The effects of afforestation and intercropping on herb species composition,type of herb community,species diversity,change of important value(IV) and biomass of dominant species were studied through investigating herb vegetation on beach land of the Yangtzi River along Ezhou,HuBei province.The results showed:(1)16 Herb species,types of herb community increased because of tree plantation on beach land.(2)Afforestation on beach land leaded to IV and biomass of dominant species (Phragmites australis and Miscanthus sacchariftorus) decreased in the herb community.(3)Plantation increased significantly Shanno-Wiener index H' and species richness R of herb community,increased eveness index J to some extent,but did not impose effect on Simpson index D.(4)Intercropping brought positive effect on herb community species diversity.


A brief exposition of the general theory of characteristic classes of quantum principal bundles is given. The theory of quantum characteristic classes incorporates ideas of classical Weil theory into the conceptual framework of non-commutative differential geometry. A purely cohomological interpretation of the Weil homomorphism is given, together with a standard geometrical interpretation via quantum invariant polynomials. A natural spectral sequence is described. Some quantum phenomena appearing in the formalism are discussed.


The work of labor education in colleges and universities is the fundamental task of implementing teaching reform in colleges and universities, realizing moral education, and cultivating people. Colleges and universities are also crucial to growing the correct labor value. Also, it is the critical link that develops the labor education consciousness of college students in the new era and is the critical link to labor education. This paper discusses the value of labor education in colleges and universities and puts forward some suggestions for building a complete labor education system.


Abstract: Contemporary physics has many unsolved problems. Most of them are due to inadequacy of theories or illogical application of one theory to seemingly similar problem elsewhere. An alternative concept, presented in book 'MATTER (Re-examined)' proposes to provide logical explanations to all these apparent problems. In this article, author proposes to present short notes and pointers to detailed explanations in the book. All explanations are based on a single assumption that 'Substance is fundamental and matter alone provides substance to all real entities'. There are neither imaginary particles nor mysterious actions nor actions at a distance through empty space in this concept. Cause and effect relations are followed in all topics.


This paper proposes a lightweight authentication and hop-by-hop security scheme between the SIP UA and server. Although a number of security schemes for authentication and key exchange in SIP network are proposed, they still suffer from heavy computation overhead on the UApsilas side. The SIP UA in the proposed scheme delegates cryptographically computational operations such as the exponentiation operation or point multiplication to the SIP server without degrading security strength. Our scheme supports the user authentication and SIP signaling protection against potential threats instead of the HTTP digest and TLS between the SIP UA and server. The proposed scheme is more efficient than the existing schemes in terms of computation overhead.


The European Spallation Source (ESS), currently under construction, consists of a partly superconducting linac which will deliver a 2GeV, 5MW proton beam to a rotating tungsten target. Beam transverse profile monitors are required in order to insure that the lattice parameters are set and the beam emittance is matched. Due to the high intensity of the beam and the constraint to perform non-disturbing measurements, non-invasive techniques have to be developed. The non-invasive profile monitors chosen for the ESS are based on the interaction of the beam with the residual gas. Two different devices are developed, one utilises the fluorescence process, the other one the ionisation process. The paper presents their latest preliminary developments.


The benefits of group-based design activity in an engineering curriculum may be greatly enriched by careful structuring of design activities into the freshman/sophomore introductory course sequence. Focal points of this approach include: teaching a design methodology, applying that methodology to unique, product development-based problems and guiding students through discovery based experimental work to provide hard data upon which design decisions may be based. Project evaluation is focused primarily on written reports detailing the design process, and oral presentations defending the design decisions, rather than the level of success for a specific design solution. This paper presents the design project activity designed into a freshman/sophomore sequence of courses required of engineering students at The University of Texas at Tyler. The design methodology is outlined, and several projects are detailed. Examples of experimental work, and simplified analytical procedures, are presented, illustrating how project-relevant data are used to support project design decisions. Some innovative student "solutions" are presented, pointing out both strengths and weaknesses of this approach to introductory engineering design education. Rapid prototyping as a strategy to integrate the Product Realization Process into our introductory engineering curriculum is discussed. The next evolution of the course sequence, intended to both streamline and improve the design experience, is also presented.


A new one-pot electrophilic aminoalkoxylation reaction using olefin, cyclic ether, amine, and N-bromosuccinimide has been developed. The olefinic substrates and the cyclic ether partners can be flexibly varied to produce a range of amino ether derivatives. This novel protocol has been applied in the facile and efficient synthesis of biologically active morpholine compounds.


Drilling is the most frequently employed operation of secondary machining for fiber reinforced material owing to the need for joining structures. However, little is know about the interacting condition between the drilling tool and the material, which may be multi types and multi size. This project proposes the analysis over the factor feed rate and the speed rate spindle speed of the CNC milling machining for drilling onto aero composite material. The experimental investigation consist three type of drill which is saw drill, core drill and step drill. The drilling process performance is determines according to the result analysis that will be analyzed from the tests on the drilled aero composite panel. The tests include measuring the side wall of the drilled hole roughness by using Surface Roughness Tester, measuring the tensile strength by using Universal Tensile Machine (UTM), and observe the condition of the drilled hole area with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The quality of the drilled hole result by low feed rate and high spindle speed by using saw drill. The strongest and the finest aero composite test panel will determine the ideal machining factors value of CNC milling machine and the best drill bit to be use for drilling the aero composite material.


In this chapter we first provide a historic overview of – and outline some of the peculiarities associated with – grassland eddy covariance flux measurements, elaborate on the additional terms that need to be quantified when estimating the grassland net ecosystem carbon balance and finally discuss some of the challenges associated with upcoming nitrous oxide and methane flux measurements in managed grasslands.


Abstract The disk stellar luminosity function has been redetermined by the mean absolute magnitude method, utilising the proper motion data of the LHS Catalog. The derived luminosity function shows a slightly deeper dip than that found by Wielen (1983) in the same magnitude range.


Reorganizing service delivery to integrate nutrition and infant and young child feeding (IYCF) with prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) is important for improving outcomes of HIV-positive mothers and HIV-exposed infants (HEIs). Quality improvement (QI) strategies were implemented at 22 health facilities. The percentage of HIV-positive pregnant women and lactating mothers who received IYCF counseling at each visit improved (45%-100%; mean = 93.1%, standard deviation [SD] = 15.5). Adherence to IYCF practices improved (70%-96%; mean = 92.4%, SD = 8.5). Mother–baby pairs receiving the standard care package improved (0%-100%; mean = 98.6%, SD = 22.6). The HEIs alive at 18 months and infected decreased (mean = 6.2%, SD = 4.8). Statistical significance of change was estimated using Fisher exact test and magnitude of change over time by calculating the odds ratio. For all indicators, improvement was rapid and significant (P < .001), especially in the first 6 months of QI implementation. Using QI to integrate nutrition and ensure consistent and comprehensive PMTCT service delivery improved IYCF adherence and decreased transmission.


Web service composition is aimed to compose new web service form to respond the goal of business process. The web service selection brings to consider accurate and reliability composition. Mostly a web service is exist tested quality of service (QoS) that is called non-functional testing described time, availability and cost. However, the web services composition need to meet the business requirement to plan the best form of composition. This paper presents framework of hybrid testing approach for web services composition using genetic algorithm in order to employ both of functional testing as equivalence class testing (ECT), which is a technique of software testing and applied to process of this web service composition and non-functional testing in order to choose the proper web service from this kind of quality testing. As a web services are various serve. In addition, web service compositions can be composed various pattern. Therefore, the problem is solved by genetic algorithm (GA). The contribution of research is to help choosing web service composition which is taken the minimum defect via proposed functional and non-functional mechanism. The experimental results are worked with different two business process goal to guide the composed web services efficiently to support suitable web service composition.


Sir, We agree with Professor Westgate that umbilical cord compression is one of the possible causes of fetal hypoxia during shoulder dystocia, and that the cord pH may reflect the fetal condition before shoulder dystocia, as we have demonstrated that the presence of a nonreassuring fetal heart rate pattern is one of the factors independent of the pH values. We also agree with Professor Westgate that umbilical cord compression may explain the 'dissociation' between cord gas values and the occurrence of hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) in some of the cases. Having said that, we believe that the pathophysiological mechanism could be multiple, and premature separation of placenta is one of the possibilities, as the rate of decline of pH of 0.011 per minute is very similar to women with placental abruption or cord prolapse. Furthermore, we postulate that the compression of the fetal neck and carotid vessels by the maternal tissue at the pelvic outlet level may contribute to the development of HIE, as well as explain the 'dissociation' between cord gas values and the occurrence of HIE. When the neck vessels are compressed, not only is there impairment of the supply of oxygenated blood to the brain, but the elimination of products of anaerobic metabolism by brain hypoxia is also delayed. Therefore the cord blood pH, which reflects the systemic circulation, may fail to reflect the degree of cerebral hypoxia and acidosis. This hypothesis may also explain why the Zavanelli manoeuvre may help to improve neonatal outcome even after a long head-to-body delivery interval, as the circulation to the head may be improved after replacement of the fetal head back into the vagina. Nonetheless, we suggest that Apgar score at 5 minutes may be a more robust indicator of brain hypoxia in shoulder dystocia, as it reflects not only the cardiorespiratory status (colour and pulse rate), but also the central neurological responses (breathing, muscle tone and reflex). j


The brain‐derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF, was discovered more than 30 years ago and, like other members of the neurotrophin family, this neuropeptide is synthetized as a proneurotrophin, the pro‐BDNF, which is further cleaved to yield mature BDNF. The myriad of actions of these two BDNF isoforms in the central nervous system is constantly increasing and requires the development of sophisticated tools and animal models to refine our understanding. This review is focused on BDNF isoforms, their participation in the process of neurogenesis taking place in the hippocampus of adult mammals, and the modulation of their expression by serotonergic agents. Interestingly, around this triumvirate of BDNF, serotonin, and neurogenesis, a series of recent research has emerged with apparently counterintuitive results. This calls for an exhaustive analysis of the data published so far and encourages thorough work in the quest for new hypotheses in the field.


Solid state polymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) has been carried out under reduced pressure of 0.2 torr at the various temperatures ranging from 200 to 23 $0^{\circ}C$ . The increase in the molecular weight of resulting polymer has been observed, i.e., the higher molecular weight ...


A system and method for the JMC (Just-My-Code) debugging is described. In one version, is automatically inserted in the debugging detector (debugging probes), each programming constructs representing the attention code (interesting code) (programming constructs). Debugging source code detector is a computer machine for generating a (native code) - it is inserted during the program compilation operation (computer-program compiling operation). Thereafter, the source code is executed as a process. The process includes one or more threads of execution running freely on a non-attention code (uniteresting code) for JMC step operation. One thread of at least one such thread, is stopped in only interested code if the thread is encountered that the activity of the detector thread debugging while stepping JMC (JMC stepping) by using the process (active one). Debugging, step-in, step-out, step-overs, source code, threads, stepping


Effects of heat source on the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) one-dimensional flow past a vertical surface have been analyzed. Thermal radiation effect is present. The Laplace transformation procedure reduces the involved governing PDEs into the ODEs and hence closed form solutions have been obtained. The effect of permeability parameter ( k ), heat source parameter ( Q ), thermal radiation ( R ), suction parameter ( γ ), magnetic field parameter ( M ) have been analyzed on the velocity and temperature distributions, Skin friction coefficient ( τ ) and Nusselt number ( Nu ). The convergence of the obtained solutions has been seen through graphical results. Effects of skin friction ( τ ) and the Nusselt number ( Nu ) for different parameters have also been analyzed.


Although this book describes the life of one particular church during a single century, because it examines one of the world's great institutional churches, the Sydney Central Methodist Mission (CMM), it is of far more than local importance. Just as the Social Gospel in America gave rise during the 1880s to such churches as Saint George's Episcopal Church in New York, so its counterpart in British Wesleyanism, the "Forward Movement," gave birth to the central missions of Australian Methodism. The first of such, the Sydney CMM, established in 1884 by the Reverend W. G. Taylor, was born out of the failure of York Street Wesleyan Church to win the allegiance of industrial workers and the poor who had moved into the city, replacing the middle and upper classes who had fled to the suburbs. From the beginning of the Sydney CMM, two ingredients were characteristic: a worshipping evangelical congregation that stressed individual salvation; and a comprehensive response to the ever-changing social needs of the city through a network of service agencies, such as homes, orphanages, clubs, shelters, detoxification centers, psychiatric hospitals, and a telephone counseling ministry. By 1905 the CMM had moved out of a church building into its permanent "neutral" venue, the Lyceum Theatre.


We study the tolerance-based approach to possibilistic nonlinear regression models with interval data. We provide a method for determination of interval regression parameters of the model for the crisp input – interval output case and for the interval input – interval output case. We define two classes of nonlinear regression models for which efficient algorithms exist. We illustrate the theory by examples.


This short commentary refines the therapeutic aspect of mindfulness-based interventions relevant to clinical psychologists. The paper highlights the potential fusion between equanimity and contemporary mindfulness practice.'Mindfulness has a universal nature. You can find it in every spiritual tradition. If you study deeply the life of a sage from any tradition, you will find a quality of mindfulness in his or her life. A sage is capable of living every moment of his or her life deeply and of touching the beauty and truth in each moment of life.' (Ticht Nhat Hanh, 2008, p.46)


How same-sex couples manage the process of seeking help for their relationships is an under-researched area. Twelve semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 people who had engaged in same-sex couple counselling, and were analysed using discourse analysis. The ways in which the couples positioned themselves as part of a 'minority group', or part of a generic group of couples struggling with relationship issues, impacted on how they discussed seeking help. We conclude that counsellors and psychotherapists need to be aware of the ways in which couples construct their relationships, and mindful of the tricky navigations around similarity to, and difference from, different-sex relationships. The impact of this on couples seeking therapeutic help is considered.


A differential-input A/D converter (ADC) based on voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is proposed for implantable bioelectronics. Two single-ended VCO-based ADCs are matched and combined to support differential input, hence suppressing the common-mode interference and even harmonics distortion. A 10-bit binary subtraction circuit, which is utilized to process the digital output of two matched ADCs, generates the final digital output. The subtraction circuit is realized with Domino logic gates for further reduction in power consumption and chip area. Designed with 0.18 μm CMOS process, the 10 bit 25 kS/s VCO-based ADC can operate under 1 V power supply. The active area of this ADC is 270 μm × 100 μm, much smaller than a successive-approximation-register (SAR) ADC with similar performance.


High-performance circuits with aggressive timing constraints are usually very susceptible to delay faults. The latest research shows that functional tests designed using random test generation exhibit good transition fault coverages. In the paper, we investigated the possibilities of improving random test generation for at-speed testing of non-scan synchronous sequential circuits. Based on research of distribution of "1" in randomly generated test pattern we suggested guidance for management of test generation process. The implementation of semi deterministic algorithms showed that the optimisation of separate steps by construction of test subsequences doesn't improve the final outcome. Ill. 2, bibl. 8, tabl. 3 (in English; abstracts in English and Lithuanian). http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eee.114.8.685


The observation of a radioactively powered kilonova AT 2017gfo associated with the gravitational wave event GW170817 from a binary neutron star merger proves that these events are ideal sites for the production of heavy r-process elements. The gamma-ray photons produced by the radioactive decay of heavy elements are unique probes for the detailed nuclide compositions. Based on the detailed r-process nucleosynthesis calculations and considering radiative transport calculations for the gamma rays in different shells, we study the gamma-ray emission in a merger ejecta on a timescale of a few days. It is found that the total gamma-ray energy generation rate evolution is roughly depicted as Ė∝t−1.3 . For the dynamical ejecta with a low electron fraction (Y e ≲ 0.20), the dominant contributors of gamma-ray energy are the nuclides around the second r-process peak (A ∼ 130) and the decay chain of 132Te (t 1/2 = 3.21 days) → 132I (t 1/2 = 0.10 days) → 132Xe produces gamma-ray lines at 228, 668, and 773 keV. For the case of a wind ejecta with Y e ≳ 0.30, the dominant contributors of gamma-ray energy are the nuclides around the first r-process peak (A ∼ 80) and the decay chain of 72Zn (t 1/2 = 1.93 days) → 72Ga (t 1/2 = 0.59 days) → 72Ge produces gamma-ray lines at 145, 834, 2202, and 2508 keV. The peak fluxes of these lines are 10−9 ∼ 10−7 ph cm−2 s−1, which are marginally detectable with the next-generation MeV gamma-ray detector ETCC if the source is at a distance of 40 Mpc.


In 2003, the FIP Dissolution Working group published a position paper on dissolution/drug release testing for special/novel dosage forms that represented the scientific opinions of many experts in the field at that time (1). The position paper has supported activities, programs, and decisions in the scientific, technical, and regulatory community. Due to the rapid evolution of new practices and techniques for in vitro testing, the FIP Special Interest Group (SIG) on Dissolution/Drug Release decided to revise the previous paper and added proposals for further harmonization of in vitro release testing practices for different pharmaceutical dosage forms. This article represents the current updates to the previously published paper. This revision has been aligned to coincide with the USP taxonomy including route of administration, intended site of drug release, and dosage form. The revised paper includes information from current literature, expert discussions, and presentations from recent workshops (2,3). The authors Please send comments to the Co-Chairs of the FIP Dissolution/Drug


The coordination and cooperation between local governments are significant to the decision and implement of public policy and the development of region economics.In this paper,we propose a coordination game model and analyze the interest relationship and interaction between local governments by the equilibriums and evolutionary stable equilibriums of the game.The results show that proportion of allocation,discount factor,and cooperation efficiency are important factors of the emergency of cooperation.Furthermore,the initial strategies of local governments will affect the evolution of cooperation and its stable in evolutionary dynamic.


Genetic Algorithm (GA) is a calculus free optimization technique based on principles of natural selection for reproduction and various evolutionary operations such as crossover, and mutation. Various steps involved in carrying out optimization through GA are described. Three applications, viz. finding maximum of a mathematical function, obtaining estimates for a multiple linear regression model, and fitting a nonlinear statistical model through GA procedure, are discussed. Finally, results are compared to those obtained from standard solution techniques. Classical search and optimization methods demonstrate a number of difficulties when faced with complex problems. The major difficulty arises when one algorithm is applied to solve a number of different problems.


To evaluate the safety of Bombyx Batryticatus by the contents of harmful elements.The contents of 5 harmful elements(Cu,Hg,Pb,As,Cd) were determined by microwave sample digestion and ICP-MS.Those in 10 Bombyx Batryticatus all meet the requirements of ChP2010.It shows that Bombyx Batryticatus is safety to some extent.


A new monohydrated ammonium cerium phosphate (NH4)2Ce(PO4)2·H2O is hydrothermally synthesized from the system NH3–CeO2–P2O5–H2O and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis–thermogravimetric analysis, elemental chemical analysis, IR, Raman and impedance spectroscopy.


A 59-year-old man developed a bout of hiccups during hospital admission for septic arthritis of the metatarsal joint. Although the patient was asymptomatic otherwise, a cardiac workup was initiated because of newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Compared with an electrocardiogram (ECG


In order to assist organizations in managing a stack of information, implementation of Business Intelligence and Analytics is important. The ability of Business Intelligence and Analytics in handling big data is undeniable. However, research on the implementation of Business Intelligence and Analytics in the public sector has been given less attention. Government agencies have to make critical decisions in managing people's money in order to serve them. The decision itself affects people's life and it shall be assisted by appropriate technology. A qualitative research has been conducted to identify issues and challenges in the implementation of Business Intelligence and Analytics in the public sector. This paper discusses issues and challenges that have arisen in relation to this study.


(51) Int. Cl." ..................................................... G09B. 19/00 (52) U.S. Cl. .............................................................. 434/167 (57) ABSTRACT The Specification discloses a typewriting Sentence learning System and the corresponding method with hint profolio. A hint module output a combination of hints in a Sentence database. A result comparison module compares the Sen tence entered by the learner with the correct answer and Sends the comparison result to a level tuning module. The level tuning module then adjusts the difficulty of the prob lems. Since the invention increases the learning difficulty because of the learner has to type in his or her answer, the learner does not only improve in the Sentence organization ability but also the typewriting ability.


cDNAs were prepared from virion RNAs extracted from the purified viruses as described previously,using poly A tailing and Oligo-dT as a pri-mer. After treatment and repair, double stranded cDNA were ligated to dephosphorylated pUC 18 plasmid DNA, and then transfe.cted into E, coli MC1061. The transformants were selected by resistence to ampicilin. The resulting colonies were collected and the specificity of cDNAs was identi-fied as follows.1. Virus specificity and virai RNA segment specificity. Colonies were screened for the presence of R22 cDNA inserts by in situ hybridization assay using α32p labeled virai RNA as probe. 18 hybridization-positive colonies were characterized by comparing their Hinf I restriction fragments to those of pUC18.Five clones were further analysed by nick translation of the plasmid DNA and hybridization to purified virai RNAs on nitrocellulose paper ( northern blot analysis ) . Three clones ( designated R3, R9 and R11 ) hy-bridized with the M ( medium ) segment, while R7 and Rl3 hybridized with L ( large ) and S ( small ) segments respectively.2. DNA sequence analysis: The 3'-terminal nucleotide sequence of R3 clone of R22 virus was found to be similar to that of Hantaan virus, but a slight difference of sequences between Hantaan and R22 viruses was found to be present in a few nucleotides upstream of ATG.


In this paper, we propose a mixed preemptive and non-preemptive resume priority (PRP/NPRP) M/G/1 queueing model for the modeling of the traffic in Cognitive Radio (CR) Networks with prioritized transmissions. A traffic-adaptive spectrum handoff scheme is then developed based on the proposed queueing model for delay sensitive applications. This spectrum handoff scheme reduces the delivery time of the delay-sensitive applications for secondary users (SUs) while ensuring the overall performance of the network by avoiding overly frequent spectrum handoff between SUs. In the experiment section, we compare with two recently proposed queueing models using the traffic-adaptive spectrum handoff scheme and show the superior performance of the proposed approach.


This paper proposes Coupa, a novel pen interaction design to support operations of users on portable devices. The design arranges a plurality of labels on the interface, each of which has an identity. The user forms a coupling by linking two graphical items together, and thus performs an action dependent on the identities of the coupled items. During the course of operation, any item on the screen is ready for linking and coupling. To reduce mal-operations, two principles for linking are proposed, with their effectiveness proved in the usability tests. Compared with traditional systems with hierarchical menu structure and point-and-click interaction, the proposed design prominently improves the efficiency and accuracy of pen-based systems with enhanced usability.


Nanocomposites MWCNTs/Ni were prepared by electrochemical method.Conditions for electrochemical deposition were selected.Compared with GC/Ni electrode obtained under similar conditions,MWCNTs/Ni electrode displayed better electrocatalytic activity,and was more sensitive for the detection of glucose and sucrose.


Nowadays more and more electronic dictionaries and translation software are available, they seem to be able to solve various problems arising in the work related to foreign languages, such as reading, writing and translation. But in reality, many of these dictionaries and softwares are far from perfect, if you choose the right one and use it properly and discriminately, it can be of much help; Otherwise it will bring much trouble. Therefore, necessary knowledge and understanding of the function, the structure and the use of each kind of electronic dictionary as well as translation software are helpful in selecting and making effective use of these tools. [


This report is devoted to some considerations upon traditions concerning the culture of games which transmit from generation to generation centuries-old collective experience which people get while understanding and perceiving the world through games. In the present report we will speak on the following points: the definition of " traditions " within the framework of culture of games, the principles of their psychological analysis, the empirical data, the methods of game analysis, the psychological invariant of game traditions. The main standpoint of my report is based upon the statement that games in general should be viewed as one of the oldest cultural achievements of the humankind. I would like to give only two examples to prove that games undoubtfully have cultural value, which was already recognized centuries ago. Thus, Stuart Culin (1897) [1], an American investigator, defined a game as " chapter in the history of culture no matter how or in what manner they are played, we find their underlying objects and principles precisely the same ". Another scholar E.A.Pokrovsky, a Russian anthropologist and a collector of folk games (1895) wrote about entertaining and educational children's games which exist in every race and tribe, in every religion notwithstanding the level of civilization and cultural development. He spoke about games and toys which " go from generation to generation, from one century to the next one, from one ethnic group to another " [2].


- Cured hams of traditional character were produced from form-cut pig shoulders. In case of a low initial viable count and subjecting to the hygienic requirements at the production, the stability of product depends on the fermentation process (F-value), on the low storage temperature (t-value), on the a w -value and on the ingredients influencing the bacteriological stability. The aerobe total viable count (mesophile and psychrotroph) ranged from 10 3 to 10 4 cfu/g in only few cases. The products didn't contain residues of antibiotics and sulphonamides. The products called Pannon-ham have a shelf life at 5 °C up to 90 days.


��� In this article, I examine the change in Heschel's attitude toward Hasidism following the Holocaust. As we shall see, a distinction must be made between two periods: the young Heschel was very critical of Hasidism, however following the Holocaust, his attitude changed. In order to ground this assertion, I will examine writings from the two periods, and will consider some of Heschel's autobiographical statements. These statements are of great value to our understanding of how Heschel perceived what was happening in his life. One enlightening comment upon his evolving view of Hasidism appears in Heschel's book The Earth is the Lord's. In 1944, Heschel was invited by the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research in New York to deliver a lecture on Eastern European Jewry. The lecture formed the basis for that book. At the end of the book, Heschel states: In the spiritual confusion of the last hundred years, many of us overlooked the incomparable beauty of our old, poor homes. We compared our fathers and grandfathers, our scholars and rabbis, with Russian or German intellectuals .. ...measured the merits of Berditchev and Ger with the standards of Paris and Heidelberg. 1 This is a very important statement. Berditchev and Ger are not random examples. Levi Yitzchok of Berditchev and Ger Hasidism— which originated with the Kotzker Rebbe—were highly significant for Heschel. As Kaplan notes, after the death of Heschel's father, Rabbi Mordechai Heschel (1873–1916), his mother's brother, Rabbi Alter Yisrael Shimon Perlow, the Rebbe of Novominsk (1864–1933), supervised Heschel's education. He guided his young nephew in the direction of Ger Hasidism, appointing Bezalel Levi, a Ger Hasid and disciple of the Kotzker Rebbe, as his tutor. The two formed a very intense relationship. Rabbi Bezalel accompanied Heschel everywhere, teaching, questioning, and challenging him. 2 As Kaplan also points out, upon reaching the age of bar mitzva, Heschel was granted the special honor of donning the tefillin of Levi Yitzchok of Berditchev, to whom he was related through his mother. 3 It is, therefore,


The study discusses the profanation of the utilization of cultural heritage of Petitenget Temple in the traditional village of Kerobokan, Sub-district of Kuta Utara, Regency of Badung, amid the rapid development of the tourism sector. The problems under study in this research pertaining to (1) the form of profanation of utilization of cultural heritage of Petitenget Temple in Kerobokan, (2) the factors that led to the profanation of the utilization of cultural heritage of Petitenget Temple in Kerobokan, (3) the impact and meaning of profanation of the utilization of cultural heritage of Petitenget Temple in Kerobokan. The research uses descriptive qualitative method of analysis, using several theories namely (1) theory of practice, (2) theory of deconstruction, (3) theory of commodification. Data collection in this study was conducted by using observation, interviews, and document research. The research results show that Petitenget Temple as the cultural heritage has undergone profanation over its use as a cultural attraction in the traditional village of Kerobokan. The problems are due to several factors including (1) the appeal factor of Petitenget Temple as the heritage attractions, (2) the development of the tourism industry factors, with increasingly famous beaches around Petitenget Temple, (3) the factors of economic necessity in the management of Petitenget Temple. While the impact included (1) economic impact, (2) environmental impact, (3) social impact, (4) the impact of culture. While the meaning of profanation including (1) the meaning of sanctity of the temple, (2) the meaning of the ritual, (3) the meaning of moral, (4) the meaning of welfare.


The (cid:2) 11 integrin mediates fibroblast–extracellular matrix–cardiomyocyte interactions in health and disease. Am J Physiol Physiol H96–H106, cardiac interstitial fibrosis impairs normal cardiac function. We have shown that the (cid:2) 11 (cid:3) 1 ( (cid:2) 11) integrin mediates fibrotic responses to glycated collagen in rat myocardium by a pathway involving transforming growth factor- (cid:3) . Little is known of the role of the (cid:2) 11 integrin in the developing mammalian heart. Therefore, we examined the impact of deletion of the (cid:2) 11 integrin in wild-type mice and in mice treated with streptozotocin (STZ) to elucidate the role of the (cid:2) 11 integrin in normal cardiac homeostasis and in the pathogenesis of diabetes-related fibrosis. As anticipated, cardiac fibrosis was reduced in (cid:2) 11 integrin knockout mice ( (cid:2) 11 (cid:4) / (cid:4) ; C57BL/6 background) treated with STZ compared with STZ-treated wild-type mice ( P (cid:5) 0.05). Unex-pectedly, diastolic function was impaired in both vehicle and STZ-treated (cid:2) 11 (cid:4) / (cid:4) mice, as shown by the decreased minimum rate of pressure change and prolonged time constant of relaxation in association with increased end-diastolic pressure (all P (cid:5) 0.05 compared with wild-type mice). Accordingly, we examined the phenotype of untreated (cid:2) 11 (cid:4) / (cid:4) mice, which demonstrated a reduced cardiomyocyte cross-sectional cell area and myofibril thickness (all P (cid:5) 0.05 compared with wild-type mice) and impaired myofibril ar-rangement. Immunostaining for desmin and connexin 43 showed abnormal intermediate filament organization at intercalated disks and impaired gap-junction development. Overall, deletion of the (cid:2) 11 integrin attenuates cardiac fibrosis in the mammalian mouse heart and reduces ECM formation as a result of diabetes. Further-more, (cid:2) 11 integrin deletion impairs cardiac function and alters cardiomyocyte morphology. These findings shed further light on the poorly understood interaction between the fibroblast–cardiomyocyte and the ECM.


Pattern tracking algorithm using gray level difference as a similarity index of image fragments are inspected thronugh the application to the standard images which simulate images visualized with particles. It is shown that the performance of the algorithm decreases suddenly when the percentage of the particle area decreases to lower than 20%. The performance decreases also to the condition of high out-of-plane velocity, but the generation of incorrect vectors are suppressed in the successive abandonment prepared as a high-speed version of tracking algorithm, provided the percentage of particle area is high enough, due to the effect of statistical inspection involved in the algorithm. An idea to improve the quality of visualized images to prevent the decrease of tracking performance is also proposed.


This article regard the community sports in Harbin as the main object with the method of documentation,surveys,interviews studied.It analyzes the community sports in the process of urbanization in Harbin city in the face of main uncoupling factors such as inadequate facilities,activities,funding shortages,monotone of the project and weak guidance.And to provide recommendations for reform of city community sports in Harbin,to improve the public's health and physical fitness to further and promote community sports harmonious sustainable development of Harbin city as theoretical basis.improving organizational management modes and improving related regulations and systems is a prerequisite for promoting the development of city community sports,training the right sports talent is the key to promoting the development of city community sports,through a variety of channels and ways to increase funding to community sport,actively building venues,facilities to guarantee acceleration of the construction of urban community sports development.


Environmental meteorological parameters (temperature, humidity, air pressure, etc.) have an important impact on short gap streamer discharge. Based on the streamer theory and particle continuity equation of gas discharge, a short gap streamer discharge simulation model is established, and the influence of environmental parameters on the dynamic development process of streamer discharge is simulated and analyzed. The short gap air gap discharge characteristics were tested in a self-made gas discharge chamber. The results show that at low humidity (relative humidity <80%), with the increase of humidity, the electron density of the streamer channel increases, the field strength of the streamer head increases, the streamer development speed speeds up, and the gap breakdown voltage decrease; At higher humidity (relative humidity >80%), with the increase of humidity, the electron density of the streamer channel decreases, the field strength of the streamer head decreases, the development speed of the streamer slows down, and the gap breakdown voltage increase. With a decrease of gas pressure, the electron density of the streamer channel decreases, the field strength of the streamer head decreases, the development speed of the streamer increases, and the gap breakdown voltage decreases; The temperature change has little effect on the streamer development process.


The whole situation of tire technology in China was reviewed by searching and analyzing Chinese patents of invention. Patent application trend and regional distribution of applicant were analyzed. The results show that the tire technology and its application in China has good development prospect, and applicants from a few countries or districts have applied a lot of patents in China. The amount of patent application, authorization ratio, patent maintenance, total number of inventors, vital technology layout of the key companies as patent applicants were discussed.


A simple analytical approach is given to calculate the performance of parabolic mirrors for various wavelengths. Expressions are given for the efficiency of the parabolic mirror system and insertion gain. As examples, parameters for some mirrors for CuKα and MoKα radiation are calculated.


The importance of the conceptual maps' development and of the software instruments that set them up in phase of composition and utilization, in the context of e-learning, derives evidently from their connection with the thematic of the knowledge's onthologic structuring: the representation of the elements and relations that constitute an onthological frame has to be founded on the graphs' theory, linking the elements to the nodes and the relations to arcs, in relation to the rules defined from J.Novak (1984).. The conceptual maps, however, are not configurable simply as products of the concept's evolution of contents' indexing, from which they differ structurally because they are not limited to the representation only of the hierarchical relations, since their role is dilated from the knowledge's organizational function to the transmissional function, assuming a specific task into the explicitness of the cognitive context that involves an intrinsic value about didactics, a various and ulterior task regarding the navigation support. In the relationship between knowledge's organized aggregation and representation, moreover, it's evident the requirement to automate the reconstruction of conceptual maps, using algorithmic models, owing to simplify the modalities of structural modification through a direct connection with information integrated in a database management system, and in the meantime to be able to use multiple shapes of representation and observation corners.


The space vector pulse width modulation (PWM) technique has rapidly gained favour among industrial drives manufacturers as an alternative to the traditional regularly sampled triangulation method. The authors present a practical engineering comparison between the two modulation techniques and show that the space vector technique inherently generates a 'superior' PWM waveform. In particular the waveforms are easier to generate with a microprocessor in real-time, they cause significantly lower motor losses, and motor stability problems are reduced as the current zero crossings are improved. The waveforms can be generated with essentially the same hardware so that all these advantages are available for zero additional cost.


376 Background: Patients with metastatic cancer have unique survivorship needs. Recent studies show patients with advanced cancer have unmet needs in the following categories: health information (31%), psychosocial support (27%), symptom management and general wellness support (23%) (Hart, et al., 2022). The Living Well with Advanced Breast Cancer Clinic (LWABC) was established in 2017 to address these unmet needs. This multidisciplinary clinic provides the patient and caregiver(s) an individual visit with a medical oncologist, integrative medicine physician, palliative medicine physician, dietitian, and nurse navigator. The patient is provided in-depth education and personalized supportive care plans. Methods: Over recent years, clinic staff have utilized the Plan, Do, Study, Act (PDSA) (Taylor, et al., 2014 ) methodology to refine operations and improve patient care. In 2021, the plan phase was initiated with incorporation of a nurse navigator and program manager for the clinic. Nurse navigation services have been shown to improve patient and caregiver knowledge as well as quality of life and was deemed an important addition to the program (Oncology Nursing Society, 2018). At the beginning of calendar year 2022, in the "do" phase, the nurse navigator/program manager was hired and implemented pre-visit phone calls as well as navigation services for patients. These services include assessment of needs, patient education, provision of community resources, and assistance with scheduling referrals. At the beginning of calendar year 2023, use of the NCCN distress thermometer and problem list was initiated. The current phase, "study," includes development of a dashboard for monitoring clinic operations. Review and assessment of distress thermometer data is ongoing. Results: When comparing calendar year 2021 to 2022, the clinic has seen increases in referrals (40 in 2021 to 65 in 2022), number of patients seen (31 in 2021 to 46 in 2022), and unique patient zip codes (28 in 2021 to 42 in 2022). There was also a reduction in late cancellation rates from 15.9% (2021) to 7.2% (2022). Late cancellation is defined as any appointment cancelled 24 hours or less prior to scheduled visit. Conclusions: Utilizing the PDSA cycle clinic staff have seen operational improvements over the last two years. Currently, this supportive care program remains in a "study" phase and will continue to evaluate progress and patient outcomes. Results from the act phase will be utilized to continue expansion of the clinic and services in the future. Further aiding this endeavor is an embedded patient advocate and ongoing outreach and collaboration with patient support organizations.


One hundred and fifty-one bacterial strains were isolated from the roots and stems of wizened mulberry in Ling'an and Tonglu counties of Zhejiang Province.Pathogenicity test results show that all of the strains can induce the mulberry wilt,and the shape,size,dye-reaction and culture characteristics of the mulberry wilt were similar to those of the tomato bacterial wilt.Based on PCR results,125 bacterial strains were identified as Ralstonia solanacearum.Based on the symptom in farm,the mulberry wilt were diagnosed as bacterial wilt.Among them,16 typical strains were also classified as the physiological race 1 by Haywind's classification criterion,and 75% of which were Ralstonia solanacearum biovar Ⅴ,25% were Ralstonia solanacearum biovar Ⅲ.


Rice–wheat cropping systems managed on 10 million ha in the Indo-Gangetic Plain region (IGPR) of India are the most important production systems for national food security. Recent reports, however, indicate that the system is under production fatigue and the growth rates of rice and wheat have started declining. We, therefore, conducted field experiments at Modipuram, Meerut, India, for 3 consecutive years (1998–99 to 2000–01), to study the conservation of soil organic carbon, improvement in nitrogen use efficiency and increase in system yields through inclusion of a grain legume (pigeon pea) in place of rice. The wheat yields following pigeon pea crops were significantly (P<0.05) greater than those following rice crops during 1999–2000 and 2000–01, but not during 1998–99. The economic optimum doses of fertiliser N for wheat in the pigeon pea–wheat system were smaller (128–133 kg N/ha) than those in the rice–wheat system (139–173 kg N/ha), owing to increased N supply, greater N use efficiencies and a better crop growth environment in the pigeon pea–wheat system. The post-wheat harvest nitrate-N (NO3-N) at 90–105 cm soil depth in plots fertilised with 120 or 180 kg N/ha was greater for the rice–wheat system (6.5–8.1 mg/kg) than for the pigeon pea–wheat system (5.8–6.0 mg/kg), suggesting that inclusion of pigeon pea may help to minimise NO3-N leaching to deeper soil profile layers. In plots of pigeon pea, soil organic carbon at 0–15 cm and 15–30 cm soil depths was increased at the end of the experiment compared with the initial organic carbon content. With continuous rice–wheat cropping, the bulk density of soil increased over the initial bulk density, at different soil profile depths in general, and at 30–45 cm soil depth in particular. Inclusion of pigeon pea in the system maintained soil bulk density at its initial level, and thus eliminated sub-surface soil compaction. Despite these advantages of pigeon pea over rice as a preceding crop to wheat, permanent substitution of rice with pigeon pea in rice–wheat system is unlikely, because rice is a staple foodgrain crop in India. Nonetheless, decline in wheat productivity owing to puddling-induced soil constraints that arise on continuous rice–wheat systems could be minimised by introduction of pigeon pea into the system at longer time intervals.


Abstract. Serum creatine kinase (CK) is an important adjunct in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction or in monitoring for the side‐effects of drugs. We report elevation of CK in patients with untreated heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) with no evidence of myocardial infarction. Of a group of 30 patients, 60% had elevated CK values on one occasion. In 40% of patients elevated CK activity was observed on most occasions. This was not related to exercise or previous lipid‐lowering therapy. These observations are of importance in view of the potential for misdiagnosis of myocardial infarction or premature withdrawal of lipid‐lowering therapy.


Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery charging systems typically use both constant-current and constant-voltage charge. By compensating the optimum charge voltage for the extra impedances in the battery charge path, the internal cell voltage can now be maintained closer to its rated value. This is beneficial because it allows delivery of optimal charge while reducing overall charge time to the theoretical full-charge capacity level.


Background: There is limited research regarding the epidemiology of hip/groin injuries in ice hockey, the majority of which is restricted to time-loss injuries only. Purpose: To describe the epidemiology of hip/groin injuries in collegiate men's and women's ice hockey from 2009-2010 through 2014-2015. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Hip/groin injury data from the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program (NCAA-ISP) during the 2009-2010 through 2014-2015 seasons were analyzed. Injury rates, rate ratios (RRs), and injury proportion ratios (IPRs) were reported with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: During the 2009-2010 through 2014-2015 seasons, 421 and 114 hip/groin injuries were reported in men's and women's ice hockey, respectively, leading to injury rates of 1.03 and 0.78 per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs), respectively. The hip/groin injury rate was greater in men than in women (RR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.08-1.63). In addition, 55.6% and 71.1% of hip/groin injuries in men's and women's ice hockey, respectively, were non–time loss (NTL) injuries (ie, resulted in participation restriction time <24 hours); 7.6% and 0.9%, respectively, were severe (ie, resulted in participation restriction time >3 weeks). The proportion of hip/groin injuries that were NTL injuries was greater in women than in men (IPR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.11-1.48). Conversely, the proportion of hip/groin injuries that were severe was greater in men than in women (IPR, 8.67; 95% CI, 1.20-62.73). The most common hip/groin injury diagnosis was strain (men, 67.2%; women, 76.3%). Also, 12 (2.9%) and 3 (2.6%) cases of hip impingement were noted in men's and women's ice hockey, respectively. Conclusion: Hip/groin injury rates were greater in men's than in women's ice hockey. Time loss varied between sexes, with men sustaining more injuries with time loss over 3 weeks. Despite increasing concerns of femoroacetabular impingement in ice hockey players, few cases of hip impingement were reported in this dataset.


of the various plant associations agrees very closely in every instance with variations in this ratio, the vertical range of littoral species being strictly and sometimes very narrowly limited. Strangely enough, practically no species is found to be distributed, as so often reported, "between tide marks." The data upon the evaporative power of the air are scanty, only going to show that it is high, for as the atmometer eadings were for a few hours of daylight only, no significant comparisons could be made with the data of other observers. Aeration due to tidal movements eems to be of some importance, while upon variation of salinity, the direct action of rain upon exposed vegetation, and the variation in light and their effects few exact data have been obtained as yet, but the careful study of the question of relative times of submergence and exposure has clearly defined many dependent problems for future investigation. This is perhaps the largest contribution from the careful and extended work of the authors. Little less important han the careful analysis of the factors controlling the vegetation is the detailed study of the distribution both of the plant associations and of the species composing these associations. The results are expressed in several excellent vegetational maps of the entire harbor, of the sand spit, and of the estuarial marsh, together with belt transects on a large scale of the spit and the marsh. These provide a basis for future studies, two or more decades hence, that will certainly do much to give a better understanding of the causes and progress of plant succession in this and similar areas. The abundance of the data, the care with which they have been collected and arranged, the number of the maps, diagrams, and tables, and the organization of the discussion, are all matters to be highly commended. The deficiencies and omissions are such as are dependent upon the size of the problem and the multiplicity of the factors involved, rather than upon the neglect or oversight of the investigators, who are to be congratulated upon their patience and care in making so important a contribution to our knowledge of littoral vegetation.GEo. D. FULLER.


Abstract Arthur Melzer supports Leo Strauss' claim that philosophers have practiced esoteric writing, at least prior to the nineteenth century. But Melzer also raises questions about whether the success of liberalism in rendering esoteric writing unnecessary and undesirable refutes Strauss' teaching that the conflict between philosophy and politics must be permanent. Melzer suggests the possibility that Strauss was a Midwest Straussian, who concluded that modernity was good, and that the pre-modern philosophers were wrong in thinking that an open society with complete freedom of thought and speech was impossible.


Combining the factual examples,the paper introduces the design scheme for the rill blast of class Ⅲ surrounding rock of three carriageway expressway,and illustrates the procedure of the construction craft,the relative blasting parameter,the measures for the smooth blasting effect,and the safety control of the construction quality,so as to accumulate the precious experience for similar projects in future.


This paper presents a typology of risks which may be faced by operators in the transition to nuclear decommissioning. It is based on an analysis of the literature on nuclear decommissioning, both past and present, and a recent study of a nuclear power station. It first part outlines decommissioning definitions and current decommissioning strategies in broad terms. The second part focuses on decommissioning contexts in three different installations. Although the technological and environmental issues are the same, the impact of context from the point of view of staff and organisational risk is examined. Finally, the third section presents a typology of risks related to nuclear decommissioning operations.


Previous research suggests that race and ethnicity explain some aspects of travel behavior among the elderly. This paper uses new 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey location variables based on the size, density, and function of residential areas to question whether the mode choice of White, non-Hispanic elders differs from otherwise comparable ethnic and racial elders when controlling for residential location and other important variables. Described are two estimation models that use mode choice as the dependent variable and control for residential location and a variety of other factors including age, license-holding, income, sex, and transit availability. These initial analyses show important differences in mode choice by race and ethnicity even when other key variables are held constant. They also show that residential location is the most important variable in explaining differences in mode choice.


BACKGROUND: Gluten peptide was prepared by trypsin hydrolysis and characterized by high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. The effects on non-frozen and frozen doughs of trypsin-hydrolyzed gluten peptide (THGP) and its combination with ascorbic acid or KBrO3 were investigated. RESULTS: Molecular analysis of THGP showed a decrease in the high-molecular-weight and an increase in the low-molecular-weight sodium dodecyl sulfate-soluble fractions, compared with those of control wheat gluten. The addition of 8% THGP decreased the mixing time and tolerance of the dough, both with and without ascorbic acid or KBrO3. However, the maximum resistance and extensibility of the rested dough containing 8% THGP, with and without ascorbic acid or KBrO3, were not significantly different from those of the control dough. The addition of 8% THGP significantly increased the loaf volume of bread baked from non-frozen dough when combined with 60 ppm ascorbic acid or 30 ppm KBrO3, but it had a significant effect both with and without ascorbic acid or KBrO3 on frozen-dough bread. A large difference in volume was observed between breads made with and without THGP at the oven-spring, rather than at proofing. CONCLUSION: The addition of 8% THGP increased the loaf volume of bread made from freeze-damaged dough and this effect increased when THGP was combined with 60 ppm ascorbic acid. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry


The study aims at outlining the position of the capital cities and urban agglomerations within the System of the classification of territorial units for statistical purposes used in the European Union. Eurostat data for the different territorial units included in the NUTS 1, NUTS 2 and NUTS 3 levels of the classification is analyzed. The emphasis is on the comparison of the Bulgarian capital Sofia to the capitals of countries comparable to Bulgaria by population and territory and by time of accession to the EU. Conclusions related to the discussion on the feasibility of separating a metropolitan region at NUTS 2 level were made.


Cap polyposis is a rare disorder characterized by bloody, mucoid diarrhea with rectosigmoid polyps covered by a cap of fibrinopurulent exudate. The etiology and pathogenesis of cap polyposis is unknown, and no specific treatment has been established. Drug therapies are usually unsuccessful. Patients with a solitary cap polyp respond well to endoscopic polypectomy, while patients with multiple polyps and concurrent anorectal pathology require surgical resection. However, rapid recurrence has been described after a limited surgical resection, and this necessitates panproctocolectomy. We report a case of a 58-year-old female diagnosed as cap polyposis on rectum with similar clinical and endoscopic features of pseudomenbranous colitis successfully treated with infliximab (murine chimeric monoclonal antibody to TNF- ).


We present the results of an on-line survey that assessed how people associate different music styles and soundscapes with food types. The participants were asked to pair a song/soundscape with one of the food types that were showed as options. They also rated – on a likert scale – how good they thought the sonic stimulus went with their choice of food. Results show that people matched most of sound-food pairs as expected, although some seem to be more influenced by cultural background than others. We believe that these insights may be useful when developing multisensory experiences that are intended to influence human decision-making. For example, a catering facility may use soundscapes to increase the consumption of a certain menu, in order to minimize the production of waste, or simply to foment a more healthy behavior when it comes to food choices.


Pattern of segregation, genetic variability, heritability In the broad-sense, genetic advance under selection for siliquae on main shoot, siliqua length, seeds siliqua - 1 , 1000-seed weight and seed yield plant - 1 and their interrelationships were studied in four F 2 populations of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L Czem and Coss). All the traits showed continuous but asymmetric variation having single peak with wide transgressive segregation. The estimates of genetic parameters were largely influenced by the genotypic background of the crosses. Siliquae on main shoot and seeds siliqua - 1 had positive and significant association with seed yield plant - 1 In all the four crosses. Rest of the correlations were cross specific. In the selection programme, greater emphasis should therefore, be given to siliquae on main shoot and seeds siliqua - 1 .


Publisher Summary Like all other living species, fish are subject to a wide range of different diseases, some of which are of infectious aetiology. Infectious diseases are a consciously present challenge in aquaculture and might cause economic losses as well as problems associated with animal welfare. Fish in aquaculture might encounter infections by viruses, micro-organisms such as fungi and bacteria, or by internal and external parasites. Several viral diseases cause problems in aquaculture on a world-wide basis but since there is virtually no available treatment for such infections, they do not contribute to consumption of therapeutic agents in aquaculture. This chapter discusses the properties of and consumption patterns for antimicrobial agents, anti-parasitic agents, and anesthetics used in aquaculture. Furthermore, the seafood safety aspects and environmental considerations for such agents have also been discussed. The absence of harmful residues of drugs in farmed fish is one of several key issues in providing safe products. On a global basis, much is still to be done in providing a well-regulated and transparent system for drug application and residue control. Considerable success has been obtained with vaccination against bacterial diseases encountered in fish farming. The chapter highlights that to reduce the amount of anti-bacterial agents used, further research and development of vaccines should be undertaken.


The Ili River originates in the Tian Shan Mountains of Northwest China before flowing into Kazakhstan and Lake Balkash. Melting snow and ice are its major contributors. We analyzed glacial changes in the upper Ili River basin between the 1960s and 2007/2009 using topographic maps and satellite imagery from a Landsat TM. The relationships between glacial changes and glacial size, topographic factors, and debris cover were examined. Our results found that total glacial area decreased by 485 ± 177.3 km2 (24.2% ± 8.8%) during the study period, and there were no advancing glaciers. Additionally, 331 glaciers disappeared and 18 disintegrated into two or three smaller glaciers. This study demonstrated a linear relationship between glacial area change and elevation. Changes in glaciers smaller than 1 km2 were affected by both glacial size and topographic factors, while larger ones were affected by size only. Area losses in debris-covered glaciers were smaller by 2.5% to 7.5% compared to clean ice of the same size in this basin. As in other glaciated regions, glacial retreat in the Ili River basin is attributed to global warming. The slightly increasing precipitation over the study period could not offset the ice melting.


The use of cereals is being reexamined as people become more health conscious. When compared to grass cereals, quinoa is richer in proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals and dietary fibers. Quinoa has also been investigated as a food that prevents lifestyle diseases, and is emerging as a promising new food material with health-promoting functions. In the present study, quinoa starch was prepared from quinoa flour, and the basic characteristics of quinoa starch were compared to those of both rice and corn starches.  Quinoa starch was found to be smaller than both rice and corn starch. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that quinoa starch was much finer, and, in terms of particle-size distribution, the average particle-size for quinoa, rice and corn starches was 2. 5, 4. 3 and 9. 8μm, respectively. X-ray diffraction showed that, like rice and corn starches, quinoa starch exhibited a typical type A pattern for cereal starches. The amylose content, as assessed by amperometric titration, for quinoa, rice and corn starches was 18. 7, 12. 7 and 27. 2%, respectively. Photopastegraphy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA) measurements showed that the gelatinization onset temperature was slightly higher than the RVA value for all three starches. When compared to rice and corn starches, the breakdown and set-back values for quinoa starch were particularly lower and did not change much after cooling. Its specific curve indicates that quinoa starch is more resistant to senescence.


A study on muskmelon given CO2 in greenhouse had been carried out in Langfang from 1997 to 1998. The results showed that the main stem turns thicker and the power of disease-resis-tance turned stronger when muskmelon plants grown in the sandy soils in greenhouse were given CO2. It can promote growth of plants and make mature earlier 2-4 days than the normal. The sweet degree was improved 2.3?yield was increased 25-77.8% .


Although corticosteroids are broadly used to treat asthma and allergic disorders, steroids themselves, however, can induce hypersensitivity reactions (IHS) (1). We present the first case of anaphylactic shock reaction due to intravenous methylprednisolone (MP) that occurred during anaesthesia, with positive skin tests and positive basophil activation test (BAT). In July 2007, an 18-year-old female patient experienced anaphylactic shock during general anaesthesia for a dental extraction [tryptase: 38 (N < 15 lg/l) and histamine 359 nmol/l (N < 10 nmol/l)], which was rapidly reversed by epinephrin. The drugs used during anaesthesia were: diazepam, sufentanil, mepivacaine, MP and amoxicillin. The skin tests (prick and intradermal tests – IDT) carried out in January 2008 were negative for latex and every other drug used, but were positive for MP according to the prick test (10 mg/ml) and the IDT (positive at 100 and 10 lg/ml). The BAT analyses, by flow cytometry, the percentage of polynuclear basophils expressing CD203c after in vitro MP re-stimulation compared with the percentage of basophils expressing CD203c without re-stimulation. The patient's BAT was positive at 71% (control 2%). The BAT was negative in two healthy volunteers. We performed a corticoid battery of skin tests and found a positive cross-reaction with hydrocortisone, while the prick and IDT tests were negative for prednisone, betamethasone, prednisolone and beclomethasone. The BAT with prednisone was negative. Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) was not tested in our case. In June 2008, the patient was challenged with prednisone in intensive care unit without allergic reaction. Severe IgE mediated anaphylaxis after intra-venous corticosteroids injection occurs in 0.1% of the patients (2). Corticosteroids have been classified in four reactivity groups (A, B, C and D) based on their structural and clinical characteristics. Our observation suggests that skin tests could be useful for the diagnosis of MP IHS. Carboxymethylcellulose is a carbohydrate widely used as an additive in tablets, cosmetics, some injectable hormone formulations and food. Anaphylaxis to CMC in corticosteroid preparations has been reported (3). However, in our case, there was a cross reactivity with hydrocortisone, which does not contain CMC and excluded a CMC immediate hypersensitivity. Skin tests sensibility for MP anaphylaxis is unknown, but several observations have shown that they could be of interest (2). We have found cross reactivity between MP and hydrocortisone, and two drugs belonging to the A group of corticosteroids, which are frequently involved in corticosteroids IHS. Nevertheless, our patient did tolerate prednisolone, another group A steroid, as previously described (4). Interestingly, the BAT was also positive confirming the patient IgE mediated MP hypersensitivity. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that flow cytometry is a reliable tool for monitoring basophil activation upon allergen challenge by detecting membrane expression of degranulation/activation markers (CD63 or CD203c) (5). BAT seems to be a reliable tool for the diagnosis of IgE mediated allergy to betalactams or muscles relaxants (curare) (6). To our knowledge, BAT has not been yet described as a diagnosis tool for corticosteroids anaphylaxis. Our present case suggests that the BAT could be a sensitive in vitro assay for the diagnosis of MP allergy.


Objectives: This study is aimed to evaluate the correlation between self-reported oral health and caries experience, and to find out factors that affect perceived oral health status and treatment need in Korean male soldiers aged 18 to 24. Methods: The cross-sectional oral health examination and questionnaire survey about the attitude of oral health were conducted (n=2,436). The survey contained self-reported oral health status, self-reported dental treatment need and associated factors. Results: Caries experience like DMFT, DT, FT, and MT indices were significantly different by selfreported oral health status, as well as the self-perceived dental treatment need (P<0.005). Experience rates of ``tooth pain``, ``periodontal pain``, ``tooth hypersensitiveness``, ``gingival bleeding``, ``tooth cavity``, ``oral malodor``, ``need prophylaxis``, ``former dental treatment``, ``smoking`` and ``scaling`` were different by selfreported oral health status and self-perceived dental treatment need (P<0.05). Conclusions: Subjective oral health perception reflected objective oral health status and other oral health related factors.


The circulatory changes associated with diffuse myocardial fibrosis have been studied in 11 patients. The characteristics of this form of congestive failure and its similarities to those manifested by constrictive pericarditis and endocardial fibroelastosis are discussed.


This study involved in-depth exploration of good helping relationships in child welfare. A select sample of six child welfare worker–client dyads was interviewed to determine worker attributes and actions that were key to the development of good working relationships. Innovative features of the research design, such as a multiple interview format with two individual and one joint interview for each worker and client (five interviews per dyad) and opportunities for the worker and client in each dyad to reflect on and respond to the other's interview transcripts, produced rich data and revealed high levels of congruency among workers, clients and researchers about worker relationship competencies. Two categories of themes that emerged from the qualitative analysis are discussed: (1) soft, mindful and judicious use of power; and (2) humanistic attitude and style that stretches traditional professional ways-of-being. Implications for the hiring, education and training, and supervision of child welfare workers are presented.


This study investigates expatriate English teachers' cross-cultural adjustment in Taiwan. Cross-cultural adjustment theories and the differences between Chinese and Western culture are reviewed. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected in order to develop the framework for the study. The process was examined across three facets of adjustment: general, working and interaction with host nation. The study was based on the framework of Black, Mendenhall and Oddou (1991) and develops an empirical cross-cultural adjustment model for native Englishspeaking expatriates who work in Taiwan as English teachers. The framework was successfully implemented by means of questionnaire and interview data and a literature review. The key findings of this study are: 1. Expatriate English teachers' job satisfaction, age, previous crosscultural experience and their motivation for or purpose in coming to Taiwan are the key factors which affect their intention to stay in Taiwan. 2. Expatriate English teachers' Mandarin or Taiwanese language ability has significant effects on their daily activities and social life outside work in terms of general adjustment. 3. Cross-cultural training for expatriate teachers could improve their living conditions in Taiwan in terms of general adjustment. 4. Expatriate teachers who possessed an undergraduate degree had more difficulties in their relationship with school management.


Power Networks are composed of power generation, power transmission and power distribution networks. These are also called electro mechanical system due to the coupling of electrical system with mechanical system. Like any other technological system, power networks are also prone to faults and failures due to this electro-mechanical complex interconnection. In addition, there is a concept of smart grid in modern power networks. Therefore, there is a risk of cyber-attacks\faults on power networks. So, to maintain uninterrupted power, fault diagnosis/ cyber-attack detection in power networks is needed to detect, isolate and estimate the faults. A nonlinear power network is modeled by descriptor system. The descriptor systems require special mathematical techniques to deal its differential algebraic nature. This paper deals the fault detection of power network using nonlinear robust fault diagnosis descriptor approach. The fault diagnosis filters are designed for the detection and estimation of sensor and actuator fault for power networks.


This research aims to test the influence of the tax avoidance of enterprises and the influence of tax avoidance against agency costs manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia stock exchange. The dependent variables in the research was the value of the company and agency costs, and the independent variable is tax avoidance as measured by the proxy ETR and BTD and moderation that is variable transparency information.
This research uses secondary data with the entire population of manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia stock exchange (BEI) in 2014-2016. The sample of the study consisted of 48 companies. The methods used in the selection of the sample is a method of purposive sampling. Model analysis using multiple regression analysis and Moderate Reggresion Analysis (MRA).
Based on the results of the analysis show that tax avoidance by ETR proxy has significant effects and positif against the value of the company. While tax avoidance with BTD proxy has significant effects of the negative against the value of the company. Tax avoidance with ETR proxy has significant effects of the negative towards the cost of the Agency, while tax avoidance with BTD proxy has a significant positive influence towards the cost of the Agency. Then the transparency information also strengthened the relationship between tax avoidance by proxy ETR with corporate values.


Cardiac rupture is cause of death in myocardial infarction. Surprisingly only seventeen successful attempts at operative treatment have been published, with a rather good long term survival. The authors report five cases of cardiac rupture operated upon with two deaths and three long term survivals. Frequency, clinical features and surgical possibilities are discussed with particular insistance on a rather aggressive surgical attitude when considering this complication.


Silicon has been considered as a crucial electrode material for the gradually adaptation of lithium-ion batteries into electrical-vehicle market and further utilizations of the next generation batteries, since silicon anodes can provide both commercial-friendly energy density and excellent cycle stability. Although much progress has been made in the research on silicon nano-negative electrodes, there is a lack of concentrated discussion on the development status and problems of silicon nanowires, especially in consideration of the fact that the 1-D nanowire structure presents an excellent property on volume change. Focusing on the research of Si-NWs structure, this paper will go through the preparation progress and electrochemical performance of Si-NWs, and analyse the new research direction of Si anode fabrication improvement. Attention is also paid to the shortcomings of Si nanowires in improving area capacity and maintaining stable SEI layer. To solve the mentioned problems, latest research progress such as branched silicon structure and fabrics made of nanowires are taken into consideration, aiming to provide more insights for fabricating new Si nanostructures in LIBs. This paper is expected to help researchers better carry out further work on structure and process by summarizing the research progress of silicon nanowires in LIBs and provide inspiration for other research directions.


When the fault lights were detected, the effect of identification and counting accuracy are affected by the complexity and subjectivity of equipment and man-made. In this research, the deep learning object detection model is applied to this field for the first time. According to the characteristics of fault lights, the Faster R-CNN model is improved in this study: The residual network module (ResNet) with deeper network depth is selected to replace the VGG16 network module in the original model, and the embedded feature pyramid network (FPN) is used to extract more rich and robust features. Soft-NMS algorithm is used to reduce the missed detection of intensive fault lights. The results show that the improved Faster R-CNN model has an accurancy of 91.1%, which is 10.6% higher than that of the unmodified Faster R-CNN model. The improved Faster R-CNN model can be used to detect fault lights.


The research program whose results are presented synthetically here was meant to establish the influence of the most important machining conditions on the F H horizontal and F V vertical components of the cutting forces in frontal grinding with pot-shaped blades containing diamond and electrocorundum grains


Processing flow of the conventional floating point addition/subtraction operation consists of several steps, i.e., alignment, addition/subtraction, normalization, and rounding stages in this order. A floating adder/subtractor performing addition/subtraction and IEEE rounding in parallel was presented where any additional execution time nor any high speed adder for rounding operation was not required. But, the sticky-bit, which is generated at the alignment stage, is included in the critical path delay. In this research, a technique to remove the sticky-bit generation from the critical path is proposed. Its hardware model and correctness proofs are provided and evaluated. The proposed floating point adder provides effectiveness in the points of chip area and its execution time.


1 Background. After failure of first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the public sector, delayed 2 or missed second-line ART switch is linked with poor outcomes in patients with advanced HIV. 3 4 Setting: We investigated delayed or missed second-line ART switch following confirmed 5 virologic failure in the largest private sector HIV cohort in Africa. 6 7 Methods. We included HIV-infected adults with confirmed virologic failure after six months of 8 non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor-based ART. We estimated the effect of timing of 9 switch on the hazard of death using inverse probability of treatment weighting of marginal 10 structural models. We adjusted for time-dependent confounding of CD4 count, viral load, and 11 visit frequency. Conclusions. Delayed or missed switch to second-line ART after confirmed first-line ART 23 failure is common in the South African private sector and associated with mortality. Novel 24 interventions to minimize switch delay should be tested and not limited to those with advanced 25 disease at treatment failure.


There are around 3,500 species of mosquitoes all over the world, of which only a couple of hundred species are responsible for various diseases and deaths. However, the general perception in the society is that all mosquitoes are responsible for incalculable misery of human and animal life causing millions of death hindering social and economic development; mosquitoes should be eliminated from planet earth. On the other hand, mosquitoes are found to be important biotic components playing various ecological roles. They act as predator or prey in different food chains and play the role as pollinator and environmental filter. Mosquitoes might have some role as an indirect selection agent for population regulation. Mosquitoes' role must be evaluated in greater ecological and evolutionary perspectives before appreciating and adopting the policy of mosquito eradication programme, if any. A couple of hundred mosquito species is definitely 'evil' to humans, albeit rest of the members of the mosquito world might be 'necessary' in the nature. This review is an attempt to explore the ecological roles of mosquitoes and their importance in different ecosystems.


We report a compact nanosecond source based on optical parametric generation in a periodically-poled Lithium Niobate slab pumped with a Nd3+:YAG/Cr4+:YAG microchip laser at the wavelength 1.064 μm and capable of generating a diffraction-limited beam widely tunable through the mid-IR. The device efficiency is shown to reach 30% at relatively low (units of μJs) pump pulse energy and its spectrum to be narrowed down to 0.2 nm using low-power CW seed provided by a DFB laser.


In this paper, we describe a LIDAR based target classification algorithm by using fusion of reflection intensity, which is adapted for the rules of the Tsukuba Challenge 2013. According to the rule of the Tsukuba Challenge 2013, an autonomous mobile robot has to find a specific standing signboard while navigating a prescribed course area. With the intension of achieving this goal, light detection and ranging (LIDAR) is used to detect both the range and reflection intensity profiles around a mobile robot. The combination of the range and reflection intensity profiles enables the stable and robust identification of a specific standing signboard. To find the standing signboard, we focus on its shape and reflection intensity pattern. The range profile is used to detect the line-like shape, and the reflection intensity is used to detect the reflection pattern on the standing signboard. The proposed target identification algorithm is implemented to find an actual standing signboard and carried out in the actual Tsukuba Challenge 2013 environment. The validity of the proposed algorithm is confirmed through an actual mobile robot experiment.


We thank Afsar1 for his interest in our article2 and for raising an important question about the relationships between urinary albumin excretion and different circadian blood pressure profiles in subjects with hypertension. We found Afsar's suggestion interesting that, if urinary albumin excretion is independently associated with increased nighttime systolic blood pressure, a likely correlation with dipping blood pressure profiles could be expected. We, therefore, performed additional analyses to check this possible relationship. The distribution of dipping blood pressure patterns in our cohort was as follows: 22.3% dippers (n=74), 21.7% isolated systolic nondippers (n=72), 2.7% isolated diastolic nondippers (n=9), and 53.3% patients with both systolic and diastolic nondipping profiles (n=177). We then determined urinary …


The invention discloses an E1 grade environment-friendly moisture-proof urea-formaldehyde resin adhesive for medium-density fiberboards, which is prepared by the following steps: adding formaldehyde into a reaction kettle, and regulating the pH value to 5.0-6.0; adding melamine, then heating to 60 DEG C, and regulating the pH value to 7.0-8.0; adding a first batch of urea, wherein the mol ratio of the formaldehyde to the urea is (2.8-3.4):1; heating to 80-90 DEG C, and adding a second batch of urea after cloud points appear, wherein the mol ratio of the formaldehyde to the sum of the two batches of urea is (1.7-2.1):1; regulating the pH value to 6.0-6.5, and keeping the temperature at 82-85 DEG C until the viscosity is 18-22 seconds; cooling to 70-75 DEG C, and keeping the temperature until the viscosity is 28-32 seconds; regulating the pH value to 7.5-8.2, and adding a third batch of urea, wherein the mol ratio of the formaldehyde to the sum of the three batches of urea is (1.0-1.06):1; and cooling to 35 DEG C, regulating the pH value to 7.5-8.5, and discharging to obtain finished products. When fiberboards are prepared by utilizing the E1 grade environment-friendly moisture-proof urea-formaldehyde resin adhesive, the problem that the fiberboards are easily subjected to swelling deformation in a humid environment can be solved; and the E1 grade environment-friendly moisture-proof urea-formaldehyde resin adhesive has the advantages of water resistance, moisture proofing, low formaldehyde release and environment friendliness.


Abstract A prognostic equation for the mass of condensate associated with large-scale cloudiness introduces a direct coupling between the atmospheric moisture budget and the radiation budget through interactive cloud amounts and cloud optical properties. We have compared the cloudiness, the top-of-the-atmosphere and surface radiation budgets, the radiative forcing of clouds, and the atmospheric general circulation simulated with the Colorado State University general circulation model with and without such a prognostic cloud parameterization. In the EAULIQ run, the radiative effects of cloud water, cloud ice, and snow are considered; those of rain are omitted. The cloud optical depth and cloud infrared emissivity depend on the cloud water, cloud ice, and snow paths predicted by a bulk cloud microphysics parameterization. In the CONTROL run, a conventional large-scale condensation scheme is used. Cloud optical properties depend on the mean cloud temperatures. Results are presented in terms of January and Ju...


The effects of 5 pairs of synthetic auxins and chemically related, but biologically inactive, derivatives (e.g., 2,4‐ and 3,5‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, respectively) on blade growth of the brown alga, Alaria esculenta (L.) Grev.(Laminariales) were studied. The significant result was the inability to divide the growth responses into auxin and non‐auxin groups. At high concentrations (10−3 M) 9 test substances inhibited blade growth; lower concentrations (<10−3 M) were either slightly inhibitory or showed no effect.


There have been a lot of studies about Han-Ok, the Korean-style house, in the perspective of existing Han-Ok's inheritance, but there are no practicality in supply of Han-Ok. The cause is considered the complexity of Han-Ok construction techniques and higher construction expenses comparatively by processing in the restricted range by the shortage of the manufacturing technology of materials. On the contrary, for evolution to the new Han-Ok that can be supplied to the present period, there are studies that is analyzed the connection between sub materials and for possible modeling by formulating of assembling way. Thus, this study try to suggest the CNC process for new Han-Ok construction to secure construction relate to construction technique, which is determined by few expert technicians that is pointed out as problems of Han-Ok.


Medieval and renaissance scholars are now using computers increasingly to prepare inventories and even more complex descriptions, but they are mechanizing previous manual processes rather than taking full advantage of automation, new bibliographic utilities and networks, and the recent development of inform;ltion systems. Nevertheless, there have been some interesting applications in computer-generated convention;ll reference tools for access lo manuscript resources which point to the development of inter;rctive data bases capable of access in machine-readable form through established librilry and archiv;ll information systems. he greatest harrier to humanistic research across cultural boundaries provided by natural language texts or by diversity of pictorial images has been the lack of authority control, standard protocols, format guidelines, and financing of online searching outside one's own institution. Mechanisms are now available for sharing such information via bibliographic networks using the inte...


A new adaptive Differential Evolution algorithm called EWMA-DECrF is proposed. In original Differential Evolution algorithm three different control parameter values must be pre-specified by the user a priori; Population size, crossover and mutation scale factor. Choosing good parameters can be very difficult for the user, especially for the practitioners. In the proposed algorithm the mutation scale factor and crossover factor is adapted using a mechanism based on exponential weighting moving average, while the population size is kept fixed as in standard Differential Evolution. The algorithm was evaluated by using the set of 25 benchmark functions provided by CEC2005 special session on real-parameter optimization. It was compared to standard DE/rand/1/bin version and the two other algorithms also based on exponential weighting moving average; EWMA-DE and EWMA-DECr. Results show that proposed algorithm EWMA-DECrF outperformed the other algorithms by its average ranking based on normalized success performance.


Objective:To investigate the awareness rate of syphilis related knowledge among different types of population in Jiangsu province for further controlling syphilis.Methods:Multi-stage stratified cluster sampling was used to select participants;and questionnaire survey on syphilis related knowledge was conducted among 3 016 participants from 13 cities of Jiangsu province.Results:Among 3 016 participants,the awareness rate of syphilis related knowledge was 67.69;and the highest rate was 86.04% among MSM,while the lowest rate was 54.01% among migrant workers.The awareness rate of syphilis related knowledge in 30~39 age group was the highest,with 74.48%,and the lowest rate of awareness was 53.99% in 20 age group.Participants with the higher educational level reported the more awareness of syphilis related knowledge;and the highest rate was 76.24% among participants with receiving college education or above.Most participants got syphilis related knowledge through television,propaganda and internet.Conclusion:There was a large difference between the awareness rates of syphilis related knowledge among different groups.We should strengthen propagandizing the syphilis prevention knowledge to achieve "Chinese syphilis prevention and control program(2010-2020)".


Cross-conjugated dienones of type 5 (X = I), which are readily available from phenols, undergo radical cyclization (5 --> 6 --> 7), and the products are easily aromatized (7 --> 8), giving substances that are formally derived by radical cyclization onto a benzene ring (cf. eqn. (1)).


Postpartum Haemorrhage is one of the important cause of maternal mortality in both developed and developing countries.  Blood loss of 1000ml or more occur in 1-5% of deliveries.  Internal iliac artery and its branches supply the pelvic organs.  Bilateral ligation of Internal Iliac Artery is one of the life saving surgical technique in case of post partumhaemorrhage.In ourThoothukudi medical college (TKMCH) a tertiary referral centre we did a retrospective study by analyzing the case sheets of patients who underwent Internal Iliac Artery Ligation between Jan 2015 to Dec 2015 to study the effect of Internal Iliac Artery Ligation in Post PartumHaemorrhage.  In our institute totally 13 patients underwent Internal Iliac Artery Ligation during the study period for post partumhaemorrhage.  There was no intra or post operative complications and all patients discharged in good health.  In our study the success rate of internal iliac artery ligation is 100%. Especially in primipara, we retained the uterus thereby future fertility by this conservative surgical technique.   Hence Internal Iliac Artery Ligation still remains an important effective, life saving procedure in Post PartumHaemorrhage.


This lovely moth is well worthy a place in the cabinet of the collector, and is always sure to attract notice and admiration. The larva, of which fig. 27 represents a full-grown specimen, is of a most delicate apple or pea green colour, with a broad, dusky white stripe at each side, bordered with liliac on the lower edge. The body is covered with clusters of green bristles, tipped with a black.


Infant mortality estimates published by the UN in 1988 were obtained directly from vital statistics registers in developed countries and from censuses or sample surveys in most developing countries where vital registration is incomplete. The infant mortality rate for the world as a whole declined from 156/1000 in 1950-55 to 78/1000 in 1980-1985 a drop of 50%. The decline was from 56 to 16/1000 in the most developed regions and from 180 to 88/1000 in the less developed regions. The estimated infant mortality rates in 1950-55 and 1980-85 respectively were 191 and 112/1000 in Africa 125 and 62/1000 in Latin America 29 and 11/1000 in North America 62 and 15/1000 in Europe 182 and 36/1000 in East Asia 180 and 103/10000 in South Asia 67 and 31/1000 in Oceania and 73 and 25/1000 in the USSR. Variations between the highest and lowest infant mortality rates have tended to decline among developed countries but to increase among underdeveloped countries. The mortality decline over the past 30 years was very heterogeneous in Latin America. Chile Cuba Costa Rica Panama and Venezuela all had mortality declines of more that 60%. El Salvador Colombia Paraguay Ecuador Nicaragua Mexico Honduras and Guatemala had declines of 50-60%. The Dominican Republic Brazil Uruguay Argentina Haiti Peru and Bolivia had declines of less than 50%. In 1980-85 Haitis infant mortality rate was 128/1000 Bolivias was 124/1000 and Perus was 99/10000. If the Latin American infant mortality rate for 1980-85 had been the 11/1000 of the US more than 600000 of the 733000 infant deaths occurring in the region each year would have been prevented. 7 of 20 Latin American countries studied had substantially complete death registration while 5 countries at the other extreme had underregistration of over 40%. In only 5 of the 20 countries were more than 80% of deaths registered and with cause of death noted. Costa Ricas infant mortality declined from about 80 to 20/1000 between 1965- 80 remained almost constant until about 1985 and then declined to about 15/1000 at present. The decline of the past few years was similar or slightly greater than that of the developed countries around 1955-60 when their infant mortality rates were similar to those of Costa Rica at present. Costa Rica has made great strides in recent years in preventing infant deaths due to infectious and parasitic diseases acute respiratory infections and malnutrition. But comparisons with developed countries show that infant deaths due to infectious causes could still decline by more than 80% and those due to disorders originating in the perinatal period by 40%.


The interference in the photodetachment of a negative hydrogen ion near two perpendicular elastic surfaces has been studied using the theoretical imaging method. Firstly, we analyze the images of the detached electron caused by the surfaces. Then we put forward an analytic formula for calculating the detached electron probability density and electron flux distribution at a given observation plane. Due to the influence of the two perpendicular elastic surfaces, four detached electron waves which propagate from the ion source to the same point on the detector plane will interfere and lead to an interference pattern in the electron's probability density and flux distribution. Our calculation results suggest that the electron flux distributions on the detector plane are not only related to the electron energy, but also are related to the position of the ion relative to the surfaces. Compared to the photodetachment of a H^- ion near one elastic surface, the oscillatory structure in the flux distribution of our system becomes much more complicated. This study provides a new understanding of the photodetachment process of negative ions in the vicinity of surfaces and may guide future research in photodetachment microscopy experiments.