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- Our HeritageWith industry management experience that transcends three decades, we deliver world-class fitness facilities throughout Australia.
- Total solution packageWe offer over 800 products, layout and design services, flexible financing, training and education, maintenance and servicing.
- Why choose us?Over two decades delivering world-class total fitness solutions.
- EngineeringEngineered to produce optimal results for users from the first time exerciser to the professional athlete.
50Kg Barbell Set
Solid construction and effective in design, the Calibre Fitness 50kg Barbell / Dumbbell Packaged Set is made for everyday home use, and designed for a snug fit in the hand. Featuring heavy duty structural integrity, the Calibre Fitness 50kg Barbell / Dumbbell Packaged Set is built to take a pounding and help you expand your range of exercises. And, with a "Class A"rating, the Calibre Fitness 50kg Barbell / Dumbbell Packaged Set is designed to last a lifetime. The Calibre Fitness 50kg Barbell / Dumbbell Package is unmatched in its class and will give you solid and intense free-weight workouts for many years to come!
The CALIBRE FITNESS 50 Kg Barbell/ Dumbbell Packaged set is made with a Convenient 2 piece barbell, giving you the ultimate workout and safety knowing that your Calibre Fitness Barbell / Dumbbell Packaged Set is the best value. The Calibre Fitness 50kg Barbell / Dumbbell Packaged Set is ergonomically designed to handle extreme workouts in your home gym, so you can rest assured you are buying quality when you go with Calibre Fitness.
With the Calibre Fitness Barbell / Dumbbell Packaged Set you will have intense workouts targeting a variety of different muscle groups while maximizing the effectiveness of your workouts with a combination of core and strength workouts. The Calibre Fitness Barbell / Dumbbell Package provides some of the best, most effective strength training exercises. Use at the gym or at home to mix up your exercises and take your training to the next level!
Barbell / Dumbbell's are an essential part of any home gym. If you don't have the room (or money) for a full set of fixed Barbell / Dumbbell's then an adjustable set it the best and most affordable way to go.
Designed for targeting your entire range of muscle groups but ideal for isolating biceps to give your arms that strong, defined look for summer.
- 2 x 42cm Dumbbell bars
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- 4 x 5kg hammertone Weight Plates
- 6 x 2.5kg hammertone Weight Plates
- 4 x 1.25kg hammertone Weight Plates
- 4 x collars included
- All in a neat carry case!
- Barbell / Dumbbell Guide shafts are 27mm in diameter.
- Box size- 55cm x 36cm x 36cm
This product is covered by a 1 year commercial & 2 year domestic limited warranty.
Please note: Unless a product is specified as being 'Commercial Rated', it is assumed to be of 'Domestic' quality. A Domestic quality product is for home use only and is not covered under warranty for any other use, nor is the product covered for use by athletes or sports professionals.
- The warranty periods commence 5 x days after leaving the factory
- This warranty applies only against defects discovered within the warranty period. Warranty claims need to be made within the warranty period
- Parts repaired or replaced under the warranty terms will be covered for the remainder of the original warranty only
- To claim under this warranty, the customer must notify Calibre Fitness within 30 days after the date of discovery of any defects and make the defected product available for visual inspection in any form for Calibre Fitness. Additionally, unaltered or undefaced serial tag must be shown along with the defected product
- This warranty does not apply to damages caused by accident misuse improper service or non-Calibre modification
- You are consenting to be bound by the following warranty terms and conditions
- Proof of purchase is required in all cases
- Conditions subject to change.


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Have you ever asked yourself this question: What percentage of cash should be held in hand and what percentage invested? This percentage may vary from one investor to the next: There are those who will prefer 2%, while others will want to hold 5% or even 10%.
The big question here is what is the optimal percentage of cash to hold so that, on the one hand the portfolio's return is not unduly affected (on the negative side), while, on the other hand, opportunities that present themselves can be exploited.
Green and Red Screens
We all know that share prices on the world's stock markets do not rise and fall in a straight line (unfortunately!). In other words, the global capital markets are cyclical and are subject to volatility most of the time. Even if we were to find ourselves in a bull market, we would see that some days would be green (probably a sizable majority), but there would also be some red days (hopefully, very few). The previous sentence is applicable not just in relation to weeks and months, but whole years can be green or red.
I believe that many people would agree with me that it is not possible to accurately schedule when to enter the market and when to exit. This is also something that is not so usual with long-term investors. This does not mean that shares are not occasionally sold and others bought in their place. It also does not mean that we don't wait for the price that we set for ourselves in order to sell/buy a certain share. Incidentally, even after having decided on an entry price, waiting for it and then buying the share, this does not mean that the share will change direction on the following day and move in the direction we wanted. In most instances, this does not actually happen.
In any event, decisions to sell are not taken for the reason that the market has declined or the share price has fallen by 2%, 5% or more. Selling occurs for totally different reasons, or – as more correctly expressed – for totally different considerations, such as: the share has reached its fair value, the company's financial data give a less favorable impression than previously, a significant downturn is anticipated in the sector in which the company operates, etc.
So what can we, as long-term investors, do in order to protect ourselves and our portfolios against falling markets?
The answer is: Hold a certain percentage of the portfolio in cash.
Exploiting Opportunities
Before I go on to discuss what percentage is appropriate, I would like to reflect on why part of the portfolio should be held in cash. Why not simply invest all the funds and wait for the desired returns? The answer to this can be found within the expression "exploiting opportunities".
In order to explain this point, let us examine the following example:
Let us say that, six months ago, we performed an in-depth analysis of a certain share and reached the conclusion that its fair value is $30. Its market price at that time was $20; in other words, the share was being traded at a 33.33% discount. This would seem to justify taking a position. Several months later the share had risen to $22, but subsequently fell to $15.
What should be done? We need to update the analysis that was performed six months earlier with the latest data and draw fresh conclusions. Perhaps something has changed at the company and the share is no longer worth $30, as we believed six months ago. Alternatively, we might conclude that the share is still worth $30. Assuming that a material error was not made in the analysis, it would seem that the market has still not identified the value of the company or that something specific has happened to the company and therefore the share is being traded at an even greater discount.
In any event, the company's shares that were valued at $30 six months ago are now being traded at $15, in other words, at a discount of 50%. There is thus now an opportunity to strengthen our position in this share and use the cash in the portfolio in order to buy this good share in which we have confidence, at an even cheaper price than six months earlier when we first opened this position.
So What Is the Appropriate Percentage?
At the outset, it should be stated that the percentage of his portfolio that each investor should hold in cash depends on his strategy, his investment term, his goals and even his character. In addition to these factors, there is another parameter that I view with equal importance and that is "the period in which we currently find ourselves".
What does this mean?
I would assert that it is very important to know in which period we currently find ourselves. Are we currently in a bull market, a bear market, one year after a 50% drop in the market or five years after a 200% rise in the market? Understanding the current situation affects the percentage of the portfolio that should be held in cash.
Why does this have an effect?
It would be reasonable to suppose that, following steep and ongoing declines, we would prefer to hold as large an amount of cash as possible. The reason for this is that the merchandise being offered for sale on the market is cheap, and cash is needed in order to begin acquiring it.
During one or two years of rising prices, our preference would be to hold a smaller amount of cash, since we want our money to already be invested and "enjoying" the price rises occurring on the market, which it seems will continue for several more years until the present cycle reaches its end.
Where Do We Stand at Present?
As we stand here today, we can look back on five years of gains on the US stock markets. Recently, all sorts of highly respected people who understand this field have been appearing with great-frequency, trying to warn us that the stock market is expensive and that there is no logical justification for the high prices of shares. One can watch interviews with famous Wall Street analysts who are predicting declines of 25%, 30% or even 50% in the short term, if not immediately. In an interview he gave a few months ago, Warren Buffett (Trades, Portfolio) said that these days it is hard to find companies that are cheap enough to invest in, and that it would appear that the market has already reached a level where prices are high enough. All these factors lead me to believe that this fall will apparently materialize at some stage. I do not know when this will happen: maybe tomorrow or in another month, or perhaps in another year…
In any event, it is clear to everyone that we are not at the beginning of a recovering market following large declines.
Bottom Line
Every investor needs to hold a certain percentage of his portfolio in cash, and this should be appropriate to his needs and his strategy. However I am not calling on investors to begin selling shares from their portfolio in order to increase their cash percentage.
As a general rule of thumb, I deem it fitting to hold between 5%-10% of a portfolio in cash. However, in periods when the market is expensive, consideration should be given to how this percentage may be increased.
In addition, during periods such as that in which we currently find ourselves it is reasonable to assume that some shares have already reached their fair value, and it is perhaps time to reduce positions in such shares. By so doing, you will be able to increase the amount of cash in your portfolio in order to exploit market opportunities that will occasionally appear. Moreover, by following this course of action, you should be better able to survive periods of large drops and emerge from them in a stronger position holding a portfolio of quality shares that will have been bought cheap.
Fair Disclosure
At the time of writing this article, the author holds 27% of his portfolio in cash.
About the author:
My investing methodology is influenced mostly by such great investors as Benjamin Graham, Warren Buffett, Peter Lynch, and Joel Greenblatt.

subset: commoncrawl


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Blanche Edith Baughan
Blanche Edith Baughan (16 January 1870 - 20 August 1958 / Putney / Surrey)
» Click to list general statistics » OR, select a date :
The Old Place
SO the last day's come at last, the close of my fifteen year—
The end of the hope, an' the struggles, an' messes I've put in here.
All of the shearings over, the final mustering done,—
Eleven hundred an' fifty for the incoming man, near on.
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Sweating a lot more than I did before. I heard that SmartLipo helps with sweating. I seem to be having the adverse effect. I had my abs, calves, and all thighs done. Could this be the fluid coming out?
Sweating More After SmartLipo Under my Arms and Thighs Normal?
Doctor Answers 1
I have never seen this in any of my patients.
{{ voteCount >= 0 ? '+' + (voteCount + 1) : (voteCount + 1) }}
{{ voteCount >= 0 ? '+' + (voteCount + 1) : (voteCount + 1) }}
Increased sweating after SmartLipo is not something i have ever seen in my practice. If it does occur, it must be very rare.
Learn more: http://www.gatewaylasercenter.com/SmartLipo.html
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


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Peggy Mortimer
Australian soprano and violinist Peggy Mortimer, best known for her musical act with her husband Enzo Toppano, has died, aged 74.
The Toppanos were one of Australia's most famous light entertainment acts, performing for nearly five decades. Born Margaret Joan Mortimer in Sydney on September 22, 1929, she met and married Toppano while appearing in British variety theatres in the early thirties. The couple returned to Australia in 1949. They had three children - Lorenzo, a trumpeter and composer, Peta, an actress, and Dean, a guitarist and drummer - and the family toured the world and recorded as The Travelling Toppanos.
Mortimer died on November 23 and is survived by her husband and children.
Patrick Newley


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Metro Beach in Harrison Township was closed to swimming Thursday due to high levels of pollution in Lake St. Clair, according to test results released by the Macomb County Health Department.
Test results showed E. coli bacteria concentrations of 1,500 colonies per 100 milliliters of water, much higher than what is considered safe at 300 colonies.
High bacteria counts typically follow heavy rains such as the storms that moved through the area on Memorial Day and Tuesday. The health department conducted its routine tests at Metro Beach on Wednesday.
The health department's Web site also showed swimming at Blossom Heath Beach and Memorial Park Beach both in St. Clair Shores is still banned due to high bacteria.
Thursday's closure was the first for Metro Beach, which was closed for nine days in 2009.
Metro Beach officials said swimming is still available at the facility's pool.


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Athlete Spotlight: Braden Artem
March 26, 2012
Hang on for a minute...we're trying to find some more stories you might like.
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A senior Business Administration major from Acton, Ontario, Braden Artem has been playing lacrosse almost his entire life.
A big fan of the sport and former player, Braden's father, got him and his two older brothers involved in the sport at an early age. While field lacrosse was not introduced in Canada until Braden was 14, he began playing indoor (or box) lacrosse at the age of five. At the age of 14, Braden began playing on his town's club team, the Halton Hills Bulldogs.
Citing both academic and athletic reasons for choosing Catawba, Braden enjoyed his visit to Salisbury and wanted to join the family-like atmosphere created by both the college itself and Coach Bourque's lacrosse program.
When asked about his favorite part of Catawba, Braden talks about the camaraderie of the lacrosse team as well as the North Carolina weather. "The weather in the south doesn't hurt. Coming from the far north, it's nice to be able to wear shorts and sandals most of the school year," he says.
A final acknowledgement to the Catawba Lacrosse team had Braden touting an excellent season, leaving the team with a current record of 8-2. "We had a disappointing loss on our Florida trip, but we plan on making a push for the first ever Regular Season Conference Championship in Catawba Lacrosse history."
Come show your support for Braden and the rest of the lacrosse team as they push towards that first ever Deep South Conference championship!


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Stamford, Conn., Gift-card purchases are expected to reach an all-time high at $35 billion this holiday season, compared to last year's actual spending figure of $25 billion, according to the 2007 Holiday Gift Card Survey by Archstone Consulting. This is a 40% increase year-over-year.
The report also found that more than 56% of gift cards are redeemed within the first month of purchase, while 85% of all cards are redeemed within three months. In addition, almost 50% of the respondents spend more than the value of the card upon redemption.
The average American family will spend $184 on gift cards this holiday season. Prepaid credit cards will see the most growth this season as they allow consumers the flexibility to spend by choice, the report said.
Men also tend to spend more on gift cards than women. Men spend on average $61 per gift card vs. an average of $42 for women. About 90% of the highest per gift card expenditures ($200+ per card) are purchased by men, according to the survey.


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Get the Best Priced Cadillac Series 75 Distributor Rotor
- Fast Shipping
- 30-Day Return Policy
- Low Prices
Cadillac Series 75 Replacement Distributor Rotor Information
Search our online distributor rotor catalog and find the lowest priced discount auto parts on the web. We sell wholesale to the public. We offer high quality new, OEM, aftermarket and remanufactured Cadillac Series 75 Distributor Rotor parts. We specialize in a wide-variety of high-quality car parts and accessories for your car, truck or SUV. Call toll free to order or place your order online via our secure checkout system. Our online parts catalog uses real-time inventory, so you can be assured the parts you buy are in stock at the time of ordering. Most orders are shipped the same day. They are available for the following Cadillac Series 75 years: 1942, 1941, 1940, 1939, 1938, 1937, 42, 41, 40, 39, 38, 37. This part is also sometimes called Cadillac Series 75 Distributor Rotors. We stock distributor rotor parts for most Cadillac models including DeVille, Eldorado, Series 60 Fleetwood, Seville, Series 62, Brougham, Escalade, Fleetwood, Series 60, Series 61, Allante, Calais, Commercial Chassis, Cimarron, Series 75 Fleetwood, 60 Special, Series 67, Series 60 Special Fleetwood, Series 70 Fleetwood Eldorado and Series 63.
We stock these Distributor Rotor brands for the Cadillac Series 75: Standard Motor Products.
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5 Stars
Standard Motor Products DR-142
Distributor Rotor
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Our List Price: $9.08
Product SKU: DR-142
Product Note: Distributor Rotor
Inventory: In Stock
Condition: New
Shipping Options:
- 42 1942 Cadillac Series 75 Distributor Cap 5.7L V8 Standard Motor Products
- 41 1941 Cadillac Series 75 Ignition Coil Standard Motor Products
For the most part the experience was without issue. I was able to order my ignition coils with minimal confusion, mostly induced by Nissan and not PartsGeek. I had a concern that the part number ...
Quality of parst are great. Pricing even better. I will not shop any where except parts geek for all of my automotive needs.


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Beauty Tips for Summer – 4 Tips That'll Have You Gorgeous This Summer
Warm weather, clear blue beaches and hot boys strolling along the beach are all indicators of one thing: summer has finally arrived! If you're still not prepped for a fun night out, here are quick and easy beauty tips for summer!
Beauty tip # 1: Keep your skin tanned
It's time to lie down under the summer heat and give your skin a beautiful overhaul! A good sunscreen should be handy. One of the many beauty tips for summer to follow is to purchase a sunscreen with SPF of 15 or higher. This keeps your skin protected from the harmful rays of the sun. A lip balm with the same SPF should also help prevent dryness and burns from your sensitive lips.
Beauty tip # 2: Make-up and tan
You don't have to spend much just to get beautiful and glowing skin. While tanning beds might be a good option, consider your wallets ladies! Bronzer works well for your skin -- and your budget.
If you want to go for the more affordable beauty tips for summer, why not check out your local beauty store and purchase a bronzer and a tinted moisturizer? It saves you time and money. Why spend more when you can get more from less?
Beauty tip # 3: Frizz away!
Frizz could be a problem during summer. Frizz products should be listed in your beauty tips for summer! Steer away from blow drying your hair for a while. If not, use frizz-free serums or creams to keep your hair looking fabulous!
Beauty tip # 4: Summer is all about fun, fun and fun!
Take out the baggage from last season because it's time to relax! Not all beauty tips for summer are about your looks -- take the time to enjoy the most this summer!. Cruise along the Bahamas or Hawaii, experience new things and taste local delicacies. Unwind with great company, locals and start your season with fun-filled water activities like scuba diving, snorkeling and yachting!


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It's almost the weekend, therefore, a surprise pregnancy music video and Taylor Swift is must-needed Friday news, people.
Richmond, Virginia, couple Erica and Nate Eaton found out that they were pregnant again, just 10 months after welcoming their first daughter, Emerson. (That'll happen.) So, what better way to explain their shock and reactions than a Taylor Swift song?
Erica and Nate wrote hilarious lyrics to the tune of "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together" describing their unplanned pregnancy, despite still adjusting to life as new parents.
"We weren't planning on having another baby quite so soon," Erica, 14 weeks pregnant, told the Today show. "The day we found out, I think my husband almost had a heart attack. He is usually pretty vocal about everything, but he had no words that day. I think I burst into tears."
Once the couple knew what to say, their thoughts turned into lyrics, like, "I remember when we had a baby, the first time/Saying this is it, I've had enough/'Cause like, we hadn't slept an hour in a month" and "We are having, having, having another baby!/You're shocked, so are your friends, so are our friends, so are we."
Watch the video here:
Would you film a music video to announce your pregnancy?


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ANN - Registration is open for Agile Coach Camp Canada - June 22-24, 2012
Expand Messages
- Hi folks,
(Apologies if you receive this more than once!)
Registration is now open for Agile Coach Camp Canada to be held June
22-24, 2012 in Ottawa, Ontario.
Agile Coach Camp Canada in Ottawa is a two-day, highly collaborative,
self-organized event with an Open Space for everyone involved in
coaching, training, mentoring and leading Agile organizations, teams,
and individuals. ScrumMasters, team leads, change agents, Product
Owners, managers are welcome, and so are individuals assuming other roles.
It is run as a non-profit, low-cost, community-organized event.
Facilitation will be held in English.
More details and the link to registration can be found at
http://agilecoachcamp.com/ .
Hope to see you there!
*Dave Rooney* | Agile Coach and Co-founder
Westboro Systems <http://www.westborosystems.com/> - Agile Coaching,
Training, Organizational Transformation.
Blog <http://practicalagility.blogspot.com> | Twitter
<http://twitter.com/daverooneyca> | LinkedIn
<http://www.linkedin.com/in/daverooneyagile> | Phone: +1.855.AGILE123
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Columbus Crew got off to a great start scoring seven goals in its first three games. The offense was clicking and Gregg Berhalter was an early candidate for Coach of the Year.
However, things have changed since the end of March. The Crew has not been able to pick up a full three points, securing four points from eight games.
Granted, Columbus has conceded in every game they've played since April, but the main problem for the men in black and gold is their lack of offensive production. Prior to scoring three goals against Portland last weekend, the Crew had not scored in its previous three games.
Berhalter's ill-advised decisions are behind the Crew's barren offense. In his first season as a coach in Major League Soccer, the American has chosen to use a 4-4-1-1 formation. At first look, this formation seems perfectly okay, but a quick glance at the roster shows that this formation is a recipe for failure.
The former Los Angeles Galaxy defender puts his team in a compromising position before the players step out on the field. Because the team's offense is so easy to read and defend, the defense is put under tremendous pressure.
The 40-year-old's coach first and biggest mistake is using 5-foot-9 Jairo Arrieta as center forward and not providing sufficient support. Even though he's a goal poacher, the veteran Costa-Rican does not have the qualities of a forward capable of relieving pressure by holding up the ball. He's more comfortable running in behind defenders to receive a pass, not battling them in the air.
Arrieta's size and inability to act as a target striker takes its tow on the Crew's game plan. Under duress, the defenders can't play a long ball forward because they know it'll be sent back. Instead, they try to pass out of the back and end giving the ball away.
Due to the lack of a traditional No. 9 and Berhalter's faulty formation, Federico Higuain is under an outrageous amount of pressure. The Argentine is asked to be the bridge between the midfield and Arrieta, while generating chances for the wingers and scoring goals.
Even though Higuain has accepted the responsibility, scoring six goals and creating three, the lack of support and a physical presence isn't allowing him to achieve his full potential. The playmaker is too isolated in the middle because the central midfielders aren't closer to him, the wingers are hugging the sideline and Arrieta is being shadowed by two towering center backs.
Dominic Oduro, the team's leading scorer last season, hasn't scored a goal in nine appearances because of the defective formation. The natural winger position doesn't suit Oduro because he is farther away from the goal than he's used to.
The Ghanaian, a natural center forward, scored 13 goals last season because the Crew used a 4-2-3-1 formation. He played on the right side of the three attackers camped behind Arrieta. He was much closer to goal, which meant he could use his pace to get past defenders and he also helped relieve the pressure on Higuain.
For more rumors, news and opinion, check out our Soccer page.


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THE ROAD TO HEAVENThomas Beer Knopf ($2.50). If you know where Heaven is, the hardships by the way are endurable. Lamon Coe knew that Heaven was his father's farm in Zerbetta, Ohio, and therefore tolerated an exile cluttered with boxing in Los Angeles, acting in cinema, selling sporting goods in Boston, and finally life in the big city with his refined Cousin Abner. New York's smells, noises, intellectuals, palled on Lamon until he discovered Frankie de Lima (she had adopted the name of her Ohio home-town). Lamon basked in the glow of her vivacity, until sudden catastrophe brought him home to...
Books: Paradox
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Whipper-Barnoy (GNIS FID: 1231912) is a populated place LOCATED WITHIN the City of North Charleston. In turn, the City of North Charleston is located within Charleston County.
Whipper-Barnoy is located at latitude 32.862 and longitude -79.987. The elevation of Whipper-Barnoy is 23 feet above mean sea level.
Since Whipper-Barnoy is located within the City of North Charleston, all of the census and demographic data for residents of Whipper-Barnoy are included as part of the information reported for City of North Charleston in the "Data" tab above.
In similar fashion, ALL OF THE NAVIGATION TABS ABOVE ARE FOR THE City of North Charleston Community Profile.
Charleston County: Cities & Towns | ZIP Codes | Features (airports, churches, hospitals, etc.)
BIG Map |
Driving Directions |
Data Source - USGS GNIS FID: 1231912
BOUNDARY MAPS: City of North Charleston | North Charleston Division | Charleston County
North Charleston, SC
(< 0.1 mile)
North Charleston, SC (< 0.1 mile)
Hanahan, SC (4.3 miles NNW)
Charleston, SC (6.8 miles SSE)
Charleston, SC (6.8 miles SSE)
Mount Pleasant, SC
(8.7 miles ESE)
Goose Creek, SC (8.7 miles NNW)
James Island town, SC (9.2 miles S)
Sullivans Island, SC (11.1 miles SE)
Ladson, SC (11.1 miles NW)
Tillman Homes, SC
(< 0.1 mile)
George S Legare Homes, SC (< 0.1 mile)
Cherokee Place, SC (< 0.1 mile)
Waylyn, SC (< 0.1 mile)
Dorchester, SC (< 0.1 mile)
Ashley Junction, SC
(< 0.1 mile)
Charleston Heights, SC (1.4 miles ESE)
Liberty Hills, SC (1.4 miles NNW)
John C Calhoun Homes, SC (1.4 miles NNW)
Chicora Place, SC (1.4 miles ESE)


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Dns.BeginGetHostByName Method
Note: This API is now obsolete.
Begins an asynchronous request for IPHostEntry information about the specified DNS host name.
Assembly: System (in System.dll)
[ObsoleteAttribute("BeginGetHostByName is obsoleted for this type, please use BeginGetHostEntry instead. http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=14202")] [HostProtectionAttribute(SecurityAction.LinkDemand, ExternalThreading = true)] public static IAsyncResult BeginGetHostByName( string hostName, AsyncCallback requestCallback, Object stateObject )
- hostName
- Type: System.String
The DNS name of the host.
- requestCallback
- Type: System.AsyncCallback
An AsyncCallback delegate that references the method to invoke when the operation is complete.
- stateObject
- Type: System.Object
A user-defined object that contains information about the operation. This object is passed to the requestCallback delegate when the operation is complete.
Return ValueType: System.IAsyncResult
An IAsyncResult instance that references the asynchronous request.
hostName is null.
An error was encountered executing the DNS query.
The asynchronous BeginGetHostByName operation must be completed by calling the EndGetHostByName method. Typically, the method is invoked by the requestCallback delegate.
This method does not block until the operation is complete. To block until the operation is complete, use the GetHostByName method.
For detailed information about using the asynchronous programming model, see Calling Synchronous Methods Asynchronously.
This member emits trace information when you enable network tracing in your application. For more information, see Network Tracing.
The HostProtectionAttribute attribute applied to this type or member has the following Resources property value: ExternalThreading. The HostProtectionAttribute does not affect desktop applications (which are typically started by double-clicking an icon, typing a command, or entering a URL in a browser). For more information, see the HostProtectionAttribute class or SQL Server Programming and Host Protection Attributes.
.NET FrameworkSupported in: 1.1, 1.0
Obsolete (compiler warning) in 4
Obsolete (compiler warning) in 3.5
Obsolete (compiler warning) in 3.5 SP1
Obsolete (compiler warning) in 3.0
Obsolete (compiler warning) in 3.0 SP1
Obsolete (compiler warning) in 3.0 SP2
Obsolete (compiler warning) in 2.0
Obsolete (compiler warning) in 2.0 SP1
Obsolete (compiler warning) in 2.0 SP2
.NET Framework Client ProfileObsolete (compiler warning) in 4
Obsolete (compiler warning) in 3.5 SP1
- DnsPermission
for accessing DNS information. Associated enumeration: PermissionState.Unrestricted
Windows 7, Windows Vista SP1 or later, Windows XP SP3, Windows XP SP2 x64 Edition, Windows Server 2008 (Server Core not supported), Windows Server 2008 R2 (Server Core supported with SP1 or later), Windows Server 2003 SP2
The .NET Framework does not support all versions of every platform. For a list of the supported versions, see .NET Framework System Requirements.


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Category: baby name Paloma
Bird names are flying onto baby name lists, and guest blogger Kristen Gregg, of the popular blog marginamia, finds a flock of rare species to add to the aviary.
I am absolutely chirping with delight to be here today on Nameberry! I'm almost equally delighted to watch an ever growing trend in the world of babynames. Nameberry wrote on the trend in 2008, and since then there have been some noteworthy babes named from within this alluring category of nature-inspired names. Yes, bird names are definitely ones I expect to see much more of.
We may have little Agnes Lark Bettany to thank for making bird names seem more approachable, but Agnes Lark isn't the only lovely chirper in our midst. Popular blogger Miss James, of Bleubird Vintage has a Gemma Bird. And who could forget Sparrow James Midnight–is his name sounding a little less out there to your ears yet? The rockn' Robin Pecknold of the Fleet Foxes really freshens this one up for a little boy, and I love the aptness of his sweet name. If you envision a sensitive, bearded son, with the voice of a songbird, this might be a great choice for your baby boy!
In 1981, a United Nations resolution was passed creating an International Day of Peace—aka Peace Day—on September 21st, devoted to encouraging efforts for worldwide peace. Well, obviously, we've got a long way to go on the global front, but as our own small baby step towards the effort is to offer some names that connote peacefulness, calm and serenity.
There are many other international variations of some of the key 'peace' names—Shalom and Solomon, Irene, Godfrey, Frederick—in addition to the ones below, as well names reflecting the symbols of peace, the dove and the olive branch. Here are some of the most usable of the names meaning peace.
Amani—Swahili, peace
Baris—Turkish, peace
Columba—Latin, dove, symbol of peace
Concordia—Latin, peace—Roman goddess of peace
Dove—English, symbol of peace
Eir—Norse, peacefulness
Farica—Teutonic, chief of peace
Freda, Frida, Frieda—German, peaceful, serene
Frederica—German, peaceful ruler
Inga—Norse—Goddess of peace and love
Just as names move in and out of fashion so do sounds and initial letters. In the 70s and 80s, J-names ruled, from Jennifer and Jason to Jessica and Joshua, and then came the Ms –Michael, Matthew, Melissa, Megan, the Bs—Brianna, Brittany, Brandon, the Ks—Kayla, Kimberly, Kelsey, and the still continuing As and Es—Ashley, Amanda, Ava, Emily Emma.
But what did they replace? If you want proof of how an initial can fall totally out of favor, all you have to do is look at the performance record of the letter P.
In the last year counted, you have to scroll the Social Security list all the way down to #60 to find a single name beginning with that letter—the girl's name Peyton—and for boys it isn't until #124 that you get to Preston. When P-names were in their prime, in 1950, you would have found nine names in the Top 60—Peter, Patrick, Philip, Paul, Peggy, Phyllis, Paula, Pamela and Patricia, none of which is found in the Top 100 today.
I'm not saying Phyllis is necessarily ready for her comeback (though those boys' names could be), but there are certainly other P-names worthy of trying to resuscitate the reputation of that lost letter. Such as:
PALOMA – Paloma is one of the loveliest options, and among the best bets for success. Meaning 'dove' and thus symbolizing peace, it's both gentle and dynamic. A similarly appealing Latin name is PALMA, namesake of the charming city on the island of Majorca.
PATIENCE and PRUDENCE – Two virtue names projecting calm and—well—patience and prudence. And the latter has the great nickname Pru plus a Beatles song for lullaby time.
PATRICE – The French unisex version of Patrick/Patricia gives either of those old standards a touch of Gallic flair and sophistication.
PATSY – Saucy, spunky nickname name that hasn't been heard for so long that it's beginning to sounds fresh.
PAULINA/PAOLINA—PAULINE is sweet; these Spanish and Italian versions are stylish and exotic.
PEARL – Definitely regaining some of its old luster.
PENELOPE/PENNY—Penélope Cruz has single-handedly revved up the appeal of this former frump; Penny is its cute retro nickname.
PERSIS –A distinctive New Testament choice for the intrepid baby namer.
PETAL and POSY—Rather than choosing the popular Rose, Lily or Daisy, you could go for one of these more unusual generic flower-related options.
PHILIPPA – Whereas Philip feels dated, its female counterpart, which has never gained much traction in the US, sounds interesting and new. Plus it has that bursting-with-energy nickname PIPPA.


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Difference between revisions of "Secondary Coast Road"
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=== External Links ===
=== External Links ===
*Wikipedia contributors, "Charleston
*Wikipedia contributors, "Charleston ," ''Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia'', http://en.wikipedia.org//(accessed 2011).
*Wikipedia contributors, "
*Wikipedia contributors, ", ," ''Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia'', http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=,(accessed 27 March 2011).
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=== Sources ===
Revision as of 17:27, 14 April 2011
United States Migration Trails and Roads Secondary Coast RoadKing's Highway. As that highway became more popular, rival neighboring towns recognized its value and convenience. They began to compete for traffic by offering better accommodations, services, and attractions. In some places they could shave a few miles or a few minutes off the travel time compared to the original route. From Virginia to South Carolina this alternate to the King's Highway became known as the Secondary Coast Road. The Secondary Coast Road was probably opened to European settlers in the 1730s or 1740s. It began in Prince George County, Virginia and ended at Charleston County, South Carolina The length of the road was about 475 miles (764 km).[1] The similar alternate routes to the King's Highway apparently did not carry the name "Secondary Coast Road" in states north of Jamestown, Virginia.
As roads developed in America settlers were attracted to nearby communities because the roads provided access to markets. They could sell their products at distant markets, and buy products made far away. If an ancestor settled near a road, you may be able to trace back to a place of origin on a connecting highway.
The first European colonists settled in counties along this trail (north to south) as follows:[2]
- Prince George County, Virginia 1616 by English from Jamestown
- Sussex County, Virginia 1617 by English from Jamestown
- Southampton County, Virginia late 1610s by English from Jamestown
- Isle of Wight County, Virginia late 1610s by English from Jamestown
- Suffolk County, Virginia 1619 by English
- Gates County, North Carolina 1690s by Virginians
- Hertford County, North Carolina 1680s by Virginians
- Bertie County, North Carolina 1690s by Virginians
- Martin County, North Carolina 1720s from Halifax and Tyrrell counties
- Beaufort County, North Carolina 1690s by Virginians
- Craven County, North Carolina 1690s by Virginians
- Jones County, North Carolina 1710 by Swiss/Palatines who settled New Bern
- Onslow County, North Carolina 1705/1706 by English/Welsh, then Scots-Irish (that is Ulster-Irish)
- Pender County, North Carolina 1730s by Scots-Irish
- New Hanover County, North Carolina 1724 by English/Welsh, then Scots-Irish
- Brunswick County, North Carolina 1713 by English/Welsh, then Scots-Irish
- Horry County, South Carolina 1700 by English, and Scots-Irish
- Georgetown County, South Carolina 1690s by English, and French Huguenots
- Charleston County, South Carolina 1670 by English and African Barbadians
Connecting trails. The Secondary Coast Road linked to other trails at each end. Other trails also branched off it in the middle.[3]
The migration routes connected at the north end in Jamestown, Virginia included:
- James River 1607
- Occaneechi Path pre-historic
- Richmond-Williamsburg Road 1690s
- King's Highway about 1704
- Secondary Coast Road late 1730s
The migration pathways connected at the south end in Charleston, South Carolina included:
- the Atlantic Ocean 1670
- King's Highway about 1704
- Fort Moore-Charleston Trail about 1716
- Camden-Charleston Path 1732
- Secondary Coast Road late 1730s
- Old South Carolina State Road 1747
- Charleston-Ft. Charlotte Trail about 1765
Between those two ends the Secondary Coast Road also had junctions with two other important migration routes:
- Jonesboro Road after 1769 had a junction with the Secondary Coast Road near New Bern, Craven, North Carolina. The Jonesboro Road connected New Bern, North Carolina to Jonesborough and Knoxville, Tennessee.
- Wilmington, Highpoint, and Northern Trail met the Secondary Coast Road near Wilmington, New Hanover, North Carolina. The Wilmington, Highpoint, and Northern Trail connected Wilmington to the Great Valley Road in Roanoke County, Virginia.
Modern parallels. U.S. Route 17 and any alternates roughly match the routes of the King's Highway and old Secondary Coast Road from James City, Virginia to Charleston, South Carolina.
Settlers and Records
The first colonists in each county along what became the Secondary Coast Road arrived before the trail existed, usually by way of the Atlantic Ocean, or the King's Highway. Nevertheless, some of the new arrivals and settlers after the late 1730s may have used the Secondary Coast Road.
No complete list of settlers who used the Secondary Coast Road is known to exist. Nevertheless, local and county histories along that trail may reveal pioneer settlers who arrived after the late 1730s and who were candidates to have traveled the Secondary Coast Road from the Charleston, or the Savannah areas.
For partial lists of early settlers who may have used the Secondary Coast Road, see histories like:
in Beaufort County, NC:
- C. Wingate Reed, Beaufort County: Two Centuries of Its History ([Raleigh, N.C.: Edwards and Broughton], 1962) (FHL Book 975.6186 H2r) WorldCat entry.
in Brunswick County, NC:
- Lawrence Lee, History of Brunswick County, North Carolina (Bolivia, N.C.: Brunswick County, 1980) (FHL Book 975.629 H2L) WorldCat entry.
in Charleston County, SC:
- Thomas Petigru Lesesne, History of Charleston County, South Carolina: Narrative and Biographical (Charleston, S.C.: A.H. Cawston, c1931) (FHL Book 975.7915 D3L) WorldCat entry.
External Links
- Wikipedia contributors, "King's Highway (Charleston to Boston)," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King's_Highway_(Charleston_to_Boston) (accessed 14 April 2011).
- Wikipedia contributors, "Charleston, South Carolina," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charleston,_South_Carolina (accessed 27 March 2011).
- ↑ Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America, 10th ed. (Draper, Utah: Everton Pub., 2002), 853. (FHL Book 973 D27e 2002). WorldCat entry.
- ↑ South Carolina - The Counties, http://www.carolana.com/SC/Counties/sc_counties_alphabetical_order.html (accessed 22 March 2011).
- ↑ Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America, 10th ed. (Draper, Utah: Everton Pub., 2002), 847-61. (FHL Book 973 D27e 2002) WorldCat entry., and William E. Myer, Indian Trails of the Southeast. (Nashville, Tenn.: Blue and Gray Press, 1971), 12-14, and the book's pocket map "The Trail System of the Southeastern United States in the early Colonial Period" (1923). (FHL Book 970.1 M992i) WorldCat entry.
- Migration Routes
- US Migration Trails and Roads
- Virginia
- Prince George County, Virginia
- Sussex County, Virginia
- Southampton County, Virginia
- Isle of Wight County, Virginia
- Suffolk County, Virginia
- North Carolina
- Gates County, North Carolina
- Hertford County, North Carolina
- Bertie County, North Carolina
- Martin County, North Carolina
- Beaufort County, North Carolina
- Craven County, North Carolina
- Jones County, North Carolina
- Onslow County, North Carolina
- Pender County, North Carolina
- New Hanover County, North Carolina
- Brunswick County, North Carolina
- South Carolina
- Horry County, South Carolina
- Georgetown County, South Carolina
- Charleston County, South Carolina


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The Suffering: Ties That Bind Review
Poor Torque. When he first appeared in The Suffering, he was sitting on death row awaiting his execution for the murder of his family. Making matters worse, he had no memory of the crime, so he himself didn't know whether or not he did the deed. While sitting out his last days in his cell things really got crazy for Torque when his penitentiary was suddenly overrun by vile demons. Torque soon found himself fighting off hell spawn demons while continuing to fight his own internal ones. Needless to say, Torque was able to escape from the island on which he was incarcerated at the end of the game and Ties That Bind picks up the story soon after that.
|Torque just can't seem to rid himself of his demons...
If you played The Suffering, then Ties That Bind will be very familiar to you. The gameplay is essentially the same with some minor modifications such as the new ability to crouch and a cap on the number of weapons that you can carry. If you're new to the whole The Suffering experience, then the game can best be described as a shooter in survival-horror clothing. You'll be assaulted by a number of horrific demons - as well as a few humans with bad intentions – and you'll rely on a variety of weapons to put them down. Also, as you slay these demons you'll fill a special meter and once that meter is full you can transform into a demonic creature form of your own. In this form you gain a powerful melee attack, but you'll only be able to hold it for a short time. Once the meter runs down again you'll transform back into Torque, but you'll want to transform back manually as letting the meter run out on its own will cost you some of your health. It can be fun to shred a few enemies in the creature form, but it is pretty susceptible to attacks from ranged weapons. As such it is primarily useful when trapped in tight quarters, and for the most part you probably won't bother with transforming as it is generally more efficient to let a shotgun do your talking for you.


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The two-dimensional distribution of non-negative random dependent variables and defined by the density
are the Laguerre polynomials, orthonormalized on the positive semi-axis with weight , ;
and is an arbitrary distribution function on the segment . The correlation coefficient between and is . If , a symmetric gamma-correlation is obtained; in such a case , and the form of the corresponding characteristic function is
If is such that , then , , and is the correlation coefficient between and (). In this last case the density series can be summed using the formula (cf. [2]):
where is the Bessel function of an imaginary argument [2].
|I.O. Sarmanov, Trudy Gidrologichesk. Inst. , 162 (1969) pp. 37–61
|W. Myller-Lebedeff, "Die Theorie der Integralgleichungen in Anwendung auf einige Reihenentwicklungen" Math. Ann. , 64 (1907) pp. 388–416
This bivariate distribution is just one of the many possible multivariate generalizations of the (univariate) gamma-distribution. See [a1], Chapt. 40 for a survey as well as more details on this one.
|N.L. Johnson, S. Kotz, "Distributions in statistics" , 2. Continuous multivariate distributions , Wiley (1972)
Gamma-correlation. O.V. Sarmanov (originator), Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Gamma-correlation&oldid=18680


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Business still suffering months after Vancouver port strike ended
Burnaby residents Sophie Leung and William Lien hoped to finally fulfill their dream of starting an interior design business.
Instead, they've ended up with a shipping nightmare.
The couple emigrated to Canada in 2008 from China where Lien had worked in advertising and gained a background in design.
After their first attempt at starting their own interior design business failed, they saved up to try again a year ago. The couple and their three-year-old daughter even moved in with Leung's sister in East Burnaby to reduce their expenses.
As part of the venture, TeePaa Living (www.teepaa.com), they commissioned oil paintings from artists in China which they plan to use in their design work and sell online. All went well until it came time to ship the artworks to Burnaby, said Leung.
With no experience in shipping, they hired a company in China to make all the arrangements. The 300 paintings were loaded onto a ship on March 2.
By then, unbeknownst to the couple, the Vancouver port truckers' strike had already begun and was not to end until March 26.
The strike left numerous shipping containers trapped at the ports' terminals with no way of getting them to their final destinations. TeePaa's cargo was diverted to Tacoma, Wash. where it stayed until April 4 before it was sent to be cleared by U.S. Customs.
The paintings didn't arrive at the couple's home until April 11, when they unloaded within 30 minutes after which the truck left.
They paid $2,377 US when the goods were loaded in China and expected to pay an additional $98 broker fee and $350 for delivery to their door.
Instead, the strike added on costs of almost $4,647 US.
After assurances from the shipping company, Translink Shipping Inc., that that would be the end of it and they could avoid the debt being sent to a collection agency, they paid the hefty bill on April 28.
But a month later, Leung said, they received more bad news: Translink Shipping said they owed another $1,215.
"I won't pay because they said clearly the case is closed," said Leung. "I think they break their promise."
Paying the last bill strained their finances, and her husband has had to take on a part-time job to make ends meet, she said. They can't afford a lawyer but are hoping to find someone that can give them some free legal advice.
Leung believes the new fee is for the delivery truck being parked in front of her house for 12 days, something that's not possible since it left as soon as it was unloaded.
That's not the case, according to Barbara Johnson, general manager of Translink Shipping.
Johnson declined to be interviewed, but in an email to Leung from the company's headquarters in Seattle she said the charge was because "the trucker was not able to return the empty [container] back to the carrier within the allotted free time due to the port strike."
In an earlier email, Johnson said customers were all notified of the "force majeure status." That is, a delay caused by events out of the company's control, such as the strike, would result in customers being responsible for any additional costs that arise.
The carrier had already reduced the charge by 25 per cent, Johnson wrote to Leung. "The strike was a costly issue for many. Not just you."
Media reports immediately following the end of the strike said it would take several weeks to clear the backlog of containers at the Vancouver port.
Port Metro Vancouver (PMV) acts as a landlord and regulator of the terminals, which sit on federal government-owned land, but it doesn't get involved in disputes between shippers and their customers, said PMV spokesperson John Parker-Jervis.
"A similar situation during job action was when containers got stuck on dock and people were being charged a fee for the storage of the container when they couldn't actually get anybody to pick it up," said Parker-Jervis.
"I know there were definitely a lot of cases of cargo being held up because of the backlogs." But it's unusual to still be dealing with the effects of the strike so long after it ended, he said.
"This appears to be a bit of an extraordinary, outstanding case."
Paul Holden, president and CEO of the Burnaby Board of Trade, said none of its member businesses had yet contacted it with similar concerns.
"Due to the importance of the port a great many businesses would have been affected at the time of the dispute. Since then, we hadn't heard anything, certainly this far out from when everything was resolved."
The BBOT does try to advocate on behalf of its members if requested, he noted.
Meanwhile, there have been rumblings that the issue of trucking companies undercutting minimum pay rates, which were set to end the strike, is ongoing. Unionized truck drivers are threatening to strike again unless Port Metro Vancouver enforces the rates.
Holden said he's been keeping an eye on news of the port.
"Obviously, we're hoping that doesn't escalate and those concerns can be addressed properly."
As for TeePaa Living, Leung said they're still not sure what to do.
"Bigger companies can cover that [added cost] … but for us, no."


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The African Wild Dog:
This file is also available in Adobe Acrobat PDF format
Chapter 1
The scientific name of the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) means painted wolf, a reference to their patchwork coats of brown, black, and white, which Angier (1996) aptly called "a furred version of combat fatigues." Their shape follows the general canid body plan, with modifications accumulated over 3 million years of divergence from the rest of the dog family. For example, wild dogs have only four toes, having lost the fifth toe that persists as a vestigial dewclaw in most canids. Compared to wolves or coyotes, they are lean and tall, with outsized ears that complement their quiet vocalizations. Altogether, the wild dog is a unique and beautiful animal (Figure 1.1).
Wild dogs stand 65 to 75 cm at the shoulder, and weigh from 18 to 28 kilograms (Smithers 1983). Though they have been described as sexually monomorphic (Malcolm 1979; Girman et al. 1993), males are from 3-7 percent larger than females in linear measures of body size (Table 2.3). The original suggestion that wild dogs are monomorphic was probably based on measurements of body mass, which is extremely variable, because a hungry wild dog can consume 8-9 kg of meat (about 1/3 of its own weight).
Wild dogs have sparse hair, though there is variation among individuals. Part of this variation is related to age--yearlings have more hair than adult dogs, and old dogs can become almost hairless. Hair is particularly lost on the head, which begins to appear gray as the skin shows through. Captive wild dogs in cold climates also tend to have more hair. The color patterns of wild dogs are extraordinarily variable, and they appear to recognize one another individually at distances of 50 to 100 meters, suggesting that they make use of the information that coat variation provides. For example, when two packs encounter one another, dogs chase members of the other pack. The scene rapidly becomes chaotic, but we never saw dogs pursuing members of their own pack. Chases are often initiated from distances of 50 to 100 meters, so it seems likely that individuals are recognized by sight, though olfaction may also be involved.
Most of the variation in color is on the trunk and legs. Patterns on the face are relatively invariant, with a black muzzle shading to brown on the cheeks and forehead, a black line extending up the forehead, and blackish-brown on the backs of the ears. Some dogs have a brown teardrop on the muzzle below the eyes. There is never white on the head, and the posterior part of the head and the dorsal surface of the neck are consistently brown or yellow. Colors on the body and legs are unpredictable. There is often a white patch just behind the forelegs, and dogs with little or no white elsewhere may have white on their forelegs or on the ventral surface of their neck or chest. The tail is almost always tricolored, with brown at the root, a black band, and a white tip. Some dogs have two black tail-bands, or black dots, or a black tip below the white, and a few have no white at all. Coat patterns are not bilaterally symmetrical. The asymmetry is great enough that photographs of a dog's right side cannot be matched to photographs of its left side without additional information.
Wild dogs have only four toes on their forelegs, while members of the genus Canis have a vestigial fifth toe. The pads of the middle two toes are usually fused at the posterior edge, although in Selous we observed several individuals with unfused toes. The dental formula is 3 1 3 3 (upper), 3 1 4 3 (lower). The last lower molar is vestigial. The canine teeth are narrow for their length, in comparison to other carnivores (Van Valkenburgh 1989). In a set of 23 canids, felids, and hyenids, wild dogs had the largest premolars (relative to body mass) of all carnivores other than hyenas (Van Valkenburgh 1989). This suggests that wild dogs eat bone regularly, although they have a reputation for eating meat almost exclusively. In Selous, wild dogs often eat leg bones, ribs, vertebrae, and skulls. The droppings of wild dogs sometimes turn white with age due to a high proportion of digested bone, similar to the droppings of spotted hyenas.
1.1 Taxonomy and Phylogeny
Fossil evidence does not resolve the origin of African wild dogs. Undisputed Lycaon fossils come from the mid-Pleistocene (about 1 million years ago), and are very similar to modern wild dogs (Savage 1978). There is some debate over the geographic range for fossils of Lycaon. Kurten (1968) suggests that skull fragments from the genus are found in late Pleistocene sites in Europe, but Thenius (1972) and Malcolm (1979) believe that these fragments came from wolves (Canis). If so, Lycaon may always have been restricted to Africa. Within Africa, identification of the oldest Lycaon is complicated by the difficulty of distinguishing Lycaon fossils from those of an early Pleistocene wolf, Canis africanus. The current view of fossil evidence is that wild dogs arose 2-3 million years ago, in Africa (Savage & Russell 1983).
The first taxonomic description of a wild dog was by Temminck (1820), who considered it to be a type of hyena (and named it Hyena picta). Mat-thew (1930) placed wild dogs in a subfamily of the Canidae, the Simo-cyoninae, together with the dhole (Cuon alpinus) and the bush dog (Speothos venaticus). This group was proposed on the basis of the shape of the lower carnassial molar, which in these three species has a short blade and no basined cusp (Van Valkenburgh 1989). Lycaon, Cuon, and Speothos are not particularly similar in other respects. Bush dogs look nothing like dholes and wild dogs. Wild dogs and dholes are similar in morphology, behavior, and ecology (Johnsingh 1982; Venkataraman 1995), but Thenius (1954) described an Asian fossil lineage that leads from a jackal of the early Pleis-tocene to the dhole. Today, similar carnassial molars within the Simo-cyoninae are considered analogous rather than homologous, and the subfamily is no longer recognized (Wozencraft 1989).
The wild dog has the same number of chromosomes as the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) and similar neuroanatomy (Radinsky 1973). The myo-globins of wild and domestic dogs differ by one amino acid, compatible with a single-point mutation (Romero-Herrera et al. 1976). Girman et al. (1993) sequenced 736 base-pairs of the cytochrome b gene in wild dogs and other canids. These sequence data suggest that wild dogs are phylogenetically distinct from the other wolflike canids (wolves, jackals, and coyotes), justifying their current placement in a monotypic genus. Wild dogs showed 11.3-13.7% sequence divergence from the other species, and the single most parsimonious phylogenetic tree placed the divergence of the wild dog just basal to the radiation of the Canis clade.
Girman et al. (1993) also noted 1% sequence divergence within the species, and proposed that two geographically isolated subspecies occupy eastern and southern Africa. This suggestion was based on samples from three widely separated locations (Kruger, Hwange, and Serengeti National Parks, respectively located in South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Tanzania). With samples from more locations, and with the addition of data on nuclear micro-satellite genotypes and mtDNA control region sequences, the picture has changed (Girman et al. 1997). There are no geographically distinct subspecies, though there is substantial genetic variation among populations. Parsimony analysis of mtDNA control region haplotypes suggests that there are two clades of wild dogs, but the clades are geographically mingled. Unique mtDNA haplotypes are found at the northern and southern extremes of the sampled range (Serengeti and Kruger), but the genetic affinities of intervening populations are not clearly related to geography. In Selous, for example, the predominant mtDNA haplotype is most similar to a haplotype found only in Kruger, but not in the intervening populations of Zimbabwe and Botswana (Figure 1.2). Nuclear microsatellites also reveal gene flow among populations, but the patterns from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA do not match. For example, dogs from the Selous and Serengeti ecosystems share micro-satellite alleles that are not found elsewhere, but mtDNA places these populations in different clades (Girman & Wayne 1997). The data, though extensive, leave open some questions about genetic divergence among wild dog populations. In general, continentwide genetic patterns are consistent with a history of radiations north and south from the miombo woodland belt (extending from the latitude of southern Tanzania in the north, to the latitude of northern Zimbabwe and northern Botswana in the south).
1.2 Social Organization
Wild dogs live in permanent packs of 2 to 27 adults and yearlings, though packs of 5 to 15 adults and yearlings are most common. Excluding yearlings, packs held 6.6 3 0.8 adults, taking the average for six populations (Table 3.9). Mean pack size varies from 4-5 adults in Kruger N. P. and Masai Mara N.R. to 8-9 adults in Moremi and Selous (Reich 1981; Fuller et al. 1992a; McNutt 1996; Mills & Gorman 1997).
Within a pack, there is a clear dominance hierarchy among males, and another among females. The dominant female is usually the oldest in the pack, but old males often lose their rank to prime-aged males, so many packs include one or more old, formerly dominant males (Chapter 7). Only the dominant female is assured of breeding, though subordinate females do occasionally become pregnant. Reproduction is also largely monopolized by the alpha male, but the pups of a single litter can have more than one father, as in most carnivores (Girman et al. 1997; Chapter 8).
The simplest pack structure is a set of related males and a set of related females, with no genetic relationship (or a distant relationship) between the males and females (Frame et al. 1979; Malcolm & Marten 1982; Girman et al. 1997). This structure becomes more complicated if offspring born within the pack are recruited. Individuals of either sex may stay in their natal pack well beyond the age of maturity. When this occurs, some individuals are related to pack members of the opposite sex. Pack structure can also be complicated by immigration. Generally, successful immigrants evict same-sexed residents. These pack takeovers replace the lineage of one sex, but do not alter the basic structure of unrelated male and female lineages. Occasionally, unrelated immigrants join a pack without evicting all of the same-sexed residents, and this dilutes relatedness within that sex. In Selous, unfamiliar and apparently unrelated individuals of both sexes have immigrated successfully without evicting residents. In short, variations in the patterns of immigration, emigration, and breeder turnover may produce a complex web of genetic relatedness within packs. The coefficient of relatedness between packmates averages 0.25-0.35, but for a specific pair of individuals can range from 0 to 0.5 or above in the case of mild inbreeding (Frame et al. 1979; Reich 1981; Girman & Wayne 1997; Chapters 8, 10). Short-distance dispersal can also create genetic ties between neighboring packs (McNutt 1996; Girman et al. 1997).
Females are more likely than males to disperse in some populations, including Selous (Frame & Frame 1976; Chapter 8). In other populations, dispersal is not sex-biased, or is male-biased (Reich 1981; McNutt 1996). Emigrants of both sexes are likely to disperse as yearlings or two-year-olds, and usually disperse as a single-sex group of littermates, or as a group composed of two cohorts born one year apart (McNutt 1996; Chapter 8).
Many populations, including Selous, have an adult sex ratio biased in favor of males. For populations in which dispersal is female biased, the biased adult sex ratio may result from mortality during dispersal. In captivity, however, the sex ratio of a large sample of pups was also male-biased (Malcolm 1979), and pup sex ratios are male-biased in some wild populations (Fuller et al. 1992a). The sex ratio of pups is 1:1 for some populations, including Selous and Kruger (Maddock & Mills 1994; Chapter 7). Differences among populations in pup sex ratios might be related to rates of alpha female turnover, because primiparous females produce a high proportion of sons, while multiparous females produce a high proportion of daughters (Creel et al. 1998).
No unaided pair of wild dogs has been observed to raise pups, and in Selous no pack smaller than five adults raised pups to independence (Chapters 7, 10). Subordinates of both sexes help to raise the pack's young, which, as we mentioned, are normally produced by the dominant pair. The most important help comes in the form of food. For the first three months after they are born, pups cannot move quickly enough to follow a hunting pack, and are confined to a den. Most of the pack leaves to hunt twice a day, but one or more dogs remain behind as guards (Malcolm & Marten 1982). The alpha female normally guards the pups by herself, but in some cases another dog (usually a female) will remain with her. When the hunters return, both the pups and the mother solicit food, and dogs of both sexes (and all ages) respond by regurgitating meat (Malcolm & Marten 1982). Less often, dogs will carry a portion of a carcass to the den, usually a leg, to gnaw on.
In addition to feeding pups, nonbreeding helpers take part in protecting the pups, from lions, leopards, and spotted hyenas. When the pups begin moving with the pack at about three months of age, they are often bivouacked during a hunt--left behind and later recovered (as with wolves; Mech 1970). One or more dogs of either sex may remain with the pups under these circumstances. If no adults remain with the bivouacked pups, dogs of either sex may go back to retrieve them and lead them to the kill. Pups are allowed to eat first at carcasses (though adults sometimes eat hastily until the pups arrive), followed by yearlings and then adults (Malcolm 1979; unpublished observations).
1.3 Ecology
Wild dogs rely almost exclusively on mammalian prey that they have killed for themselves. They hunt prey as small as hares (1-2 kg), and as large as adult zebra or juvenile buffalo and eland (about 200 kg), but concentrate on prey between 10 and 120 kg, with larger packs taking larger prey (Chapter 4). Impala and wildebeest are an important part of their diet in most ecosystems. The remainder of the diet is made up of species smaller than wildebeest that are locally abundant, such as greater kudu, warthogs, and duikers.
Wild dogs rarely scavenge, probably to avoid risky encounters with larger carnivores (Kruuk & Turner 1967; Creel & Creel 1996). Where the density of spotted hyenas is high or visibility is good, kleptoparasitism by hyenas at wild dog kills is common (Estes & Goddard 1967; Malcolm 1979; Fanshawe & Fitzgibbon 1993). Predation on wild dogs by lions has been seen in most populations, and lion predation is the most common known cause of death in some populations (Ginsberg et al. 1995; Mills & Gorman 1997). Altogether, interference competition with larger carnivores is an important force shaping the behavior, number, and distribution of wild dogs (Creel & Creel 1996; Mills & Gorman 1997).
1.4 Conservation Issues
CONflICT WITH HUMANS
Like most large carnivores, the single most important conservation problem for wild dogs is conflict with an expanding human population. Wild dogs formerly had a wide distribution across sub-Saharan Africa, excepting only rainforest (Smithers 1983). Like many species, wild dogs have become patchily distributed as the human population has expanded (Figure 1.2). Wild dogs now live mainly in protected areas, and few areas are known to hold more than a hundred individuals (Fanshawe et al. 1991).
As a landscape is settled and moves into agricultural use, prey populations are depleted so that carnivore populations cannot maintain themselves. If carnivores persist, they are often killed to remove threats to livestock and people. It is occasionally suggested that wild dogs kill people (Leakey 1983), but we know of no documented cases. Wild dogs are wary of people unless they have been habituated to tourism, and, in our experience, villagers near protected areas do not fear them. Wild dogs will kill unattended sheep and goats (Rasmussen 1996), but do not attack livestock that are attended by a shepherd. Wild dogs in our study area often moved out of the reserve through areas with scattered rice farms and small dirt tracks. In these areas, they skirted around people, and we never saw a direct interaction other than the dogs running from a person who had approached them without being detected.
Like some other carnivores, notably spotted hyenas, wild dogs were actively persecuted by wildlife managers for much of the 20th century. In general, wildlife managers shot them whenever possible. In Zimbabwe, 3,404 wild dogs were shot for "vermin control" between 1956 and 1975 (Childes 1988). In Namibia, 156 wild dogs were killed over 19 months in 1965-1966 (Anonymous 1967). Most game scouts in Selous recall shooting wild dogs up to the mid 1980s, and it is likely that hundreds were shot, though there are no accurate records. In 1977, the South African Red Data Book stated "[wild dogs are] still considered vermin and are shot on sight even on nature reserves. . . [They are] likely to get little sympathy from farmers" (Skinner et al. 1977, p. 11).
Dislike of wild dogs can easily be seen in writings from the 1900s through the 1970s. Some examples:
It will be an excellent day for African game and its preservation when means can be devised for [wild dogs'] complete extermination.--Maugham (1914)
Though some of these authors had a grudging respect for the dogs (Stev-enson-Hamilton's 1947 book is a good example), there were two broad reasons for their persecution. The major problem was with the dogs' method of killing prey. Because they are small relative to their prey, and do not have a specialized killing bite, wild dogs kill their prey by pulling it to a halt and disemboweling it. Large prey can take a half-hour to die (though most die in minutes), and empathy for the prey led to antipathy toward the predator.
A second strike against the dogs was the perception that they disrupted prey populations more than other predators. Because wild dogs are cursorial hunters that rely on an open chase to catch their prey, it is certainly true that a wild dog hunt can set a large number of prey in motion, especially in open habitat. However, it is also true that calm returns quickly to an area in which the dogs have hunted. Wildebeest herds often resume grazing in plain sight of wild dogs feeding on a herdmate. Prey show little fear of wild dogs at rest, just as with other predators. Anyone who watches a pack of wild dogs for a day will undoubtedly see prey herds moving past or feeding nearby, aware of the dogs but unbothered. Zebra and wildebeest sometimes approach resting dogs and harass them. Some early naturalists must have known that relations between wild dogs and prey were much like those of other carnivores.
Active persecution decreased as field studies described the wild dogs' ecology and behavior. By the mid 1980s wild dogs were legally protected in the six nations that hold significant numbers (Botswana, Kenya, South Af-rica, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe).
Road accidents kill wild dogs in areas that are transected or bordered by high-speed roads (Fanshawe et al. 1991; Drews 1995). The rain-rutted dirt tracks in Selous do not allow high-speed driving, and we recorded no road kills. By contrast, Hwange National Park borders a high-speed highway between two large cities, Bulawayo and Victoria Falls, and road kills were the most common known cause of death (Ginsberg et al. 1995). In Mikumi National Park (Tanzania), traffic on the Tanzania-Zambia highway is estimated to kill between 3% and 12% of the wild dog population annually (Drews 1995; Creel & Creel 1998).
Wire snares set for game species can unintentionally catch carnivores, and this is a surprisingly common cause of death in some places (Hofer et al. 1993). In Selous, snaring and poisoning by illegal game hunters caused 11% of 45 known-cause deaths. Snaring and shooting accounted for 18% of 57 deaths in Kruger (van Heerden et al. 1995), and 29% of 31 deaths in Hwange (Ginsberg et al. 1995). Though its force varies among populations, human impacts on wild dogs are substantial even in large protected areas.
LOW DENSITY WITHIN PROTECTED AREAS AND INTERSPECIfiC COMPETITION WITH LARGER CARNIVORES
If conflict with humans was the only problem that wild dogs faced, they would not be endangered. Many African nations have set aside large areas for wildlife, and these parks hold a great many lions, leopards, and hyenas. All three of these species pose a greater threat to livestock (and people) than wild dogs do, but they remain abundant and widespread. Although their ecological needs are similar, a fundamental difference between wild dogs and these larger carnivores is that wild dogs remain at low population density under all conditions. It seems likely that competition between wild dogs and larger carnivores explains this pattern (Creel & Creel 1996; Mills & Gorman 1997; Gorman et al. 1998). Frame (1985) described wild dog-hyena interactions in Serengeti: "Hyenas typically assembled behind wild dog packs as they hunted, and we recorded periods of weeks at a time in which hyenas stole almost all kills made by the dogs before the latter finished eating" (p. 3). Mills & Gorman (1997) showed that lions account for 43% of natural wild dog deaths in Kruger. Interference competition with lions and spotted hyenas also has a strong impact on cheetahs (Laurenson 1995; Du-rant 1998; cf. Crooks et al. 1998), and considerable data suggest that in-terspecific competition has strong effects on many carnivore populations (Palomares & Caro 1999; Creel et al. in press). We discuss interspecific competition in Chapter 11.
Analyses of carnivores' distributions (within ecosystems and among ecosystems) suggest that interspecific competition limits wild dogs in number and distribution (Creel & Creel 1996; Mills & Gorman 1997). Regardless of the cause, wild dog densities are spectacularly low (Table 1.1). The highest population density on record is from the northern Selous, with an average of 1 adult/26.0 km2 over six years. A more typical density is 1 adult per 60-100 km2. Even at maximal density, an area of 1,000 km2 holds a population of only 40 adults, which is unlikely to be viable in the long run. As a result, small parks will play a small role in wild dog conservation, unless they are actively managed. In the end, conservation of wild dogs comes down to understanding the causes and consequences of their invariably low population densities.
The literature on wild dogs often states that they are "particularly sensitive to disease" (Fanshawe et al. 1991, p. 140), or that infectious diseases have played "a main role in the numerical and distributional decline of African wild dogs" (Kat et al. 1995, p. 229). This idea is based almost exclusively on data from the Serengeti ecosystem. There, wild dogs declined to local extinction while experiencing recurrent outbreaks of rabies and possibly canine distemper (Schaller 1972; Malcolm 1979; Gascoyne et al. 1993; Alexander & Appel 1994). The data from Serengeti clearly shows that viral diseases can cause substantial mortality in wild dogs, and can contribute to a local extinction.
However, the Serengeti population was probably vulnerable to extinction for other reasons. First, the population was small enough (less than 30 dogs) to be vulnerable to a knockout blow, regardless of the cause (Ginsberg et al. 1995). Second, the Serengeti dogs faced intense competition from larger carnivores (Frame & Frame 1981). Finally, Serengeti held a diverse suite of carnivores, many at high densities, that were known to carry rabies virus and/or canine distemper virus (Maas 1993; Alexander & Appel 1994; Alexander et al. 1994, 1995; Roelke-Parker et al. 1996). Under these conditions, it is expected that spillover transmission from high-density species will endanger species living at lower density (Grenfell & Dobson 1995).
For these reasons, it might not be justified to generalize the conclusion that wild dogs are especially vulnerable to diseases. Little is known about the regulatory role of diseases in other wild dog populations, but current data suggest that disease is not a major factor for all populations. Several dogs have died of infection with the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, in the Luangwa valley, Kruger N. P. and Selous (Turnbull et al. 1991; Creel et al. 1995; van Heerden et al. 1995). In Kruger and Selous there have not been detectable disease-related population declines over periods of 22 and 6 years, respectively (Reich 1981; van Heerden et al. 1995; Creel et al. 1997c). Combining demography, serology, post-mortems and veterinary examinations, van Heer-den et al. (1995) concluded that "disease could not be incriminated as an important cause of death" (p. 18) in Kruger. In summary, current data are compatible with a wide range of views on the role of infectious disease in wild dog population dynamics. We discuss infectious diseases in Chapter 12.
1.5 Issues Addressed by the Research and Organization of the Book
This book moves between results that are relevant to conservation and results that are relevant to behavioral ecology. Most chapters are more closely aligned to one of these fields than the other, but some data are relevant to both fields. For example, we use data on hunting success to address the evolution of cooperative hunting, but also test whether hunting success is a limiting factor for some populations. For this reason, some results appear in different forms in more than one chapter, with discussions aimed at different goals.
Chapter 2 gives a description of the Selous Game Reserve, the study site and population, and our general methods. We give narrower descriptions of some specific methods in other chapters for the sake of coherence. In Chapter 3 we discuss habitat selection, determinants of home range size, and overlap of home ranges. These analyses are relevant to conservation, because (all else equal) large home ranges lead to low population density. Wild dogs can have home ranges larger than 1,000 km2, among the largest reported for carnivores (Frame et al. 1979; Mills & Gorman 1997). Understanding why wild dog packs require large ranges is central to understanding why they are endangered.
Chapters 4-6 deal with hunting. In Chapter 4 we present basic data from wild dog hunts in Selous and analyze the energetic costs and benefits of hunting in different pack sizes. A prominent question in behavioral ecology has been whether cooperative hunting favors life in groups or is simply an unselected consequence of life in groups. Among carnivores, this question has been addressed by studies of lions (Schaller 1972; Packer et al. 1990; Stander 1992), spotted hyenas (Kruuk 1972; Mills 1990; Holekamp et al. 1997), cheetahs (Caro 1994), wolves (Schmidt & Mech 1997), and wild dogs (Estes & Goddard 1967; Fanshawe & Fitzgibbon 1993; Fuller et al. 1995; Creel & Creel 1995b; Creel 2001). The question has also been studied in other taxa, notably chimpanzees (Boesch 1994), Harris's hawk (Bednarz 1988), and killer whales (Baird & Dill 1996). Conclusions have varied, depending on the species studied and on the currency used to measure foraging success (Packer & Caro 1997; Creel 1997). Some authors argue that cooperative hunting has not been an important force in the evolution of sociality in carnivores (Packer et al. 1990; Caro 1994), but for wild dogs, it is clear that foraging success depends on group size. We feel that this important issue remains unresolved for carnivores in general (Creel 2001).
In Chapter 5 we focus on prey selection. We use our hunting data to measure the profitability of each prey species, then test whether the proportion of each prey species in wild dogs' diet is correlated to its profitability. The diet might also be determined by the availability of prey types, rather than their profitability alone. Because we have data on the abundance of each prey species, encounter rates between dogs and prey, and measures of profitability, we consider availability and profitability together.
Chapter 6 digresses to take the perspective of the prey. In particular, we examine how herd size affects the vulnerability of impala and wildebeest to wild dogs. Grouping could reduce vulnerability to predation in several ways (Caro & Fitzgibbon 1992; Fitzgibbon & Lazarus 1995; Lima 1995a, 1995b). Most studies of group size and vulnerability to predation have involved stalking predators, focusing on the benefit of detecting predators before they can come close enough to make a kill (fish: Krause & Godin 1995; birds: Lima & Zollner 1996; mammals: Fitzgibbon 1990). However, stalkers and coursers hunt in very different ways, and our analyses suggest that many mechanisms that reduce vulnerability to stalking predators do not reduce vulnerability to coursing predators.
Chapters 7-10 describe social organization and behavior. In Chapter 7 we present basic data on demography and population dynamics, including the following topics: (1) life tables, (2) the effects of social rank on survival and reproduction, (3) the effectiveness of helpers, (4) sex-ratio evolution, (5) population dynamics, and (6) effective population size (Wright 1969; Nun-ney & Elam 1994).
Chapter 8 describes patterns of immigration and emigration. Early studies showed that female wild dogs were the primary dispersers in Serengeti (Frame & Frame 1976). Female-biased dispersal is rare among carnivores (Waser 1996) and among mammals in general (Chepko-Sade & Halpin 1987). Even among wild dogs, female-biased dispersal may not be the general rule, as McNutt (1996) found that all dogs of both sexes dispersed in Moremi. In Selous, females are substantially more likely to disperse than males. Chapter 8 describes patterns of dispersal, and discusses the effect of dispersal on genetic relationships within and among packs. We compare predicted patterns of relatedness to data from mitochondrial DNA and micro-satellites (Girman et al. 1997).
Dominant wild dogs do not disperse unless evicted by immigrants, but subordinates of both sexes commonly leave their pack. This suggests that escape from reproductive suppression is a driving force behind dispersal (Waser 1996). In Chapter 9, we discuss the behavioral and endocrine mechanisms that prevent reproduction in social subordinates, addressing six questions: (1) What is the effect of social subordination on mating rates? (2) To what degree is reproductive suppression of subordinates due to aggression from dominants? (3) Is reproductive suppression of subordinates strictly a behavioral process, or is it physiologically mediated by depressed sex-steroid levels? (4) Is suppression of subordinates mediated by stress? (5) How do mechanisms of suppression differ between males and females? (6) How do behavioral and endocrine patterns relate to wild dogs' social organization? We then take a comparative perspective, asking how the physiological and behavioral correlates of reproductive suppression differ among social carnivores, and among cooperative breeders in general.
In Chapter 10 we examine reproductive suppression from an evolutionary standpoint, asking why social subordinates tolerate reproductive suppression and help to raise the young of others. A gargantuan literature addresses this question from a theoretical perspective (Hamilton 1964; Brown 1987) or with empirical data from birds (Brown 1987; Stacey & Koenig 1990), insects (Bourke & Franks 1995), and, to a lesser extent, mammals (Solomon & French 1997). Rather than attempting to review this subject (a book in itself), we take a narrow focus and apply a quantitative model for the evolution of reproductive suppression (Vehrencamp 1983). We compare patterns predicted by the model to data on mating rates and reproductive physiology, and to direct data on maternity and paternity.
Chapters 11-13 turn to conservation, addressing the issues discussed earlier in this chapter. In Chapter 11 we examine interspecific competition between wild dogs and larger carnivores. Across ecosystems, the density of wild dogs is negatively correlated with the densities of lions and spotted hyenas, and considerable data suggest that interference competition and predation cause this correlation. In Chapter 12, we discuss the effects of infectious diseases. In Chapter 13, we provide an overview of six factors that may limit wild dogs in number or distribution: intraspecific competition, inter-specific competition, prey limitation, disease, genetic problems, and human activities. We then use simulations to model the probability of local extinction in Selous.
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When a celluloid journalist, all throbbing outrage and pouting lips, takes uncovering the truth as his raison d'etre, romanticism sharply smacks reality in the face. For most working hacks, from prize-winning columnists to local rag neophytes, only three things matter: the last story (source of pride to be paraded or humiliation to be expiated), the current story (source of unmitigated angst and ecstasy), and the next story (sure source of glory, Pulitzer not excepted). In Deadline, Dick Wolf's new show for NBC, no one, least of all the self-satisfied Wallace Benton (played with plumy waspishness by Oliver Platt), seems to care a fig for the story. Stripped of that basic animating passion, half-hearted characters struggle with plots so limp not even the dazzling cast (a source of much anticipation during the endless nights of packaged Olympics and baseball play-offs) can quicken Deadline to life.
Indeed, Wolf's cast has probably garnered more good reviews than any other on television just now. Si Beekman (Tom Conti, mixing his standby shaggy charm with an irascible frown) publishes the tabloid The New York Ledger under the editorship of Nikki Masucci (Bebe Neuwirth). Platt plays Beekman's highly paid, prize-winning columnist (fortunately, the audience is told this or it never would have guessed), while the subtle Hope Davis snipes as Benton's ex-wife and fellow hack, Brooke Benton. Lili Taylor appears (but does not yet contribute to the drama) as gossip columnist Hildy Baker. And this cast can occasionally make the drama crackle. When Benton finds his ex-wife swiping objects from their one-time marital home, the audience catches the half-hate, half-passion that still binds them. While Benton reclines imperially on the sofa, Brooke tries to simultaneously to put down his graduate student assistant (and probable girlfriend) and his self-satisfaction. She is routed, but only just, and as she drops a kiss and a couple of slaps to Benton's cheek, his face sags ruefully for a moment and he watches, expressionless, as she leaves. Subtle acting and fine writing, but unfortunately, not allied to the driving plot of the show. Not one of these anemic, if well-played, characters could possibly moan of their newsroom, as Marisa Tomei did in Ron Howard's The Paper, "I love this place" and have even the most idealistic Woodstein wannabe take it seriously.
Why? Well, if the cast is a dream, the show itself is something of a Frankenstein's monster. Is it a show about journalism, "a look at the inner workings of The New York Ledger," as the press pack claims? Well, Benton is a columnist, and home base is the newsroom of a tabloid rag. Is it a crime show? Well, lest journalism prove a little too dull, Benton's expertise lies loosely in "crime" stories, allowing the audience to follow him "through his crusades to find 'Nothing But The Truth'," and letting Wolf stick to the territory he has mined so well. Is it a show about teaching, the passing of wisdom from an older generation to a younger? In a further plot complication, Benton teaches investigative journalism part-time at an unnamed NY graduate school.
This clutter of narrative trajectories means that no aspect of Benton's life glistens with more than superficial attention. Yet no other character challenges Benton as the key protagonist. Neither the ensemble piece the stellar casting promises, nor the "flawed hero" odyssey the spotlight on Benton suggests, Deadline wavers fatally between genres. And, in making Benton a columnist, not a filing journalist, the show robs itself of the one sure moment of drama in every working writer's life: the inexorable deadline itself. The writers have to impose artificial, and somewhat tacky, "deadlines" to create dramatic denouements. Will the wrong man die for a crime he did not commit? Will Benton save Brooke from ill-advised romance? Will this show really return next Monday with another lazy story?
It's as if Wolf is stuck in the paradigm of Law and Order, but has recognized that two clones on the same station might be one too many, even for dedicated fans (like myself). To address this dilemma, he has shifted his investigative premise to another profession, but kept as close as possible to his successful model. Benton, for example, is really Assistant District Attorney Jack McCoy, right down to the moralistic histrionics about abstract principles and the exploitative indifference to individuals. Benton has his courtroom in the classroom and his errand-running acolytes, superficially restive but indubitably subordinate, in his students. And, just as in the last ten years of Law and Order, only in these lesser roles is the white, middle class hierarchy breached with the addition of minority characters, such as graduate student assistant Beth Khambu (Christina Chang).
Unlike the subordinates in Law and Order, this group contributes nothing to the investigating of the stories. Individually, and collectively, they act only as a ready-made uninformed audience to whom Benton can display his cleverness, just in case the audience misses it. Of course, the logical audience for Benton's cleverness and skill would the journalist's first and nastiest audience, his or her editor and publisher. But that would require the show's writers to construct storylines and dialogue that conveyed the pace, passion, and creative mayhem of a daily tabloid. Instead, Deadline offers Journalism 101 and sub-Dorothy Parker aphorisms (oh, so well executed). Beekman defines the brutal fast-food joint murder that precipitates the story as, "the American nightmare death in a clean, well-lit place," while Brooke reverses Wallace's description of tabloid newsroom life into "kinky ferment and intellectual sex." The hoary charade of revealing the fragility of eyewitness evidence by exposing perception's flaws, in this case compounded by a giveaway yellow slicker worn ostentatiously by Beth throughout the show, was old even when Chesterton wrote it into the Father Brown stories in the early 20th century.
A detached, dispassionate shooting style further exposes the weak plots and uncertain focus. Journalism is a visceral profession, whether in the office or on the streets. Pressure, both physical and mental, crowds each day, and, if any show required television's penchant for claustrophobic close-ups and tight framing, this is it. Yet the wide-open Ledger set is sparsely populated and silent, with many shots allowing expanses of reflective glass and cold lighting to minimize the actors. Deadline's camera also lingers on the margins of the action (for example, in editorial meetings), and often seeks high or low angles that further distance the audience from the action. This technique might have worked had the scenes themselves sizzled, either through action choreographed within the frame, or in dialogue and story line that revealed character or even both. But all too often, the actors are static, the lines anodyne, and the cumulative impact of scenes disappointingly predictable.
Last season Third Watch and Once and Again built a shaky 10pm oasis in the creative desert of Monday night prime time. This season, Deadline debuted at 20 in the Nielsen ratings, a good score for a new Monday night show. Maybe the Wolf name did it. Or maybe the big name casting did it. Or maybe the Law and Order-generated media buzz did it. Holding that rating, though, will be tough, and ultimately more a testament to the lack of intelligent viewing alternatives than any intrinsic qualities the show itself has yet shown.
Editor's Note: On 1 November 2000, NBC announced that it is cancelling this series, effective immediately, as it had lost half its audience between its premiere episode on 2 October and last Monday's final episode.
Published at: http://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/deadline/


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