ABSTRACT In the spirit of New Public Management (NPM), performance-based budgeting (PBB) has (re-)attracted the interest of both academics and practitioners. A wide variety of approaches and results have enlivened the debate on this topic, but the growing amount of theoretical and empirical works calls for systematization. Therefore, a systematic review is carried out on public management and accounting studies published in international academic journals from 1990 to 2014. Through descriptive and thematic investigations, this article explores the results achieved to date and identifies gaps and avenues for future research, answering two questions: What has been done? What else should be done?


It is generally assumed that one reason why white matter injury is common in preterm infants is the relatively poor vascular supply.


The three-component one-pot reaction of pyridin-2(1H)-one or isoquinolin-1(2H)-one (I), isocyanides (II), and activated acetylenes (III) yields 1-azabuta-1,3-dienes of type (IV).


Abstract Most waste rock dumps of Uranium mining in the Eastern German Ore Mountains near Schlema site are covered with an 80 cm compacted loam sublayer and a vegetated 20 cm top layer by mixing of compost and mineral soil (vol. 50%/vol. 50%). The cover is quite fertile and leads to a considerable reduction of water infiltration into the heaps. However, soil forming processes alter the physical properties of the cover affecting soil hydrology, stability and growth conditions. Within 6 years after placement self-compaction increased dry bulk density of the top soil (10 – 20 cm depth) from 1.15 – 1.35 g cm−3. As a consequence, the air filled macropores decreased from >20 vol.-% to 8 vol.-%, whereas the water storing medium pores increased by 9 vol.-%. In contrast, dry bulk density of the pre-compacted mineral sublayer remained unchanged at 1.72 g cm−3. Nevertheless, even in 30 – 60 cm depth, a significant increase in plant available water-holding capacity occurred. Initial soil dynamics are likely to improve the hydrological efficency and stability of the cover system. On the other hand, there is already some evidence for structural cracks and preferential water flow, which counteract the positive effects of self-consolidation and therefore requires further research.


According to Constructivism Theory,combining with the applied writing teaching practice of colleges in Hebei province,adopting the chart of applied writing training achievement,the chart of personal relations of a class and the chart of Chinese interest as well,and by doing context experiment using the method of combining natural experiment and survey,the advanced vocational applied writing cast anchor pattern teaching mode was found.This mode promotes students to improve their ability of writing,active participation,cooperation and personal relations quickly.


The topic of this research is about emotion and state of mind. Happiness and joyfulness (gembira and senang in Bahasa Indonesia) can be classified as types of positive emotion which is associated with causal relationship. Causal meaning reflects cause–effect relation. Causal relationship which is represented by words, clauses and sentences does not refer directly to emotions; it implies the complex phenomena of the emotions and states of mind (Santangelo 2002). The elements in the causal relationships can generate humorous sense resulting in smiles and laughter. Smiles and laughter reflect happiness and joyfulness. Happiness and joyfulness are the results of cause element in a particular context which is manifested through physical activities such as laughter. It is possible that a causal relationship reflects a negative mood such as cynicism, hatred, resentment, and so on. This study uses two types of theories namely theory of emotions and states of mind, and semiotic theory of iconicity in language in the form of a causal relationship. The method used is the incorporation of semiotic theory of diagrammatic icons from C.S.Peirce with the emotional theory of P.Santangelo. Emotional expert P.Santangelo based his theory on emotion in the field of psychology with the specificity of examining emotive elements in text with cultural influence. The data used is in the form of jokes in written texts. Jokes are culturally-laden linguistics expressions. Someone who is immersed in one culture can understand a joke, then smile or laugh after reading it. Therefore, the Santangelo's theory was chosen to examine the text in the form of a joke. Semiotics experts, C.S.Peirce proposes that one type of signs in semiotics is a diagrammatic icon. Diagrammatic icon is used to examine intersentential relationships in a discourse, including consecutive word order, action-purpose, cause-effect, and so on. This study aims to find and describe the joint flow of thought and the emotions of the Indonesians who, due to stimulation of certain sentences, conduct physical movements, such as laughter or smiles. Laughter and smiles are non-lingual elements related to emotion and states of mind. Laughter and smiles are not considered as emotion; it is rather a physical movement which expresses joy or happiness. Keywords— emotion and states of mind, causal relationship, happy and joy, smiles and laughter, jokes


This chapter's primary goal is to provide a comprehensive approach to the development of new highly undetectable stegosystems that greatly complicate their steganalysis. The authors propose several implementations of highly undetectable stegosystems, the so-called HUGO systems, using an integrated approach to their synthesis. This approach most fully considers the features of transmitting hidden messages over highly noisy communication channels. At the stage of embedding hidden messages, the authors suggest actively using their discrete transformations. The authors also propose increasing the secrecy of secret messages by converting them to a form that resembles natural noise. The authors use a discrete chaotic decomposition of the Arnold cat map (ACM) to do this. The authors also suggest using highly efficient noise-tolerant encoding and multi-threshold decoding to combat interference in the communication channel and an embedding algorithm. The authors also describe two original stegosystems ±HUGO and ⨁HUGO and test results confirming their effectiveness.


Donald M. Norris (email@example.com) is President of Strategic Initiatives, Inc., a management consulting firm in Herndon, Virginia. He is internationally recognized as an authority on transforming organizations for the Knowledge Age. He is co-author of Transforming Higher Education: A Vision for Learning in the 21st Century. Norris is working with a number of strategic alliances focusing on virtual commerce and involving technology firms, colleges and universities, and other stakeholders.


Abstract:  As mature tropical forests are cleared, secondary forests may play an important role in the conservation of animal species, depending on how fast animal communities recover during forest regeneration. I reviewed published studies on the recovery of animal species richness and composition during tropical forest regeneration. In 38 of the 39 data sets I examined, conversion of forest to agriculture or pasture substantially reduced species richness. Given suitable conditions for forest recovery, the species richness of the animal taxa considered can be predicted to resemble that of mature forests roughly 20–40 years after land abandonment. At least for ants and birds, however, recovery of species composition appears to take substantially longer than recovery of species richness. Because species richness for many taxa appears to recover relatively rapidly in secondary forests, conservation of secondary forests may be an effective investment in future diversity. The slower recovery of species composition indicates, however, that some species will require stands of mature forest to persist.


email@example.com Abstract. This paper analyzed the status of China's real estate financial risks, and summarized the outstanding features of the real estate financial risks. The real estate financial risks will run through the whole process of China's industrialization and urbanization, while the possibility of evolving from a hint of financial risk to the global risks will increase occasionally; there are periodicity, conductivity, invisibility and controllability in the risks of real estate finance supported by traditional financial organizations and informal finance.


By using the finite element method,the mechanics behavior of composite ground improved by rigid piles under flexible foundation is studied.And the main influence factors such as the height and the width of embankment,the compression modulus of embankment and piles,replacement ratio,the replacement ratio of piles are considered.By using the ABAQUS finite element program,the model of the composite ground improved by rigid piles under embankment is established and the main influence factors are analyzed,and the mechanics behavior of composite ground between the flexible foundation and the rigid foundation is compared.


In Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh, majority of the farmers were cultivating rice in a traditional method i.e., transplanting of rice under tanks and canals as source of irrigation. Due to late receipt of the water in the canal tail end regions, sowing of the second crop is becoming late which leads to yield loss. In future, water and labour availability may worsen which may lead to increased competition for these aspects. Therefore, Krishi VIgyan Kendra, Ghantasala endeavored to create awareness on direct sown paddy with seed drill and has been promoting this method since 5-6 years. Andhra Pradesh State was selected purposively for this study and the survey was conducted in Krishna district. 120 rice growers were considered for the present study. The data was collected from the farmers through personal interview with the help of pre-tested scheules and questionnaire. The results showed that 51.66 per cent of the respondents belonged to high adoption category, followed by 29.16 per cent belonged to medium adoption and 19.16 per cent of the respondent belonged to low adoption categories which means partial adoption of direct sown paddy with seed drill respectively. As per recommendations of the Scientists of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ghantasala, more than half of the respondents had high level of adoption. It can be concluded that direct sown paddy is getting more popular in Krishna district and farmers are more motivated towards adoption of the technology. More than half of the farmers are adopting the recommended package of practices. So, farmers should be motivated to adopt 100 per cent technology which created a positive impact on farming community.


This study builds on extant replicable, aggregable, and data-supported (RAD) research to posit and examine correlations between writing center intervention and improved student writing. The authors review three decades of quantitative writing center scholarship and provide data resulting from four writing center assessments. These assessments include two preand post-intervention studies and two intervention/ non-intervention studies. Results are mixed. The preand post-intervention studies show statistically significant improvements in student writing. The intervention/non-intervention studies show considerable to limited improvements in student writing. Possible reasons for these results are discussed, including study protocols, self-selection bias, and the difficulty of imposing controls. Impacts on the practice of one writing center are shared, and suggestions for further research are provided. The Writing Center Journal 35.3 | 2016 105 International Writing Centers Association , Purdue University Press are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Writing Center Journal www.jstor.org 1 Pleasant et al.: "By Turns Pleased and Confounded": A Report on One Writing Center Published by Purdue e-Pubs, 2022 At a time when academic programs are increasingly evaluated by quantitative measures, more writing centers should consider the benefits of assessments driven in part by replicable, aggregable, and data-supported (RAD) research methods. As our study demonstrates, such assessments can productively interrogate and explicate the myriad roles tutoring plays in the improvement of student writing. This idea is not new. Harvey Kail (1979) writes, "Even if peer tutoring is a relatively new educational innovation and even if it may be still premature to begin a systematic evaluation of its effectiveness, my Dean, at least, wants to know (and sooner, not later), 'Does your peer tutoring program work?'" (p. 2). Kail's call has remained largely (although not entirely) unanswered, though, and for some understandable reasons. In "Writing Center Assessment: Why and a Little How," Isabelle Thompson (2006) suggests that some directors are wary of implementing quantitative measures of success because they "are already overwhelmed with other duties." Indeed, writing center administrators may "equate externally-mandated assessment with external accountability to conservative institutions not particularly supportive of our process-based pedagogy" (p. 33). Others may view quantitative methods skeptically, believe that quantitative methods are beyond their purview, or fear the potential results of quantitative assessments. If a center is judged by its performance on such measures, what happens when it performs poorly? Is its budget cut? Is it shut down entirely? While these concerns are certainly valid, it is our view that the advantages of articulating and implementing robust quantitative assessment protocols outweigh these risks. As we show below, if in fact RAD writing center research occasionally confounds our expectations, those expectations can be adjusted. While RAD research may not always affirm our work, it can provide a clearer view of our work. And that view can become a vision of how to do that work better. Recently, calls for quantitative studies of writing center work and advice on how to conduct such studies have intensified. Ellen Schendel & William J. Macauley 's Building Writing Center Assessments that Matter (2012) includes a chapter by Macauley titled "Getting from Values to Assessable Outcomes" along with an "interchapter" by Neal Lerner titled "Of Numbers and Stories: Quantitative and Qualitative Assessments in the Writing Center." The underlying message from both Macauley and Lerner is that we can and should quantify writing center effectiveness. Macauley focuses on turning our values into "assessable outcomes" and identifies broad goals such as fostering close reading and critical inquiry skills among students (p. 41) and encouraging tutors to 106 Pleasant, Niiler, & Jagannathan | "By Turns Pleased and Confounded" 2 Writing Center Journal, Vol. 35 [2022], Iss. 3, Art. 6 https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/wcj/vol35/iss3/6 DOI: 10.7771/2832-9414.1843 use non-directive methods and focus on higher-order concerns before lower-order concerns (p. 44). Macauley offers three questions that must be asked in determining whether an outcome is assessable: 1. "Can it be measured or counted?" 2. "Can it be measured or counted consistently?" and 3. "Is it clearly a reflection of the value to which you have attached it?" (p. 52). This kind of language borrowed in equal measures from the natural and social sciences and from education suggests that more could be done to augment the qualitative and anecdotal measures that have traditionally dominated writing center research. The title of Lerner 's interchapter also indicates the value he places on both qualitative and quantitative measures. Lerner describes the "conflict between numerical data versus qualitative data or numbers vs. stories" not in simple terms that portray one as "better" than the other but as a "conflict in the fundamentals of knowledge making" (p. 109), and he argues that both are essential if we want to paint a clear picture of our work. Lerner asks his readers to imagine a new dean asking for a report on the writing center's effectiveness. The director is torn between providing neat tables of numerical data or gathering testimonials from students and tutors. In the end, both are valuable, he says, because [n]ew deans do not always demand bar charts and summary tables for you to demonstrate the value of your writing center. Some might be more persuaded by narrative accounts of how student writers learn or a description of the long-term value that your tutoring staff finds from their work, (p.113) In Researching the Writing Center: Towards an Evidence-Based Practice (2012), Rebecca Day Babcock & Terese Thonus announce, "The purpose of this book is first to argue for RAD research, qualitative and quantitative scholarship that engages empirical evidence as mediating theory and practice" (p. 3). They trace a history of scholarship that has been uneven at best in its appreciation for quantitative work. The value of combining quantitative and qualitative data seems evident, but calls for quantitative work to complement our "stories" are, for the most part, a recent phenomenon. It's not that nobody has ever said writing center research should incorporate more quantitative data, but few were saying it loudly and even fewer were publishing truly quantitative work. In "Theory, Lore, and More: An Analysis of RAD Research in The Writing Center Journal, 1980-2009," Dana Driscoll & Sherry Wynn Perdue (2012) look at thirty years' worth of articles, 270 in all, and conclude that only 6% of those articles a total of 15 would The Writing Center Journal 35.3 | 2016 107 3 Pleasant et al.: "By Turns Pleased and Confounded": A Report on One Writing Center Published by Purdue e-Pubs, 2022 qualify as RAD research (p. 25). 1 Driscoll & Perdue's analysis echoes in many ways Richard Haswell's (2005) plea for more RAD research in composition. In "NCTE/CCCC's Recent War on Scholarship," he shows that composition researchers published more RAD research than did their counterparts in the writing center field. Haswell identifies 69 RAD articles on research paper writing from the 1990s in non-NCTE/ CCCC publications, but only three in NCTE/CCCC publications. Perhaps this dearth of RAD research has something to do with the perceived consequences of "negative" findings that is, findings that would seem to contradict the efficacy of the writing center. Perhaps, too, as James Williams & Seiji Takaku (2011) note, many writing center researchers labor under the belief that there are simply too many variables to produce a replicable, aggregable, and data-supported study. There is, after all, considerable variation in teaching and grading "from teacher to teacher, from class to class, and from tutor to tutor" (p. 6). So we have two issues in play as we consider the role of RAD research in our field: First, the consequences of findings that do not meet our expectations, and may not meet the expectations of our institutions; and second, perceived difficulties with designing a reliable RAD study that attempts to measure the efficacy of writing center tutoring. We will touch on both of these issues in this article, which focuses on a series of RAD assessments over two academic years. These assessments provide not only what we hope will be a model, but also encouragement, caution, and sometimes puzzling data on the effectiveness of peer tutoring. Our RAD assessments employ quantitative methods to demonstrate that writing center tutoring may lead to better student writing. Perhaps just as importantly, though, they have helped us better understand our current practices with an eye to improving them. And they have encouraged us to look for new and more innovative ways to employ quantitative methods within the context of RAD research in future assessments. Selected Literature Review The roots of RAD writing center research, however thin, stretch deep. Kail's 1979 call, cited above ("Does your tutoring program work?"), seems to echo throughout Stephen North's 1984 essay, "Writing Center 1 While only a very small number of articles qualify under the authors' rigorous standards for RAD research, Driscoll & Perdue did find that 91 of those articles contained some form of data collection, either first-hand collection from human participants or from secondary sources (p. 20). 108 Pleasant, Niiler, & Jagannathan | "By Turns Pleased and Confounded" 4 Writing Center Journal, Vol. 35 [2022], Iss. 3, Art. 6 https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/wcj/vol35/iss3/6 DOI: 10.7771/2832-9414.1843 Research: Testing Our Assumptions." In that work, North calls for research methods "borrowed from disciplines like ethnog


Why The Light Velocity Is The Highest In The Universe? Because our bodies (Matters = Bright Fringes) are created from the Light beams coherence, So our bodies are connected with this specific light beams from which were created, so any other light beams (for example the original light beam) we can't discover it by our 5 senses because we connected to the bright fringes only So, Even if there's light higher velocity, we can't discover it


The paper presents the AetiveX controller realization method of intelligence control algorithm, and use DELPHI language implements the algorithm of Self-regulation factor Fuzzy controller, and proceeds application research in Kingview supervisory control software. The result shows ActiveX controller is a kind of useful technology to realize intelligence control algorithm.


A method is described for measuring mean retinal circulation time in man from serial fundus photographs after injecting fluorescein into a peripheral vein. From densitometric measurements on the photographic images of the retinal vessels an estimate is made of the relative concentration of fluorescein in arterial and venous retinal blood at the time of each picture, and arterial and venous time—concentration curves are constructed. From these curves mean avterial and venous retinal circulation times are calculated by conventional formulas. The mean retinal circulation time is the difference between venous and arterial times. In 29 normal males this averaged 4.7 ±1.1 seconds. The retinal circulation time was prolonged by inhaling 100 per cent oxygen and by sublingual administration of nitroglycerine. It was shortened by inhaling 7 per cent carbon dioxide. By combining measurements of mean retinal circulation time with estimates of change in retinal arteriovenous oxygen difference and change in the diameter of retinal vessels in response to various stimuli, it is possible to estimate relative changes in retinal blood flow and in the rate of oxygen delivery from the retinal vascular system.


Chinese culture was founded at the transition from the Yin to the Zhou Dynasty,whose primary values lay in the ideal of a virtue-based government.This great ideal was developed creatively by the people of Zhou,who,after successfully overthrowing the Shang Dynasty,had to face grave challenge to the monarchy,to make every attempt to cope with challenges,to deal with both history and reality,to cope with those conquered tribes of different families and to stand the contest of "ruling the nation".The virtue-based government was both a significant legacy the people of Zhou left to the later generations and a heavy burden upon the shoulder of the Chinese people.From a contemporary perspective,our historical duty is to criticize and reflect this key character of Chinese culture so as to re-shape our human ideal with a humanistic mind.


The present study examined the effects of romantic and intelligence priming on the social-desirability and hireability of self-promoting and communal female job applicants. Participants were first primed with either romantic or intelligence related images and then asked to evaluate the social-desirability and hireability of three female job applicants. These job applicants were self-promoting and competent, communal and competent, or communal and not competent. After rating the job applicants, participants were reprimed and asked to complete a scale measuring career aspiration. Results revealed that participants rated the self-promoting applicant as more hirable than the communal applicants. In contrast, the communal and competent applicant was rated more socially desirable than the self-promoting applicant. No effect of priming on participants' career aspiration or applicants' social-desirability or hireability was found. However, there was a marginally significant relationship between participant gender and first choice to hire.


Objective: To examine the correlation between the growth inhibitory activity of TGF β and the genetic expression of TGF β RⅠ and RⅡ genes in human breast cancer cell lines. Methods: The growth inhibitory activity of TGF β in five breast cancer cell lines were examined by incorporation of thymidine. Southern blot, Northern blot and Western blot hybridization were performed to detect the expression of TGF β R gene. Results: Three breast cancer cell lines(MCF 7, YCC B101, YCC B151 and TGF β) were found to be resistant to growth inhibitory effect of TGF β.MCF 7 cell line ,however, expressed no detectable TGF β RⅡ mRNA and RⅡ protein, while structure of TGF β RⅡ gene and normal expression of TGF β RⅠ gene were normal. No any abnormal expression of mRNA, protein and genetic structure of TGF β RⅠ and RⅡ was found in YCC B101 and YCC B151. Conclusion: The results suggested that acquired resistance to the growth inhibitory effect of TGF β could be derived from defect of transcription regulation system of TGF β RⅡ in MCF 7 cell line, and might be in the pathway of postreceptor signal transduction in YCC B101 and YCC B151 cell lines.


Mouldiness of medicinal herbs occurred commonly during storage. Fungi associated with mouldy materials of Glycyrrhiza uralensis and their capability of mycotoxin production were investigated. Medicinal materials of G. uralensis were collected from herbal markets. Seven fungal species belonging to Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Mucor were isolated. Among them, Penicillium polonicum, Aspergillus parasiticus and P. crustosum were dominant. Mycotoxin production was detected by HPLC-MS technique. Aspergillus parasiticus produced aflatoxins (AFG2, AFG1, AFB2, AFB1) and ochrotoxin A (OTA), while Penicillium polonicum mainly produced ochrotoxin A (OTA).


Subjects (Ss) who viewed a clock for 6 min while awaiting receipt of an electric shock showed significant changes in HR and SC; these indices did not change significantly for Ss who could not observe the clock. Analyses of responses to the delivery of shock revealed that Ss in the No Clock group demonstrated greater increases in HR and SC than did Ss in the Clock group. Differences in HR within I min following shock were observed between the Clock and No Clock groups. It was suggested that rather than mediating fear arousal per se the external cue facilitated coping with the impending event.


In this paper we study the product of the square-free divisor of a natural number Psd(n) = Qjn "(d)6 d. According to the Dirichlet divisor problem, we turn to study the asymptotic formula of P nx logP sd(n). This article uses the hyperbolic summation and the convolution


Fluid conditions to establish and to maintain an optical clean zone for in-process measurement are investigated. As two fluid flows are involved, the i n eractions between them can be complex. This requires the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approa ch be utilized. In this work, the widely recognized CFD package CFX was used for the object ive. The effectiveness of the measurement can be affected by several factors including the veloc ity of oolant, the velocity of transparent fluid, the velocity of workpiece surface, and the gap betwe en orkpiece surface and the transparent fluid beam applicator. Based on the results of the computat ional investigation, it was found that a clean zone could be successfully established if the four c onfiguration factors are 3m/s, 20m/s, 0.2m/s, and 1mm, respectively.


This chapter describes low-end globalization – the informal economy; the
 shadow economy – as practised by African entrepreneurs in Guangzhou,
 China. It shows how low-end and high-end globalization are ideal types,
 with individual entrepreneurs weaving between them in terms of sending
 copies or original goods, paying bribes or not, and numerous other areas.
 The chapter addresses these types of globalization in terms of contracts
 vs. reputation, legality vs. illegality, bureaucratic procedures vs. personal
 linkages, and universalism vs. particularism. It examines how these idealtype
 dichotomies play out in entrepreneurs' actual practices and choices
 in a variety of complex and carefully calculated ways. The geopolitics of
 high- and low-end globalization as they are practised and developed by
 individual entrepreneurs within global trade are also examined.


The technologies for information have been changing very fast,we are facing more challenges.In recent years,the number of website hacked events continue to rise.This paper introduces the current situation of security,conduct the importance of penetration test for Web application system in level protection assessment,introduces the major security weaknesses of Web application system and penetration test methods,improve the capability and efficiency of penetration testing.


This report presents an analysis and discussion of current and future alternative transport options in south east Wales. The report considers the current challenges faced as a result of high levels of private vehicle use, and examines alternative travel demand management measures that might be available to address this now and in the future.


Background: In atopic subjects, dysfunctions of the upper and lower airways frequently coexist and allergic rhinitis seems to constitute a risk factor for the occurrence of asthma in predisposed individuals.


Executive Summary This is just the first draft of a paper to be delivered to the OECD. My understanding is that the final product may become a chapter of a longer document, hence the references below to 'this paper/chapter'. The particular focus is on the impact of FDI on human capital enhancement in developing countries. While there are of course vast literatures on both FDI and human capital enhancement, the specific issue of how, if at all, the behaviour of TNCs impact on human capital enhancement in developing countries has not as yet been explicitly researched in any great detail. Following the introduction, Section 2 of the paper refers briefly to the issue of FDI in developing countries. Section 3 sets out the issues as regards human capital enhancement. Section 4 then considers the evidence. The major impact of FDI on human capital enhancement appears to have been not through any effort of the MNEs but rather from governments seeking to attract FDI via enhanced human capital. Once individuals are employed by MNE subsidiaries, their human capital may be further enhanced through training and on the job learning. Those subsidiaries may also have a positive role on human capital enhancement in other enterprises with which they develop links, including suppliers. To the extent that human capital is thereby


Release of PRL is primarily under inhibitory control by dopamine, but surges of PRL in animals during physiological conditions such as suckling are so large that stimulation of release by an unidentified factor in addition to cessation of tonic dopaminergic inhibition has been suspected. Classical pituitary hormone-releasing factors and hormone releaseinhibiting factors are stored in the hypothalamus, but the control of PRL secretion is more complicated. Although most of the dopamine that inhibits PRL release comes from the hypothalamus, there is also control from the posterior pituitary gland. Evidence from rats, sheep, and other species indicates that the posterior pituitary gland mediates PRL release during suckling and other conditions (1–4). The posterior pituitary gland contains PRL-releasing activity and, in rats, the region containing the most PRL-releasing activity is the intermediate lobe (5–7). Identification of this activity will require purification of the factor(s). The original isolations of biologically active peptides from the hypothalamus were heroic tasks that involved collecting hundreds of thousands of bovine hypothalami (8–10). In this issue, Ben-Jonathan and her co-workers (11) have used a different approach to obtain material to use to isolate the PRL-releasing activity by taking advantage of advances in biotechnology that have occurred since the first factor was isolated. It is now possible to create designer cell lines that express some of the differentiated properties of the tissues of origin. Cell lines with differentiated properties were developed from tumors in the 1960s (12), but a limiting step has been obtaining tumors of the desired cells in order to create the lines. Now, however, transgenic mice can be created with tumors in specific cell types. The tumors grow because a viral protein that is tumorigenic for most cells, such as the SV40 large T antigen, is expressed in the cells, and tissue-specific promoters ensure that the mice express this tumor-causing protein only in desired cells. POMC is expressed only in certain cells of the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus, so when the POMC promoter is attached to the SV40 T antigen and incorporated into a transgenic mouse genome, cell-specific transcription factors that cause production of POMC from the endogenous POMC promoter will also cause production of SV40 T antigen from the exogenous POMC promoter. The intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland of the rat consists of primarily POMC-producing cells, so it was a reasonable assumption that the PRL-releasing activity might also be produced by these cells, in which case tumors caused by expression of a protein driven by a POMC promoter might be a good choice for a source of cells that also made the releasing activity. The fragment of POMC promoter used to induce to tumors worked best in the intermediate lobe, rather than the anterior pituitary gland or the hypothalamus, which was just what was needed for this project. The mice grew large intermediate lobe tumors. Ben-Jonathan and co-workers found that extracts of the tumors had PRL-releasing activity and then set about deriving stable cell lines as more accessible sources of the activity. They isolated a cell line that expressed POMC and T antigen as predicted, but that had little or no PRLreleasing activity; the cells might have lost the ability to make the factor. They did obtain a cell line that produces PRL-releasing activity, but unexpectedly, it expresses neither T antigen nor POMC. It isn't clear why this cell line grows continually in culture if not expressing T antigen; a fortuitous spontaneous mutation may have occurred. Because no other differentiated functions have been identified except the PRL-releasing activity, the lineage of these cells is not yet known. So the rational use of biotechnology led to a promising cell line for a source of PRL-releasing activity, but not for the expected reasons, and luck seems to have played a part. What remains to be done to demonstrate that the activity is a releasing factor? The authors now refer to it as a regulatory factor. In addition to purification and characterization of the activity, there are two important questions. One is relatively easy: does this factor stimulate rapid release of PRL? In the paper in this issue, the authors measured stimulation of PRL secretion into the medium over an 18-h period from GH3 cells and normal lactotrophs. GH3 cells ordinarily contain amounts of PRL equivalent to 1–2 h worth of secretion, so marked increases in PRL secretion over 18 h reflect increases in PRL synthesis. The authors also assayed PRL gene activity by measuring luciferase activity under the control of the PRL promoter. In most cases in GH3 cells, increases in PRL synthesis reflect increases in PRL mRNA transcription, so it is not surprising that stimulation of secretion over 18 h is similar to stimulation of luciferase activity. A long-term effect on synthesis, however, need not indicate a shortterm effect on release. Compounds, for example, steroids, may affect PRL synthesis without rapidly affecting PRL release, so it is important to know if the activity produced by the new cell line stimulates PRL release as rapidly as suckling increases PRL release in animals. The second question is whether the cell line is expressing the same PRL-releasing activity that the normal intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland does. Many factors stimulate PRL production. Changes in protein expression that allowed this cell line to grow may have caused expression of a factor not Received October 8, 1997. Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Dr. Priscilla S. Dannies, Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520. 0013-7227/97/$03.00/0 Vol. 138, No. 12 Endocrinology Printed in U.S.A. Copyright © 1997 by The Endocrine Society


Throughout history, changes have occurred in the energy system, where social and economic factors have been identified as drivers for these changes. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether crises, financial crises and energy supply crises, have been drivers for changes in the energy system in Sweden for the period 1900-2013. To investigate these changes, energy prices is measured as the mechanism of changes in the energy system by using relative prices. The data for energy consumption, energy intensity and CO2 emissions are based on the manufacturing industry and are investigated as the impact of changes that occur in the energy system. The results for this study show that crises have had an impact on the energy system. Furthermore, the study also indicates that there is a difference between energy supply crises and financial crises and their respective impact on the energy system. Energy supply crises appears to create long-term changes in the energy system, due to shortages in the energy supply, which have increased energy prices as well as the demand for substituted energy carriers. Financial crises appear to only have had short-term impacts on the Swedish energy system. (Less)


The present invention relates to a thiazine amide derivative and a pharmaceutical use thereof, and particularly to a compound of formula I (in the formula, variables are as described in the specification), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or hydrate thereof. The present invention further relates to a method for preparing the compound, a pharmaceutical composition containing the compound and a method or a use thereof for preventing or treating a neurodegenerative disease.


The resistivity of BaCe0.95Y0.05O3−x ceramic element was very sensitive to CO2 in the moisten atmosphere at 923 K. The reproducible linear relationship between the resistivity and the CO2 concentration was observed in the range of 200–3000 ppm.


In previous study selected Rhizobium-PVK23 significantly enhanced seed germination, plant length, plant weight and nodule number in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) (1). So aim of present study was to evaluate the plant growth activity of Rhizobium-PVK23 to improve Plant growth and nodulation of Mucuna (Mucuna pruriens). Pot experiment was conducted for evaluated the plant growth of Rhizobium-PVK23 and Total two treatments was prepared and these are Rhizobium-PVK23 and control (uninoculated) seed. RhizobiumPVK23 enhanced the plant weight and height of Mucuna by 179 and 121.3% respectively as compared to control. Rhizobium-PVK23 coated seed enhanced nodule per and Fresh weight of nodule per plant. Key ords: Rhizobium, PGPR, Mucuna Introduction Now a days, scientist are searching new alternative of chemical fertilizer. Biofertilizer can promote plant growth and productivity has internationally been accepted as an alternative source of chemical fertilizer. These rhizobacteria effectively colonize plant root and increases plant growth by production of various plant growth hormones, Psolubilizing activity, N2 fixation and biological control activity (2). Mucuna pruriens belongs to the family Fabaceae. It has some medicinal value and it is also food –feed crop. The roots are bitter, sweet thermogenic emollient, stimulant, purgative, aphrodisiac and diuretic. The leaves are aphrodisiac. The seeds are astringent, laxative, anthelmentic, alexipharmic and tonic (3). A clinical study confirmed the efficacy of the seeds of Mucuna pruriens in the management of Parkinson's disease by virtue of their L-DOPA content (4). M. pruriens has been shown to increase male sex hormones -testosterone levels (5). Deshwal and Vig (1) were isolated and 250 V.K. Deshwal and Kavita Vig characterized Rhizobium-PVK23 and observed that significantly enhanced seed germination, plant length, plant weight and nodule number in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Further, objective of this study was the evaluate effect of RhizobiumRVK21 on plant dry weight, plant height, number of nodule and nodule fresh weight per Mucuna pruriens plant. Materials and Methods Rhizobium strains: Rhizobium-PVK23 was already characterized strain and selected for present study. Rhizobia were maintained on yeast extract mannitol agar (YEMA) at 4°C (6). Pot experiment Seed bacterization: Mucuna seeds were surface-sterilized with 0.5% NaOCl solution for 1–2 min, rinsed in sterilized distilled water and dried under a sterile air stream. Cells of Rhizobium strains were grown under continuous shaking condition (150 rpm) on YEM broth at 28 ± 1°C for 24h. Each culture was separately centrifuged at 7000 rpm for 15 min at 4°C. The culture supernatant was discarded and the pellets were washed with sterile distilled water (SDW) and resuspended in SDW to obtain a population density of 10 cfu ml. The cell suspension was mixed with 1% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) solution. The slurry was coated separately on the surface of Mucuna seeds and allowed to air-dry overnight in aseptic condition. Care was taken to avoid clumping of seeds. The seeds coated with 1% CMC slurry without bacterial strains served as control. Pot size and sterilization of soil: Sterile earthen pots (24 cm × 12 cm × 12 cm) were filled with sterilized sandy loam soil (0.24% total organic matter, 0.096% total organic C, 37% water-holding capacity, pH 6.3). Treatments: Total 02 treatment was prepared and these are Rhizobium-PVK23 and control (uninoculated) seed. Four seeds per pot were sown in each treatment. After 15 days, thinning was done to raise only single healthy plant in each pot. The plants were irrigated with sterilized water whenever required. Plant data such as plant dry weight, plant height, number of nodule and nodule fresh weight per plant were recoded after 45 days of sowing. Results and Discussion: Rhizobium-PVK23 bacterized Mucuna seeds enhanced the plant weight and height by 179 and 121.3% respectively as compared to control. Rhizobium-PVK23 coated seed enhanced nodule per and Fresh weight of nodule per plant (Table 1). Similarly, Deshwal et al., (7) observed that plant growth promoting rhizobacteria enhanced the plant growth. Mai et al., (8) reported that PGPR inoculation significantly increased the root properties (length, volume, mass) and shoot growth, the plant height (4250%), leaf area (128-134%). Anandaraj and Leema Rose delepierre (9) stated that Rhizobium-PVK23 Improve Plant Growth and Nodulation 251 Biofertilizer is natural product carrying living microorganisms derived from the root or cultivated soil so they donot have any ill effect on soil health and environment. Mucuna pruriens is nitrogen fixer and is having great medicinal value and our results indicated that Rhizobium-PVK23 bacterized seed increased the plant dry weight and plant height, nodule number as well as nodule weight. We concluded on the basis of all above information and our results suggested that PGPR are better due to non-toxic to environment and also improves the plant growth as well as productivity in Mucuna plant. Table 1: Effect of bacterization with Rhizobium-PVK23 on plant dry weight, plant height, nodules per plant and fresh nodule weight of Mucuna pruriens. Growth parameter Rhizobium-PVR23 + Seed Seed (without inoculium) Dry plant weight (g) 4.613 ± 0.21 2.577 ± 0.19 Plant height (cm) 392 ± 4.0 323 ± 3.5 Nodules per plant 47 ± 5 NO Fresh weight of nodule per plant (g) 1.90 ± 0.05 NO Values are mean of four replicate


Long-term human spaceflight means long-term menu planning. Since every pound of cargo comes with a steep price tag, NASA has long researched technologies and techniques to allow astronauts to grow their own food, both on the journey and in some cases at their destination. Sustainable food technologies designed for space have resulted in spinoffs that improve the nutrition, safety, and durability of food on Earth. There are of course tradeoffs involved in making astronauts part-time farmers. Any time spent tending plants is time that can t be spent elsewhere: collecting data, exploring, performing routine maintenance, or sleeping. And as scarce as time is for astronauts, resources are even more limited. It is highly practical, therefore, to ensure that farming in space is as automated and precise as possible.


This review article focuses on the various environment monitoring systems developed over the years. The development of any monitoring system is dependent on certain key factors namely cost of the system, energy efficiency of the system, signal to noise ratio, interference rejection during varying atmospheric conditions. The complexity of any system depends upon the number of nodes the system requires to monitor, the more the number of nodes the more complex structure becomes. If we use smart sensor network with each node independently functioning and transmitting data to one parent node that performs required processing the complexity decreases.


The most important risk factor for atherosclerotic
 cardiovascular disease is increased levels of LDL-C. Statins have long been
 the most potent LDL-C
 lowering drugs on the market. However, statin treatment is complicated by the
 fact that a considerable number of patients is unable to tolerate full
 therapeutic doses, or can be classified as statin low or non-responders. In
 >25% of patients at (very) high risk
 for cardiovascular disease, statin efficacy is too limited to achieve current
 guideline-mandated LDL-C target goals, and aggressive statin therapy
 decreases relative risk for ASCD by only 30-35%, leaving an unacceptable
 residual relative risk of 65-70% for life-threatening events. It is clear
 that on-treatment LDL-C levels and on-treatment measures of systemic
 inflammation are of equal importance in this residual risk. Both for residual
 cholesterol risk and residual inflammatory risk, effective drug therapy has
 been lacking for decades. In this thesis, we describe the first clinical studies with novel compounds
 based on increased LDL-C levels and inflammation (including the required
 methodology), and present the methodology that may be useful to develop
 future compounds based on dysfunctional endothelial barrier function
 resulting in subendothelial cholesterol accumulation and subsequent atheroma
 formation.


The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the influence of Steroid topical irrigation and Implant surface on bone healing in the irradiated rabbit tibia Implant to bone contact surface ratio and the pattern of bone healing around hydioxyapatite(HA) coated implant and pure titanium (T1) Implant which well inserted into the irradrated rabbit tibia were compared 16 Korean house mature male rabbits were used as experimental animal Each rabbit received 15 Gy of irradiation.
4 weeks after the Irradiation, two holes were prepared In the irradiated tibia of each rabbits, where two surface type of Implants were Inserted 1) HA coated type and 2) pure Ti type
Right before placing Implants, one group of rabbit received steroid inigation and the other group did sdlme After the irigiation, two Implants of HA coated type and pure TI type were inserted 1)HA coated the tibia of each rabbits.
Each rabbit were sacrificed at 2nd, 4th, and 8th week after the Implantation and the speciment, were observed by the light microscope The pattern of bone healing and histomorphometric analysis of the Implant-bone interface were done.
The results were as follows:
1. All implants inserted into the irradiated tibia of rabbit did not show any sign of clinical mobility and the bone around Implants Inserted into the irradiated tibia of rabbit did not how any resorption.
2. The bone to Implant contact surface ratio around HA coated implants that received steroid irrigation got male bone to implant contact surface ratio than that of the saline irrigation This result showed statistically significant(p
3. Though there was no statistically significant difference HA coated Implants had more bone to Implant contact surface ratio than pure implant in 2nd 4th groups, ,lnd there was no difference in 8th week group.
4. All Implants inserted into the irradiated tibia of rabbit had exhibited successful osseointegraron.


Introduction: Leg length discrepancy (LLD) following hip arthroplasty can produce abnormal loading leading to pain, increased wear and loosening of implants. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between LLD and static limb loading.

Methods: A pedobarograph was used to measure the limb loading of 19 normal volunteers aged 18 to 58. Each volunteer was asked to stand on the Pedobarograph with both feet so that their weight could be recorded. The load through the left leg was then recorded with the right leg on a platform level beside it. The platform was then raised in 1 cm increments to 6 cm, to simulate different levels of LLD. In each position 3 readings were taken with the right knee flexed (pelvis level), and straight (pelvis tilted).

Results: When the feet were level the left leg took 53 % of the load. As the height of the right foot was increased the load through the left leg increased in a non-linear fashion.

With the knee flexed, a 1 cm difference produced a 3 % increase in loading. This was significant (P<0.05). All subsequent increases were also significant. The largest increase in load was observed between 1 cm & 2 cm (+5 %). At 6cm the left leg load was 70.9 %.

With the pelvis tilted, there were smaller increases in loading. These did not become significant until a difference of 5 cm. The maximum load was 62.1 % at 6 cm.

Discussion: The length-loading relationship was non-linear. The pelvis tilted stance produced less loading asymmetry, but more discomfort than the flexed knee stance.


How much should local histamine release at the site of injection of an anaesthetic agent, and along the vein, concern the anaesthetist? It occurs to a mild degree, so frequently, (in up to 30% of patients [l]), that it is unlikely to cause undue alarm. What the clinician really wants to know is whether such a cutaneous response is a warning of an incipient anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reaction. Experience suggests that it is unlikely to be so, as the incidence of such a reaction is rare; in the order of, at the most, 1 in 11 000 anaesthetics [2]. The neuromuscular blocking agents are one group of drugs used routinely by the anaesthetist, which are known to stimulate histamine release: cutaneous reactions are frequent, and anaphylactoid and anaphylactic reactions also occur, but are uncommon. We now know that histamine release from mast cells, which are an integral part of our host defence mechanism, can be precipitated by at least three different mechanisms. These have been recently reviewed by Basta [3]. To what extent, then, do these three mechanisms explain the clinical manifestations of histamine release when a neuromuscular blocking agent is administered? First, albeit rarely, histamine release may be antigenmediated. The antigen, for instance a muscle relaxant, combines with specific immunoglobulins, usually of the IgE type, which are fixed to the surface of mast cells, stimulating the release of a torrent of vasoactive endogenous substances; the complement cascade is not involved. Apart from histamine, other substances known to be released include proteases, oxidative enzymes, adenosine, tryptase and heparin. Together, in extreme cases, they produce the immediate and delayed cardiovascular response we recognise as anaphylactic shock. The myocardial depression, peripheral vasodilatation, markedly increased capillary permeability and coronary artery spasm induced by these agents can cause profound hypotension and even cardiac arrest. As tryptase has a longer half-life than the other substances, of the order of several hours, it can be detected in plasma samples long after the histamine has disappeared. It has therefore been recommended recently as a useful diagnostic marker for the clinician attempting retrospectively to identify the cause of a cardiovascular collapse [4]. This immunological effect is more common if previous exposure to the drug has occurred and thus antibody production has already been stimulated. It is, fortunately, an uncommon response to the administration of a neuromuscular blocking agent, although it can occur rarely after repeated administration of suxamethonium [ S ] . Histamine release from mast cells can also be stimulated by a nonimmunological mechanism. A drug combines with IgG or IgM antibodies on the surface of mast cells, activating the complement cascade (which is not involved in anaphylactic shock), again to release vasoactive proteins. This mechanism does not require previous exposure to the drug, nor is it commonly associated with muscle relaxant use. It is more frequently precipitated by such substances as dextrans and radioactive contrast media [3]. Severe cardiovascular collapse as a result of this type of response is usually referred to as anaphylactoid shock. Histamine release following the use of nondepolarising muscle relaxants most commonly occurs as the result of a third mechanism, namely the direct chemical action of the drug on the mast cell, which does not involve any interaction with a surface immunoglobulin. This direct chemical effect does not require prior sensitisation. Mast cells, which are numerous in the skin, gastrointestinal tract, myocardium and respiratory tract, are of two main types. The connective tissue type mast cell is found mainly around blood vessels, nerves and in loose connective tissue. In response to an immunogenic mediator, such as a muscle relaxant, these cells liberate histamine, and prostaglandin PGD,, which contracts smooth muscle. This response is the cause of the localised wheal and flare seen on administration of a muscle relaxant into a peripheral vein. A degree of peripheral vasodilatation can also occur, which may cause a transient decrease in blood pressure and a compensatory tachycardia. Only a small percentage of such cases develop bronchospasm. The other type of mast cell, the atypical mucosal mast cell, is found in epithelial and mucosal membranes in the gut and lung; it responds only poorly to immunogenic substances. Suxamethonium, of all the muscle relaxants, has long been thought to produce the highest incidence of histamine release of the chemical type, although this impression may be due in part to the common use of this drug in clinical practice [S ] . Among the nondepolarising muscle relaxants, cutaneous histamine reaction is most marked with tubocurarine. Bush reported a 60% incidence of topical histamine release after the administration of tubocurarine 0.7 mg.kg-' to children, compared with a 30% incidence after alcuronium 0.3 mg.kg-' [6]. As the use of tubocurarine decreased, its semisynthetic derivative alcuronium probably became the agent which produced the highest incidence amongst competitive agents then in use [S]. Undoubtedly these benzylisoquinolinium compounds, (including atracurium), which are basic substances, are associated with more histamine release than the acidic steroidal agents; histamine release after pancuronium is very uncommon indeed [S]. In this issue, Shorten and colleagues [7] have questioned the relationship between a change in plasma histamine concentration, presumably liberated by the direct action of the drug, and the decrease in blood pressure found in a small group of elderly patients given atracurium 0.6 mg.kg-'. They detected no significant correlation between these two parameters, and as a similar decrease in mean arterial blood pressure occurred in a well-matched group of patients given vecuronium 0.1 mg.kg-', the authors doubted whether the effect was due to histamine release. In addition, no significant correlation was found between the degree of local skin response and the change in plasma histamine concentration. But the number of patients studied was small (15 in the atracurium group) and the change in plasma histamine concentration varied widely. Indeed, it was not measured in the patients receiving vecuro-


Equipment maintenance is daily work of power communication,the effection of equipment maintenance for electrical production and operation is focus problem of operation and maintenance personnel.For analyzing business of equipment maintenance effection,this paper introduces an analyzing method of SDH line protection based on undirected graph and adjacency matrix.Through analyzing protection mechanism of power communication,this paper introduces the basic steps of maintenance effection business analysis.At the end,it realizes the analyzing system which has been applied.


We consider the motion planning problem, where the nonholonomic constraints are given by a strong-bracket-generating distribution. Approximating a nonadmissible trajectory by an admissible one in the sub-Riemannian setting, we prove a theorem which provides an exact asymptotic estimate of the "interpolation entropy" in the case of a free nilpotent algebra of first brackets. This theorem shows that we can approximate in an asymptotically optimal way using sinusoidal fastly oscillating controls. In the general case we obtain similar results; however, the estimates are less explicit.


Disclosed in the present invention is a method for standby mode switching comprising: when residing on a first network, user equipment (UE) sending to network device a single-domain registration request required for the network device to perform mobility management on the UE, the single-domain registration request carrying a first information element (IE) identifying the capability of circuit switching (CS) domain voice in the UE, wherein the UE is a single-card dual-standby terminal and currently stands by in the first network and a second network at the same time, the first network is in support of packet switching (PS) domain service, and the second network is in support of CS domain service; and the UE stopping standing by in the second network if receiving a second IE fed back by the network device according to the single-domain registration request, the second IE identifying the support of circuit switched fallback (CSFB) in the first network. Also disclosed in the present invention are user equipment (UE) and network device


A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: Received: 03 April, 2017 Accepted: 20 May, 2017 Online: 17 March, 2018 This article examines the hydrogen storage phenomenon in a spherical cavity. The hydrogen gas or liquid is subjected to high pressures, leading to significant loss of mass of hydrogen, and requires materials that can withstand these high pressures also minimize losses. For all these reasons, the problem is considered at the quantum scale. So in quantum mechanics it studies the theory of wave functions corresponding to the hydrogen with the correct expressions development of the radial functions and the spherical harmonics, and also the energy stored, and then the graphic applications that gives a spatial representation of each function with a program informatics.


A novel spinner magnetometer was developed with a wide dynamic range from 10−10 to 10−4 Am2 and a resolution of 10−11 Am2. High sensitivity was achieved with the use of a magneto‐impedance (MI) sensor, which is a compact, sensitive magnetic sensor used industrially. Its slow‐spinning rate (5 Hz) and the incorporation of a unique mechanism for adjusting the spacing between the sensing unit and the spinning axis allows the measurement of fragile samples sized 10–50 mm. The sensor configuration, in which a pair of MI sensors is connected in opposite serial, along with an amplification circuit with a programmable low‐pass filter, reduces the problems of external noise and sensor drift. The signal, with reference to the spinning frequency, is detected with a lock‐in amplifier. The MI spinner has two selectable measurement modes: the fundamental mode (F mode) and the harmonic mode (H mode). Measurements in the F mode detect signals of the fundamental frequency (5 Hz), in the same way as conventional spinner magnetometers. In the H mode, the second (10 Hz) and the third (15 Hz) harmonic components are measured, in addition to the fundamental component. Tests in the H mode were performed using a small coil and a natural sample to simulate dipoles with various degrees of offset. The results revealed that the magnitude of the fundamental component of the offset dipole was systematically larger (by several percent) than that of the nonoffset dipole. These findings suggest that this novel MI spinner will be useful in estimating the inhomogeneity of the magnetization of a sample that can equivalently be described by an offset dipole.


We evaluated effects of chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of angiotensin (Ang)-(1–7) on cardiovascular and metabolic parameters in fructose-fed (FF) rats. After 6 weeks of fructose intake (10% in drinking water), Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to intracerebroventricular infusion of Ang-(1–7) (200 ng/h; FF+A7 group) or 0.9% sterile saline (FF group) for 4 weeks with continued access to fructose. Compared with control rats, FF rats had increased mean arterial pressure and cardiac sympathetic tone with impaired baroreflex sensitivity. FF rats also presented increased circulating triglycerides, leptin, insulin, and glucose with impaired glucose tolerance. Furthermore, relative weights of liver and retroperitoneal adipose tissue were increased in FF rats. Glycogen content was reduced in liver, but increased in muscle. In contrast, fructose-fed rats subjected to chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of Ang-(1–7) presented reduced cardiac sympathetic tone with normalized mean arterial pressure, baroreflex sensitivity, glucose and insulin levels, and improved glucose tolerance. Relative weight of liver, and hepatic and muscle glycogen contents were also normalized in FF+A7 rats. In addition, FF+A7 rats had reduced mRNA expression for neuronal nitric oxide synthase and NR1 subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in hypothalamus and dorsomedial medulla. Ang-(1–7) infusion did not alter fructose-induced hyperleptinemia and increased relative weight of retroperitoneal adipose tissue. There were no differences in body weights, neither in liver mRNA expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase or glucose-6-phosphatase among the groups. These data indicate that chronic increase in Ang-(1–7) levels in the brain may have a beneficial role in fructose-fed rats by ameliorating cardiovascular and metabolic disorders.


The present invention relates to a high frequency resonant devices, and particularly relates to a high-frequency resonator device used heavy ion accelerator. A spiral multi-gap type high frequency resonator means includes a cavity, the bracket is provided with a coupler on the cavity, the cavity is equipped with a first drift tube arranged coaxially, the second drift tube, a third drift tube between the fourth drift tube, the drift tube fifth coupler holder and the first and second spiral arms of the spiral arms of the coupler is provided on said first support arm and a second helical spiral arms. The present invention also provides a particle focusing and accelerating apparatus according to the present methods. This low voltage design configuration, the voltage increase redundancy, to further increase the voltage on the future has great potential; in the structure and size greatly save construction cost; with the improvement of the two amounts, can improve overall focusing and accelerated stability.


Background: Oropharyngeal malignancies are the sixth leading cause of cancer worldwide. However, in India, oral and pharyngeal cancers are the most common cancer among men. It has been well established that virtually all oral cancer are preceded by a visible oral precursor lesions. Furthermore, the incidence of oral malignancies is higher among persons who use tobacco. We aimed to study the association between the degree of dysplasia in potentially malignant disorders (PMDs) with the type and duration of tobacco use. Materials and Methods: A record based cross-sectional study was conducted during February 2015. We included all the PMDs diagnosed and biopsied in our institute between 2006 and 2013. The study variables such as sex, age, type, and duration of tobacco habit were retrieved from the registers maintained in the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, and the histopathological diagnosis was retrieved from the biopsy reports of the PMDs documented in the Department of Oral Pathology. Lesions were classified as high-risk lesions (HRLs) or low-risk lesions (LRLs) based on the grade of cellular atypia and architectural features. The data were analyzed using EpiData software. Results: Out of total 112 cases, 80 (71%) were males and majority were older than 45 years (58%). About 64 (57%) reported use of any form of tobacco product. Of the tobacco users, 39 (65%) patients had reported tobacco use for 10 or more years. About one-fifth had HRL, and the remaining had LRL. Increasing age, any form of tobacco use (chewable or smoke form), tobacco smoking and longer duration of tobacco use were significantly associated with the development of HRLs (P < 0.05). Conclusion: By this retrospective study, we concluded that HRLs were more common among people who use any form of tobacco, either chewable or smoke form. Clearly, there is an increasing proportion of HRL with advancement in age and the duration of tobacco use.


SUMMARY The viscosity of linear high-molecular-weight substances should be measured at sufficiently low shear gradients, e.g., with the aid of the ingenious Zimm-Crothers rotating-cylinder viscometer [1]. To investigate properties of nucleic acids or other polymers and their interaction with substances such as certain ions, dyes, etc., it proves useful to follow changes in polymer viscosity with increasing concentrations of the added interacting substance.


Among the 10 strains of Streptomyces isolated from soil in Taiwan tested in dual cultures on potato dextrose agar, Streptomyces sp. A272 was the most effective strain in inhibition of growth of Rhizoctonia solani AG-4. Filtrates of Streptomyces spp. A272 from 6-day-old potato dextrose broth were suppressive to the growth of R. solani AG-4. The antifungal activity of culture filtrates of Streptomyces spp. strain A272 against R. solani AG-4 was tested after heat treatments of culture filtrates at 40, 60, 80 and 121℃ resulted in reduction of the inhibition zone of 6.8-7.0mm compared to 9.8mm in the control. Treated seeds or seedlings of Chinese cabbage (cv. San Fong and Ban Tian hybrid) with culture filtrates of A272 strain from PDB broth culture at rates of 10-fold and 100-fold dilution by drenching resulted in the increase of germination of seeds and survival of seedlings. The rates of seed germination of cv. San Fong and Ban Tian hybrid increased 25.9 and 41.6% for 10-fold dilution culture filtrate compared control treatment, respectively. For 100-fold dilution culture filtrate, the seed germination rates of two cultivars increased 16.6 and 25.0% compared control treatment, respectively. Furthermore, the rates of survival seedling of cv. San Fong and Ban Tian hybrid were 94.6 and 89.3%, respectively, after 10-fold dilution culture filtrate treated. The other sides, the rates of survival seedling of the two cultivars were 99.2 and 93.1%, respectively, after 100-fold dilution culture filtrated treated. This study suggests that the Streptomyces sp. strain A272 may be of potential for management of Rhizoctonia damping-off of vegetable crops.


In this paper, we present a micromechanics‐based elastic–plastic model to describe the mechanical behaviour of concrete composites subjected to carbonation. For this purpose, a three‐step nonlinear homogenization procedure is employed. At the microscopic scale, calcite grains generated by the carbonation are embedded in the solid calcium silicate hydrates phase. At the mesoscopic scale, the cement paste is considered as a porous medium. At the macroscopic scale, large aggregates are taken into account. By using the modified secant method, the homogenization procedure leads to a closed‐form plastic yield function for the carbonated concrete, taking into account the effects of the volume fraction of calcite grains, the porosity and the aggregates volume fraction. An associated plastic model is then formulated by introducing a specific plastic hardening law. Further, a heuristic non‐associated plastic potential is proposed directly at the macroscopic scale in order to capture differences with the associated model for the description of plastic volumetric strain and porosity change. The proposed models are implemented in a standard finite element code and applied to reproduce a series of laboratory tests. Comparisons between numerical results and experimental data are presented to assess the capacity of the model to take into consideration the main features of mechanical behaviour of concrete composites. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Detector calibration is very important for the long-term operation. For the purposes of simple and precise calibration, we developed a new portable calibration source using UVLED to calibrate the fluorescence detector of the Telescope Array experiment (TA). The UVLED is light (less than 1 kg) and its setup is quick and easy. Therefore, a single source will be used instead of the calibration sources that TA currently uses. The UVLED emits 369 nm wavelength and ~70 pJ of photons which are calibrated with 5% accuracy us-ing photo-diode. It has a particular unit, which is an internal heater, to keep the temperature constant and avoiding temperature dependency on light yield. The first result of calibration for 24 detectors is xx pho-tons/faced count for 369 nm photons with 6% uncertainty. It is in agreement with the result of the current calibration sources of TA.


The present work considers the dramatic changes the COVID-19 pandemic has brought to the global economy, with particular emphasis on energy. Focusing on the European Union, the article discusses the opportunities policy makers can implement to reduce the climate impacts and achieve the Paris Agreement 2050 targets. The analysis specifically looks at the fossil fuels industry and the future of the fossil sector post COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis first revises the fossil fuel sector, and then considers the need for a shift of the global climate change policy from promoting the deployment of renewable energy sources to curtailing the use of fossil fuels. This will be a change to the current global approach, from a relative passive one to a strategically dynamic and proactive one. Such a curtailment should be based on actual volumes of fossil fuels used and not on percentages. Finally, conclusions are preliminary applied to the European Union policies for net zero by 2050 based on a two-fold strategy: continuing and reinforcing the implementation of the Renewable Energy Directive to 2035, while adopting a new directive for fixed and over time increasing curtailment of fossils as of 2025 until 2050.


Disorganization has been considered as a clinical domain close to the core of psychosis. However, it has received poor attention, especially at the illness onset. Moreover, most of the studies examining disorganized symptoms have been conducted in patients with chronic psychosis and research in the early stages of illness is still relatively scarce. Thus, the aims of this study were (a) to longitudinally monitor the stability of disorganization in patients with first episode psychosis (FEP) across a 1‐year follow‐up period, and (b) to investigate any relevant association of disorganized symptoms with functioning, psychopathology and the specific treatment components of an 'early intervention in psychosis' (EIP) program along the 1 year of follow‐up.


Introduction During the twentieth century there have been the greatest gains in health in most parts of the world due to dramatic reductions in infant mortality, eradication of life-threatening diseases, such as smallpox, and considerable improvements in life expectancy in developing and industrialised countries. In the past, life for most people was coarse, lacking in adequate nutrition, poor housing and, above all, short in years. With the advent of improved sanitation and better living conditions, together with the availability of vaccinations and antibiotics, there has been, for many, a vast improvement in health status. However, health status still differs widely among nations and by geographical region. For instance, life expectancy is less than 50 years in some sub-Saharan African countries but over 75 in established industrialised countries. The wealthiest economies appear to be the healthiest. A crucial factor related to life expectancy is access to safe water! In much of the developing world, simply drinking water is a high-risk exposure. Undoubtedly, the real gains in health over the last century can be attributed mainly to the impact of public health and disease prevention rather than to medical interventions. Public health can be primarily distinguished from clinical medicine by placing emphasis on the prevention of disease rather than the curing, and having a main focus on populations and communities rather than the individual patient. It is essential to continue to develop a public health approach that will protect populations and create prevention strategies for groups and not just for individuals.


The article provides a comparative analysis of the linguistic representation of spatial concepts TOP / BOTTOM in Russian and Chinese language pictures of the world. From the standpoint of lexicographical and linguistic and cultural aspects are highlighted nuclear zone studied concepts. Identify the specific characteristics of verbalization orientation conceptual framework presented concepts TOP / BOTTOM.


This study is the first Raman spectroscopic characterization of conventional chemically bonded liquid chromatographic (LC) stationary phases of the RP18 type using the high-power Nd:WVO 4 neodymium laser. Raman spectra were obtained for octadecyl (C 18 ) chemically bonded silica-based stationary phases, as well as for silica, aminopropyl (NH 2 ), cyanopropyl (CN), diol (OH), octyl (C 8 ), and methyl (C 1 ) phases for comparison. This study demonstrates that Raman spectroscopy using the high-power neodymium laser can be used to study RP-18-type LC stationary phases and to quantitate the density of coverage of the silica matrix with octadecyl ligands. The paper presents the experimental setup and conditions used to obtain Raman spectra of commercial RP-18-type chemically bonded stationary phases and examines the spectroscopic similarities and differences observed for different bonded ligands typically used in reversed-phase and normal-phase LC separations.


Hydraulic systems have high-power density because its oil transmitting power has high rigidity. However, when air bubbles are mixed into oil, they reduce oil stiffness and decrease system efficiency. This study mitigates this problem by removing air bubbles from the oil using an active bubble elimination device that uses a swirl flow to eliminate air bubbles from a hydraulic fluid. We focus on the relationship between the change in the bulk modulus and elimination of air bubbles from the hydraulic fluid and experimentally measure the bulk modulus of the hydraulic oil with and without air bubbles. Moreover, to clarify the relationship between the amount of air bubbles and the effective bulk modulus of oil, we propose a mathematical model of the bulk modulus of oil containing air bubbles. The experimental results indicate that the effective bulk modulus of oil increases by eliminating the air bubbles in oil, and the curve of the bulk modulus with the bubble eliminator turned off has a small hysteresis depending on whether it is pressurized or depressurized. We investigate the calculation method of the effective bulk modulus by considering the amount of air bubbles and the amount of air being dissolved and released. Finally, we confirm that the effective bulk modulus calculated using the mathematical model agrees well with the experimental results. We conclude that the volume of air contained in the oil and the differences due to the process of dissolving and releasing air significantly influence the bulk modulus of the hydraulic fluid.


Swept-source lasers are key components of the modern spectral-domain Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) systems. Further progress of OCT technology requires swept-source lasers working at specific, application dependent, wavelength, which are also compact and low-cost. In this work, we report the development of a low cost, compact, semiconductor swept-source laser based on slots etched along the ridge. The laser consists of a central gain section, phase section, semiconductor-optical-amplifier (SOA) sections and mirror sections employing higher-order gratings. The design and optimization of different parameters of the laser structure such as ridge width/depth, slot width/depth, no. of slots and so on are performed before the fabrication process. The main aim in the design step was to ensure single mode operation while maximizing the tuning range. The above optimization is performed keeping in mind the narrow linewidth of the emission spectra and minimum laser length. Due to the nature of the surface gratings, this type of laser does not require any complex regrowth and expensive e-beam lithography steps during fabrication. The slot and ridge sections of the laser are etched in a single wafer process step and the laser is also monolithically integrable with other system components. Initial measurements have indicated the high quality of the slot geometry and stable single mode operation with high side mode suppression ratio (SMSR) of 25 dB. The full-scale development of this laser will allow increasing resolution and imaging depth of OCT systems.


A copper water stop processing die comprises an upper pressing die, a lower pressing die, a support and jacks. A lower portion of the support is provided with the lower pressing die, upside of the support is connected with the jacks fixedly, the upper pressing die is connected with carrier rods of the jacks, and the upper pressing die and the carrier rods of the jacks form a movable assembly. The structure of the support is a truss structure, two sides of the support are door-type frames, and the jacks are hydraulic jacks. The copper water stop processing die enables the continuous production of tunnel circular copper water stops and has the characteristics of low cost, convenience in using and high construction quality.


accurate and more reliable than older glucometers [9]. In Israel, the National Diabetes Council has recommended the use of these institutional glucometers to the Ministry of Health, noting that they facilitate diabetes care and improve glucose homeostasis during the hospitalization of diabetic patients. The main purpose of implementing projects such as the Program for the Treatment of the Hospitalized Diabetic Patient (PTHDP) at Wolfson Medical Center is to utilize the diabetic patient's hospitalization as an opportunity to empower patients and help them recognize their ability to control their disease [8]. In agreement with the findings of our report [8], the present study by Buchs and Rapaport in this issue of IMAJ [10] found that the glucometer was an effective tool to facilitate glucose homeostasis in the hospitalized diabetic patient. Nevertheless, a few methodologic questions emerge from the reported data, three of which deserve mention. First, blood glucose was recorded from a single daily capillary measure for most patients. Because insulin-treated patients are expected to monitor blood glucose two to four times daily at home, it would have been instructive, and certainly clinically important, to have done so during the hospitalization period. The average glucose level reported in this study's population is 161 mg/dl, which corresponds to an HbA1c level of about 7.4%. This is a most impressive achievement in a diabetic patient population, particularly during the stress of hospitalization. HbA1c levels are typically around 8% in community-dwelling diabetic individuals, so such low levels during illness may reflect exceptional diabetes care in the community setting. Third, glucose values on the first day H yperglycemia is a frequently observed metabolic derangement, reported to be present in approximately one-third of hospitalized patients [1,2]. Diabetes care during hospitalization has received increasing attention during the last decade, and a number of recent studies have reported that glucose control during hospitalization in intensive care units is indeed clinically meaningful, both for individuals with known diabetes and for patients without this diagnosis [3-5]. Despite these reports, some clinicians resist attempts to increase glycemic control in the hospitalized diabetic patient, primarily due to anxiety on the part of the medical staff regarding increased risk of hypoglycemic events and even death [6,7]. These fears notwithstanding, many clinicians view the hospitalization period as a window of opportunity to improve diabetes care. In recent years, the institutional glucometer has replaced the old personal glucometer still in use in many hospitals in Israel and abroad. But at hospitals such as Assaf Harofeh in Zerifin and Wolfson in Holon, for example, the new glucometer is in use and this instrument facilitates hospital care of the diabetic patient through processes such as documentation, follow-up, quality control, data analysis, etc. [8]. This enables identifying and tracking trends regarding the level of the individual patient and the patient population at large. These instruments are also more of hospitalization were 132–155 mg/dl and remained stable throughout hospitalization until discharge. It is not clear whether these initial values were obtained in the emergency room, but they do seem lower than expected and are consistent with unusually good diabetes care prior to hospitalization. Despite our questions regarding methodology, we agree with Buchs and co-authors that the time has come to adopt the electronic database. It is clearly superior to the current paper-based system. And we agree that the institutional glucometer is an important step in that direction, one that will improve patient care and facilitate patient autonomy.


The moral education is facing predicament, and supporting system of it is needed in higher vocational education. We should actively build good moral environment, stimulate students moral requirement and improve moral effect to play the role of promoting students complete development.


Aim: Although there are many measurement tools in the literature to measure menstruation attitudes and symptoms, there is a need for a specific measurement tool that measures the impacts of menstruation alone on women's life, independent of pms and dysmenorrhea. Our aim was to create a scale so that we could measure the impacts of menstruation in the study.
Materials and Methods: It is a methodological research. The sample consisted of 615 female university students. Menstrual Impact draft scale, which is developed by the researchers, subscale of Menstrual Symptom Scale (MSS) Negative impacts/ somatic complaints and introductory information form have been used as data collecting forms.
Results: After the factor analysis, a 14-item scale, consisting of physical and psychosocial impact subscales, was developed. The scale is a 5 point Likert type scale evaluated between "5" Strongly Agree and "1" Strongly Disagree. The minimum and maximum scores to be obtained from the overall scale are 14 and 70 respectively. As the score increases, the participant's degree of being affected by menstruation increases as well. The total explained variance of the scale is 54.92%. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the scale was 0.87.
Conclusion: The literature has been earned a valid and reliable measurement tool to specifically measure the impacts of menstruation in women's life. MIS (Menstrual Impact Scale) is a short, practical, and easy-to-apply scale. Its validity and reliability in different cultures should be tested.


The paper describes the use of Conditional Random Fields(CRF) utilizing contextual information in automatically labeling extracted segments of scanned documents as Machine-print, Handwriting and Noise. The result of such a labeling can serve as an indexing step for a context-based image retrieval system or a bio-metric signature verification system. A simple region growing algorithm is first used to segment the document into a number of patches. A label for each such segmented patch is inferred using a CRF model. The model is flexible enough to include signatures as a type of handwriting and isolate it from machine-print and noise. The robustness of the model is due to the inherent nature of modeling neighboring spatial dependencies in the labels as well as the observed data using CRF. Maximum pseudo-likelihood estimates for the parameters of the CRF model are learnt using conjugate gradient descent. Inference of labels is done by computing the probability of the labels under the model with Gibbs sampling. Experimental results show that this approach provides for 95.75% of the data being assigned correct labels. The CRF based model is shown to be superior to Neural Networks and Naive Bayes.


Anatase nanofibers (TiO2–N) were synthesized as photocatalyst for the application in an annular slurry photoreactor (ASP). The unique properties of TiO2–N have facilitated its high reactivity and suitability for water treatment. The influence of operational variables: TiO2–N loading, pH, aeration rate and dye concentration on the photo-degradation kinetics and efficiency to remove a model compound of Congo Red (CR) were investigated. The photo-degradation kinetics of CR followed the Langmuir–Hinshelwood


In the framework of the paper, the author will analyze the need of the Republic of North Macedonia for effective and efficient dealing with hybrid threats in order to protect the national interests and create national resilience of the society. Prevention from threats is one of the primary goals of the Republic of North Macedonia. For the achievement of this goal, in the Strategy for building resilience and dealing with hybrid threats, the use of certain methods is determined. The Strategy identifies six instruments aimed at creating an ability to detect and reduce vulnerability to hybrid threats, while seeking to increase the ability to respond in accordance with the framework established by NATO and the European Union. The activities of the state will be divided into six areas of operational activities: political instruments, economic instruments, military forces, civilian instruments, information instruments and the need to protect critical infrastructure. In the concluding remarks, the author gives recommendations in the direction of how Macedonia can effectively deal with hybrid threats (every country must build an effective concept for tackling a range of challenges as well as defense against cyber and hybrid threats; each country must be able to adapt to the unpredictable, complex and changing security environment, establishing and maintaining appropriate security capabilities with the primary goal of protecting national interests, etc.). The content will be prepared on the basis of analysis of scientific literature and using electronic content. In the preparation of the content of the paper, the author will apply the general scientific methods: descriptive method, normative method, comparative method and the method of content analysis as a separate scientific method. Keywords: national resilience, hybrid threats, detection, rejection and response to threats


71Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria, 2Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Jos, Jos,Plateau State, Nigeria, 3Department of Medical Microbiology, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria, 4Leptospirosis Unit, Central DiagnosticsLaboratories National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria, 5Department of Infectious Diseases, Brighton and Sussex University Hospital, Brighton,Southeast England, United Kingdom, 6Global Health Programme, Brighton and Sussex University, Brighton, Southeast England, United Kingdom, 7Royal TropicalInstitute, KIT Biomedical Research, WHO/FAO/OIE and National Collaborating Center for Reference and research on Leptospirosis, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, TheNetherlands


RNA interference offers the opportunity to unravel the roles of genes in a specific area of the brain. Genes implicated in energy balance are perfect targets for the application of RNA interference as their phenotypes can be easily monitored and the neural circuits involved in energy homeostasis are well described. Energy homeostasis is here studied in a rat model, since recording of feeding in rats is more accurate than in mice and the size of the rat's brain allows more precise injection into brain areas. The overall aim of this thesis was to optimize AAV-mediated knockdown of obesity-associated genes.
In order to achieve this goal different AAV serotypes commonly used to transfect the brain were injected into the VMH to determine transduction efficiency. To evaluate
biosafety, half-life was calculated after injection of the AAV serotypes in the blood. These experiments are described in chapter two.
Unfortunately, the AAV-mediated delivery of shRNAs to the central nervous system resulted in toxicity. To elucidate the cause of the observed toxicity, rats received a unilateral injection with an AAV carrying an shRNA and a control AAV on the other side. In situ hybridization on microRNA-124 was performed to investigate the consequences of shRNA delivery to a neuron for microRNA expression. This study shows an shRNA-mediated oversaturation of the microRNA pathway and the results are described in chapter three.
As AAV-mediated knockdown has become a common method to determine gene function, it is important to determine whether the observed toxicity can result in a false phenotype. Chapter four describes how an AAV encoding an shRNA targeting the LepR results in a false phenotype.
A solution to the shRNA-mediated oversaturation of the microRNA pathway is to place the shRNA in a microRNA background. Using this technique, the role of FTO in the VMH in the regulation of energy balance was studied. Results from this study are described in chapter five.
Finally, chapter six summarizes and discusses the main findings of these studies.


We present a Finite Element Method (FEM) implementation for cloth simulation on the GPU. The advantages of FEM are twofold: the realism of cloth simulations using this method is improved compared with other methods like the widely used mass-spring one, and it has a wider application rank because it can be used for general triangulated cloth meshes. We are able to detect collisions between cloth and other objects (solids or deformables) and also we deal with self cloth collisions. This is also done in the GPU using image-based collision methods. We have also improved a GPU-Gradient Conjugate method for solving the linear equation systems involved in the FEM solution. Two more methods are also implemented in the GPU to compare with the FEM method: a mass-spring model (based on rectangular meshes) and a constraint method (based on triangular meshes).


Introduction
Pethidine along with morphine and tramadol, is one of the frequently used drugs for postoperative pain management. It is important to ensure the safety of the product and ultimately the safety of the patients as users of the pethidine.
Methods
A post marketing surveillance study was conducted with a retrospective cross-sectional design using medical records and hospital pharmacy's data in patients who were admitted to inpatient or emergency department of Dr. Sardjito General Hospital Yogyakarta between January and December 2016. The data was analyzed descriptively to estimate the proportion of adverse events (AEs) including serious adverse events (SAE).
Results
Of the 576 patients hospitalized at the at the Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, 200 medical records were selected using consecutive sampling method. A total of 120 of the 200 subjects were found to have 245 any Adverse Events (AE) including Serious Adverse Events (SAE) following the administration of pethidine. There were 23 classifications of expected AE and 148 classifications of unexpected AE following the administration of pethidine. The duration of AE/SAE found ranged from 0 to 11 days. A total of 101 (50.5%) and 85 (42.5%) subjects experienced AE/SAE with duration <24 hours and between 1 to 2 days, respectively. The longest duration of event was pain with duration of 11 days. There were 23 types of expected AE/SAE from pethidine found in subjects, with the highest number of expected AE/SAE were weakness, vomiting, and dizziness of 24 (25%), 16 (16.8%), and 10 (10.5%), respectively. The expert panel team concluded five types of unexpected SAEs which are possible to pethidine, including respiratory acidosis, urinary tract infections, acute kidney injury, icteric, and electrolyte imbalance.
Conclusion
A post-marketing surveillance study provides safety profile of 50 mg / ml pethidine in Indonesia. A total of 120 of the 200 subjects who received pethidine experienced 245 Adverse Events (AEs) or Serious Adverse Events (SAEs). AEs/SAEs were divided into 23 types of expected events and 148 types of unexpected events. Few numbers of SAEs were considered possible related to the pethidine according to expert panel review.

Keywords: pethidine, meperidine, post-marketing, pharmacovigilance


It is shown by 1H and 13C nmr spectroscopy that ethyl 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucoside reacts in acetone to yield a Schiff base, not the hemiorthoamide proposed previously.


In Great Britain, attempts to broaden university-community engagement have taken significant steps in recent years. A wide variety of community-engagement structures and activities are now emerging. This paper uses one innovative example-University of Brighton's Community-University Partnership Programme-to describe the opportunities and probe the dilemmas. The paper shows how leadership is at the heart of arrangements whereby diverse groups come together with different goals and motives to take part in a collective process. The complex leadership needed to succeed at such efforts is considered. Recommendations for institutional change and growth are made.


Abstract The analysis of the static deformation of elastic plates is achieved by studying the dynamic problem of the damped oscillation of the plate and arranging that the oscillations are rapidly reduced to zero by a suitable choice of the damping factor. This damped-wave equation, when written in an explicit finite-difference form, can readily be solved on a digital computer. The computer programme has been designed to determine automatically the critical damping factor for a rectangular plate carrying any load distribution and with any combination of edge conditions. The extension of the method to include elastic foundations is also described.


This study investigates interactional moves of Japanese EFL learners and how they modify their oral output differently depending on whether their interlocutor is a peer or a native speaker (NS). By employing retrospective stimulated recall methodology, this study also explores the participants' perceptions which arguably determined their interaction patterns during a communicative task. Participants were eight Japanese first-year university students and four NSs of English. Conversations of eight learner-NS dyads and four learner-learner dyads (six hours in total) were audiotaped, transcribed, and then statistically analyzed. Learners were interviewed two days after task completion. Results revealed that learners interacted in significantly different ways depending on whom they interacted with. Integrating the introspection data from stimulated recall sessions, this study provides social and cultural perspectives to the research field of interaction; specifically, social relationships have significant influences on interaction patterns.


. Recall that B is PA relative to A if B computes a member of every nonempty Π 01 p A q class. This two-place relation is invariant under Turing equivalence and so can be thought of as a binary relation on Turing degrees. Miller and Soskova [23] introduced the notion of a Π 01 class relative to an enumeration oracle A , which they called a Π 01 x A y class. We study the induced extension of the relation B is PA relative to A to enumeration oracles and hence enumeration degrees. We isolate several classes of enumeration degrees based on their behavior with respect to this relation: the PA bounded degrees, the degrees that have a universal class, the low for PA degrees, and the x self y -PA degrees. We study the relationship between these classes and other known classes of enumeration degrees. We also investigate a group of classes of enumeration degrees that were introduced by Kalimullin and Puzarenko [14] based on properties that are commonly studied in descriptive set theory. As part of this investigation, we give characterizations of three of their classes in terms of a special sub-collection of relativized Π 01 classes—the separating classes. These three can then be seen to be direct analogues of three of our classes. We completely determine the relative position of all classes in question.