The need for a logic that allows us to reason about conflicting and non-conflicting norms has recently emerged in the domain of self-driving cars. In this paper we propose a formal model that supports moral decisions making by autonomous agents such as for example autonomous vehicles. Such a model – which we call a "Deontic Machine" – helps resolve both typical and atypical moral and legal situations that agents may encounter. The Deontic Machine has two sources of inspiration. The first one is W.D. Ross's theory of prima facie norms and the other one is a deontic multi-valued logic. The main contribution of this paper is bringing together conceptual and technical tools of deontic logic to show how they can be used to control or assess the behaviour of a self-driving car.


The invention discloses a Bacillus pumilus strain HMB22277 for controlling cottonbollblight which is preserved in the China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center on December 20, 2011 with the preservation number of CGMCC NO. 5615. The invention further discloses a microorganism bacterium agent produced by using the microbe and a preparation method thereof. The active component of the microorganism bacterium agent is Bacillus pumilus HMB22277 thalli and its extracellular metabolite. According to the invention, the Bacillus pumilus HMB22277 has strong targeted performance on cottonbollblight with high control effect, wherein the average control effect is higher than 77%; secondly the microorganism bacterium agent of the invention is safe for human and animals and has no environmental pollution and doesn't easily develop drug resistance; in addition in addition, the preparation method of the microorganism bacterium agent is simple, the cost is low and the application is convenient.


Problems of energy-supply in AIC are considered in conditions of innovative development in country economics. Production and consumption of energy resources are evaluated in developed countries and agrarian sector in Russia. Renewable Source of Power is expected to be involved in the nearest future. In most countries, where RESOP is used, the results are successful because of active government subsidy on produced energy or grants. The article proves that on RESOP basis the cost of electricity reduces, but on traditional electro stations it increases because of improving cost of primary sources, raising the price of technologies and tightening ecological demands. The remarkable decrease of production cost 1kwh of electric power on wind-driven electric power station and other RESOP stations in this sphere with processes and technology development. Preference of RESOP solves environmental problems, climate changings on our planet, as "big" energetics impinges it. Local power sources are advised to use, renewable sources should be involved in economic circulation, and also fast restoration and further improvement of centralized energy systems should be produced. Approved method of bioenergetics potential assessment of agricultural waste proves the modernization priority in country energetics using RESOP expansion.


In disasters, death rates for children are typically higher than for adults. iii In the 2005 Sri Lanka tsunami, death rates for children were 4x those for adults.3 Children are always among the most vulnerable in an emergency. When lives are uprooted, the systems working to keep children safe – in their homes, schools and communities – may be undermined or damaged. Children have specific protection needs that are not met by other humanitarian sectors.


A total of 125 random samples of raw beef burger were collected from different localities in Alexandria Governorate 75 from super markets (25 each of three meat producing companies), 25 from butchers and 25 from small restaurants. All samples were examined for detection and enumeration of E. coli, results revealed that 45.7% of total examined samples were contaminated with E. coli. The highest incidence was among butcher's samples 64%. Also results investigate that 31.6% of positive samples were over the allowable limit of 10/gram for E. coli. 10 selected burger samples with E. coli greater than 10/g were collected and cooked to investigate the effect of heating on E. coli count result investigate 98% reduction percent in E. coli count due to sufficient cooking. The sensitivity of isolated E. coli strains to different antibiotics was also discussed together with the public health significant of isolates E. coli strains.


it was due to the action of nitrous oxide gas ; and in saying so, they affirm that which evidently neither of them know. On what grounds have they excluded the possibility of traumatic asphyxia, from the introduction of a foreign body into the larynx, whether it be blood or a part of the tooth, or any other foreign body which may have been in the mouth? How have they excluded the possibility of a sudden cerebral apoplexy ? The words they have used are indeed meaningless, except it be to affirm what an inquest was not necessary to show; viz., that symptoms of approaching death occurred shortly after nitrous oxide gas had been administered. The omission of a necropsy under such circumstances is an offence against justice, as the verdict is an offence against truth; and for this failure the coroner is mainly responsible. It was in every way important that all the facts should be known concerning this sad event, and that all its important lessons should be learnt. We fear now that this cannot be. The stain remains on the record of nitrous oxide gas as an an.Tsthetic; and it is one which teaches nothing, and which we can only regard with a sense of ignorant pain.


Considering the rising number of the Croatian serial publication on the Internet, the need has appeared to treat that kind of material as we do other types of traditional library material to establish its bibliographic control. For that reason a research under the title Croatian Remotely Accessible Serial Publications was started in the National and University Library in Zagreb in January 2000. Cataloguing and insuring access through the publisher's server represent the first phase of the Control of the entire Croatian remotely accessible electronic resources. In its second phase the model of defining management and organisation, way of depositing, long term preservation and ensuring the access, as well as the protection of the copyright of Croatian electronic resources in the National and University Library will have to be defined.


The distribution of zeros of mobile channels is investigated and the results obtained are applied to the GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)/EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution) system. The taps of the discrete-time overall impulse response can be modeled as correlated complex Gaussian random variables, where the correlations depend on the transmit filter, the power delay profile of the channel, and the receiver input filter. For calculation of the density of zeros of the overall transfer function a result from the mathematical literature on the zeros of polynomials with correlated Gaussian coefficients is used. From this density two cumulative distributions which are relevant for the design of suboptimum receivers are derived and specialized to the case of uncorrelated taps. Finally, practical equalizer design rules for the GSM/EDGE system are deduced from the calculated statistical distributions.


Community DC microgrid is considered as an efficient solution for providing clean energy for residential areas. Connection of the DC microgrid to the AC utility grid would need a power electronic based rectifier. Voltage Source Rectifier (VSR) and Current Source Rectifier (CSR) are considered as the two options for such application. This study compares the two topologies based on their power density and efficiency. Silicon Carbide (SiC) switches are used for designing the rectifiers to get better power density and efficiency. The close proximity of the rectifier to the residential area requires electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of the rectifier with established standards such as IEC 61000-3-4 and FCC B. This analysis shows that CSR has higher efficiency and higher power density compared to VSR.


Adsorption studies were performed to assess the removal of fluoride ions using calcined gypsum. Calcined gypsum introduces free calcium ions to form a precipitate of CaF2. Fluoride ions were removed by 68% at room temperatures. Langmuir isotherm was found to best fit the adsorption behaviour. Thermodynamic parameters such as ΔH, ΔS and ΔG indicated that the removal of fluoride ions by calcined gypsum was exothermic and non-spontaneous at temperatures higher than 50 °C. The pseudo-second-order model was found to best fit the kinetic adsorption data.


In semantic segmentation, training data down-sampling is commonly performed because of limited resources, adapting image size to the model input, or improving data augmentation. This down-sampling typically employs different strategies for the image data and the annotated labels. Such discrepancy leads to mismatches between the down-sampled pixels and labels. Hence, training performance significantly decreases as the down-sampling factor increases. In this paper, we bring together the down-sampling strategies for the image data and annotated labels. To that aim, we propose a soft-labeling method for label down-sampling that takes advantage of structural con-tent prior to down-sampling. Thereby, fully aligning soft-labels with image data to keep the distribution of the sampled pixels. This proposal also produces richer annotations for under-represented semantic classes. Altogether, it per-mits training competitive models at lower resolutions. Experiments show that the proposal outperforms other down-sampling strategies. Moreover, state of the art performance is achieved for reference benchmarks, but employing significantly less computational resources than other approaches. This proposal enables competitive research for semantic segmentation under resource constraints.


Graft copolymerization of diaminomaleonitrile onto chitosan using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as initiator under N2 atmosphere has been accomplished. Optimum conditions for grafting were as follows: monomer concentration [DAMN] = 1.6 M, [CAN] = 5 x 10−2 mol/L, T = 70oC and t = 3 hr for 0.5 g chitosan. The imparted cyano groups of the grafted chitosan polymer chains (with degree of grafting up to 84%) were converted into amidoxime groups by the reaction with hydroxylamine hydrochloride. The complexation ability of amidoximated DAMN-graft-chitosan copolymer was investigated with respect to the adsorption of Pb2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Ni2+ and Co2+ from aqueous solution. The results show that the recoveries of the metals are ~ 93%.


(57) Abstract: The solid catalyst component, the transition metal-containing metallocene compound, a transition metal-containing non-metallocene compound, a magnesium compound, and, a polymer material that acts as a carrier. Catalyst components, by combining with a mixture of organoaluminum compound or organoaluminum compounds as the promoter, olefin polymerization, for example, linear low density, medium density, and useful for making high density polyethylene, or, generating a catalyst composition useful in the copolymerization of ethylene and alpha-olefins. Products polyolefin polymer has a molecular weight distribution of various ranges. Compound catalyst composition, the polymeric carrier particles, magnesium compound, transition metal-containing metallocene compound, and, and generating a solid catalyst composition by compounding a transition metal-containing non-metallocene compound, the solid catalyst composition with the cocatalyst compound It is prepared by a process not comprising a generating a polyolefin polymerization catalyst composition is.


The economic importance of the salt industry for centuries has allowed safeguard many of these sites against urbanization processes in the coast, maintaining some of the most outstanding and evocative landscapes of the Mediterranean coastline. There has been a symbiosis, in which the configuration of the landscape and the species of flora and fauna present are the result of the salt exploitation avtivity, and this activity has been able to develop due to the special characteristics of the physical environment. San Pedro del Pinatar Salines are a consolidated industrial exploitation and still keep the traditional and distinctive character, thanks to a series of historical processes of modernization and expansion that enabled it to adapt to the socio-economic needs of each moment.


Objective As thoracic aortic disease (TAD) is generally asymptomatic, biomarkers are needed to provide insight into early progression. We aimed to examine the association between circulating blood biomarkers and the maximal thoracic aortic diameter (TADmax). Methods In this cross-sectional study, consecutive adult patients with a thoracic aortic diameter ≥40 mm and/or genetically proven hereditary TAD (HTAD) visiting our specialised outpatient clinic between 2017 and 2020 were prospectively included. Venous blood sampling and CT angiography and/or transthoracic echocardiography of the aorta were performed. Linear regression analyses were performed and estimates were presented as mean difference in TADmax in mm per doubling of standardised biomarker level. Results In total, 158 patients were included (median age 61 (50.3–68.8) years, 37.3% female). HTAD diagnosis was confirmed in 36 of 158 (22.7%) patients. TADmax was 43.9±5.2 mm in men vs 41.9±5.1 in women (p=0.030). In unadjusted analysis, significant associations with TADmax were found for interleukin-6 (1.15 (95% CI 0.33 to 1.96), p=0.006), growth differentiation factor-15 (1.01 (95% CI 0.18 to 1.84), p=0.018), microfibrillar-associated protein 4 (MFAP4) (−0.88 (95% CI −1.71 to 0.05), p=0.039) and triiodothyronine (T3) (−2.00 (95%CI −3.01 to 0.99), p<0.001). The association of MFAP4 with TADmax was stronger in women (p for interaction=0.020) and for homocysteine, an inverse association with TADmax was observed when compared with men (p for interaction=0.008). When adjusted for age, sex, hyperlipidaemia and HTAD, total cholesterol (1.10 (95% CI 0.27 to 1.93), p=0.010) and T3 (−1.20 (95% CI −2.14 to 0.25), p=0.014) were significantly associated with TADmax. Conclusions Circulating biomarkers indicative of inflammation, lipid metabolism and thyroid function might be associated with TAD severity. Possible distinct biomarker patterns for men and women warrant further investigation.


In the present paper we extend a previous exact calculation of the boundary magnetization of the square lattice layered Ising model, based on a transfer-matrix effective-field technique, to the triangular lattice. The result is then further extended to the honeycomb lattice by means of a star-triangle transformation. Finally, the (11) boundary of the square lattice is analyzed as a particular case of the triangular and honeycomb lattices.


During the last decade, ion–atom and ion–electron collisions have been the subject of intense studies at the GSI storage ring. A large number of measurements were performed in order to explore, for example, relativistic as well as quantum electrodynamic (QED) phenomena in energetic collisions of high–Z projectile ions with low–Z targets. Until now, however, most of the collision experiments have dealt with ion beams and target atoms (or free electrons) which are both spin–unpolarized. While, of corse, such "spin–independent" measurements have brought a great deal of information on the structure and dynamics of heavy atomic systems, more details may be obtained from experiments with spin–polarized ions. Very recently, a number of such polarization experiments have been proposed for studying parity nonconservation phenomena in few– electron systems [1] or spin–dependent effects in electron capture processes [2].


Contradictory views on ancient literary works provide a panorama of historical development. However, the validity of the texts was considered as issue of prime importance. The critics on its literary authenticity would reveal whether it was real or just a fabrication. The Epic Gilgamesh was ascertained by Said Ghanimi to be unauthentic. The contentions by S. N. Kramer and Taha Baqir were with regard to the differences of language usage in the Epic Gilgamesh either Sumerian or Akkadian as well. The acknowledgment of the West on Iliad and Odyssey by Homer as the first document written in world history was unfounded although this was highlighted by B. Lansberger in 7thconference in Paris on 1958. The Code Hamurabbi is a well preserved Babylonian Code of laws, unfortunately, it was considered as a fabrication of Old Testament which came 800 years later, especially on the narration of Big Flood Story as mentioned in the Book of Genesis. It is regrettable that the paucity of materials on the ancient history of the ancient people available from the Muslim sources poses as constrain on this study. The research is compelled to refer almost entirely to Western and Jews sources. Thus, the approach used in this study is based primarily on historical and linguistic analysis of ancient literary works.


Purpose: To assess the agreement and compare the performance of glaucoma diagnosis of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness measurements between two different spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) devices. Methods: Eighty nine eyes of 56 patients with glaucoma and 42 eyes of 25 healthy individuals were imaged with Cirrus and Spectralis OCT in a single visit. Agreement between RNFL thickness measurements was assessed using intraclass coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman plots. The discriminating abilities of the two techniques for detection of glaucoma were compared by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) for quadrants and average RNFL thickness. Results: ICC values for agreement between both instruments were good for quadrants and average RNFL thickness (all ≥ 0.81). However, Spectralis OCT measurements were significantly greater than Cirrus OCT for temporal quadrant (difference = 4.27 μm in normal group, 3.91 μm in glaucoma group, p < 0.001 for both). The RNFL thickness parameter with the largest AUCs was the average RNFL thickness for the Spectralis OCT and the Cirrus OCT (0.85 vs. 0.87, p = 0.30). The pair-wise comparison among the receiver operating characteristic curves showed no statistical difference for all parameters. Conclusions: Although Spectralis OCT measurements were significantly greater than Cirrus OCT for temporal quadrant, agreement of RNFL measurement between both the devices was generally good and there was no statistically significant difference in the performance of glaucoma diagnosis between both instruments. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2016;57(7):1118-1125


Fishes were given dip treatment in protease inhibitors extracted from Indian red wood seeds (Adenanthera pavonia) and their microbiological and biochemical characters were examined during storage at refrigerator temperatures. The results suggest that protease inhibitors bring about qualitative and quantitative changes in the microflora. Production of trimethylamine (TMA) and volatile bases appeared to be suppressed in the treated fishes. Incorporation of protease inhibitors in broth suppressed such activities as reduction of trimethylamine oxide, production of H2 S and hydrolysis of gelatin in a significant proportion of bacterial cultures.


On the basis of spectral and chemical evidence it is shown that bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium is not a sandwich-π-type compound. The most probable structure in solution is that of a dimer containing metal-metal bond and π-and σ-bonded cyclopentadienyl rings.


The Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) was developed at the beginning of the sixties in the aeronautical and military fields. Since then, it has been used in many other industries and it becomes the cornerstone of the Safety Management System (SMS) building. Almost five decades later, no generic model has been provided. An investigation carried out by the INRS among 220 RAMS experts, reveals that 81% of the experts practice the PHA, but only 9% of them consider their practice reasonably well. Indeed, this surprising revelation is justified regarding the many methodological, terminological, technical or organisational difficulties that we could identify. Consequently, the practice of the PHA remains problematic and completely beyond any harmonization optics. In a step of resolution of the noticed difficulties, we propose the PRM (Preliminary Risk Management) method that would be based on a generic accidental process allowing to channel the mechanisms of capitalization and exploitation of knowledge relating to the accident scenarios (causality, entities, situations, events, etc). The PRM method is attached to the Safety Management System (SMS) via the management of the technical and organisational processes. The purpose of this work is firstly to show the 10 difficulties in risk management that we have noticed, and secondly to deal with these difficulties through the proposal of the Preliminary Risk Management (PRM) method in order to enforce the pertinence of the hazard analysis regarding its predominant status in the SMS (Safety Management System). These proposals had been concretized through the development of an Interactive Decision-Making System (IDMS) in order to perform a complete assisted-analysis-process through an ergonomic GUI (Graphical User Interface).


CrMnFeNi2Cu2Ti0.1 high entropy alloy was prepared by vacuum melting, and its microstructure and mechanical properties were measured. At the same time, the effect of different annealing temperature on the microstructure and properties of high entropy alloy was studied, and the relationship between annealing temperature, microstructure and mechanical properties was explored. The experimental result showed that there existed one BCC phase and two kinds of FCC phase in the as-cast samples, and the content of BCC phase reduced gradually with the increase of annealing temperature. From the SEM observation resulted, it could be seen that the main structure of the as-cast sample was a dendritic structure. With increasing the annealing temperature, the FCC phase in the alloy increased, and the dendrites were gradually broken, finally a cluster-like structure was formed. Otherwise, the yield strength of the alloy gradually increased, and the hardness of the alloy showed a trend of growth followed by decline and then growth.


According to the problems in peasants' quality education,the relations between quality education and increasing the income of peasants were discussed,and the contents and countermeasures of peasants' quality education were studied.


Root canal preparation is a vital procedure during the treatment of pulposis and periapical periodontitis. However, the improper control of thrust force and torque in root canal preparation will cause nerve damage and cell necrosis. The aim of this study was to investigate and optimize the main factors influencing thrust force and torque and to establish an efficient predictive model for root canal preparation. This study was conducted on fresh bovine bones due to the similarity of structure and density with human teeth. A novel experimental platform was first built to measure the force and torque in canal preparation of different parameters. The effect of the experimental results on thrust force and torque was investigated based on Analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results indicated that the diameter of instrument, width of root canal, and feed rate are the most significant factors influencing the thrust forces and torque (p < 0.05). Based on the above experiments, a Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFN) model was established to predict the thrust force and torque in a wider range of parameters. In confirmation tests, RBFN showed an excellent predictive model for prediction of thrust force and torque (error less than 14%) in canal preparation.


Background: Mortality analysis allows identifying the main causes of death and the characteristics of affected population. Objective: To estimate age standardized and specifi c mortality rates for lung cancer in Mexico for 2000-2010. Material and methods: Based on of offi cial mortality databases (INEGI), we estimated age standardized trend by direct method and specifi c mortality ratio for lung cancer (International Diseases Code 10th edition C34). Results: We observed a fall in lung cancer mortality trend in men, but not in women. In specifi c mortality rates, the age group more affected was the population with 65 or more years. Conclusions: Mortality rates due to lung cancer are declined in the last years, but remain high for woman. Particular actions are required to decrease them.


Quantum effect is manifest for hydrogen atoms on surfaces as well as for those in solution and solids. The excited states of a hydrogen atom directly adsorbed on metal surfaces are beyond the diffusion barrier, thus being delocalized to the next sites, and even spread over the entire surface in the low-coverage limit. In addition, water and hydroxyl group on the surfaces show signi fi cant quantum effect, due to tunneling and zero-point motion of the hydrogen atom. We brie fl y review some experimental and theoretical studies that revealed the quantum effect of the hydrogen atom on the surfaces. Quantum effect is manifest for hydrogen atoms on surfaces as well as for those in solution and solids. The excited states of a hydrogen atom directly adsorbed on metal surfaces are beyond the diffusion barrier, thus being delocalized to the next sites, and even spread over the entire surface in the low-coverage limit. In addition, water and hydroxyl group on the surfaces show significant quantum effect, due to tunneling and zero-point motion of the hydrogen atom. We briefly review some experimental and theoretical studies that revealed the quantum effect of the hydrogen atom on the surfaces.


Wall of hanok is related to exterior, inner environment, and the period and cost of construction. This study analyzes traditional wall execution method and suggests improved one. The characters of the improved execution method are use of ready made goods, application of dry and prefabricated method and improvement of airtightness and insulation capacity etc. The result of this study needs production of pilot productions and tests of capacity. But this new method will be useful to save the period and cost of hanok construction.


To improve the performance of BUMN comprehensively and optimal then theGovernment needs to make improvements to corporate governance byimplementing Good Corporate Governance (GCG). Writing a journal purpose isaimed at implementation of the GCG on Perum Perhutani KBM-IK Gresik inaccordance with Peraturan Menteri Negara BUMN No: PER-01/MBU/2011.Research methods used are descriptive, data capture techniques used areinterviews, observation, and library study with primary data and secondary dataused for analysis. The application of GCG on Perhutani KBM-IK Gresik not goodenough because only meet the 69.23 % Peraturan Menteri Negara BUMN No:PER-01/MBU/2001Keywords: Peraturan Menteri Negara BUMN, Good Corporate Governance,Perum Perhutani


In transition countries there is a large number of public enterprises making heavy losses that are allowed to survive at the expense of the rest of the economy. Their losses are financed to a great extent at the expense of their suppliers, banks and taxpayers. These firms are unable to repay their debts either in the short or the long term. In a fully functioning market economy their debts would be repaid during a process of reorganisation or liquidation. In transforming economies this is not the case becuase bankruptcy laws or restructuring mechanisms are not efficient. The question is how a small business can survive in such an environment. If its buyers do not pay on time, the firm will initially face liquidity crises and will eventually go bankrupt. The additional problem is that small businesses have restricted access to financial markets. This paper describes a system dynamics study of a small firm in the transitional Croatian economy striving to succeed in an environment characterised by severe financial indiscipline and with restricted access to financial resources. The goals of the study were to help the owners of the firm to decide which financial policy would be best in the situation of financial indiscipline and to demonstrate an application of system dynamics methodology in a small business environment. This article also makes a contribution to the publications that describe how models are designed, and particularly how small business managers can become involved, how their ideas are incorporated in the model, and how simulation experiments are used in small business decision-making.


The well-known noise problem in digital differentiation is addressed by means of using adaptive digital filtering for signal preprocessing. Rapidly responding differentiators with low-noise output can be constructed by using the adaptive filter in a predictor configuration. As the prefilter is adaptive, the approximation is much more flexible than polynomial fitting, for instance, and different types of signals can be processed. The RLS algorithm is used for prediction because of its good convergence properties.


Learning to better cope with mental health problems could save practice time in the long term. Elizabeth Armstrong looks into the ways practice nurses can improve their mental health skills.


progress of science is characterized by the formulation of theories on the basis of controlled or uncontrolled observations. The theory suggests further controlled observations which in turn lead to its modification, or rejection. The present paper is concerned theory of memory and its position today in the light SUIJse~Qulent research" Adler's views relate specifically to (1) the dynamics recall in general and (2) the significance of earliest childhood recollections. This is in accord with his interest in the idiographic rather than the nomothetic problems of psychology, Le., the problems concerned with the understanding of some particular event in a particular individual r ather than those concerned with the finding of general laws.. p .. 22) We shall see that Adler's views have stood the test of later investigations" For our discussion it will be desirable to contrast Adler's views with those of Freud because the confusion of their theories today is great" It has become quite general usage to call any form of depthpsychology Psychoanalysis, including Adler's Individual Psychology; such usage is comparable to the error often committed naively in calling any camera a Kodak, any refrigerator a Frigidaire" The result is that statements such as the following from a recent college textbook of appsychology can be found: "One of the benefits that has come from psychoanalysis sponsored by Freud, lung, Adler, and others, is the emphasis placed on the pervasiveness of sex,," (7, p" 106)


A simple method for measuring the damping of the liquid surface wave (LSW) based on the diffraction method was proposed in this paper. In the experiment, the phenomenon was observed that the intensity distribution of the diffraction patterns from the LSW varies with the position of the incident spot. By theoretical analysis of the relationship between the intensity distribution and the LSW amplitude, the damping constant was obtained. In addition, the viscosity of the liquid can be calculated with this method, too.


A careful assessment of the "epigenetic landscape" in cardiometabolic patients may contribute to the estimation of global cardiovascular risk, thus providing the tools for a personalised therapeutic approach. The present review describes the emerging role of epigenetics in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular complications in obesity and type 2 diabetes.


The paper explores a puzzling anomaly in the interaction between two major analytic foci in the study of world politics. In the real world there is considerable overlap between problems of international political economy and the conduct of foreign policy; but this overlap is not manifest in the conceptual equipment employed by those engaged in the comparative study of foreign policy (CFP) and those who specialize in international political economy (IPE). Instead of drawing upon each other's work, both fields appear bored by the other. The paper seeks to explain this boredom and offers suggestions for overcoming it.


Objective To study the diagnostic value of CK5/6, CK7, TTF-1 and Ki-67 expression in pulmonary mucoepider-moid carcinoma (MEC).Method CK5/6, CK7, TTF-1 and Ki-67 expression was detected by immunohistochemistry in 13 pulmonary MEC, 28 adenocarcinoma and 23 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cases. Results There were significant differences in CK5/6 expression between MEC and adenocarcinoma and in CK7 between MEC and SCC (P0.01). TTF-1 expression in adenocarcinoma was superior to that in MEC and SCC (P0.01), while Ki-67 expression was significantly higher in adenocarcinoma and SCC than that in MEC (P0.05). Conclusion Combined detection of CK5/6, CK7, TTF-1 and Ki-67 expression is helpful for differential diagnosis of pulmonary MEC, adenocarcinoma and SCC.


This study aims to determine the public perception of health services that use the program of National Health Insurance in Dr. H. Slamet Martodirdjo Pamekasan Madura as well as the existence of BPJS Health itself. This type of research is descriptive quantitative. Methods of data collection in this study is to use questionnaires (questionnaires) and interviews. The sample in this research is obtained by purposive sampling method. Based on the existing criteria, obtained 168 respondents. Data analysis method is done by using likert scale, with data scoring analysis technique. Based on the results of data analysis from the existing sub-dimensions, some sub dimensions responded positively by the community, some sub dimensions responded to doubt / neutral such as the availability of drugs for patients BPJS, BPJS patient acceptance procedures, and sub dimensions of hospitality, courtesy. The best community response is in the Assurance dimension associated with the availability of a specialist physician with a score of 707 in the agreed category. Neutral response with the highest score of 570 is in the sub-dimension of the doctor trying to calm the patient's anxiety about the illness suffered. In addition there is also a negative response that is in the sub Empathy (concern) related nurses spend a special time to communicate with patients score 404 in the category disagree. In addition to the sub dimensions of access (acess) related service personnel do not discriminate the patient's economy responded negatively with a score of 398 in the category disagree.


Increasingly, suppliers are being tasked to spend large amounts of time with strategic customers in order to promote effective knowledge sharing and coordination between supply chain members. Suppliers are also expected to deal with added pressures on their time from increasing workloads, unanticipated problems and changing priorities. Psychology research suggests that individuals (e.g., supplier personnel) cope with such time pressure by either working faster or avoiding risks. Existing research, however, has largely ignored the impact of these time pressure coping mechanisms (TPCMs) in interactive contexts such as buyer–supplier relationships. This study develops the notion that TPCMs impact knowledge sharing in buyer–supplier relationships. Specifically, results from a between subjects scenario-based experiment indicate that suppliers using TPCMs decrease a buyer's willingness to share knowledge and exchange information. Such adverse effects are most evident in close collaborative buyer–supplier relationships. These findings advance theory and provide insight for managers seeking to improve knowledge sharing through buyer–supplier relationships in today's time-constrained business environment.


This paper examines the challenges of being a feminist in an institutional setting which is not itself feminist in orientation. Dilemmas around curriculum, supervision, and relationships with both trainees and colleagues are explored. Specific suggestions are offered for how to manage some of the complexities of working within an institutional setting.


【Objective】Effects of different extracts from polarity positions of Piper sarmentosum on biological activity of Spodoptera litura were studied to provide references for the development of agent with high efficiency and low toxicity of plant protection of Spodoptera litura. 【Method】With Piper sarmentosum as test material and Spodoptera litura as test object,insecticidal active ingredients were extracted in laboratory using Soxhlet extraction and the biological activity of Piper sarmentosum extracts on Spodoptera litura eggs was determined. 【Result】Petroleum ether extract from roots of Piper sarmentosum showed the highest activity, and the mortality percentage was 80.04%. Petroleum ether extract from stems of Piper sarmentosum was the second, and the mortality percentage was 79.95%. Petroleum ether extract from leaves of Piper sarmentosum was the third, and the mortality percentage was 76.36%. There were significant differences between the three extracts and the control, but the difference was not significant among the three extracts. In a certain range of soaking time(10-30 s), the bioactivity had nothing to do with the soaking time. But the egg stage was smaller and the bioactivity was higher. The petroleum ether extracts from the roots, stems and leaves of Piper sarmentosum had high killing-egg rates against Spodoptera litura, with the LC50to one-day eggs of 1.7307%, 1.6844% and 1.9787%, respectively. 【Conclusion】Petroleum ether extracts from Piper sarmentosum showed high biological activity, so Piper sarmentosum is a potential insecticidal plant.


This paper is dealt with the fault detection problem for a class of network-based nonlinear systems with communication constraints and random missing measurements. The nonlinear plant is described by a Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy time-delay model, it has multiple sensors and only one of them can access to the fault detection filter at each transmission instant. The measurement signal is missing randomly and the missing rate differs from one channel link to another. The goal is to design a fault detection filter such that, the estimation error between the residual and fault is minimized. By casting the addressed fault detection problem into an auxiliary H∞ filtering problem of a stochastic switched fuzzy time-delay system, a sufficient condition for the existence of the desired fault detection filter is obtained. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed technique.


DNA metabarcoding was employed to identify plant-derived food resources of the Japanese rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta japonica), registered as a natural living monument in Japan, in the Northern Japanese Alps in Toyama Prefecture, Japan, in July to October, 2015-2018. By combined use of rbcL and ITS2 local databases of 74 alpine plant species found in the study area, a total of 43 plant taxa were identified and could be assigned to 40 species (93.0%), two genera (4.7%), and one family (2.3%). Rarefaction analysis of each sample collection period showed that this study covered more than 90% of the plant food resources found in the study area. Of the 21 plant families identified using the combined rbcL and ITS2 local databases, the most dominant families were Ericaceae (98.1% of 105 fecal samples), followed by Rosaceae (42.9%), Apiaceae (35.2%), and Poaceae (19.0%). In all fecal samples examined, the most frequently encountered plant species were Vaccinium ovalifolium var. ovalifolium (69.5%), followed by Empetrum nigrum var. japonicum (68.6%), Vaccinium sp. (54.3%), Kalmia procumbens (42.9%), and Tilingia ajanensis (34.3%). Rarefaction analysis of each collection period in the study revealed that this study covered more than 90% (from 91.0% in July to 97.5% in September) of the plant food resources found in the study area, and 98.1% of the plant food taxa were covered throughout the entire study period. Thus, DNA metabarcoding using the rbcL and ITS2 local databases of alpine plants in combination and rarefaction analysis are considered to be well suited for estimating the dominant food plants in the diet of Japanese rock ptarmigans. Further, the local database constructed in this study can be used to survey other areas with similar flora.


This paper presents a neural network-based equalizer for a digital communication system. In this equalizer, the neural network is adapted to the optimum decision boundaries as defined by the channel and noise characteristics. This problem has already been considered by Gibson et al.(1991), but for more complex decision boundaries, the simple LMS backpropagation training rule used in their paper leads to excessively large numbers of training steps. In this paper, the neural network is trained using the extended Kalman algorithm, which has been described by Iiguni, Sakai, and Tokumaru (1992). Here a different sigmoid nonlinearity is used which is easier to compute. It is shown that a significant reduction in the number of training steps is obtained. Finally, a simplified and generalized derivation of the Kalman training algorithm is presented.<<ETX>>


The article presents the assessment of energy input and carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion (in tractor engine) in different tillage systems. Although the carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion are not typically included in the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture, these emissions are directly related to crop production practices and use of machinery. The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare efficiency of the energy input and carbon dioxide emissions from the fuel combustion in winter wheat cultivation considering different tillage systems. The calculations are based on empirical data provided by Latvian crop farmers. In addition, the environmental cost of these carbon dioxide emissions is evaluated as the external (socio-economic) cost of the emitted carbon dioxide by applying the unit cost (unit shadow price) of carbon dioxide. The winter wheat is the most widely produced crop in Latvia, and the results of this case study imply that there is a potential both to improve the efficiency of energy input and to mitigate the emissions of carbon dioxide by reducing the intensity of tillage in Latvian crop production. Reduced tillage needs significantly lower energy input and causes less carbon dioxide emissions (33-46% on a per ha basis and 39-46% on a per tonne of wheat basis), as well as environmental cost than conventional tillage at the same time without significant differences in yields. Nevertheless, the debate on the long-term effects of conservation tillage systems on crop yields, crop diseases, weeds, etc. is open. Therefore, further research is required to assess other environmental aspects.


This paper deals with the study of the non-linear planar oscillation of a satellite in a circular orbit under the influence of aerodynamic torque. Through Melnikov's method, we have discussed that the equation of motion are non-integrable. The non-interablility in Earth-Satellite system has also been discussed graphically.


Abstract : This thesis considers the problems associated with moving high volumes of administrative data from afloat units to shore commands. It proposes three alternative technologies and compares them on the basis of effectiveness, reliability, ease of use, and cost. All three alternatives are based on collecting data on a shipboard microcomputer, compressing it, and transmitting it to a computer bulletin board system ashore where users can download data via commercial telephone lines. The primary difference between the three alternatives is in the transmission medium used. The first uses military satellite channels. The second uses High Frequency radio. The third uses INMARSAT, a commercial satellite communication system. All three alternatives are capable of effectively transferring data, but the best all-around performance was achieved with the INMARSAT-based system. Further consideration of variants on the system tested is recommended because the development of cost saving measures may make it highly competitive with current methods.


We read with great interest the article by Osoegawa et al. [2014]whichshowedincreasedriskofsexchromosomeaneuploidyamongmales with congenital conotruncal defects. A boy born with trans-position of the great arteries (TGA) was found to have a 47,XXYchromosomecomplement which isconsistentwithaclinical diag-nosisofKlinefeltersyndrome(KS)[Osoegawa etal.,2014].Adatiaetal.[1987]documentedTGAinaneonatewith47,XXYKSin1987forthe first time. Here we report, to the best of our knowledge, onthe third such case.Klinefelter syndrome is the most common sex-chromosome dis-orderaffectingapproximately1in660men.KSischaracterizedbythepresence of one or more extra X chromosomes, with X disomy (47,XXY)beingthemostprevalentvariant[BojesenandGravholt,2007].KSwith47,XXYisseriouslyunderdiagnosed.Specificfeaturessuchastallstature,infertility,andsmalltestesoftenpresentafterthepuberty.Adiagnosisatbirthseemsimpossible,only25%ofexpectedcasesarediagnosedinlifetime,andlessthan5%ofdiagnosisaremadepriortoage 10 [Abramsky and Chapple, 1997; Bojesen and Gravholt, 2007].Despitebeinghistoricallyassociatedwithincreasedmortality,limitedstudyhasbeenconductedoncardiaclesionsinKS[Adatiaetal.,1987;Paduchetal.,2008].Onlyuntilrecently,cardiovascularabnormalitieshave been proposed to contribute to the reduced life span in KS[Pasquali et al., 2013].Transposition of the great arteries occurs when the pulmonaryarteryandtheaortaareswitchedinposition,andisoneofthemostseverecongenitalheartdiseases(CHD).TGAisseenin2–3/10,000livebirths,representingabout20–30%ofconotruncaldefectswithsitussolitus,andismorecommonamongmales[Relleretal.,2008;Unolt et al., 2013]. TGA is not associated with genetic syndromesexceptheterotaxy[Unoltetal.,2013].Ofnote,KSwasnotsuspectedinitiallyforanyofthethreecaseswithTGAdiscussedinthisletter.Theproband,aCaucasianmale,referredfromanoutsidehospitaldue to a prenatal diagnosis of TGA by fetal echocardiography in thefirsttrimester.Hewasborntoa43-year-old,G1P0motherat315/7weeks gestation with a healthy twin sister via cesarean. His APGARscoreswere4at1minand8at5min,w ithaweight(1.40kg),alength(41cm) and a head circumference (27.5cm) all around 10th–50thcentile.Hewasintubatedandplacedonventilatoratthedelivery,andtransportedtoourhospitalwherehestayedinNICUfor3months.Hehad mild nuchal fold thickening, posteriorly rotated ears, bilateralimmature vascularization in eyes, long fingers, sandal toe gaps, andmild jaundice. He had normal male external genitalia. Physicalexamination was otherwise unremarkable. The pregnancy wasachievedthroughinvitrofertilization(IVF)withanunknownspermdonor. Prenatal genetic counseling was received but prenatal genetictesting was declined. The mother had no major medical conditions,and denied any history of tobacco, alcohol, or illicit drug use duringthe pregnancy. Maternal family history was not significant for con-genital heart diseases, genetic disorders, birth defects, intellectual


Pyrolyses of rice hulls were performed in a thermogravimetric analyzer from room temperature to 1173 K at heating rates of 10, 30, 60, and 100 K/min. The global mass loss during rice hull pyrolysis was modeled by a combination of the volatile evolutions of four independent parallel lumps:  one for moisture and the other three for nonmoisture volatiles. The decomposition of each lump was characterized by a single reaction, first-order with respect to the amount of volatile yet to evolve. The moisture lump evolves mainly at low temperatures with an activation energy of 48 kJ/mol. The activation energies for the evolution of the nonmoisture volatile lumps, which are attributed to the decompositions of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin, are 154, 200, and 33 kJ/mol, respectively. Excellent agreement between the experimental data and model predictions was found.


Mn ferrite (MnFe2O4) nanoparticles, having diameters from 4 to 50 nm, were synthesized using a modified co-precipitation technique in which mixed metal chloride solutions were added to different concentrations of boiling NaOH solutions to control particle growth rate. Thermomagnetization measurements indicated an increase in Néel temperature corresponding to increased particle growth rate and particle size. The Néel temperature is also found to increase inversely proportionally to the cation inversion parameter, δ, appearing in the formula (Mn1−δFeδ)tet[MnδFe2−δ]octO4. These results contradict previously published reports of trends between Néel temperature and particle size, and demonstrate the dominance of cation inversion in determining the strength of superexchange interactions and subsequently Néel temperature in ferrite systems. The particle surface chemistry, structure, and magnetic spin configuration play secondary roles.


Since independence, Indian policymakers have attempted to address environmental problems by passing a number of rules and regulations as per the vision of the constitution and in response to the requirement of time. However, due to the prevalent poverty and the developmental compulsions of the nation, environment and its protection was not a priority of the government till the end of the 1960s. But, the 1972 Stockholm Conference on Human Environment brought a marked shift in India's approach to environmental issues. The conference proved to be a turning point in India's perception on environment and facilitated the creation of the National Committee on Environmental Planning and Co-ordination (NCEPC) in 1972. The NCEPC triggered a rise in environmental legislation, beginning with the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974, which provided for the creation of Pollution Control Boards for the control of water pollution at national and state levels and empowered them to enforce the law. The boards were later empowered to deal with air pollution by Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981 and acted as regulatory mechanisms to environmental protection. This article primarily deals with the role of the Central Pollution Control Board as a regulatory authority to environmental protection and regulations in India.


Introduction Part 1: Sex and Race Discrimination Introduction to the legislation Exemptions and liabilities Discrimination in practice Enforcement Part 2: Equal pay The right of equal terms Exclusions and defences Procedure in equal pay claims Challenging sources of unequal pay Part 3: Other Discrimination Other discrimination


A study of the electrical condition of hot surfaces in contact with gases has revealed the fact in several important respects a striking parallel exists between such electrical condition and the catalytic properties of the surfaces. Thus, it has been found that, whereas at comparatively low temperatures the specific effect of a surface upon the potential it acquires in contact with a gas is hightly pronounced, with increasing temperature such specificity tends to disappear until, at a sufficiently high temperature, the value of the surface potential is almost wholly determined by the nature of the gas and is nearly independent of the nature of the surface itself. This may be compared with the fact, established by Bone and his co-workers, that the differences between the catalytic powers of various surfaces, which are often considerable at low temperatures, diminish as the temperature is raised, until they practically disappear. Furthermore, it is now well recognized that the catalytic properties of a surface are intimately connected with its structure, and a close parallelism has been observed between the surface potential of a metal and changes in its superficial structure brought about by heat treatment. Finally, it has been found that the electric current which can be drawn from a heated metallic surface in contact with a gas increases rapidly with increasing temperature, an observation which has its parallel in the well-known rapid increase in the catalytic activity of such a surface with increasing temperature. The present investigation was undertaken with the object of determining the relationship, if any, between the role played by moisture in promoting the heterogeneous catalytic combustion of carbonic oxide with oxygen and the structure of the surface as revealed by its catalytic activity and electrical condition.


Numerical simulations based on the three-dimensional Euler equations are used to investigate the nearfield bursting of the flap tip vortex of a narrow body airliner regarding vortex wake alleviation. Strake-like flap tip modifications with 80° and 70° backswept outer side-edge of the outboard flap are tested. The simulation quality of the vortex formation and spatial development is analysed by comparison to wind tunnel measurements of the spanwise lift distribution and to experimental five-hole-probe data. Very good agreement between measurement and computational results is achieved. Flap strakes are shown to be capable to trigger both bubble type vortex bursting and bursting above the suction side of the flap, leading to a wake-like flow structure. However, the flap vortex structure recovers shortly downstream of the bursting location. For the investigated high lift configuration the performed Euler computations do not give an indication that nearfield vortex bursting could lead to a reduction of circulation.


2 The chemical link between isoprene and formaldehyde (HCHO) is a strong, non-linear 3 function of NOx (= NO + NO2). This relationship is a linchpin for top-down isoprene emission 4 inventory verification from orbital HCHO column observations. It is also a benchmark for 5 overall photochemical mechanism performance with regard to VOC oxidation. Using a 6 comprehensive suite of airborne in situ observations over the Southeast U.S., we quantify 7 HCHO production across the urban-rural spectrum. Analysis of isoprene and its major first8 generation oxidation products allows us to define both a "prompt" yield of HCHO (molecules 9 of HCHO produced per molecule of freshly-emitted isoprene) and the background HCHO 10 mixing ratio (from oxidation of longer-lived hydrocarbons). Over the range of observed NOx 11 values (roughly 0.1 – 2 ppbv), the prompt yield increases by a factor of 3 (from 0.3 to 0.9 12 ppbv ppbv -1 ), while background HCHO increases by a factor of 2 (from 1.6 to 3.3 ppbv). We 13 apply the same method to evaluate the performance of both a global chemical transport model 14 (AM3) and a measurement-constrained 0-D steady state box model. Both models reproduce 15 the NOx dependence of the prompt HCHO yield, illustrating that models with updated 16 isoprene oxidation mechanisms can adequately capture the link between HCHO and recent 17 isoprene emissions. On the other hand, both models under-estimate background HCHO 18 mixing ratios, suggesting missing HCHO precursors, inadequate representation of later19 generation isoprene degradation and/or under-estimated hydroxyl radical concentrations. 20 Detailed process rates from the box model simulation demonstrate a 3-fold increase in HCHO 21 production across the range of observed NOx values, driven by a 100% increase in OH and a 22 40% increase in branching of organic peroxy radical reactions to produce HCHO. 23


In order to optimize the selection of test points in the design for testability and fault diagnosis,the strategy for test point optimization is designed based on expert system. Therefore,the signal directed graph was constructed and the relativity model was established. Then with the help of expert system,the doubtful points were restricted in parts of the directed graph net,the dependency matrix was simplified,and the fault diagnosis strategy was presented. Taking full advantage of the failure features,the configuration algorithm of test point based on expert system could accomplish the system fault detection and isolation,within the least test steps and the least test time.


For many years, therapists have assumed a relationship between impairment and disability. More recently, researchers have begun to examine this assumption. "Motor Function and Activities of Daily Living Assessments: A Study of Three Tests for Persons With Hemiplegia" by Filiatrault, Arsenault, Dutil, and Bourbonnais (AjOT, September 1991, pp. 806-810) is a laudable example of such an examination. I have, therefore, no desire to maJign their important work. What 1 want to address is the authors' interpretation of their Spearman coefficients. Although the matter may appear trite at first glance, it arises often in reports of correlational research and may influence the use of research by clinicians. Filiatrault et al. described as "poor" Spearman correlations of .60 and .61. Granting that it is important to judge correlations on more than mere significance, I believe that the authors description of the correlations as poor may devalue them excessively, Published interpretations of correlation magnitudes tend to categorize correlations as follows: <,20 = very weak; .20-.40 = low, small, weak; .40-.70 = moderate; .70-.90 = high, strong, marked; >.90 = very strong, very high (Huck, Cormier, & Bounds, 1974; Okolo, 1990; Rowntree, 1981; Williams, 1986). Thus, the correlations reported by Filiatrault et al. might be considered moderate. Although correlations of moderate magnitude leave the majority of variance between two variables unexplained, they should not be discarded as unimportant when obtained in studies of human beings. Feinstein (1985) wrote that "considering the variability of medical data, r values of ,5 or higher are regarded as qUite good." Similarly, Cohen and Cohen (1983) indicated that in the nonphysical sciences "where relationships are not strong, correlations (of whatever kind) only infrequently are as large as .sO" (p. 144). In a later publication, Cohen (1988) wrote that work-


The retrotransposon Long Interspersed Element 1 (LINE‐1 or L1) has played a major role in shaping the sequence composition of the mammalian genome. In our recent publication, "Heritable L1 retrotransposition in the mouse primordial germline and early embryo," we systematically assessed the rate and developmental timing of de novo, heritable endogenous L1 insertions in mice. Such heritable retrotransposition events allow L1 to exert an ongoing influence upon genome evolution. Here, we place our findings in the context of earlier studies, and highlight how our results corroborate, and depart from, previous research based on human patient samples and transgenic mouse models harboring engineered L1 reporter genes. In parallel, we outline outstanding questions regarding the stage‐specificity, regulation, and functional impact of embryonic and germline L1 retrotransposition, and propose avenues for future research in this field.


This study aims to find out about the system of fast and safe credit products (KCA) at PT. Pegadaian (Persero) Genteng Branch - Banyuwangi. This type of research is descriptive. The technique in collecting this data is by conducting direct interviews with the parties concerned. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of the service system of fast safe credit products (KCA) has been running with the specified procedures. And how to deal with it in the system of fast loan secured products (KCA) as a whole can not be said to be effective. The reason for this is the lack of awareness and understanding of customers when paying fines or extending the mortgage.


The new research progress on the taxonomy, the structure of gene, the function of viral proteins, the replication procedure, replication characteristics, antigenic diversity and the notable biological characteristics of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus was reviewed, the study areas of genetic basis for virulence and viral variation were presented, too.


As the demands of X-Y linear motors increase, it becomes very important to measure flatness errors and to compensate them. In this study, in order to investigate flatness errors, a laser interferometer is used for measurement. To improve the measurement efficiency, a Union Jack method is adopted instead of a square method. The square method is frequently used because of its accuracy, but it requires many measurement points. In this study, the Union Jack method with Grey Theory is used. By using the Grey Theory, unmeasured data are predicted, and these are compared with results of the square method. The results show that the Union Jack method with Grey Theory is accurate enough to replace the square method.


Objective To investigate the expression of Col1A1 mRNA in reflux esophagitis,Barrett esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma.Methods The expression level of Col1A1 mRNA in mucosa tissues of reflux esophagitis and Barrett esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma patients was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR using SYBR Green I.Results The expression of Col1A1 mRNA was significantly higher in the Barrett esophagus(0.396±0.170) and esophageal adenocarcinoma tissues(0.726±0.561) than in the normal and reflux esophagitis esophageal tissues(0.154±0.119,0.152±0.105)(P0.05;P0.01).It also increased progressively with the development of reflux esophagitis →Barrett esophagus→ esophageal adenocarcinoma,and was related to staging.Conclusion The abnormal expression of Col1A1 mRNA is closely related to the pathogenesis and development of Barrett esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma.The expression of Col1A1 mRNA may be used as a valuable index for monitoring the early onset of Barrett esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma and intervening in therapeutic measure.


Review(s) of: Civil Disorder is the Disease of Ibadan ('Ijo Iboro Larun Ibadan'): Chieftaincy and Civil Culture in a Yoruba City, by Ruth Watson, Oxford, James Currey, 2003, Pp Xi + 163.


The present invention provides a control apparatus can reduce the burden of staff selection display screen of an injection molding machine. Injection molding machine control apparatus includes: a display section including information relating to the molding conditions of an injection molding machine displaying an image; call directly display image displayed on the display and image selection button display unit; and a plurality of display desired the image storage unit for storing display select button items as customizable menus.


esearch Center (EERC) and Plains CO₂ Reduction Partnership Program, in collaboration with the U.S. Department of Energy, have constructed 3-D geocellular models for the purpose of studying CO₂ storage and CO₂ enhanced oil recovery (EOR). These efforts are gaining importance as we continue to investigate methods in climate change mitigation and greenhouse gas reduction. The models created in these efforts range in size from small-scale pinnacle reefs up to formation- and basin-scale, spanning various reservoir types and lithologies, and many have utilized the multiple point statistical (MPS) method in the facies modeling process. This method allows the incorporation of geologic understanding, in the form of a training image, to better capture reservoir heterogeneity. Some complex reservoirs may be divided into multiple 'geobody' regions for the MPS process, with each region having a unique training image and facies distribution. The various facies models constructed in these CO₂ storage and CO₂ EOR investigations are used to constrain petrophysical property distributions, which are then used to analyze total and effective pore volumes and viability for CO₂ injection. Dynamic simulations are run to assess CO₂ storage capacity, efficiency, utilization, and consideration of potential as a CO₂ storage resource.


The properties such as the complex oxide containing only a rare earth element and Si can be determined a sudden growth by sintering in a reducing atmosphere, the high temperature load reliability is decreased. The dielectric ceramic composition of the present invention, ABO The multilayer ceramic capacitor, the dielectric ceramic layers, internal electrodes, external electrodes


The spatial- temporal distribution of vegetation variation in the Ili River was investigated using the MODIS / NDVI data from 2000- 2013. Combining the meteorological data,we discussed the relationship between growing- season NDVI and climatic variables. The results were shown as follows: 1) NDVI decreased at a rate of 0. 8% /10 a in the Ili River since 2000,in which the degradation of grasslands slightly forward than meadows,thickets and woodland. 2) NDVI decreased and increased area covered about 11. 45% and 8. 38% of the whole study area. The decreased area was mainly distributed in middle and lower reaches of the Turks River and the surrounding areas of Kunas River. NDVI increased area was mainly distributed in the surrounding areas of Yining city and the Horgos River. 3) There was an insignificant correlation between NDVI and climatic factors( temperature and precipitation) around the Yining meteorological station. The results also revealed that there were a strong positive significant correlation between NDVI and precipitation and a significant negative correlation between NDVI and temperature in Zhaosu meteorological station. The main reasons for the negative change of vegetation in the Ili River were the heat and dry tendency of climate.


This article suggests that the judicious use of some exclusionary rules of evidence in the common law tradition would make international criminal trials fairer, shorter, and more efficient. The civil law assumptions that rules of evidence (1) are of relevance only to jury trials; and (2) hinder the search for the truth, are incorrect. On the contrary, the present system of 'free proof' in the context of international criminal law represents a judicial failure to exercise due discretion by indiscriminately admitting any material claimed by the parties to be 'evidence', regardless of its provenance or apparent reliability and even without inquiry as to possible perjury or fabrication. In addition to making trials much longer and more complex than they need be, such 'evidential debris' poisons the record and ultimately makes it more difficult for judges to assess the weight of the evidence and arrive at the truth. The author suggests draft rules, whose adoption would contribute to correcting a serious flaw in international criminal trials.


: Metal resources are critical materials for Chinese economic development , and their security is closely related to national security. Here we systemically review the connotation and mechanisms , driving factors , evaluation methods , national strategies and policies of national metal resource security ( NMRS ) . The content of NMRS covers the security of supply , price and environment. The key factors that influence the security status of NMRS are resource endowment , economic development , technical progress , and ecological environment. In principle , existing studies apply three approaches to assess the criticality of metals , criticality matrices , criticality indices and quantitative future supply and demand analysis. The most used approaches in metal demand forecasting are the trend extrapolation method , bottom- up approach and mathematical statistics. The market power and pricing of metals are estimated by the Herfindahl- Hirschman index , Lerner index , and equilibrium game models. Different strategies and policy tools for metal security are adopted by countries or regions depending on their national circumstances. Based on these findings and the needs of social development , future study in NMRS should focus mainly on the following four areas :( 1 ) comprehensive research on the mechanism of NMRS ;( 2 ) the influence of new technological revolution on NMRS ;( 3 ) impacts of changing international trade rules and pricing mechanism on NMRS ; and ( 4 ) evaluation of the impact of international significant strategies on NMRS.


Macitentan is an endothelin receptor antagonist drug used in the treatment of
pulmonary arterial hypertension.

A new, sensitive, simple, accurate and rapid ultra-performance liquid chromatography
in combination with tandem triple quadruple mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method has
been developed and validated for the determination of macitentan in pharmaceutical formulations. Macitentan
and bosentan which are used as internal standard (IS) were detected using atmospheric pressure
chemical ionization (APCI) in positive ion, multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode by monitoring
mass transitions (precursor to product) m/z 589.1→203.3 and 552.6→311.5, respectively. Chromatographic
separation was carried out on reverse phase C18 column (5 µm, 4.6 * 150 mm). Water containing
0.2 % acetic acid in acetonitrile (10:90, v/v) was used as the mobile phase in the isocratic elution.
The system was optimized with injection volume of 10 µL, column temperature of 35 °C and flow
rate of 1 mL min-1 Retention times were 1.97 min for macitentan and 1.72 min for IS.

The calibration curve with a high correlation coefficient (0.9997) was linear
range 0.5-500 ng mL-1. The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) and average recovery values were determined
as 0.5 ng mL-1 and 99.7 %, respectively. The developed novel method has been successfully
applied for the determination of macitentan in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations.

The present method is the first study developed and validated for the determination of
macitentan from the pharmaceutical preparations and pure form by UPLC-MS/MS method in the literature.


Poster: "ECR 2010 / C-2665 / Growth rates of tectal gliomas in children and young adults assessed by serial tumor volume measurements" by: "K. Koral, B. Gimi, L. Gargan, A. Kerschenovich, D. C. Bowers; Dallas, TX/US"


In this paper, effect of negative sequence current is analyzed which occurs while the power supply is asymmetry in asynchronous motor. Thermal affection of negative sequence current is more serious than that of positive sequence current. Equivalent scheme is proposed to simulate the stator current. Means to get the time is also advanced in inverse time characteristic exponential function via Taylor progression.


This article addresses the monotonicity property of the smooth fuzzy systems (SFSs). We have derived the sufficient conditions for the monotonicity of SFS and could show that, since the smooth fuzzy compositions are differentiable to the membership functions (MFs), irrespective to the shape of the membership function, one can obtain the monotonic SFS by the proper selection of the inference scheme and the consequent parts. This gives more flexibility that the MFs can have discontinuity in the universe of discourse or switch their values and the SFS still keep to be monotonic. This property is useful for the control and modeling of switched and hybrid dynamic systems.


The study was conducted in the 2065 BS to find the pattern of the diseases including neoplasms in the women whose histopathological specimens were submitted at the Pathology Department.


Abstract:This essay outlines the comprehensive theory of "modern" eighteenth-century biography that was articulated throughout the century in the often lengthy prefaces to collections of lives, disseminated in periodical essays, and applied in reviews to stand-alone lives. This theory addressed the proper selection, presentation, and treatment of both individual and collected "lives." It gave biography national, historical, commercial, and educational functions; detailed the components of its life-historical narrative and of its critical portions; set standards for what constituted "a fair and full account" of a character, life, and works; and contained in embryo virtually all aspects of biography that would later be singled out as the primary or most valued characteristic of biographical writing. This essay describes the ways biographers and theorists confronted and resolved two ubiquitous difficulties arising from their consensus that "fame or celebrity among us in their generation" was "the grand principle" on which biography was founded: first, how to "do justice" to a person on the basis of sources and testimonials that reflected the partisanship of a country "rent by faction" since the Reformation; and second, how to represent people who had been celebrated in their own time, but not in the biographer's later generation.


Object detection is particularly important in robotic applications that require interaction with the environment. Although 2D object detection methods obtain accurate results, these are not enough to provide a complete description of the 3D scenario. Therefore, many models have recently showed promising progresses in this challenging field [5, 22, 25, 30]. In this work, the goal is to predict 3D bounding boxes from single images without using temporal data nor any explicit depth estimation. We propose an approach for 3D monocular object detection based on Deep3DBox [20]. We aim to replace the geometric constraints taken into account to predict the 3D location of objects by a deep learning module. Moreover, we undertake a study on the different parameters for the modules that are used to predict dimensions and orientation of objects. We conduct experiments in order to search for the best hyperparameters of our model for KITTI [7] cars and we reported and compared our results on KITTI and the challenging NuScenes [2] benchmarks for cars and pedestrians with other state of the art methods. Therefore, we conclude that our approach performs on par with similar methods [22, 30] and improves Deep3DBox [20] results.


The paper will present the old, new and upcoming technologies for communications over copper wires that are, or will be very useful for ITS networks. The discussion will focus on the design and implementation of various ITS communications applications that are being demonstrated using copper wires, and will illustrate specific situations where there are immediate benefits over fiber optic and wireless systems. Some of the issues that are addressed include bandwidth and distance limitations, ease of installation, equipment configuration and costs. With such a multitude of products available or soon to be available, this method of communicating with ITS field devices is poised to save agencies a significant amount of money. The paper will also the possible configurations for integrating Ethernet using copper, fiber and wireless systems into a seamless, high capacity system, and how the use of standards as they apply using copper wires to both circuit and packet-switched networks including EIA-232, EIA-422/485, VDSL, G.SHDSL, HDLC and Ethernet.


ENGLISH:

In reality, it is often found that some people who have no school experience show sophisticated understanding of number relations and operations. This phenomenon raises a question of how they think and view toward numbers, operations and their relationship in a number system. This understanding will provide us information about the nature of human cognitive development about numbers that is not affected by school programs. Therefore, this study intends to address these questions. The study focuses on investigating illiterate counting strategy in solving mathematics problem in four basic mathematics operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. The study involved two illiterate participants whose profession as merchants in traditional markets. They were given some mathematics problems in contexts and non-contexts relating to the four basic operations and then are interviewed intensively and deeply in order to clarify their reasoning and thinking in solving the problems. The findings show that illiterate people are able to perform relatively well complex mental mathematics which is mostly based on number senses. Comparing to schooling people who solve mathematics problems by mostly applying a common algorithm, procedure or formula, illiterate people developed their own strategy which is mostly based on their understanding of relations of numbers (number sense). They are able to utilize splitting, compensation, familiar numbers, place value system, doubling, ratio, part-whole relationship, commutative, associative, and distributive property as their counting strategy. It is also found that out-of-school environments, such as cultural or fieldwork practices, mainly contribute to illiterate numeracy development. It is lead to the claim that while most literate people acquire numeracy acquisitions during school days, illiterate people spend their time outside learning other types of skills that shape their cognitive strategies in a way quite distinct from someone who has school experience. The findings of the recent study can be the consideration for teachers and policy makers in designing learning activities and tasks as well as mathematics education curriculum.


Hodson talks about how robots could slash the cost of solar power. Solar power is booming, more than doubling to some 100 gigawatts of capacity worldwide between 2010 and 2012. Roboticists are getting in on the act, seeing opportunities to boost efficiencies in a young industry. One robot can tend about 1,200 solar panels--roughly 300 kilowatts--on its own. Having a robot do this avoids the need for expensive tracking structures to keep the panels moving throughout the day.


There is a dearth of publications on the actual implementation of housing public-private partnerships (PPPs), especially in developing countries. Control mechanisms used by public agencies in Malaysia under PPP arrangements to ensure private partner compliance were examined. The governance archetypes which prevailed in the PPP relationships were also identified. The control mechanisms typology prepared by management accounting scholars was used as the theoretical framework. Qualitative data, mainly from informants, were collected from 10 public agencies using the multi-case approach. The case studies were found to adopt specific control mechanisms when choosing suitable partners (exploratory phase), crafting the agreement (contract phase) and firming up control activities (execution phase). These mechanisms are associated with bureaucracy and hybrid governance archetypes, but not the market governance archetype. Recommendations to improve the effectiveness of certain control mechanisms deployed by the case studies are presented at the end of the paper. Public agencies in Malaysia and abroad which share the same housing PPP variant as Malaysia's are recommended to adopt transferable best practices contained within the respective control mechanisms. Construction management scholars should consider adopting the control mechanism typology for their own research undertakings.


This review aims to describe the studies that adopt the psychodynamics of work as a theoretical and/or methodological framework, while having the management and/or the work experiences of managers as their object of study. A systematic review of national and international literature was carried out, and 14 and 7 articles were found, respectively. In the national literature review, eight articles were theoretical-empirical and six were theoretical. In the international review, two articles were theoretical-empirical and five were theoretical. Among the 10 theoretical-empirical articles, 9 adopted qualitative methodology. Only two articles studied the managers' work experience, whilst the others addressed management models and practices. Most of the articles reviewed the way in which management has been developed and some presented suggestions for changes. This review contributes by highlighting the research itineraries while revealing gaps in the literature, which supported the proposal of a research agenda to inspire further studies.


The article gives an insight into the many directions Tiziano Treu chose for his activity of
research: he was not only an excellent researcher, but also - and this does not frequently happen
to academic professors, who are quite individualistic by nature - a very good organiser of collective
research.


This research aims to map and identify COVID-19 deaths with comorbidities in Indonesia using correspondence analysis. The data collection technique involved the analysis of 6231 samples of COVID-19 death cases with comorbidities in Indonesia from the official website of the COVID‑19 Response Acceleration Task Force. The variables used were the number of COVID-19 deaths with comorbid hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, kidney disease, immune disorders, liver disease, cancer, asthma, pregnancy, tuberculosis, and other respiratory disorders. The findings from this study divide four groups of provinces with characteristics: Group One with the characteristics of COVID-19 death cases with comorbid hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, kidney disease, lung disease, immune disorders, and cancer; Group Two with the characteristics of COVID-19 death cases with comorbid pregnancy, liver disease, and tuberculosis; Group Three with the characteristics of COVID-19 death cases with comorbid asthma; and Group Four with the characteristics of COVID-19 death cases with other comorbid respiratory disorders.


In this paper, the author deals with the design of hardware card for secrecy based on parallel port EPP protocol. Drawing on his own experimental experience, the author also places emphasis on the know-how in choosing components and the aspects to be taken into special account in EPP parallel port timing cycle. The issues dealt with in this paper have definite practical significance.


We review recent work on the phase structure of QCD at very high baryon density. We introduce the phenomenon of color superconductivity and discuss how the quark masses and chemical potentials determine the structure of the superfluid quark phase. We comment on the possibility of kaon condensation at very high baryon density and study the competition between superfluid, density wave, and chiral crystal phases at intermediate density. 1 Color Superconductivity In the interior of compact stars matter is compressed to densities several times larger than the density of ordinary matter. Unlike the situation in relativistic heavy ion collisions, these conditions are maintained for essentially infinite periods of time. Also, compared to QCD scales, matter inside a compact star is quite cold. At low density quarks are confined, chiral symmetry is broken, and baryonic matter is described in terms of neutrons and protons as well as their excitations. At very large density, on the other hand, we expect that baryonic matter is described more effectively in terms of quarks rather than hadrons. As we shall see, these quarks can form new condensates and the phase structure of dense quark matter is quite rich. At very high density the natural degrees of freedom are quark excitations and holes in the vicinity of the Fermi surface. Since the Fermi momentum is large, asymptotic freedom implies that the interaction between quasi-particles is weak. In QCD, because of the presence of unscreened long range gauge forces, this is not quite true. Nevertheless, we believe that this fact does not essentially modify the argument. We know from the theory of superconductivity the Fermi surface is unstable in the presence of even an arbitrarily weak attractive interaction. At very large density, the attraction is provided by one-gluon exchange between quarks in a color anti-symmetric 3̄ state. High density quark matter is therefore expected to be a color superconductor [1,2,3,4]. Color superconductivity is described by a pair condensate of the form φ = 〈ψCΓDλCτFψ〉. (1) Here, C is the charge conjugation matrix, and ΓD, λC , τF are Dirac, color, and flavor matrices. Except in the case of only two colors, the order parameter cannot be a color singlet. Color superconductivity is therefore characterized by the 2 T. Schäfer and E. Shuryak breakdown of color gauge invariance. As usual, this statement has to be interpreted with care because local gauge invariance cannot really be broken. Nevertheless, we can study gauge invariant consequences of a quark pair condensate, in particular the formation of a gap in the excitation spectrum. In addition to that, color superconductivity can lead to the breakdown of global symmetries. We shall see that in some cases there is a gauge invariant order parameter for the U(1) of baryon number. This corresponds to true superfluidity and the appearance of a massless phonon. We shall also find that forNf > 2 color superconductivity leads to chiral symmetry breaking and that quark matter may support a kaon condensate. Finally, as we move to stronger coupling we find that other forms of order can compete with color superconductivity and that quark matter may exist in the form of chiral density waves or chiral crystals. 2 Phase Structure in Weak Coupling 2.1 QCD with two flavors In this section we shall discuss how to use weak coupling methods in order to explore the phases of dense quark matter. We begin with what is usually considered to be the simplest case, quark matter with two degenerate flavors, up and down. Renormalization group arguments suggest [5,6,7], and explicit calculations show [8,9], that whenever possible quark pairs condense in an swave. This means that the spin wave function of the pair is anti-symmetric. Since the color wave function is also anti-symmetric, the Pauli principle requires the flavor wave function to be anti-symmetric, too. This essentially determines the structure of the order parameter [10,11] φ = 〈ǫψCγ5τ2ψ〉. (2) This order parameter breaks the color SU(3) → SU(2) and leads to a gap for up and down quarks with two out of the three colors. Chiral and isospin symmetry remain unbroken. We can calculate the magnitude of the gap and the condensation energy using weak coupling methods. In weak coupling the gap is determined by ladder diagrams with the one gluon exchange interaction. These diagrams can be summed using the gap equation [12,13,14,15,16]


The mobility of charge carriers in dielectric liquids is not only an intrinsic parameter of the conduction process, but it also can define the pre-breakdown processes in the liquids. The charge carrier mobility also affects the electrostatic behavior of fine and ultra-fine (micrometer and sub-micrometer) particles in -fluids, as the charge induced on dispersed particles is defined by the charge concentration and the velocity of charge carriers in the liquid. In this paper, the charge carrier mobility was obtained by measuring conduction current in different dielectric liquids under DC stress. The investigated liquids included traditional mineral oil, synthetic and natural esters. Both, single polarity and polarity reversal methods were used to obtain the charge carrier mobility in these liquids. The results show significant differences in the mobilities of charge carriers in the mineral oil and in ester liquids. Also, the effects of the electric field on the mobilities has been investigated.


To measure physical sensations experienced by women undergoing saline abortion, 7 female patients were interviewed within 5-19 days after the abortion procedure with open-ended and fixed-choice questions which elicit recall of physical sensations. The group recalled a total of 105 distinct sensations, with each woman recalling a mean of 22 sensations. High incidence sensations according to the different phases of saline abortion (instillation, latency and labor; placental) were recalled by the women. Sensations recalled by at least 2/3 of the women interviewed were defined as likely sensations (Table 1). In describing their sensations, the women did not distinguish between the latency and labor phases, suggesting that distinction should not be considered when establishing an expectancy framework for the women. Also, the usual sequence of fetal passage first and then placental passage second did not occur predictably as described by the medical literature. These findings are applicable only to women in this series and those who have no concurrent medical problems or procedural complications. The findings about physical sensation can be utilized in preparing women to expect bodily sensations during saline abortion; nurses desiring to intervene can make use of these findings. The open-ended method of interviewing the small number of subjects in a predetermined way helped establish important information for nursing exploration and intervention.


Fatigue damage of the structure, sea fastenings, or barge during ocean towage can be a critical consideration in the choice of barge and tugs and of tow route and marine operations. This paper describes the procedures that were followed to assess the risk of fatigue damage and the practical precautions that were taken to control its incidence during the tow of the jacket for Amoco Norway's Valhall production platform from Morgan City, LA, to Stord, Norway, during autumn of 1980. Damage criteria are identified and calculations are demonstrated for survival of the unit in possible extreme conditions, exposure along the tow route, and derivation of the critical motion curve to limit the rate of fatigue damage to an acceptable level. The analysis of motioninduced stresses is explained. The theoretical survival life of the unit in maximum seas is shown to be very sensitive to the values determined for parameters such as the stress concentration factor (SCF) and the wave period. This paper reports the marine procedures adopted and describes the fatigue audit that was maintained throughout the tow, which indicated that the theoretical fatigue damage was controlled to a low level successfully.


Residential buildings are now often equipped with photovoltaic systems (PV) and heat pump based heating. Increasingly, battery electric vehicles (BEV) are used for mobility, which are charged regularly using home electricity. Both, the heat pump based heating and the electric vehicle are major consumers for a household. The photovoltaic system used should cover the corresponding energy requirements as far as possible. However, the currently feasible energy storage capacity in the private sector is not sufficient to balance the load profiles of consumers in the seasonal course in such a way that autarkic operation (i.e. no connection to the power grid) is economically and technically possible. In this article, the results of a one-year field test on the energy flows of a residential building with a photo-voltaic system, a heat pump based heating system and a battery electric vehicle are evaluated with regard to the seasonal load profiles and conclusions are drawn accordingly.


In Reply.—
 We thank Dr Hansen for his comments on our study in Crigler-Najjar patients published recently in Pediatrics. A collaborative study of this rare genetic disease does seem in order as Dr Hansen indicates; to the extent that such a study might involve an examination of the efficacy of the heme oxygenase inhibitor tin-mesaporphyrin for ameliorating (with other therapeutic modalities) hyperbilirubinemia in this syndrome, we would be happy to collaborate with other investigators and to provide some resources for the study as required.


The Prologue and Chorus to Henry V had confidently asserted the theatre's ability to "digest" the "distance" in space between the absent imaginary landscape represented in the written text and the material site of its performance by visible, audible actors in front of living audiences. But the two different modes of cultural production, writing and playing, implicated not only nonidentical premises of articulation and response; they were partially at least predicated on differing concepts and conventions of space and its uses in and for entertainment. In fact, the nonidentity between them was contiguous with the difference between the newly expanding space in (imaginary) representation and the recently institutionalized, material space of its performance. On the Elizabethan stage the difference between the imaginary landscape inscribed in the story and the physical, tangible site of its production was of particular, perhaps unique, consequence. Since there was both continuity and discontinuity between these two types of space, the drama in production, drawing on both the products of the pen and the articulation of voices and bodies, could through their interactions constitute at best an 'indifferent boundary' between them. In fact, the boundary between the inscribed matter and the performing agency of theatrical representations appears altogether fleeting; no matter how deep (or how deeply submerged) the cultural difference between them was, it never constituted a rigid division, let alone a binary opposition in either the semiotics or the semantics of theatrical space.


With the continuous development of society,women in traditional roles constantly by the shift to the modern role,the community in a more open attitude towards women.However,with the enrollment of graduate students as well as economic,social transformation,graduate increasingly serious employment situation.As a special group,female graduate students in engineering employment generated many new problems.This paper analyzes the female graduate students in engineering employment generated and causes major problems,suggestions and put forward the corresponding countermeasures.


Computing is now a necessary part of all academic disciplines, not just the one labeled Computer Science. However, most of our service courses in computing fail to adequately address these interdisciplinary needs. In the past, the typical computer literacy course has been an overview of Microsoft Office, or some similar set of tools. Most students entering the university today already have a working knowledge of these programs. Instead, they need a more in-depth understanding of the computing tools required for a specific discipline. Our current research is exploring the possibility of a new computer literacy curriculum designed to better meet the needs of the entire student population. The concept includes developing one unit modules to cover topics of interest to a particular major or group of majors. Each discipline could choose one or two modules to include in their required curriculum, or to recommend to their students. This paper presents the techniques used for, and preliminary results of a study designed to understand the computing needs of the various disciplines as a precursor to designing such modules.


Objective To discuss the relationship between T-score at the lumbar spine of postmenopausal women and vertebral fracture. Methods Seventy-four women suffering from primary osteoporotic were chosen,including thirty-seven women with vertebral fractures and other thirty-seven women without vertebral fractures. All the vertebral fractures were confirmed by posterior-anterior and lateral spine radiographs. The factors including age,height,weight and menopause duration were not significantly different between the two groups. The BMD and T-score at the lumbar spine(L1-4 ) and the neck of femur were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in both groups. Osteoporosis is confirmed as the criteria of T-score≤ -2. 5. Statistical analysis were done on T-score of lumbar spine between two groups. Results T-score of lumbar spine in fracture group were significantly lower than those in control group (P 0. 05). Conclusion Lowered T-score of lumbar spine is closely correlative to vertebral compression fracture in postmenopausal osteoporotic women.


Abstract Rubber extruders have been developed and refined to a degree where it is not always obvious which is best for a given application. This paper will cover the latest refinements in the hot feed, cold feed, and vented cold feed type single screw extruders and compare their performance, limitations, and capabilities. Shaping the compound into a more useable form has traditionally been the primary extruder function. However, today cold feed extruders are being used in various environments where shaping is secondary to their ability to plasticate efficiently and uniformly on a continuous basis. An example of this is warm-up for calendar and injection molding equipment.


In the beginning there is noise. This holds for the newly born as well as for everything that starts (Figure 1). Getting somebody's attention (the academic name is captatio benevolentiae) starts not with the first idea expressed, but with a noise that competes with the noise of the audience, be it the audience of a lecture, readership of a magazine, or listeners at a symphonic concert, etc. Noise, after all, surrounds us. Not only does it come with the information, but it is the environment of the information (Figure 2). At this point, I should explain this statement; and in order to do so, I have to refer to the most frequently cited explanatory model in which noise is defined. Shannon and Weaver's (1949) theory defines noise as something that affects the transmission in the medium used and locates it in the channel of communication (Figure 3). Subsequent studies, (mathematical, structuralist, or semiotic) do not dispute this way of approaching and characterizing noise as a random source affecting the transmission of information. With few exceptions, noise as such has never been an object of study, except from a technical viewpoint, where for reasons concerning the effectiveness and security of communication, sophisticated devices were created to reduce the sources of noise or to filter it.


I argue that racial profiling gives minority groups reason to perceive a threat of violence and wrongful arrest when interacting with the criminal justice system, consequently leading them to engage in self-limiting conduct in order to avoid being profiled. As a result, they may ultimately exercise a de facto second-class citizenship status through a limited exercise of basic rights and access to public services. This would suggest, contra consequentialist defenders of the practice, that a public ban on profiling would serve to contain an important, but often overlooked source of racial injustice and that a thorough cost–benefit analysis should include these costs.