Carrassi, Vito. The Irish Fairy Tale: A Narrative Tradition from the Middle Ages to Yeats and Stephens. Lanham, MD: John Cabot University Press, 2012. 207 pp. Softcover. ISBN 978-1-61149-380-1. $29.95. In his book, The Irish Fairy Tale: A Narrative Tradition from the Middle Ages to Yeats and Stephens, Vito Carrassi undertakes an ambitious project: the complete redefinition of the fairy tale genre. Within the fields of folkloristics and literary studies, the fairy tale has been notoriously difficult to pin down (see Maria Tatar's The Classic Fairy Tales [1999] and Stith Thompson's The Folktale [1977] for prominent perspectives). Rather than defining the fairy tale as folktales that have, through popular consensus and convention, become conflated with children's literature or as the stories that align with a particular categorization within the Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index (300-749), Carrassi proposes to define the fairy tale as a "transversal narrative category," a genre that operates in the spaces between other genres by creating links between disparate realities (13). As this new definition might suggest, Carrassi's language is both highly technical and abstract throughout the book. While some of this unfamiliarity, and appropriation of familiar terms, may be due to a literal difference in translation--the book was originally published in 2008 as II fairy tale nella tradizione narrative irlandese. Un itinerario storico e culturale and translated by Kevin Wren--I think it likely that Carrassi's writing would be equally dense and complex in the original text. Due to the heavy use and appropriation of jargon, both folkloristic and mathematical, as well as the intricacy of his sentence structure and his arguments, this book would not be appropriate for the average layperson. Those well versed in fairy tale studies, however, should find it to be of interest, as it provides a thought-provoking alternative to our more commonly accepted conceptualization of the tales. The Irish Fairy Tale consists of a lengthy introduction, ten chapters, an extensive bibliography, and an index. The introduction and the first three chapters provide an historical overview of the fairy tale and its role within traditional Irish narratives. Chapters 4, 5, and 6 detail Carrassi's new conceptualization of the structure of the fairy tale. Finally, Chapters 7, 8, 9, and 10 deal broadly with the theme of "meaning" in fairy tales and how it might be ascertained through structure. Despite Carrassi's radical departure from the conventions of fairy tale studies, the text begins with a well-researched overview of the existing scholarship. It is, however, worth noting that this literary review and his bibliography rely heavily on older scholarship, leaving the criticism from the last thirty years largely ignored. The introduction provides a discussion of the function of storytelling and outlines the dialog that occurs between oral tales and literary tales. While Carrassi occasionally refers to the "imprisoning ... [and] sterilizing" effects of written transcription, he rightfully acknowledges the interplay between the categories of the oral and the written, noting that "they share, in one way or another, a common patrimony, to the degree that nothing prevents their reciprocally influencing each other"(6, 9). In its final pages, the introduction takes up the fairy tale, examining established definitions and offering his new definition of the transversal category. In Chapters 1,2, and 3, Carrassi surveys the history of the Irish narrative tradition. Chapter 1 provides a methodological introduction, an overview of pre-Christian, pre-literary Celtic narrative tradition, and a thoughtful, though very optimistic, analysis of the Christian Church's appropriation and conservation of Celtic tradition. Chapter 2 examines the roots of the Irish Revival, identifying Yeats' most notable predecessors. Chapter 3 deals with the Irish Revival, particularly the figures and works of Yeats and Stephens. …


[1] Concentrations of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and its precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) are highly variable in time and space. What is driving the variability in DMS(P), and can those variability be explained by physical processes and changes in the biological community? During the Southern Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment (SO GasEx) in the austral fall of 2008, two 3He/SF6 labeled patches were created in the surface water. SF6 and DMS were surveyed continuously in a Lagrangian framework, while direct measurements of air-sea exchange further constrained the gas budgets. Turbulent diffusivity at the base of the mixed layer was estimated from SF6 profiles and used to calculate the vertical fluxes of DMS and nutrients. Increasing mixed layer nutrient concentrations due to mixing were associated with a shift in the phytoplankton community structure, which in turned likely affected the sulfur dynamics on timescales of days. DMS concentration as well as air-sea DMS flux appeared to be decoupled from the DMSP concentration, possibly due to grazing and bacterial DMS production. Contrary to expectations, in an environment with high winds and modest productivity, physical processes (air-sea exchange, photochemistry, vertical mixing) only accounted for a small fraction of DMS loss from the surface water. Among the DMS sinks, inferred biological consumption most likely dominated during SO GasEx.


All previous opening and closing ceremonies of minority sports meeting and the director of Zhang Yimou's creation of "the series of impression" all use the national elements in art creating.The article views the two as "the culture production" present method,and puts forward that the culture production make national resources rebirth to some extent,while it exists some misread and misuse.


A novel millimeter-wave frequency selective surface (FSS) is presented for demultiplexing four atmospheric remote sensing bands with varying bandwidth (3–20 GHz) and frequency separation (50–195 GHz). The unit cell (670 μm × 670 μm) is a circular metal mesh loaded with a monopole integrated concentric ring on a 175-μm-thick quartz substrate designed to reject 50–60 GHz (B1), 87–91 GHz (B 2), and 148–151 GHz (B3), and transmit 175–195 GHz (B4) for transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) polarizations at oblique incidence (25°−35 °). Transmission response of the cascaded FSS measured using a continuous-wave terahertz source showed insertion loss of 15 dB and higher in the reflection windows (B1, B2, and B3) and less than 0.5 dB in the transmission window (B4) for TE and TM polarizations at 30° incident angle.


A central solenoid model coil (CSMC) is to verify the large-scalar superconducting coil manufacture technology for China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR) in Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ASIPP). The CSMC composed of Nb3Sn and NbTi hybrid superconducting magnet can reach to 12 T maximum magnetic field. The main manufacturing processes of the coil are developed and verified by R&Ds and mockup coil fabrication. For now, all the five coils winding and 2/3 of terminals fabricating are finished, and the heat treatment for the Nb3Sn inner coil is completed. The turn releasing and insulation wrapping process and station for the heat treated Nb3Sn coil has been developed. The major remaining processes for the five coils are ground insulation wrapping and vacuum pressure impregnation (VPI). The mockup coil VPI will be performed firstly to validate the process. This article introduces the main manufacturing progress of the CFETR CSMC.


There are very many situations in engineering where no single material will be suitable to meet a particular design requirement. However, two materials in combination may possess the desired properties and provide a feasible solution to the materials selection problem. Therefore, by isostatic compaction of composites powders we had acheived desired properties. Isostatic compaction is the process by which a powdered material is compacted into a predetermined shape by the application of pressure via a fluid through a flexible mould. Isostatic presses are more and more used for research and development purposes, but furthermore for production and manufacturing of composites requiring high quality levels as well as high production rate. In the present work, composites are compacted and their properties are checked and compared with those of conventional one. A vessel for carrying out cold Isostatic pressing of powders at a pressure of wa.h. (0-700) MPa had been disigned and fabricated. Isostatic compacts of composites e.g. iron base composite, Alumina based, Nickel based composites etc. are obtained. The powder and compact properties like apparent density, tap density, green density and hardness of composites have been considered and compared with the data published by a number of research workers. TP-W S ,LV D DEFINITIONS ALLOY POWIDS , ALLOYED 17.CA TEI A metrJ powder consisting of at Le.E. :st two constituent -tiolly or completely alloyed with ea'ch other. AMOWOUS POINDM A powder that consists of particles thrt are substantially noncrystalline in character. APQTtRE SIZE The opening of a mesh as in a sieve. AppA 1-8' r. DENSITY The weight of a unit volume of powder usually expressed as crams per cubic centimeter, determined by a specified method, GREEN S1:1E1\BM The ability of a green compact to maintain size an shape =,nd storage prior to sintering. HIGH ENE ,GY RATE TMPACTING Soma ctino of powder t very rapid rate by the use of explosives in a closed die. HOT ISOST/ATT O PESSr'G A process for sintering simultaneously heating nd forming comp ct in which the aowder is cont ined in sealed flexible sheet metal or glass enclosure nd the so-cont a ined powder is subjected to equal pressure from all directions at a tempera high enouch to permit elastic deformation and sintering to take place. HYMOSTATI iTLESSII:G A special case of isost-tic pressing that uses a liquid such as water or oil as a pressure transducing medium an is therefore limited to near room temperature operation. I a) sm, TT .7, PP G :old or hot pressing of a powder using equal pressure from all directions. MESH, MESH 1`.1.1!, ,IBER ( ) The number of screen or, enings per linear inch of screen, also caller' mesh size. (2) The screen number of the finest screen through which all of the particles of a given powder sample will pass. PARTICLE 1-1,'R MESS The hardness of an individual particle as measured by a Knoop or Vickers type of microhardness in-dent ,Aion test PAR TI E SHAPE The ap,,,e.rance of metal p.-3rticle,such as spherical, rounded, angular, acicular, dendritic, irregular,porous, fragmented, blocky, rod, flake, nodular, or plate. PREFORMING The initial pressing of E,metal powder to form a compact -th t is to be subjected to a subsequent pressing operation other than coining or sizing. ZIA7.3,ES'3IBILIry (i) The ability of a powder to be formed into a compact having well defined contours and structural stability at a give temperature and pressure; a mea sure of the plasticity of powder partici (ii) A density retio dote-mined under definite testing conditions, Also roferr=H to s compactability. SMP E SS IS IL I T Y .31.EVE A plot of the green density of comp ,ct with inc,resing pressure. COMPRESSIBILITY TEST A test to determine the beh7:viour of a powder under applied pressure. It tells of the dearer, of densification and cohesiveness of a compact as function of the mr anitude of the pressure. CONTACT AREA The area involved as one p rticl P touches another. DIFFUSION The movement of atoms within a substance, usually from an area of high constituent concentatinn to an area of low constituent composition in order to achieve uniformity. DISPRE-1SION SiriEMTHENET)!, IATEIIA., A met --,11 ic material that contains a fine dispersion of nonmetal' is phase( s) , such as AL2o3,?.1e,Th°2'1203 or Zr02 singly or in combination, to increase the hot strength of the metallic mftrix. DISPFERSION STRENGTHENR'n The strengthening of metal or alloy by incorporating chemically st blr submicron size n -rticles of a nonmetall phase th t impede dislocation movement at elevated temperature. GREEri Unsintered (not sintered). GREEN DENSITY The density of green compact. APPARENT fiLRDNESS Thr.hcout411445ootained by testing a sintered objects with standard indentation h -rdnesequipment. '3ecause the reading is a composite of pores and solid material, it is usually lower than that of a wrought or cast material of the sa e composition and condition. ATOMIZATION The di sinte-nration of a molten metal into particles by a renidly movino gas or 1 quid stream or by other means. AVE' , ri3;SITY The density me sured on. an entire body or on a -najor number of its parts whose measurements re then averaged. BONDING The joining oF compacted or loose 0,-,rticles into a continuous mass under the influenc,, of he t. BLT I; OFF The removal ofadditives (binder or lubricant) by heictino. TLD Pl'ESSING The forming of a compact at or below room temperature ODOPACT The object produced by compression of metal powder, generally while confined in a die. ODT,IPAT,TINi= MT3E The force that acts on the powder to be densified expressed in newtons or tons. OMPA pRESSIBE The specific comn6cting force related to the -Ire,of contact with ther'c,_, ,ss punch exoresseci in rreaabascals, meganewtc per square metre, or tons per squ re inch. PARTIa,E SIZE DISTRIPIJTICIS The percentage by ss, by numbers, or by volume of each fraction into which E: powder sample has been classified with respect to size. FP. EALLOYED POW DS1 A metallic powder composed of two or more el ements that are alloyed in a po%.'.der manufacturing process and in which the particles of the same nominal composition throughout. PR EFOIV.' The initially pressed comoact to be subjected to repressing. ST EVE JAI_ALYSIS F rticle size distribution, usually evoressed as the weight percentage retained on each of a series of stand,rd screens of decreasing mesh size -'nd the percent age of weight passed by the screen of finest pore; also called screen classification. SI EVE_SH;i ER A device for shaking, knocking, or vibrating a single sieve or E. stack of sieves. It consists of a frame, a motorized knocker, shaker or vibrator, and fasteners for the sieve(s). TAP DENSITY The density of a powder when the volume receptacle co.y.-01Ltierra is tar. ed or vibrated under s,-)ecified.,while being loaded.


Eskimo languages have generally been characterized as SOV (Subject-Object-Verb) languages, with this configuration representing a "clearly dominant pragmatically neutral ordering pattern" . The goal of this article will be to evaluate the relative stability or flexibility of this pattern in Tunumiisut.


Background: Illegal drug abuse is an important challenge that is not adequately addressed with respect to gerontology in rural areas. Patients and Methods: In this cross-sectional study 641 people aged 60 years or older supported by rural health centers in Southern Iran were investigated (310 and 331 men and women, respectively). To take a sample size of 326, snowball sampling was used. Then, the sample size was developed and simulated to 1.65 million rural elderly using the Monte Carlo simulation and bootstrapping technique (upon the 2016 national census), calculated in SPSS V.25. The ASSIST-WHO, 2017 instrument was used to collect the data. Results: A significant difference was found between the mean sub-variables of marital status using the MANOVA. Widowhood and divorce had more impact on the tendency to addiction compared to the other factors on marital status. Nomads and farmers were more vulnerable to be addicted than those occupied in the public sector. It was also confirmed by the Eta2 coefficient that older men feeling loneliness have a higher tendency to commit risky behaviors. Conclusions: Being a nomad or framer and widowhood and divorce increased the tendency of male elderly towards illegal drugs. Further studies are required to develop guidelines for policy-makers concerning the rural aging community.


The purpose of this research is to examine the statistical relationship between psychoeducational profiles of violent and assaultive youth and their success or failure in being mainstreamed into public schools. The research hypothesis was that specific variables contained in a student's psychoeducational profile may contribute significantly to differences between his being successfully or unsuccessfully mainstreamed. Uncorrelated t tests indicated that follow-up contacts with the public school system, numerical ratings on an ecological measure, Verbal IQs, one of the WISC—R subtests (Similarities), and the PIAT Reading Comprehension, Reading Recognition, and Spelling scores differentiated significantly between the two groups.


The research leading to these results received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme within the Ocean of Tomorrow call (ACCESS), and from the Research Council of Norway and from the Nordic Council (NUCCME/CLIFFIMA).


With Southeast Asia attracting more foreign direct investment than China in 2013, it is worth questioning what factors attract multinational corporations to this region. Cián Mc Leod investigates whether labour market gender equality has an impact on foreign direct investment in these countries. He uses a fixed effects model to control for unobserved cross-country factors and finds that labour market equality does have a positive effect on foreign direct investment. However, he fails to find a statistically significant effect after accounting for autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity.


The article considers the Olympiad movement as a category of didactics; proves the expediency of using Olympiad movement of students within the organization of independent work for the development of creative competences and readiness for innovation. Describes the Olympiad movement technology in the creative process of preparation of the specialist. Considers the main modules of training content in the Olympiad movement, included in the individual work; shows the importance of invariant modules, introducing the laws of psychology and organization of creative activity. Gives the structure of the module content "Creative tasks" that requires participation of all students in the Olympiad movement at feasible level of complexity and creativity. Investigates the ways to improve the effectiveness of creative self-development of students using Olympiad movement. Gives recommendations on consideration of Olympiad movement in the work programs of academic disciplines.


A new hybrid moving grid approach to wave packet dynamics is described. Exterior points within a nonrigid frame follow Lagrangian trajectories obtained by solving the hydrodynamic equations of motion. Internal grid points within one or more open windows follow non-Lagrangian adaptive paths. Within these windows, problems encountered with quantum trajectories near wave function nodes are circumvented by directly solving the moving path transform of the Schrodinger equation. Excellent results are obtained for evolution of the density in a double well potential even though multiple ripples develop in the density.


On appeal the Regional Administrative Court for Lazio (Tar Lazio) has annulled the non infringement decision of the Italian Competition Authority (ICA) regarding the refusal of the owner of a…


The direct transition state theory method is used to study the reaction of H with NF3 to form NF2 and HF.
 Potential energy information, including equilibrium geometries, first and second energy derivatives and energies, is obtained from the ab initio calculations. To determine the calculated level and basis set of the energies, we calculate the bond dissociation energy at the MP2/6-31G(d), QCISD/6-311G(d,p) and G2(MP2) levels. Some suitable points on the minimum energy path are chosen for calculation of the properties of
 the reaction path and rate constants. The rate constants and kinetic isotope effect are calculated in the temperature range 300–2500 K by using variational
 transition state theory plus multidimensional
 semiclassical tunneling transmission coefficients.


Objective Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) demonstrate an inflammatory response which bears some similarities to that seen in ischaemic heart disease (IHD). The nature of the association of IBD with IHD is uncertain. We aimed to define the extent and direction of that association. Design This retrospective cohort study examined records from patients aged ≥ 15 years with IBD from 1987–2009 (n = 19163) who were age and gender matched with patients without IBD (n = 75735) using the General Practice Research Database. The primary outcome was the hazard ratio for IHD. Results A higher proportion of IBD patients had a recorded diagnosis of IHD ever, 2220 (11.6%) compared with 6504 (8.6%) of controls. However, the majority (4494, 51.5%) developed IHD prior to IBD diagnosis (1404 (63.2%) of IBD cases and 3090 (47.5%) of controls). There was increased IHD incidence in the first year after IBD diagnosis. Mean age at IHD diagnosis was statistically similar across all IBD groups apart from for those with Ulcerative Colitis (UC) who were slightly younger at diagnosis of angina compared to controls (64.5y vs. 67.0y, p = 0.008) and coronary heart disease (65.7y vs.67.9y, p = 0.015). Of those developing IHD following IBD diagnosis, UC patients were at higher risk of IHD (unadjusted HR 1.3 (95% CI 1.1–1.5), p<0.001) or MI (unadjusted HR 1.4 (95% CI 1.1–1.6), p = 0.004). Conclusion Although IHD prevalence was higher in IBD patients, most IHD diagnoses predated the diagnosis of IBD. This implies a more complex relationship than previously proposed between the inflammatory responses associated with IHD and IBD, and alternative models should be considered.


Transport Demand Management (TDM) measures are used worldwide as a means to reduce traffic and environmental impact in congested areas. These measures affect travel behavior in such a way as to promote sustainable mobility. One of the TDM measures is the High Occupancy Vehicles (HOV) lane. In the framework of this paper an attempt has been made to present three case studies concerning the evaluation of HOV lanes hypothetical scenarios in the city of Thessaloniki, Greece. The evaluation has been made through the use of modeling techniques and the results are expressed in terms of traffic and environmental indicators. HOV lanes have been proved to be, in principal, an efficient tool for managing transport demand but there is need for further examination of the environmental impact.


s Abstracts of the XIIIth International Congress of Cytology, Tokyo, Japan, May 10–14, 1998, 1998;42: 457–603 American Society of Cytopathology: 46th Annual Scientific Meeting, Nashville, Tennessee, November 3–7, 1998, 1998;42:1211–1300 Analytical and Quantitative Cytology and Histology: Volume 19, Number 6 (December 1997), 1998; 42:279–282 Analytical and Quantitative Cytology and Histology: Volume 20, Number 1 (February 1998), 1998;42: 430–434 Analytical and Quantitative Cytology and Histology: Volume 20, Number 2 (April 1998), 1998;42: 807–810 Analytical and Quantitative Cytology and Histology: Volume 20, Number 3 (June 1998), 1998;42:1037– 1041 Analytical and Quantitative Cytology and Histology: Volume 20, Number 4 (August 1998), 1998;42: 1204–1208 Analytical and Quantitative Cytology and Histology: Volume 20, Number 5 (October 1998), 1998;42: 1473–1479


The problem of routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) is critically important for increasing the efficiency of wavelength-routed all optical networking. So performance analysis of RWA algorithm is required for different topologies so that we use topologies for specific application example: (two way video communications). To increase the link utilizations and to reduce call blockage, the topology comparison is important. Topologies used in this paper for checking the performance of RWA are random, ring, star, and tree. In this paper we used First-fit algorithm for assigning wavelength and Dijkstra'srouting algorithm for shortest path for different topologies. It is shown that, under dynamic arising of calls the star topology performs the best on blocking probability, and also call blocking ratio (CBR) is 7% and CPU time 0.5sec.Comparative analysis has been done for different topologies. Performance analysis has been done by considering various topologies for a dedicated network.


Big Bang cosmology is problematic because of the hypothetical beginning that is not in accord with the conservation of energy. Further, it is based on interpretation of astronomical data that is questionable. CMB is not direct proof of the existence of the recombination period in some remote physical past. Cosmological redshift can be seen as the "tired light effect" proposed by Zwicky. On the basis of direct reading of astronomical data, here we introduce a model of the universe which predicts that in AGNs matter is transforming back into the elementary particles in the form of huge jets that are throwing elementary particles into the intergalactic space and so creating "fresh material" for new stars formation. This process occurring in AGNs, invoked by our model, has no beginning, it is in permanent dynamic equilibrium.


Introduction; A well-established solution for high power factor rectification from a single-phase supply is a diode bridge followed by an appropriately controlled high-frequency DC-DC converter [ 11. The boost topology operating at -100kHz is commonly used, typically with a form of current mode control to ensure that the converter input current closely follows the full-wave rectified mains volltage. .Recent research has examined the feasibility of employing a resonant converter instead of the boost circuit in high power factor rectifiers [2, 31; the series-parallel-loaded or LCC topology has been identified as particularly suitable. The application of resonant techniques offers the opportunity to easily incorporate a high frequency transformer (isolation is essential in many specialised systems, for example in the aerospace environment); furthemore switching frequencies may be increased to lMHz and beyond wi1;hout the penalty of switching losses, thereby allowing the miniaturisation of the transformer and filter components. 'The main topic of published work has been the operation and optimisation of the power circuit [2]. Comparatively few papers have described closed-loop control strategies for achieving high quality sinusoidal input currents, with the exception of [3]. However the system described in [3] is quite complicated, requiring a voltage controlled oscillator. This Letter shows how a simple resonant current control loop may be used to achieve high power factor operation of a mains-fed AC-DC converter employing a 1 hCHz LCC converter.


Extended Hildebrand Approach is applied to predict the solubility of satranidazole in mixtures of ethanol and water. ETH is a very interesting cosolvent to study the interrelation between drug solubility and medium polarity because it is completely miscible with water . ETH-Water mixtures are strongly non ideal and can act in the solutesolvation process via hydrophobic interactions and preferential salvation 2, . In terms of polarity, ETH -water mixtures cover a wide range of Hildebrand solubility parameters from 13.00 (cal/cm) (pure ETH) to 23.40 (cal/cm) (pure water) 4, .


The popularization of the Internet has shepherded a revolution in business and personal communication. But how has online technology been used in mainstream American politics? In Politics Moves Online, Michael Cornfield provides a comprehensive guide to how the Internet has been used in political campaigns. He shows, for example, how candidates such as George Bush and John McCain in 2000 --as well as political action committees and the media --struggled to figure out how to fit the Internet into their ongoing operations. Through a series of insightful cases, he examines how candidates use the Web as a campaign tool and as a fund-raising mechanism, and how voters use the Internet to gather information and become more knowledgeable voters. He finds that while many political pundits have argued that the Internet can be a revolutionary force in politics, citizens and politicians alike have yet to find innovative uses that go beyond conventional political operations.


A1 = mole fractions of hydroxyl groups on monofunctional moieties A2 = mole fractions of hydroxyl groups on difunctional moieties A3 = mole fractions of hydroxyl groups on trifunctional moieties a = empirical constant b = empirical constant C1 = intercept C2 = slope d = relative contents of difunctional moieties Eb = elongation at break ENCO = number of equivalents of diisocyanate compound EOH = number of equivalents of hydroxyl groups E0 = modulus fs = relative equivalent fraction of secondary hydroxyl groups in the curing polymer mixture k = rate constant for viscosity buildup k1 = rate constants for viscosity buildup for stage 1 k2 = rate constants for viscosity buildup for stage 2 Lsp = number of chain atomsper gramof the polymer network Lx = effective chain length m = relative contents of monofunctional moieties p = extent of cure reaction pNCO = extents of reaction on NCO groups pOH = extent of reaction on OH groups R = universal gas constant r = stoichiometric ratio T = temperature t = relative contents of trifunctional moieties ti = time at the point of digression Vs = molar volume of the solvent in which the polymer is swollen νE0 = crosslink density calculated from Young's modulus νe = crosslink density, mol∕m νp = physical entanglements νte = concentration sliding-type chain entanglements v2 = volume fraction of polymer in a swollen elastomer specimen Weq = equivalent weight WG = weight fractions of gel Ws = weight fractions of solution X = fraction of urethane groups involved in the allophanate formation xi = extent of reaction at the point of digression α = branching coefficient ηi = viscosity at the point of digression


A data transfer operation completion detection circuit including a first counter for performing a shifting operation in response to the generation of a read initiation signal, a second counter for performing a shifting operation in response to the generation of a burst completion signal, and an SR latch circuit for generating a read enable signal in response to the burst completion signal being generated when the count value of the first counter matches the count value of the second counter. The completion of a read operation or another data transfer operation is thus detected based on a readinitiation signal reception history; therefore, it is possible to detect whether all read operations are complete at a given time even if a new read command is received while a read operation or the like is in progress.


In the 1990s, Turkmenistan's government dismantled Soviet educational provision, replacing it with lower quality schooling. The Başkent Foundation schools represent the concerted ef- forts of teachers and sponsors to offer socially conscious education grounded in science and math with an international focus. This case study of the Başkent Foundation schools in Turkmenistan establishes the vitality of Gülen schools outside of the Turkish Republic and their key role in offering Central Asian families an important choice in secular, general education. The paper discusses the appeal of the schools' curriculum to parents and students, and records a decade-long success both in educating students and in laying the foundations of civil society: in Turkmenistan the Gülen movement offers the only general education outside of state provision and control. This is particularly significant as most scholars deny that there is any semblance of civil society in Turkmenistan. Notes: The author has been conducting interviews and recording the influence of Başkent schools in Turkmenistan since working as Instructor at the International Turkmen-Turk University in 1997. In May 2007 she visited the schools in the capital Ashgabat, and the northern province of Daşoguz, to explore further the contribution Gülen schools are making. The recent death of Turkmenistan's president will most likely result in major reforms in education. Documentation of how a shift at the centre of state power affects provincial Gülen schools will enrich this conference's broader discussion of the movement's social impact. The history of Gülen-inspired schools in Central Asia reveals as much about the Gülen movement as it does about transition in the Muslim world. While acknowledging that transition in the 21st century includes new political and global considerations, it must be viewed in a historical context that illustrates how change, renewal and questioning are longstanding in- herent to Islamic tradition. In the former Soviet Union, the Gülen movement contributed to the Muslim people's transi- tion out of the communist experience. Since USSR fell in 1991, participants in Fethullah Gülen's spiritual movement have contributed to its mission by successfully building schools, offering English language courses for adults, and consciously supporting nascent civil so- ciety throughout Eurasia. Not only in Turkic speaking regions, but also as far as Mongolia and Southeast Asia, the so-called "Turkish schools" have succeeded in creating sustainable systems of private schools that offer quality education to ethnically and religiously diverse populations. The model is applicable on the whole; Gülen's movement has played a vital role in offering Eurasia's youth an alternative to state-sponsored schooling. Recognition of the broad accomplishments of Gülen schools in Eurasia raises questions about how these schools function on a daily basis and how they have remained successful. What kind of world are they preparing students for? How do the schools differ from traditional Muslim schools (maktabs or madrasas)? Do they offer an alternative to Arab methods of learning? Success in Turkmenistan is especially notable due to the dramatic politicization of education under nationalistic socio-cultural programmes in that Central Asian country. Since the establishment of the first boarding school, named after Turkish Prime Minister Turgut Ozal, in 1991 the Gülen schools have prospered despite Turkmenistan's extreme political conditions and severely weakened social systems. How did this network of foreign schools, connected to a faith-based movement, manage to flourish under Turkmenistan's capricious dictator- ship? In essence, Gülen-inspired schools have been consistently successful in Turkmenistan because a secular curriculum partnered with a strong moral framework appeals to parents and students without threatening the state. This hypothesis encourages further consideration of the cemaat's ethos and Gülen's philosophies such as the imperative of activism (aksiyon), the compatibility of Islam and modernity, and the high value Islamic traditions assign to education. Focusing on this particular set of "Turkish schools" in Turkmenistan provides details and data from which we can consider broader complexities of the movement as a whole. In particular, the study illustrates that current transitions in the Muslim world have long, complex histories that extend beyond today's immediate questions about Islam, modernity, or extremism.


This comment is in reference to a misconception that has crept into the literature concerning the reaction . There have now been several references (McElroy and Donahue, 1972; McElroy et al. 1973; Sze and McElroy, 1975; Stewart el al., 1980) to a rate coefficient for this reaction of 2 × 10−37 cm6 molec−2 s−1 attributed to Simonaitis and Heicklen (1972). These authors did indeed study this reaction, and reported a rate coefficient of 1.6 × 10−32 exp (−4100/RT) cm6 molec−2 s−1 with N2O as a third body. However, the figure of 2 × 10−37 cm 6 molec−2 s−1 comes directly from the paper of Slanger et al. (1972) and is a calculation for M=CO2 at 200° K. It is based on temperature-dependent data obtained for M=CO and includes a multiplicative factor of 1.6, CO2 having been found to be that much more efficient than CO as a third body at 300°K.


The present study examined factors that are associated with an individual's adherence to rape myths at two colleges located in the same town. Particularly, we examined sex, race, and participants' drinking behavior in relation to rape myth acceptance. We found that males and heavy drinkers are more likely than females and non/low drinkers to adhere to rape myths. An interaction between males and drinking was also found indicating a moderated effect of gender on rape myth acceptance. In addition, the college with sexual assault programming did not experience a lowered acceptance of rape myths compared with the college with no programming.


.............................................................................................................. iv OPSOMMING ............................................................................................................v FOREWORD ............................................................................................................ vii INSTRUCTIONS TO THE AUTHORS..................................................................... viii SOCIAL WORK/MAATSKAPLIKE WERK ............................................................... viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ ix FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO DELAYS IN THE CONVICTION PROCESS OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE CASES IN THE RURAL AREAS OF THE EASTERN CAPE ........................................................................................................................ 1


Animals have evolved intricate shapes which diffract emitted or received sound and thereby generate a specific directivity pattern. Computer‐tomographic methods can generate high‐resolution digital representations of these morphological structures in the form of three‐dimensional voxel arrays. However, predicting acoustic directivity patterns from these representations with numerical methods can incur high computational cost, e.g., for large structures with fine detail and/or high wave numbers (as in bats and dolphins). Here, the design of a toolchain is described which can handle all steps of deriving a directivity prediction from a voxel representation: generation of a finite‐element mesh, assembly of the system matrix, computation of an approximate solution, forward projection into the far field. All individual operations are performed by self‐contained tools, which communicate through files. This gives access to intermediate results and limits re‐execution upon parameter changes to downstream steps. A...


A devastating complication of hemophilia A, the congenital deficiency of coagulation factor VIII (FVIII), therapy is the development of inhibitory antibodies (inhibitors) to infused FVIII concentrate affecting up to 30% of people with the most severe form of the disease. Although the number of patients affected by hemophilia A with inhibitors is small, the physical, emotional, financial, and public health impact is overwhelming to the patient, family, and medical system. To best serve this patient population, as well as enhance knowledge around this complication, a robust data and specimen collection strategy must be designed.


The paper analyses the necessity to set up an environment insurance system.Also it lists the problems that we face and some advice in detail about the government supervision associated with the insurance company compensation and insurances for reference.


Phenyl radical intermediates formed by the reductive cleavage of the carbon-halogen bond in 2-halogeno-N-methyl-N-(1-naphthyl)benzamides undergo intramolecular substitution to give N-methyl-2-(1-naphthyl)benzamide, and no N-methylbenzo[c]phenanthridone is formed. Reduction of 2-halogeno-N-methyl-N-(2-naphthyl)benzamides gives N-methyl-2-(2-naphthyl)benzamide, N-methylbenzo[a]phenanthridone, and N-methylbenzo[b]phenanthridone. These results complete our comparison of this electrochemical reaction with related radical Pschorr cyclisations. Further reduction of these initial reaction products occurs so that only qualitative conclusions can be drawn from the product yields.


The present invention pramipexole for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of early Parkinson's disease due to the maintenance of application twice daily, pramipexole hydrochloride, relates to the use of pramipexole dihydrochloride or pramipexole dihydrochloride monohydrate.


This study aims to examine Ushul al-Khamsah Mutazilah (at-Tauhid, al-'Adl, al-Wad wa al-waid, al-Manzilah Baina al-Manzilatain, Amr Maruf Nahy Munkar) in the view of the Tebuireng ulama who is from the Ashariyah. The research method used qualitative with the type of field research to obtain data and kalam science as an umbrella for theory and analysis. The results and discussion of this research include the Mutazilah theology, the concept of Ushul al-Khamsah Mutazilah and the views of the Tebuireng ulama, while the ulama of Terbuireng believes that the concept of Ushul al-Khamsah in Mutazilah theology is more applicable in life and looks more at the anthropocentric side. This research concludes that the Tebuireng ulama are more personally adapted to using theology in their social and religious life in the community, judging from which it brings benefits to themselves and society.


New phosphonites were shown to give Arbusov type reactions with 4-acetoxyazetidin-2-one, and the synthesis of a novel 1-phophinoceph-3-em is described.


Testing the Pub Principle: A Look at Push and Pull Communication on Facebook Tyler Grant Page School of Communications, BYU Master of Arts This research tests the value of push and pull communication on Facebook in the first effort to test the validity of the Pub Principle and Social Intrusion Theory. This theory explains how audiences engage in a tug-of-war with commercial forces during mass communication and that commercial messaging is ultimately dependent upon the acceptance or rejection of its intended audience. The pub principle explains that social media is unlike traditional mass media and that the rules commercial forces must play by are different than for other mass media. Using a mixed-method approach, this research confirms the validity of this principle and theory. It finds that Facebook users spend significantly less time looking at push content like paid advertisements than at pull content like fan pages. This research also shows that audiences prefer dealing with pull content over push content on Facebook. The Pub Principle and Social Intrusion Theory are therefore supported by this research.


A numerical study and analysis of internal heat generation effect of double diffusive mixed convection flow of a viscous incompressible fluid over a heated plate by varying fluid properties with Soret and Dufour effects is been carried out. Lapwood-Forcheimer Brinkman extended Darcy model is been governed for the boundary layer flow in the porous medium. In this analysis, the technique used is the shooting technique which involves Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg scheme followed by Newton-Raphson method where the governing equations are non-linear and highly coupled.Using the similarity transformations the equations are solved to obtain distributions in terms of non-dimensional parameters involved in the physical configuration. The features of fluid flow, heat and mass transfer characteristics are analyzed by in detail to interpret the effects of various significant parameters of the problem. Local surface temperature becomes more significant with effect of the Dufour parameter and concentration increases due to Soret effect. The viscous drag, rate of heat and mass transfer effected by the pertinent parameters are depicted graphically. The obtained results are in good agreement when compared with previously published work of the problem.


The J integral is a value describing the fracture toughness of non-linear-elastic materials. One of such materials is the aluminum alloy AA2519. Due to the fact that it became the base material for the composite AA2519 - AA1050 - Ti6Al4V, it was decided to re-test this material. Due to the use of the aforementioned Al - Ti composite alloy AA2519 was also tested under cryogenic conditions. During the tests, its fracture toughness was determined using the J integral. Both in the method of one sample and many samples it is necessary to include the geometry of the sample. Currently, standard methods withdrawn, and did not describe all the required aspects of the research. During the time when the described material was created, the displacement point was not taken into account during the fracture toughness tests. Accordingly, there is a need to re-verify the determined once the fracture toughness of the described material. This article presents the author's method of determining load displacement lines in compact samples (CT). It should be noted that this sample had an uncommonly encountered geometry. In the described case the width of the sample was four times the thickness.


The hydrology of the Mekong River is characterised by its extreme predictability, with regular wet and dry seasons throughout the basin (Adamson, Rutherfurd, Peel, & Conlan, 2009). The hydrology is controlled by the tropical monsoonal climate and flood runoff from the snowmelt in the Tibetan plateau as well as by its tributaries that converge and accumulate into a single large wet seasonal peak flow (Adamson et al., 2009; MRC, 2005). The biological systems of the river basin have both developed in and adapted to these tropical floodpulse environments, and the Mekong's predictable seasonal flood pulses are indeed a key ecological driver that supports one of the most biodiverse and productive inland fisheries in the world (MRC, 2003, 2010; Poulsen, Ouch, Viravong, Suntornratana, & Nguyen, 2002, Rainboth, 1996). Received: 14 January 2018 | Revised: 20 April 2018 | Accepted: 24 April 2018 DOI: 10.1111/eff.12417


The objective of this paper is to study effect of multi size media on behavior of fluid at post-Darcy flow regime as porous medias differences in the sizes and weight. Crude oil used as fluid within three types of medias (gravels, glass balls, SiLibeads), and Kozeny –Carman model is used to estimate the head loss experimentally under changing on the flow rate. There are two coefficients have effect on non-Darcy flow regime (Reynolds number, Forchheimer number) at the same time depends it's on properties of media; one of them is determined by using linear regression model to predicts the Forchheimer numbers. The permeability, porosity and Tortuosity are determined theoretically and all of them depend on properties of fluid and media. the test result shows the theoretical analysis from the Forchheimer number is directly proportional with effect of post-Darcy flow regime, and that non-Darcy behavior has good value with glass media (0.5166 porosity) .Porous media properties shows the permeability and non-Darcy coefficient have effect on non-Darcy behavior and inertia coefficient depends on porosity and properties of permeable bed. start from pre-Darcy zone then Darcy zone and post-Darcy zone at turbulent flow. The types of flow occurring according to how fast the fluid is moving relative to how viscous it is, properties of material have effects on the flow of behavior for different particle size and type of fluid. The studies illustrate uses in the porous media as in, Bded [2] who studied the gas flow performance through porous media, and as a result the gas flow rate was an important parameter influencing bed for single size of backing.


It is shown that the Drell-Hearn sum rule can be obtained from the equal-time commutator [D + (t),D - (t)]=0, where D ± (t)=∫d 3 xx 1 ±ix 2 /√2ρ(x), ρ(x) being the electric charge density.


Abstract: I have come to the conclusion that no form of technology is likely to have much of an impact on our education system - at least not for a long time. Schools, colleges and training departments have a great deal of inertia and self-interest in preserving the status quo of classroom instruction... So while there is nothing technically wrong with the ideas of Clark, Parsia and Hendler for development of a semantic web, especially RDF and OWL, I don't see it having any near-term effect on educational practice. And I certainly don't think it likely that many educators will turn into "hyperk rep hackers". Paper: Clark, K., Parsia, B. and Hendler, J. (2004) Will the Semantic Web Change Education? .
 Editors: Terry Anderson and Denise Whitelock.


We extend the recent stability results of Ambrozie for Fredholm essential complexes to the semi-Fredholm case. Let X,Y be Banach spaces. By an operator we always mean a bounded linear operator. The set of all operators from X to Y will be denoted by L(X,Y ). Denote by N(T ) and R(T ) the kernel and range of an operator T ∈ L(X, Y ). Recall that an operator T : X → Y is called semi-Fredholm if it has closed range and at least one of the defect numbers α(T ) = dim N(T ), β(T ) = codim R(T ) is finite. If both of them are finite then T is called Fredholm. The index of a semi-Fredholm operator is defined by ind (T ) = α(T )− β(T ). We list the most important classical stability results for semi-Fredholm operators: Let T : X → Y be a semi-Fredholm operator. Then (1) There exists ε > 0 such that ind T ′ = ind T for every (semi-Fredholm) operator T ′ ∈ L(X,Y ) with ‖T ′ − T‖ < ε. (2) There exists ε > 0 such that α(T ′) ≤ α(T ) and β(T ′) ≤ β(T ) for every (semiFredholm) operator T ′ ∈ L(X, Y ) with ‖T ′ − T‖ < ε. (3) ind (T ′) = ind (T ) for every (semi-Fredholm) operator T ′ ∈ L(X, Y ) such that T − T ′ is compact. (the condition that T ′ is semi-Fredholm is satisfied automatically for operators close enough to T ; this will not be the case in more general situations). These results were generalized for Banach space complexes. By a complex it is meant an object of the following type: K : 0−→X0 δ0 −→X1 δ1 −→ · · · δn−2 −→Xn−1δ −→Xn−→0 where Xi are Banach spaces and δi operators such that δi+iδi = 0 for every i. The complex K is semi-Fredholm if the operators δi have closed ranges and the index of K, ind (K) = n ∑ i=0 (−1)αi(K), where αi(K) = dim(N(δi)/R(δi−1)) is well-defined. It was shown in [1], [14] that the index and the defect numbers αi of semi-Fredholm complexes exhibit properties (1) and (2). Property (3) proved to be surprisingly difficult. Some partial results were obtained in [11] and for Fredholm complexes (or better to say for Fredholm essential complexes) it was proved recently by Ambrozie [2], [3]. The aim of this paper is to extend the above mentioned results to semi-Fredholm chains (for the definition see below). * The research was supported by the grant No. 201/96/0411 of GA ČR.


The magnetization reversal mechanism of exchange-biased thin layers with different antiferromagnetic (AFM) layer thicknesses has been investigated using Lorentz transmission electron microscopy. The polycrystalline IrMn and amorphous CoFeB bilayers exhibit unidirectional anisotropy, which was induced by field annealing. Lorentz analyses revealed that the magnetic moments rotate away from the unidirectional axis before reversal, when the magnetic field was applied collinear to the unidirectional anisotropy direction. No asymmetry of the reversal process was found in these layers according to the vibrating sample magnetometry and electron microscopy observation. Small ( <10 mum in diameter) 360deg domain-wall loops act as nucleation sites for reversal and disappear during the reversal. A continuous rotation of magnetic moments was observed when the magnetic field was applied perpendicular to the unidirectional axis. Minor intermixing at the interface and structural defects such as interface roughness, grain boundaries, and stacking faults were identified as possible sources of magnetic frustration and uncompensated spins in the IrMn layer that contribute to exchange bias.


Few environmental issues stir as much fuss as the prospect of a steamier, stormier planet. Almost everyone seems to have heard experts predict something like that, a variant on Hell freezing over or an Old Testament plague. Even calming voices concede that the temperature of the Earth's atmosphere (at least on average, near ground level) is on the rise. "Science" itself confirms it. Clincher factoids tumble from mountains of measurements around the world. They are assembled from patterns in tree rings, fossils, and satellite photos. They are transmitted from instrument-laden balloons high over Oklahoma and extracted from dust deep in Nordic glaciers. Together, they credit popular belief that something called "global warming" is a problem. But folks are more reluctant to embrace any particular estimate of its dimensions and significance. When confronted with harsh forecasts, jokes about them, news of Kyoto maneuvers, an Arctic melt, or just an abrupt turn in the local weather, people dispute:


The phenomena of "shortage of peasant workers" has become the attention of the whole society and the focus of many economists and researchers on agricultural issues.This paper,taking Baoding,Hebei as an example,proposes some countermeasures and suggestions on the re-employment of home-going peasant workers on the basis of comparatively overall and in-depth analysis to their current living situation and their re-employment.


The internet has revolutionised the world over the past half of a century, and the COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to an increase in its importance. Although the global network brings with it more advantages than disadvantages, its existence also causes certain threats which have an impact on the life of Polish households and operations of Polish enterprises. This paper is theoretical and empirical in nature. Its aim is to explore the relationship between the internet and the COVID-19 pandemic, i.e. the time household members spend online. The impact of the two factors on survival in the market was examined in the case of enterprises. Moreover, the subjectively most important benefits and threats arising from the global network consumption in the opinion of the business entities mentioned above were illustrated. According to the respondents, facilitating communication is the main advantage of the internet (33.33%), whereas the spreading of hate on the internet is the major threat associated with its use (24.17%). The main benefit derived from the global network resources by enterprises is the possibility of obtaining raw materials from the most profitable sources (28.40%), whereas the major threat identified by them is that a negative opinion published on the internet can weaken the financial standing of a company or even make it disappear from the market (55.56%). Nearly 60% of household members found themselves spending more time online during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nearly 94% of the entrepreneurs who use the internet in running their businesses admitted that it helped them to keep their business in the market during the pandemic.


The method for calculating of single-axis micro-opto-elctro-mechanical (MOEM) angular velocity transducer based on the optical tunneling effect (OTE) is conceived. This paper is created the algorithm and the software development that allows calculating transducer's basic parameters in providing of defined technical requirements.


Extreme weather events such as droughts are catastrophic and can have serious consequences for people and the environment. Drought may be managed if measures are taken in advance. The success of this endeavor depends on a number of factors, not the least of which is accurate descriptions and measurements of drought conditions. Reducing the negative consequences of droughts requires an early forecast of drought conditions. The primary objective of this research is, hence, to establish a process for the assessment and prediction of drought. The drought evaluation was carried out using the standards established by the SPI and the Indian Meteorological Department. Maps of drought severity were generated using severe drought data. Thirty years' worth of SPI readings was analyzed. Fuzzy-based drought forecasting model parameters were determined during a 25-year period, and the model was validated throughout the remaining years. The findings of this study can be used by the community to help combat the drought. Before the drought worsens, the local government can implement lifesaving mitigating measures.


Palavras-chave: polinizacao, guavira, jacaranda-mimoso, Apis melifera, pilhadores. Abstract: Interactions between animals and plants in the environment are frequent. In some cases there is a high degree of reciprocity, as with pollination. In other circumstances this interaction can cause damage to any of the components, a process known as herbivory; these processes are important for the production of fruits and seeds consequently, in addition to producing honey, bees food, for attracting honey. This work was performed with the objective of analyzing the interactions of insects and plants found in the municipality of Bonito, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Two interactions were observed: the first between guavira and bee Apis melifera and the second interaction was between the rosewood-dainty and several bees. Bibliographic research on the subject were also made. The guavira presenting flowers that lose the scent to attract insects in twenty-four hours. Thus, the insects attracted by the smell of the flower pollination performs only during this period. Regarding Jacaranda, Bees medium and large that the present behavior of visiting pollinators, as established contact with the anthers and stigma. Already marauding insects perform illegitimate visits by addressing the flower by other holes.


Abstract Production rates of dislocation pinning points have been measured at : 8 K and 400 K in Cu irradiated with electrons of various energies between 0.25 MeV and 2.8 MeV. At 78 K the energy dependence was found to coincide exactly with the energy dependence of resistivity damage rates. At 400 K a threshold energy for pinning point production of less than 8.5 eV was found. The interstitial displacement probability P(e), however, is as small as 10−5 near this threshold. P(e) rises into the order of magnitude of 10−2 at about 15 eV. Between 20 eV and 40 eV the 400 K displacement probability is slightly enhanced when compared with the 78 K one. The lowered threshold energy and the enhanced displacement probability is explained by a thermally activated escape from correlated recombination of those interstitials which belong to close pairs or which recombine spontaneously at 78 K or lower temperatures.


7018 Background: RUNX1, a master regulator of hematopoiesis, is the most commonly perturbed target of chromosomal abnormalities in hematopoietic malignancies. About 30%–40% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients carry the t(8;21) translocation. However, little is known regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying RUNX1-associated translocation. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been implicated in a variety of important biological processes by epigenetic mechanisms. Methods: Using a novel R3C (RNA-guided Chromatin Conformation Capture) method developed in our lab, we identified lncRNAs that participate in the regulation of RUNX1 in AML. Full length of lncRNAs was characterized by Marathon cDNA Amplification Kit. Expression of lncRNAs in AML was quantitated by qPCR. Reverse transcription-associated trap (RAT) and chromatin conformation capture (3C) assays were used to map DNA/RNA interaction. The protocol of AML patients bone marrow and peripheral blood cell samples was approved by the Human Medical Et...


According to Michael Bratman's influential theory of intending, the intention to φ is a distinctive practical attitude marked by its pivotal role in planning for the future. Intention involves desire, but even predominant desire is insufficient for intention, since it need not involve a commitment to act: intentions are "conduct-controlling pro-attitudes, ones which we are disposed to retain without reconsideration, and which play a significant role as inputs to [means-end] reasoning" (Bratman 1987: 20). The plans for action contained in our intentions are typically partial and must be filled out in accordance with changing conditions as the future comes. Intentions are subject in turn to distinctive norms of practical rationality, norms of consistency and means-end coherence. One of the virtues of this conception, and a source of its remarkable influence, is its apparent modularity. Bratman presents his theory of the nature of intention, and of its rationality, as a supplement to the belief-desire model, on which


The Hani terraced-field in the Ailao Mountains at Honghe has a history of one thousand years and reveals a terraced-field culture created mainly by the Hani people. It is the best example of rice-farming in the mountains of China and the eternal classic of the man-made wetland in China. Compared with the rice-fields or farming land turned from natural wetlands in the plains of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the three-river Plain, the Hani terraced-field has its better functions in conserving soil and water, regulating the climate and maintaining its bio-variety.


The spectrophotometric characteristics of charge-transfer complex between lysine and cresol red have been studied.The results indicated that the spectrophotometric signal was enhanced and stabilized greatly by CTMAB.Based on the above results,a new method of sensitized spectrophotometry using the micellar system for the trace analysis of lysine has been developed.The linear range was 0.028~0.175 μg/mL and the detection limit was 0.015 μg/mL.


Background: Congenital truncation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is known to lead to lethal lung immaturity in newborn mice associated with increased lung cellularity (ratio of tissue to airspace) and, as we previously showed, prolonged expression of the retinoid-responsive growth factor midkine. Objectives: We sought to determine if these changes would be reversed by transgenic expression of GR exclusively in the distal airway epithelium. Methods: Mice were generated with expression of transgenic rat (r) GR driven by the human (h) SP-C promoter, on a background of congenital GR truncation. Results: Transgenic epithelial GR expression reduced lung cellularity and midkine expression to levels comparable to wild-type littermates. Nevertheless, the newborn transgenic mice still displayed respiratory failure. Moreover, epithelial expression of the GR transgene did not alter expression of a number of important markers of lung maturation. Conclusions: Our data demonstrating normalization of the lung tissue to airspace ratio in neonatal mice expressing transgenic GR in the distal airway epithelium is consistent with the concept that normal mesenchymal cell loss is due to GR-responsive stimulation from epithelial cells. However, we could find no evidence of altered apoptotic activity between the groups of mice. We speculate that correction of the severe neonatal lung phenotype of GR-deficient mice will require expression of normal GR in non-epithelial as well as epithelial tissues.


An in-progress assessment of nutrient chemical data (phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, and silicate) from four potential OTEC sites (Puerto Rico, the Gulf of Mexico, Hawaii, and the South Atlantic) show reasonable comparison with archival data. At this time sufficient data is available only at the Tampa site (Gulf of Mexico) to discern seasonal variations which show an influx of nutrient-rich water in February, which decreases with time to a minimum in December. Results show a greater potential for stimulation of primary productivity at the Hawaii site than in the northern Gulf of Mexico due to the discharge of the cold water pipe into the photic zone.


An e-cient full-wave numerical method is proposed for describe with respect to the dispersion parameters the in∞uence of shielding in unilateral asymmetric structures which can support two difierent propagation modes deflned by C-mode and …-mode. The EM operators formalism is used in order to simplify the resolution of the boundary problems leading to the Galerkin's procedure which permits to flnd propagation characteristics. The obtained results have been validated with a good precision compared with those available in the international literature.


This study was carried out to investigate for resistance of V. parahaemolyticus that isolated from patients of food poisoning and fish and shellfish, captured in east coast of Kyungpook province of Korea from 1985 to 1986. VP ATCC 17802 and NAG V. ATCC 6538 were used as control. In fish, shellfish and seaweed, the more temperature increased, the shorter survival time was. In case of sea-water, the more temperature rose up, the longer survival time was, particularly in and , the strains had survived after 6 months. And in tapwater, it was sterilized in 150 mins. and survived for 11.5 days on maximum in ground water. In kimchi, at room temperature, germicidal time was shorter more than 6 times compared with that which had been kept in refrigerator. It survived for 57.1 days in milk, 49.2 mins. in yougurt. Strains had been surviving in frozen condition at even after 6 months, present study time. In resistance test in water bath at several degrees of temperature, all the strains were sterilized in 20 mins. with . In resistance test to driness, number of surviving strains dropped rapidly in 10-11%) water contents. In UV , strains were sterilized in 20 mins. In resistance test to alcohol, strains had survived for 0.1-4 mins. in fermentative wine of below than 25% and distilled wine of over than 25% in alcohol concentration. The bactericidal concentration of disinfectant was 1% in phenol and 3% in cresol. In 0.1M acetic acid and 0.1M lactic acid, number of surviving colonies decreased rapidly but not in citric acid. The more NaCl concentration rose up, the lower decreasing rate of number of surviving colonies was. The strains had showed sensitive response to vancomycin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and resisted to carbenicillin, ampicillin and kanamycin. When one day culture strain was cultured till 25th day, resistant strains to tetracycline and cephalothin were changed to sensitive.


Implicit boundary condition procedures are presented for use with implicit finite difference schemes for the unsteady Euler equations. This new boundary point treatment is based on the mathematical theory of characteristics for hyperbolic systems of equations. Along with the theoretical background, the practical application of the method to several types of boundaries is also explained using several examples. The specific boundary conditions covered include subsonic inflow and outflow, surface tangency, and shock waves. The example problems include one-dimensional Laval nozzle flow, dual-throat rocket engine nozzle flow, and supersonic flow past a sphere. The implicit boundary treatment permits the use of large time steps allowing the finite difference algorithm to converge to the asymptotic steady state much faster than schemes that use explicitly applied boundary conditions. At least an order of magnitude increase in computational speed is demonstrated in the examples shown.' Background T HE growing popularity of solutions to the Euler equations in transonics and their continued application in supersonics have increased the need for quicker solutions. The potential of implicit schemes in this direction has not been fully exploited for want of correct, implicit application of boundary conditions. The predominant use of implicit algorithms for the Navier-Stokes equations has partly been responsible for the neglect of implicit boundary point treatment for the Euler equations. Thus, there is a need for correct and stable procedures for the easy implicit application of boundary conditions. Such methods will serve the two purposes of 1) reaching time-asymptotic steady state faster and 2) permitting a time step for truly unsteady flow that is not necessarily restricted by the CFL stability criterion but is based upon the magnitude of the transients. For clues and information on how to construct such boundary condition procedures, one must turn to the mathematical theory of characteristi cs for hyperbolic systems of equations. The unsteady Euler equations belong to this category. The theory for hyperbolic systems is rich with information on signal propagation directions. The characteristics theory clearly points to the number of boundary conditions that may and need be prescribed without overdetermining the solution. Boundary condition procedures based on this theory have been known and applied for several years by Kentzer, 1 Porter and Coakley,2 de Neef, 3 and others. In earlier work by this author,4'5 easily understood and implementable methods for boundary point treatment were presented. However, all of the above techniques were developed for explicit finite difference schemes. It seems that it must be easy to extend such methodologies based on mathematical theory for hyperbolic systems to implicit finite difference schemes, and indeed, it is simple enough. The rest of this paper describes such implicit boundary condition procedures. The given examples illustrate in detail the application of the proposed methodology to specific types of boundaries and demonstrate the merits of the new scheme.


In this paper we design carry skip adder for the purpose of lower energy consumption and it gives higher speed. The main function is that improves the delay, it is also known as carry bypass adder. The carry skip adder is that improves the delay of ripple carry adder with less effort compared with the other adder. Also the improvement in the worst-case delay is achieved by using various carry-skip adders to form a block-carry-skip adder. In this paper we shown that efficient carry skip adder in terms speed enhancement and it can be achieved by various method such as concatenation and increme ntation method. Also in addition, instead of using multiplexer logic, the proposed scheme makes use of AND OR Invert and OR AND Invert compound gate for the skip logic. AND OR Invert logic gates and AOI are basically two level compound logic functions constructed by or from the combination of one or more AND gates followed by a NOR gate. Also these gates can be easily implemented in CMOS circuitry. And or gates are particularly better than the total number of transistors or gate less than if the AND, NOT and OR functions were implemented separately. These results are in increased speed, reduced power, smaller area and potentially lower fabrication cost. And the results can be obtained by various tools such as Xilinx and Modesim 6.4b. Using this we can improves the delay on an average of 45% and the energy will be minimum 39%. Using CSKA we can achieve reduction power consumption compared with latest works in the field.


A common practice in Egypt has been the burning of rice straw, as a measure to prepare agricultural land for follow-up crops. This practice has caused significant greenhouse gas emissions, in addition to aerial pollution. By using straw residue for the production of pellets and shipping these pellets to Europe for co-firing in electricity plants, significant overall emission reductions could be achieved. This study was conducted in the framework of project "Technical and economic feasibility of environmentally safe rice straw disposal and utilization methods for Egypt". Based on a potential business set-up with three pelletizers, divided over three rice producing regions in Egypt's Nile Delta, greenhouse gas emissions were quantified for the principal operations in the biomass-to-energy chain. Also expected emission reductions were calculated, in comparison with the use of fossil fuels.


A handover mechanism defines the steps involved in the transfer of all information and resource allocation enabling a mobile terminal to remain connected to the wireless network infrastructure. A large number of handover mechanisms have been reported in the literature for Wireless ATM (WATM) networks. In this paper, we carry out a comprehensive QoS performance study of the handover mechanisms as proposed in the literature and a performance evaluation of various buffer management schemes used to compensate for service disruption caused during the handover phase.


Scholars have long recognised in the works of Aristophanes passages that could be called paraclausithyric or komastic, such as the so-called 'duet' of Ecclesiazusae 960-76. Yet the extent to which Aristophanes played with the theme of the excluded lover and his song - the paraclausithyron - has not been fully realised. It is very possible that Lysistrata and Vespae contain passages in which Aristophanes manipulates the topoi that are common in later literary paraclausithyra. These paraclausithyric elements both serve merely humorous purposes and contribute more subtly to structural coherence. This paper comprises two parts: an introduction gives a broad case for the existence of the paraclausithyric elements and suggests what they might add to the plays, and a commentary section presents detailed support and references for the arguments made in the introduction.


The mRNA level of protein A08 in different developmental stages(unsporulated oocysts,sporulated oocysts,sporozoites and merozoites) of Eimeri tenella was researched.A PCR product approximately 1083 bp in size was amplified with A08 cDNA as the template.Next the A08 gene was cloned into the pGEM-T-easy vector and identified by double-enzymatic digestion and sequencing.Then the target gene from pGEM-T-A08 was digested by EcoR I and Not I and cloned into pPIC9k vector,which was digested with the same endonuclease to pGEM-T-A08,and the recombinant plasmid pPIC9k-A08 was constructed.After being identified by double-enzymatic digestion and linearized with Sal I,the recombinant plasmid was transformed into P.pastoris GS115 by electroporation.The resistant recons were screened by G418 and the expression of protein A08 in the recons was induced with methanol.Real-time PCR revealed that the mRNA level of A08 gene was much higher in sporozoites than at other developmental stages and that it was a high-expressive gene in sporozoites.SDS-PAGE analysis of the expressed product showed that the A08 of E.tenella was expressed in P.pastoris.Western-blot analysis demonstrated that the expressed product had immunoreactivity.


In the field conditions of the southern Nechernozem zone of Russian Federation the content of heavy metals in fruit of new black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) varieties, elites and selections promising and productivity and quality traits were studied: 'Ladushka', 'Arapka', 'Desertnaya Ogoltzovoy', 'Nadiozha', 'Chernookaya', 4047-57-41, 4025-56-188, 4047-57-97, 3058-9-209 and 3183-49-163. 'Minay Shmyrev' was studied for comparison. The soil of the experimental plot was grey forest with favorable agrochemical indices and gross content of heavy metals 2…6 times higher than background level. It has been determined that in berries of black currant varieties, elites and selections the contents of Pb, Ni, Zn and Cu did not exceed the maximal admissible level. At the same time lead and nickel were found in berries of all studied genotypes. This fact is indicative of increased of anthropogenic load on the agroecological systems and necessity to control the heavy metal accumulation in berries with the aim of selecting genotypes ensuring the obtaining of ecologically safe products. The highest content of Pb was noticed in 'Ladushka' (0,035 mg/kg of raw mass). Maximal content of Ni was noted in 'Chernookaya' (0,057 mg/ kg of raw mass). The highest concentration of Zn and Cu was noted in 'Minay Shmyrev' (0,720 and 0,432 mg/ kg of raw mass, respectively). 3058-9-209 was marked out as a genotype that accumulated the least summary quantity of Pb, Ni, Zn and Cu in berries. 'Nadiozha' should be also estimated favorably since it had the least summary accumulation of the most toxic elements Pb and Ni.


The micro grid system changes the traditional distribution system with single power source and radial network into a new distribution system with several power sources. Depending on the interaction level between micro grid and main grid, a micro grid can be classified as isolated or grid connected. In isolated micro grid a connection with the main grid is not existing requiring the micro grid to be self-sustaining. In this type of micro grid it acts as a small power system with its all component (generation, transmission, and distribution). The main driver for isolated micro grid is the availability of local energy resources. This paper introduces a comparative study of adding Photo Voltaic (PV) or wind energy systems to the micro grid in order to enhance the isolated operation of the micro grid. The study conduct a comparison based on adding the same capacity of PV or wind energy to the autonomous micro grid. The amount of energy not supplied to the load and for how long some loads are shredded are the two main factors through the comparison. A typical case study of the micro grid system located at Cairo-Egypt will be analyzed in details. A simulation model that calculates the electrical power output based on actual data at the site with respect to changes in the environmental parameters for both PV and wind energy systems will be introduced. The model was implemented using Matlab® m-file to accommodate any location in the world. The integration of the micro grid system with renewable energy resources will be an outcome of a development of the existing electricity networks towards a sustainable distribution network system. At the end the results is presented showing weather PV or Wind energy affecting the isolated operation of the micro grid.


Varanasi,the city of gallis and ghats is not only famous for its Banarasi saree and Banarasi paan , but also famous for the Lal Peda loaded with higher amount of sugar and loaded with Ghee , the Peda is shaped by hand and dusted with semolina and pistachios as a finishing touch. Lal Peda is a popular heat desiccated traditional dairy delicacy of eastern India specially Uttar Pradesh. It is prepared by blending of Khoa and sugar followed by heat desiccation until characteristic reddish brown colour appears. The Lal Peda is deficit in fibre so the developed Lal Peda was prepared with addition of oat. This product is manufactured since long time yet not glamorized as other Khoa based sweet products like Burfi , Peda etc. The main reason behind this is, these products centered into specific areas and have not proper focused by research scientists and extension workers. So the experiment was carried out on low calorie, low sugar and fibre enriched Lal Peda . The Lal Peda samples packed in polythene bags coated with nisin as a bio-preservative to check the preservation ability of the developed Lal Peda . The Lal Peda samples were packed in commercial Nasco sampling polyethylene bags using MAP equipment Reepack® and MAP mix 9000 Gas mixer, manufactured by PBI DAN5SENSOR A/S, Ringstead, Denmark. Three different combinations of gases i.e. 75 per cent CO 2 :25 per cent N 2 ,50 per cent CO 2 :50 per cent N 2 and 25 per cent CO 2 :75 per cent N 2 were used to pack the Lal Peda samples. The samples packed under air were kept as control. The samples were stored in a BOD incubator (Remi Elektrotechnik Ltd., New Delhi, India) at 20 and 37 o C and were analyzed for sensory attributes at an interval of 10 days. The sensory evaluation was carried out by 10 semi expert judges.


Areas of the UK that struggle to fill GP training places also struggle to garner interest in local GP jobs, data on jobs advertised with BMJ Careers show.

Figures published earlier this month by the General Practice National Recruitment Office showed that only 72% of GP training posts across the UK were filled after the first round of recruitment.1 The data showed that there was also wide regional variation in the extent to which local training programme directors were able to attract trainees to GP training posts.

This pattern is mirrored in figures gathered by BMJ Careers. These data show that there is similar regional variation in the amount of serious interest in GP jobs, including partnership vacancies, salaried roles, and locum posts.2

In the East Midlands, for example, only 36% of …


For the first time 100Gb/s transmission using commercial low latency hardware is demonstrated over the longest manufactured hollow-core fiber (2.75km) to date, proving the feasibility of ultra-low latency intra-data center connectivity.


The Independent Curriculum which is centered on students and prepares students to have competencies in the context of the development of the 21st Century, learning Arabic is expected to be able to prepare students who can have these various competencies. Learning Arabic underwent a curriculum change with the suggested approach being the genre pedagogy approach. This research is a research that uses library research methods. Literature research is an activity that includes searching, reading, and studying research reports and library materials that contain theories relevant to the research to be carried out. The purpose of this study is to suggest the use of a genre pedagogical approach in learning Arabic in the context of the Independent Curriculum and is expected to provide a better understanding of the use of the genre pedagogical approach in learning Arabic in the independent curriculum.
ABSTRAKKurikulum Merdeka yang berpusat pada peserta didik dan menyiapkan peserta didik memiliki kompetensi dalam konteks perkembangan Abad-21, pembelajaran Bahasa Arab diharapkan dapat menyiapkan peserta didik yang dapat memiliki berbagai kompetensi tersebut. Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab mengalami perubahan kurikulum dengan pendekatan yang disarankan adalah pendekatan pedagogi genre. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yang menggunakan metode penelitian pustaka (library research). Penelitian pustaka adalah kegiatan yang meliputi mencari, membaca, dan menelaah laporan-laporan penelitian dan bahan pustaka yang memuat teori-teori yang relevan dengan penelitian yang akan dilakukan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menyarankan penggunaan pendekatan pedagogi genre dalam pembelajaran Bahasa Arab dalam konteks Kurikulum Merdeka dan diharapkan dapat memberikan pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang penggunaan pendekatan pedagogi genre dalam pembelajaran Bahasa Arab pada kurikulum merdeka.


We study the construction of regression designs, when the random errors are autocorrelated. Our model of dependence assumes that the spectral density g(!) of the error process is of the form g(!) = (1 ?)g 0 (!) + g 1 (!), where g 0 (!) is uniform (corresponding to uncorrelated errors), 2 0; 1) is xed, and g 1 (!) is arbitrary. We consider regression responses which are exactly, or only approximately, linear in the parameters. Our main results are that a design which is asymptotically (minimax) optimal for uncorrelated errors retains its optimality under autocorrelation if the design points are a random sample, or a random permutation, of points from this distribution. Our results are then a partial extension of those of Wu (1981), on the robustness of randomized experimental designs, to the eld of regression design.


Sixteen samples of metavolcanics of Ingaldhal have been analysed for sulphur and for Cu, Co, Ni and Zn (in the hydrogen peroxide-ascorbic acid leach solution). There is no visible mineralisation where the S content in the metavolcanics is below 200 ppm. A sulphur content of more than 500 ppm and/or a copper content of more than 200 ppm in the hydrogen peroxide-ascorbic acid leach, may be indicative of economically important copper mineralisation in the Ingaldhal-type metavolcanics. Mineralised metavolcanics are apparently characterised by higher Cu/Ni (> 90)& Cu/Co (> 60) ratios and lower Co/S(< 0.03) & Ni/S (<0.02) ratios than barren metavolcanics.


This article is about the analysis of the impact of electronic human resource management of the internal marketing in the Melli Bank of Khoram Abad Province. For this research a sample of 243 people from the Melli Bank of Khoram Abad's staffs, from different places, based on a simple accidental selection method has been chosen. Data gathering was done with the Questionnaire comprised of two parts; electronic human resource management and internal marketing. As the data was normal, regression was used for the analysis of the impact of variables, one-sample t test, was used for the analysis of current status, and Friedman test was used for ranking of the survey's index. The results show that, the electronic human resource management has a significant impact on the internal marketing; so electronic selection and electronic Assessment, from the pack of electronic human resource management are two effective components of the internal marketing. So it can be a basis for designing new strategies in the field of electronic human resources to achieve an effective internal marketing.


Photoinhibition of photosynthesis in the brown alga, Dictyota dichotoma, was studied with a PAM fluorometer (Walz, Effeltrich, Germany) and a homemade oxygen measuring device. As a measure of fluorescence, Fv/Fm, and for the photosynthetic yield, ΔF/Fm', were used. Oxygen measurements show clearly that the observed degree, as well as the time course, of photoinhibition depends on the fluence rate of the light used to measure changes of the production rate. After photoinhibition of photosynthesis the depression of oxygen production caused by non-saturating fluence rates was generally much more pronounced than that caused by saturating or nearly saturating fluence rates. At minimal photoinhibition the initial slope and the convexity of the fluence rate-response curve of oxygen evolution decrease, whereas the level of light saturation decreases only after strong photoinhibition. Nevertheless, at different degrees of photoinhibition, changes in the degree of the upper bending of the fluence rate-response curve of oxygen production are also linearly correlated to changes in the fluorescence ratios (Fv/Fm and ΔF/Fm'). The action spectrum of photoinhibition, calculated on the basis of changes of Fv/Fm, indicates that the reaction center of PS I is not involved in photoinhibition. The lower effectiveness of blue light in comparison to effects of green and red light may be due to chloroplast displacement, as in the so-called strong light position, the light absorbed by the thalli in vivo is decreased.


The paper discusses the deployment of wireless sensor networks for intra-car monitoring and control in various automotive application scenarios. Major challenges consist of enabling robust radio communication protocols for challenging environments like the car body and offering high confidence guarantees on timely data collection and quality. Simulation results are introduced and discussed for radio communication modeling and power efficiency of the sensing nodes. It is argued that by effective integration with existing subsystems by means of IPv6 based network architectures or CAN-enabled embedded gateways, these can bring benefits and open up the interconnection towards inter-car communication through higher level concepts up to vehicular sensor networks.


FOREST PEST MANAGEMENT AT VIRGINIA TECH AND ENVIRONMENTAL DECISION MAKING AT THE TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY: AN INTERNSHIP by Matthew Arnold Beversdorf I participated in two different internships. During my first internship, I conducted forest pest management research for the Department of Entomology at Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia. I researched the growth response of eastern hemlocks, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr, to populations of hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), Adelgis tsugae Annand (Homoptera: Adelgidae). HWA density was compared to radial growth and new shoot growth of infested eastern hemlocks. Linear regression analyses showed statistically significant negative relationships between HWA density measurements and the difference in basal area increment from the previous year (2001) and the sampled year (2002), and between HWA density measurements and numbers of new shoots sampled. My second internship was in the Resource Stewardship division of the Tennessee Valley Authority, Chattanooga, Tennessee. I participated in watershed project management and planning meetings, conducted web-based research on watershed water quality and urban growth management techniques, and helped develop a management tracking tool. FOREST PEST MANAGEMENT AT VIRGINIA TECH AND ENVIRONMENTAL DECISION MAKING AT THE TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY: AN INTERNSHIP An Internship Report


Neutrino Nucleus Elastic scattering (υAel ) is a well understood Standard Model process. A generic scale of Eυ <50 MeV is usually taken to characterize the requirement of coherency in vAel process. To quantify this transition, we formulated a universal parametrization of the degree of coherency. The TEXONO experiment is pursuing measurement of the υAel interactions with the reactor neutrinos at Kuo-Sheng Reactor Neutrino Laboratory (KSNL), in a kinematic regime where the Quantum Mechanical coherency is complete. Point-contact germanium detectors at sub-keV sensitivities are adopted to detect the low-energy nuclear recoils in υAel . We report our latest status and plan of this program. A complementing line of research is on the formulation of a universal scheme to quantify the QM coherency effects in υAel , and study their dependence on experimental configurations. Constraints from existing measurements from COHERENT experiment are presented.


Summary Antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity mediated by granulocytes (ADGC) or lymphocytes (ADLC) was assessed in 23 patients with chronic Chagas disease. The results of ADGC against T. cruzi were normal. ADLC against chicken erythrocytes was significantly reduced in patients as compared with normal controls. Possible causes of this abnormality were investigated.


Objective To investigate the inhibitory effects of different Ginkgo biloba leaf extract(GBE)ingredients on the proliferation and extracellular matrix(ECM)accumulation of high glucose-treated mesangial cells,and to clarify their mechanisms.Methods The high glucose-treated mesangial cells(HBZY-1)were given GBE,total flavonoids,total ginkgolide,total flavonoids hydrolyzate,quercetin,kaempferol,isorhamnetin,ginkgolide A,B,and ginkgolide C;the concentrations were 0(high glucose control group),3.125,6.250,12.500,25.000 and 50.000mg·L-1,meanwhile low glucose control group was set up.The cell proliferation was detected by MTT assay.The high glucose-treated mesangial cells were given GBE,total flavonoids,total ginkgolide,ginkgolide A,ginkgolide B,and ginkgolide C;the concentrations were 0(high glucose control group),0.05,0.50,5.00,50.00mg·L-1,meanwhile low glucose control group was set up.The levels of fibronectin(FN)and typeⅣ collagen(ColⅣ)were detected by ELISA method.Results The MTT results showed that compared with high glucose control group,the proliferation activity of mesangial cells in 50.00 mg·L-1 GBE group was decreased significantly(P0.01);the proliferation activities of mesangial cells in 25.00 and 50.00mg·L-1 total flavonoids group were decreased significantly(P0.05 or P0.01);the proliferation activities of mesangial cells in all quercetin,kaempferol,isorhamnetin and total flavonoids hydrolyzate groups were decreased significantly(P0.01);the proliferation activity of mesganial cells in 50.00 mg·L-1 ginkgolide C group was decreased significantly(P0.01).The ELISA results showed that compared with high glucose control group,the levels of ColⅣ and FN in 5.00 and 50.00mg·L-1 GBE groups were decreased significantly(P0.01),and the FN level in0.50mg·L-1 GBE group was decreased significantly(P0.05);the ColⅣ levels in 0.50,5.00,and 50.00mg·L-1 total flavonoids groups were decreased significantly(P0.05 or P0.01);the ColⅣ and FN levels in all total ginkgolide groups had no obviously differences except 50.00 mg·L-1 ginkgolide C group(P0.05 or P0.01);the FN level in 50mg·L-1 ginkgolide C group was decreased significantly(P0.05).Conclusion GBE can inhibit the high glucose-induced proliferation only in the high concentration(50mg·L-1)and inhibit the high glucose-induced mesangial cell ECM accumulation in the low concentration(0.50-25.00 mg·L-1);the total flavonoids plays a major role in the inhibition of cell proliferation and ECM accumulation,and the total ginkgolide has no significant effect;the inhibitory effect of aglycones on mesangial cell proliferation is much stronger than that of glucoside.


The aim of this work is to determine the relative importance of nasal features in the perception on vocalic nasality by francophones and Spanish-speakers, granted that French has nasal vowels as phonemes and Spanish does not. In a first experiment (phonetic) a representative French /A/ and a French /A $/ were synthesized and varied in their nasal features stepwise. Spanish-speaking and French-speaking listeners were asked to tell whether they perceived nasality or not. The results for Spanish show that the separation between the nasal pole and zero is predominant on the formant frequency in the perception of nasality. The influence of bandwidth is negligible. The results for French show an important influence of the pole-zero pair and formant frequency. In a second experiment French-speaking subjects were asked to evaluate the same stimuli as vocalic categories. The results show that the subjects base their judgements on the same criteria, but the level of them must be higher.


Many cases, however, are the children of parents similarly affected, and here, knowing the risk, the clinician has scope for early prophylactic treatment. For example, in the largest series of families reported with familial intestinal polyposis, that of C E. Dukes2 from St. Mark's Hospital, in 13 of 33 families the mutant gene had affected three or more generations of a family. Similarly, 10 of 23 families reported from the State of Michigan' affected three or more generations. In one of the families whose members had intestinal polyposis with epidermoid cysts, fibromata, and osteomata, 15 individuals in four generations were affected.' Prophylactic surgery is not needed in Peutz's syndrome, in which the risk of carcinoma is not high.5But when the polyps are confined to the colon and rectum, as is the case with both forms of familial intestinal polyposis, total colectomy soon after the polyps are recognized is the correct treatment. This anticipates the development of cancer. The only point at issue is whether all the rectum should be removed and the patient left with an ileostomy, or whether the lower rectum should be kept and the ileum anastomosed to the stump of the rectum, after any polyps in the latter have been removed.8"There are obvious advantages in the latter procedure, if the number of rectal polyps does not make it impracticable; but there is the risk of malignant change developing in the rectal stump, and so this treatment should not be given where it is not possible to continue to keep the patient under supervision for the rest of his life. While polyposis may develop as early as the age of 2, carcinoma is very seldom recorded before the teens (only one patient in 91 dying from cancer of the colon before the age of 10 in the St. Mark's Hospital and Michigan series combined3), and so it is reasonable to start the routine examination of the children of affected individuals at about the age of 10. This should be repeated about every two or three years, and the majority of those who have inherited the gene will have developed polyposis by the age of 20. These examinations should, Dukes considers, be continued at about five-yearly intervals at least until the age of 40,11 by which age it is probable, but not certain, that those still without polyps have not inherited the gene. As a piece of practical eugenics, those affected should be told as young adults of the risk to their children, so that they may decide for themselves whether to have children or not. It would obviously be helpful if there were some way by which the cb ildren who have or have not inherited the gene could be distinguished before the development of polyposis. In the families in which neoplasia of skin and connective tissue occur, these will serve as useful pointers, since the tumours are usually present from early childhood. In the uncomplicated cases of familial intestinal polyposis, it would be useful to have a marker gene on the same chromosome as, and close to, the mutant gene responsible for the condition. In one large family from New Zealand, in which probably no fewer than six generations are involved, a preliminary report indicates a linkage with the genes determining the MN blood types.1" If this is confirmed it will be fortunate, since by testing for the Ss antigens as well, four varieties of the chromosome may be recognized, of which only NS is uncommon, and in many instances it will be possible to recognize soon after birth those patients who have inherited the gene for intestinal polyposis by determining the MNSs blood


The problems that educational systems have are of a technical and metaphysic nature. For the majority of educationalists, aims are the key issue. When these aims are clear teaching planning, organization and management are facilitated. In this paper a revision on the main problems of education all over the world is offered and this constitutes the school agenda. The problems have been synthesised around ten key-words, which interweave the social "tissue" and consequently the school atmosphere. The key concepts are: our world, economy, planet earth, human condition, coexistence, values, rationality, language, family and social community. All these factors are "characters" in search of an author that integrate them in a story with a beginning, a middle and a happy end, if possible. The problem of life and schools is that they miss a narrative on which they can base their personal biographical projects and life together. This proposal has considerable effects on the different models of professionals in the field of education.