This paper presents a numerical comparison of stress-strain conditions in solder joints by the application of a unified primary-secondary creep model and state of the art stationary creep model approach. Both extracted material models are fitted on the same set of solder material and measurement results, taken by the authors. So, individual setup influences stay constant. The first model is the commonly utilized Garofalo approach based on a hyperbolic-sine equation [1], the other is a unified viscoplastic constitutive model based on propositions by Chaboché et al. Both material models allow the calculation of mechanical stress and strain condition in dependency on temperature from $- 40^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$ to $150^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$ and strain rates from 1e-6/s to 1e-3/s. Differences in modelling occur in the degree of freedom to integrate materials effects, such as relaxation, stress recovery and hardening. The characterization measurement setup and extraction of material properties has been shown in previous publications [1], [3]. Previous work also already indicated the importance of primary creep, however the vastness of the effect towards component sizes and types is yet to be shown. Therefore a finite-element study has been conducted here to analyze the influence of the modelling approaches in thermo-mechanical application. Geometries of various 2-Pole-SMT components and BGA components have been used. The resulting stress and creep strain progressions in the solder joints are shown for every component. Generally higher strains and lower stresses have been registered with the unified model. The comparison of the resulting strain portions per cycle on a typical chip resistor shows that the accumulated strain increases by approx. 20 % for the unified approach. This difference also largely occurs in the meniscus region of the joints. The results for the BGA variations indicate a 50% increased accumulated strain for the unified approach. Interestingly the bottom portion of the joint towards the substrate pad exhibited heavy increases. For both components the deviations between both modelling approaches are not small or negligible. The work presented here has shown that only the unified model is able to fully describe the primary and the secondary creep state throughout the whole temperature range. The unified model almost identically follows the measured behavior. Hence the stress and strain situation around the solder joint can be modelled more accurately. This is especially important when the joints are surrounded by other rather stiff materials (e.g. IMS or ceramic substrates). Only an accurate solder-modelling can lead to correct damage behavior assumptions. Also only with the correct assumptions and accurate strain calculations a reliable lifetime-model can be established.


Common Criteria certification of SELinux at Evaluation Assurance Level 4 against the Labeled Security Protection Profile(LSPP)[1] and Role-Based Access Control Protection Profile(RBACPP)[2] is intended to advance its acceptance and deployment in the federal sector. SELinux already provides a flexible security policy infrastructure upon which systems that conform to hierarchical Multi-level Security (MLS), as required by LSPP, and role-based access control security policies may be built. However, some RBACPP and LSPP requirements in the user data protection category and their effects on usability make support for features such as polyinstantiated directories, multi-context aware cron, and data import/export restrictions based on device security attributes desirable. This paper presents proposed extensions to SELinux to satisfy some of the LSPP data import/export and RBACPP requirements for Common Criteria certification at EAL4, while maintaining a functional and usable system.


Lions Panthera leo live in fission-fusion groups,with the size of the sub-groups being related to the original pride size and social factors,such as group-size-specific foraging success,cooperative cub defense and group territoriality.We analyzed lion group sizes in the Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Park,a small reserve in South Africa for a period of fifteen years.Group sizes of adult female and adult male lions differ significantly within the reserve.Larger groups of adult females are found in open habitat,whereas in thick vegetation,female groups are small.Male group sizes do not correlate with the type of vegetation,but larger male groups are found in areas with large female groups.Surprisingly,cub group sizes and the number of cubs per female,an estimate for cub survival,do not significantly differ across the reserve.We postulate that differences in adult female group sizes are adaptations to the differences in vegetation structure:in open habitat,large female groups are essential for cooperative hunting,for rearing and protecting their cubs communally and to cope with higher inter-group competition when defending their territory.In contrast,in thick vegetation,inter-group competition is lower,dense cover improves the hunting success and compensates for reduced cub defense of small female groups.As the number of cubs per female is the same throughout the reserve,we suggest that both,open habitat and thick vegetation are of similar quality for lions when they adjust their group size.


As a legal system urging creditors to actively exercise their rights,limitation period of action aroused general concerns in both practice and theory.Because of China' s imperfect legal condition,parties of action can have claim to the benefits of limitation period of action and the court can also actively make judgment according to it.Moreover,we should strictly differentiate among suspension,inter-ruption and parties' reaffirmation of the debts having exceeded the limitation period of action.


The technological development in automotive industry t hat can be observed during the l ast several decades, especially during the last decade, causes that share of a vehicle electrical and electronic equipment constitutes over 30% of its total worth. This equipment essentially affects the safety of the driver and passengers as well as the driving comfort. In order to fulfill the growing requirements in the range of vehicles safety and reliability, conducting of numerous tests of the electrical/electronic e quipment, including tests of electromagnetic compatibility, are necessary. As is known, EMC tests are e xpensive and difficult to reach, mainly due to the necessity of employing very expensive absorber-lined shielded test chambers. For this re ason, there is a need for st udying more accessible and les s expensive EMC test methods, in particular, by using open-area partially shielded test sites (OAPSTS). In this paper, a model of OAPSTS is described. The model ensures that the tested vehicles are partially separated from the envi ronment by shields attenuating electromagnetic waves. These shields have been made of electroconductive fabrics worked out in Poland. Tests of vehicle immunity to electromagnetic radiation have been performed using the model of OA PSTS and t he following vehicles: Skoda Octavia 1,8 and Daewoo Lanos 1,6. Estimation of parameters of the OAPSTS model for four v ariants of absorbers placement has been worked out. The tests have been performed according to EU Directive 2004/104/EC and ECE UN Regulation No. 10.


Microreaction technology was conceived, thanks to the advances on microfabrication
by the semiconductor industry. The �first applications of microchannels
used for performing reactions date back to the early nineties. Since then, many
conferences dedicated to this topic are held worldwide such as the International Microreaction
Technology Conference (IMRET) or the International Conference on
Microchannels and Minichannels. The small dimensions of the microchannels lead
to very high heat and mass transfer rates, reactions are therefore performed very
efficiently on these devices. However, the small dimensions of the channels lead to
high pressure drops. In addition, microchannels are very susceptible to clogging.
This thesis studies the e�ffect of di�fferent microchannel configurations in terms of
mixing, mass transfer, residence time distribution and reaction. The objective is
to design microreactors which incorporate di�fferent structures which make them
efficient in terms of heat/mass transfer, but do not have the issue of high pressure
drop and channel blockage.


Modern pavement rehabilitation and design methodologies require an adequate evaluation of the functional capacity of pavements. A key component of this functional capacity is the roughness of the pavement. The current standard for characterization of a pavement's roughness is the international roughness index (IRI). Pavement roughness measurements were conducted at regular intervals during the application of approximately 5 million equivalent single-axle loads at the WesTrack Project, a full-scale flexible pavement accelerated loading facility located near Reno, Nevada. The results are presented of an investigation into the relationship between pavement roughness and pavement surface distress using WesTrack data. With a sample population of 317 observations, a relationship was found among the roughness (IRI) and the initial IRI, percentage of fatigue cracking, and average rut depth. A test of the relationship with data collected as a part of the Long-Term Pavement Performance Program indicates favorable results.


Abstract The permeability of a saturated porous medium is regarded as a constant during the seepage process in traditional seepage analysis theory. However, it changes constantly during the piping ...


Predictions of the state of global ecosystems on short as well as very long time scales are clearly needed for a host of societally relevant issues involving the stewardship of the world ocean resources and human health. Advances in computational capabilities will offer modelers opportunities to make high temporal and spatial simulations of complex ecosystems and the physical and chemical environment. Finally, it is important to recognise that international cooperation and coordination has been a hallmark of GLOBEC. Globalization of ocean sciences through expanded efforts to share remote sensing, in situ data, and experimental results and models as well as predictions is especially important for the future of interdisciplinary oceanography and its applications for societal benefit.


In order to study the eco-environmental carrying capacity of Beijing-TianjinHebei urban agglomeration, this paper constructed the evaluation indexes system of the urban eco-environmental carrying capacity of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei based on the DPSIR concept model, determined the weights of indexes by entropy method, evaluated the urban eco-environmental carrying capacity combined with TOPSIS method, and analyzed the urban eco-environmental carrying capacity of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei in 2012-2016 through horizontal comparison and longitudinal analysis. The results show that the spatial differences of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei city's eco-environmental carrying capacity are obvious, showing the characteristics of "strong in the middle north and weak in the south". Since 2014, the eco-environmental carrying capacity of 13 cities in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei has been significantly improved, and the effect of eco-environmental governance is remarkable.


Infrared absorption was measured on an NajO-K2O-ZnO-Al2O3-SiO2 glass with up to ∼11 wt% water. Fundamental and overtone-combination bands were observed at 1.41, 1.91, 2.22, 2.87, and 6.1 μm. Molar absorptivities were determined for the hydrated glass for H2O and OH levels using the molar absorptivity calculated for the 2.22-μm band in the as-melted glass. By this procedure the concentration of molecular water and OH groups could be determined separately. These results show that the OH content of the hydrated glass, as determined from the 2.22-μm band, is constant at >7 wt% H2O; additional H2O is attributed to molecular water only. Good agreement was found between these data and H2O/OH molecular ratios obtained from NMR.


Among the many attributes of human performance, few have had as much impact on the lives of individuals as creativity, which has been recognised as the basis for innovation and has many benefits which include improving communication, promoting the exploration of a problem and assisting in developing new ideas, solutions and alternatives. One of the ways in which sport participation is measured, is through sport performance which, in an athletic context, represents the pursuit of excellence. In order to perform well and achieve success in competition and training, it is imperative that athletes possess some degree of self-motivation as well as creativity, which is an intangible element that plays a vital role in separating successful athletes from those who are merely talented. Literature on the creativity of university student-athletes, especially in South Africa, is sparse. The current study intends to contribute to the limited academic literature on creativity regarding university student-athletes by focussing specifically on the environmental barriers perceived by the athletes. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of 500 student-athletes who were eligible to participate in inter-university sports competitions under the auspices of the South African Student Sport Union in the Gauteng Province of South Africa. An analysis of the data identified five underlying factors, namely unchallenging work, insufficient resources, lack of supervisory encouragement, lack of team unity and lack of organisational support. Of these underlying factors, unchallenging work was the only factor that respondents perceived to constitute the greatest barrier to creativity. The reasons why this barrier may be a perceived hindrance to creativity by student-athletes is discussed, and general recommendations, as well as suggested future research possibilities in this regard outlined.


Introduction: Leprosy household contacts (HC) have high chances to develop leprosy. Anti-PGL-I IgM seropositivity also increases the risk of illness. Objectives: Identify neural impairment in leprosy HC by analyzing differences in high-resolution ultrasonographic (US) measurements of peripheral nerves between HC and healthy volunteers (HV). Methods: Seventy nine seropositive household contacts (SPHC), 30 seronegative household contacts (SNHC) and 53 HV underwent dermato-neurological examination and laboratorial analysis, followed by high-resolution US evaluation of cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of the median, ulnar, common fibular and tibial nerves. Results: Neural thickening was clinically observed in only 2% of SPHC and none of the SNHC. None of the HC presented skin lesion, sensory symptoms or muscular weakness. The US evaluation detected neural thickening in 26.5% of the SPHC and only in 3.3% among the SNHC. Among SPHC with thickening detected by US, the mean number of nerves affected was 1.8 per contact, while 53.8% presented mononeuropathy and 46.2% presented multiple mononeuropathy. The nerves most affected were the common fibular and the tibial nerves. The CSA of the common fibular, tibial at the tunnel and tibial proximal to the tunnel were significantly higher in SPHC compared to the other groups, being asymmetrical in the fibular and tibial nerves. SPHC presented a 10.5-fold higher chance of neural impairment. Conclusion: There is a prevalence of neural thickening in SPHC and US in very important to the early diagnosis. The positive anti-PGL-I serology can identify individuals with greater chances of developing leprosy neuropathy, who should be referred for US examination.


PurposeThe paper investigates shoppers' justification behind the showrooming behaviour and proposes an integrated SOR-MOA framework and a SAP-LAP model for a better understanding of the showrooming phenomenon.Design/methodology/approachThe study adopts a qualitative approach. A narrative-based examination followed by an inductive thematic analysis was employed to discover consumers' reasoning behind showrooming.FindingsThe results of the study affirmed the distinction between situational and intentional showrooming conduct. Situational factors have been classified across two categories: store-related (mismanagement at the store, assortment issues) and sales-personal related factors (disrespectful, rude, poor response and dishonest behaviour of the sales staff). However, factors corresponding to intentional showrooming conduct have been characterized as motivational (perceived value, past experience and perceived relative advantage), opportunity (retailer's support and services, channel availability and consumer empowerment) and ability (consumer skills)-related factors in aggregation with the stimulus organism response ideology. In addition, the study also highlights the consequences associated with the showrooming conduct of the shoppers.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings of the study need further exploration and examination through the adoption of a quantitative approach on a large sample size.Practical implicationsThe findings of the study can be utilized by offline retailers for devising strategies to counter showrooming customers and retain them as buyers.Originality/valueThe study emerges as the first piece of research to account for the ability and opportunity perspectives for better understanding of showrooming.


Part I.
Values of the total conductivity for air in turbulent flow were originally reported without regard to effects of viscous dissipation. The reported values were corrected for such effects by utilizing measurements taken at the time of the original investigation. The total conductivity obtained by taking into account dissipation effects was found to be independent of the average temperature gradient with which measurements were made.

Part II.
The heat transfer characteristics from a 0.001-inch diameter
platinum wire in the boundary flow about a 1-inch copper cylinder were measured at Reynolds numbers, based on the cylinder diameter of about 1750, 3500 and 7100. The results are presented in terms of the Nusselt number for the wire as a function of position for the three Reynolds numbers investigated. Comparison of the measured Nusselt numbers with values predicted from calculated velocity distributions
indicate that, in the vicinity of the cylinder wall, the Nusselt number is not a unique function of the Reynolds number based on the wire diameter.


Aliphatic aldehydes were deuterated at the α-position via a base-catalyzed exchange reaction with D2O. These deuterated building blocks were used for the synthesis of labelled analogues of quorum sensing signal molecules belonging to the three major classes of naturally occurring N-acylated homoserine lactones (AHLs), with the label on a non-enolizable and therefore stable position. Besides the application of these stable isotope-labelled AHLs as a labelled standard for analysis via isotope dilution mass spectrometry, these compounds can be used to study the metabolic fate of the fatty acid tail of the AHL-molecule. These isotope-labelled compounds were fully characterized and used to synthesize the deuterated analogues of two commonly occurring AHL-degradation products, a tetramic acid and a ring opened N-acyl homoserine.


For an efficient and less painful photodynamic therapy (PDT), a light emitting fabric (LEF) was woven from plastic optical fibres (POF) aiming at the treatment of dermatologic diseases such as Actinic Keratosis (AK). The traditional PDT treatments applied with external light sources deliver a non-uniform light distribution on the skin surface due to the anatomical particularity of the human body (head vertex, hand, etc.). Therefore a successful PDT obligates a homogenous and reproducible light delivery. With this purpose, plastic optical fibres (POF) have been woven in textile in order to create macro-bendings and thus emit out the injected light directly to the skin. To improve the light intensity and light emitting homogeneity of the LEF, Doehlert Experimental Design is applied. Fifteen experiments performed to analyze the response surface. Light properties of the prototypes were evaluated. The proposed models fitted well with the experimental data and enabled the optimal set up the warp yarns tensions. This study showed that RSM was a suitable tool to optimize the models of light diffusion properties.


The first part of the article is a general critique of radical media/cultural studies; the second is an illustration of these criticisms detailed through analysis of one media student's treatment of a newspaper. In general, the authors find media studies do not establish that their reading of materials is the reading made by media consumers; that the bias they allege in the media is not significant; that they set up a false and irrelevant model of what the media producers are trying/claiming to do; that they displace the technical-professional interests of media producers with their own ideological interests and that their analysis of texts is crude. In particular, they show how trivial identifications are turned into significant ones; how items are transformed in their transfer from media page to media criticism page; and how readings of a media text are argumentatively and constrastively organized. In summary it is argued that such plausibility as the media critics' arguments possess derives not from the accuracy but from the presentational organization of their analysis.


Based on the mean field approximation, a model has been worked out for the description of evolution of carbonitride precipitate ensemble with various composition in steels at the stages of their growth, dissolution and coarsening. Based on the numerical realization of this model, the calculations of growth and dissolution kinetics of carbonitrides in a Fe-Nb-V-C-N system have been carried out.


Models for predicting the solubility of drugs in monosolvents and their mixtures have a practical importance in design and development of new products in pharmaceutical industries. Thus, present investigation pertains to the utility of a correlative model for solubility prediction of etoricoxib (ETR). The molar solubilities of ETR in a number of monosolvents and various mass fractions of their binary aqueous solvent mixtures were determined using the shake-flask method at 298.2 K. Densities of ETR saturated solutions in the monosolvents and their binary solvent mixtures were measured and then correlated using a well-established method proposed by Jouyban and Acree. Overall mean percentage deviations (OMPDs) between experimental and predicted values were 3.4 % for the molar solubilities and 0.1 % for the densities of the saturated solutions.


This case report describes the Direct pulp capping (DPC) of deep carious lesion in mandibular left first permanent molar. A 19 year old female patient reported to the department of conservative dentistry and endodontics, had sensitivity to cold beverages and mild pain on chewing. Clinical examination revealed extensive coronal caries extending to pulp. Tooth was mature and no radiographic pathological finding was found i.e absence of radiolucency in the periapical region and absence of periodontal ligament space thickening. Pulp sensitivity was confirmed by thermal pulp test and Electric pulp test (EPT). Diagnosis of reversible pulpitis was made. Treatment included caries removal under rubber dam isolation, capping of exposure site with Biodentine and sealing with permanent restoration, At 3months, 6 months and 1 year follow up tooth was functional and had normal response to cold test and did not have sensitivity to percussion.


The somewhat overwhelming sea of over-the-counter cold and flu treatments, not to mention the uncertainty over which multiple concurrent symptom to treat first, will have many customers turning to their pharmacist for trusted advice and guidance.


The linearized orbit radial dynamics and stability analysis of a two-craft virtual Coulomb structure at Earth–moon libration points are investigated. The linearized study assumes that the sunlit areas of the two-craft structure are equal such that the differential solar radiation pressure on the formation is zero. The relative distance between the two satellites of the Coulomb tether is controlled using electrostatic Coulomb forces. The separation distance between the satellites is stabilized with a charge feedback law that maintains the relative distance at a constant value. The electrostatic virtual tether between the two craft is capable of both tensile and compressive forces. The gravity gradient torques on the formation due to the two celestial objects is exploited to stabilize the Coulomb tether formation in the orbit radial direction. Controlling the separation distance stabilizes the in-plane rotation angle; however, the out-of-plane rotational motion is not affected by the spacecraft charge contr...


The invention provides a dispersant and a preparation method thereof. The dispersant comprises: 350 to 480 portions of naphthalene, 450 to 605 portions of sulfuric acid, 155 to 187 portions of formaldehyde, 285.5 to 343 portions of liquid caustic soda and proper amount of water. The method for preparing the dispersant comprises the steps of sulfonation, hydrolysis, condensation, neutralization, concentration, drying and grinding. The processing process is simple, the product has stable quality, a spin-dry procedure (a filter cake is directly poured out in the prior process) is added, a drier device is added to perform spin-dry processing on the prior directly poured filter cake, and the poured feed liquor is collected and used in the way. The preparation method increases the single-autoclave output and reduces the production cost.


Epidemiology of Airborne Virulent Rhodococcus equi at Horse Breeding Farms. (December 2011) Kyle Ryan Kuskie, B.S., Texas A&M University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Noah Cohen Rhodococcus equi causes severe pneumonia, resulting in disease and sometimes death of foals. Infection is thought to occur by inhalation of dust contaminated with virulent R equi. A recent study of 3 horse breeding farms in Ireland found airborne concentrations of virulent R equi to be significantly higher in stables than in paddocks. More importantly, another study from Australia established an association of airborne concentrations of virulent R equi with the prevalence of R equi pneumonia at 28 farms. The extent to which these associations extend to other farms in different parts of the world is not known. Two farms in central Kentucky with recurrent R equi pneumonia in foals were studied from February through July 2008. Air samples were collected and environmental factors were measured hourly for a 24-hour period each month from stalls and paddocks used to house mares and their foals at each farm. In 2009, samples were collected from 47 foals from stalls at a single horse-breeding farm in central Kentucky on days 1-2, days 7-9, and days 14-16 of life. Concentrations of airborne virulent R equi were determined via a modified colony immunoblot technique.


In this paper, we present a non-linear binary programing for optimizing a specific cost in cellular manufacturing system in a controlled production condition. The system parameters are determined by the continuous distribution functions. The aim of the presented model is to optimize the total cost of imposed sub-contractors to the manufacturing system by determining how to allocate the machines and parts to each seller. In this system, DM could control the occupation level of each machine in the system. For solving the presented model, we used the electromagnetic meta-heuristic algorithm and Taguchi method for determining the optimal algorithm parameters.


The visible light mediated photoredox transformation of tertiary amines (I) to azomethine ylides and subsequent cycloaddition with maleimide derivatives as dipolarophiles proceeds under mild conditions resulting in the simultaneous and diastereoselective formation of two C-C single bonds.


Huntington's disease (HD) is a late-onset neurodegenerative disorder caused by a polyglutamine expansion in huntingtin, a protein of unknown function. Transgenic models expressing a portion or full-length human huntingtin have been generated to unravel the mechanism through which the mutation causes the symptoms and the selective cell death characteristic of HD. We review here advances in the understanding of HD made possible by transgenic models and the means by which they implicate polyglutamine aggregation in the pathology of triplet repeat disorders.


In this paper, according to the principle of forest ecology, a singular model on DBH(diameter at breast height)growth is proposed. First, using the theory of singular systems, the condition of the stability and the regularity of the model are given. Based on the principle of variable structure control, the controller is designed to make the forest resources utilize. Finally, some simulations are carried out to prove the results.


This research focuses on the need for interfacial engineering at the carbon nanotube/polymer composite interface in the effort to obtain enhanced mechanical properties. The mechanical properties of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs)/poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanocomposites were studied as a function of both nanotube concentration and surface treatment. One method, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), was successfully used to produce a PMMA conformal coating (using methyl methacrylate monomer) on multiwall carbon nanotubes. Excellent suspensions of MWNTs in organic solvents were achieved via the PMMA coating. The coated-MWNTs were dispersed into PMMA via melt mixing and orientation was achieved by melt drawing. The overall set of mechanical properties indicates that while the conformal polymer coating had a significant effect on the mechanical properties at a 1% concentration of nanotubes as compared to the uncoated nanotube composites, suggesting improved interfacial adhesion between the nanotube and the matrix material. However, the mechanical properties of the 1% coated nanotube composite were not significantly better than those for pure PMMA. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102:1413–1418, 2006


Inrecentyears,gravitoelectromagnetismhasbeenusedtostudycircularorbitsinblackholespacetimesandtobetterunderstandthepossiblegeneralrelativisticdefinitionsofinertialforceswhichcorrespondtovariousaspectsofthemuchsimplerNewtonianconcept. Inparticular,theFrenet-SerretmachinerywhichissousefulindecomposingforcesinEuclidean3-spaceinclassicalmechanicscanbeintroducedatthespacetimelevelorinarelativeobserverpointofviewbasedeitheronthelocalrest spaces of the family of test observersused to split spacetime or on the localrestspaceofthetestparticleunderstudy,andineachofthesecases,usingvariousintrinsic derivatives along the test particle world line. All of these complicationsdisappear in the nonrelativistic limit, while many of them do in the limit of anonrotatingblackhole.Theideaofanonrotatingreferenceobserverisalsocrucialinthenonrelativis-tic analysis of centripetal/centrifugalforces, but at the spacetime level one mustalsodistinguishbetweentheintrinsicrotationofeachobserver(asmeasuredbytherotationofitsaccelerationandtorsionvectorswithrespecttotestgyros)andtherotationalproperties of their collective motion (vorticity). The 'locally nonrotat-ing observers'(zero vorticity), also calledthe 'zero-angular-momentumobservers'(ZAMOs),areratherfamiliarinblackholespacetimes,buteventhesehavenonvan-ishingintrinsicrotationinthefieldofarotatingblackhole. Intrinsicallynonrotatingobserverssharingthestationaryaxisymmetrypropertiesofthesespacetimesdonoteven exist in general, although they do in the equatorial plane. In general mini-mally intrinsically rotating observers(MIROs) are the best one can do to reducethe effects of the rotational geometricaleffects of rotating black hole spacetimes.Webrieflyrecallthemainideasofthisdiscussionhere.Theunittimelike4-velocity


A quasi-optical cavity is designed for harmonic operation of gyrotrons. Lower harmonics are suppressed by exploiting their larger diffraction losses, and the field amplitude is kept below the breakdown value by taking advantage of the focusing properties of the radiation in the resonator.


The present invention sapseol the present invention relates to door locks for automobiles, and more particularly, to overlap with the installed lock lever and the deadlock provided a rakpin of the central locking lever the deadlock link passing through the elongate slot of the cover slot portion, the rakpin deadlock according to the conveyance of the link by ensuring that in the alternative position to the restriction region or release region is formed in part deadlock slot, a car door locking device for having a deadlock feature, such that selectively achieved by the switching of the lock lever and the connection lever via the locking knob relate to.


Ubiquitous computing offers a compelling vision, in which computers vanish into the environment, using sensors to infer their context, and then using dynamically available actuators to influence their environment. This vision has proven as difficult as it is compelling. In this paper, we first outline the vision, then highlight what we believe are the main hurdles preventing its realization, and then present a new paradigm to help overcome these hurdles within a particular subset of inferencing, inferring the activity of humans in their environment. Existing prototypes indicate that the paradigm is a fruitful one - the issues and challenges inherent in going beyond these first steps are described.


An analysis of the 1997 Geoacoustic Inversion Workshop test case data was carried out to benchmark the performance of a Genetic Algorithm (GA) inversion code called SAGA_INV.1 The inversion program made use of Westwood's ORCA propagation model,2 FORTRAN subroutines, and Interactive Data Language (Research Systems Inc. IDL). SAGA_INV is capable of performing inversions with either Simulated Annealing (SA) or GA optimization schemes; however, only the GA portion of the code has been benchmarked with the workshop test cases at the present time. Not all of the workshop test cases were processed: this study was concerned only with the CAL, SD, SO, AT, and WA data sets. The CAL data was processed using three different cost functions: (i) standard Bartlett processor, (ii) a broadband coherent processor, and (iii) a transmission loss mismatch function. These processors were applied to three frequency bands: (i) 76 frequencies between 25 Hz and 100 Hz, (ii) nine frequencies between 28 Hz and 36 Hz, and (iii) 13 frequencies between 44 Hz and 56 Hz. The latter two frequency regimes were intended to simulate 1/3-octave bands centered at 32 Hz and 50 Hz, respectively. Four different receiving arrays were simulated: (i) a 1550 m aperture horizontal, bottom mounted array at approximately 1-km range, (ii) a similar array at approximately 4.2-km range, (iii) a 55-m aperture 12-element vertical array located at 1-km range, and (iv) a similar vertical array at 5-km range. In addition to processing the CAL data set, all three subcases of the SD, SO, AT, and WA data sets were also processed; however, only the transmission loss cost function and the two simulated 1/3-octave bands were considered for these test cases.


In order to study vertical acceleration decay laws of ground vibration,the field vibration induced by an impetus locomotive CRH2 were measured on the SuiYu ballastless truck.Through establishing the empirical formula of vertical vibration acceleration level decay laws on the basis of least-squares criterion,the analysis showed that a first-order exponential function is better than a quadratic polynomial function to fit the experiment data.Based on EMD and HHT,comparative analysis showed that using marginal Hilbert spectrum to study the ground vibration is more suitable than using Fourier spectrum.


The article discusses the systematic approach to improving the methodical competence of a university teacher. The essence of the basic concepts of the research is revealed. The aspects of integrity of the pedagogical system are substantiated. Particular attention in the article is paid to the methodical activity of a university teacher, modern organizational forms of methodical work, and methods of teaching adults which contribute to the effective improvement and self-improvement of the teacher's professional and pedagogical activity.


A garden pruner for cutting grasses comprises a host machine, a wheel subassembly and an extended handle, wherein, the casing of the host machine is internally provided with a power supply, a first microswitch, an electric motor, as well as a first switch button and a first self-locking push button for starting and stopping the electric motor. The power outputted by the electric motor drives a shearing mechanism through a gear case and an eccentric mechanism; the casing is also provided with a pair of casing pole pieces, a switch pressure lever and a second microswitch; the bottom of the casing is connected with the wheel subassembly which comprises a base, wheel seats, wheels, etc. in a dismountable way, and locating piece pole pieces on the casing butt the casing pole pieces; the extended handle is connected to the wheel subassembly in the dismountable way along a plurality of angles, and position block pole pieces on the extended handle butt the locating piece pole pieces; the position block pole pieces are electrically connected with a third microswitch, and the electric motor is started up by the second switch button and the second self-locking push button. The design has three application modes which can be applied separately or in a combined way according to different purposes, thereby enlarging the range of application and being convenient to use. A lithium battery is used as the power supply, with good environment-friendly performance; the shearing mechanism can be interchanged, one machine has multiple functions, and a double-safety switch has good security.


A PREVIOuS study of the effects of thyroidectomy and thyroid feeding on the lactation of cows has shown that the thyroid gland has a marked influence on the production of milk and milk-fat by the cow [Graham, 1934]. Rises in milk and milk-fat production were shown when desiccated thyroid glands were added to the diet either of thyroidectomised animals or normal animals which were past the peak of the lactation cycle. Milk-fat production appeared to be more closely related to the action of thyroid than was milk secretion. The experiments suggested some relationship between milk-fat formation and metabolic rate. In investigating this action more fully, it was thought advisable to pin it down, if possible, to thyroxine. If thyroxine were actually shown to reproduce the results found after feeding the dried glands, there are several possible mechanisms by which its activity in this direction could be exercised. If it is an effect directly due to changes in metabolic rate, it ought to be possible to bring about a similar effect with nitrophenols.


Background Data: Several methods of treatment of odontoid fractures have been used. These have ranged from rigid immobilization to atlantoaxial fusion. Odontoid screw osteosynthesis is gaining popularity. Purpose: To define the efficacy and safety of odontoid screw fixation in the management of odontoid fractures and to report the clinical and radiological results. Study Design: A prospective cohort study of odontoid fractures treated with odontoid screw osteosynthesis. The study was conducted in Cairo university hospital, Egypt and AOA Neuro-spinal Centre, Libya in the period from January 2007 to October 2010. Patients and Methods: Over the period from January 2007 to October 2010, twentytwo patients, 17 males and 5 females, with a mean age of 32.5 years were included in this study. These were 19 odontoid type-II and 3 shallow type-III fractures. All patients underwent odontoid screw fixation using a single screw.Results: Mean operative time was 80 minutes and mean blood loss 150 ml Patients were followed for a mean period of 20.6 months. Nineteen patients (87%) obtained a good or excellent result on the Smiley Webster scale. Fourteen patients (64%) obtained a bony union, 7 (32%) a stable fibrous union and one patient (4%) developed a pseudoarthrosis. One patient had a misplaced screw that was successfully revised and another patient had displacement of the screw with re-displacement of the fracture at three months follow up. He had removal of the screw and underwentatlanto-axial fusion. Conclusion: This study has proven the efficacy and safety of odontoid screw osteosynthesis in selected types of odontoid type II and shallow type III fractures. (2012ESJ024)


This study explores the mediating role of customer imitation behaviour in the relationship between customer buying behaviour and determinants of effective celebrity endorsement advertisements. Along with major celebrity characteristics, the study has incorporated personal characteristics and characteristics of customers' social environment as antecedents to imitation. The article shows that attractiveness and credibility of the celebrity affect the attitude towards advertisements through the mediating role of imitation behaviour, implying that celebrity advertisements can be created in ways that stimulate customer imitation. The article further demonstrates that celebrities for endorsements can be selected according to personal characteristics of the target audience. Finally, the study reinforces the role of attitude towards celebrity advertisement in shaping the purchase intentions of customers.


A process for the preparation of cured cast articles steel components, characterized by the following process steps: - providing a hardened high-strength steel member produced by hot forming and press hardening (1), - At least portion-wise introduction of the steel component (1) into a mold, - casting around the portion located in the mold (3) with a light alloy for producing a casting (14) - removal of the steel component (1) with cast-molded body (14) and - Thermal joining of the casting body (14) having a frame member and / or with other cast articles (14).


Alongside the evolution of technology timeline, environmental protection and energy sustainability significantly guide the research feast toward the high-performance green energy resources and technologies. Alternatives to the fossil fuels that emit harmful greenhouse gases become desired, in which the thermoelectric (TE) materials have played an inevitable role since the 1960s. One of TE technology features is the waste heat recovery via the Seebeck effect, which allows the conversion between thermal energy and electricity. Such a TE generator produces precious electrical energy from any arbitrary interfaces where a temperature gradient exists, simultaneously boosting energy usage efficiency while eases global warming. Many TE materials are being explored for power generation applications, such as GeTe, PbTe, Bi2Te3, [8] and silicides. Moreover, the TE cooler, which utilizes the Peltier effect, emerges as a vital spot-cooling device assembled by all-solid-state materials. With the advantages of refrigerant-free and size-minimization, the TE cooler exhibits the advantages of refrigerant-free and size-minimization, which can be used as the next-generation cooling technology. After more than 60 years of development, the practical application and potential coverage of TE technology are comprehensive. Nevertheless, a TE material's thermal-to-electric efficiency is still required to be boosted. In general, the TE figure-of-merit zT 1⁄4 ðS2σÞT=κ positively relates to the performance of TE materials, in which the S is the Seebeck coefficient, σ 1⁄4 ρ 1 refers to the electrical conductivity, and κ 1⁄4 κe þ κL þ κb comprises the total thermal conductivity κ, lattice thermal conductivity κ, and bipolar thermal conductivity κb, respectively. Most importantly, the S, σ, and κe have the carrier concentration nH as a common factor, which correlates and depends on each other. Therefore, the counterbalance between the thermal and electrical transport properties is essential to attain high zT values, which could be fulfilled by band structure engineering, carrier optimization, filtering effect,, and so on. In parallel, the reduction in κL also paves the way toward highperformance TE materials, mainly accomplished by all-scale defect engineering and alloying effect. Those imperfections introduce multiscale roadblocks, such as the interstitial/ antisite defect, dislocations, nanoprecipitates, and grain boundaries, aiming to impede the phonons with different wavelengths. Countless efforts bring the breakthroughs of zT value in succession. The peak zT grows less than unity in the 1960s to greater than 2.5 after 2015, whose progress is slow yet steadily. Complex TE materials with various dopants are the primary targets, while different approaches can be adopted. The P.-Y. Deng, W.-T. Yen, Y.-F. Tsai, I.-L. Jen, B.-C. Chen, Prof. H.-J. Wu Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com P.-Y. Deng, W.-T. Yen, Y.-F. Tsai, I.-L. Jen, B.-C. Chen, Prof. H.-J. Wu Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan


Delegates of the 2022 Symposium on Dementia and Brain Aging in Lowand Middle-Income Countries, representing over 40 countries, met in Nairobi, Kenya, December 5–9 to highlight advances in dementia prevention, diagnosis, care, and research, as well as explore the future needs of the global community. Dementia poses amajor threat tooptimal brain health and remains a priority for the demographically ever-changing worldwide population. It incurs substantial individual, societal, and global costs. By 2030, the majority of the78millionpeoplewithdementiawill be living in lowand middle-income countries (LMICs). Upon consideration of these grave statistics and new diagnostic paradigms with available prevention and treatment strategies, we, the undersigned delegates of the symposium, including the Organizing Committee and speakers, and the African Dementia Consortium (AfDC), with frontline and lived experience, call upon the global community, including governments, policymakers, international economic forums, health and social care providers, together with private and public research funding agencies, researchfocused organizations such as universities, nongovernmental organizations, and technology and pharmaceutical companies, to act as follows:


The generalized eguation that describes the yield stress dependence upon the grain size in the wide range of grain sizes has been obtained. There are two critical grain sizes that corresponds to the changes in strengthening mechanism. The equation includes Hall - Petch relation in the range of d>dcr1. For dcr1>d>dcr2, the power in the Hall - Petch relation varies from -1/2 to -1. In a nanometer (nm) range (d<dcr2) there are posibileties of softerning (in case of "weak" boundaries) as well as significant strengthening (in case of "srtong" boundaries).


Several methods of character analysis and classification for pulse condition are studied with the use of statistics theory. There methods are applied to character abstraction. Pulse condition is analyzed in time, frequency and wavelet domain. Two classifications methods are used, namely back-propagation neural network (BPNN) and fuzzy neural network (FNN). Withdrew pulse condition characteristic to use the many kinds of different signal analyzing method, mainly analyzed the way is, the time domain characteristic withdrew, frequency domain analysis and wavelet domain analysis. On the other hand, has studied several kind of classifications, has carried on the contrast through the experiment to the different characteristic validity and the different classification performance. The experimental result indicated that, the time domain characteristic withdraw the method to be better.


In the global economy of today, the United States is losing high paying manufacturing jobs to foreign competition. Fortunately, developments in the natural gas sector of the energy industry has created an opportunity to somewhat offset this trend. Investors are finding it profitable to develop storage facilities located in close proximity to industrial, commercial, and residential users. Salt domes are one type of storage facility that both protects natural gas from the entry of contaminates and safely retains stored gas until it is ready for distribution. This report presents the regional economic impact of one such facility from its construction to its operation. Facilities such as this not only provide excellent employment opportunities themselves, but also help to sustain general business activities and support governments in communities where they are located. Furthermore, their economic impact is not just limited to their direct expenditures, but extends to the indirect and induced effects resulting from an intertwined, interdependent economy.


This study discusses the institutional investors' shareholding base on corporate governance system in Taiwan. The sample was 4760 Taiwanese companies from 2005 to 2012. Then, this study established six hypotheses to investigate the effects of corporate governance on institutional investors' shareholdings. The panel data regression model and piecewise regression model were adopted to determine whether six hypotheses are supported. For sensitive analysis, additional consideration was given on the basis of industrial category (electronics or nonelectronics), and the 2008–2010 global financial crises. This study discovered that a nonlinear relationship exists between the domestic institutional investors' shareholdings. The managerial ownership ratio and blockholder ownership ratio have positive effects both on domestic and foreign institutional investors. However, domestic and foreign institutional investors have distinct opinions regarding independent director ratios. Finally, the corporate governance did not improve institutional investors' shareholdings during financial crisis periods; instead, they paid more attention to firm profits or other characteristics.


Objective To analyse the Clinical features of fungal rhinosinusitis and valuate the effectiveness of nasal endoscopic surgery for fungal rhinosinusitis.Methods A retrospective study was carried out among 172 cases with fungal rhinosinusitis treated by endoscopic sinus surgery in our hospital.Results All cases were followed one to six years after nasal endoscopic surgery.15 of them were lost to follow up.5 of them had recurrence one year later,and had second surgeries.The rest of them were cured and none of them have serious complication.Conclusions Fungal rhinosinusitis with sputum streaked with blood had to differential diagnosis for nasopharyngeal carcinoma and tumor of paranasal sinus.Preoperative paranasal sinus CT scanning holds very significant diagnostic and endoscopic sinus surgery is very effective for surgical treatmeat of this kind of lesion.


The article observes the monograph of N. Kovtun "Trickster as a hero of our time. On the Material of Russian Prose of the Second Half of the 20th – 21st Century", where the attributive signs of the trickster archetype (ambivalence, vitality, the role of a mediator, liminarity, creativity, connection with the sacral) are summarized and supplemented. Each of these characteristics is convincingly substantiated on the basis of other researchers' works. The conceptual and semantic field of tricksterism is revealed with the help of the analysis of the main motives – the path, insecurity, duality, resourcefulness, moral ambivalence, high adaptability.The relevance of this type and its signs as a hero of time is substantiated by both aesthetic and socio-historical grounds. Modern man is under enormous pressure, therefore the researcher indicates the crisis of the main literary trends, and concludes that the vital potential of the image of a modern rogue is the most viable.The author has analyzed a large amount of empirical material of the 20th – 21st centuries considering characters with signs of a trickster in the works of A. Solzhenitsyn, V. Shukshin, V. Makanin, M. Tarkovsky, O. Bitov, L. Ulitskaya, T. Tolstoy. The present stage indicates the trend of trickster depersonalization. As the rhetorical figure has acquired an independent communicative subjectivity, the question about the trickster's depersonalization and transformation into the category of a concept hero arises.


The article presents some thoughts related to the knowledge, discourse and teaching action triad, which constitutes part of the results from a PhD research. Its purpose is to understand the sense that philosophy teachers have built in relation to both learning and teaching of this subject, underlying in the shaping of knowledge for the school. As data collection techniques, the qualitative, hermeneutical research uses in-depth interview and analysis of the participants' teaching materials. The main results show that there is a permanent tension between the teaching knowledge coming from institutionalized pedagogical mechanisms obeying an instrumental rationality and the knowledge that is shaped from the intimate experience of the subject and its teaching. This tension shows that teachers are not just theory or curriculum practitioners, but


An attempt was made to establish the relative immunogenicity of various heterologous erythrocytes in the mouse. The immune response to multispecies red cells was examined by zone centrifugation of the antibodies, and by studying cross-reactivity between the varioys erythrocytes, time-course of haemagglutinin formation, and finally, antigen dose—antibody response relationships. As compared to sheep erythrocytes, goat erythrocytes were found to have a greatly reduced agglutinability, which merely simulated a reduced immunogenicity. However, erythrocytes from gerbil and hamster proved to be genuinely weaker antigens in the mouse. For alkylating agents, anti-metabolites and anti-mitotic compounds the drug-sensitivity of the immune response to cells of different antigenicity was not altered.


Kagome metals are reported to exhibit remarkable properties, including superconductivity, charge density wave order, and a large anomalous Hall conductivity, which facilitate the implementation of spintronic devices. In this work, we study a novel kagome metal based on Mn magnetic sites in a KMn$_3$Sb$_5$ stoichiometry. By means of first-principles density functional theory calculations, we demonstrate that the studied compound is dynamically stable, locking the ferromagnetic order as the ground state configuration, thus preventing the charge-density-wave state as reported in its vanadium-based counterpart KV$_3$Sb$_5$. Our calculations predict that KMn$_3$Sb$_5$ exhibits an out-of-plane (001) ferromagnetic response as the ground state, allowing for the emergence of topologically protected Weyl nodes near the Fermi level and nonzero anomalous Hall conductivity ($\sigma_{ij}$) in this centrosymmetric system. We obtain a tangible $\sigma_{xy} = 314$ S$\cdot$cm$^{-1}$ component, which is comparable to that of other kagome metals. Finally, we explore the effect of the on-site Coulomb repulsion ($+U$) on the structural and electronic properties and find that, although the lattice parameters and $\sigma_{xy}$ moderately vary with increasing $+U$, KMn$_3$Sb$_5$ stands as an ideal stable ferromagnetic kagome metal with a large anomalous Hall conductivity response.


OF THE THESIS MEMEM'S ARGENTINA: ECONOMIC REFORM AND DEMOCRACY IN THE LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY by Mariano J. Beillard Florida International University, 1995 Miami, Florida Professor Dario Moreno, Major Professor A study of the possible correlation between drastic neoliberal economic reform and the undermining of democratic mechanisms in late twentieth century Argentina. The adoption of free market mechanisms, within the Modern Political Economy theoretical perspective, may tend to erode the workings of western style democracy leading to a situation of increased domestic sociopolitical and economic tensions in Argentina. The foregoing is especially applicable as the continues to endeavors to maintain its neo-liberal economic reform program


A wideband, compact, corrugated feed horn for L-band (1-2 GHz) has been designed, built and tested. The feed has average illumination tapers of -9.6 dB from 1.0-2.0 GHz and -10.3 dB from 1.2-2.0 GHz. Cross-polarization is < -27.0 dB over the entire frequency band. Measured return loss is -16 dB at 1.0 GHz and better than -20 dB above 1.03 GHz. Calculated aperture efficiency on the VLA antenna is 0.45 at 1.4 GHz and 0.54 at 2.0 GHz.


Low-sulfur coal from the Powder River Basin (PRB) deserves much of the credit for the dramatic improvements in US air quality over the past 30 years. The challenge for today's boiler designers is to competitively design new-and adapt existing-steam generators to reap the fuel's substantial environmental benefits while limiting its operational risks.


Music is increasingly recognised as important in facilitating healthy ageing, yet little is known of what musicians themselves learn when they teach older adults. This article reports the practices of the Rhythm for Life project at the Royal College of Music in the UK, in which conservatoire students taught 10-week programmes of group instrumental music lessons to adult beginners aged between 46 and 90 years. In order to interrogate what four student-teachers learned from their engagement with the project, qualitative data were collected through open-ended questionnaires, diaries and video-stimulated recall interviews. Findings demonstrated that the student-teachers reformulated the ways in which they thought about and taught older adult learners, and developed skills and knowledge relevant to a wide range of educational contexts. The article concludes that models similar to Rhythm for Life, where conservatoires facilitate opportunities for students to teach older adults, may be an effective means of establishing meaningful learning experiences for music students and older adults alike.


Realizing the best way to integrate electronics and textiles to develop smart wearable, functional apparel with multiple functionalities such as fibers with a unified capability to store and utilize energy is a significant topic of concern recently. Therefore, presenting a facile approach to obtain fibers with such unique properties in a continuous process is a forward contributing step towards the development of this field. Herein, a bottom-up approach to fabricate stretchable poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene)/few-layer graphene composite (SBS-G) fibers with unique organic vapor sensing behaviors and modified SBS-G fibers coated with electroactive carbon black (CB) nanofibers via modified electrospinning with excellent energy storage properties is presented. Unlike conventional conductive polymer composites (CPCs) that respond only to polar or non/low-polar organic vapors, the fabricated SBS-G composite fibers exhibited high sensitivity, excellent reversibility, and reproducibility as well as fast response to both polar and non/low-polar organic vapors. Moreover, the modified nanofiber-based SBS-G fibers demonstrated a high capacitive performance (78 F cm−3), energy and power density (6.6 mW h cm3 and 692 mW cm3) and excellent flexibility. This study provides guidelines for the fabrication of ideal organic vapor sensors based on polymer composite fibers and an approach to modify any "off-the-shelf fiber" for fiber-based power storage.


This document is the final report for the RFSH conducted, Contractor Operational Readiness Review (ORR) for the Central Waste Complex (CWC) Project W-112 and Interim Safety Basis implementation. As appendices, all findings, observations, lines of inquiry and the implementation plan are included.


Figure 1: (A) Shows the comparison between different types of regression models on the Stanford HARDI dataset [9]. Note that the outputs of each model, Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Ridge, Lasso and Multilayer Perceptron are very similar. (B) Plots the self supervised loss for each volume in the data. Note that the Ridge and OLS give very similar values for the loss and Lasso performs gives a higher loss value, indicating relatively poor performance.


We consider estimation in Cox (1972) regression with missing covariates. We focus on the situation when observable covariates and surrogates are contin- uous. To estimate the induced relative risk, we approximate it by a function of the conditional mean and the conditional variance of the missing variable, given observable covariate and surrogate variables in the risk set at each failure time. This approach may be considered as a higher order extension of the usual regres- sion calibration method, and hence can be expected to reduce bias, especially when the relative risk or the estimating error from the surrogate variables is large. The proposed estimator arises from an approximate approach, so that the magnitude of any bias needs to be studied. Asymptotic distribution theory is developed and small sample performance is examined. We illustrate the method by an example from a medical study.


On 11 December 2020 the Supreme Court handed down a very significant judgment relating to the certification of a £14bn opt-out competition collective action brought by Walter Merricks against…


Methods for flying multiple aircraft in a predetermined formation in which a relative navigation grid is emitted from at least one of the aircraft, a spatial relationship is calculated based on the emitted relative navigation grid, and a relative position of at least one aircraft is altered to position the aircraft in the predetermined formation when the spatial relationship does not conform with the predetermined formation.


Objective: Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNSs) are a diverse group of neurological disorders affecting any part of the nervous system before or during cancer. Case: A 78-year-old patient had pain and burning sensation first in the upper extremity 3 years ago, and then, muscle weakness was added a short time later. The same symptoms developed in the lower extremities 1 year ago. He was admitted to the intensive care unit due to pneumonia and was conscious but quadriplegic with a modified Rankin score of 5. Abdominal computed tomography showed mass lesions in the liver and pancreas. The biopsies demonstrated pancreatic small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Electrophysiological studies disclosed severe sensorimotor axonal polyneuropathy. Since other polyneuropathy causes were excluded, the diagnosis was paraneoplastic sensorimotor axonal polyneuropathy. Palliative care was considered because the patient had a poor functional state. Conclusion: Early cancer diagnosis is paramount in patients with PNSs to have appropriate therapy.


Environmental protection and energy saving are crucial problems in all fields of production and industry. Research shows that around 7% of CO2 emission in the world is caused by cement industry, which inspired this research work with the idea of replacing part of the cement with by-products of thermal power plants and metallurgical industry. In this paper results of testing of mechanical properties (compressive strength) and durability properties (chloride diffusion, capillary absorption, water permeability and gas permeability) performed on three different concrete mix designs are presented. First type of concrete mixture (C) was prepared without any admixtures and was treated as referent mixture. Second concrete mixture (M1) was prepared as a copy of concrete used during the construction of the Maslenica Bridge, and third concrete mixture (M2) was similar to the second one, but with the significant replacement of the cement with slag, lime and fly ash. Results presented in this paper show that ecologically friendly (" green" ) concrete prepared with by-products and cement has better durability properties then " normal" concrete prepared with cement and on the other hand results show that both concrete mixtures have the same mechanical properties.


The ability of economic data analysis is very important to information major students in economic and economic universities. However, mastering the skill of economic data analysis is not easy to them. The design and construction of a teaching model based on schema theory in economic data analysis curriculum is described, and then it is applied to information major students. The teaching result shows that there is a significant difference in final exam and practice exam between the proposed model and a regular teaching model.


SUMMARY Bigeye (Thunnus obesus) by-catch data collected from the surface Spanish fleets are presented: troll and bait boat targeting albacore (Thunnus alalunga) and bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) in the Bay of Biscay and northeastern Atlantic fishing grounds. Monthly catch and length composition of the catch has been collected in the main landing fishing ports monitored by the albacore RIM (Network of Sampling and Information) during summer season fishery for the years 1998 to 2001. Estimates of Task I and Task II data are included. RESUME


The standard particle swarm optimization(PSO)algorithm and the particle swarm optimizer with passive congregation(PSOPC)algorithm are introduced in this paper,and their deficiency of dealing with restricted boundary conditions,by fly-back mechanism,is indicated.A heuristic particle swarm optimizer(HPSO),based on the harmony search algorithm,is presented.It makes the global solution with great efficiency.The HPSO algorithm presented in this paper is tested by two truss structure optimal problems and is compared with the standard PS0 and the PSOPC algorithms.The calculation results show that the HPSO algorithm has the fastest convergence rate and the best stability among these three algorithms.The HPSO algorithm has faster convergence rate especially during the early iteration steps.


Rapid industrialisation with poor check on pollution generation, unplanned and uncontrolled urbanisation and lack of public awareness and training are the greatest contributors of mounting size of solid waste generated by 1.3 billion population of India. It has resulted in danger to health and environment creating hurdles in path to sustainable development.
This research work is an attempt to analyse the laws regulating solid waste management in India. Author has analysed the duties of waste generators, Governments and local authorities in solid waste management. Author has also proposed few suggestions like, volunteers from public for reporting legal violations, sustainable consumption etc. for improved solid waste management.
KEYWORDS: Duty, Solid-waste, Environment, Management.


In the present note we show that a result which is stronger than Brunel's lemma can be obtained from Lemmas 1 and 2 of [2 ], which are the essential two lemmas used in [2 ] to prove Theorem 1. These two lemmas are also needed to identify the limit (1), as is shown in [3]. It would seem, therefore, that in order to give a complete set of results by the shortest and most direct route one should start with Lemmas 1 and 2 of [2], obtain the existence of the limit (1) by Lemma 3 of the present note and then identify this limit following the method of [3 ]. We state Lemmas 1 and 2 of [2], in a slightly modified form, as follows.


Summary: The OIE is the international organisation that sets reference technical standards to enable trade in animal products to be conducted on a scientifically sound basis. Importing countries draw up health requirements based on OIE guidelines, while exporting countries furnish importing countries with guarantees of compliance with these requirements. In spite of OIE efforts, countries do not always comply with international standards for trade, resulting in scientifically unfounded barriers to trade between countries. This is detrimental to exporting countries, especially those with fewer technical and organisational capabilities for resolving them. It is not always easy to pinpoint the reason or reasons for failure to comply with international standards. They may arise from the nature of the countries, their veterinary services or the standards themselves. One of the critical determining factors is thought to be some countries' desire to protect trade and another is the technical and organisational capacity of official veterinary services. As food safety is an issue closely linked with animal health and is a determining factor for trade, greater attention needs to be paid to it. The OIE and the region's Member Countries are recommended to take the lead in a number of areas. Some of the most important areas include promoting knowledge and use of the OIE Animal Health Code, building veterinary service capacities and strengthening all regional institutions that wish to establish joint strategies for controlling transboundary diseases and their links with trade. This document describes the problem of health-based barriers to trade arising between countries, as well as general principles, the background to the problem and theories concerning the various causes. It ends with a number of recommendations.


Observations on a population of Hieracium piloselloides Vill. in an old-field habitat revealed two distinct microsites on which seeds might land, bare soil and moss-covered areas. Regular monitoring of newly emerged seedlings on both microsites revealed that the seeds could germinate as soon as they are shed and that emergence of the seedlings coincided with rainfall, forming distinct emergence flushes. The number of emergences and losses recorded on the bare soil sites always exceeded those which occurred on the moss-covered microsites. The greatest losses of seedlings from the population occurred in periods of low rainfall. The mortality in six seedling cohorts was also followed on these plots. Similar patterns of survival were shared by most of the bare soil cohorts and by all cohorts of moss-covered soil, but the decline in the bare soil cohorts was always more rapid. The number of seeds available in the natural seed rain is estimated to be 40 190 seeds/m2. To this, a total of 120 000 seeds/m2 were ad...


Composite has been a long time acquaintance for the automotive industry. They offer great deal of weight saving with respect to monolithic materials, but more importantly, if properly designed the represent the ideal engineering material for the wide variety of tasks they can be tailored to perform. For similar purposes, composite materials are used to develop a new body panels for Formula Student race car. In this research, the development of composite body panels covers multiple stages such as 3D body panel design, material selection, fabrication and assembly of the body panels onto the race car as well as test drive to determine its performance in actual condition. Final result shows that the body panels developed is able to perform successfully as expected and in the same time enhance the esthetical appearance of the race car.


Recognition of handwritten Chinese characters is a large-scale pattern recognition task, which is difficult and time consuming to build the corresponding classifiers. In this paper, two feature selection methods are proposed to reduce the complexity and speed up the handwritten Chinese recognition: one is the ReliefF-Wrapper method which evaluates the original features with the ReliefF method, and then uses the wrapper method to decide the number of features to be selected; and the other is GA-Wrapper that uses genetic algorithm to search the optimal subset of features with high training accuracy. Experiments were performed on 800 most frequently used Chinese characters, with 80,000 handwritten samples. Results show that the ReliefF-Wrapper method has good interpretation and high speed and GA-Wrapper gains higher accuracy. Limitations of the both methods and future work are also discussed.


Abstract The Chestnut-collared Longspur (Calcarius ornatus) is one of five grassland songbirds, endemic within North America, with populations that have declined >65% since the 1960s. These species breed and winter in the northern and southern Great Plains, respectively. Identifying migration routes, wintering sites, and the timing of their habitat use is key for understanding the relative magnitude of threats across the annual cycle and effectively targeting habitats for conservation. We tracked migratory movements of seven Chestnut-collared Longspurs with light-level geolocators deployed in Canada. Individuals wintered up to 112-1,200km apart. All followed the Central Flyway, circumvented high-elevation terrain, and traveled east of the breeding location. Unlike most songbirds, the durations of spring and fall migrations were similar; on average 42 ± 7d and 41 ± 5d during fall and spring migrations, respectively, for an approximately 2,000km migration; this highlights the need to better understand habitat requirements during migration for grassland songbirds. Using geospatial habitat data, we assessed winter distribution overlap with four other endemic grassland songbirds; wintering range overlapped 63-99%. Future studies should use more precise devices (e.g., archival GPS units), programmed for data collection dates from this study, to identify specific migratory sites for better conserving this and associated grassland species.


The paper concerns the problem of asymmetry in conditional distribution. Some contemporarily used tests can with high likelihood show the presence of asymmetry in the distribution. The test proposed by Bai and Ng has been created in order to test asymmetry in series filtered by models from ARMA-GARCH family. The mentioned test has been used to evaluate conditional asymmetry in return series from the stock exchange in Warsaw. The results confirm the existence of asymmetry in distributions in returns of analyzed shares. This type of asymmetry can be described with the models from GARCH family.


Solution combustion synthesis (SCS) is typically used to produce nanostructured oxides and bulk metallic materials for a variety of application including catalysis. Here, we report in situ, one-step SCS of high surface area (155 m2/g) Ni catalysts supported on fumed silica (SiO2). Time-resolved X-ray diffraction is used to investigate the dynamics of phase formation during combustion of nickel nitrate–glycine–ammonium nitrate reactive gels impregnated onto porous SiO2. It is shown that highly dispersed nickel nanoparticles (5 nm) formed in the reaction front are followed by their rapid oxidation by air oxygen. To prevent the undesired oxidation process, the synthesis was conducted in an inert atmosphere (argon, helium). It is demonstrated that low concentration oxygen impurity (less than 0.001 wt %) in the inert gas passivates the Ni nanoparticles through the formation of a thin amorphous oxide layer. The thus prepared Ni/SiO2 supported catalyst possesses high activity during the ethanol decomposition tow...


The nonlinear Landau damping of a broad-band spectrum of electron plasma waves propagating in a plasma column is considered. Finite geometrical effects inherent to the boundary value problem are taken into account. It is shown that nonlinear Landau damping of such a spectrum can be easily observed on a plasma column with a density of the order of 2 × 108 particles cm−3 and an electron temperature of about 3eV.


important part in building a working-class movement willing and able to challenge for control of the economy. Carnoy and Shearer are also correct in claiming that public or private work must be made more democratic. But as we have argued above, co-ops are not the way to go. Workplace democracy has to begin with the understanding that the separation of labor from capital is the essential defining characteristic of capitalism. Trying to turn back the clock two centuries to recombine labor and capital in the persona of individual producer-capitalists is hopelessly utopian. The historical separation of labor from capital provides the conditions for true collectivization and socialization of both. That


Something with whole seal packaging by heat contracting is very pretty on the appearance. This paper makes an analysis of heat contracting process of whole seal packaging. This process can be divided into three stage, that is expanding and contracting and cooling. In order to obtain a good quality, the contracting process of film must be going on under the tension condition. The concept of the contracting under the tension condition is presented and the three key points of quality controlled are summarized in this paper.


The following letter to the editor highlights the review titled "Inflammatory bowel disease-related colorectal cancer: Past, present and future perspectives" in World J Gastrointest Oncol 2022 March 15; 14(3): 547-567. It is necessary to explore the role of inflammation in promoting tumorigenesis and development of gastrointestinal cancers.


on the Braun-tube by an A-scope indication. The present writers already confirmed clinically that the ultrasonic findings of intracranial hematoma were as follows: 1) The shift of the third ventricle echo. 2) Detection of the hematoma echo. 3) Increase of the ultrasonic attenuation. In this paper, two points on the clinical values of the ultrasonic technique for diagnosis of the intracranial hematoma were discussed, that is, the shift of third ventricle echo and hematoma echo. The observation of the third ventricle echo shift is very valuable for the screening test of head injury. However, diagnosis of intracranial hematoma should be performed by detecting intracranial hematoma echo. Accuracy of the third ventricle echo shift were studied and 3435 patients with head injury were discussed by this method. In 200 out of 3435 cases with head injury, the shifted third ventricle echo was obtained and 99 cases of them were operatively diagnosed as intracranial hematoma. On the other hand, 3235 cases of head injury that was included 13 cases of intracranial hematoma revealed no shift of the third ventricle echo. Furthermore, in 76 out of 117 cases of our series of intracranial hematoma, hematoma echo were correctly detected. The possible threshold of detecting extracerebral hematoma echo was about 5.0 mm in thickness of hematoma. Ultrasonic examination is very valuable for the quick diagnosis of head injury.


Why Historians should also keep their own Field of Study in Mind Historians must pay more attention to the meaning of the logic of management or managerialism in politics. However, interdisciplinarity does not simply mean that subjects and methods of other disciplines can be copied into the science of history. Historians have an important unique selling proposition that should not be underestimated – the power to put novelty in perspective by historical insight. The techniques and methods of the science of history cannot be weakened simply in order to study topics that are popular or to participate in public discussions that are mainly inspired by other disciplines.


Poetry can be considered as a means of expressing emotions and also represents the personality, beliefs, and even socialclass. From poems proposed one can get others emotional status at the moment. Normally we recite happy songs when we are in agood mood and definitely by expressing sad verses we convey our unhappiness. This is actually a kind of emptying positive or negativeenergy and is seen in all members of society. Among these members of society are the car owners, from whose written on car manyideas can be revealed. Car written manuscripts are part of culture and folklore of people so, by studying them, culture of ordinary peoplecan be detected. To express the feelings and ideas car owners use these verses, also they can communicate in this way with ordinarypeople without considering the style of poems. Sometimes, these verses teach a lesson and to tell the truth its effect is more, as there isno bitterness of advice and as a result it is a kind of moral literature. Present article indicates a new research in the field of pathologyanalysis of social trust which present in car written manuscripts. It seems that the lack of attention to the important factors of humanpersonality cause mistrust in the community. Some of these factors such as, hopelessness, ignorance, greediness, jealousy and … willbe tackled in this article.


To solve the security problem of network system, it needs to rebuild the application system. The application security platform model presented here is based on the PKI/PMI technologies. It realizes the management of certificate, the safety communication protocol, the S/MIME mail encryption protocol, the PKCS#7 standard, etc. It uses the PKI/PMI and several audit technologies to realize identity validation, access control and information encryption.


This study quantifies and explores the nonlinearities of human arm responses to large force perturbations while subjects (n=10) performed either a position or relax task. Continuous perturbations with large variations of amplitude levels (RMS values of 2.5, 7.5, 22.5 mm displacements) and pulse perturbations with large amplitudes (average of 16 cm displacements) were applied at the hand by a 2-DOF robotic manipulator. Linear multivariable identification techniques were used to estimate the endpoint mechanical admittance from the continuous perturbations. The admittance is the relationship between force input and displacement output. Reflexive and intrinsic parameters of a 2-DOF linear arm model were fitted onto the estimated endpoint admittance. This model was used to predict the pulse perturbations. In particular, we determined to what extent human arm displacements in response to large amplitude force pulses can be predicted from identification of continuous perturbations with small amplitudes. Results showed that the estimated admittance for the relax task is a factor 18 larger compared to the estimated admittance for the position task. For the position and relax task, the estimated admittance respectively decreased with a factor 1.5 and increased with a factor 3.8 at the largest perturbation amplitude compared to the lowest amplitude. For the position task, this effect probably resulted from adaptation to the perturbation. The nonlinearity observed for the relax task might be well explained by nonlinear muscle properties such as the short range stiffness. On average, model predictions underestimated the peak displacements in response to the pulse stimulus by a factor 1.7. This shows the need to include nonlinearities in models for pulse shaped loading conditions.


We used MERLIN to observe 22-GHz H2O maser emission from the red supergiant VX Sgr in 1994 and 1999. The masers lie in a region 300-400 mas in diameter. The angular size and the velocity distribution of the masers are similar at both epochs, although the total flux density in 1999 is only half of that seen in 1994.The maser emission is resolved into clouds of average diameter (11.5 +/- 4.0) mas which we infer are 300 times denser than the surrounding wind. The cloud radius is comparable to the stellar radius. We have previously found an order of magnitude variation in the size of H2O clouds around other evolved stars of masses 1-20 M-., but the average size is consistently proportional to stellar size.43 out of 92 distinct maser clouds observed in 1994 were matched with clouds seen in 1999. The mean change in position is 10.7 mas. The radial component of proper motion is directed away from the centre of expansion and increases with increasing angular separation. There is no significant rotational proper motion. The expansion proper motions are consistent with the maser Doppler velocities if VX Sgr is at (1.8 +/- 0.5) kpc. The maser distribution and kinematics suggest a spheroidal thick shell in which the stellar wind is undergoing radial acceleration, from 10 km s(-1) at the inner edge of the maser shell to 20 km s(-1) at the outer edge. We suggest a model for the asymmetric appearance of the maser shell and compare this with the magnetic field direction deduced from OH 1612-MHz maser observations.The maser expansion velocities have doubled between 1983 and 1994, suggesting the entire H2O maser shell has become more effectively accelerated, on a timescale much longer than the light-crossing time for the maser shell and much shorter than the wind-crossing time.


In this paper, the formulation to incorporate the used vibration profile, the stress generated by the product's application, mass, and the resonance frequency is given. After that, based on the vibration output data, the two-parameter Weibull distribution is used to predict the corresponding reliability indices. In the method, the mentioned stress is incorporated as acceleration response (Ares), and by using a dynamic stress factor (σdyn). In addition, the Weibull parameters are determined based on the generated maximum and minimum principal vibration stress values. In the paper we show the efficiency of the fitted Weibull distribution to predict the reliability indices, by using its Weibull shape and scale parameters, it is always possible to reproduce the principal vibration stress values. Additionally, from the numerical application, we show how to use the Weibull analysis to determine the reliability index for a desired stress or desired cycle value. Finally, we also present the guidelines to apply the proposed method to any vibration fatigue analysis where the Ares (used to determine the σ1 and σ2 values), and the σdyn value are both known.


The mechanism of systems kinematics and process rigidity-improvement in the low frequency vibratory tapping were systematically analyzed by using dynamics,kinematics,and elastics/plastic theory.It has been pointed out that vibratory tapping can decrease the tapping torque,obviously improve the machining conditions and enhance screw quality.


Background: Blood donations are routinely screened for HIV to prevent an infectious unit from being released to the blood supply. Despite improvements to blood screening assays, donations from infected donors remain undetectable during the window period (WP), when the virus has not yet replicated above the lower limit of detection (LOD) of a screening assay. To aid in the quantitative risk assessments of WP donations, a dose–response model describing the probability of transfusion-transmission of HIV over a range of viral RNA copies was developed. Methods: An exponential model was chosen based on data fit and parsimony. A data set from a HIV challenge study using a nonhuman primate model and another data set from reported human blood transfusions associated with HIV infected donors were separately fit to the model to generate parameter estimates. A Bayesian framework using No-U-Turn Sampling (NUTS) and Monte Carlo simulations was performed to generate posterior distributions quantifying uncertainty in parameter estimation and model predictions. Results: The parameters of the exponential model for both nonhuman primate and human data were estimated with a mean (95% credible intervals) of 2.70 × 10−2 (7.74 × 10−3, 6.06 × 10−2) and 7.56 × 10−4 (3.68 × 10−4, 1.31 × 10−3), respectively. The predicted ID50 for the animal and human models was 26 (12, 90) and 918 (529, 1886) RNA copies transfused, respectively. Conclusion: This dose–response model can be used in a quantitative framework to estimate the probability of transfusion-transmission of HIV through WP donations. These models can be especially informative when assessing risk from blood components with low viral load.


Herein, solid-state diffusion-coupled joints (DCJs) were prepared in vacuum between stainless steel (SS) and Ti6Al4V by means of a pure niobium (Nb) interlayer (~200-μm thickness) using uni-axial compressive pressure of 4 MPa at 875 °C for 15 to 120 min. Interfacial characterization revealed the existence of successive layer wise Fe–Nb-based intermetallics like FeNb+(Nb) and Fe2Nb at Nb|SS interfaces of DCJs processed from 60 to 120 min, but the DCJs processed for shorter duration (from 15 to 30 min) do not reveal any intermetallics; however, the DCJs processed for 45 min revealed a single reaction layer of FeNb whereas that of Ti6Al4V|Nb interfaces revealed solid solution behaviour for all bonding time intervals. Required chemical analysis (in at. pct) of the reaction products was found out using spectroscope and X-ray diffractometer. Mechanical characterization (at 32 °C) of the DCJs was carried out with a microhardness tester and tensile testing facility. Ti6Al4V|Nb interface experienced a hardness of ~298 HV (for all bonding time), whereas Nb|SS interface experienced ~200 HV for 15 and 30 min and ~650 HV for 45 min and longer. DCJs treated for 60 min have better strength properties. Manifestation of reaction layers: FeNb, FeNb+(Nb), and Fe2Nb have significant effect on the strength. From the interfacial microhardness, path and surface of fracture surfaces characterizations, it was revealed that failure of the DCJs was transmitted seemingly along Nb|SS interfaces. The analytical finding of intrinsic diffusivity of Ti atoms in Nb along Ti6Al4V|Nb interface is higher by one order of magnitude than the diffusivity results of Fe atoms in Nb along the Nb|SS interface. Experimental evidences show that the growth of the reaction products along Ti6Al4V|Nb interface (adj. R-Square=0.982) and Nb|SS interface (adj. R-Square=0.999) follows a parabolic law. Recently, researchers considered diffusion coupling as the key technology to fabricate Ti|Al|Al-Cf biomimetic structure, graphite|Nb|Cu for fusion reactor devices, Ni|Ni3Al for MEMS applications, hybrid heat exchangers for nuclear applications, etc.


We are proposing a novel compact sensor system for measuring electric fields in space plasmas. The measurement of electric fields from earth orbiting satellites has been a difficult challenge for the large scale DC component of this field. Traditional techniques using double-probe style instruments are troubled by contact potentials to the plasma environment and photoelectric effects due to solar radiation. Newer techniques using low energy electron beams put requirements on costly spacecraft electric cleanliness, in order to avoid beam deflection by spacecraft potentials. E-FIRE uses energetic electrons of approximately one MeV in connection with recently developed ion-implanted solid-state detectors which have good position resolution and energy determination. The electrons are produced by a radioactive source with a line spectrum that tags the particles as being emitted from the satellite. These electrons will return to the spacecraft within a few microseconds having displacements of millimeters to centimeters due to the ambient electric (and in some cases magnetic) field, independent of any electric potentials that may have been produced by solar radiation or the interaction of the spacecraft with the local plasma environment.


The IPCC (2017) suggest that climate communicators should tell a human story, connect with their audiences through points of local interest, and 'lead with what you know'. Using personal experience and historical perspectives of trauma in Northern Ireland, this article explores the narratives that wed us to environmentally harmful behaviours, climate silence and inactivity; and the stories of belongingness and acceptance we can foster to cultivate change.


UPFC is used to control both active and reactive power of the transmission system as it is implied with both series and shunt compensation techniques, hence a new approach of fuzzy logics is introduced in the shunt of the UPFC due in place of PI controller which reduces fluctuation, regulation and harmonic distortion resulting in increased power factor and increased load ability of transmission line. The simulation is carried on MATLAB.


While measles remains endemic in parts of the world, efforts to eliminate measles transmission continue, and viral sequence data may shed light on progress towards these goals. Genetic diversity has been used as a proxy for disease prevalence; however, seasonally-driven disease dynamics are typically characterized by deep population bottlenecks between epidemics, which severely disrupt the genetic signal. Here, we simulate measles metapopulation dynamics, and show that it is the population bottleneck, rather than epidemic size, which plays the largest role in observed pathogen diversity. While high levels of vaccination greatly reduces measles diversity, paradoxically, diversity increases with intermediate levels of vaccination, despite reducing incidence. We examined diversity and incidence using published data to compare our simulated outcomes with real observations, finding a significant relationship between harmonic mean incidence and genetic diversity. Our study demonstrates that caution should be taken when interpreting pathogen diversity, particularly for short-term, local dynamics.


We study the real-valued combinatorial pure exploration of the multi-armed bandit in the fixed-budget setting. We first introduce the Combinatorial Successive Asign (CSA) algorithm, which is the first algorithm that can identify the best action even when the size of the action class is exponentially large with respect to the number of arms. We show that the upper bound of the probability of error of the CSA algorithm matches a lower bound up to a logarithmic factor in the exponent. Then, we introduce another algorithm named the Minimax Combinatorial Successive Accepts and Rejects (Minimax-CombSAR) algorithm for the case where the size of the action class is polynomial, and show that it is optimal, which matches a lower bound. Finally, we experimentally compare the algorithms with previous methods and show that our algorithm performs better.


This study was done to evaluate the thread design of conventional implant and indigenous implant in implant retained auricular prosthesis- its implant thread shape, diameter and length on stress distribution using Finite element analysis. This study follows to determine the primary stability of the craniofacial auricular implant in the fresh goat maxilla using Resonancefrequency analysis method.
Both the groups were loaded with a force of vertical load of 10N and a second moment of 100 Nmm applied in the centre of the cranial and caudal part in the temporal region independely and with two implants connected by gold casting bar. The results were analyzed and interpreted
using ANSYS Software. The data's was obtained, tabulated and statistical analysis was done.
Within the limitations of this study, supports the following that FEA has been used extensively in the prediction of performance of craniofacial auricular implant systems. In the modeling, some assumptions greatly affect the predictive accuracy of the FEA model. These include assumptions involving model geometry, material properties, applied boundary conditions, and the bone-implant interface. To achieve more realistic models, advance 3D White light scanner can be used to model bone geometry in greater details. In addition, modeling of the bone-implant interface should incorporate the actual osseointegration contact area in cortical bone as well as 3-dimensional bone contact.
Load transmission and resultant stress distribution at the bone-implant interface and with two implants connected by gold bar has been the subject of FEA studies. Factors that influence load transfer include the type of loading, implant and prosthesis material properties, implant length, implant diameter, implant thread shape and nature of the bone-implant interface.
Of these biomechanical factors, implant length, diameter and shape can be modified easily in the implant design. In Finite element analysis, with the increase in craniofacial implant length in Group I and Group II from 3mm, 4mm, and 6mm with constant diameter 3.75mm for V-shape thread design and Buttress shape thread design implant, resulted in reduction in the stress for Buttress shape thread. There was no effect on diameter of the flange when the length of the craniofacial implant increased. When two implants connected by bar, the stress distribution is very minimal.
By Resonance frequency analysis, in fresh goat skull, the readings were found to be statistically higher ISQ values in buttress-shape thread when compared to V-shape thread. RFA is related to the stability of the implant-bone interface. The time and bone quality interaction has significant influence on ISQ values. More studies are required about RFA in clinical case of craniofacial auricular implant systems.
Future scope needs to be on research and development coupled with controlled, prospective clinical studies to guide the clinician in near future. This studies further needs to be studied clinically.


B(N3)3 was isolated in a low-temperature argon matrix and its FTIR spectrum measured. The spectrum was consistent with the known gas-phase spectrum, and splitting due to the natural abundances of 10B and 11B was observed. Upon UV photolysis, new peaks at 2100, 1861, and 1803 cm-1 assigned to the linear molecule NNBN appeared as the B(N3)3 peaks decayed. Geometry optimizations and calculations of the ground-state frequencies for 10B and 11B isotopomers B(N3)3 [MP2/6-31G(d)] and NNBN [CCSD(T)/6-311G*] are reported, and the frequencies are compared to those observed in the IR spectra. The photolytic decomposition mechanism of B(N3)3 is discussed.