Carbon nanotube Schottky diodes were fabricated using asymmetric metal-nanotube contacts. These devices were prepared from semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes contacted by one Al or Ti electrode and one Au electrode. Nanotubes formed a low resistance contact with the Au electrode and a Schottky contact with the Al or Ti electrode. Electronic transport through the Schottky barriers was determined by the competition between tunneling and thermionic emission, which could be tuned by a back gate voltage.


In this paper statistical approach to synthesize algorithms for digital signal processing in UWB noise radar and sodar is used. Nonparametric copula based detection algorithms are suggested. Multiple input multiple output case is investigated. Monte-Carlo simulation for suggested algorithm is done. Experimental check is done on the basis of developed acoustic physical model which is used to build a noise sodar prototype. Developed algorithms can be used in noise radars for different applications. The use of the UWB noise signal provides a very high resolution both in speed and range.


The historical information concerning the problem of thrombolytic therapy use for acute myocardial infarction treatment was given in this article. The results of international multicentered researches which are connect with different trombolytic medications use and own results of comparison of trombolytic medications (alteplase, streptokinase) effectiveness in different groups of patients with different severe stage of acute myocardial infarction were analyzed.


PREVIOUS studies on the use of artificial measures (the artificial kidney, exchange blood transfusions, peritoneal lavage, etc.) to maintain life in the absence of renal function have been carried out chiefly on the human patient. Thus, a total of 101 patients have been treated by continuous peritoneal lavage, 1 but the value of the method remains equivocal because many patients with acute anuria recover spontaneously when treated by more conservative measures. 2 It was deemed necessary, therefore, to carry out studies on the nephrectomized animal in order to establish the potentialities of the method before proceeding to its application to the human patient. The present paper describes procedures for performing peritoneal lavage, by means of which it has been possible to maintain bilaterally nephrectomized dogs for periods of 30 to 70 days, which is several times that ever reported previously. With consideration of the inevitable malignant hypertension that develops following


The Riedel peak in the Josephson current in bridge-type point-contact Josephson junctions has been studied by measuring the frequency dependence of the maximum height of the fundamental ( n =1) Shapiro-step in the energy range near \(\hbar\omega{\sim}4\varDelta_{0}\) with a submillimeter-wave laser, where Δ 0 is the real part of the energy gap. The imaginary part of the energy gap, Δ 2 , has been estimated from the observed rounding of the Riedel singularity. As a result, the damping factor \(\delta{=}\varDelta_{2}/\varDelta_{0}{\gtrsim}0.05\) has been obtained. The value of δ∼0.05 seems to be the lowest value which is intrinsic to bridge-type junctions. It has been also found that the value of δ is large in the junctions which show strong heating effects.


The invention discloses a new method for synthesis of (E)-3-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-isopropyl-2-(N-methyl-N-methanesulfonylamino)pyrimidine-5-yl]acrolein. The method includes: taking a formula VI compound as the starting raw material, reacting the compound with a halogenated reagent and a phosphine reagent in order to generate phosphorus ylide shown as formula IV, then reacting the phosphorus ylide with a formula III compound to generate a formula II compound, and then performing hydrolysis to generate the product. The method has the advantages of simple process, low cost, few by-product, simple aftertreatment and easy operation, and greatly improved reaction yield, thus being more suitable for large-scale industrial production. (reaction formula).


Background: Cigarette smoking is a global health risk, causing increased health-care costs and loss of productivity among a number of age groups. Tobacco use in Africa, including Ethiopia, has attracted little attention, including among students. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of cigarette smoking and its associated risk factors among students of Hawassa University College of Medicine and Health Science.
Methods: An institutional based cross sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of cigarette smoking and its associated risk factors among students of Hawassa University College of Medicine and Health Science. The team used systematic random sampling by determining the k value jumping some of the students from source population based on k intervals.
The data was cleaned, coded and analyzed using SPSS version 20 and STATA version 12. Multiple logistic regressions were used to identify factors associated with cigarette smoking. Presence of confounders and interaction effects was investigated by computing relative changes on s coefficients at a cut-off point of 15%.
Results and conclusion: The prevalence of cigarette smoking among students was 20.6% (95%CI: 0.61, 0.25). Cigarette smoking was significantly associated with students year of education (AOR=6.02; 95% CI: 2.09, 7.35), ever chewing Khat (AOR=20.99; 95% CI: 1.84, 4.3), age at start of smoking (AOR=2.21; 95% CI: 1.23, 6.12), ever drink alcohol (AOR=4.99; 95% CI: 1.02, 2.43) and receiving information about harmful effects of smoking cigarettes (AOR=4.99; 95% CI: 1.02, 2.43). Year of education, health education information, ever chewing Khat, ever drinking alcohol and age at start of smoking were significant factors for cigarette smoking. We recommend that students >20 years old be targeted with health education campaign focused on harmful effects of smoking tobacco.


Networked heterogeneous systems pose a great challenge for parallel and distributed applications. Middleware provides a critical link between the vast resources and the application domain that simplifies development, provides robust and reliable access to resources, helps optimize resource utilization, and facilitates the generation of stable distributed software. In this paper, we discuss a layered framework for distributed systems middleware, called Delmon, which supports parallel and distributed programming models, tools and applications on heterogeneous systems. Distributed systems middleware provides multiple layers of abstractions to hide the details of the distributed system and facilitate the efficient utilization of such systems. From a software engineering point-of-view, such a layered middleware approach and the separation of concerns improve the development and management of parallel and distributed applications in many ways. The proposed model represented by Delmon is a general three-layer middleware that provides the services required to support parallel and distributed models and applications in clusters and heterogeneous systems. The layers are: the resource-specific services, the self-organized run-time environment, and the parallel and distributed programming models. We also demonstrate the benefits of this well-defined layered approach that offers different levels of services and functionalities.


: A method for forest zoning, which was based on evaluation of land-productivity and mountain hazard, was proposed for entire conifer-plantation area in Tokushima Prefecture, Shikoku, Japan. 1) Site indices on land-productivity were determined by Mitscherlich formula, and ordered logit model was developed to estimate the site indices from topographical and climatic factors. Then evaluation map of land-productivity was produced. The map was overlaid with the map evaluating work efficiency, and evaluation map on continuity of conifer plantation was produced. 2) Using point-records on slope collapse and environmental factors (topography, precipitation, and vegetation), probability of collapse was estimated for every slope from Maximum Entropy Model (Maxent). Evaluation map on mountain hazard was produced by adding information on distribution of houses, roads and railways, and croplands. Then evaluation map on the priority for altering conifer plantation to natural forest was produced by overlaying a map on the policy of natural forest expansion, which was established by Tokushima Pref. Government. Result of the Maxent indicated that increase of natural forest area could reduce the probability of slope collapse, and thus alteration of conifer plantation to natural forest will satisfy both functions at the same time. 3) Finally zoning map was produced from the viewpoints of the continuity of conifer plantation and the alteration priority from conifer plantation to natural forest. The zoning method is easily applicable in each local government in an adaptive way.


An analysis of modern approaches to education and upbringing of children with disorders of autistic nature is given. Theoretical and experimental analysis of the problem of formation of life competences of such children on the example of their realization of themselves as representatives of a certain sex.


It is important to understand physical conditions associated with the wave and the current in order to enhance settlement of the clam Ruditapes philippinarum on tidal flats. In this study, we unveiled the criterion for spatial distribution of the juvenile of the clam using frequency of sediment transport and Shields number based on the wave data. Consequently, we found that the clam could not inhabit the area where sediment was moved higher frequency more than 5 percent or no less than 0.2 of Shields number. Also, adequacy of these results was confirmed by the field survey.


57 ABSTRACT Aromatic hydroxylamines are prepared by hydroge nating the corresponding aromatic nitro compound in the presence of a platinum catalyst and organic base which is a secondary or tertiary alkyl or cycloalkyl monoamine, pyrrolidine or piperidine or Nor C alkyl derivatives thereof, N-alkyl or N-cycloalkyl ani lines or C-alkyl derivatives thereof, pyridine, alkyl pyridines, quinoline or isoquinoline, the weight ratio of organic base to nitro compound being greater than 0.1:1.


Abstract Purpose: The present study aimed to investigate whether spinal reflex excitability is influenced by the site of cerebellar transcranial magnetic stimulation (C-TMS). Materials and methods: Fourteen healthy volunteers (mean age: 24.6 ± 6.6 years [11 men]) participated. Participants lay on a bed in the prone position, with both ankle joints fixed to prevent unwanted movement. Right tibial nerve stimulation was provided to elicit the H-reflex in the right soleus muscle. Conditioning transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was delivered at one of the following sites 110 ms prior to tibial stimulation: right, central, or left cerebellum; midline parietal (Pz) region; or sham stimulation. A total of 10 test trials were included for each condition, in random order. The unconditioned and conditioned H-reflexes were measured during random inter-test trials, and the cerebellar spinal facilitation (CSpF) ratios for each site were calculated (the ratio of conditioned to unconditioned H-reflexes). CSpF ratios were compared among TMS sites. Results: CSpF ratios were significantly higher at cerebellar sites than at the Pz site or during sham stimulation. However, there was no significant difference in CSpF ratio among cerebellar sites. Conclusions: TMS conditioning over any part of the cerebellum facilitated the excitability of the spinal motoneuron pool. Facilitation of the H-reflex due to C-TMS may involve the effects of the bilateral descending tract of the spinal cord on the spinal motoneuron pool. Alternatively, direct brainstem stimulation may have activated portions of the bilateral descending tract of the spinal cord.


Knoll, the pharmaceutical element of BASF, has a patent portfolio focusing on neurologicals, principally excitatory amino acid antagonists. Much of the Group's pharmaceutical patenting, however, is in the name of BASF and relates to chemical processes and formulations. The Knoll name, previously used mainly on medical use inventions, now appears on applications from the former Boots site in the UK which makes a substantial contribution to the discovery programme. Joint patenting as such is rare, but US-based inventors contribute significantly to biotechnology aspects of research.


Satellite images are used in many fields of research (quality factors in images comes from its resolution) and in many applications such as astronomy, geographical information systems & geosciences studies. One of the main issues of this type of images is its resolution. Nowadays, a new satellite image resolution & brightness enhancement technique is based on the DISCRETE WAVELET TRANSFORM (DWT) & SINGULAR VALUE DECOMPOSITION (SVD) that has been proposed. Interpolation in image processing is a well known technique to increase the resolution of a digital image & also used in many image processing applications such as facial reconstruction, multiple description coding & resolution enhancement. In this paper, I propose a new satellite image enhancement technique based on interpolation of the high frequency sub bands obtained by DWT & proposed technique uses DWT to decompose the input images into different sub bands.


A procedure is described for preparing thin plane single crystal foils from the solid suitable for transmission electron diffraction. The essential point is to thin down the foils by mechanical polishing to thicknesses of about 1 μm before applying chemical or sputtering procedures.


This project sought to develop a method to provide a clinically meaningful, surrogate measure for viscosity that will help analyze complex biofluids. Goals for this project included precise measurements that differentiate a wide variety of standard viscosities, table-top level of size, and ease-of-use. The design utilized a custom 3D-printed analog of a cone and plate viscometer with an attachment for a smartphone to provide gyroscopic data. The device is currently in the stages of final validation and will ultimately be tested in a 40-patient clinical trial intended to assess efficacy of mucolytic therapy in mechanically ventilated patients.


Abstract A new method (1, 2) has been elaborated for the determination of the discharge channel axis temperature in a cylindrically symmetrical transparent plasma of a transient electric discharge, using the calculated and normalized intensity values of spectrum lines as functions of channel axis temperature , the measured and normalized intensity values of the same spectrum lines as functions of discharge time , and from them the discharge channel axis temperature as functions of discharge time is derived To = f(t). The method is valid in longitudinal time-resolved observations assuming local thermodynamical equilibrium, when an averaging of the light originating


Mastectomy for breast cancer has a huge psychological and social impact on patients. That is why breast reconstruction has become an integrated part of the treatment for breast cancer.


Genes for stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici) resistance having a variety of effects have been described. Often genes controlling the same type of resistance have been given several different names. Many genes have been postulated but were not sufficiently distinct to be named. The following are some of the categories that have been used. 1. Morphological resistance. In some of the earliest work on rust resistance, the effect on resistance of characters such as stomatal size and frequency, and stem composition were measured (e.g., Hart 1931). The effects were often not large and genetic studies were difficult or impossible. 2. Physiological, hypersensitive, major, monogenic, race-specific, vertical and gene-for-gene resistance. Race-specific and gene-for-gene provide the clearest description of this type of resistance. The resistance is effective only against specific rust races and there is a specific interaction between the products of the genes for resistance and the products of the corresponding genes for avirulence. The term hypersensitive is misleading. It suggests that the interaction is rapid and results in a high degree of resistance. In fact, gene-forgene interactions can result in a range of infection types from immunity to very moderate resistance depending on how rapidly resistance develops. Genes for resistance were called major if their effects were large enough to make them readily identifiable as opposed to genes that had only small effects. The distinction probably serves little purpose. Suppressors of race-specific genes appear to be gene-specific and probably belong in this category. 3. Polygenic, non-hypersensitive, race-non-specific, horizontal, general, minor, partial, slow rusting and residual. These terms have all been used to describe resistance that often behaves like a quantitative character, is generally complex in inheritance and controlled by several genes. Usually the individual genes have small effects that may be additive or even multiplicative. Residual or ghost resistance results from the postulated residual effect of race-specific genes whose effect has been overcome but some residual effect remains. It is not clear whether these types of resistance have similar methods of genetic control or not. The resistance is often thought to be race-non-specific or general (i.e., effective against all races of rust). However, it is not clear whether this is really the case or the genes have such small effects that it is impossible to detect gene-for-gene effects. Perhaps, this category includes several distinct types of resistance. Interactions among Genes for Resistance


This research has as an objective to propose a Plan of Communication and Public Relations in order to confer to the Parish Government of Cumbaya the necessary communicational strategies that achieve the strengthening of participatory management of the public spaces in the parish. The theoretical framework of the research is composed of four chapters. In the first chapter was executing a study of the political communication and public relations for governments as a generator of citizen participation. The second chapter discusses the characteristics and forms of citizen construction through the ownership and uses of the public spaces. In the third chapter the parameters are defined for the development of the corporate brand and identity in the city. In the fourth chapter are the specifications of the main characteristics and attributes of the parish San Pedro de Cumbaya. After the theoretical framework, the fifth chapter provides details on the methodology and research tools that were used. This investigation was conducted with a multimodal approach that included both quantitatively and qualitatively to determine the levels of knowledge of Parish Government in Cumbaya, appropriations and imaginaries of the inhabitants of the parish, its degree of identity and were determined the most appropriate tools to address the citizenship. In the sixth chapter is presented an analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats; in addition, it defines the objectives, strategies and actions that make up the matrixes of the Plan of Communication and Public Relations. In the final chapter were detailed the conclusions and recommendations of the research.


Claims. 1. This invention relates to the production of alumina from alumina-bearing raw materials, for example bauxite. One of the principal methods now used for this purpose is that known as the Pedersen proceSS. In that process as originally practised, bauxite was melted with lime and coke in an electric fur nace to give metallic iron and a calcium alumi nate slag. The latter was disintegrated and then leached with a solution containing principally sodium carbonate, and a small amount of sodium hydroxide. The resulting pregnant liquor was treated with carbon dioxide to precipitate alu mina trihydrate therefrom. Certain essential features of the original Pedersen process, includ ing the leaching operation, are disclosed in United States Patent No. 1,618,105, granted Feb ruary 15, 1927, on the application of Harald Ped ersen, for Process of Manufacturing Aluminum Hydroxide. In later years, when the amount of available electric power was insufficient to permit an increase in the production of calcium alumi nate slag, or when the supply of bauxite was not sufficient to permit full scale production, it was found that the same leaching procedure could be used with sinters made from lime and bauxite and other alumina-bearing materials. The most series disadvantage of the Pedersen process is the high silica, content of the alumina, obtained therefrom. The reason for this is that, on precipitating alumina trihydrate with carbon dioxide, the proportion of silica to alumina is sub stantially the same in the precipitate as in the pregnant liquor from which the precipitate was obtained. Since other processes for obtaining alumina, as for example the Bayer process, give a product containing as little as 0.02-0.03% sil ica, it would be very desirable to obtain a prod uct of this purity from the Pedersen process. In the original work on the PederSen proceSS, the leaching solution contained about 30-40 g. p. . total alkali. This gave a pregnant liquor containing about 30 g. p. l. alumina and about .25% silica reckoned on the basis of alumina. In order to reduce the objectionably high silica, thus obtained, the concentration of the leaching solu tion was progressively decreased to about 18 g. p, l, total alkali, which is that used in cur rent commercial practice. This gives a pregnant liquor containing 14 g. p. l. alumina. With a silica, content of about 0.1%. This silica content is Substantially higher than that obtained by other processes, for example the Bayer process, which gives a product containing as little as 0.02-0.03% (C. 23-43) 2 Silica, but it has not heretofore been found pos


This article employs the concept of intersubjectivity to analyze developments in and discrepancies between students' understandings of criteria for effective writing and the criteria of their teacher. It reports on a study that employed qualitative methods of interview and classroom observation in conjunction with analysis of students' writing and the teacher's feedback on their writing to explore the struggles of students learning the "genre of power" (Lemke, 1988, p. 89) of the literary analysis essay. The greatest challenges for the students in this study occurred for those whose goals and expectations related to this high-stakes genre of writing were not based on the same taken-for-granted assumptions about context and purpose as were their teacher's. The article concludes by discussing teachers' professional responsibility to negotiate shared goals for literacy with their students.


The present paper is mainly concerned with a characterization of the annihilator of a von Neumann algebra which we shall eall the annihilating space. We also study the elementary operations such as inducing, reducing and product defined on annihilating spaces. According to J. Dixmier [1] and S. Sakai [4], a von Neumann algebra was characterized as the *-algebra of operators which is the conjugate spaee of a Banach space. And in his book [5] R. Schatten proved that the space 2(fo) of all bounded operators on a complex Hilbert space O is the conjugate space of the trace-class (Tc) on tb. By a classical theorem for the annihilator of a subspace of a conjugate space (cf. for instance, Theorem in L. H. Loomis [3], p. 23), these results and the weak closedness of a von Neumann algebra imply the following fact: Let 2R be a von Nezemann algebTa anel let ERL be its annihilatoT. Then we may consuleT ERL as a szebset of the tTace-class (Tc). ITuTthermore zve have ER =ERU. The above-mentioned fact distingishes a von Neumann algebra from "-algebras of operators. Therefore it seems natural and important to investigate the annihilators of von Neumann algebras. Since annihilating spaces are characterized by operators of rank ;Sll as we shall see in Definition 2 and Lemma 11, our consideration for annihilators seems to simplify the investigation of von Neumann algebras. We shall employ results and notations of R. Schatten's book [5], with which we assume the reader to be familiar. •But for the convenience of the readerj Section 1 is devoted to statements of background material. In Section 2, we establish the definition of an annihilating space (Definition 2) and the characterization of annihilators of von Neumann algebras (Theorem 1). And in Section 3, we discuss elementary operations lattice operations, inducing,• reducing, unitary equivalence and product of annihilating spaces. Throughout this paper, the terminology on von Neumann algebras in J. Dixmier [2] is used without any explanation.


Introduction: Although all age groups are at risk of getting COVID-19, older people are at greater risk of developing serious illnesses as a result of the physical changes that come with aging and the onset of health symptoms Symptoms: Fever Cough Throat Throat Tiredness According to the current epidemiological evidence, patients with SARS-coV2 virus over the age of 80 are at greater risk of dying than younger patients, according to a study of Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious disease caused by a novel coronavirus from Wuhan, China, was also recognized by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses as acute acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (ICTV).
Aim: Covid-19 in geriatric patients in vidharbha region
Materials and Methods: Covid 19 positive Patients went directly to the Observed Treatment in the Dept. of Medicine and Dept. of Respiratory, DMMC and SMHRC, Nagpur.
Results: Recovery is usually slower and more difficult. Most of us are concerned about our elderly relatives who live far away from us. They can experience anxiety as a result of living alone, being on a fixed income or pension, no longer driving and unable to use public transportation, and having their regular health checkups postponed. They may also be suffering from undiagnosed or poorly treated depression. COVID-19 has exacerbated the concerns of millions of elderly people.
Conclusion: We may also assist them by following the steps below. Ensure their medical supplies are stocked up.


In this paper, we have considered a recently reported nonDHT based structured P2P system. The architecture is based on Linear Diophantine Equation (LDE) and it is an interestbased system; it offers very efficient data lookup. In this paper, we have a two-fold objective: first we will incorporate security in the data look-up algorithms designed for the LDE based P2P systems, which is absent in many existing works; second we will present some important simulation results which will show the superiority of our work compared to some important existing works.


Opioids have become a staple in the medical world as an analgesic used to treat acute and chronic pain. However, there are many issues associated with the frequent use of opioids including tolerance, constipation, and opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Fortunately, recent discoveries of neuropeptide FF (NPFF) antagonists, have led to the understanding that tolerance and hyperalgesia caused by opioids can be greatly reduced. This discovery eventually led to the creation of dual ligands with both opioid agonist and NPFF antagonist activity. These dual ligands have been shown to prevent tolerance and opioid-induced hyperalgesia while maintain analgesic qualities in mice. However, these studies have involved injecting the drug directly into the brain due to their inability to cross the blood brain barrier, which makes them unfit to be converted into drugs fit for clinical use. Intravenous or intraperitoneal injection routes can be used but, oral administration would be the best option for therapeutic use. With this goal in mind, we are met with the task of having the drug penetrate the blood-brain barrier so that it may reach the appropriate recepetors. In this study, we had modified the lead small molecule (non-4,5α-epoxymorphinan derived) designated multiple ligands to hopefully have such blood-brain barrier penetration capabilities. We will evaluate the antinociception of these compounds to determine if they have successfully reached their target receptors from peripheral administration. These compounds tested represent only a portion of the compounds created by our lab.


Fuzzy clustering is applied to the problem of detecting landmines. Sensor data generated by a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is processed to detect the mines. The GPR produces a three dimensional array of intensity values, representing a volume below the surface of the ground. Features are computed from this array and clustered using a fuzzy competitive agglomerative (CA) algorithm. Prototypes are produced by the clustering algorithms and used to detect landmines. A novel aspect of this work is that the prototypes are not used in a nearest prototype style classifier, which would be the standard approach. Rather, the prototypes are used to provide a reliable indicator of the strength and pattern of a return at a location beneath the surface. Results on real, difficult data are provided that indicate that the fuzzy clustering produces more reliable detection outputs. In particular, the false alarm rates are much lower than those of the existing system.


As experimental animals 132 white male rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain were employed (a colony bred at MankkaafOrion Medical Factory). Male rats were used in order to avoid any possible disturbing factors caused by the sexual cycle. The animals were transported to the laboratory at the age of about 4 months. They were then allowed to adapt themselves for a minimum of ten days before they were used for the actual experiments. Identification marks were cut in the ears of the rats so that every individual could be recognized later without any difficulty. After irradiation, the treated animals and the controls were kept in different cages so that any differences in their behaviour could be better observed. When the experiments began, the animals weighed an average of 160-240 g. Only healthy-looking animals were used. Half the animals were used for the tests and the other half as controls.


IN a double monastery located near the important pilgrimage place of Lalibela, two nuns I had been interviewing suddenly asked me, 'Why don't you ask us about Mary?' They wanted to tell me about how she cared for them, loved them, and answered their prayers. 'Whatever we ask her she will give us', they stated. Mary was important for the Ethiopian Orthodox believers I worked with; it became obvious that Mary has an exclusive place in Ethiopian devotion in general. Most of the time, Ethiopian Christians relate to Christ as a distant saviour and turn to Mary in dealing with their daily lives. Mary is pure in both body and soul, a human being without sin, so that Christ becomes the union of divinity and humanity.


Stretch–bend coupling via 2:1 Fermi resonance is an important mechanism for rapid energy flow from overtone excited CH local mode states. To elucidate the role of potential energy coupling, we have studied the classical dynamics of a two‐mode stretch–bend Hamiltonian for the benzene fragment C3 H. The effects of attenuation of the CCH bend force constant by stretching of the CH bond on the short time (up to 0.12 ps) probability decay dynamics of the model system are in good qualitative accord with trends found previously in full scale classical trajectory simulations on planar benzene by Lu, Hase, and Wolf. Surfaces of section are used to study the classical phase space structure of the stretch–bend Hamiltonian. A close correlation between instability of the CH periodic orbit and exponential decay of probability is found, and relaxation rates can be estimated to good accuracy by linear stability analysis of the periodic orbit. Increasing the strength of the potential coupling stabilizes the CH periodic or...


The CD4-cell count has been a pivotal tool in HIV care since the late 1980s, when it first achieved its reputation as a reliable and convenient objective marker of immune deficiency. And now, hard as it may be to believe, we may not need it any more — at least not in the care of stable patients.

To explore this possibility, investigators …


Six-character poems that derived from Saoya formed in the Weijin Dynasty, became mature in the Tang Dynasty and peaked in the Song Dynasty. It has great influence on the other forms of songs. The development of six-character poems gets nutrition from folk songs all the times. There have been many excellent works but it never becomes the main stream of poems for this type distorted from songs and was hard to master.


Meeting the diverse delay requirements of emerging wireless applications is one of the most critical goals for the design of ultradense networks. Though the delay of point-to-point communications has been well investigated using classical queueing theory, the delay of multi-point to multi-point communications, such as in ultradense networks, has not been explored in depth. The main technical difficulty lies in the interacting queues problem, in which the service rate is coupled with the statuses of other queues. In this article, we elaborate on the main challenges in the delay analysis in ultradense networks. Several promising approaches, such as introducing the dominant system and the simplified system, to bypass these difficulties are proposed and summarized to provide useful guidance. Yi Zhong is with Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China (e-mail: email@example.com). Martin Haenggi is with University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame 46556, USA (email: firstname.lastname@example.com). Fu-Chun Zheng is with Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China and the University of York, York, UK (Email: firstname.lastname@example.com). Wenyi Zhang is with University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China (e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com). Tony Q.S. Quek is with Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore (e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com). Weili Nie was with the National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China, and is now with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA (e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com).


The strategic and tactical applications for autonomous submersibles place great demands on the platforms' passive sonar signal and data processing abilities. It is necessary to overcome the limited acoustic aperture and lack of human supervision by exploiting synergism between front-end signal processing functions and back-end data fusion algorithms. An Information Management System Architecture is presented which represents the relationship between the Information Extraction (signal processing and data fusion), Situation Assessment, and Mission Planner. The information extraction requirements (essentially the emulation of manned platform detection, classification, and localization) drive the design of the signal and data processing architectures. The signal processing architecture is partitioned into a generic, multifunction (e.g. sonar, comm, navigation) processor complemented by an ancillary signal processor which supports the knowledge-based signal interpretation function of information fusion.


----------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT------------------------------------------------------The objective of the present work is to present the experience in the application of the criteria of evaluation of technical-economic propositions of medical equipment; for the creation of the first breast clinic in Mexico by the Mexican Social Security Institute.In this sense, the main arguments regarding the evaluation guidelines are presented and, at the same time, the concepts involved in each of the phases consist in the evaluation of the technical specifications of the medical equipment are analyzed, for which they were elaborated and used identification cards of description, highlighting the mastographs and ultrasounds that are the most representative teams of this type of projects.At this point, we have tried to synthesize the contribution to the topic of medical equipment technological evaluation, as part of the learning in the tasks of medical equipment management, as one of the topics of greatest debate in the field of biomedical engineering and bioengineering.


The substrate method the inventors laser lift-off, as that irradiated with a laser beam of energy to release the intermolecular binding force of the sacrificial layer to remove the sacrificial layer, and the separation of the substrate so easily done, the light-transmitting material substrate; with respect to the thin film electronic elements formed on a flat-screen display comprising the substrate and the sacrificial layer formed between the thin-film electronic device, through the substrate to separate the substrate and the thin-film electronic devices laser beam in the sacrificial layer for the said laser source is a laser beam, the output is a DPSS (Diode Pumped Solid State) laser or LPSS (Lamp Pumped Solid State) laser, a laser lift-off method with the laser beam wavelength of 300 ~ 600㎚ range and irradiation It relates.


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This study probes whether problem solving ability is indicative of an understanding of the concepts underlying problem solutions. Low-performing students enrolled in an introductory mechanics course for scientists and engineers viewed an animated-narrated solution to a difficult problem in angular dynamics as preparation for an upcoming midterm exam. Immediately after viewing the solution, the students attempted to solve an isomorphic calculation-based problem and a conceptual question that probed whether students understood the concepts underlying the solution to the calculation-based problem. We found that ability to solve the calculation-based problem did not correlate with conceptual understanding. This suggests that, at least for low-performing students, problem solving and conceptual understanding in physics are different types of knowledge that develop independently, and as such, instruction should focus on the development of both types of knowledge rather than assuming that proficiency in solving complicated problems is indicative of conceptual understanding.


Most cystic liver lesions are simple biliary cysts (SBC) and have no malignant potential. Surgical deroofing may be indicated if symptomatic. Mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCN) represent less than 5% of liver cysts but can progress to mucinous cystadenocarcinoma and therefore require formal liver resection. While an MCN would demonstrate complex features on imaging, SBC may have similar appearances following episodes of infection or bleeding. CT, MR and US scans therefore have low positive predictive value for MCN, and most complex cystic liver lesions represent SBC. As a result, the decision to resect a complex cyst can be difficult for both patients and clinicians. We aimed to review our practice.

 Patients treated surgically for cystic liver lesions in a tertiary Hepatobiliary (HPB) centre between 2016 and 2019 were identified. Data on preoperative imaging, patient demographics, histology and follow up were obtained retrospectively.

 18 patients were treated surgically for liver cysts. Cysts were solitary in 3/18 cases. Eight were classified as complex on preoperative radiology. Five (all were complex and one was solitary) underwent formal liver resection and the remaining 13 were deroofing procedures. Patients who underwent liver resection were significantly more likely to have an asymptomatic liver cyst (4/5 vs 0/13, chi Squared, p<0.01). None of the resected specimens represented MCN, and complex characteristics on imaging were attributed to episodes of bleeding or infection. 14/18 patients were followed up for a median of 9 months (range: 2–36) without major adverse events.

 Surgical risks of liver resection must be balanced against likelihood of future malignancy. Cyst complexity alone is not an indication for resection and selected cases can be fenestrated if there are no other features to strongly suggest MCN, such as being solitary or in the absence of history suggesting cyst haemorrhage or infection


Wind energy is renewable energy used as an energy source for wind power plants (PLTB). The most common distribution method used to model wind speed distribution data is the Weibull distribution. The Nakagami distribution has begun to be widely used in several studies to model wind speed distribution data. The Nakagami distribution is considered an alternative to the Weibull distribution in modeling wind speed distribution data. This study aims to compare the distribution of Nakagami and Weibull in analyzing wind power potential and calculating the resulting Wind Energy Production (WEP), using wind speed distribution data from both distributions in Kuta Raja, Banda Aceh and Lhoknga, Aceh Besar. The wind speed data used is satellite data (secondary data) downloaded via windguru.cz, with the most stable wind speed being a wind speed of 3-5 m/s. The value of wind power potential at the Kuta Raja location, Banda Aceh was obtained at 64.16% with the Nakagami distribution and 62.73% with the Weibull distribution, and 73.60% with the Nakagami distribution and 73.28% at the Lhoknga location, Aceh Besar. The comparison of these two distributions produces a Weibull distribution that is superior to the Nakagami distribution for both locations, where the Weibull distribution has a smaller error value and produces a WEP value that is in accordance with the actual/observable data compared to the Nakagami distribution. In this study, the Nakagami distribution has results that make this distribution an alternative or comparison to the Weibull distribution in distributing wind speed data with further research.


Methods and systems are provided for generating and verifying signatures of digital messages communicated between signers and verifiers. Using bilinear mappings, such as Weil or Tate pairings, these methods and systems enable generation and verification of efficient multisignatures, identity-based ring signatures, hierarchical proxy signatures, and hierarchical online/offline signatures.


This paper presents estimation of multiple faults in aircraft gas-turbine engines, based on a statistical pattern recognition tool called Symbolic Dynamic Filtering (SDF). The underlying concept is built upon statistical analysis of evidences to estimate anomalies in multiple critical parameters of the engine system; it also presents a framework for sensor information fusion. The fault estimation algorithm is validated by numerical simulation on the NASA C-MAPSS test-bed of commercial aircraft engines.


This article explores sex markets in Occupied Japan. These operated under a legal regime distinct from traditional pleasure quarters and provided wage labor. There, streetwalkers, or panpan , had unprecedented control over their work. Many came from the middle class and formed women-led gangs that resembled criminal syndicates. The former especially concerned social scientists and mothers in postwar Japan. Calls to sanitize public space to protect Japanese children increasingly dominated public discourse about the U.S. military bases. By 1953 new regulations forced panpan into brothels where they lost the control over their labor they had enjoyed during the Occupation (1945–1952). This article also suggests that reactions to base prostitution in Occupied Japan paralleled those in the United States during the war.


The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships among the seated shot put (SSP), bench press power (BPP), and body composition in adolescent wrestlers. Seventy-five wrestlers from three high schools were tested during their preseason training. Upper body power was tested with a plate-loaded bench press machine equipped with infrared sensors attached to a digital timer. Each subject was given three trials with a constant 24.5-kg load (CLP) and with a variable load equal to 60% of body mass (VLP). Skinfolds were used to estimate body composition. The SSP was significantly related to both CLP and VLP as well as to body mass, lean body mass (LBM), and % fat. Removing the effect of body mass reduced the relationship between SSP and both CLP and VLP. Removing the effect of LBM had a slightly greater effect on the relationships between SSP and both CLP and VLP, although the correlations remained significant. Therefore it appears that the SSP is only moderately related to upper body power in adolesce...


Procedure to remove water fluorides, comprising a step of treating the water to be purified with calcium hydroxide at a concentration of 1.5 to 3 equivalents per equivalent of calcium fluoride in said water and said calcium hydroxide agitated for a time between 45 and 120 minutes at a temperature below 45 ° C, characterized by having the following steps: a) adding a flocculating agent to the solution to sediment the sludge formed from Ca (OH) 2 and CaF2 b ) separating from the solution a first slurry containing Ca (OH) 2 and CaF2 excess c) acidifying the solution to pH neutral d) adding to the remaining solution a compound of Al to obtain a second slurry consisting of a compound F and slightly soluble Al e) basifying the solution to reach a pH above 8.5 f) adding a flocculating agent to the solution g) removing said second slurry solution h) measuring the concentration of fluorides in l a residual solution and, if this concentration exceeds a predetermined value, repeating steps c) - h).


The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of the quality of services consisting of tangible, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and emphaty simultaneously to the types of research including customer satisfaction research explanative this study was conducted on cunsumers or tiki branch unfortunate expedient way Rahman judge No.8 Malang. Method of Analysis used is multiple linear regression Analysis windows program with research instrument used to test the reliability and validity of the test of normality. Result of the research is to test the hypothesis of the influence of simultaneous oppointment to variable customer satisfaction test result show the five variables on customer satisfaction while signifikan t test result showed that the reliability of the variables have the strongest influence on other variables. Keywords: service quality (tangible, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and, emphaty) ,custumer satisfaction


An interest in prosocial activity research is established since mid 19thcentury, some works that have influenced its development are those of Jean Piaget, Lawrence Kohlberg, Leonard Berkowitz, John M. Darley, Bibb Latané, Carl Rogers. Volunteer activity is a type of prosocial activity that is being intensely studied currently. Most of the researchers distinguish following characteristics of the volunteer personality: orientation on work with people and for people, overall positive world perception, altruism, responsibility, ability to cooperate with other people and to organize their activities. Generally, the specific aspects of volunteer activity are necessity to cooperate with various types of people who the helping activity is directed at and to act contextually, lack of time and resources, uncertain and extreme conditions. Successful fulfilment of a taken social responsibility relies on volunteer trust in himself, his abilities, and his partners in that activity and in people who the helping activity is directed at. A number of researchers consider trust to be a phenomenon turning interpersonal interaction in a constructive direction as self trust and to other people facilitates personal fulfilment thus supporting cooperation on all levels of social and business communication.1 Trust to others as a psychological relationship manifests itself as an interest and respect to an object or a partner, readiness to express goodwill and to take actions encouraging successful cooperation.2 In general trust phenomenon facilitates development of harmonic relationships and suppresses asocial behavior.3 Formally, the dynamic properties of the trust manifested: the measure in the level of credibility as the basic properties; selectivity the ability to select more or less trust to another; and the partial is expressed in a variety of behavioral strategies used in the behavior acts, the more the level of credibility, the more various forms of behavior. The paper considers two formal dynamic properties of self-trust: measure and selectivity. Presented in the current work is the study of interrelation of personal prosocial activity index and levels of trust/distrust to others in groups of volunteers with various levels of self-trust. Individual psychological characteristics (altruism/ egoism, social responsibility levels) are considered as the prosocial activity indices. Based on that assumption the following hypotheses were formulated: 1. The level of self-trust is a systemic factor of volunteer prosocial activity and it determines the person orientation on altruism and social responsibility.


Economic crisis generates social exclusion which is generally attributed to failure at school or to the inadequacy of educational provision. Studies are then carried out with regard to the economic impact of education which, in turn, centres educational debate more and more around the question of increased productivity. This paper puts forward proposals for the clarification of decision making and intervention process in education and their relation to the problem of development Thus, the concepts of education, citizenship and development will be examined along with their functions, links among them and their relation to social reproduction. In periods of unemployment new forms of development are sought; the employment crisis is linked to the search for growth.


A field survey was conducted in Wukari, Taraba State to assess the diversity and abundance of insect species in selected habitats (residential, open field made up of grassland and an agro ecosystem). Insects recovered were wet preserved in 70% ethanol except butterflies and moths. A total of 4,501 insects spread across 9 orders, 34 families and 77 species were recovered. The most dominant order was Coleoptera with a relative abundance of (44.41%) and, the least was Orthoptera (0.84%). The most dominant insect species are Heteronychus mossambicus (11.44%) followed by Termes sp. (7.77%) and, Goryphus sp. (7.71%). Chlaenius decipiens, Cheilomenes sulphurea, Copris sp., Cicindela sp., Pseudantheraea sp., Derobranchus geminatus, Glaurocara townsendi, Camponotus perrisi, and Gryllus bimaculatus were the rare species with relative abundance of 0.02%. Species richness is based on number of individual insects measured. The highest species diversity was observed in the order Coleoptera (Shannon H' =2.547) while, Isoptera was the least (H' = 0.00). However, the highest species evenness was observed in the order Isoptera (E' = 1.00). Fisher-alpha (α) index of diversity shows that the agro ecosystem has the highest index of diversity (α = 14.24) while, the residential area had the least (α = 11.9). This study therefore, brings to the fore the diversity and abundance of insects in Wukari and underscores the need for a more intensive study and for sustainable actions to be taken in conserving beneficial rare species while, managing the abundant pestiferous ones.


Wound healing is a complex pathophysiological process. Vitamin can promote wound healing from different aspects and in multiple stages. This paper reviews the role of vitamin A, B, C, D, E in promoting wound healing and the related mechanism.

Key words:
Vitamins; Wound healing; Mechanism


Data from the Illinois Farm Business Farm Management (FBFM) Association provides insights into leasing arrangements in Illinois. Table 1 contains data summarized from Illinois grain farms enrolled in FBFM. These farms receive the majority of their farming income from grain operations and farm at least 260 acres. Although this data is representative of commercial grain farms in Illinois, it is not a statistical sample of all commercial grain farms in the state.


BACKGROUND
High carotenoids contents always led to a yellower/redder color of carrots, while a puzzling phenomenon still existed that freeze-dried carrots (FDC) had higher carotenoids contents but a lighter color compared with thermal-dried carrots. It seemed that carotenoid was not the only main factor that affected sample color. Hence, the discoloration characteristics of freeze-dried carrots were comprehensively analyzed from physical structure and color-related chemical compositions profiles.

RESULTS
Outcomes of low field nuclear magnetic resonance and scanning electron microscope showed that sublimation of immobilized water preserved the intact porous structure of FDC, which kept the volume shrinkage less than 30% and led to less accumulations of color-related compositions. Besides, results of correlation and PCA-X model analysis proved that lutein and caffeic acid mainly affected a* value (r = 0.917) and b* value (r = 0.836) of FDC, respectively. Moreover, lipoxygenase indirectly affected sample color by degrading carotenoids, the lutein contents loss for fresh and blanching FDCs were 41.56% and 47.14%, respectively.

CONCLUSONS
The discoloration of FDC was significantly affected by both of physical structure and color-related chemical compositions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


Mineral dust in the polar snow plays an important role both in the climate system of the Earth and in global biogeochemical cycles. Analysis of the concentration and the particle size distribution of mineral dust has been carried out in the snow from the Antarctic surface snow and the Greenland snowpit. Among the various particle size determination techniques, a Multisizer 3 Coulter Counter in a class 100 clean bench counted all particles between 1.1 and 30.0 μm with a 50 μm aperture tube. The aperture tube size, the concentration of electrolytes and the accuracy of the particle size distribution were determined in this study. The number concentrations from the Antarctic surface snow were 81,843 particles mL ?1 , but those from the Greenland snowpit were 10,666 particles mL ?1 . In the volume distribution, the distributions of mineral dust in both the Antarctic surface snow and the Greenland snowpit showed lognormal distribution in the size interval 1.1 to 6.0 μm with the mode, 3.562 and 3.836 μm, respectively. The analysis technique using a coulter counter for mineral dust could be used for reconstructing paleoclimates from polar ice cores.


The invention relates to a filling material cyclone composite stripping tower. The tower body of the composite stripping tower is a hollow vertical tower device. A tower bottom liquid outlet is communicatively arranged in the tower bottom. A liquid storage section is arranged on the bottom of tower body of a desorption tower. A heating device is arranged in the liquid storage section. A through cyclone section is arranged coaxially in the tower body above the liquid storage section. A liquid re-distribution section is coaxially arranged above the cyclone section. A filling material section is arranged coaxially above the liquid re-distribution section. A hollow liquid distribution section is arranged in the tower body coaxially above the filling material section. A tower top liquid phase reflux inlet communicating with the internal side of the tower body is arranged on the tower body outer surface above the liquid distribution section. A foam-removing section is coaxially arranged in the tower body above the tower top liquid phase reflux inlet. A tower top steam outlet is arranged on the top in the tower body above the foam-removing section. According to the stripping tower provided by the invention, with the cyclone principle, desorption strength is enhanced, reaction tower height is reduced, space and material are saved, and desorption effect of the reaction tower is improved.


To evaluate efficiency of sonochemical reactors, intensity of sonoluminescence was measured under various conditions. Quenching phenomenon of sonoluminescence was observed at excessive sound pressure, which suggests that high power ultrasound does not necessarily attain high efficiency in sonochemistry. Visualization of sound fields showed no differences in the patterns of sound pressure distributions at different power levels. On the other hand, behavior of cavitation bubbles changed very much at high sound pressure levels showing formation of bubble clusters. It was also found that the clustering was affected by fluid motion such as stirring operation and circulating flow in the sound field. Hence, fluid motion changes the intensity of sonoluminescence and efficiency of sonochemical reactions. Introduction Two kinds of apparatus are used in sonochemistry; one is an ultrasonic horn type and the other one is an ultrasonic cleaner type (Fig.1). Although both apparatuses utilize action at the collapse of cavitation bubbles, their sound fields are very different and their sonochemical reaction fields are different, accordingly [1]. When an ultrasonic horn is immersed in a liquid, fast motion of cavitation bubbles is observed at the tip of the horn. The motion of bubbles attains 2 m/s near the tip but the speed decreases rapidly apart from the tip, because the ultrasound diffuses spherically and its amplitude decreases inversely proportional to the distance from the tip. If the horn is immersed in a luminol solution, we can see sonochemical luminescence but the luminescing region is limited to a very small region near the tip [1]. Figure 1: Typical apparatus used in sonochemistry. Figure 2: Sound field visualized by the schlieren method (left) and observed sonoluminescence (right) in a rectangular glass cell driven at 140-kHz ultrasound. On the other hand, the apparatus of ultrasonic cleaner type generates a standing-wave field between the ultrasonic transducer and liquid surface. Figure 2 shows the sound field visualized by the schlieren method (left) and sonochemical luminescing field (right) in a rectangular glass cell driven at 140-kHz ultrasound [2]. A clear standing-wave field with layered structure is observed and the luminescing region corresponds to the standing-wave field very well. Since cavitation bubbles generated by intense ultrasound are exerted by acoustic radiation pressure or Bjerknes force, tiny bubbles go to antinodes of sound pressure distribution in a standing-wave field and they emit light there due to abrupt quasi-adiabatic compression and resulting high temperature. To make a sonochemical reactor effective, larger luminescing region is preferable and higher sound pressure may be applied to this end. The present paper discusses the change of sonoluminescence at excessive sound pressure in relation to the sound field and bubble behavior in the field. Quenching of sonoluminescence Sonoluminescence from distilled water filled in a rectangular glass cell was measured using a photomultiplier tube (PMT) as shown in Fig.3 [3]. The reactor was a standing-wave type driven at 132.2 kHz. The bubble motion was recorded with a still camera and a high-speed video camera. As shown in Fig.4, input power to the ultrasonic transducer increased in a quadratic function of the function generator (FG) output or input to the power (Progressive-wave type) Ultrasonic horn Ultrasonic transducer


Abstract This article examines a drugs trade in Asia that has been largely forgotten by historians and policy-makers, that in cocaine. It will briefly trace some of the contours of this commerce and the efforts to control it. It will also assess how successful these efforts were. The article is designed to contribute fresh perspectives on recent controversies in the historiography of drugs in Asia to argue that the agendas and agency of consumers are central to understanding why markets have formed there for psychoactive substances in the modern period.


In this paper we show the results of multi-spectral Mueller Imaging applied to the analysis of human colon cancer in a backscattering configuration with diffuse light illumination. The analyzed sample behaves as a pure depolarizer. The depolarization power, for both healthy and cancerous zones, is lower for linearly than for circularly polarized incident light for all used wavelengths and increases with increasing wavelength. Based on their visual staging and polarimetric responses, we chose specific zones which we correlated to the histology of the corresponding cuts. The histological examination shows that we see a multilayer interaction in both healthy and abnormal zones, if the light penetration depth is sufficient. The measured depolarization depends on several factors: the presence or absence of tumor, the microscopic structure of cancer (ratio between cellular density and stroma), its exophytic (budding) or endophytic (penetrating) nature, its thickness, the degree of cancer penetration in deeper layers and the nature of healthy tissue left under abnormal layers. These results demonstrate that multi-spectral Mueller imaging can provide useful contrasts for the quick staging of human colon cancer ex-vivo, with additional information about cancerous zones with different microscopic structures.


Seventy-three cases of benign biliary stricture encountered during the past 13 years are reviewed with regard to non-surgical and surgical traumatic cases. There were 66 (90%) non-surgical traumatic cases, in which papillary stricture (32 cases) predominated, followed by intrahepatic calculus (16) and congenital common bile duct dilation (8). Pain and fever as well as jaundice were frequent symptoms, and the period of illness was prolonged. There were seven surgical traumatic cases, including five cholecystectomies. In three of the five, reoperation was required because of strictures of the anastomosed area following surgery. Intrahepatic calculus was frequent in the upper portion, and the inflamatory type due to papillary stricture or chronic pancreatitis was dominant in the lower portion. In the middle portion of the bild duct, cases of surgical trauma were frequent. Benign biliary stricutre may incur a prolonged period of suffering before the diagnosis is established, and its treatment may also take a long time. Therefore, early diagnosis and appropriate surgical treatment are considered to be necessary.


Along with the rapid development of information technology today, multimedia has an important role in the field of education. Studying the solar system is very important, especially for elementary school children because it is very closely related to other natural sciences. In learning activities, the delivery of solar system material in schools is only conventional and theoretical which is equipped with several static examples, so that most students have difficulty and do not even like the lesson. Therefore, it is necessary to have an application that explains the characteristics of the Solar System with animations and visualizations that can support elementary school students in understanding the solar system easily and not boringly. One alternative media that can attract children's attention is video motion graphics. The method in this study applies the 4D model which includes four stages: (1) define, (2) design, (3) develop and (4) disseminate. The evaluation used is alpha testing and usability questionnaires for 6th grade elementary school students. The results of this research are 2D animated videos about the solar system which are made according to the needs and help learning activities of the solar system.


This article describes a study in which the various stagewise and interval-based superstructures for the mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) optimisation of heat exchanger networks were systematically compared, using exactly the same basis. The effect of using different logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD) approximations on the Total Annual Cost of the network and the network structure were examined. The accuracy of the approximations was also analyzed over a wide range of temperature difference ratios. It is concluded that the best approximation, which is the Underwood-Chen approximation, should be used in future mathematical optimisation of Heat Exchanger Network Synthesis problems.


The invention discloses a locking control method for a car roof channel door. The method is used for realizing securely-locking for the car roof channel door in a car roof operation process and comprises the following steps: collecting a state of the car roof channel door after receiving a close signal of the car roof channel door; when the state of the car roof channel door is closing and unlocking, collecting a plurality of car roof infrared sensing signals; if the plurality of car roof infrared sensing signals are drone signs, deadly locking a close state of the car roof channel door, and setting deadly-locking time; transmitting drone signs, and close and deadly-locking signals of the car roof channel door to a contact net isolation switch control device, so that the contact net isolation switch control device controls a contact net isolation switch to unlock and turn off in the deadly-locking time. A locking control method and a locking control system for the car roof channel door further are disclosed by the invention.


An Advanced Controller for a Semi-Active Wheelchair Suspension was designed, built and tested. The suspension consisted of a Goodyear 1S3-011 air spring, IQ Valves high speed proportional solenoid valve, and a custom made accumulator. Several controller designs specific to semi-active suspensions were designed and tested. The controllers investigated were skyhook, acceleration driven damping, and a combined control law employing both a dual and single sensor version. The implementation of skyhook control suffered performance degradation from the idealization due to particular elements of hardware, however acceleration driven damping showed a marked and statistically significant improvement over skyhook control, in hardware, by 14%. The combined control laws exhibited as yet unexplained transient behavior that produced results with low confidence in their veracity. All controllers proposed performed better than a conventional oil damper and spring type suspension. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


The problem of constructing the most accurate digital terrain model suitable for three-dimensional geoinformational modeling of mineral deposits fields (on the example of superquarzites field Buran-Sardag) is solved in this paper. A comparison of publicly available sources of geodata (astergdem, SRTM, topographic maps M1:100000) is made. In this paper we describe the conditions of their validity, give the developed technique of creating the most accurate terrain model which can be used to create DTM of other high mountain areas.


In order to optimize the experimental conditions,the spectral intensity and signal-to-background ratio of the lower content elements,such as P,V and Ti in the standard steel samples were measured by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry,and the influence of the transporting process on the method of laser-ablated solid sampling was investigated.The more intense line intensity and the higher signal-to-background ratio can be gained when the tubes of shorter length and smaller diameter are used to transport sample;with the increasing of the gas flow of transporting samples,the line intensity and the signal-to-background ratio are first increasing and then decreasing,the result is better at about 0.5L/min carrier flow.


A dual-channel photo-acoustic (PA) spectrometer using a single mode 1 W Ti-Sapphire laser with 50 kHz linewidth is described. The value of minimal detectable absorption coefficient equals of 10-8cm-1 was determined from the measurements of water absorption lines with well-known intensities. The PA spectrometer was applied to record weak absorption spectra of water, HDO, SiH4, H2Se, AsH3 in 11,300 - 12,800 cm-1 region. The photo-acoustic (PA) method based on the measurements of an optical radiation absorption by the substance under study. When the pulsed optical radiation passes through the cell containing an absorbing substance (molecular gas in our case) the last one heats due to the absorption. The heat of the gas in a closed volume of the PA cell produces the pulse of the pressure (Delta) p, which was detected by a sensitive microphone proportional optical radiation energy W and absorption coefficient of gas k(v).


This paper focuses on how to use multiple data sources, such as loop detector counts, AVI Bluetooth travel time readings and GPS location samples, to estimate microscopic traffic states on a homogeneous freeway segment. A probit model and an innovative use of Clark's approximation method are introduced in this study to extend Newell's method to address solve a stochastic three-detector problem. The mean and variance-covariance estimates of cumulative vehicle counts on both ends of a traffic segment are used as probabilistic inputs for estimating cell-based flow and density inside the space-time boundary, as well as constructing a series of linear measurement equations within a Kalman filtering estimation framework. An information-theoretic approach is presented to quantify the value of heterogeneous traffic measurements for specific fixed sensor location plans and market penetration rates of Bluetooth or GPS flow car data.


Manoeuvring ability of Offshore Supply Vessel (OSV) is a very critical aspect. An early prediction of vessel behaviour will definitely help to improve upon the design. The regular methods available for manoeuvring prediction such as free running model test, captive model test etc., are found to be expensive and time consuming. As an alternative, the current approach tries a numerical simulation method with parameters determined from a database. This study presents the manoeuvring prediction of an OSV which includes the development of time domain simulation program by using Matlab Simulink software. Three degrees of freedom were considered and applying the Newtonian laws, the equations of motion were framed. Further, forces on hull, forces and moments induced by propeller and rudder were also taken into reckoning. Results were obtained with inputs of vessel speeds, engine revolutions etc. Validation of the prediction results was also carried out by comparing the results with full-scale sea trial data. The prediction results show a good agreement with the sea trial data. Applying approximate numerical formula for manoeuvring prediction is seen to be a reliable and economic prediction tool at early design stages of such vessels.


Oxazole-5-(4H)-ones, known as azlactones, possess multiple reactive sites. The acidic nature of the C4-position allows for the formation of an enol tautomer that functions as a nucleophilic site and reacts with a variety of electrophiles, whereas the electrophilic nature of the carbon atoms at the 2and 5-positions allows for nucleophilic attack and the formation of ring-opened products. The rich reactivity of the azlactone scaffold enables a wide variety of transformations, which makes azlactones extremely versatile reactants in synthetic organic chemistry. Among these transformations, cycloaddition reactions that utilize the multiple reactive sites of azlactones are attractive. For example, the nucleophilic C4 and electrophilic C2 atoms serve as a 1,3dipole, which has been applied to [3+2] cycloaddition reactions and gives a general synthetic route to a variety of fivemembered nitrogen heterocycles, including pyrrolines, imidazolines, and imidazoles. In contrast, cycloaddition reactions that take advantage of the nucleophilic C4 and electrophilic C5 atoms have rarely been exploited. Recently, Gong and co-workers demonstrated the enantioselective catalysis of the cycloaddition reactions of azlactones at C4 and C5 with 1,3-azabutadienes, affording enantioenriched aamino-d-lactams. However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the sole example of such enantioselective catalysis. Further synthetic applications of azlactones 1 to catalytic enantioselective cycloaddition reactions remains uncultivated despite the fact that the method provides efficient access to nitrogen-substituted cyclic compounds in an optically active form. Therefore, we envisioned the use of b,g-unsaturated a-ketoesters 2 as novel reactants for the enantioselective cycloaddition reaction of the azlactone 1 with a chiral Brønsted base catalyst (Scheme 1). The proposed transformation would enable facile access to 2-amino sugar derivatives as pharmaceutically and biologically intriguing molecules. It can be assumed that the reaction involves three consecutive transformations: 1) Michael addition of the enolate form of azlactone 1' at the C4-position to the b,g-


As the complexity of a society increases, it becomes necessary to coordinate the expertise of specialists. This article, written from the perspective of a generalist, contains recommendations for the integration of knowledge and competence from the fields of family law, marriage counseling, judicial administration, and eugenics. The goal is to find ways to minimize marital trauma and thereby improve the quality of family life.


This study used over forty-four lane miles of test site to gather up to three years of comparative performance data on thirteen crack sealants. The data indicates that the more durable, high ductility materials when applied in a band-aid configuration can be expected to give significantly better performance than the lower ductility materials used by the Utah DOT prior to 1983. Evaluation of sealant placement procedures indicates that routing is a questionable practice, and that the hot compressed air lance may significantly improve the performance of materials placed during cold or wet conditions. Evaluation of UDOT maintenance activities indicates that sealant melters cannot achieve or maintain the required sealant application temperatures under colder winter conditions. The efficiency of melter units should be improved or not operated under those conditions. More accurate temperature gauges on melter units should be acquired. Inaccurate gauges may cause impaired sealant performance and safety. Evaluation of laboratory tests indicate that Bond, Ductility and Force Ductility Tests were useful in predicting the cold temperature performance of crack sealants. The Flow Test was found to be effective in eliminating sealants that tracked or pulled-out during hot weather. Both acceptance and lot laboratory testing are recommended. The report includes specifications for material and procedures, and make recommendations for modifications to both equipment and sealing practice. (Author)


Pacific rats or kiore (Rattus exulans) were commensal with Polynesians, and accompanied them to New Zealand in the 13th century or possibly earlier (Atkinson & Towns 2005). Apart from endemic bats no terrestrial mammals lived on the New Zealand archipelago at that stage. Pacific rats colonised both main islands and many others, and had a deleterious impact on native plant seeds, invertebrates, lizards and birds. With the introduction, by Europeans, of other rodent species and mustelids during the 18th century, the previously ubiquitous distribution of Pacific rats became severely restricted (Atkinson & Towns 2005). On mainland New Zealand, Pacific rats are now known only from seven sites in south-west South Island (Atkinson & Towns 2005). All other locations are on Stewart Island and small offshore islands. It has been suggested that the real distribution of Pacific rats may be more extensive, but disguised by m isidentification or lack of trapping effort (Ruscoe 2004).


Purpose: Recent studies have indicated that the p53 tumor suppressor gene and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) play an important role in the angiogenic process of tumors. In this study, the correlation of the expressions of p53 and VEGF and the clinical features in gastric cancer were investigated. Methods: The expressions of p53 and VEGF in gastric cancer were determined using immunohistochemistry on 98 randomly selected gastric cancer patients that had received curative resection. Results: The expression of p53 and VEGF were observed in 51% and 50% of tumors, respectively. A significant correlation was found between p53 expression and the tumor histological type (P=0.045). The higher the TNM stage, the higher the observed level of p53 expression. The p53 and VEGF expression stati coincided in 70.4% of tumors, with a significant correlation found between the p53 and VEGF stati. Significantly worse survival rates were found in p53-positive and VEGF-positive patients than in those that were p53-negative and VEGF-negative. Conclusion: The present results indicated that p53 and VEGF expressions are useful in predicting the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer.


The relations between seismic moment M0 and seismic energy Es for various scale events were considered. Averaging over the entire scale range gives relations close to the self-similar assumption. A more detailed examination reveals several hierarchical levels, in which changing the event parameters with the scale occurs by different laws, often strongly deviating from the self-similar scaling. The first class of events is presented by small events with Mw <1 ÷ 2, located at shallow depths of about 1-2km. In this interval, the value of scaled energy Es/M0 regularly increases with the scale, which is related mainly to the dependence of rock shear modulus on scale. The second interval should include small earthquakes located at seismogenic depths. If hypocenters are confined to small cracks located aside from the central part of major faults, their parameters correspond to the self-similar laws and Es is proportional to M0. Earthquakes with moment magnitude Mw ~ 3.5-4 make the transition band, which is the boundary between the two ranges in which the scaling relations differ significantly.


Although the areas of education and research in History are part of the same common nucleus of reflections, they behave presently in a space of overwhelming controversies. This article attempts to present the general lines of such debates, that far from affecting only the proper academic and college environments, says something about real and questions with which both professors and researchers of History confront themselves as they venture in different dimensions of the professional activities.


A sonar equipment consisting of an experimental nonlinear transmitting array and associated electronics together with a conventional commerical sonar receiving and recording system operating at a carrier frequency of 45 kHz was assembled. Acoustic measurements were made on the transmitting array at its primary frequencies of 465 and 510 kHz, and at its secondary frequency. Echoes from various targets were recorded when the apparatus was used for horizontal searching. Comparison was made with a conventional system by replacing the parametric transmitter array by an ordinary commercial sonar projector and examining the recorded echoes from the same targets.


When flying shear works, the crankshaft will bear periodic load. If the size of the crankshaft is unreasonable, flying shear will produce strong resonance, which will lead to structural damage of the crankshaft system and flying shear failure. Through the dynamic analysis of the flying shear crankshaft structure, the natural frequency of the crankshaft is obtained, and the stress distribution cloud of the crankshaft under four stages is analysed. Finally, the weak links of the crankshaft are obtained through static analysis, and the solutions are put forward. The research in this paper is of great significance for improving the service life of flying shear crankshaft structure, and provides a basis for further theoretical research.


At the anniversary meeting new Fellows were elected and the annual report on the number of visitors to the museum and donations to the Society was read.

Meeting notes for 13 December, 1880 are appended.


Objective To investigate the management of trans-rectal ultrasound(TRUS) guided brachytherapy combined with endocrine therapy for locally advanced prostate cancer.Method Prostate volume,outline and transection were measured by TRUS for 14 patients with locally advanced prostate cancer.According to the proto-col of three-dimension radiotherapy,125I seeds were implanted into those prostates.Results 16 patients were followed up for 18 to 24 months,their serum PSA,prostate volume and International Prostate Symptom Score(IPSS) were significantly improved(P0.05).Complication of proctitis occurred in one case and was well treated by Chinese traditional medicine.Conclusions Brachytherapy combined with endocrine therapy is viable and effective treatment for locally advanced prostate cancer.


Games and exercises, which have an important place in the life of the individual in every developmental period of humans as a social being contribute to the communication and interaction of the individual with the environment, to the development of social cognitive skills such as problem-solving, analytical thinking, creative thinking, and reasoning as well as positively affecting the physical and mental development. Individuals, who try to survive in a mentally and physically challenging and demanding work pace or by being inactive for a long time in front of a computer screen, spend their energy through games, exercises, and physical activities, and can be discharged by relaxing. In this respect, it is possible to evaluate the entire games, exercises, and physical activities as a driving force to gather energy again after a tiring work tempo or as a source of motivation to move away from mental and physical fatigue. It is considered that performing activities such as exercises and playing games by individuals, considering them as a way of life and evaluating the factors, which keep individuals away from these activities, can be possible by explaining individual perceptions on these issues. In the light of these data, the meanings and values associated with the concepts of games and exercises by academics and engineers who live in different cultural structures, who cannot allocate adequate time for games and exercises in a compulsory work tempo, or who can acquire internal and external motivation via games and exercises as well as exercise frequency and playing times. The present study was conducted to examine the perceptions of academics and engineers on the concepts of game and exercise via metaphor analysis in June 2019 with the participation of scientists, academicians, and engineers who participated in the 2019 International Microwave Symposium (IMS) at the Boston Convention and Exhibition Center in Boston, MA, USA, which was held with the participation of many scientists, academicians, and engineers from all over the world as a total of 135 participants, 56 women and 79 men, who agreed to participate in the study voluntarily, made up the study group. The metaphor analysis form that was prepared by the researcher was used in obtaining the data to reveal the perceptions of the participants about the concepts of game and exercise. The participants were asked to complete the statements with the statements of "Game is like … because …" and "Exercise is like … because …" in addition to their age, gender, nationality, residence, occupation, perceived income status, and educational status. After the data were analyzed, various metaphors for the concepts of game and exercise were detected. Also, different game playing times and exercise frequencies emerged as a result of the self-evaluation of each participant.


The present study investigated the relationships between Saudi Arabian college students and the "connected" Generation C, their use of small mobile devices to access video, video usage in the classroom, and behavioral variableslike the willingness to seek and share video outside the classroom. Additionally, the study explored the relationship between Saudi Arabian students' attitudes about classroom learning through the use of Westernised videos where the content was presented in situations not in keeping with strict Islamic laws and traditions. Four research questions were generated and data was gathered using the Video Attitude Survey—a five point Likert scale instrument. The data was collected from college students (N=139) enrolled in business school classes at large public university. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations and selected Chi square analyses were conducted on the data. Frequency distributions were calculated to show the variables of interest for each research question, and then presented in concurrent tables. The findings indicate that Saudi Arabian students living in a strict Islamic society still see themselves as part of the worldwide Generation C. That they use mobile devices to download and distribute video, more for social networking and trend-pacing than for news services. That their strong ties to Islamic tradition have a weak yet significant influence on learning from Westernised educational video. The study's most promising findings were the positive relationships between students' attitudes toward learning through educational video, improving their English speaking ability, and gaining a greater understanding of multi-cultural issues and differences.


A dissertation submitted to the Dept. of Political Science and Administrative Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Botswana in partial fulfilment of the requirement of the degree of Masters in Public Administration. Citation: Shaban, P. (2014) A critical evaluation of the effectiveness of employee assistance programme in Tanzania: a case study of African Barrick Gold Mine, University of Botswana.


The paper explores the role played by concepts of temporality in shaping the self's identity and its moral responsibility. This theme is examined in both Kant and Benjamin, two theorists who view the modern self as an essentially historical being. For Kant, teleological and uniform time shoulders the heightening of the self's universal attributes and the constant expansion of a moral community. The desired end is the establishment of an integrated and homogeneous human space, a cosmopolitan stage wherein history is finally redeemed. This progressive notion of time is seen as dangerous by Benjamin, since it generates forgetfulness and inner impoverishment of the self. Instead, Benjamin advances a fragmented conception of time, one allowing conversation between distant moments and grounding identity in concrete images. While the poetic recovery of memory leads to the distinct and exclusive, Benjamin follows Kant in demanding universal moral responsibility of the self. However, Benjamin's strategy, so to speak, is the integration of our temporal - not spatial - experience.


Disposal of wastewater has become a global problem due to generation of huge volume of the wastewater through a number of sources mainly domestic and industrial (Kumar and Chopra, 2011a, b; Pathak et al., 2011; Kumar et al., 2016). The wastewater contains a wide range of nutrients, heavy metals and microorganisms. Discharge of untreated or partially treated wastewater deteriorates the quality of the receiving soil or aquatic environment (Rahmani, 2008; Kumar and Chopra, 2011a, b). Most of the rivers, lakes, streams, ponds etc. are on potential risk of water pollution due to discharge of untreated or partially treated wastewater. Therefore, these resources are rapidly converting into the dumping sites for the wastewater (Chopra et al., 2011b; Kumar et al., 2016). Globally scientists are making efforts to get rid of this worse problem to save the aquatic resources for the present and future use. Worldwide extensive efforts have been made to treat the wastewater through different methods like, filtration, sedimentation, aeration, coagulation, flocculation, and phytoremediation (Cerqueira and Marques, 2012; Kumar and Chopra, 2016). Some of these methods are found to be feasible in the reduction of pollution load of wastewater but at the same time they are very costly and can not be used for the large scale treatment of wastewater (Kumar and Chopra, 2011a; Chaturvedi, 2013). Therefore, scientists are looking to develop new cost-effective and more reliable treatment technologies for the treatment of wastewater. They are now focusing on the scope of electrolytic treatment of wastewater (Chopra et al., 2011a; Cerqueira and Marques, 2012). The electrolytic treatment of wastewater is based on the application of electricity in the electrodes to neutralize the pollutants present in the ionic forms in the aqueous state (Edwards et al., 2006; REVIEW ARTICLE


The calculation of the ϱ-trajectory is considered in more detail. For given experimental values of the trajectory at t = 0, the value of the trajectory at threshold is varied. The right half-width of the ϱ-resonance is obtained if this value at threshold is greater than one half. Comment is made on the behaviour at the first threshold and on a possible oscillatory behaviour at higher thresholds.


The bay-region hydroxyl groups of benz[a]anthracene (+/-)trans-1,2-dihydrodiol are known to be exclusively in quasi-axial conformations. This dihydrodiol was stereoselectively metabolized in rat liver microsomes to form two optically active 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrotetrols as the predominant products. Thus, the bay-region axial hydroxyl groups of benz[a]anthracene trans-1,2-dihydrodiol do not direct metabolism away from the vicinal 3,4-double bond.


Introduction: Diabetes has become a global epidemic. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of loss of vision in diabetics. Since the global prevalence of diabetes is estimated to rise exponentially, the prevalence of DR is also bound to rise. Consequently, a large population will be at risk by DR in near future. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional observational study was conducted on eligible diabetic patients. Demographic data and history was noted. A complete ophthalmic examination in which fundus was examined by +90 D and +20D lenses. Statistical analysis was performed. Results: Out of 291 eligible patients, 159 (55%)were males. 76 (26.11%) had DR of which 43 (27.04%)were males. For duration of diabetes (years) <5, 5-10 and >10, DR was found in 5 (6.57%), 30 (39.47%) and 41 (53.94%) respectively. DR in age groups (years) of <40,40-60,60-80 and >80,was 1(2%),32(25%),44(30%) and 9(100%) respectively. Mild, moderate, severe NPDR and PDR were found in 39(51.31%), 17(22.36%), 13 (17.1%) and 7 (9.2%) patients respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of DR is very high in Indian population. Diabetic patients are unaware of development of DR in early stages. The severity of DR rises with increase in duration of diabetes. © 2020 Published by Innovative Publication. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)


NNW-trending faults in northern Kyushu There are some NNW-trending seismogenic faults in northern Kyushu. Their strikes coincide with those of Chikuho-type faults forming half-graben-like structure of Paleogene strata. Chikuho-type faults are considered to have been formed in an ENE-extensional setting in the outer arc of the bends between the SW Japan Arc and the Ryukyu Arc in middle Miocene age when the SW Japan Arc clockwise rotated and the Japan Sea opened. The current faults are reactivated ones of these Chikuhotype faults in a different tectonic setting.


Background:
 DAWN and DEFUSE-3 excluded posterior-circulation cases, but in practice endovascular therapy (EVT) is common due to life-threatening large-vessel occlusions. Often CT perfusion (CTP) is acquired to aid in the decision-making of these cases, but the reliability of using CT perfusion in the posterior-circulation is unknown

 Hypothesis:
 Given the differences in hemodynamics (~20% of total CBF to the basilar, reduced mean velocity, and differences in collateral supply) penumbra estimates using RAPID software will be less accurate in predicting the final infarct volume on DWI.

 Methods:
 In patients who did not receive any treatment (tPA or EVT), the Tmax >6s, as operationally defined as penumbra, should approximate the infarct on DWI. As such, only posterior circulation patients without EVT or tPA were included. Anterior circulation patients were matched on demographics, medical history, outcomes. A ratio of Tmax/DWI was calculated to assess how closely perfusion approximated final infarct folume. Nonparametric correlation with Kendall's tau-b was also performed.

 Results:
 Eleven patients with a posterior circulation large-vessel occlusion (pc-LVO) were compared to 30-matched patients with anterior circulation (ac-LVO). Age was 62.4±16 for ac-LVO vs. 64.5±13 for pc-LVO. Significant differences were seen in sex with ac-LVO 82% male, and pc-LVO 46% male (t=-2.06 p=0.046). Pc-LVO also had more subjects with an unknown last known well. Mean admission NIHSS was 15.6±8 ac-LVO, and 16.4±10 in pc-LVO group was similar. Mean discharge NIHSS was 12.6±9 ac-LVO vs 12.4±10 pc-LVO. NO signficicant difference in 30d mRS, 24h NIHSS, or mortality within 90d. As excpected in the anterior circulation cases final infarct volume correlated with Tmax>6s Kendall's tau-b=0.57 (p=0.000013), and Tmax>8s (tau-b=0.55), Tmax>10s (tau-b=0.55. Whereas, In the posterior circulation Tmax>6s (tau-b=0.41, N.S.), but Tmax>8s (tau-b=0.64, p=0.007) and Tmax>10(tau-b=0.69, p=0.005). Seen another way the ratio of Tmax>6s:DWI = 2.47 (ac-LVO) vs 5.84 (pc-LVO) (t=-1.22, p=0.004, but Tmax>8s 1.57 vs 1.50 (t=0.11, p=9.12).

 Conclusion:
 Final infarct volume was not significantly associated with Tmax>6s in posterior circulation cases. Instead Tmax>8s is more reliable.


Mannose 6-phosphate reductase (M6PR, EC 188.8.131.52), a potential target for the chemical control of the parasitic angiosperms that produce mannitol, was purified from the photosynthetic parasite Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. and the achlorophyllous parasite Orobanche ramosa L. Except for the Km values for NADPH, most of the characteristics of the enzymes are similar in these species, i.e. a monomeric structure of 38–39 kDa molecular mass, a pH optimum of 7.0–7.5 suggesting a cytosolic location, a relatively high optimum temperature (35–45˚C), a low Km value for mannose 6-phosphate of 5.9–8.6 mM and, lastly, a significant preference for NADPH as nucleotidic cofactor.


Our society intends to reach all communities equitably, but minority populations are not being served by policies and programs, nor are their needs being addressed by research (Montes et al., 1995). The biggest problem is that we don't contact the people who we are going to change. They have no idea that they have a problem and most of the time they don't even care [Health professional cited by Grace (1991)].


This authoritative collection presents seminal papers from leading academics charting recent developments in public finance. The two-volume set encompasses numerous sections including the public sector in a market economy, market imperfections, growth implications of public policies and efficiency and distributive implications of public policies. Professor Tanzi and Dr Zee have selected key papers to reflect the scholarly debates and pivotal arguments surrounding this field of study. This indispensable collection, with an original introduction by the editors, will be of immense value to students, scholars and practitioners interested in this topical and relevant subject.


Since Tibet became a district of the Central Government,a set of effective mechanism was formed in Qing Dynasty that the central government put supervised financial support to Tibet.It was also an important part of the relation between the central government and the Tibetan local government.This accumulated rich and precious historical experience.This article,based on archives,dissertates and introduces the financial expense policy,project,quantum and the character of the central government to Tibet as well as the officials who administrated and examined the Tibetan finance in detail.


impact of this powerful work. On the surface, the book is an anthology of Murray-Smith's experiences on an Australian Antarctic resupply voyage aboard MV Icebird in 1985-86. Three landfalls were made, at Mawson's 191114 hut at Commonwealth Bay, and at Casey and Davis stations. This is not a travellers' tale which the diary structure might suggest. The reader is immediately involved in shipboard life, politics, and in Murray-Smith's interactions with companions who represent the crosssection of those involved in the Antarctic program. The descriptions and perceptions of shipboard and station politics, together with day-to-day situations, are entertaining and stimulating. The reader is skilfully drawn into personal (and at times frank) exchanges, mishaps and controversy. In addition, several press releases that Murray-Smith wrote during the voyage are dovetailed into the text as the end-product of the circumstance in which they were written. They are escapes or explorations of normal reaction to this splendid frontier.


As for the Umayyad era, the Umayyad caliphs sat down to look into the grievances as well, but justice was not achieved in the way that the Muslims aspired to, because there is a discrepancy in the treatment of the subjects, especially with the people of the House (PBUH) and their followers, and this is clear through the many revolutions that took place against their unjust rule, and it seems that Their sitting was a formality to ward off criticism and deflect suspicions about the goals of the revolutions that took place against them.