~51 S IT IS WELL-ESTABLISHED that discount rate changes of the same size can have markedly different effects on market interest rates. Studies of such effects, starting with Thornton (1982), have generally divided discount rate changes into two groups: "technical" changes, those made solely to keep the discount rate in line with market rates, and other "non-technical" changes.' The former generally do not have a signitIcant impact on market rates, while the latter generally do. The use of this technical/ non-technical dichotomy is predicated on the assumption that the market responds to a discount rate change based on the reasons fot' the change. Hakkio and Pearce (1992) find that the reasons generally fall into three categories: "(1) conditions in the market for bank reserves .; (2) movements in intermediate targets such as the money supply and the foreign exchange value of the dollar; and (3) movements in ultimate tat-gets such as inflation and economic growth." They observe that "changes in the rate because of type (1) factors are likely to be used to complement open market operations, while changes because of type (2) or (3) factors are more likely to be used as signals of future Fed policy."~ Thus, technical changes result when the opportunity cost to banks of borrowing reserves—the federal funds rate less the discount rate—is too high or low to be consistent with attaining the Fed's operating target. Since October 1982 that target has been the level of borrowed reserves.3 Non-technical changes, on the other hand, encompass all of the other reasons the Fed might change the discount rate. Clearly a combination of the factors identified by Flakkio and Pearce can be behind a given discount rate change, so the reaction of market interest rates to discount rate changes might be more heterogeneous than the technical/non-technical dichotomy would suggest. Moreover, as the efficient markets hypothesis implies, the response of market interest rates to a discount rate change should vary with the amount of new information the discount change imparts regarding the Fed's policy intentions or the state of the economy in general.~


Measurements of values of sediment physical properties, bubble volume, and bubble size distribution are used to predict sound speed and attenuation in the fine‐grained, gassy sediments of Eckernforde Bay, Baltic Sea. The predicted results are compared to in situ and laboratory measurements of sound speed and attenuation over the frequency range of 5–400 kHz. Dispersion of sound speed is used to determine the upper limit of methane bubble resonance near 20 kHz. These data combined with bubble size distribution measured using CT scans of sediments held under ambient conditions yield an estimate of effective bubble size of 0.3–5.0‐mm equivalent radii. Histograms of bubble size distribution are then used to predict frequency‐dependent sound speed and attenuation based on the model of Anderson and Hampton [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 67, 1865–1903 (1980)]. Given the highly variable spatial distribution of bubble volume and size, the agreement between theory and measurement is remarkably good.


Abstract (Lang: English):From c. 1450 to c. 1580, Greek-style bindings made in western Europe (also known as 'alla greca' bindings) were produced in a number of locales, mainly in Venice, Florence, Rome, and the court of France. Popular with collectors from the fifteenth century to this day, these bindings show a variety of techniques and different degrees of hybridism between the Byzantine practices which they imitated and the western European techniques of the time. Various theories have been explored as to the ethnicity of their makers (Greek or Italian) but so far, very little is known on the topic.This article uses the case study of a manuscript at the Royal Library of Belgium (MS 11344 (Omont 79)) and its binding, which displays both Greek and Italian elements. The manuscript's endbands were made according to a sophisticated Byzantine technique called 'full wrapped on multiple additional cores twined endband'; the tooling of the covers, on the other hand, was made using typically Italian tools of the turn of the sixteenth century. This suggests a collaboration between a Greek and an Italian binder, which can cast new light on the making of Greek-style bindings more in general; it also makes a case for using the study of bookbinding techniques to investigate the social and cultural history of the book.


AIM To evaluate the effects of high concentration insulin on the nitric oxide(NO) production of serum free cultured human umbilical vein endothelium cells(HUVECs). METHODS After 3 days' culture in common DMEM medium, some HUVECs were cultured in serum free phenol red free DMEM containing 14.35, 28.70 or 57 40 nmol·L -1 insulin, others cultured in common serum free phenol red free DMEM medium only. Culture medium was renewed every 24 h till 72 h. The 24 h accumulated amount of NO 2 -(transformed from NO) in culture medium was detected by Griess Reaction. RESULTS The 24h accumulated amount of NO 2 - in culture medium decreased significantly after 28.70 or 57 40 nmol·L -1 insulin cultured for 48 h;control group (47 0±4.0)nmol;28.70 nmol·L -1 group (40.9±3.4)nmol; 57 40 nmol·L -1 group (38.1±1.9)nmol, P 0.05. CONCLUSION Under serum free conditions, when insulin is cultured in high concentration (28.70 nmol·L -1 ) for a relative long period (48 h), the NO production in HUVECs may decrease, because NO is a protective factor in cardiovascular system; high concentration insulin may do harm to the cardiovascular system directly.


Austenitic stainless steel with property alleyed nitrogen can contribute to the stability of structure, the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Surface nitriding technologies, such as plasma source ion nitriding technology, can bring better mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Some reasons and qualifications of nitrides separating out and their negative effects are explained. Because of its low price,nickel replacing partly or wholly and excellent performance after being alloyed, nitrogen has become a more and more important alloying element of austenitic stainless steels. More and more attention has been drawn to this field of research.


With the progress of the computer technology, the industrial design is developing rapidly, and this brings to the technology of CAID ( Computer Aided Industrial Design). In order to shorter the time of design, insure the novelty, distinctness, innovation of the products, the most efficient way is that introduce the technology of CAID. Meanwhile, in order to keep the industrial design up with the step of times, the technology of CAID will be an inexorable trend in the field of industrial design.


In strain gauge tests of sieve size 4 pods of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), 'Idelight' and 'Green Isle' required the lowest pod detachment force (PDF) of 13 genotypes tested.


Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is caused most often by mutations in the CYP21A2 gene, resulting in cortisol and aldosterone deficiency and increased production of androgens.


Postoperative bleeding can cause complications. In the case of cervical spinal surgery, this might mean paralysis. What vexes us is the assumption that the timing of giving heparin is the sole influence on the chance of a …


With the advancement of sensors, wireless communication technologies and the intelligent reasoning theory, service robot ushers in a new development opportunity. The traditional service robot is aware of only a partial environment, and the limited environment information affects control policies such as navigation and the alerting service. Now, we can utilize the pervasive computing of the wireless sensor network (WSN) to perceive the entire surrounding. This paper proposes a novel service robot supported by the global context-aware wireless network, and emphasizes on architecture, wireless communication technology and path navigation. The research shows that the service robot can make a more accurate control policy based on the global environment information.


With the evolution of social networks, the necessitate of providing information security methods becomes increasingly significant. Therefore, these methods should be studied and analyzed for presenting more secure and appropriate techniques. Since the images represent the most common and widely utilized visual formats, an optimized approach of image steganography based on algebraic matrix decomposition has been proposed in this paper. In particular, matrix decomposition methods represent a significant tool for increasing the security of the whole blent of digital steganographic approaches. In this paper, two stages of the Hessenberg matrix decomposition are implemented on the original image using modulo operation to show the impact of the matrix decomposition in the steganographic process. Additionally, a Chameleon Swarm optimization (CSO) algorithm is utilized to appoint the optimal positions in the embedding stage. The obtained results have been evaluated to show the difference between the utilization of decomposition or not.


Objective: study the influencing rules about ()~(45)Ca influx and efflux of rat's principal visceral organs with the different extracts; study the effect of Herba Epimedil's extracts on myocardial ischemia injury in rats. Method: 1.wide aperture resin were used to isolate chemical components; 2. ()~(45)Ca transmembrane influx technique was used to study influencing rules and substance foundation. Results: 1.the extracts of Herba Epimedii have significant effects on PDC ()~(45)Ca channel of three visceral organs in rats: heart, artery, smooth muscle and kidney. They not only block ()~(45)Ca coming into cells, but also can facilitate efflux of ()~(45)Ca in the cell. 2. the regulating effect about the extracts by alkali is better than those by alcohol and water. 3. Herba Epimediis extracts possess significant protection effects on myocardial ischemia induced either by drugs or by ligating the coronary artery. Conclusion: these results suggested that Herba Epimedii had significant regulating effect on PDC ()~(45)Ca channel, that Herba Epimedii possesses significant protection effects on myocardial ischemia.


Abstract Background Interventricular septal perforation is an extremely rare complication of radiofrequency ablation (RFA), with an incidence of 1%. The most common mechanism is a 'steam pop', which can be described as 'mini-explosions' of gas bubbles. Data for percutaneous repair of cardiac perforations due to RFA are limited. Case summary A 78-year-old female patient was referred to our department for the treatment of two iatrogenic ventricular septal defects (VSDs) following radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of premature ventricular contractions. One week post-ablation, chest pain and progressive dyspnoea occurred. Transthoracic echocardiography detected a VSD, diameter 10 mm. Hence, iatrogenic, RFA-related myocardial injury was considered the most likely cause of VSD, and the patient was referred to our tertiary care centre for surgical repair. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging demonstrated border-zone oedema of the VSD only and confirmed the absence of necrotic tissue boundaries, and the patient was deemed suitable for percutaneous device closure. Laevocardiography identified an additional, smaller muscular defect that cannot be explained by analysing the Carto-Map. Both defects could be successfully closed percutaneously using two Amplatzer VSD occluder devices. Discussion In conclusion, this case demonstrates a successful percutaneous closure of a VSD resulting from RFA using an Amplatzer septal occluder device. CMR might improve tissue characterization of the VSD borders and support the decision if to opt for interventional or surgical closure.


Time-correlated photon counting has been used to measure fluorescence concentration depolarization for rhodamine 6G in glycerol. The excitation transport theory developed by Gochanour, Andersen, and Fayer yields good approximations to the experimental decay profiles over the concentration range 1.7 x 10/sup -4/ to 2.4 x 10/sup -3/ M. Although the differences between optimized theoretical and experimental profiles are fractionally small, they are readily characterized under present counting statistics. They prove to be dominated by experimental artifacts, arising from excitation trapping by rhodamine 6G aggregates and from self-absorption in solution cells thicker than approx. 10 ..mu..m.


Ionospheric sounding station data, particularly f-plots, were used to study the ionospheric storm of 7 July, 1958, which is shown to have consisted clearly of two stages. Polar cap absorption began shortly after an importance 3+ flare was observed at 0039 U.T., and a magnetic storm and auroral absorption event followed at 0749 U.T. on July 8.The polar cap absorption spread towards the geomagnetic equator, but the use of higher than first order magnetic dipole terms was found necessary in order to arrange the data properly in latitude. The absorption began some hours earlier at northern stations than at most southern stations, the main cause of the differences in time of onset being thought to be due to the presence or absence of sunlight.The inference is drawn that ionospheric absorption measured at about 3 Mc/s is caused by ionization at 50- to 80-km heights, in which case the data suggest that electrons first precipitated to the earth above 83° corrected geomagnetic latitude, and then protons and helium...


The BSS consists in an platform that allows people to use bicycles as a way of transportation without having to bring their own personal bicycles. The main concept is to pick up a bicycle on one of the many stations spread across the city, and then drop it off on another station for somebody else to use it after [1,2]. Bicycles can be manual or have electric assistance [3]. Paris, London and New York are just a few examples of cities that already deployed an extensive bikesharing station network [4,5].


We searched for quasars that are ∼3 mag fainter than the SDSS quasars in the redshift range 3.7 ≲ z ≲ 4.7 in the COSMOS field to constrain the faint end of the quasar luminosity function (QLF). Using optical photometric data, we selected 31 quasar candidates with 22 < i′ < 24 at z ∼ 4. We obtained optical spectra for most of these candidates using FOCAS on the Subaru telescope and identified eight low-luminosity quasars at z ∼ 4. In order to derive the QLF based on our spectroscopic follow-up campaign, we estimated the photometric completeness of our quasar survey through detailed Monte Carlo simulations. Our QLF at z ∼ 4 has a much shallower faint-end slope (β = −1.67+0.11−0.17) than that obtained by other recent surveys in the same redshift. Our result is consistent with the scenario of downsizing evolution of active galactic nuclei inferred by recent optical and X-ray quasar surveys at lower redshifts.


Three approaches to trend analysis of water quality time series are discussed: (1) seasonal model, with a test for trend based on ranks of observations, with observations assumed to be m dependent; (2) transfer function noise model, in which covariate series may be included by means of transfer functions, with the remaining noise modeled as a seasonal autoregressive moving average process; and (3) component model, with the noise decomposed into series which describe trends, and irregular and seasonal variation. Models are studied with regards to their ability to include covariate series, possibility of interpretation of trends, treatment of seasonal variation and serial dependence, and robustness for outliers. We regard the component model being the most realistic and the most informative of the three approaches. Models are applied to series of monthly phosphorus concentration in the Ljungbyan River in Southern Sweden.


In order to empirically study a cogeneration system, an advanced co-generation system (ACGS) was built in Waseda University in 1999. The ACGS consists of a gas turbine system, a steam turbine system, an ammonia-water mixture turbine system, an ammonia absorption refrigerator system and an ice storage system. In the bottoming stage of ACGS, by activating an ammonia-water mixture turbine system and an ammonia absorption refrigerator system, both of which are effective for heat recovery of low temperatures, the system is made up positively using the heat cascade, which is unique compared to other systems. At present, for the introduction of the co-generation system, its practicality is not fully considered and a method has not yet been established which would lead to an operating method fitting the characteristics of the customer requirements. So it is considered very important to propose the most suitable system construction, taking an overall view of the annual earnings and cost of energy for the customers. In this paper, we cover an assumed system which changed the part of composition of ACGS and, in order to find out the initial advantages of the system, seek the most suitable composition and the most suitable operational planning of a system for cooling, electricity and heat demand of a typical hotel, and then propose an example of the system design guide.


Weight loss beyond the short term is problematic for individuals with obesity. Especially for women, emotional eating is one of the greatest barriers and might require attention early in a behavioral weightloss program. Physical activity-associated mood improvement may be associated with reduced emotional eating. Women with obesity volunteered for a community-based weight-management treatment. Effects associated with the initial 10 weeks, which focused on behavioral support of physical activity (prior to addressing eating behavior change), were assessed. Groups were designated based on whether participants' high total mood disturbance (TMD) scores reduced to a normal level (n = 45) or remained high (n = 27). Although significant overall improvements in emotional eating were found, F(1, 70) = 22.80, p < .001, its change scores did not significantly differ by group, F(1, 70) = 0.82, p = .370. Using aggregated data, the prediction of reduction in emotional eating by lowered TMD scores was not statistically significant. Adding change in self-efficacy for controlled eating into Step 2 of the regression model significantly increased the explained variance to R2 = .10, p = .014, with group not being a significant contributor when added in Step 3. TMD reduction was significantly predicted by increase in physical activity, β = -.23, p = .028, and completion of at least 3 bouts/week, rpb = -.22, p= .015. Because physical activity-related reductions in negative mood and increases in self-efficacy were associated with reduced emotional eating, viability for those behavioral factors as early treatment targets were signaled.


Infrared remote control now is the using widest method of remote control. The remote control equipment is small sized; low energy consumption, powerful. Based on these advantages, I designed a kind of infrared remote control mouse; It uses infrared ray to replace the link line between mouse and computer, and uses button to control the movement of the cursor. It's so easy to use that we need not put mouse on the desktop (mouse pad)


Inversion for seismic impedance is an ill-posed and nonlinear problem. Hence inversion results are non-unique and unstable, and low and high frequency components of inversion results are missed. Combining regularization with fast simulated annealing (FSA) can help to alleviate these problems. To achieve this, we developed an inversion method by constructing a new objective function including the edge-preserving regularization with absolute and relative constraints. Optimization solution is calculated through a fast simulated annealing method. Moreover, the method uses two kinds of regularization parameters, including "weighting factor" λ and "scaling parameter" δ. In the fast simulated annealing procedure, the regularization parameters are adaptively adjusted by the maximum likelihood method in order to improve the inversion result and the convergence speed. We test the method on both synthetic and field data example. Tests on 2-D synthetic data indicate that the inversion results especially the aspects of the discontinuity are significantly sensitive to different regularization functions. The initial values of the regularization parameters are too large or too small to avoid an unstable or over-smoothed result, and affect the convergence speed. The results obtained by constant regularization parameters are smoother than that obtained by adaptively adjusting the regularization parameters, where λ is reducing and δ is increasing along with the temperature decreasing. The inversion result of the field data provides more detailed information of both the layers and the faults, and is applicable to field geological cases.


This paper presents spectrum utilization strategies in cognitive radio (CR) networks powered by multi-antenna based wireless energy transfer. Secondary access point (AP) with multiple antennas should transfer the energy to the secondary sensor nodes with energy beamforming and simultaneously induces no interference to PUs. In addition, sensor nodes can transmit information to the secondary AP using the harvested energy, only when the spectrum is not utilized by PUs. We analyze the achievable rate of the CR sensor networks and propose an interference nulling energy beamforming method to maximize the achievable rate. Finally, we also propose a frame scheduling algorithm in which the durations of wireless energy transfer/information transfer frames (phases) are optimized.


Particle generator can generate pure particles of solid or liquid substances have hundreds ℃ melting point above. Material is heated in a small chamber to generate steam in. Heated nitrogen or inert gas is used as a carrier gas, carries the mixture to dilute the system. Supersaturation substance is sufficiently high, since it exceeds the critical value, the particles in the dilution system is formed by a homogeneous nucleation, growth in the same dilution system. By changing the dilution parameters such as residence time and dilution, different particle size distribution and density can be obtained. .FIELD 1


The aim of this investigation is to study the Penetration and stress-strain behavior of Lady Rosetta potato tubers variety as destructive tests under different storage conditions. An Instron machine was used for stress-strain tests. Force deformation tests of fresh potato tuber show that the small tubers have a more strength than that for big tubers for each soil cultivars. The fresh harvested tubers tend to be very brittle. Because of their brittleness, potato tubers tissues were cracked under compression test. The result appears that yield strain, increases gradually with increasing storage time. Rupture force, rupture strain, rupture stress, and toughness decreases gradually with increasing storage time. Yield force, yield stress, resilience, initial modulus of elasticity and secant modulus of elasticity decreases gradually with increasing storage time. Penetration forces (N) of fresh tubers were measured. The penetration force was ranged from 19.080 to 26.389 within average of 22.306 for sand soil cultivars, while ranged from 18.246 to 32.785 with an average of 24.413 for black soil cultivars, using probe of 3.8 mm diameter.


Abstract Clustered interval-censored failure time data occur in many areas and many methods have been proposed for their analysis. In practice, in addition to the clustering and interval censoring, such data may also present two other issues, cure fraction and informative cluster size, and it does not seem to exist an approach that can deal with all of these issues together. To address this, we present a within-cluster resampling method and in the approach, the multiple imputation procedure is applied for estimation of unknown parameters. To assess the performance of the proposed method, a simulation study is conducted and suggests that it works well in practical situations. Also the method is applied to a set of real data that motivated this study.


Efficient use of bandwidth and the design of efficient modulators remains a primary concern in the design of many emerging communication systems including systems for personal communication services (PCS). The bandwidth required by a communication system depends on a number of factors including the type of source encoders, channel encoders, modulation format, and the access technique. In conventional modulation formats such as PAM, FSK, and PSK, the error rate performance is traded for either bandwidth expansion or larger signal power. The amount of increase of power or bandwidth for the tradeoffs vary from one modulation format to another. Here we develop a modulation technique that improves the performance by creating signal constellations that allow transmission of more information than in a conventional system. We analyze the performance of this new modulation format in fading multipath channels. This method can be used with signal constellations that allow coded modulation formats, such as TCM, as well as uncoded modulation.


We give an overview of the activity in studying photoprocesses on a tensor-polarized deuterium target, which is carried out at the VEPP–3 electron storage ring. Recent experimental results on tensor asymmetries in two-body deuteron photodisintegration at the photon energy up to 500 MeV, and in coherent pion photoproduction on deuteron are presented. Plans to upgrade the facility and future experiments are discussed. Further progress is connected with the installation of a tagging system for almost-real photons. This would allow us to extend the measurements of polarization observables in photonuclear reactions on deuteron up to a photon energy of 1.5 GeV and permit to perform double polarized experiments – with linear polarized photon beams and tensor/vector polarized deuterium targets.


[1] A potential mechanism for liquid drainage of porous media based on cavitation of water under tension was proposed by Or and Tuller [2002]. In their technical note, Or and Tuller correctly recognize that there are two mechanisms of drainage in porous media, namely, air entry into a soil surface and cavitation in the soil pore space. They also correctly note that techniques for determining a soil moisture characteristic (SMC) that apply positive pressure on the soil pore water do not simulate cavitation. However, the basis for the formulation that Or and Tuller use in their technical note does not correspond to the mechanisms of cavitation and drainage that they describe (addressed here in section 3). Of less practical importance is the fact that the authors miss a vital detail in the formulation of energy of formation of a bubble in water (addressed here in section 2).


Climate fluctuations and landscape evolution, with their associated impacts on northern coastal ecosystems, likely influenced human populations of Nunatsiavut who have inhabited the region for nearly 7000 years. As part of an interdisciplinary research initiative within the Nain Archipelago on the subarctic coast of Labrador, this project sought to reconstruct the postglacial palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental variability of Dog Island and document its impacts on the evolution of lakes located in the vicinity of significant archaeological sites. To address these questions, we analysed physical, geochemical, and biological indicators preserved in sediment cores of two lakes. Results from Oakes Bay West Lake revealed gradual acidification since ca. 4900 cal. yr BP, coherent with terrestrial vegetation development and/or neoglacial cooling, interrupted by periods of milder climatic conditions (ca. 4900–3640 cal. yr BP and ca. 1520 cal. yr BP—present) that favoured large sediment inputs. Evilik Lake revealed the classic sequence of isolation of the basin in three major phases in response to glacio-isostatic rebound. These complementary results allowed for the development of a local palaeoenvironmental framework that contributes to a better understanding of how landscape evolution and climate have influenced human societies through site availability and proximity to marine resources, and how, in turn, they impacted their immediate environment through activities, such as wood harvesting and its associated effects on nutrients and lake sediment inputs.


The Polio eradication campaign has been set back substantially since 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Recent detections of poliovirus transmission in multiple high-income countries suggest suboptimal population immunity in many parts of the world even though polio vaccination has been included in routine childhood immunization for decades. We reviewed polio vaccination schedules and vaccine uptake in the Western Pacific Region countries and assessed the potential shortfall in population immunity against polio resurgence across these populations. In addition, we conducted a repeated cross-sectional study between 2021 and 2022 in the Western Pacific Region to understand factors contributing to polio vaccine hesitancy. Our results reveal potential shortfalls in population immunity against polio in Western Pacific Region and provide insights into how vaccination programs and campaigns can be strengthened to ensure continual progress towards polio eradication.


Objective To observe the curative effect of acupoint-application on Guanyuan(CV4) on primary dysmenorrheal.Method The therapy of acupoint-application on Guanyuan(CV4) was used to treat primary dysmenorrheal in 104 cases,and the curative effect was compared with 96 cases treated with acupuncture.Result The effective rate in the treatment group was 95.20 % and 78.13 % in the control group.The curative effect of acupoint-application was better than that of acupuncture(P0.05) .Conclusion The curative effect of acupoint-application on primary dysmenorrheal is reliable and better than that of acupuncture.It is especially suitable to the primary dysmenorrheal in type of qi stagnation and blood stasis,or cold-dampness stagnation.


The bee venom is used for treating a wide variety of disease conditions. It has also been found to be a strong immunological agent, stimulating the body's protective mechanisms against disease. The major treatment is gene therapy or recombinant DNA vaccines involved targeting multiple antigenic components to direct and empower the immune system to protect the host from infection. Limitation of therapy to the treatment of patients suffering from various adverse reaction and contraindications are always experienced. Tertiapin is a neurotoxin from the honeybee venom. It interacts specifically with calmodulin in the presence of Ca2+. Antigenic epitopes on Tertiapin protein of Apis mellifera (honey bee) is important determinants sites for protection against disorders. As our knowledge of the immune responses to a protein antigen progressed, it became clear that the whole protein is not necessary for raising the immune response, but small segments (NCNRIIIPHMCWK, 4-16) of tertiapin protein called the antigenic determinants or the epitopes are sufficient for eliciting the desired immune response. Immunization cassettes should be capable of immunizing of broad immunity against both humoral and cellular epitope thus giving vaccines the maximum ability to deal with Tertiapin protein of Apis mellifera immune escape. We have predicted a successful immunization strategy. KeywordsTertiapin, apitherapy, Antigenic epitope, Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity Introduction Apitherapy, or bee therapy, is the use of products of the common honeybee for therapeutic purposes. Honeybee venom, bee pollen, raw honey, royal jelly, and propolis are the products generally considered to have medicinal effects. These products are said to be effective against a wide range of ailments, from arthritis and chronic pain to multiple sclerosis and cancer, although few scientific studies have as yet proved their benefits. Bee venom is a potent anti-inflammatory antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, and possesses radioprotectant actions. It has been found to exert powerful actions as an antibacterial agent, anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic, antirheumatic, in neurodegenerative disease, as a cardiotonic, an antioxidant, and as a diaphoretic and diuretic. It has also been found to be a strong immunological agent, stimulating the body's protective mechanisms against disease. The Eclectic Botanical physicians considered it to be a potent alterative.


Comparison of daughter spectra obtained by tandem quadrupole mass Spectrometry from ions selected from an isotopic cluster of the same elemental composition can be efficiently used to find out the elemental composition of a fragment. This even applies with ions of high mass and with low abundance isotopes such as 18O. By this method, loss of CO and HCO˙ from the phenol molecular ion is confirmed and the absence of CO loss from the p-tert-butyl-pbenol molecular ion is made obvious. Limitations of the method are discussed in the case of a bicyclic imidazolidinone.


The ground fissure in Xi'an city is a regional geological disaster.The existence of ground fissures brings a series of problems and challenges to design and construction of Xi'an metro.The paper investigates the design of support structure of metro line1 through the ground fissure F6.The mechanics and characteristic of the ground fissure F6 are investigated.A three dimensional numerical model is established.The loading modes are determined.The stress and deformation of support structure are analyzed during the phases of design,construction and usage.According to numerical analysis,the mode and layout of support structure are proposed.


Wong Kar-wai's film In the Mood for Love (2000) is set in Hong Kong in the early 1960s and explores the predicament and reactions of a female character (So Lai-chen) who experiences a personal crisis at a time of political turmoil. Like that other great film about passion and solipsism, Nagisa Oshima's Ai no corrida (1976), In the Mood for Love poses as a mere love story only to open up, in a brilliantly off-handed fashion, a scenario of political devastation against which romance becomes all but impossible. For all its casual tone, the backdrop of the 1966 riots is a shivering revelation of the social and political conditions that have made possible the protagonists' solipsistic absorption in their feelings as well as the fragility of Hong Kong's status as a geographical and political island. This article discusses these elements of the film in the context of contemporary Hong Kong society and cinema.


Very simple, but very accurate approximate solutions are given for the spatial part of the classical diffusion equation for a fully ionized plasma.


The text that follows this foreword is Guy Vaes's preface to his photo-essay, The Cemeteries of London (1978), a book dedicated to his widow Lydie and in memory of Stephen Geary (1779-1854), creator of the old Highgate Cemetery. When the author visited London's Victorian cemeteries in the years preceding the publication of his book, most of these sites were in a sorry state of neglect and disrepair. The tide, however, was about to turn. In 1975 the Friends of Highgate Cemetery was formed, an association that Vaes mentions in his Preface and one that prompted others to follow in later years. In 1981 the architectural historian Hugh Meller published London Cemeteries: An Illustrated Guide and Gazeteer. Invoking the title of the celebrated 1960 Western film, Meller called the group of seven large private cemeteries 'The Magnificent Seven' [Abney Park, Brompton, Highgate, Kensal Green, Nunhead, Tower Hamlets, West Norwood]. All seven now belong to the National Federation of Cemetery Friends, though only Highgate and Kensal Green remain open for burials. Lying within the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, Brompton is run by the Royal Park Service. Abney Park, Nunhead, and Tower Hamlets are now natural woodland nature reserves. Despite restoration work—for instance, by 2001, of the Anglican chapel and fifty monuments at Nunhead—and the efforts of the friends' associations, all of these sites remain in need of further care and funding. Highgate West is open only for guided tours; Highgate East is open to all. The Highgate Friends' website reports that 'The Eastern Avenue, Circle of Lebanon and the Terrace Catacomb, along with over seventy other monuments, have now been listed by English Heritage, with over double that number having had expert attention and maintenance. During 2011 the chapel interior was restored to its 1880s colour scheme and reopened for funerals.'


In this article, the issue of legality regarding criteria for citation, which is an integral part of social and cultural life, is explored. Citation, also as a method that ensures the reliability when discussing ideas in the world of science, allows the use of ideas from intellectual works without the consent of the author. However, boundaries of this use is not unlimited and it is determined as fairuse or not accordingto a certain set of criteria. By the law, beside some formal conditions are set, for the most part, determining the legality of a citation is based on a subjective set of characters. It is beneficial to the public to familiarize with these set of criteria.


The article presents the results of chemical, clinical and experimental studies of siliceous solutions. The results of the study showed that siliceous solutions, due to the chemical composition of medicinal minerals and REE elements, contribute to the enrichment of the chelating protein calprotectin in neutrophils, which further inhibits the growth of mixed bacterial and viral microorganisms, which leads to anti-infection efficiency.


Big Data research is playing a leading role in investigating a wide group of issues fundamentally emerging concerning Database, Data Warehousing, and Data Mining research. Analytics research is intended to develop complex procedures running over large-scale data repositories with the objective of extracting useful knowledge hidden in such repositories. A standout amongst the most noteworthy application situations where Big Data emerge is, without uncertainty, logical figuring. Here, researchers and analysts create immense measures of information everyday by means of investigations (e.g., disciplines like high vitality material science, space science, bioinformatics, etc.). Nevertheless, separating helpful learning for basic leadership purposes from these enormous, vast scale data repositories are practically inconceivable for genuine Data Base Management Systems (DBMS), is inspired investigation tools.


The invention discloses a method for uploading ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) messages, which belongs to the field of communication and aims at solving the problem of support incapability of applications for uploading ARP messages to a CPU (Central Processing Unit) to be processed in the prior art. The method comprises the following steps of: receiving a first ARP answering message; judging whether a mapping relationship table item of a resource IP (Internet Protocol) and a source MAC (Media Access Control) carried by the first ARP answering massage exists in a first mapping relationship table or not; and obtaining a first ARP request message according to the first ARP answering message when the mapping relationship table item of the resource IP and the source MAC carried by the first ARP answering massage exists in the first mapping relationship table, and uploading the first ARP request message to the CUP (Center Processing Unit) to be processed, wherein a resource IP and a source MAC carried by the first ARP request message are respectively identical to the source IP and the source MAC carried by the first answering message. The embodiment of the invention also discloses a device for uploading the ARP messages.


Riders and trainers believe that oral maltodextrin (MD) supplementation prior to exercise increases blood glucose availability and delay the onset of fatigue in horses, although there is no evidence supporting this claim. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effect of MD supplementation on blood glucose, L-lactate, insulin, and cortisol levels and heart rate in horses subjected to an incremental exercise test. A randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial was designed to test the effect of three doses of MD (50 g, 100 g and 200 g) on blood glucose, L-lactate, insulin, and cortisol levels and heart rate of four Purebred Lusitanian geldings. A seven-step incremental field exercise test was used; the initial speed was set at 2.5 m/s, followed by 3.3 m/s, 4.1 m/s, 5.0 m/s, 6.6 m/s, and 8.4 m/s. There was a significant influence of exercise itself on plasma glucose and L-lactate concentrations and on heart rate (p < 0.05), whereas the amount of MD administered changed only the cortisol levels (p < 0.05). During rest and exercise, the variables remained within the normal reference range for stalled and exercising horses, respectively. Blood glucose levels in the placebo group at rest, 5.0 m/s, and 8.4 m/s were 87.63 ± 3.25 mg/dL, 78.33±10.08 mg/dL, and 95.18 ± 14.73 mg/dL, respectively, whereas those for the group supplemented with 200 g MD were 99.25±12.19 mg/dL, 79.55±13.81 mg/dL, and 97.30 ± 16.46 mg/dL, respectively. The mean cortisol levels in the placebo and 200 g MD groups at 8.4 m/s were 1.20 ± 0.53 mmol/L and 5.54 ± 4.73 mmol/L, respectively. In conclusion, MD supplementation increased serum cortisol levels and showed no effect on heart rate, blood glucose, L-lactate and serum insulin levels of horses submitted to an incremental exercise test.


This study examined the Adoption of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) on financial reporting quality in Nigerian Public Sector (Case Study of The Office of The Accountant General of Ekiti State. The objectives of this study are determining the impact of adoption of IPSAS on the Level of Accountability and Transparency in the Public Sector of Nigeria and to ascertain the contribution of adoption of IPSAS in enhancing comparability and international best practices. Primary source of data was employed to generate the data of interest. Research questionnaire was designed, which was made of hypothetic questions of the research work. Interview questions were formulated and tested for validity before dispatching to the chosen sample populace of 45 staffs of the Office of The Accountant General of Ekiti State. The statistical tool employed was the Chi-square test. From the findings of the study, it was observed that adoption of IPSAS is expected to increase the level of accountability and transparency in public sector of Nigeria. It was found that the adoption of IPSAS will enhance comparability and international best practices. Also, it was denoted that adoption of IPSAS based standards will provide more meaningful information for decision makers and improve the quality of the financial reporting system in Nigeria. Hence, the researcher concluded that the adoption of IPSAS in Nigeria is expected to impact operating procedures, reporting practices thereby strengthening good governance and relations with the government and the governed. One of the most researched and least understood variables in public sector accounting of the nation is how the accountability and stewardship of financial controls are conducted. Based on these, the research report recommends among others that for accountability to be successfully entrenched in public offices in Nigeria, there must be a reduction in the level of corruption, improving public sector accounting and auditing standards, legislators taking positions as champions of accountability and total restructure of public accounts committees and monitored application of the value of money in the conduct of government business.


Urban traffic and climate change are two phenomena that have the potential to degrade urban water quality by influencing the build-up and wash-off of pollutants, respectively. However, limited knowledge has made it difficult to establish any link between pollutant buildup and wash-off under such dynamic conditions. In order to safeguard urban water quality, adaptive water quality mitigation measures are required. In this research, pollutant build-up and wash-off have been investigated from a dynamic point of view which incorporated the impacts of changed urban traffic as well as changes in the rainfall characteristics induced by climate change. The study has developed a dynamic object classification system and thereby, conceptualised the study of pollutant build-up and wash-off under future changes in urban traffic and rainfall characteristics. This study has also characterised the buildup and wash-off processes of traffic generated heavy metals, volatile, semi-volatile and non-volatile hydrocarbons under dynamic conditions which enables the development of adaptive mitigation measures for water quality. Additionally, predictive frameworks for the build-up and wash-off of some pollutants have also been developed.


Drugs are special goods for preventing, treating and diagnosing disease in order to assure people's health. The quality of drugs is directly related to people's health. Drug electronic supervision is a kind of technology model to strengthen the drug circulation regulation, being of great significance to guarantee drug safety. Based on the flows monitoring of drug logistics system, we combine qualitative analyses and quantitative researches, theory researches and simulation analyses together. A network flows real-time monitoring model is established in this paper and the simulation results show that the model can automatically monitor the drug circulation of the entire system in real-time.


Objective To test the mechanical property of Small Intestinal Submucosa. Methods The mechanical property of SIS were tested by SHIMADZU AG20KNA material test machine. Results Group A Stress of yield point is 7.72±0.70MPA strain is 42.66±14.69% Group B Stress of yield point is 7.57±1.94MPA strain is 42.34±8.29% Group C Stress of yield point is 3.91±0.91MPA strain is 71.59±3.64%. Conclusion The shape of load-extension diagram of SIS is just like that of collagen. The yield point stress of SIS is one seventh to fourteenth to that of the ligament and tendon. SIS exhibited an anisotropic mechanical property. Both yield point and max stress of SIS in longitudinal direction are nearly twice bigger than those in circumferential direction. The yield point and max strain in circumferential direction are more than 70%.


A new approach is introduced to model and simulate equation-based systems where variables can appear and disappear during simulation without re-generation and re-compilation of code when the numbers of equations and states change during events. The method is presented in a generic, mathematical way and can be in principle applied to all types of declarative, equation-based modelling languages, such as Modelica. A concrete implementation is given for the Julia-based experimental modelling language Modia, which is similar to Modelica. However, Modia features far simpler semantics based on hierarchical collections of name/value pairs and has the ability to support domain-specific algorithms, especially for multibody systems with collision handling. The new method is demonstrated with heat-transfer in a rod, separation of stages of a rocket and gripping operations of a robot.


Ramping up production from direct sales to providing goods for wholesale markets means farmers must acquire new skills and competencies. Working through a farmer cooperative, producers were offered education on food safety and how to expand their operations.


THE X~a'OlaTANCE Of the adrenal cortex in heal0a and. disease has been increasingly realized in recent years. The recognition, isolation and synthesis of some of its hormones have made possible the successful treatment of a number of disease states which previously had not been amenable to s ~ecific therapy. The relationship of certain diseases and disease syndromes to t ae adrenal cortex which had not been suspected before has now been clarified and thi.~ has allowed lhese conditions to be attacked on a rational and specific basis. Some of these diseases are of importance to the anaesthetist who musL therefore, have a working acquaintance with the physiology and pathology of~ the adrenal gland and the adrenal cortex in partic~,lor. It would, therefore, seem proper at this time to attempt a description of some of the known data on this subject, keeping in mind that it is a fidd which in many respects is as yet only partly understood, and that much of our present knowledge requires fur0aer elucidation or rectification. We shall limit this presentation in the main to a description of ad2enal co:rtieal hypofunction.


The development of the modern urban city has always been accompanied by problems related to the urban planning and adjustment of its internal infrastructure. All the planning and construction of cities are associated with a specific plan, also there are some theories of planning and housing sector included. The theoretical system is built and adjusted, applied from the practice of model designs or pilot designs then adopted and used by experts of different countries. However, each region has different political, socio-cultural, economic, and environmental conditions; therefore, applying such theoretical systems will have active adjustments based on separate circumstances and contexts. Throughout the history of urban development of many countries in the world, the characteristics of the model "group of houses" have been used thoroughly and effectively of social issues and seen not only as a situational but also long-term approach to the development of cities. From the Neighbourhood Unit concept to the Collective living quarters concept then applied in Vietnam - although there is a certain adjustment - still shows the visions of designers and intentions as well as the look for deeply social value. To Vietnam's situation, in particular, the collective living quarters concept is considered an ideal model and a changing step not only in the history of architecture but also the social development history in general, representing a whole generation of humanity with socialism, closely attached to the historical context of Vietnam.

Received 18th December 2021; Revised 12th February 2022; Accepted 20th March 2022


We describe the application of neural networks adhering to the unsupervised learning paradigm to individual tree mortality prediction within forest growth modeling. The data set used for this study originates from permanent sample plots in uneven-aged Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) stands in Austria. In addition we use the same data set and param-eterise a LOGIT model which represents the conventional statistical approach for predicting individual tree mortality. Finally, we evaluate the mortality predictions using an independent data set and compare the ndings with observed mortality rates. The encouraging results indicate that neural networks perform slightly better than the conventional LOGIT approach.


A model for a cathode-supported tubular SOFC operating with H 2 and syngas derived from solid fuels has been developed. Momentum, mass, energy and charge transport equations coupled with electrochemical reactions (H 2 , CO oxidation and O 2 reduction) as well as chemical (water-gas shift) reaction are considered in the model. The model also takes into account the radiative heat transfer between the cell and air-preheating tube. Due to the lack of experimental data for syngas in tubular cells, the model is validated against published experimental data using H 2 - The model results are in good agreement with experimental data. The distributions of temperature, current density, reversible cell voltage, overpotential and species mole fractions within the cell are discussed in the case of a fuel consisting of a mixture of H 2 , CO, H 2 D, CO 2 and N 2 .


The are presented and analyzed opinions of the respondents of various ages about the role of generations in preservation and development of society and readiness of the youth to learn the experience of the aged in this article.


In this paper, a class of trajectory tracking control of terminal restricted robotic dynamics is discussed and a new learning control algorithm is given. The algorithm has overcome the shortage of the existing results, and its convergence process of tracking learning control depends neither on desired motion control and desired power nor on the data of the corresponding initial control; the results of Wang (1995) and Soh (1995) have been improved greatly.


Soft tissue pain, a kind of very common clinical symptom, is mainly caused by chronic strain that can lead to aseptic inflammation and metabolic disorder of inflammatory mediators,including oxygen free radical(SOD),phospholipase A2(PLA2),nitrogen monoxide(NO) and prostaglandin (PG),et al.In its treatments, physiotherapy, of which different types have different action mechanism and indications,is a recommendable method for its good curative effect and little side effect.


The survey was conducted to assess health-related behaviours of women diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis also known as Hashimoto's disease. A correlation was found between the respondents' age and the body mass index. The presence of comorbidities was significantly correlated with both the body mass index and respondents' age. It was shown that respondents with excessive body weight developed cardiovascular diseases more often (p=0.01) than the other women. Respondents aged 30-39 years maintained normal body weight more often than the 40-49-year-olds (p=0.001). Nearly half of the respondents did not receive additional recommendations (n=63, 45.5%) from the attending doctor on supplementation or changes in the lifestyle. The most frequent recommendations included supplementation with vitamin D, introduction of a diet, physical activity, and avoidance of stress. There are still no guidelines for Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients that would systematise the current knowledge of the general treatment of this disease.


Context: Persistence of pain will be the cause of the disorder in the process of recovery, sleep, and reduced life quality of patients; therefore, pain management is important in this respect. Aims: This study aimed to compare the nurses' and patients' views about barriers to pain management. Settings and Design: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study was conducted in teaching hospitals affiliated to the Shoushtar Faculty of Medical Sciences in 2017. Materials and Methods: Thirty nurses from the surgery department were selected by the census method and 150 patients were selected in the quotas. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of two sections: demographic information and four areas of barriers (organization, nurse, patient, and physician). Statistical Analysis Used: Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, Tukey's test, and t-test using SPSS-16. Results: The mean age of the participants (31.3 ± 7.3) and the mean score of the pain management barrier questionnaire were obtained from the patients' view (109.97 ± 16.65) and nurses' view (106.88 ± 13.96). In the nurses' group, there was a significant relationship between work experience and employment status with pain management barriers (P < 0.05). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the nurses' and patients' view about the pain management barriers (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Due to the high percentage of patient-related barriers in the present study, it is essential to recognize these obstacles and to overcome them, and the importance of providing information to patients as part of the management of pain control is emphasized.


The present invention is suitable for the LCD display as well as an instruction sheet and signage backlight, a light guide plate that is illuminated at the edge, the light incident at an edge, at least two surfaces located perpendicular to the edge providing a light guide plate to be re-emitted through one. The light source, the light incident in the edge, to be able to after the total reflection through one again light guide plate surface by avoiding shall properly change the direction of light rays in the light guide plate. Light guide plate, one on the both surfaces of the light guide plate, and a sheet (5) optical fault location protected from damage by (2). The present invention additionally provides a method of easily depositing failure point.


One of the most feared complications in thyroid surgery is injury to the superior laryngeal nerve or recurrent laryngeal nerve. Neuralidentification during surgery is insufficient to assess nerve injury. Intraoperative nerve monitoring of the vagal nerve and recurrent laryngealnerve during thyroid surgery is a new adjunct designed to allow better identification of nerves at risk and therefore reduce complicationsrelated to their injury. This new working tool does not substitute adequate surgical technique but merely provides the surgeon with anadjunct to routine visual identification and functional assessment. The use of nerve monitoring requires standardization of the monitoringprocedure. Pursuant to this, we will discuss in two related articles the current state of the art standardized technique of nerve monitoring inthyroid surgery. The aim of part 1 is to provide a concise overview of nerve monitoring in thyroid surgery and its effectiveness. This willinclude a brief review of the surgical anatomy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and the key landmarks used to identify the nerve duringsurgery. Part 2 will describe how to perform the standardized nerve monitoring in a step by step fashion during thyroid surgery which willdiminish variable results and misleading information associated with a nonstandardized nerve monitoring procedure.


In this letter, we demonstrate a GaN-based E/D-mode (Enhancement/Depletion-mode) inverter with PEALD-AlN (Plasma Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition) and LPCVD-SiN (Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition) as bilayer gate dielectric, where the E-mode GaN-MISHEMT is fabricated based on our proposed self-terminating gate recess etching technique. The combination of the two dielectrics makes the device exhibits high gate swing and low dielectric/III-V interface state densities. So that the fabricated inverter shows a large logic swing, high temperature stability and low hysteresis effect.


PLGA/HA composite biomaterials are prepared, and 3D printing technology is used to make bone scaffolds that can be implanted in the body. Its performance is tested by in vitro physical and biological methods, and its safety is evaluated by animal experiments. Methods: 3D printing technology was used to print the PLGA/HA composite three-dimensional stent biomaterial, and the tensile strength and bending strength of the stent material were tested with reference to GB/T1040 and GB/T9341 to verify its ability to support the proliferation and differentiation of hMSC. The biological evaluation standard (GB/T16886) evaluates the biocompatibility and biosafety of scaffoldmaterials in vitro and in vivo. Results: The porous 3D scaffold made of PLGA/HA composite material was successfully fabricated; the mechanical tensile strength and flexuralstrength of the composite material were 38 MPa and 42 MPa respectively, which were5.35 times and 5.25 times that of normal human cartilage; in vitro cell test It is proved that the 3D scaffold can support the proliferation and differentiation of hMSC into chondrocytes. The results of the biosafety test show that the scaffold meets the national medical device biological evaluation standards.


Smart home services (SHSs) afford users an effective lifestyle management system, which provides human-oriented networking of smart devices and applications that enable users to control their homes from anywhere at any time. Despite the benefits of SHSs, however, their acceptance is very low. There remains a gap in the literature in terms of a comprehensive model that addresses users' intention to use SHSs. To address this gap, the present study explored the factors that influence SHS acceptance among users based on well-established theoretical frameworks, such as the technology acceptance model, innovation diffusion theory, and the theory of planned behavior. To this end, the study integrated four additional factors, namely, perceived convenience, perceived connectedness, perceived cost, and perceived privacy risk, into the exploration and carried out structural equation modeling to quantitatively determine the effects of these factors. Questionnaires were administered to 750 users. The findings indicated that perceived compatibility, perceived convenience, perceived connectedness, perceived cost, perceived behavioral control with perceived usefulness, and perceived ease of use directly and indirectly exerted a significant influence on users' intention to use SHSs.


Harpacticoid copepods generally showed marked seasonal variation in abundance on intertidal macroalgae (Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus vesiculosus) on a moderately exposed rocky shore. In some species (Nitocra typica, Mesochra spp., Harpacticus sp., Heterolaophonte spp.) the sex ratio was unbiased, or biased towards males, at peak population densities in summer and fall, but became biased towards females as density decreased towards winter. In other species (Thalestris purpurea, Parastenhelia spinosa, Amphiascopsis sp.) there was no consistent trend in sex ratio. Most species have a protracted period of reproductive activity between spring and fall, as indicated by the occurrence of ovigerous females and copepodites. Some species (Harpacticus sp., Heterolaophonte discophora, Thalestris purpurea) that were absent from macroalgae during winter reappeared with ovigerous females and copepodites in the spring. Tisbe spp. showed no seasonal fluctuation in abundance or sex ratio: ovigerous females and copepodites oc...


. Higher education is one of the areas that need certain standards to assure quality. Ahlussunnah Wal Jama'ah of Nahdlatul Ulama has universalism values to be actualized in quality assurance. This study aims to describe the existence, standards, manual, institutions, implementation and evaluation, external and internal Quality Assurance System as the universalism values. This is qualitative descriptive research with field research. The research was conducted at four Nahdlatul Ulama -based Islamic universities at Central Java and Jogjakarta which have been accredited by the National Accreditation Board of Higher Education. Data were collected by questionnaire and interview. The results show that Islamic- Based Universities need to make several breakthroughs and strategic steps to deal with change and competition in such a fast and tight manner such as looking back the historical context of identity of Moslem, having distinction, in educational process (learning), developing basic knowledge.


The action of sodium azide on (dibromomethyl)pyrimidines 2a and 8a leads to the nitriles 3a and 9, whereas the 1-methyl derivatives 2b and 8b afford the geminal diazides 7 and 10. The nitriles 3a, b add another mole of azide to give the tetrazoles 4a, b. The palladium-catalyzed decomposition of azide 5, obtained from bromide 6 by treatment with sodium azide, yields nitrile 3a.


In January 2004, I published an essay in this Journal that attempted to use the de novo ecosystem on Green Mountain, Ascension Island, to develop a number of ideas about ecosystem construction and related topics. Gray (2004), in a thought-provoking response, has recently questioned several of my interpretations. He organised his criticisms under three headings: 'coevolution', 'carbon sequestration' and 'species richness'. Here I use the same headings to structure my response. In the first case (coevolution), while we differ on interpretation, we appear to agree on the observations and experiments needed to settle the question. Regarding carbon sequestration, I believe we are in agreement, Gray's comments being based on a misunderstanding of my original essay. The most interesting differences between us are over species richness; I argue that this is a product of different approaches to conservation biology.


The Middle Ages is an unfortunate term. It was not invented until the age was long past. The dwellers in the Middle Ages would not have recognized it. They did not know that they were living in the middle; they thought, quite rightly, that they were time's latest achievement. --Morris Bishop, 1968 (1) To many observers, almost two decades after the fall of the Soviet Union the post-Cold War world's future remains frightening. In an increasingly multipolar world, rapid advances in technology and globalization have dangerously empowered nonstate actors who compete for legitimacy with states and undercut long-held constructs of national autonomy and sovereignty. The community of nation-states, ensnared by its own bureaucratic inertia and dwindling capacities, cannot keep pace with these agile malefactors. More and more states contract out their responsibilities to commercial entities, further eroding their monopoly on power. (2) In such an environment it can appear that crisis is imminent, powerful states will weaken, and weakened states will fail. The Westphalian state system will crumble, and the world will slip into a New Dark Age presaged by fragmented political authority, overlapping jurisdictions, fluid territorial boundaries, group marginalization, divided loyalties, no-go areas, and contested property rights. (3) But this Draconian future might not become reality. Crises tend to generate apocalyptic warnings, and this is not the first period in modern history when observers have misused historical themes such as the Dark Ages to describe troubling shifts in global politics. (4) The rise of Adolf Hitler in the interwar years and the imagined aftermath of a nuclear war with the Soviet Union were often described in comparable terms. (5) Had he survived the Battle of Hastings, one supposes even King Harold II would have viewed the Norman conquest of Britain as turning the clock back 66 years. Worrisome social and environmental trends should be cause for concern. Patterns in global terrorism, competition for dwindling resources, and mounting perceptions of inequality, among other discomfiting trends, should stimulate reassessments of policy and strategy. But is what we are witnessing a dissolution of the international system as we know it--and a return to Petrarch's poetic construct of "darkness and dense gloom"--or, instead, are we merely distracted and deceived by the noisy death rattle of the cherished model that attempted to explain it? (6) This article suggests that the system of Westphalian states is not in decline, but that it never existed beyond a utopian allegory exemplifying the American experience. As such, the Dark Age thesis is really not about the decline of the sovereign state and the descent of the world into anarchy. It is instead an irrational response to the decline of American hegemony with a naive emphasis on the power of nonstate actors to compete with nation-states. The analysis concludes that because the current paradigm paralysis places a higher value on overstated threats than opportunities, our greatest hazard is not the changing global environment we live in, but our reaction to it. No "Majestic Portal" For more than a decade, political scientists have proposed the ideal of the Westphalian state--a territorial, sovereign, and legally equal entity--as most similar to academic shorthand rather than an empirical reality. (7) Still, security analysts routinely invoke the Westphalian paradigm to underwrite their observations of global chaos and predictions of a dismal future. (8) This paradigm endures because during the past century it has become a guiding principle in America's worldview, the product of utopian interpretations of power relationships. To understand why this is the case, a brief review of the genesis of the international relations (IR) field of study might prove helpful. Emerging from the field of diplomatic history, IR took hold mostly in the United States in the period following World War I, as much out of revulsion for the scale of that conflict's slaughter as to investigate the causes of war and peace. …


This is a study on "The Effectiveness of Foreign Direct Investment" case study in Iskandar Region Development Authority (IRDA). Foreign direct investments are the most important for the company because the investor can easily made any business with that company. In this study, it will discuss the role of IRDA towards the foreign direct investments on how they attract the investors to come over Iskandar Malaysia to invest. The programs that organize by IRDA are the way how the role of IRDA to attract foreign direct investment. The total of foreign direct investment in Iskandar Malaysia show that the development of Iskandar Malaysia needs them because investors can generate more profit to both investors and Iskandar Malaysia as well as the year to year increasing the total number of investors since 2006 until now. There is prove shows that no slowing of foreign direct investments in Iskandar Malaysia which this statement are stated by our Prime Minister, Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak. Interview session had been made with Chief Executive of Iskandar Region Development Authority (IRDA) regarding the foreign investment in Iskandar Malaysia and the feedback is positive because from year to year, investment in Iskandar Malaysia is keep increase. Recommendation regarding on how to improve and attract investors to come and invest in Iskandar Malaysia has been recommend to IRDA where the result regarding that matters are between me and Assistant Vice President of Economics and Businesses in IRDA.


Orbital angular momentum modes have shown promising achievements, as data carriers, in ameliorating the transmission capacity and raising the spectral efficiency. This has leaded to an increasing interest in exploiting appropriate specialty fibers for supporting robust OAM channels. In this work, we propose a novel inner graded ring core fiber referred to as inverse Gaussian fiber (IGF). To the best of our knowledge, IGF has never been used as optical fiber profile before. We optimize IGF key parameters in order to design optimized IG-few mode fibers (FMF) supporting low radial modes with high intermodal separation that outperforms those reported in literature (minimum of $\Delta n_{\text{eff}}=2.74\times 10^{-4}$), this limits mode coupling and reduces channels crosstalk. We investigate the impacts of smoothness parameters ($\alpha$ & $P$) on the properties of OAM channels in the IG-FMFs. We evaluate and compare (with literature) their intermodal separation, their chromatic dispersion, and their associated differential group delay over the C+L ITU-T bands. The selected designs are proposed as favorable candidate to guide OAM modes in next generation OAM-MDM multiplexing optical networks.


Poly(L-lysine) is a polypeptide having a bulky hydrophobic side chain. A systematic study of the full vibrational dynamics, including phonon dispersion, for the α-helical form of this biopolymer has been reported using Wilson's GF matrix method as modified by Higgs for an infinite polymeric chain. The calculated frequencies explain well the IR and Raman spectra. A comparison of the amide modes with other α-helical polypeptides is reported here. Spectral frequencies have been obtained for the N-deuterated species to check the validity of force field and correctness of assignments. Heat capacity has also been calculated from dispersion curves via density-of-states using Debye relation in the temperature range 50–500 K. The calculated values are found to be in close agreement with the recent experimental data of Roles et al. [Biopolymers, 33, 753 (1993)].


The use of fluorescent whitening dyes with food paper container or packing material and sanitary napkin for medical supplies is forbidden by the Food Sanitation Law in Japan.The ground of this law is introduced ; the toxic experimental results and its opinions were introduced.A measurement of fluorescent strength by colrimeter and the relationship between additional amounts and florescent strength, stripping method of fluorescent whitening paper were studied.The retention of fluorescent dyes in paper is 31%.


INTRODUCTION
Over the last 30 years, hernia surgery has developed into an evidence-based practice assisted by the development of guidelines.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Prior to 1993, best practice in the UK was a nylon darn repair under general anaesthesia as an inpatient with prolonged recovery. The publication of The Royal College of Surgeons of England (RCSE) Guidelines on Groin Hernia Repair stimulated debate and coincided with the introduction of mesh hernioplasty and laparoscopic techniques. Further evolution of hernia management has occurred to enable the production of the European Hernia Society (EHS) guidelines in 2008.

RESULTS
The EHS guidelines cover all aspects of abdominal wall surgery including: indications for operation; investigations; organising surgical care; techniques; local anaesthesia; after-care, complications and outcome; and information for patients.

CONCLUSIONS
Surgeons have many choices when selecting an appropriate hernia operation for an individual patient. The EHS guidelines provide a basis for this decision-making.


In Ireland, there is an identified need to address the inconsistency that exists in Undergraduate Education at entry to university level.  This article aims to provide a roadmap of generic skills teaching which in turn will form the foundation of a Teaching for Understanding (TFU) framework, as developed in " Ten Years at Project Zero: A Report on 1993 - 2002", Harvard Graduate Studies School of Education, in the 1990s (HGSE, 2003). Thus, at UCC, a structured, comprehensive and collaborative approach was used to develop a programme which would initially begin within the Library, but would also form the nucleus of, and have the potential to become, an all-inclusive Information and Communications Technology (ICT) type, university-wide, credit bearing module. To contextualise our model we will firstly look at the prevailing background to our project and review some of the existing literature and international standards on Information Literacy (IL). Normal 0 21 false false false EN-GB X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */
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This year has been another year full of oncology approvals, proving that the oncology pipeline is robust with first-of-the kind molecules, competitor products for existing agents, and biosimilars.


We are all familiar with the spectral decomposition or eigenvalue-eigenvector decomposition of a matrix. This paper addresses cases where instead of using a single eigenvalue we may use a square non-diagonal matrix, which we will call eigenmatrix, which goes along with the concomitant set or matrix of block-eigenvectors in a number that has to match the dimension of the eigenmatrix. The usefulness of such construct or decomposition in statistical studies in multivariate analysis, more precisely, in the derivation of likelihood ratio statistics for tests of elaborate structures of covariance matrices, their moments and their distributions, is shown, and an application is made to the derivation and study of the likelihood ratio statistic to test block-circularity of covariance matrices. Through the use of such construct or decomposition, also near-exact distributions are easily obtained for this statistic and the relation of the test with other tests is easily derived.


Lathes for machining of wheelsets are the specific class of production means, for which the maintaining of satisfactorily high value of coefficient of overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) is very difficult and depends on many different factors. In this study it has been focused on the process factors which influence shaping of OEE for this group of lathes. These include: optimizing the geometry of the wheel flange, identifying and optimization of partition of machining allowance, segmentation and parameterization of machining programs, adaptive control of roughing as well as detecting and reducing of occurrence of slippage between the drive rollers and the machined wheel. A particularly difficult problem is to detect and avoid slippage of drive rollers at the moment of stopping of the machined wheelset, as a result of occurrence of excessive cutting resistances. In the study it has been presented a new method for detecting of slippage and reacting through synchronous actions, to the occurrence of slippage in the friction drive lathes. The method described in this work has been implemented in real industrial conditions.


In her book Bozenna Chylinska offers an extensive, well-documented, and detailed discussion of the concept of work in Puritan theology and life. Tracing the evolution of the Puritan interpretations of work from the beginnings of the Reformation to the end of the eighteenth century, Chylinska presents the views of English and American Puritans and refers to their biographies as evidence of how work was not just part of religious beliefs, but also lived experience of such Puritan thinkers as Jo...


This work serves as a proposal of voluntary certification of shoes for the adult po-pulation that would help end customer when buying quality shoes. The work deals with the distribution of footwear according to valid Czech standards and hygiene requirements at her, then gauge systems, consumer information and deformities of the foot and toes. Smaller chapter deals with a very complex definition of comfortable shoes, and what pa-rameters are affected. An integral part of the characteristics of quality and comfortable shoes are the most common complaints of shoes. The aim is to define requirements for advanced evaluation for quality shoes that are supported by practical work in laboratory tests and subjective-larly probands who tested the shoes.


In article the author generalized the available indexes estimating impact on welfare of the population. On the one hand indexes show development and an economic situation of the countries. On the other hand it is possible to observe that in the developed countries citizens on the contrary are more unfortunate, than in economically undeveloped countries. All countries of the world seek for increase of welfare of the citizens. The category "welfare" appreciation shows the correct course and the good economic policy pursued by the government of the country. Possibly to investigate welfare of the population in world economy by means of a summary indicator, however because this category is multidimensional and multidimensional, there is a huge number small, often untied among themselves the indicators showing separate aspects of welfare that the researcher needs to consider. It is expedient to conduct research in relation to each considered level: to all mankind (world), to the certain countries (region), family (household). Each of the listed levels of research has the specific factors, criteria and features of manifestation of welfare, respectively the state social the economic policy of the certain countries is excellent, from each other since initially absolute welfare in them variously. Growth of welfare assumes not only satisfaction of the current requirements, but also a sustainable development of the future. Development has to rely not only on use of economic potential, but also on social and ecological potentials that now gain the increasing sharpness in connection with reduction of a stock of used natural resources and deterioration of a state of environment.


This bibliography is compiled to assist in locating papers related to the application of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to cerebrospinal‐fluid‐contacting surfaces in vertebrates. The use of SEM by neuroscientists has continued apace since the publication of the first bibliography in 1980. SEM studies now include more than 50 species of vertebrates and range from cyclostomes to humans; they encompass development from embryo to senescence and concern both normal and pathologic morphology. Although remarkable strides have been made toward a greater understanding of many aspects of the structure and function of cerebrospinal‐fluid–contacting surfaces, many significant problems await the judicious application of scanning electron microscopy. Microsc. Res. Tech. 41:158–171, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Electrospray ionization (ESI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry has been used to investigate the pH-dependence of phosphomolybdates in solution from pH = 1.7 to 10.2. Mass spectra are reported for the first time for H2Na2P2Mo5O232–, PMo9O313–, PMo10O343–, and PMo11O373–. The pH dependence of phosphomolybdate species as measured by electrospray is compared with measurements reported for combined potentiometry—31P NMR. The pH ranges of most species are similar (±1 pH unit) when measured by these two methods, although some differences are observed. Protonation and solvation of phosphomolybdate species measured by ESI differ from those observed by 31P NMR. However, the core phosphomolybdate species are measured correctly by ESI.


The usual choice of an orthogonal set of four plane-wave solutions of the free-particle Dirac equation does not lend itself readily to direct and complete physical interpretation except in low-energy approximation. A different choice of solutions can be made which yields a direct physical interpretation at all energies. Besides the separation of positive and negative energy states there is a further separation of states for which the spin is respectively parallel or antiparallel to the direction of the momentum vector.


This paper introduces the following key issues on the fragility evaluation of SSCs in revision of the AESJ Standard for Seismic Probabilistic Risk Assessment. 1. Requirements for seismic induced other risk evaluations such as tsunami are clarified. For instance, the influence of structural damage due to main shock is considered as necessary to evaluate the realistic response by tsunamis after main shock. 2. Most recent findings are reflected based on the actual damage and simulation analyses of some earthquakes beyond design basis earthquake after 2007. For instance, seismic response analytical model is better suited for the realistic response evaluation up to damage limit paying attention to three dimensional responses of buildings / structures and its effect on equipment important to safety based on the seismic simulation analyses with observed records and usage experience. Floor deformation, torsion and rocking etc. are considered as three dimensional responses. 3. Requirements for the fragility evaluation of severe accident management equipment, its passageway, spent fuel pool and isolated important building are clarified based on the findings of Fukushima accident and so on. 4. Requirements for the fragility evaluation of aftershocks other than main shock and soil deformation due to fault displacement are clarified.


Fractures of the distal radius and ulna in children are treated either with a cast orby pins. The aim of this study was to assess the outcome of fractures of the distal radius and ulna in pediatric age group with K wires passed across the physis. Thirty-five children with fractures of the distal radius and ulna treated by K wires passed across the physis were followed for a minimum period of six months. Patients were evaluated clinically and by radiology using Green-O'Brien and Sarmiento criteria respectively. All cases in this study went to perform excellent on all scales of outcome. However, Green-O'Brien score showed significant association with boththe degree of displacement of fractures and isolated radius and radius-ulna fracture combinations.


Most autistic adults struggle with mental health problems, and traditional mental health services generally do not meet their needs. This study used qualitative methods to identify ways to improve community mental health services for autistic adults for treatment of their co-occurring psychiatric conditions. We conducted semistructured, open-ended interviews with 22 autistic adults with mental healthcare experience, 44 community mental health clinicians, and 11 community mental health agency leaders in the United States. The participants identified clinician-, client-, and systems-level barriers and facilitators to providing quality mental healthcare to autistic adults. Across all three stakeholder groups, most of the reported barriers involved clinicians' limited knowledge, lack of experience, poor competence, and low confidence working with autistic adults. All three groups also discussed the disconnect between the community mental health and developmental disabilities systems, which can result in autistic adults being turned away from services when they contact the mental health division and disclose their autism diagnosis during the intake process. Further efforts are needed to train clinicians to work more effectively with autistic adults and to increase coordination between the mental health and developmental disabilities systems. Lay Abstract Most autistic adults struggle with mental health problems, such as anxiety and depression. However, they often have trouble finding effective mental health treatment in their community. The goal of this study was to identify ways to improve community mental health services for autistic adults. We interviewed 22 autistic adults with mental healthcare experience, 44 community mental health clinicians (outpatient therapists, case managers, and intake coordinators), and 11 community mental health agency leaders in the United States. Our participants identified a variety of barriers to providing quality mental healthcare to autistic adults. Across all three groups, most of the reported barriers involved clinicians' limited knowledge, lack of experience, poor competence, and low confidence working with autistic adults. All three groups also discussed the disconnect between the community mental health and developmental disabilities systems and the need to improve communication between these two systems. Further efforts are needed to train clinicians and provide follow-up consultation to work more effectively with autistic adults. A common suggestion from all three groups was to include autistic adults in creating and delivering the clinician training. The autistic participants provided concrete recommendations for clinicians, such as consider sensory issues, slow the pace, incorporate special interests, use direct language, and set clear expectations. Our findings also highlight a need for community education about co-occurring psychiatric conditions with autism and available treatments, in order to increase awareness about treatment options.


Purpose : The aim of this study was to determine whether differences exist in the presentation, clinical course, and outcome of Graves' disease between prepubertal children and adolescents. Methods : A retrospective chart review of 14 prepubertal(PREPUB, 7.2±0.9 yr) and 38 pubertal (PUB, 12.4±1.5 yr) children with Graves' disease between January 1989 and November 1995 at St. Mary's Hospital and Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital was undertaken. Results : There were no significant differences in T3, T4, TSH between two the groups at diagnosis. The PUB group had significantly higher titers of antimicrosomal antibody(positive dilution factor 11,727.3±22,888.4) than did the PREPUB group(2,111.5±2,285.0, P<0.001). The PREPUB group had significantly higher titers of TSH-binding inhibitory immunoglobulin(TBII, 62.5±39.6) than did the PUB group(44.9±10.4, P<0.05) before treatment started. The duration(months) of medical therapy before thyroid function tests were normalized was longer in the PREPUB group than in the PUB group(T3 : 6.8±5.0 vs. 5.4±13.2, T4 : 2.3±1.9 vs. 2.1±2.2, TBII : 26.7±24.0 vs. 20.8±12.1), especially that of TSH was significantly longer in the PREPUB group(14.6±11.0 vs. 6.8±7.8, P< 0.05). Total length of medical therapy was significantly longer in the PREPUB group than the PUB group(52.3± 19.3 vs. 37.9±16.3 months, P<0.01). During three years of antithyroid drug therapy, in the PREPUB group, the remission rate was lower and the relapse rate was higher than in the PUB group. Total length of treatment correlated negatively with chronological age(P=0.03). Conclusion : Prepubertal children require longer medical therapy to achieve a remission than do pubertal children. But there is an obvious need for more studies because of the small number of patients and the short duration of the follow-up. (J Korean Pediatr Soc 2003;46:76-82)


PURPOSE: A package structure is provided to stack an FBAR(Film Bulk Acoustic Resonator) and an inductor to minimize a size change of a planar area, thereby miniaturizing a product. CONSTITUTION: A resonator(20) is formed on a substrate(10). A plurality of inductors(50) is stacked on a capping substrate(30). The inductors are electrically connected to contact pads(18) formed on both sides of the substrate through a first via contact(32). The contact pads are connected to a lower electrode(22) and an upper electrode(24) of the resonator. The lower electrode and the upper electrode are insulated from the substrate by an interlayer insulating film(12) formed on the substrate.


Castilleja subgenusCastilleja in the northern half of Mexico consists of nine species, which are treated here. The subgenus is characterized by a conspicuously colored calyx that is much more deeply cleft in front (abaxially) than in back (adaxially).Castilleja rhizomata,C. linifolia,C. mcvaughii, andC. pterocaulon are described as new, and are illustrated and mapped. The first three are compared toC. patriotica and C.tenuiflora, their closest relatives in the Tenuiflorae group, and the fourth is compared toC. ortegae, with which it constitutes the Ortegae group.Castilleja roei andC. tenuifolia of the Epichroma group are included in order to complete the census of subgenusCastilleja as encountered in the region of the new species. A key to the nine species of subgenusCastilleja from the northern half of Mexico is provided.


In the view of antifouling mechanism, the paper summarized several novel antifouling coatings, focused upon the low suface energy antifouling paint, biomimetic paint and tin - free serf-polishing antifouling paint etc.


DC reactive sputtered a-ZnON thin film transistors were investigated in terms of high mobility and light-induced instability. The origin of improvement of device performance and stability was suggested by increase of highly stable O-Zn-N bonding.


The design of learning situation mainly solves the two problems of course content choice and content sequence,that is,what learning situations a course should set and how its contents should be arranged.The implementation of learning situation is how to organize the teaching activities effectively and what teaching methods should be adopted to present the elaborate teaching design to students.During the course of the mechatronic technology major construction,using the learning situation design and action-oriented teaching method in Germany learning fields for reference,the teaching reform has achieved great successes.


This research is performed in the regional town of Saraguro, province of Loja, Ecuador and
seeks to highlight the importance of a local audiovisual communication in Canton Saraguro,
since it would be a promoter of intercommunication and social relationship.
The intercom is fundamental to the progress of social relations, so it is necessary to find a
means of communication in which images and sounds contribute to the promotion of relations
communications; In view of this and knowing the existence of objectively considered
Televisora Calasancia use this medium for the dissemination of intercommunication of the
inhabitants of the town of Saraguro.
Among the most important results include the importance of broadcast media in the town of
Saraguro is very important because the results of the surveys show that people want a full
communication through which fosters intercommunication. Although when asked about the
acceptance of some TV programs, the public said it is unlikely to see religious and Farandulera
spaces, so the approach is addressed in relation to news, sports, health, entertainment, but still
aside to other programming. The most convenient time as citizenship is the night to see family
TV so it is conducive to promoting the intercom.
Through this research was concluded in the city of Saraguro in similar percentages of people
known and unknown, which is the intercom, so it is necessary to implement local programming
to television Calasancia, so that in this way you can get to the vast majority of households thus
spreading the intercom and reinforce what some people already know, contributing to the
understanding of social relations to those outside these terms


OBJECTIVE
To clone heavy-chain and light-chain variable region (VH and VL) gene of mouse-anti-human CD71 monoclonal antibody (mAb).

METHOD
One-step method was used to extract total RNA, and a set of oligonucleotide primers were designed to amplify the cDNAs with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the resultant products were respectively cloned into PMD18-T vector and their sequences analyzed.

RESULTS
The PCR product obtained with the oligonucleotide primers for the variable region of mouse immunoglobulin heavy chain was about 350 bp and that with oligonucleotide primers for the light chain was about 320 bp, and their DNA sequences were determined.

CONCLUSION
The length of the cloned heavy chain variable region was 348 bp, belonging to mouse heavy-chain subgroup II(A); the light-chain variable region was 336 bp that belongs to mouse kappa light-chain subgroup II.


Abstract       This study is a contrastive analysis between Arabic and English in terms of the semantic scope of negation . It is aimed at showing the degrees of similarity and difference between English and Arabic regarding the meanings involved in negative ambiguous sentences and figuring out their behaviour syntactically and semantically. The behaviour of modals is non-expectable under negation , the study is , therefore; focused on investigating the scope of negation of modals . The researcher also investigates negation that exists in such syntactic aspects as adverbials, quantifiers , subordinate clauses, prepositional phrases and others as well as touching upon intonation in order to highlight the importance of reducing the degree of ambiguity involved in specific negated sentences .       Hence the study is dealing with the phenomenon as a grammatical not a phonological one. The contrastive analysis adopted in this research aims at exploring how far the two selected categories being contrasted (the scope of English and Arabic negation) are similar or different and what their points of similarity and difference are. The findings show that there are considerable number of similarities and differences in the scope of negation in English and Arabic. The findings reached show that the scope of negation in English and Arabic involves a noticeable number of similarities and differences. The results show that the two languages are different in terms of the scope of negation in modal auxiliaries for it is more obvious and can be more easily perceived in Arabic than in English. In Arabic the negative particle negates the part of the sentence that follows it while in English, it is characterized by absence of any formal way to identify whether it is the main verb or the modal auxiliary that is negated. The role played by intonation in determining the scope of negation in English and Arabic sentences is also shown by the results .


Introduction of nearest three vector algorithm is a major achievement in the area of space vector technology. Complexity and severe computations are still the drawbacks of SVM methods mainly for multilevel inverter applications. A fast SVM technique is introduced in this project which allows the calculation of switch time duration and the efficient determination of switching times based on the two level inverter scheme. SVM modulating waves are generated based on the two level system and then this modulating waves are compared with required number of carrier signals in order to generate the switching pulses for the inverter. Four triangular carrier signals are needed for a five level system in order to generate the switching pulses. Coordinates of the nearest three voltage vectors is not needed, so the complexity of the SVM technique can be reduced and it is the major advantage of the proposed technique compared with conventional SVM techniques used for multilevel inverters. A three phase five level cascaded H bridge topology is used here to verify the effectiveness of the proposed technique. MATLAB simulation and hardware implementation of the proposed system is done. From the analysis of both simulation and hardware it is clear that proposed SVM technique have more fundamental output and less THD than sinusoidal PWM technique.