-free absorption lines of Λ-doublet components of R (6.5) rotational line in 2Π1/2 magnetic electronic sub-state of nitric oxide (NO) centred at 1900.0706 cm−1 and the R (18) rotational line of carbonyl sulphide (OCS) in the (ν 1 + 2ν 2) combination band centred at 1899.9756 cm−1. We compared the results with the direct absorption spectroscopy and have shown that a detection limit of 300 ppb for NO and 3 ppm for OCS could easily be achieved by the 2f-WMS method with an optical pathlength of 76 m. Hence, we believe that in the future the present QCL based 2f-WMS detection method with high sensitivity and specificity could be deployed for real-time monitoring of NO and OCS in a harsh environment.


With the rapid introduction of new and innovative applications for handheld and On-board navigation devices and evolution in their hardware capabilities, the need for efficient and convenient resource provision for users arises. We propose user preferred optimal path route selection algorithm incorporating POIs or point of interests (POIs) that the user intends to traverse. Geographic area has been divided into clusters. Different Adjacency Matrices are built for intercluster and the intracluster route to calculate the optimal path using graph theory. In case the desired POIs are not present in the initial calculated optimal route, a fractional distance criteria is proposed. Driver's comfort level and vehicle's fuel consumption are considered while designing the proposed algorithm. Various Google Maps Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) are used to give a host of regional POIs that users can select through mobile and on-board navigation system from a web page. Availability of selected POIs can also be displayed to the user by means of data loggers. The developed software is shown to be more intuitive than the present destination finding softwares.


At present, the widespread existence of haze phenomenon has a serious impact on indoor air quality. Indoor particulate pollution has been paid more and more attention by the society. However, the correlation and diffusion mechanism of indoor and outdoor particulate matter are still controversial. In order to explore the correlation between indoor and outdoor particulate matter of different building types in heating season and non-heating season, the indoor and outdoor particulate concentrations and meteorological parameters of 110 stations in severe cold area of China were monitored by experiments. The analysis shows that indoor and outdoor temperature, humidity, air velocity, wind direction and atmospheric pressure are the main factors affecting indoor and outdoor particulate concentration. And based on these factors, it can model the indoor predicted particulate concentrations by multivariate regression. It also shows a significant difference in the relationship between the concentration of particulate matter and factors of indoor and outdoor particulate matter. Therefore, this study provides a good premise for exploring the health risks and control measures of particulate matter.


Fatigue pitting can reduce the gear surface durability and induce other severe failures, which will eventually lead to the complete loss of transmission function of the transmission system. Thus, monitoring fatigue pitting progression is vital to avoid unexpected economic losses and incidents. Thanks to the unique characteristics of the gear meshing process, there is a close relationship between the tribological features of fatigue pitting and gear vibration cyclostationarity. Based on the vibration cyclostationarity, this paper develops a novel second-order cyclostationary (CS2) fatigue pitting monitoring indicator, which can accurately assess the degradation status of the gear system and benefit subsequent health management. The advantage of the developed cyclostationary indicator in evaluating and monitoring the process of fatigue pitting propagation is demonstrated with the natural fatigue pitting progression test, through comparisons with other conventional indicators.


The so called Lebowitz stick model of a gas is studied. We discuss the particle level, as well as the gas kinetic, and gas dynamic levels of the model, and consider how the three levels are connected. In particular attention is given to the validation of the kinetic level from a stochastic Liouville equation, and to the asymptotic behaviour of the kinetic level.


www.jkachn.or.kr | pISSN 2233-4483 eISSN 2233-985X Home Visitation Screening for Child Abuse Assessment in Korea Hee-Soon Kim, Tae-Im Kim, Young-Hee Ju, Ji-Young Lim, Young-Ok Ha, Ha-na Yoo The Nursing Policy Research Institute, Department of Family Health Care, College of Nursing, Yonsei University, Seoul Department of Nursing, College of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon Department of Nursing, Kimcheon Science College, Gimcheon College of Nursing, CHA University, Seongnam Department of Nursing, Kyungin Women's College, Incheon Department of Nursing, Korean Bible University, Seoul, Korea J Korean Acad Child Health Nurs Vol.18 No.3, 95-100 http://dx.doi.org/10.4094/jkachn.2012.18.3.95


Endothelial dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and is considered as an early manifestation of atherosclerosis. In the conduit arteries, a vasodilator response


Learning-based systems have been shown to be vulnerable to adversarial data manipulation attacks. These attacks have been studied under assumptions that the adversary has certain knowledge of either the target model internals, its training dataset or at least classification scores it assigns to input samples. In this paper, we investigate a much more constrained and realistic attack scenario that does not assume any of the above mentioned knowledge. The target classifier is minimally exposed to the adversary, revealing on its final classification decision (e.g., reject or accept an input sample). Moreover, the adversary can only manipulate malicious samples using a blackbox morpher. That is, the adversary has to evade the target classifier by morphing malicious samples "in the dark". We present a scoring mechanism that can assign a real-value score which reflects evasion progress to each sample based on limited information available. Leveraging on such scoring mechanism, we propose a hill-climbing method, dubbed EvadeHC, that operates without the help of any domain-specific knowledge, and evaluate it against two PDF malware detectors, namely PDFrate and Hidost. The experimental evaluation demonstrates that the proposed evasion attacks are effective, attaining 100% evasion rate on our dataset. Interestingly, EvadeHC outperforms the known classifier evasion technique that operates based on classification scores output by the classifiers. Although our evaluations are conducted on PDF malware classifier, the proposed approaches are domain-agnostic and is of wider application to other learning-based systems.


Pages: 42-62DOI: 10.11621/pir.2017.0204Keywords: autobiographical memory, transsexualism, gender identity, self-continuity, Life Line, life storyDownloads: 166IntroductionOne of the main rationales behind possessing autobiographical memory is to keep a sense of personal consistency over time throughout ongoing life changes and personal transformations. One commonly cited model of autobiographical memory is the self-memory system (SMS) model, which emphasises a reciprocal relationship between autobiographical memory and the self that supports self-coherence (Conway, Singer, Tagnini, 2004; Conway, 2005). Self-continuity is considered to be one of the three fundamental functions of autobiographical memory in conjunction with social bonding and directing behaviour (Bluck, Alea, Habermas, & Rubin, 2005; Bluck & Alea, 2008). It is equally important that autobiographical memory provides a database for self-concept and self-esteem; hence, it is worth note that we are what we remember about ourselves. In other words, people rely on their memories to understand who they are and formulate where they are going (Bluck, Alea, Habermas, Rubin, 2005).The most popular life metaphor is a journey (Kovecses, 2005). Following this metaphor, we can say that in a journey of human life, a straight road one day might make a sharp turn. There appear to be life experiences that evoke character transformation in a way that one may feel "I am not who I was before". This kind of event is termed "transitional", that is, a type of event that4 changes everything" (Brown, 2016). Coping with a transitional event, a person may change previously stable personality characteristics so that "old" autobiographical memories become unsuitable as an appropriate database for the "new" self. As a result, persons may become alienated from their past or alternatively may enhance their cognitive efforts in combining past and present to restore consistency. For the latter it is necessary to transform one's life story in accordance with the consequences of transition. Quite similar, a study by Beike and Landoll (2000) proposed three types of mnemonic reaction to inconsistency between past and current selves: providing justifications for the inconsistency, recruiting additional specific events that oppose those recalled, and putting the event behind oneself. It seems that all the mechanisms mentioned above impact autobiographical memory after the transitional event. However, to our knowledge, there is no research on whether the same mechanisms are employed in cases of successful adaptation or maladaptation to a new situation.The first possible reaction to transition consisting of estrangement or even derogation of a life period prior to transition is conceptualised in the theory of temporal self-appraisal (Ross W Shi & Brown, 2016). Hence, transitions make temporally and thematically relevant memories more accessible. This strategy seems helpful for coming to terms with the challenge of changes by autobiographical reasoning, that is, an attempt to make meaningful connections between the past self and the current self (McLean & Fournier, 2008).As far as awareness of transition follows the transitional event, the modulation of autobiographical memories preceding the transition should be addressed for retrieval but not encoding. …


The present article attempts to bring about its research results on the adsorption behavior of the soil humus for the organic pollutants and contaminants.As is known,in the organic pollutant migration process of the groundwater,one of the major natural attenuation effects due to the organic pollutants is adsorption,which turns to be going on with the pollutants being absorbed and assimilated by the soil in an integrated manner of the effects of the mineral and organic ingredients.As we know,humus constitutes the main organic constituents of the soil,which are usually very complicated in their molecular structure and abundant surface functional groups,and,above all,they tend to act as the chief factor in absorbing organic pollutants.Seeing the groundwater pollution is mainly caused by the complicated organic pollution,it is of great significance to study the adsorption of compound contaminants by the humic acid and humin in the soil.It is just from this practical need that we have done the field investigation and sample-collection and engaged in the infrared adsorption experiments and infrared spectrum analysis so as to find the adsorption law of the complex pollutants on the humus.The results of our investigation and experiments show that,under the condition of the coexistence of multiple pollutants,it can be concluded that the adsorption of pollutants on humic acid should be in accord with Henry model and Freundlich model,the distribution coefficients(Kd) of pollutants are like that,in a descending order of benzene chloroform dichloromethane.This regularity indicates that the contaminants in the groundwater can be adsorbed by humic acid of soil media.Of the three kinds of pollutants,benzene is more likely to be adsorbed by humic acid,dichloromethane and chloroform are prone to migrate.What is more,the harmful effect caused by benzene on the groundwater is less than that caused by dichloromethane and chloroform.The adsorption rate of humin for the compound pollutants turns out to be in accord with Langmuir adsorption isothermal model.The maximum adsorption capacity of benzene on humin is more than that of dichloromethane and chloroform,and the regularity proves to be similar to that by the silt and silt sand media.In addition,the humic adsorption capacity of pollutants tends to be stronger than that of humic acid,with its adsorption process including chemical one.This study shows that the higher content of the organic matters the soil has,the greater interception and purification effects it has on the pollutants.Therefore,high content of organic matters in the soil can help to reduce the harmful effects of pollutants on the groundwater significantly.In addition,the contribution rate of humic absorption for the pollutants turns out to be much greater than that of humin acid.


The Moesian Platform, one of the most prolific petroleum provinces of Eastern Europe, is generally considered a mature basin from an exploration point of view. A large number of papers in the last few decades have discussed different aspects of the structure and evolution of this region. However, as we attempt to document in the present paper, a closer look and application of up‐to‐date structural modeling approaches reveals that the structural history of the Moesian Platform is much more complex than previously thought.


: Increasing energy costs encourage more efficient energy use, including the better use of reject heat from electrical generating stations. Whether it pays to use this heat depends on the price charged. There is to date no relevant market in Canada. This paper estimates lower and upper bounds on the price for reject heat as a first step in determining market feasibility. Price would then be resolved by negotiation. For the case study of Ontario greenhouses, the differential between lower and upper bounds is substantial. An assumed price resolution is consistent with profitable use of this reject heat by this greenhouse industry.


Abstract : A survey is reported of research activities on Flow Separation in Western Europe and West Berlin, made in the late summer of 1962. The major scientific countries-France, Germany, and especially England- are well aware of the importance of the problems of flow separation, and have engaged extensively in research. Model basins and hydrodynamics institutes in European countries are very much interested in the problems of flow separation, but except for the Institut fur Schiffbau der Universitat, Hamburg, and in limited scope at Skipmodelltanken, Trond heim, Norway, it is felt that no special research on this subject has been carried on. Hence, most of the work listed in the following pages was done at the aerodynamic institutes. The main emphasis in research is placed on the fields of (1) Flow Separation on Swept Wings, (2) Base Flow, (3) Interaction between Shock Wave and Boundary Layer, and (4) generalized count of Flow Separation.


Background Pediatric patients undergoing invasive operations bear extra risk of developing nosocomial infections (NIs). However, epidemiological evidence of the underlying risk factors, which is needed for early prevention, remains limited. Methods Using data from the electronic medical records and the NI reporting system of a tertiary pediatric hospital, we conducted a retrospective analysis to identify preoperative and operation-related risk factors for postoperative NIs. Multivariable accelerated failure time models were fitted to select independent risk factors. The performance of these factors in risk stratification was examined by comparing the empirical risks between the model-defined low- and high-risk groups. Results A total of 18,314 children undergoing invasive operations were included for analysis. After a follow-up period of 154,700 patient-days, 847 postoperative NIs were diagnosed. The highest postoperative NI rate was observed for operations on hemic and lymphatic system. Surgical site infections were the NI type showing the highest overall risk; however, patients were more likely to develop urinary tract infections in the first postoperative week. Older age, higher weight-for-height z-score, longer preoperative ICU stay, preoperative enteral nutrition, same-day antibiotic prophylaxis, and higher hemoglobin level were associated with delayed occurrence of postoperative NIs, while longer preoperative hospitalization, longer operative duration, and higher American Society of Anesthesiologists score showed acceleration effects. Risk stratification based on these factors in an independent patient population was moderate, resulting in a high-risk group in which 72% of the postoperative NIs were included. Conclusions Our findings suggest that pediatric patients undergoing invasive operations and at high risk of developing postoperative NIs are likely to be identified using basic preoperative and operation-related risk factors, which together might lead to moderately accurate risk stratification but still provide valuable information to guide early and judicious prevention.


This paper deals with the time-path of the prices of mineral products, and with the economic viability of individual mining projects. Mineral products may be final demand goods, such as gold, but more commonly they are intermediate goods, such as copper, aluminium and coal, which are used in the production of final demand goods. This means that the demand for these goods is a derived demand.


Abstract There has been some dispute (Jurkov 1935, Reinkober 1939, Tighe 1956) as to whether Young's modulus of fused quartz-fibre varies with diameter. Some recent experiments by the author demonstrate clearly that it does, though they do not fill in the detailed form of the variation.


Energy product of magnets, especially permanent magnets, is often used without a clear understanding of its definition, even though it is a basic concept that is widely known to relevant industry workers and researchers. In this article, we introduce the definition of energy product from the energy stored in the field outside the magnet as well as the correct method to predict its maximum value (BH max ) from a magnetization hysteresis loop.


Objective To investigate the effect of Xuebijing injection in the treatment of patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD).Methods 60 AECOPD patients were randomly divided into the control group(n = 30) and the treatment group(n = 30).All patients were given regular treatment,and the treatment group was added with Xuebijing injection for 7 days.The changes of serum TNF-α,CRP,and lung function were monitored.Results After the treatment,the serum levels of TNF-α and CRP and the lung function parameters were all improved in the two groups,and the improvement was more pronounced in the treatment group than in the control group(P 0.01).Conclusion Xuebijing injection can relieve the inflammatory reactions of TNF-α and CRP and improve their lung function with significant curative effect.


Purpose – The overall purpose of the European Union‐funded Leadership Improvement for Student Achievement (LISA) project was to explore how leadership styles, as conceptualized in the developed dynamic holistic leadership framework, directly or indirectly affect student achievement at the lower secondary level of education in seven European countries. This paper seeks to address this issue.Design/methodology/approach – In its methodological design the study is a mixture of research methods and collaborative action research shared by acting school leaders and researchers. A series of statistical analyses was carried out in order to gather evidence whether the data from the LISA project supported the initially developed holistic leadership theoretical framework. Consequently, first some descriptive statistics are introduced in order to acquaint the reader with the kind of data the survey used from the schoolteacher questionnaires. Further, some explanations are laid out with regard to the methodologies empl...


Unlike the phonological loop in spoken language monitoring, sign language users' own production provides mostly proprioceptive feedback and only minimal visual feedback. Here we investigate whether sign production influences sign comprehension by exploiting hand dominance in a picture-sign matching task performed by left-handed signers and right-handed signers. Should all signers perform better to right-handed input, this would suggest that a frequency effect in sign perception drives comprehension. However, if signers perform better to congruent-handed input, this would implicate the production system's role in comprehension. We found evidence for both hypotheses, with variation dependent on sign type. All signers performed faster to right-handers for phonologically simple, one-handed signs. However, left-handed signers preferred congruent-handed input for phonologically complex, two-handed asymmetrical signs. These results are in line with a weak version of the motor theory of speech perception, where the motor system is only engaged when comprehending complex input. (cid:1) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. ThisisanopenaccessarticleundertheCCBYlicense(http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).


Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) nanotechnology is a suitable replacement for the widely accepted complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. CMOS technology faces the issues of high-leakage current and non-scalability in the ultra-deep submicron (ultra-DSM) regime. It motivates the researchers to explore new technologies for further advancement of the field. QCA nanotechnology is energy-efficient technology and it overcomes the issues of CMOS technology in ultra-DSM regime. In this paper, a novel 3-input XOR structure is presented using QCA nanotechnology. The full adder and the full subtractor circuits based on the 3-input XOR gate are developed. A circuit for the full adder/subtractor nanostructure is proposed in the paper. All the proposed designs are optimal, fault-tolerant and single-layered. The proposed full adder contains only 21 QCA cells, while 22 QCA cells are required for the proposed full subtractor. The proposed full adder/subtractor structure consists of only 30 QCA cells. The proposed designs are compared with the existing designs for the number of QCA cells, total cell area, total covered area, area utilization, clock latency, QCA layout cost, and crossover requirement. The energy-efficient behaviour of the proposed circuits is calculated using the QCA Designer-E and the QCA Pro tools.


Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is the collection of risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD). It is responsible for cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes, cancer, renal and mental diseases with the transition from childhood to adulthood. The MS is increasing in recent decades in different societies, especially in Iran. This study is conducted to determine the predictive factors of MS in children and adolescents in Birjand city (Capital of South Khorasan province in Iran) using a data mining approach. The four different analyses for females, males, 6-11 and 12-18 year-old group were carried out using three popular decision tree models. The most important prognostic factors for MS were high level of TG and low level of DBP and HDL in 6-11-year-old group, and high level of waist circumference (WC) and low level of TG for 12-18-year-old group. The most important factors were TG and HDL in females and WC and TG in males. Apprise teens and families to the risk factors and screening for children and teens, Monitor and control the risk factors through life style correction including more physical activity and healthy eating is recommended.


The reaction of a series of hydroxy-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)with nitric oxide containing trace O 2 was carried out in CH 2Cl 2 at room temperature. The products identified by IR, NMR and HRMS indicate that the mono nitration at para- or ortho-position with respect to hydroxy group on the benzene ring occurred regioselectively. The reactions are assumed to be initiated by single electron transfer and the reaction intermediates may be resonance stabilized phenoxy-like radicals.


Mixing models are powerful tools for identifying biogeochemical sources and determining mixing fractions in a sample. However, identification of actual source contributors is often not simple, and source compositions typically vary or even overlap, significantly increasing model uncertainty in calculated mixing fractions. This study compares three probabilistic methods, Stable Isotope Analysis in R (SIAR), a pure Monte Carlo technique (PMC), and Stable Isotope Reference Source (SIRS) mixing model, a new technique that estimates mixing in systems with more than three sources and/or uncertain source compositions. In this paper, we use nitrate stable isotope examples (δ15N and δ18O) but all methods tested are applicable to other tracers. In Phase I of a three‐phase blind test, we compared methods for a set of six‐source nitrate problems. PMC was unable to find solutions for two of the target water samples. The Bayesian method, SIAR, experienced anchoring problems, and SIRS calculated mixing fractions that most closely approximated the known mixing fractions. For that reason, SIRS was the only approach used in the next phase of testing. In Phase II, the problem was broadened where any subset of the six sources could be a possible solution to the mixing problem. Results showed a high rate of Type I errors where solutions included sources that were not contributing to the sample. In Phase III some sources were eliminated based on assumed site knowledge and assumed nitrate concentrations, substantially reduced mixing fraction uncertainties and lowered the Type I error rate. These results demonstrate that valuable insights into stable isotope mixing problems result from probabilistic mixing model approaches like SIRS. The results also emphasize the importance of identifying a minimal set of potential sources and quantifying uncertainties in source isotopic composition as well as demonstrating the value of additional information in reducing the uncertainty in calculated mixing fractions.


A di-μ-hydroxo-dirhodium complex bearing a low-coordinate phosphorus ligand, [Rh2(μ-OH)2(DPCB)2] (2; DPCB = 1,2-diphenyl-3,4-bis[(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)phosphinidene]cyclobutene), is prepared from [Rh2(μ-Cl)2(DPCB)2] (1) and KOH. Complex 2 serves as a good precursor for hydrido complexes, affording [Rh2(μ-H)(μ-OH)(DPCB)2] (3) and [Rh2(μ-H)2(DPCB)2] (7) by the reactions with HSiMe2Ph and HCO2H, respectively. Although complex 7 is too unstable to be isolated, its formation is evidenced by a trapping experiment using 1,3-cyclohexadiene to give [Rh(η3-C6H9)(DPCB)] (8). Complex 2 reacts with CO to afford [Rh2(μ-κP,P;κP,C-DPCB)(CO)4] (9) and [Rh2(μ-CO)2(DPCB)2] (10), which are interconvertible in solution. Complex 9 is the stable form under a CO atmosphere even in the presence of free DPCB, but readily converted to 10 by purging the CO gas from the solution. The X-ray structures of 2, 3, 9, 10, and related [Rh2(μ-H)(μ-OMe)(DPCB)2] (4) are reported. Two Rh(DPCB) moieties in 10 are oriented orthogonal to eac...


This paper introduces the correlative theories about Web mining. We analyze the difference among several manners of Web content mining. Further more, we compare two kinds of algorithms based on Web structure mining, that is PageRank and HITS. In the end, some problems that should be considered in Web usage mining are put forward.


KAPOSI'S sarcoma is a type of angiosarcoma in which the first manifestations frequently are purplish cutaneous nodules of the lower extremities. In the United States, it occurs more commonly in elderly Italian and Jewish men. Although an especially aggressive variety is endemic in black men in certain parts of Africa, it is rare in American black men. Recently, there has been an epidemic of Kaposi's sarcoma among homosexual men in New York City and California. 1 Report of a Case A 35-year-old homosexual man was admitted to Mount Sinai Medical Center of Greater Miami in August 1980 with a 2-cm reddish-blue firm plaque on the lateral aspect of his left thigh that had been present since May 1980. The patient had had proctitis on many occasions, as well as gonorrhea and syphilis. Colonoscopy three months before admission had shown numerous firm, dark red, polypoid lesions beginning near the anus and


Scientific discoveries and mental and spiritual researches related to human led to a new period and perspective in art in addition to the despair brought by materialism in the early 1900s. Many art movements nurturing from each other and opponent to each other emerged. Among these movements abstract painting aimed at reaching the spiritual feelings only by using some plastic values such as colour, drawing and light without applying to objective forms observed in the environment. While interpretations of Kandinsky and Klee clarify the abstract painting in this period, Kandinsky requestioned the reality of art after seeing the changes in science and argued that the real art arises from a heartfelt necessity. To base this art on rules is only possible after the internal movement in theory. There are as the same descriptions in conditions of calligraphy. Abstract painting parallel with calligraphy in the context of spritualism. In that case, the sincerity in the creation of the both disciplin are the basis of the feeling that passes to the watcher. This sincerity, spontaneity and internal assimilation are the essence of religious spirituality. The calligraphist who internalised this essence transfers the feeling to the watcher no matter what he writes. Western artists who achieve this awareness thanks to the theory of Kandinsky created many works by using meditative technique on an abstract platform. They creatives many art works while giving importance sipirutualism and internalism. At that time many artists produced similar works in the period in which this theory was reflected in the Turkish art, they did not ignore the effects of our rich tradition of calligraphy. In this study, the aforementioned effects are evaluated in the samples of Sabri Berkel, Ergin İnan and Erol Akyavaş.


There are a number of conjectures – some proved, some wide open – relating the special values of L-functions to the properties of arithmetic objects; for instance, the main conjecture of Iwasawa theory (which concerns class groups of number fields) and the Birch–Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture (describing points on elliptic curves). One attempt at a unified formulation is the Bloch–Kato conjecture, which relates values of L-functions to the cohomology of global Galois representations. One of the most important tools that has been used to make progress on these conjectures is the idea of an Euler system. These are certain families of Galois cohomology classes, satisfying precise compatibilities ("norm relations"), which can be used to control the sizes of Galois cohomology groups. Unsurprisingly, these objects are rather difficult to construct, and the list of known examples is still relatively short. All of the known constructions rely, in some way, on exploiting the properties of modular and automorphic forms. The goal of this lecture course will be to explain how some of the known Euler systems are constructed, focussing on three main examples: the Euler system of Kato, associated to a modular form; the Euler system of Beilinson–Flach elements, associated to a pair of modular forms (and its generalisation to Hilbert modular forms); and the Euler system of Lemma–Flach elements, associated to a genus 2 Siegel modular form. All of these are ultimately built up from certain special rational functions on modular curves called Siegel units. Another topic which we will also aim to cover (although in rather less detail) is the relation between Euler systems and the values of L-functions, via p-adic regulator formulae. This is a much more advanced topic, and one where the known results are quite fragmentary; the principal tools involved come from p-adic Hodge theory and arithmetic geometry, notably Besser's rigid syntomic cohomology.


Based on job demands-resources (JD-R) model, the present study investigates issues of association between leader perfectionism and three dimensions of job engagement, and tests the moderating effec...


In order to realize the parametric design of the conjugate cam weft insertion mechanism,according to the necessary parameters of weft insertion process,ideal kinematic curves of the weft insertion mechanism were given,and the mathematical model of reverse solution for this mechanism was established.The parameters of this mechanism were obtained by reverse solution on the basis of the given ideal kinematic curves and kinematic requirements.The parametric design platform which was integrated with the functions of parametric reverse solution,motion simulation,three-dimensional modeling and virtual assembly was developed based on VB.NET and Unigraphics(UG) NX.After entering the technological parameters of weft insertion process and essential structural parameters by users,three-dimensional drawing of the main parts such as the conjugate cam and shaft,can be obtained by this platform,also the processing data of the cam can be calculated.This platform provides a rapid approach for parametric design of weft insertion mechanism.


Software-defined networking (SDN) has become an attractive solution to carry out centralized and efficient control in Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). However, its security has received little attention when applied to IIoT, and no comprehensive consideration has been given to attacks against forwarding nodes (FNs), the basic elements of the data plane. Therefore, in this article, we aim to investigate attacks against FNs from multiple perspectives in software-defined IIoT. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to systematically consider this kind of attacks. Since it is difficult to predeploy all defense methods against various attacks, we propose a deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-based general attack tolerance scheme to guide the benign traffic flow bypass the attacked FNs. Furthermore, in view of the situation that the real data set is rare and the standard model-based data set is likely to be impractical, we use generative adversarial network (GAN), a representative deep generative model (DGM), to flexibly generate real-like network traffic for more sufficient and effective experimental verification on the attack tolerance scheme. Experimental results show that our proposed scheme can significantly improve the successful arrival rate of IIoT traffic and achieve near-optimal results.


Abstract: The number of pedestrian injuries and fatalities involved by left-turning vehicles (in left-hand traffic) at signalized intersections occupies a very large portion in traffic accidents. Installing channelization islands, e.g. raised islands or zebra marking islands at intersections is considered as one of the most important factors influencing on conflicts between pedestrians and left-turning vehicles. However, their impacts on vehicle maneuvers have not been quantitatively analyzed. The objective of this study, therefore, is to quantitatively evaluate the impacts of channelization islands, on maneuvers of left-turning vehicles. Results of the analyses on turning vehicle maneuvers conclude that the use of raised islands gives between one-and-a-half to two times greater impacts on the trajectory and the speeds as compared to the impacts of zebra islands. The use of zebra marking islands has low influence on the vehicle trajectory and the speed.


The paper presents some simple methods for achieving economic ship operation. The suggested approaches which are based on modern technology and planning methods are generally applicable to most kinds of merchant ships. They include measures for fuel conservation and the optimisation of maintenance and repair systems. The role of the shiprepairer in reducing operating costs is also discussed. Order from BSRA as No. 52,490.


This article discusses the findings from a study on neighborhood satisfaction conducted within the North Camden neighborhood context. Using data from the 2011 North Camden Resident Satisfaction Survey, the study examined the subjective measures of neighborhood-level characteristics to identify the determinants of neighborhood satisfaction. A binary logistic regression analysis revealed that the quality of social networks, neighborhood physical conditions, neighborhood safety, and quality of public services are positively associated with neighborhood satisfaction. Surprisingly, the analysis showed that the extent of social networks and access to transportation have an inverse relationship with the satisfaction of residents with their neighborhood. The article discusses these findings and the way in which the results can inform practitioners about policies and programs that need to be developed and implemented to improve neighborhood satisfaction and, ultimately, individual and community well-being.


The C4 cycle is a complex biochemical pathway that has been evolved in plants to deal with the adverse environmental conditions. Mostly C4 plants grow in arid, water-logged area or poor nutrient habitats. Wild species, Oryza coarctata (genome type KKLL; chromosome number (4x) =48, genome size 665 Mb) belongs to the genus of Oryza which thrives well under high saline as well as submerged conditions. Here, we report for the first time that O. coarctata is a C4 plant by observing the increased biomass growth, morphological features such as vein density, anatomical features including ultrastuctural characteristics as well as expression patterns of C4 related genes. Leaves of O. coarctata have higher vein density and possess Kranz anatomy. The ultrastructural observation showed chloroplast dimorphism i.e. presence of agranal chloroplasts in bundle sheath cells whereas, mesophyll cells contain granal chloroplasts. The cell walls of bundle sheath cells contain tangential suberin lamella. The transcript level of C4 specific genes such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase, NADP-dependent malic enzyme and malate dehydrogenase was higher in leaves of O. coarctata compare to high yielding rice cultivar (IR-29). These anatomical, ultra structural as well as molecular changes in O. coarctata for C4 photosynthesis adaptation might be might be due to its survival in wide diverse condition from aquatic to saline submerged condition. Being in the genus of Oryza, this plant could be potential donor for production of C4 rice in future through conventional breeding, as successful cross with rice has already been reported.


The authors have implemented the fully relativistic and spin-polarized extension of the O(N) real space locally self-consistent multiple scattering formalism. Here they present preliminary results for the spin and orbital magnetic moments and magneto-crystalline anisotropy in iron metal. The spin and orbital moments are in good agreement with the results of conventional electronic structure methods. In addition they present preliminary results for the magnetocrystalline anisotropy obtained in the frozen potential approximation.


ZnO single-crystal microtubes were fabricated by an optical thermal evaporation method. The microtubes showed hexagonal hollow morphology with well faceted side surfaces, with cross-sectional dimensions of 20–100 µm and lengths of several millimetres. Air flow is found to be the critical experimental parameter for the formation of ZnO microtubes with different cross-sections. Under the excitation of 325 nm, photoluminescence of the microtubes was obtained with a peak wavelength of 492 nm.


1. Individual mobile cleaning device comprising: a housing of the cleaning device, the suction device having a handle and adapted to suction foreign materials therein, a tube for air passage configured to connect the housing of the cleaning device and the suction device arranged to each other and with the possibility of direction of foreign materials into the casing of the cleaning device; sensing device arranged on the connecting part between the tube and the air passage of the cleaning housing devices and capable of issuing the measurement signal by determining a magnitude and direction of the tensile load applied to the tube for air passage; iupravlyayuschee device configured to move the cleaner body on the basis of the measurement signala.2. The cleaning device according to claim 1, further comprising: a drive wheel mounted on the bottom of the housing of the cleaning device and adapted to move the cleaner body; iprivodnoe device having a drive motor and configured to control the drive wheels via the drive motor control, according to the measuring signala.3. The cleaning device according to claim 2, wherein the control device is configured to calculate the displacement of the tube for passage of air on the basis of the measurement signal and to generate a signal to the actuator based on the current smeschenii.4. Cleaning device according to claim 3, wherein the control signal to the drive means a signal for moving forward or back housing chi


Background: Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease caused by bacterial triggering of the host immune-inflammatory response, which in turn is regulated by microRNAs (miRNA). Polymorphisms in the miRNA pathways affect the expression of several target genes such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukins, which are associated with progression of disease. Objective: The objective of this study was to identify the association between the MiR-146a single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs2910164, rs57095329, and rs73318382), the MiR-196a2 (rs11614913) SNP and chronic periodontitis. Methods: Genotyping was performed for the MiR-146a (rs2910164, rs57095329, and rs73318382) and the MiR-196a2 (rs11614913) polymorphisms in 180 healthy controls and 190 cases of chronic periodontitis by the direct Sanger sequencing technique. The strength of the association between the polymorphisms and chronic periodontitis was evaluated using logistic regression analysis. Haplotype and linkage analyses among the polymorphisms wa...


ABSTRACT This article reports on the influence of integrative career construction counselling on the narratability and career resilience of a young female learner. The 14-year-old participant was purposely selected from people who had sought career counselling in a private practice context. An explanatory, single-case study design was adopted using a mixed-methods paradigm as the research framework. Career construction techniques were used to construct and analyse the data. After the intervention, the participant presented with an enhanced ability to narrate her career-life story and displayed an elevated level of career resilience. Furthermore, the intervention motivated her to set and realise specific goals, bolstered her sense of self, restored her sense of self-worth, helped her 'make meaning' in her (repurposed) career-life and pursue purpose. Future research should examine the longitudinal influence of the intervention described here (using the same or different techniques) in group contexts with diverse groups of young people.


This chapter outlines an argument to the effect that there is no reduction of arithmetical truth to logical truth, where "logic" is understood to be elementary (first-order) logic, or any system of logic whose theses form an effectively generable set. It suggests, however, that it leaves open the possibility of a significant reduction of arithmetic to something that might be called a system of logic. By investigating metatheoretic differences between first- and second-order logic, it explores the extent to which second-order logic might play a role in facilitating such a reduction.


A compact, all-optical, repetition rate stabilized femtosecond laser and photonic microwave generator with phase-noise -100, -140 and < -160 dBc/Hz at 100 Hz, 10 kHz and > 100 kHz, respectively, and integrated timing-jitter < 3-fs.


IN T R O D U C T IO N H ERPIC is an acronym that stands for Highway Extension and Research Project for Indiana Counties. This project was established at Purdue University in 1959 to implement legislation by the Indiana General Assembly authorizing programs of extension and research for county highway departments throughout the state. The financial support for these programs of extension and research is derived from one-eighth of one percent of the funds made available to the 92 counties from the gas taxes and license fees collected by the State of Indiana. The legislation by the General Assembly also desig nated Purdue University, through its Engineering Experiment Station and School of Civil Engineering, to develop and coordinate these programs. The H ERPIC program of extension and research provides for the preparation of manuals and bulletins setting forth recommended pro cedures and for regional workshop conferences with county road officials throughout the state to review typical road problems for their area. All of these activities are designed to assist and guide county highway officials in their problems of management, planning, design and operation of county highways and highway departments. W ith this brief outline of the H ERPIC program, it is our purpose here today to review progress of the past 14 years and to weigh future needs and goals of HERPIC.


1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-4-{2-[342-pyridyl)acrylyloxy]ethyl}-piperazine (DA 1529) has been found the most active among 29 alkylpiperazine esters studied. Following oral administration, DA 1529 prevents the edema formation provoked in rats by subplantar injection of carrageenin, formalin, and dextran; it has antinociceptive effect on inflamed (not on normal) foot of rats; it has antipyretic effect in yeast-treated pyrexial rats. DA 1529 is as active or only a little less active than phenyl-butazone as anti-inflammatory; it is more active than phenylbutazone as analgesic and antipyretic. The acute toxicity in mice of DA 1529 is similar to that of phenylbutazone. DA 1529 has been found to possess mild CNS depressant properties as evidenced in mice by the results of the barbiturate potentiation test, of the rotarod test, by the reduced spontaneous motility, by analgesia in the hot-plate test, by the hypothermic effect.


speculating about the future ways of modernization and industrialization of China, the author assumes that the only way open to the country is that of competitive capitalism. It sounds strange in a book published in 1949. The organization of the book and the author's way of presentation will probably be appreciated more by professional sociologists than by the average intelligent reader. The style of the book is rather involved. It abounds in technical terms which are


The use of different transport modes is affected by several factors such as economic, sociological, and geographical factors. To study the factors affecting public transport ridership, many studies have examined the influence of several parameters within those categories on public transport ridership. These studies focused on understanding the main factors affecting the usage of public transport systems from two standpoints, the first is from the user perspective, and what makes people use transit mode. In this group, the focus is on examining how people's socio-demographics, accessibility measures and built environment, and mainly infrastructure affect the use of transit mode. The second is from the transit system perspective, which focuses on the system-level attributes affecting transit usage. The purpose of this paper is to review and summarize some of the studies focusing on the transit system perspective to identify the different variables used such as dependent variables, independent variables, and catchment areas.


The present invention discloses a kind of natto powder, and the natto powder is prepared through the following steps: soaking soybean in water for 10-24 hr; steaming at temperature over 100 deg.c for 20-60 min and cooling the cooked soybean to 20-40 deg.c; spraying natto bacteria liquid and fermentation at 35-45 deg.c and 50-90 RH% for 18-30 hr; cold storing the fermented natto soybean with rich transparent baves at 0-10 deg.c for over 24 hr; and freeze drying, crushing and 40-80 mesh sieving. The application of the natto powder is also disclosed, and the natto powder may be applied in serial health foods with the health functions of dissolving thrombus, balancing blood pressure, preventing cardiac and cerebral vascular diseases, etc.


This study aims to determine the legal strength of peace deeds outside the court; peace deeds accommodate the interests of the parties and the legal position of peace deeds made outside the court. This research is a normative legal research type. The approach used is the statute approach. All research materials were analyzed using qualitative techniques. The results of this study conclude that the settlement of disputes outside the court will have permanent and binding legal force after the agreement is stated in the form of a peace deed made by a notary and is an authentic deed, namely an act that has perfect legal force. This means that if it turns out that one of the parties denies/defaults, the other party can ask for what has been agreed. Then the peace deed made by the notary has executorial legal force with a decree issued by the head of the District Court containing a request for execution so that the peace deed can be implemented.


Tuberculosis is an infectious disease which accounts for about two million mortality each year throughout the world. Like common cold, it spreads through the air. When a person infected with TB, they propel the causative mycobacterium into the air by cough, sneezes or spits. If it is untreated, person with active TB can infect an average of 10–15 people each year. WHO introduced the current TB control program which are effectively operated namely DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment, Short course) as the tool to control the disease. RNTCP (Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme) follows DOTS strategy to control TB. Here, in this case study collection of RNTCP charts of over hundred cases were done in which different age groups from the hospital were identified and their reasons for non-compliance of patients were observed. Influence of HIV on the prevalence of TB and affect of malnutrition on the prevalence and prognosis of tuberculosis were also observed.


The author presents an analysis of the concept social development, in con nection with the development of a certain phenomenon, namely sport. Here he distinguishes quantitative changes that are taking place in a dual sense: as chan ges in the structural sphere and changes in the functional sphere, occurring more or less parallely. According to the author these changes are accompanied by pro cesses of structural and functional disintegration as well as integration on a new, higher level. He points to the phenomenon of apparent changes and also irregula rities that always accompany development. The next developmental stage are changes of the qualitative type, leading through structural and functional changes to changes of the features of sport of the model type. All this jointly exerts its influence on changes in mutual relation between sport and the social system. Thus one finds an increasingly greater role played by awareness in the shaping of these relations. In conclusion the author formulates certain laws, permitting to forecast the development of sport as a so cial phenomenon.


A voltammetric electronic tongue consisting of a composite metal base electrode array for discrimination of basic taste has been presented. The electrode array consisting of Gold, Nickel, Palladium, Copper and Glassy Carbon as working electrode, has been used for transforming information of taste substances into electric signal. The electrodes output show different patterns for chemical substances that have different taste qualities such as saltiness, sourness, sweetness and bitterness. Experiments were carried out on 10 different chemical solutions eliciting 4 different basic tastes (namely salty, sour, sweet and bitter) at 1 M (or 1N) aqueous solution. Experiments have also performed on the mixed taste i.e., taste consisting of four basic taste parameters. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used for visual inspection of data set. Classification was performed by statistical method. A fairly high degree of discrimination was obtained.


Abstract Cultural theory (CT) has been widely used to explain variations in risk perception but has rarely been tested in Canada. This contribution represents the most thorough attempt to adapt CT to the Canadian context. Study results suggest that respondents' commitment to egalitarianism was strongly correlated with risks from technology, while respondents' commitment to hierarchism was strongly correlated with risks from criminal or unsafe behaviours. Respondents' commitment to individualism was also correlated with risks from criminal and unsafe behaviours but differed from hierarchism in that individualism was not correlated with risk perceptions from prostitution and marijuana use. Respondents' commitments to fatalism were strongly correlated with risk perception of vaccines. These conclusions are reinforced by results from a survey question that tests the extent to which such cultural predispositions map onto the myths of nature hypothesized by CT and by a survey experiment that tests how cultural commitments predict perceived risks from a controversial pipeline.


We demonstrate a variable pulse width, internally-frequency-converted, near-diffraction-limited Nd:YAG laser with output power up to 40 Watts at 532 nm and pulse widths electronically adjustable over a 40-300 ns range. The variable pulse width is achieved by clipping the pulse decaying edge with the Q-switch in a laser cavity optimized for post-pulse gain insensitivity. This approach makes possible frequency converted lasers with pulse width and output power substantially independent of repetition rate.


The effects of nitrogen on capsaicin and its competition matters were studied. 'Shenjiao4'pepper was planted in pots in greenhouse. The effects of five different nitrogen levels on the content of capsaicin and its competition matters, flavonoid,lignin and tannin were studied in pepper fruits during the growing period. The results showed that capsaicin content was 16.93mg·g-1,the highest in placenta of pepper fruits under treatment B (96kg·hm-2). Treatment D (288kg·hm-2) had the largest capsaicin content in pericarp of pepper. Nitrogen concentrations had influence on placenta and pericarp of pepper.However, capsaicin in pepper fruits accumulated mainly in placenta, the content was the highest under treatment B. Therefore, treatment B was the optimum nitrogen level. The contents of flavonoid,lignin and tannin were the highest in placenta, which were 4.38, 0.09, 1.55mg·g-1 respectively. Flavonoid and lignin contents were also the largest in pericarp of pepper fruits under treatment B. The relationship between capsaicin and its competition matters was close and could not be regulated by different nitrogen levels.


The present review traces the evolution of breast implants over the past 50 years. During the early years (from 1951 to 1962), a number of different sponges were used for breast augmentation. The first of these was Ivalon, a polyvinyl alcohol sponge. Other sponges were introduced subsequently, including Etheron (a poly-ether sponge popularized by Dr Paule Regnault in Montreal) and Polystan (fabric tapes that were wound into a ball). Subsequently, polyethylene strips enclosed in a fabric or polyethylene casing were also used for breast augmentation. All of these materials had similar outcomes. Although the initial results were encouraging, within one year of augmentation, breasts became very firm and lost over 25% of their volume. This was due to capsular contracture, a process that would lead to the collapse of the sponge and would continue to plague plastic surgeons and their patients for the next 50 years. In 1963, Cronin and Gerow introduced the silicone gel 'natural feel' implant, which revolutionized breast augmentation surgery. Approximately 10 companies have manufactured many types of silicone gel breast implants over the years. They obtained their raw materials for gels and shells from a similar number of other companies that entered and left the market at intervals. Many of the suppliers and manufactures changed their names and ownership over the years, and most of the companies no longer exist. No formal process of United States Food and Drug Administration premarket testing was in effect until 1988. There have been three generations of gel implants and a number of other lesser variations. First-generation implants (1963 to 1972) had a thick gel and a thick wall. They have generally remained intact over the years. Second-generation implants (1973 to the mid-1980s) had a thin gel and a thin wall. They have tended to disrupt over time. Third-generation implants (mid-1980s to 1992) had a thick wall and a thick gel. Except for those made by Surgitek, these implants remain intact. The breast implant business was competitive and companies introduced changes such as softer gels; barrier low-bleed shells; greater or lesser shell thickness; surface texturing; different sizes, contours and shapes; and multiple lumens in search of better aesthetics. Ultimately, more than 240 styles and 8300 models of silicone gel breast implants were manufactured in the United States alone. Inflatable breast implants were introduced in Toulons, France in 1965 (the Simaplast implant). There have been three main eras of inflatable implants: seamed, high-temperature vulcanized and room temperature vulcanized implants. In 1973, spontaneous deflation rates of 76% to 88% over three years were reported for many types of inflatable implants. Because of this, most plastic surgeons abandoned their use. From 1963 until the moratorium on gel implants (January 6, 1992), about 95% of all breast implants inserted were silicone gel filled. Only 5% were saline filled. Since the moratorium, this ratio has been reversed and 95% of all implants have been saline-filled, with only 5% being gel filled. Polyurethane-coated (PU) silicone gel implants were introduced in 1968. Over the next 20 years, they were shown to reduce the prevalence of capsular contracture to 2% to 3%. Other forms of surface texturing (Biocell, Siltex, multistructured implant) also appear to reduce capsular contracture with gel implants, but the reduction has been much less dramatic than that seen with PU implants. Contoured (anatomical) shaping appears to have advantages in some patients with gel implants. No such advantage has been seen for texturing or shaping with saline-filled implants. The story of gel implants has culminated in the largest class action lawsuit in medical history, with US$4.2 billion being awarded to women with silicone gel implants. During the past decade, there has been a tremendous amount of research on the reaction of a woman's body to gel implants. A plethora of studies have demonstrated that silicone gel implants are not associated with the development of any medical diseases. Silicone gel-filled implants have therefore been approved for use under Health Canada's Special Access Program. Silicone gel-filled implants may now be used in certain patients in whom they would provide advantages over saline implants. Silicone gel implants have not been approved for unrestricted general use. The evolution of breast implants occupies the past half century. It has been a stormy course, with many exciting advances and many bitter disappointments. The universe of breast implants is large and the variation among the implants is substantial. The purpose of the present review is to trace the evolution of breast implants over the past 50 years.


The synthesis of a novel PS conjugated with bovine and human serum albumin (BSA and HSA) and a monoclonal antibody anti-CD104 is reported, as well as their biological potential against the human bladder cancer cell line UM-UC-3. No photodynamic effect was detected when the non-conjugated porphyrin was used. Yet, when it was coupled covalently with the mAb anti-CD104, BSA and HSA, the resulting photosensitizer conjugates demonstrated high efficacy in destroying the cancer cells, the mAb anti-CD104 efficacy overruling the albumins.


Recent micromagnetic simulations have found that particles in the transitional zone between the single domain (SD) and single vortex (SV) zone are prone to thermal and external magnetic field instabilities that could adversely affect the accuracy of interpretations of paleomagnetic recordings. In this study, we attempt to evaluate the internal magnetization characteristics of these magnetically unstable (MU) particles and the influence on paleomagnetic observations by simulating the magnetic behavior of 68–104 nm truncated octahedral magnetite particles using the MERRILL modeling software. We found that: (a) The size region of the "MU zone" for grains of truncated octahedron shape is different from cubic octahedrons and spheres, indicating that the zone may be controlled by the geometry and shape of particles; (b) The MU zone has a range of 79–97 nm region, which is dominated by a hard‐axis aligned single vortex (HSV); and (c) MU particles are unstable as a function of temperature and have low coercive fields. Finally, the numerical fitting of hysteresis parameters for experimental data suggests that the influence of such MU particles in samples should not be ignored, especially for samples with fine‐grained magnetic minerals as the primary magnetic recording carriers. This research has extended our understanding of the behavior of the "MU zone" and its significance on paleomagnetic records.


We investigate ceo turnover in the Italian financial market analyzing a dataset covering the period 1992-2003 for all listed companies. The likelihood of ceo turnover is higher for poorly performing companies, unless the company is controlled by a family. Managers' entrenchment is observed: managers holding shares of the company are less likely to lose their job. Ownership composition plays a relevant role: turnover is more likely when the largest shareholder holds a large stake or a small stake; outside blockholders and institutional investors do not affect it. A weak internal governance is associated with a low turnover rate. It seems that recent innovations on financial market regulation are associated with a lower ceo turnover rate with no effect on the ceo turnover-performance relation.


We propose a new distance metric for a radial basis functions (RBF) neural network. We consider a two-dimensional space of time and frequency. In the usual context of RBF, a two- dimensional space would imply a two-dimensional feature vector. In our paradigm, however, the input feature vector may be of any length, and is typically a time series (say, 512 samples). We also propose a rule for positioning the centers in time-frequency (TF) space, which is based on the well-known expectation maximization (EM) algorithm. Our algorithm, for which we have coined the term `log-on expectation maximization' (LEM) adapts a number of centers in TF space in such a way as to fit the input distribution. We propose two variants, LEM1, which works in one dimension at a time, and LEM2, which works in both dimensions simultaneously. We allow these `circles' (somewhat circular TF contours) to move around in the two-dimensional space, but we also allow them to dilate into ellipses of arbitrary aspect ratio. We then have a generalization which embodies both the Weyl-Hiesenberg (e.g., sliding window FFT) and affine (e.g., wavelet) spaces as special cases. Later we allow the `ellipses' to adaptively `tilt.' (In other words we allow the time series associated with each center to chirp, hence the name `chirplet transform.') It is possible to view the process in a different space, for which we have coined the term `bow-tie' space. In that space, the adaptivity appears as a number of bow-tie shaped centers which also move about to fit the input distribution in this new space. We use our chirplet transform for time-frequency analysis of Doppler radar signals. The chirplet essentially embodies a constant acceleration physical model. This model almost perfectly matches the physics of constant force, constant mass objects (such as cars with fixed throttle starting off at a stoplight). Our transform resolves general targets (those undergoing nonconstant acceleration) better than the classical Fourier Doppler periodogram. Since it embodies the constant velocity (Doppler periodogram) as a special case, its extra degrees of freedom better capture the physics of moving objects than does classical Fourier processing. By making the transform adaptive, we may better represent the signal with fewer transform coefficients.


The general dispersion relation of width mode of the magneto-static surface wave (MSSW) propagating in YIG multilayer films with finite sample width and arbitrary parameters is established. The theory includes all the situations of MSSW dispersion control by multilayer films and is in a better agreement with the actual situation. The dispersion of MSSW width mode in [(YIG/GGG) 10 /metal] periodic multilayer films were numerically investigated by applying the theory. Numerical results showed that the main working mode of MSSW propagating in multilayer YIG films is the first order width mode, the dispersion of MSSW can be controlled efficiently by the multilayer periods and the parameters of each layer. It also is influenced by the sample width.


Live working is an effective method to improve the reliability of the power distribution network, and the insulating protective tool, such as insulating blanket is an important tool to protect the safety of worker during the live working. In order to study the effect of high temperature on the surface flashover characteristics of insulating blankets, the silicone rubber and resin insulating blankets are selected as research objects. The surface flashover characteristics tests of the insulating blankets under different temperature are carried out. The results show that the peak value of leakage current of silicone rubber and resin insulating blanket increases slightly at 20∼40 ℃, but increases greatly at 40∼80 ℃. The surface flashover voltage of silicone rubber and resin insulation blanket decreases linearly at a temperature of 20 to 80 ℃, when the electrode distance is 4 cm, the reduction rates are 0.0453 and 0.0470 kV/℃, respectively, and the resin insulation blanket has better insulation performance. However, due to the thermal deformation of resin insulation blanket at 60 to 80 ℃, the insulation performance of resin insulation blanket decreases faster at high temperature.


There are many problems which should be solved when thermal infrared information is applied to exploring the current tectonic activities.One of these problems is to obtain the reliable,testable information related to tectonic activity through the satellite thermal infrared image.From the viewpoint of signal processing,thermal information changes largely before and after the strong earthquake.Specially,the co-seismic thermal response is the breakthrough point to investigate current tectonic activity.In this paper,the MODIS/Terra and MODIS/Aqua land surface temperature products are applied to detecting the co-seismic response of Wenchuan earthquake.The effects of non-tectonic factors on land surface temperature are carefully considered.Firstly,the stable background of land surface temperature is extracted from land surface temperature.Then,influences of atmosphere circulation and mankind activity are gottenrid of,with consideration of spatial frequency difference between tectonic and non-tectonic activities.At last,the co-seismic temperature-dropping response of Wenchuan earthquake is found in the left temperature field which stems from the in-situ factors.Furthermore,the spatial distribution of co-seismic response is in accordance with the mechanical mode related to the fault activity.According to the relationship between temperature response and stress-strain,this regional lowering temperature is equivalent to the co-seismic unloading or tension.


Wild migrating sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka exposed to 20, 50 and 80 mg 1−1 of clove oil could be handled within 3 min, recovered within 10 min, and survived 15 min exposure trials. Fish tested at 110 mg 1−1 did not recover from 15 min exposure trials. Response curves developed for induction and recovery time considered the following predictors: clove oil concentration, sex, fish length and depth. A significant positive dependence was observed between induction time and fish length for 20, 50 and 80 mg 1−1 test concentrations; no dependence was observed between induction time and length at 110 and 140 mg 1−1. Recovery time differed as a function of clove oil concentration, but not fish size. A concentration of 50 mg 1−1 is recommended for anaesthetizing sockeye salmon ranging in length from 400 to 550 mm at water temperatures averaging 9–10° C.


To optimize the performance of the detonation wave aiming warhead, the different forms of asymmetrical initiations were studied. The fluid dynamic simulation model verified by experiment was used to research the effects of asymmetrical one initiation line with different initiation points, asymmetrical two initiation lines with different central angles, and the asymmetrical three initiation lines with different central angles of the adjacent lines on warhead fragment velocity and scattering. The results show that for the researched object, 4 initiation points are adequate in one initiation line; in the asymmetrical two lines initiation, the central angle of 60° may produce the highest velocity enhancement 38.37% in the aiming direction side, so do the asymmetrical three initiation lines with central angle of 45°, with an enhancement of 39.36%. The velocity enhancement of the fragments in the aiming direction is the interacting results of detonation transfer length (time) and the detonation pressure.


This paper arises from a study of the politics of monitoring in the UK, where we compared monitoring practices, and the links between monitoring and policy, in a variety of policy areas1. In the present paper we focus on a contrast between the monitoring of numbers in the climate and migration cases. The key point of interest is that in both policy areas numbers are contentious and both greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and immigrants/asylum seekers are – on the face of it – countable. People and molecules are, in-principle, numerable. However, the practicalities and the public policies of counting these entities turn out very differently. In the climate case, though there are high-profile "sceptics", prominent foot-draggers in key political posts, and a variable amount of public confidence in the mainstream scientific consensus, the actual business of counting and inventorying emissions proceeds rather unproblematically. Emissions counting is bureaucratised ("black-boxed" in the popular STS terminology). There are few efforts to undo the black box and deconstruct the numbers. By and large, counting is monopolised by official agencies and no-one else tries to out-count them. Any critiques of the numbers tend to come from policy experts in lobbying organisations (who argue – for example – that emissions implicated in imports are erroneously omitted from the UK's emission totals). Our comparison case is migration into the UK. A key difference here is that the business of counting can be politically contentious and a variety of actors is involved in generating claims about, and assessments of, numbers – ranging from lobbyists to newspaper journalists. Worries are aired about underor misreporting, whether for supposed tactical reasons or just out of bureaucratic ineptitude. The paper focuses primarily on the climate case. First we examine the systems for the numeration of the phenomenon. We investigate how the near-monopoly of counting by official bodies has arisen in the climate case. Lastly, we consider the role of counting and enumerating in the constitution of the two respective policy controversies. We conclude by examining more general claims about monitoring and enumeration in contemporary governance. 1 ESRC funded project 'The Politics of Monitoring: Information, Indicators and Targets in Climate Change, Defence and Immigration Policy' (ES/K005170/1).


The construction of good gradient estimators, known as sensitivity, analysis, has recently been the subject of many studies. Gradient estimators may be used to optimize the performance of stochastic processes. In this paper we propose a method for sensitivity estimation that can be used for the optimization of stochastic discrete, event dynamic systems (DEDS). Most of the current, methods for gradient estimation have limited applicability for complex problems. The surrogate estimation approach that we propose uses the system's dynamics and heuristic relations in the parameters to construct the desired gradient estimators using local sensitivity estimators. We present an example of routing in an open data network. Some of the most successful methods for gradient estimation-such as the IPA method-cannot be applied directly and other methods are in-appropriate for real time operation. We show how the estimation of the gradient, of the stationary average sojourn time with respect to the routing probabilities can be decomposed in terms of local sensitivities. Each node needs to estimate the derivatives of the average queue length with respect to its own arrival rate. The computation is thus distributed and the estimation of the local sensitivities is a much simpler problem, suited for IPA. The amount of calculations required for our approach is proportional to the number of nodes in the network. Those required for direct estimation grow with the number of nodes, the number of outgoing links and the number of destinations. Our simulations indicate that, surrogate estimation is very efficient, even when some of the required assumptions for IPA estimation are not satisfied.


In the Canary Islands the sea was as a defence against disease. There was a constant fear of epidemics arriving by sea, not only because of the potentially high death toll, but because it could have a seriously detrimental effect on trade. As well as the local impact of disease, health control was important because the Canary Islands acted as an important buffer zone in the control of infection in the Spanish–American trade. Central and local administrations were created to manage health and to control the risk of disease entering the ports and to prevent epidemics from spreading to the interior of the islands. All arriving ships were inspected and any suspicious vessels were quarantined to contain any contagion. Specific quarantine areas were designated and these were developed with facilities such as infirmaries for the sick. Despite these measures the administrative control was weak and epidemics spread through the islands on a number of occasions throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.


"Tuberculosis Undefeated " is the succinct title used by Professor Crofton for his Marc Daniels Memorial Lecture (Crofton, 1960). Nowhere is this fact more clearly established than in the Registrar-General's report for 1959, which shows the 2,620 men and 854 women died from this disease during the year. That tuberculosis could be eliminaled from Great Britain with available resources may be inferred from Crofton's review and the reports of other workers, such as Thomas et al. (1960) in Birmingham. However, with our present inadequate preventive measures we have to accept continuing infection and so face the three remaining failures of the tuberculosis services. Firstly, late diagnosis of advanced and infectious disease with consequent severe lung damage. Secondly, relapse during or after treatment, often associated with an organism resistant to the standard drugs. Finally, there is death from tuberculosis; sometimes a tragic prelude to its recognition, but more usually following some years after diagnosis. Southampton is a port town and a county borough with a population growing from 177,100 in 1953 to over 200,000 by 1960. During the past 10 years the death rate from tuberculosis has fallen from 35.4 in 1950 to 14.4 per 100,000, but remains hiigher than the general trend for England and Wales (Fig. 1).


Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a known biofilm‐forming organism, is an opportunistic pathogen that plays an important role in chronic otitis media, tracheitis, cholesteatoma, chronic wounds, and implant infections. Eradication of biofilm infections has been a challenge because the biofilm phenotype provides bacteria with a protective environment from the immune system and antibiotics; thus, there has been great interest in adjunctive molecules that may inhibit biofilm formation or cause biofilm dispersal. There are reports that D‐amino acids may inhibit biofilms. In this study, we test the ability of various D‐amino acids to inhibit P. aeruginosa biofilm formation in vitro.


Abstract Adult Education is a field of study and educational practice whose scope and significance are poorly understood. To most people even the educators, the term adult education evokes an image of night classes at the local high school or perhaps another activity prominently labeled as such. The purpose of this article is not to dwell on what people perceive adult education to be, but rather to look at the nature and the approaches that are used in the study of comparative education. It is important to explain first the following concepts: Comparative, Adult Education, Comparative Education and Comparative Adult Education. After defining these concepts, the paper proceeds to discuss some of the approaches that are very relevant to the study of comparative education. These approaches are by nature historical, scientific, sociological, philosophical and methodological. The paper then concludes with a discussion on what comparative adult education is, and what it should aim at in the years ahead.


Twenty independent, petal-specific chalcone synthase (CHS) cDNA clones have been isolated from Petunia hybrida variety Violet 30 (V30). Sequence analysis shows that the largest of these clones contains the entire coding sequence. Using this clone in Southern blot analysis reveals the presence of multiple CHS gene copies in the genome of Petunia hybrida V30. Hybridization and sequence analysis of the CHS cDNA clones shows that they are all copied from a single mRNA species. This indicates the presence of only one transcriptionally active CHS gene in petals. Finally we report the identification, cloning and partial characterization of this gene.


Corona discharge and air ionization equipment (AIT) are typically mounted in the outdoor place near the local area, which we need to change climate and weather conditions. Too many volumes of ions are formed as air passes over the ionization era. These ions travel through the outdoor ionization system and inject into low layers of the troposphere. Much like sunlight does in the atmosphere, the AIT produces an artificial climate change in low layers of the troposphere. It creates a measurable and controllable quantity of positive and negative ions. The negative ions contain an extra electron while the positive ions are missing an electron resulting in an unstable condition. These unstable ions provide the following benefits: precipitation, particle reduction, sterilization, etc. Air components are charged by the ions through ionic bonding. These charged particles affect water droplets in the troposphere then increase condensation of water droplets in the clouds or they stick together increasing their size allowing them to be easily removed from the air. Additionally, particles or dust are the vehicles that transmit microbe, germ and bacteria cells from person to person. As the charged ions cause increased particle size, the result is less harmful particles and dust in the breathing zone or under the low layer of the troposphere for dust particles. One of the most important goals of scientific research of AIT around the world is an extreme change in equipment that can optimize climate in the arid and semi-arid (ASZ) zone, which is the major problem in controlling precipitation and local bad weather conditions. During bad weather, conditions around the world, all biological and non-biological environments strongly are influenced. New achievements in atmospheric and engineering physics that related to physical processes in the low layers of the atmosphere and climate controlling programs are appropriated good strategies to solve the climate change crisis. In fact, by using modern equipment and advanced technology, we can get the stratosphere's low layers ionization, then easily affect the air, and get an ability to intervene and influence the form provided in the atmosphere and weather conditions. Therefore, we offer a basic method alongside other methods around the world, in order to protect and control natural environment during climate change. This method can affect the local climate and interference of rainfall, temperature, humidity and improve efficiency of other meteorological parameters as well. The method could be helpful for appropriate and affordable solution to relieve severe droughts and water shortages in cities, and we can improve the living status and solve some of agricultural and environmental issues.


Low carbon soft iron is used in the manufacture of relays. An instrument is described which can grade the coercive force of such steel with a minimum of sample preparation. Satisfactory correlation is found between results obtained from the grader described and classical testing methods.


Hungry Hungry Hippos (H3) is a new class of state-space model (SSM) developed by Dao & Fu et al for language modeling tasks, which has outperformed transformers on many major benchmarks including SuperGLUE [1]. We investigate the in-context learning (ICL) capacity of H3 as an emergent scaling behavior. In particular, given the theoretically unbounded context window of this novel architecture, we analyze performance in the many-shot domain which cannot be tested for transformer architectures. We compare performance on the GLUE Quora Question Pairs (QQP) task between H3 and GPT-2[2]. Our results demonstrate novel emergent phenomena in ICL for H3 relative to transformers. We find that, contrary to scaling with transformers in the few-shot domain, increases in shot size do not translate consistently to increases in ICL performance in the many-shot domain and tend to lead to poorer performance potentially caused by model overfitting. Furthermore, our results suggest that H3 models are significantly more resistant to class imbalances in ICL. In imbalanced classification tasks, H3 is able to achieve robust accuracy and F1 scores where transformers fail, and generally produce results similarly to or better than transformers of the same size for ICL. In noisy and non-noisy label settings, we uncover fundamental differences in the way H3 models predict class probabilities relative to transformer models, which increases as shot size scales up. Finally, we find that H3 models are less permutation invariant relative to transformers and that the ordering of examples in an ICL shot can affect the robustness of performance. This study is a first-of-its-kind analyzing emergent capabilities in state space models for language applications, especially relative to state-of-the-art transformer models of comparable size. We find that H3 models yield performance advantages in many regards, warranting further investigation as an alternative to transformers in the ICL setting. 1 Key Information to include • Mentors: Dan Fu, Isabel Papadimitriou, Christopher Manning • Late days: 3 (9) total. Andres used 3 and Dhruv used 6 Stanford CS224N Natural Language Processing with Deep Learning


In this manuscript, we tested whether the extent of drug presence in the heart contributes to the elevated cardiovascular risk of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). A fluorescently-tagged nanoformulation of an NSAID with high cardiovascular (CV) risk (diclofenac) was developed as diclofenac ethyl ester (DFEE) encapsulated in traceable (cyanine-5.5 labeled) polymeric micelles (DFEE-TM) based on methoxypoly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(ε-caprolactone)(PEO-b-PCL) (MW, 5000:3500 g/mol). Diclofenac pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution as well as ex vivo near-infrared images of organs and whole body were compared between healthy rats and rats with adjuvant arthritis (AA) following administration of a single iv dose of DFEE-TM. Moreover, biodistribution and anti-arthritic activity of DFEE-TM were compared with those of free diclofenac (once-daily ip, 10 mg/kg for 7 days). The concentration ratio of cytochrome P450-mediated cardiotoxic (20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid) over cardioprotective (epoxyeicosatrienoic acids) metabolites of arachidonic acid (ArA) in the heart, kidneys, and plasma were measured as markers of cardiotoxicity. The nanocarrier was found in the joints of AA, but not in those of healthy rats. Both free diclofenac and DFEE-TM comparably controlled AA. Diclofenac delivery via PEO-b-PCL micelles reduced accumulation of diclofenac in the heart of AA rats. Despite similar anti-arthritic activity, the polymeric micellar formulation showed a reduction in the ratio of cardiotoxic-over-cardioprotective eicosanoids of ArA in heart and plasma of AA rats. The results showed the positive effect of nano-delivery of diclofenac prodrug in changing the normal biodistribution of diclofenac away from the heart, leading to lowered diclofenac induced biomarkers of cardiotoxicity in the heart and plasma of AA rats.


A statistical study is presented to evaluate the accuracy of five approximate methods that have been proposed in the past to estimate the maximum inelastic deformation demand on existing structures. Three are based on equivalent linearization in which the inelastic deformation is approximated by the maximum deformation of an equivalent linear elastic system having lower lateral stiffness and larger viscous damping with respect to the preyielding properties of the inelastic system. In the equivalent linear methods evaluated here the equivalent period and equivalent damping ratio are computed as a function of the maximum deformation through the displacement ductility ratio. The other two methods estimate the maximum inelastic deformation of a system by modifying its maximum elastic deformation through a displacement modification factor. Modification factors depend on the initial period of vibration and its lateral strength. A relatively large number of earthquake ground motions recorded on sites having average shear wave velocities higher than 180 m/s are used to calculate error statistics. For each method mean errors and standard errors, as well as probability of underestimating or overestimating inelastic deformations, are presented and discussed.


The employee turnover is usually related with employees' dissatisfaction. If a person is not happy with the work culture or attitude or behavior of his colleagues, he ends up in leaving an organization. This demotivation once felt by an employee leads him to stress and conflicts at workplace. Also once an employee leaves an organization, the management also has to suffer and incur expenses for fresh recruitment and all this is a time consuming process. Therefore it has become important for employers to ensure employees' job satisfaction for mutual benefit. The aim of this paper is to identify the variables which effect the job satisfaction of healthcare employees. The dimensions studied under this survey were as Welfare Schemes, Possibilities for development, Meaning of Work.100 questionnaires were distributed to medical and para medical staff employed at private healthcare hospitals of J&K. Findings from the study are significant to organizations influencing job satisfaction of employees and will help hospitals to increase employee motivation.


In a telephone survey, 300 patients taking sildenafil for erectile dysfunction were interviewed for the presence of adverse effects, particularly esophageal symptoms. In these patients, the mean dose was 53.6 mg taken at a mean frequency of less than 4 times per month by 84% of the patients. Adverse effects were reported by 28% (n = 84) of the patients, with the 2 most common effects being facial flushing (64.2%) and headache (14.2%). Esophageal symptoms were reported less frequently, including dysphagia (2.3%) and odynophagia (1.6%) in 9 patients. In addition, when reported, esophageal symptoms were mild and intermittent, typically lasting for only an hour or less. Based on a retrospective telephone review, the authors suggested that esophageal symptoms occur infrequently with sildenafil use and are typically of a temporary nature. It is known that sildenafil decreases the resting pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter and the amplitude of peristaltic waves in the distal esophagus via its action on smooth muscle. Sildenafil ["Viagra"] Kinn BJ et al (BJ Kinn, Dept of Med, Samsung Med Center, Sungkyunkwan Univ, Sch of Med, Seoul, Korea) Sildenafil prescribed for erectile dysfunction may induce esophageal symptoms. J Clin Gastroenterol 39(7):644–645 (Aug) 2005 Alosetron* (211) Azithromycin* (216) Ciprofloxacin (209) Efalizumab (215) Ethionamide (217) Mifepristone (222) Mirtazapine (214) Natalizumab (220) Risperidone (218) Rosiglitazone (219) Senna (221) Sildenafil (208) Sodium Thiopental (213) Tramadol (212) Vincristine* (210)


Mikhail Bakhtin's work on Dostoevsky is well known. Less familiar, perhaps, is Bakhtin's attitude toward the other great Russian nineteenth-century novelist, Leo Tolstoy. This essay explores that "Tolstoy connection," both as a means for interrogating Bakhtin's analytic categories and as a focus for evaluating the larger tradition of "Tolstoy versus Dostoevsky." Bakhtin is not a particularly good reader of Tolstoy. But he does make provocative use of the familiar binary model to pursue his most insistent concerns: monologism versus dialogism, the relationship of authors to their characters, the role of death in literature and life, and the concept of the self. Bakhtin's comments on these two novelists serve as a good starting point for assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the Bakhtinian model in general and suggest ways one might recast the dialogue between Tolstoy and Dostoevsky on somewhat different, more productive ground.


This paper takes a fresh look at the theoretical relationship between linguistic rhythm and linguistic melody, arguing for a closer connection between metrical structure and intonational organization than is typically assumed. The focus of this paper is the theoretical treatment of word-medial intonational targets in languages without stress, since at first glance, such word-medial targets challenge the core assumption of the autosegmental-metrical theory of intonation that all intonational targets are aligned either with a stressed syllable or with the edge of a prosodic domain. I propose that this theoretical dilemma may be resolved by taking into account foot edges as possible alignment sites for edge tones. The claim that intonational tones may be aligned with foot edges is supported with new data from the Papuan language Fataluku. The implications of such an analysis for other stressless languages are also discussed.


There are indelible challenges related to transistor action and realization of emerging two-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) multilayer (2D<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{{\mathrm {ml}}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) field-effect transistors (FETs), to the post silicon technology era. For scalability, a cost-effective large area ultrafine thin films interface and band alignment of multilayer channel material with compatible gate dielectric are essential. Here, 2D<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{{\mathrm {ml}}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> hafnium disulfide (HfS2) and ZrO2 are employed as channel material and gate dielectric, respectively, and anticipated that vdW interaction of said structures entails the high-quality interface with trivial dangling bonds and defects caused by lattice mismatch. The investigated Al/ZrO2/HfS2/Al<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{\mu {\text{-IDE}}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> FETs exhibit the subthreshold swing (SS) ~65 mV/dec, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${I}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}/I_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle OFF}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ratio of ~104, transconductance of ~3.99 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{S}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, effective mobility of ~74 cm2/Vs at <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}_{{\mathrm {gs}}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of 2 V, and leakage current density of ~33.8 nA/cm2 at <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}_{{\mathrm {gs}}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of −1 V. Thus, the steep SS, sturdy current saturation, low-voltage operation (~3 V), and leakage current establish the potential candidature of HfS2 and ZrO2-based 2-D FETs for both conventional and ubiquitous electronics.