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International Journal of Vehicular Technology
Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 903895, 9 pages
Distributed Algorithm for Constructing Efficient Tree Topology for Message Dissemination in Vehicular Networks
School of Computing, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613401, India
Received 24 August 2013; Revised 5 January 2014; Accepted 9 January 2014; Published 20 February 2014
Academic Editor: C. S. Shankar Ram
Copyright © 2014 S. Kamakshi and Sairam Natarajan. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Vehicular ad hoc network is an ad hoc network constituted among moving vehicles that have wireless dedicated short range communication (DSRC) devices in order to provide ubiquitous connectivity even if the road-side infrastructure is unavailable. Message dissemination in vehicular ad hoc networks is necessary for exchanging information about prevailing traffic information, so that the vehicles can take alternate routes to avoid traffic jam. A major challenge in broadcast protocols is that they result in flooding of messages that reduce the speed of dissemination due to collision. Dissemination of messages using tree topology reduces the number of rebroadcasts. Dynamicity Aware Graph Relabeling System model provides a framework to construct spanning tree in mobile wireless network. In this paper, we propose a new distributed algorithm for constructing an arbitrary spanning tree based on Dynamicity Aware Graph Relabeling System model, which develops a maximum leaf spanning tree in order to reduce the number of rebroadcasts and dissemination time. Our simulation results prove that the number of vehicles rebroadcasting the message is curtailed to 15% and the dissemination time required to achieve 100% reachability is curtailed by 10% under average vehicle density.
1. Introduction
Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are helpful in implementing Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) that improve the safety of the transportation as well as provide comfort to the drivers by giving valuable on-time suggestions regarding the current traffic. Some applications developed for the safety of vehicle users are Traffic Signal Violation Warning, Curve Speed Warning, Cooperative Forward Collision Warning, Precrash Warning, Intersection Collision Warning, and so forth [1]. All these road safety applications require information dissemination to all vehicles moving towards the zone. The early notification of messages enables the drivers to make cautious and proper decisions in advance regarding the change in driving directions so that traffic jam and accidents may be avoided. Also it reduces waiting time in traffic jam thereby reducing the fuel consumption. Broadcasting protocols serve the purpose of dissemination of messages to all the vehicles as much as possible. But if every vehicle that receives a new message rebroadcasts it again, simple flooding may lead to exponential growth in the number of messages floating in the network [2]. This results in congestion in the network. The major challenge in disseminating these messages is to reduce the number of rebroadcasts in the network. Several improvements in the broadcasting protocols are devised to reduce the number of rebroadcasts. Many of these protocols calculate a probability for rebroadcasting based on the information known to them [3, 4]. Some of these protocols are position based which assumes that all the vehicles know exact positions either by using GPS or their relative positions by using received signal strength [5]. Also several heuristics are employed to forward the messages to the zone of relevance [6]. Dissemination of messages using tree topology is a mechanism for reducing the number of rebroadcasts to a minimum possible value [7, 8]. Since awareness of mobility at algorithmic level will improve the performance of the algorithm, Dynamicity Aware Graph Relabeling System (DA-GRS) model is adopted [9]. Use of centralized algorithm for constructing and maintaining the spanning tree reduces scalability. Also it is not possible to store and update the entire spanning tree in all the vehicles, since movement of the vehicles make frequent changes in the topology. Hence, a new distributed algorithm is devised for constructing and maintaining the spanning tree.
In this paper, we propose a new distributed algorithm for constructing a maximum leaf spanning tree based on DA-GRS model by making maximum number of nodes as leaf nodes in order to reduce number of rebroadcasts and dissemination time. Our algorithm needs each vehicle to store information about its adjacent vehicles only. Since each vehicle stores only a partial view of the spanning tree, it requires only less storage space and the algorithm is scalable. By reducing the number of internal nodes of the spanning tree, the number of rebroadcasts has been minimized. This also reduces the bandwidth consumption required for spanning tree construction and maintenance. Hence, effective bandwidth utilization is increased and overhead cost is reduced.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the related works. Section 3 provides details of the DA-GRS model, the description about the data structure used, description of the messages used in our algorithm, behavior of our proposed protocol, proof of our claim, and the pseudocode of our proposed protocol. Section 4 presents our simulation results and Section 5 concludes our paper.
2. Related Work
Researchers took lot of efforts in reducing the broadcast storm problem, reducing the latency and overhead in dissemination of messages, and increasing the coverage and reachability of vehicles in VANETs. To achieve these, the improvements are done in link layer or network layer by using the information available from the physical layer. For reducing latency in message dissemination, Doukha et al. devised a protocol that combines message dissemination in unicast and broadcast modes in VANETs. and also for reducing collision of data packets with beacon packets, they used the Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) mechanism of IEEE 802.11e, which gives more priority in transmitting data packets than the beacon packets [10]. To reduce the broadcast storm problem Ghafoor et al. presented a protocol for forwarding packets in urban vehicular environments that elects next relay node at each road junction based on distance to destination, signal strength, and direction of movement [11]. To reduce the bandwidth consumption and broadcast storm problem in high density networks, Hogie et al. in [12] described a protocol that delays the rebroadcast using the probability computed based on the neighborhood knowledge. But each node needs to append the list of its one-hop neighbor IDs in every message for the calculation of the probability, which increases the overhead. In order to reduce this overhead in obtaining the neighbor information for the calculation of probability, Mylonas et al. computed the probability for rebroadcasting based on the speed of the vehicle which is proportional to the vehicle density [3].
In MANETs, since the devices work in battery power, the major criteria for selection of routes should consider the remaining battery level in the device. Hence in the protocol developed by Kalpana and Punithavalli [13], for routing in mobile ad hoc networks, they select forwarding nodes based on the node's battery lifetime and the distance among them. In order to ensure reliability they used the rebroadcasting of the nodes as acknowledgements for the receipt of the message. But in VANETs the power may be generated from the fuel and the movement of the vehicle. Hence, the battery level is not a major criterion in VANETs.
Bür and Kihl analyzed the performance of the information dissemination algorithms. They studied the behavior of naive broadcast, intelligent broadcast, modified intelligent broadcast, and epidemic broadcast [14]. In naive broadcast whenever the vehicle hears a warning message, it rebroadcast the message immediately. In intelligent broadcast, the repeaters (vehicles) wait for some random amount of time before they rebroadcast. During this wait time if it hears the same message from the vehicles behind, it will not rebroadcast the message. In modified intelligent broadcast algorithm, the waiting time is calculated based on distance so that the vehicles that are farther away will rebroadcast earlier than others. Hence, it provides full coverage in fewer steps. In epidemic broadcast, the wait time is randomly chosen from an interval of 0 to where is inversely proportional to distance.
Tonguz et al. present a completely distributed broadcasting protocol, named DV-CAST, for vehicular networks based only on local information [15]. The protocol operates in two modes: store-carry-forward mode and broadcast suppression mode. In sparse network, when the vehicle is not connected to any other vehicle, it stores the received message and carries the message till it connects to another vehicle and then forwards the message. This mode addresses the disconnected network. When the protocol is in connected network, that is, in dense network, it switches over to broadcast suppression mode and uses the weighted p-persistent scheme [4], a probability-based approach, to handle the broadcast storm problem. The vehicle calculates the forwarding probability based on the distance and its transmission range.
In [9], Casteigts and Chaumette presented a model, called DA-GRS, for constructing a noncyclic undirected graph for dynamicity aware mobile ad hoc networks. The nodes are aware of the events that happen in their neighborhood and respond to those events by labeling their edges accordingly. Ruiz et al. [7, 8] used the DA-GRS model for constructing the spanning tree and established that the tree topology constructed in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) and the VANETs have same link characteristics and hence tree topology can be used for message dissemination in VANETs also. They devised a parameter-less broadcasting protocol, named BODYF, for dissemination of messages in dynamic spanning forest. They have not concentrated on the construction of spanning forest and gave only an outline of construction of such forest using DA-GRS model.
3. Spanning Tree Construction
VANET may be modeled as a digraph , where vehicles are represented as the set of vertices (nodes) , and the communication links between vehicles are represented as the set of edges . If a vehicle is within the communication range of vehicle , then an edge is included between them. The vehicle knows about the other vehicles in its neighborhood by periodic broadcast of beacon messages which includes its public identity. Upon receiving these broadcast messages, each vehicle stores the information about the other vehicles in its neighborhood.
3.1. DA-GRS Model Description
Dynamicity Aware Graph Relabeling System (DA-GRS) is a distributed model for constructing tree topology in dynamic networks [9]. It is a self-stabilizing model that considers mobility at algorithmic level. The nodes are said to be aware of the changes in their neighborhood and execute the algorithm when they see a change such as appearance or disappearance of nodes or communication links (inclusion or removal of nodes or edges) with their neighbors. They construct a noncyclic undirected spanning tree with each node connecting to at least other nodes based on the occurrences of events like appearance and disappearance of nodes and edges. An edge has two labels: value and activity, where value can be 0 or 1 and activity can be on or off. A node has two labels: state and counter, where state may be F (integrated) or N (not integrated) and counter is incremented for each additional link included in the tree. The nodes react to the changes in the topology in the following way.
Rule 1. When a new node in state , that has counter less than , detects another node in its neighborhood, an edge is included between the two nodes; the edge's value label in both nodes and are set as 1, the activity label in both nodes and are set as on, and their counter values are incremented.
Rule 2. When a node in state loses one of its communication links (disconnection of a link), the corresponding edge is removed, the activity label is set as off, value is set to 0, and the counter is decremented.
Rule 3. When a node in state loses its last communication link, its state is set as and counter is set to 0.
Rule 4. When a node in state comes within the communication range of node in state , an edge is included between the two nodes, the edge's value label in both nodes and are set as 1, the activity labels in both nodes and are set as on, and their counter values are incremented. Also the state of is set to .
3.2. Data Structure Description
Like the algorithm is distributed, the data structure used to represent the network is also distributed. Each node (vehicle) stores the information about the nodes (vehicles) that are in its communication range, which provides partial view about the network. Hence, the storage requirement is less. Each node has a unique publicly known identity called UID. As in DA-GRS model, each node has three properties, namely, Node-status, Token-status, and parent. Also each node maintains a list of edges corresponding to the nodes present in its neighborhood (i.e., communication range). The Node-status property may be either "Integrated" or "Not Integrated." Initially, the node status is set as "Not Integrated." When a node becomes part of the spanning tree, its status is changed into "Integrated." When a node becomes isolated from the spanning tree (when its node degree becomes zero), its status is again reverted to "Not Integrated." The Token-status may be either true or false, representing whether it is currently possessing token or not. The parent property is updated during circulation of the token in order to keep track of the node from which it received the token. Token is implemented as an object moving around in the network. The token object is sent from one node to another in the form of messages. A node possessing the token sets its Token-status property as true. Upon sending or deleting the token this property is reset to false. For each edge in the list maintained by a node, it is labeled as either 0 when it is not part of the spanning tree, or 1 when it is included in the spanning tree.
3.3. Message Description
There are six types of messages used in the protocol for constructing and maintaining the spanning tree: Beacon message, Token message, Any Token message, I Have Token message, Delete Token message, and Token Deleted message. "Beacon message" is used to announce the existence of the node (vehicle). It contains the UID of the node which is unique for every node. The beacon messages are transmitted periodically. In order to avoid the collision of the beacon messages and the broadcast storm problem [2], the beacon interval is adjusted based on the current traffic density. The traffic density is estimated from the speed of the node itself [3]. If the speed of the node is between 25 km/h and 40 km/h, it implies that the traffic density is high (dense traffic) and hence the beacon messages are transmitted once in every 300 ms. If the speed of the node is between 40 km/h and 75 km/h, it implies that the traffic density is moderate (average traffic) and hence the beacon messages are transmitted once in every 150 ms. If the speed of the node is between 75 km/h and 100 km/h, it implies that the traffic density is low (sparse traffic) and hence the beacon messages are transmitted once in every 100 ms. Also in dense traffic the change in neighborhood will be less when compared to the sparse traffic, where the change in neighborhood will be high due to the speed of the vehicle.
The "Token message" contains the token object and is used to circulate the token object in the spanning tree. Whenever a node receives a Token message, it becomes the owner of that token object. The node possessing a token object can only send an "Any token" message. The "Any token message" is used to initiate the spanning tree construction/merge process. It contains the UID of the node, its direction of movement (N/S/E/W), and its speed of movement. The "I Have Token message" is used to respond for Any Token message. It also contains the UID of the node, its degree, its direction of movement, and its speed of movement. The "Delete Token message" is used to delete the token of the sub trees that are merged together, except one of the sub trees which is currently sending the message. The "Token Deleted message" is sent by the nodes that received the "Delete Token message" after the deletion of the token and is used to confirm the deletion of the token by the subtrees. The safety message, which carries the information about the incident (accident, traffic jam, etc.), contains the time stamp at which the message is generated and the type of the message or duration of validity of the message in order to decide whether the message needs to be forwarded further down in the spanning tree. Also when a safety message is received for the first time, it is propagated further down the tree. If it is a duplicate message, it just discards that message [14].
3.4. Protocol Description
Initially all nodes are considered as forest of spanning trees consisting of isolated nodes and every node possesses a token. The nodes periodically broadcasts beacon messages with its identity UID to announce its existence. These beacon messages are used for knowing all the other nodes in its proximity. One of the nodes that possess token initiates the spanning tree construction process. The initiating node broadcasts an "Any Token" message to check whether any other node has token in its proximity. The nodes that possess a token send "I Have Token" message to the broadcaster. The broadcaster waits for t ms to collect the replies. After collecting the replies from all those nodes that possess token, the broadcaster merges all these subtrees that are formed by the vehicles moving in the same direction to form a larger tree. For the vehicles that are moving in the opposite direction depending on the speed of the movement of the vehicles, if they still remain in its proximity for more than 5 s, then they are included in the spanning tree in order to disseminate message faster to the forth coming vehicles that are fragmented from the network; otherwise they are not included in order to avoid frequent changes in the spanning tree. Whenever the trees are combined to form a single tree, all tokens are deleted except the token of its farthest node [14], which has highest node degree. Since each fragment can have only one token, the merging process never results in cycle. The parameter node degree initially contains the number of edges incident with it, but during the process of construction it is updated to represent the candidate edges that may be included in the spanning tree; that is, the number of edges which are not included so far and whose inclusion will not create any cycle in the constructed spanning tree.
For handling dynamicity of the network topology and to handle the fragments in the network, the token is circulated among the nodes in the spanning tree in depth first manner [8]. Whenever a node receives a token, if it has noticed any change that occurred in its neighborhood since its previous turn, it starts the broadcast process [9]. Otherwise it passes the token to its next neighbor that is not yet traversed. When all its neighbors are traversed, it returns the token to its parent. By initiating the broadcast process only when the node noticed changes in its proximity since its previous turn, it reduces the bandwidth consumption required for transmitting "Any Token" message and also reduces the delay in the spanning tree construction process.
Also the disappearance of link is identified by nonreceipt of beacon messages. When a node A does not hear the beacon message from a known neighbor node B for more than 300 ms to 900 ms depending on the current traffic condition, it considers the link between A and B as failed and checks whether it belongs to the subtree that possesses token or not by checking the token movement direction. If it belongs to the subtree that has no token, then a token is generated; otherwise it does nothing. For handling the network fragmentation, it follows simple store-and-forward mechanism [15]. The messages received are stored for a shorter duration in which they have validity. When two spanning trees are merged, the messages that are still having validity are exchanged between them. The duration of validity of the message depends on the type of information it carries.
3.5. Reduction of Internal Nodes
The number of internal nodes of the spanning tree has a great impact on the number of rebroadcasting nodes. Our proposed algorithm aims to decrease the number of such rebroadcasting nodes by increasing the number of leaf nodes. This is achieved by increasing the number of children to internal nodes. If is the number of nodes in the tree and is the number of leaf nodes, then the number of internal (nonleaf) nodes is given by . Let denote the set of internal nodes. The average degree of an internal node is given by where is the degree of internal node . Note that for all internal nodes . Hence, . Since a tree with nodes has exactly edges and each edge contributes to 2 degrees, the total degree of all the nodes of the tree is . Also, since the leaf nodes have degree 1, we have Also, Dividing (3) by on both sides, we get Substituting (1) in the above equation, That is, Similarly, dividing (5) by on both sides, Substituting (1) in the above equation, That is, Substituting (11) in (8) we get Since and hence is a strictly increasing function, the number of leaf nodes increases when increases and hence the number of internal nodes decreases. Therefore, the number of internal nodes is inversely proportional to the degree .
In our spanning tree, we make, for every possible internal node, the maximum possible children. Hence, with maximum possible degree d for every internal node increases the number of leaf nodes. In [16], Lu and Ravi use Kruskal's Algorithm for developing a spanning tree by connecting two different connected components. Initially all nodes are considered as separate forests of trees. Then they constructed a spanning tree by adding k-edges that connects k different subtrees and combined to form a larger spanning tree. They used Union and Find algorithms to check whether inclusion of the edge does not form cycle. In our implementation we adapted this concept in a distributed version. In our distributed version, the possession of token by two adjacent nodes ensures that they belong to different components. Also during the process of combining several connected components into a single connected component to form larger spanning tree, only one of the component's tokens is retained and other tokens are deleted. This ensures that each connected component possesses only one token. Hence, there is no need for a separate implementation of Union and Find algorithms in our distributed version of the algorithm. Also the next broadcaster of the construction process is the node that is far away from the current node with highest node degree. This further increases the number of nodes integrating into the spanning tree by making one more node as internal node.
3.6. Pseudocode
For more details see Pseudocode 1.
4. Experimental Results
The algorithm is implemented in JAVA. Table 1 lists all the simulation parameters. The transmission range is fixed as 250 m. The simulation area is restricted to 2000 m × 2000 m. The simulation area consists of straight roads, curvatures, and road junctions with one way and two ways as well as four ways. Simulation is run for 2 hours. The vehicle speed is restricted as 25 km/h to 100 km/h. The Intelligent Driver Model (IDM) is used for computing the acceleration and deceleration and the probability for lane change [17]. As suggested by Zhang et al. after a detailed study of mobility of vehicle in terms of duration of intervehicle link availability and the number of intervehicle link changes for maintaining an active link, random moving model is adopted in sparse scenario when the vehicle is moving relatively fast [18].
To reduce the delay in the construction process of the spanning tree, the broadcaster waits only for maximum of 300 ms to collect replies from the nodes in its proximity.
The simulation is run in dense, average, and sparse traffic scenarios. The dense traffic is similar to urban traffic where the speed is less due to greater number of vehicles in one km2 area and traffic jam. The sparse traffic is similar to highway environment where the speed of movement of the vehicle is high and the number of vehicles within one km2 area is less. Table 2 lists all parameters for setting up the three different mobility scenarios, namely, dense, average, and sparse. Based on the current speed of the vehicle, the type of the scenario is determined. In dense traffic, the change in the neighborhood is less frequent because of the low speed of the vehicles. In order to reduce the unnecessary beacon messages, the beacon interval time is also adjusted based on the current traffic scenario [3].
Since in dense traffic the mobility is less and neighborhood change is less often whereas in sparse traffic the mobility is high and the change in neighborhood is very often, hence the beacon messages are broadcast every 300 ms in dense traffic, every 150 ms in average traffic, and every 100 ms in sparse traffic. In a 2000 m × 2000 m simulation area, in dense traffic 378 vehicles are injected, in sparse traffic 198 vehicles are injected, and in average traffic 257 vehicles are injected. The distance between the vehicles is kept as 10 m in dense traffic, 25 m in average traffic, and 35 m in sparse traffic. Table 3 lists the results found from the simulation run. From the results obtained during simulation, we found that in dense traffic the number of rebroadcasting nodes is only 15% whereas in average and sparse traffic due to the lesser node degree, the number of rebroadcasting nodes falls in between 25 and 30%.
As cited in Ruiz et al. [8], Weighted P-persistent Broadcasting (WPB) scheme [4] is a probability based algorithm that achieves 92.5% reachability with 27.89% of nodes rebroadcasting in sparse network and 99.6% reachability with 20.19% of nodes in dense network. The BODYF protocol suggested by Ruiz et al. [8] achieves 94% reachability with 31.57% of nodes rebroadcasting in sparse networks and 99% reachability with 24% of nodes rebroadcasting in dense network. But our algorithm achieves 96% reachability with 29.98% of nodes rebroadcasting in sparse networks and 100% reachability with 15% of nodes rebroadcasting in dense network. The reduction in rebroadcasting nodes reduces the number of messages circulating in the network and thus it decreases the bandwidth consumption.
The time required for initial spanning tree construction is maximum 721 ms, 598 ms, and 460 ms in dense traffic, average traffic, and sparse traffic, respectively. The increase in the time is due to the longer beacon interval time. If we decrease the beacon interval time, it may decrease the construction overhead, but it results in increase in unnecessary beacon messages. In our simulation, the node broadcasts one safety message in every 20 s. The average dissemination time required for the broadcast messages to achieve 100% reachability is 1.52 s, 990 ms, 752 ms in dense, average, and sparse traffics, respectively. The initial spanning tree construction time and the time required for updating the spanning tree during movement are also amortized over the long run in computing the dissemination time. The volatility of link is computed for each traffic scenario to study the stability of the link. Volatility of link is the ratio of number of times the link appears to the lifetime of the link. Volatility ranges between 0 and 1, where 1 means instable and 0 means stable. Our simulation results show that the links are stable in all three scenarios and in dense traffic condition the stability of the link is higher than the other two scenarios because of the less change in the neighborhood due to low speed.
Figure 1 shows the performance of the algorithm by comparing the percentage of nodes rebroadcasting the message in dense, average, and sparse traffic scenarios. Figure 2 shows the time required to construct the spanning tree initially and it is higher in dense traffic than in sparse and average traffic. Figure 3 shows the dissemination time required to achieve 100% reachability in dense, average, and sparse traffic.
5. Conclusion and Future Work
In this paper we have devised a new distributed algorithm for constructing spanning tree with maximum leaf nodes possible thereby reducing the number of rebroadcasting nodes in order to curtail the unnecessary retransmissions and hence wastage of bandwidth. We compared the performance of the algorithm in different traffic scenarios like dense, average, and sparse. From our simulation results, we conclude that our algorithm effectively reduces the number of rebroadcasting nodes with no reduction in reachability and with less control overhead. It also constructs a spanning tree with higher stability by considering the direction of vehicle movement in case of two way and four way roads. The limitation of our algorithm is its overhead in initial spanning tree construction due to the waiting time of "" ms for collecting replies from the neighbors. But unnecessary waiting time is also reduced by initiating the broadcast process only when any change occurs in the neighborhood. Thus, our distributed spanning tree algorithm may be used in all mobile networks including vehicular networks for disseminating messages containing current traffic information, which provides higher reachability with better bandwidth utilization. Since the information disseminated is about the current traffic, for which confidentiality, privacy, and security aspects are not mandatory, they are not given much importance in the current work.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
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Franky's journey as a solo artist began by composing and preparing material for the hit debut album 'Family Portraits' and launching his solo career as a latin-jazz piano player. At the time of the 8th Edition of the Puerto Rico Heineken Jazz Festival, he started producing the follow up record 'Yo Interior' which will be available soon. In this recording Franky gives the listener a variety of flavors, from poetic composing like Franky's own Compasion 'Compassion' to explosive horn arrangements like the big band version of Jobim's Chega de Saudade 'No more Blues'. Franky's passion for jazz has make him collaborate with two excellent local musicians in a new project called Metrópoli. A jazz-trio recording venture which will include original music along with arrangement of all time favorite standards. 'Tradicion Navideña' is another success story in Franky's solo carreer. A beautiful Christmas album full of pure classic songs from Latin-America. From 'Silent Night' to Rafael Hernandez 'Campanitas de Cristal' Franky is working in the advertising world and colaborating with artists like Ricky Martin, Glenn Monroig, Michael Stuart, El Gran Combo de Puerto Rico, Ray Barreto and others.

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Michael Carrick also returns after rejecting the chance to travel to Euro 2012 when a starting berth could not be guaranteed, with fellow Manchester United man starting beside him
The 19-year-old goalkeeper won his first call-up after impressing for Team GB at the Olympic Games, before their exit to South Korea on penalties in the quarter-finals. Manchester United's Tom Cleverley also starts after a good campaign under Stuart Pearce.
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Welcome to RevZilla's Givi Motorcycle Luggage & Gear Guide - If you are looking to purchase, click here to Shop Givi Motorcycle Luggage & Gear
As one of the premier motorcycle luggage brands in the world, Givi has firmly cemented themselves in the industry thanks to the extreme level of quality and attention to detail that is the result of a product made by high-tech robots in Italy. From the Givi Monolock luggage series designed for light motorcycles and scooters, to the more rugged and deluxe Givi Monokey luggage series of top cases and side cases, all the way through the soft cases, wind screens, and accessories, the quality and craftsmanship is unmistakable. However, for the rider who only knows the caliber of the Givi name and product but not much more, exploring their gear and finding the right setup can at first be a daunting task.
To that end, we have created a series of HD video product guides that focus exclusively on the Givi Motorcycle Luggage lineup. Be sure to first check out our overview of the entire Givi Motorcycle Luggage line, and after that delve into our product family breakdowns. As always, you can check out a detailed video review for each specific product once you've narrowed your search.
On this page you will find the following Givi Gear guides and how-to videos (click the links below to skip directly to that specific guide):
Givi Motorcycle Luggage & Gear Overview
From their Monolock luggage series of top cases designed for scooters and light motorcycles to their Monokey luggage series of deluxe top and side cases and everything in between, Givi Motorcycle Luggage and accessories focuses on delivering a high quality, made-in-Italy product to the rider. Figuring out exactly what is right for your bike and your general riding application can be a difficult process for the rider new to the Givi line. In this video guide, we overview the entire run of luggage from Givi at a high level, breaking down what is shared universally between the various cases and also highlighting what differentiates them from one another.
Givi Monokey Topcase & Sidecase Overview
The premium label within the lineup is the Givi Monokey Topcase and Sidecase series. A stronger and more rugged construction than the Monolock line and designed for long-distance and adventure touring applications, all Monokey cases are designed to be mounted utilizing Givi's bike-specific mounting system. They are designed for heavier loads and more enduring rides, and the bike-specific mounting allows the weight to be distributed evenly over the frame. Most Monokey topcases feature document holders and Givi's heavy-duty bungee straps to hold your gear in place. There are also case-specific internal soft bags for convenience.
Givi Monolock Topcase Overview
Givi's light-duty line of cases, built for light motorcycles and scooters, is the Givi Monolock Topcase series. For the commuter and everyday scooter rider and light motorcyclist, the Monolock cases could be the ideal solution for your storage needs. Built with Givi's durable double wall and gasket construction that seals out all the elements, each Monolock case comes with a universal mounting plate that allows you to mount the cases to any flat surface that you see fit on the bike. Topcases only, the Monolock series can also be mounted bike-specifically if you so desire for better weight distribution.
Givi Luggage Mounting Overview
In this video, we break down the differences between what is required for mounting your Givi Monokey cases versus mounting your Givi Monolock cases. Givi's mounting can get a bit complicated if you're new to the lineup, so we break down the basics for you here. In the end, once you figure out the system of cases that you want to go with for your bike, give us a shout at 877-792-9455 or firstname.lastname@example.com and we'll make sure you get all the right hardware that you'll need to properly mount your new Givi gear.
There are over 25 unique pieces in the Givi Soft Luggage lineup, everything from scooter bags to saddle bags to tank bags and more. In this video, we highlight the universal features of the Givi Soft Luggage bags. Each bag is a high denier polyester outer (as high as 1680D), comes with a rain fly for on-the-go waterproofing, and many feature advanced niceties such as map holders, GPS holders, and cell phone holders. Givi Soft Luggage is a great solution for motorcycle and scooter riders of every ilk.
Offering greater coverage than the windscreen that came stock with your motorcycle or scooter, Givi Windscreens are available in both universal and bike-specific models. While most of these can mount with the hardware native to your bike, some windscreens, due to the larger amount of coverage, require additional hardware. These are denoted on the product pages.


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As reported here in the latest weekly Amoeblog Hip-Hop Rap Up Colorado's Wheelchair Sports Camp (WSC), who got added at the last minute to a one-month national tour supporting the Flobots, got booked into the non-wheelchair accessible Cafe Du Nord - something that appears to be an honest oversight by the promoter/booker and or the club, given the last minute nature of WSC been added to the tour. Regardless the oversight caused somewhat of an uproar among the many wheelchair using fans of WSC who cannot make it into the show featuring krip hop star Kalyn Hefferernan along the percussionist she is touring with this time out. Since earlier in the week Kalyn had been scrambling to try and find an alternate space (I was among those trying to locate somewhere) to do a wheelchair accessible free show in San Francisco this afternoon. But when nothing had materialized by this morning the ever resourceful Hefferenan announced plans to do an impromptu, free pre-show on the sidewalk outside the Market Street, San Francisco club at 4pm this afternoon. See just made flyer left about the last minute show that proudly proclaims "The More Wheelchairs The Better."
A little earlier today I caught up with Kalyn. "I'm usually good at posting whether or not venues are wheelchair accessible but because it was so many shows [on the heavily booked one month tour] and getting ready for the road was so nuts I haven't had the chance to find that out for every venue. I didn't realize the San Francisco show was inaccessible until a few crips hit me up disappointed they couldn't come," she said stressing that, "As a disabled rapper I can't shit on my people! I know what it's like to be excluded from a venue and it blows. I tried to find a way to do a show in a more venue type setting but it was so last minute we figured just take it to the streets!" This is good news to disabled Bay Area fans who, said Kaylyn, were initially "understandably pissed that I'm playing an inaccessible venue in the first place." She added that, "Because my band is support and was added on after all shows were booked I didn't have a say in where we played. And I'm lucky to be small so I can be carried up and down more easily than most. Eventually I hope I have enough leverage to play only accessible shows. This is a great way to start the conversation on how to deal with unaccessible venues."
The free show is at 4pm outside Cafe Du Nord ("I haven't even told the venue we're doing this so it should be interesting," said Kalyn today) and the official tour show is a few hours later at 8pm inside the same venue located at 2170 Market Street. Tickets and more information on the Cafe du Nord show at 8pm with WSC opening for the Flobots and also featuring a set from All City Elite click here.


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I had lipo done to my abs and flanks 6 mths ago with good results but I noticed an indentation on my lower back/flank right area so the doc revised that section with fat graft but it "looks" as if the fat was added above the indent and now i look even worse with two indents and the fat graft bubble in the middle. He said for me to wait it off and that he grafted the fat to the correct area but it is possible for fat to migrate a little if anything. is this BS or should I trust him? I'm afraid...
Why Do I Still Have This Indentation Plus Another 1 After my Lipo Revision? I Look Worse.
Doctor Answers 5
Trust your surgeon from liposuction
If you have trusted your surgeon to put your health and appearance in his or her hands, then you should trust their experience and recommendations. Some times there is more collagen that your body produces underneath an indentation and that may push the new fat to surrounding areas. You do have to wait for swelling to reduce and followup with your surgeon for possible further modifications.
Be Patient With Fat Grafting For Liposuction Indentations
As Dr. Placik has said, if you are happy with the abdominal results, then trust your surgeon to know what he/she is doing to help contour things. Fat grafting often takes multiple sessions to get the fact exactky where it needs to be, as well as the accurate volume. Be patient and address it with your surgeon, but I would trust them to know what they are doing. I hope this helps.
Fat grafting for liposuction irregularities.
I would trust your physician for now as he/she had produced satisfactory reults elsewhere. Give ti some time. Fat grafting is imprecise and may require more than one session.
You might also like...
Indent after lipo/graft
Learn more: http://beauty-by-brueck.com/liposuction-fort-myers
Correction of liposuction deformities
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


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Release Date: 2012 |
Album Rating: 4.0Criticism welcomed and if your interested definitely listen to both volumes.
An excellent soundtrack to a subpar game.
Album Rating: 4.0Thank you.
Without Martin it's just not the same. Good review though, well written. Pos.
Digging: The National - Sleep Well Beast
Solid review, pos'd. As to criticism, I feel like there are too many rather short paragraphs that you could condense together and it seemed like there were a number of places that need commas, but good job.
Digging: Wolves in the Throne Room - Thrice Woven
Album Rating: 4.0Thanks, I wanted to make this very simple and easy to read. Great review on Sun Eater btw, very unexpected from jfac.
Thanks, yeah it blew me away. Great record.
Album Rating: 3.5Cool game despite the "love story"
The ending was sad though.
Bands: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z


text: Hey Guys, first of all I want to say hi as it's my first post here at Apug, I've just recently discovered the site. I've already read a lot of really interesting topics here and happy that this site is existing!!! I'm shooting with 35mm and medium format. But now I came to a point that i want to give a real try to polaroid cameras. And would like to hear your opinions. I'm fairly inexperienced about polaroid cameras. Some years ago bought an SX70 camera for a really low price i couldnt leave there, bought an Impossible film for it, but the pictures were just crap. Didn't know it's the camera or the film. The guy at the wholesale shop i buy the films insisted on the fact that Impossible films have a lot of quality issues. That's all of my history with polaroids. For me the film price is an issue, impossible films are way too expensive for me to shoot regularly. Land cameras could be an option, but i don't have really any knowledge about them. But as far as i know Fuji FP 100C films are good for them and they are not that expensive. Just today i was recommended Fuji Instax 210, but it's similar to a toy camera. Don't know. Searched for some pictures at flickr and they're not that bad. I'd be happy to hear any useful tips which to buy. Thanks Csaba


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Last week Composer Deems Taylor confirmed the rumor (TIME, Feb. 25) that his new, Metropolitan-commissioned opera would be based on Street Scene, a play by Elmer Rice, now successful on Broadway. Street Scene is about tenement life.
From London last week came word of another new opera in English, the libretto for which has been written by Novelist Enoch Arnold Bennett, the music by Eugene Goossens. Their opera is called Judith and based on the apocryphal legend which has served many a poet and composer before...
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IHS is predicting another notable year for the video surveillance industry. The company, which provides global market and economic information, has released its fifth annual white paper on trends in the industry — this year listing 10 key areas to watch in 2014.
With more than a decade's experience researching the video surveillance market, IHS has seen the market grow quickly — and predicts this will continue with growth of about 12 percent in the global market. Trends listed in the white paper are:
To receive the full PDF version of this white paper, email firstname.lastname@example.com for a free copy.


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|2008-10-06, 02:53
|Link #62
Honyaku no Hime
Join Date: May 2008
Location: In the eastern capital of the islands of the rising suns...
That's all there is to it.
I do this as a hobby too, which is why once my fansubbing aspect is done, I'm all for terrorising the peeps in the chan and just hanging out/socialising, but I try to take my hobby somewhat seriously to improve my current skills.
Practice makes better.
Besides, *amused* somehow I doubt many corporate companies would allow their employees to try to have anal sex, bukkake parties or lick one another in an office...
|2008-10-06, 03:37
|Link #63
Join Date: Nov 2003
Location: Hamburg
Age: 47
To add my 0.013€ to the discussion:
Being a project manager in real life influenced me alot here - but in my experience the best setup is NOT to have a hierarchical structure in fansubbing. Having someone who is calling the shots and delegating work tends to create an atmosphere of dependence: People wait for instructions and don't try to fix things themselves, they rather "bump it up" to the leader and wait. I've seen the same thing happen in several groups I assisted in the past.
In my opinion, it's best to delegate authority to the "staff" and let them decide things on their own. Likewise, create an atmosphere where people "help out" even if it's not their regular field of expertise. For example, when the editor fixes a timing error, the encoder is fixing a sign bleed or adding a new sign which was omitted, or the typesetter is encoding when the encoder is ill. Also, they should have the last word in their respective field. In the ideal setup, they will listen closely to the feedback they receive from the other staffers, but THEY should make the final decisions about their expertise.
That way, all you need is something more like "primus inter pares" who loosely organizes stuff a'la "who is taking on this role for the next project?" or deals as liaison to other groups in joints.
Yes, this requires a veteran staff that trusts each other, and that respects the natural boundaries between the different roles in the process, but if you DO pull it off, it's very efficient and relaxing to the nerves. At least I've grown to HATE it when people come crying to me in Real Life which they could have sorted out much quicker between themselves. I could imagine that many people might like being in this "leader" position and calling the shots, but I would rather do something productive myself instead of trying to hound after staff members to do their job.
|2008-10-06, 07:40
|Link #65
Senior Member
Join Date: Jul 2004
There's a big difference between a company and a fansub group. One is for profit (i.e., money is involved) and the other is for non-profit. Fansub staff usually do not receive any money unless it's under a strange group policy. Regardless, fansubbers usually prefer to do what they like to do.
For example, since I can use After-Effects/Photoshop, virtualdub/mencode/avisynth/x264, and aegisub/medusa/ssa4.08 well, does it mean that I must typeset, encode, and time for projects? If the encoder is absent, is there a reason me to cover his job in his absence? But, because I hate encoding and since I'm not getting paid, why would I want to do stuff that I hate? Hence, that's a good reason for me not to cover his job.
Fansubbing is a hobby; I choose what I like to do. I initially thought that leading fansub and projects is fun, but I was wrong; I don't have the time to do what I want to do in order to better my skills. And, some people lead groups just to have fun messing around with others (what you called 'trolling')--as we well noticed here.
|2008-10-06, 09:12
|Link #66
Join Date: Dec 2005
Of course fansubbers usually do what they want. But he's saying that fansubbers can be more efficient if they're self-sufficient i.e. they don't need to rely on a leader, and they don't mind doing little things that are beyond the scope of their duties for the sake of the project. He's just answering the original question posed by this thread: which is better, leader or no leader?
This whole thread is basically about organizational culture as applied to fansubbing. What you're saying is basically labor unionism, where "it's not in my job description, so it's not my responsibility" is the rule. That's fine, but there's a reason why the American auto companies are getting their asses kicked while Japanese companies with plants in America are thriving.
Last edited by tun; 2008-10-06 at 09:24.
|2008-10-06, 10:29
|Link #67
Senior Member
Join Date: Jul 2004
You're missing the point of this thread. I didn't ask: "which is better -- with a leader or without a leader [anarchy]?" I'm asking which do you prefer to be? Order people around, or do what you were told to do.
Here are the two completely different arguments, but the result is the same: motivations.
1. Do what you're interested to do.
2. Carry out your obligations, what you have to do, and your responsibilities.
I follow 1 as my standard, and he follows 2. Both have similar outcomes.
|2008-10-06, 10:43
|Link #68
Join Date: Dec 2005
My response is also based on my belief that you're missing a third option: do your work without having to be told.
I don't see how #1 and #2 are separate issues though. You do what you're interested in within the fansubbing chain, but that work then becomes your responsibility every week.
|2008-10-06, 11:03
|Link #69
Senior Member
Join Date: Jul 2004
"do your work without having to be told." is the same as option #2... You should calm down a little bit and rethink your arguments... #2 can be the result of #1, but #2 is not inferred from #1.
Edit: Like most other well-known/best typesetters and AFX'rs, I will quit and do something else once I have reached the pinnacle.
Last edited by pichu; 2008-10-06 at 11:22.
|2008-10-06, 11:23
|Link #70
Join Date: Dec 2005
I'm merely speaking about fansubbing norms. Your motivations are clearly an exception to the rule. Sure, use yourself as an example and you can disprove any point.
You should stop making assumptions and word your arguments better. #2 mentions nothing about whether the motivation is external or internal.
|2008-10-06, 11:31
|Link #71
Senior Member
Join Date: Jul 2004
external or internal? Have I even said anything about internal or external motivations lol? I only said "motivations".
I've known there are fansubbers who are like me; maybe you haven't been exposed lately? Hence, I made those two points, indicating that you're on a different boat as I am.
|2008-10-06, 11:34
|Link #72
Join Date: Dec 2005
Yes, because elitist typesetters compose the majority of all fansubbers.
|2008-10-06, 11:43
|Link #73
Senior Member
Join Date: Jul 2004
meh whatever... If you read my first post clearly:
|2008-10-07, 18:32
|Link #74
Join Date: Aug 2007
tl;dr being a leader gets you a good harem, etc (see: Koda)
|2008-10-09, 05:16
|Link #75
Join Date: Nov 2003
Location: Yokosuka, JP
Age: 36
|2008-10-09, 09:16
|Link #76
Lost in the Vortex
Join Date: Mar 2004
Also I don't buy the meme that "leaders" are different in "type" from other people. I think that's one of the big lies in our culture, and a pretty destructive one at that.
But I do think it does come down to people's preference. My preference is not to be either a "leader" or "worker" but to work in a group that doesn't feel those distinctions are required.
|2008-10-09, 10:15
|Link #77
Join Date: Nov 2003
Location: Yokosuka, JP
Age: 36
What I'm taking from the anti "leader" stuff seems more like a "I don't like the idea of anyone being higher than me" thing. You say "5 people" but a "group leader" isn't for dealing with a "5 person" situation. Some groups have 10-20 staffers, multiple projects, distros, websites, etc... The whole concept of "everyone should know what they are doing" in that situation is pretty much fantasy. Also most fansubbers I know are not on just 1 or 2 projects, they are on several. It helps to have someone there who's job is just knowing what needs doing and getting the proper person informed.
I have been on quite a few "one show" projects, and they end up riddled with issues most of the time due to lack of communication and organization. Not to say this is always true, but imo the simple truth is it's a major load off the team members shoulders to have someone else worry about the details.
Also, "skipping" over people is not possible in a lot of situations. The editor is missing, "lets just not edit it!" that's just silly. Yeah get someone else, who is best to get? Who is free or has the least number of projects pending? Those are things a good group leader knows. It is a misconception to think of them as the "high and mighty overlord" or whatever. Anyone in any position can get power hungry and become an asshat. They do not have to have a "leader" title.
|2008-10-09, 12:58
|Link #78
Ancient Fansubber
Join Date: Aug 2004
Location: KS
Leaders are able to convince others that their way is the right or better way and have the charisma to accomplish this. They are the type of people who are able to act on their own without a push. History has proven your "thought" false.
Great leaders be they good or bad(evil): General Patton, General Eisenhower, Hitler(evil), Roosevelt, Alexander the Great, General Bradley, Pappy Boyington, Pol Pot(evil<sp?>), Genghis Kahn, Julius Ceaser, etc...
|2008-10-09, 13:13
|Link #79
fanatical racism moe
Join Date: Dec 2005
Age: 30
A leader who has lost interest in this world, in the present, and simply watches as the people suffers has no right to be the leader. You see, by nature, people want to be ruled by something. Ethnicity, religion, tradition, authority. The Emperor of Britan-... the fansub group leader has to sort these things out. What do staff members wish for? Subbing and drama. AniDB ratings and e-penis. Getting things done. Individuality. Responsibility. While hoping to sub anime, people still hopelessly fail to get along. Even the ones who say they have an "invisible group leader" still rely on others, don't they? We all know that drama can't be stopped, that we can't reject people's desires. Shouldn't we realize fansubbing with a system and power? Productivity is just an illusion. Drama is part of fansubber's history. To make an illusion reality, don't you need a little disciplining?
|2008-10-09, 13:15
|Link #80
In before you're posting as a character from tales of the abyss too.
Last edited by ilifin; 2008-10-09 at 15:22.
|group dynamics, leadership
|Thread Tools


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Eswatini Swazi Kitchen Medium Curry Sauce - 275g
Eswatini Swazi Kitchen »Product code: 319005
Our price£3.25
Case Price£18.53 £3.09 per jar, you save 5%
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Earn 17 reward points on this item and 93 when buying a case In Stock : Available for despatch next working dayGift wrap available
Product Description
A traditional fair trade curry sauce with a mild, fruity flavour achieved by combining fresh tomatoes, peaches and apples with garlic and spices for a unique flavour. Ideal for adding a bit of spice to tomato based dishes, chicken, meat or rice.
Fresh tomatoes, fresh peaches, fresh apples, chillies, onions, garlic, lemon juice, vinegar, oil, salt, sugar & selected spices
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First Post, First Baby!
Posted by + Show Post
Hi Ladies! I'm 5 weeks pregnant with my first baby. I'm not sure that the news has fully hit me yet, but my husband is incredibly excited. Not many symptoms so far, just a bit hungry and had my first feelings of nausea earlier today. Also I've been napping like crazy - and I'm not typically someone who can fall asleep mid-day.
So excited to connect with everyone, especially as I see many of you are second and third time parents =) Hope everyone had a wonderful holiday! <3
Replies (11-12):
Congrats! I'm preggo too 17 weeks and super excited and happy! :)
Posted via mobile.cafemom.com
Congrats :) pregnancy & babies are a miracle!!
I am a first time mom to a 5 month old baby girl. I love being a mom!!!!
Welcome to CafeMom :) <3
I am a first time mom to a 5 month old baby girl. I love being a mom!!!!
Welcome to CafeMom :) <3
Posted via mobile.cafemom.com
Add your quick reply below:
You must be a member to reply to this post.


text:
(CBS) - New York City police say they have identified a person of interest in connection with the slayings in recent months of three Middle Eastern shopkeepers who were fatally shot in their stores in Brooklyn, the New York Daily News reports.
A law enforcement source told the newspaper under condition of anonymity that police are focusing their attention on the suspect known as "John Doe Duffel Bag." Surveillance footage reportedly showed the person running away from where Rahmatollah Vahidipour was fatally shot in the head and torso Friday night inside his shop.
Detectives say the same gun used to kill Vahidipour was also used in the July slaying of 65-year-old Mohammed Gebeli and the August slaying of 59-year-old Isaac Kadare. All three victims were of Middle Eastern descent and their stores were within a 5-mile radius of each other.
The NYPD initially had four persons of interest Sunday night, the Daily News reported. Two were interviewed and cleared of any connection to the case while another is still being sought for questioning as a possible witness.
The law enforcement source told the newspaper that the NYPD has called in the FBI to provide a criminal profiler who can draw up a portrait of the killer.
Police believe the killer uses a .22 caliber pistol and is apparently targeting balding, middle aged men of Middle Eastern descent, the newspaper reported.
More on Crimesider
Nov. 19, 2012 - Brooklyn Serial Killer: Gunman sought in three shopkeeper slayings, NYPD says


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Area softball players are striking out for breast cancer.
The West Muskingum Middle School Tornadoes hosted a breast cancer awareness game against the Philo Electrics on Sunday to help raise money for the Susan G. Komen Foundation. In addition to planning and organizing the game, the team's head coach also had the girls research and conduct presentations for school so they could learn more about the disease.
"I think it's important for them to experience things like this because not everyone is affected but so many people are affected and for those few that aren't affected in some way it's a good just real life experience for them," said Coordinator Michelle Cardiel.
The day was a success with over $1,700 raised. All proceeds will be donated to the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation.


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Making a movie like Star Trek XI believable meant overcoming different challenges and being creative.
Visual Effects Supervisors Roger Guyett and Russell Earl explained some of what had to be done to create the magic for Star Trek XI.
"As a broad overview, I would say that the project had all sorts of different challenges because it had such a broad spectrum of work," said Guyett. "Most specifically, we did a lot of stuff with virtual pyrotechnics to overcome the issues of doing pyrotechnics in space and dealing with non-terrestrial kind of gravities. And just the creative aspect of being able to place explosions in a movie like this does have that level of space battle, combat, and that was a lot of fun for us to do."
The destruction of Vulcan was one of the elements of the movie on which the team had to work. "We knew we were going to have massive landscapes, we were going to be on the surface and then shots in space, where we were destroying full planets," said Earl. "So we worked with some proprietary tools here, 'Fracture', that we used to break up the surface of the planet or the terrain based on gross sizes, and that could be run through our physical simulation engine to then break and destroy and emit secondary particles of dust and debris. So we had to figure out an efficient way to do that in a variety of scales."
Source: Animation World Network


text: Dear Python & Zope Community, the eighth Zope conference organized by the German Zope User Group (DZUG) will be held this year at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impace Research from 4. to 5 June 2007 (near Berlin). The topic of the conference will be Zope in sciences. Proposals for talks and workshops can be submitted until 01.04.2007 http://www.zope.de/redaktion/dzug/tagung/potsdam-2007/dzug-conference-2007-call-for-papers-zope-in-science or http://www.zope.de/redaktion/dzug/tagung/potsdam-2007/dzug-conference-2007-call-for-papers-zope-in-science Both German and English proposals are highly welcome. You can find further information about the Zope conference here: http://www.zope.de/8-dzug-tagung Regards, Andreas Jung Assistant Chairman DZUG e.V. -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: not available Type: application/pgp-signature Size: 186 bytes Desc: not available Url : http://projects.scipy.org/pipermail/scipy-user/attachments/20070223/2fda1c8c/attachment.bin


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Heather Seubert (FBI former supervisory DNA examiner), together with other witnesses debunk the trunk carpet DNA/decomposition stain claims in the Casey Anthony trial:
3/8/2012: George Anthony – The Ultimate Double-Crosser
1/11/2012: Casey's psychological evaluations unsealed by JP
9/19/2011: Media Whores – still drinking from the chalice of denial
9/13/2011: Why Hating the Haters is such a bad idea
9/13/2011: My 10 questions for George Anthony
8/23/2011: EXPOSING THE MYTHS, Part #1: Chloroform
8/28/2011: EXPOSING THE MYTHS, Part #2: Duct Tape
9/5/2011: EXPOSING THE MYTHS, Part #3: The 31 Days of Partying
9/10/2011: Immaculate Deception: The Untold Story of Caylee Marie Anthony
8/31/2011: The Battle for Caylee Anthony
8/17/2011: Remembering Juror #11 – and why boycotting stinks
8/9/2011: George & Cindy Anthony appear at Caylee's 6th birthday Memorial
The law of attraction cannot change anything in your life that you hate, because hate prevents the change from coming. Since the law is giving us exactly what we are putting out, when you hate something the law must continue to give you more of what you hate. You will not be able to move away from it. Love is the only way.
If you focus completely on the things you love, then you are on your way to a beautiful life.
SJ - CaseyAnthonyIsInnocent.com
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text:
I had a vein treated with a laser on my face, the vein went from the corner of my mouth to below my chin. I had a large blister immediately after. Now, I still have about a 1/2 scar, atrophic, and also have line where the vein used to be that is sunken-in beneath the skin.
it is noticeable all times but especially during certain facial movements, almost looks "tethered" -if that makes sense. The clinic says it will go away, both the tethering and the atrophic scar. Help! What should I do???


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(CBS/AP) HARTFORD, Conn. - A Superior Court judge ordered two Connecticut men Tuesday with ties to former New England Patriots star Aaron Hernandez to appear before a Massachusetts grand jury investigating Hernandez, who has already been charged with first-degree murder in the June death of semi-pro football player Odin Lloyd.
PICTURES: NFL tight-end Aaron Hernandez
PICTURES: Notable athletes involved in murder-related cases
Judge Joan Alexander issued a warrant to allow police to arrest Alexander Bradley of East Hartford and compel him to appear before a grand jury in Suffolk County, Mass., after Bradley failed to appear Tuesday at a hearing to show why he should not be required to testify.
Bradley has alleged in a civil lawsuit that Hernandez shot him in the face in February after they argued at a Miami strip club.
READ: Timeline of Aaron Hernandez murder investigation
The judge also ordered 21-year-old John Alcorn of Bristol to appear Thursday before the same grand jury. Alcorn is related to Thaddeus Singleton III, who was being sought for questioning in Hernandez's murder investigation prior to his sudden death on June 30.
Singleton died four days after Hernandez's arrest in a high-speed car crash into a building in Farmington, Conn.
Singleton was married to Hernandez's cousin, Tanya Singleton, who was indicted on a criminal contempt charge after prosecutors say she refused to testify before the grand jury investigating Hernandez. She refused to testify even after prosecutors offered her immunity. Her attorney has agreed that she be held without bail.
Hernandez has pleaded not guilty in the shooting death of 27-year-old Odin Lloyd, whose body was found June 17 not far from Hernandez's mansion in North Attleborough, Mass. His defense team has called the case circumstantial and has said Hernandez looks forward to clearing his name.
He also has been linked to the investigation of a 2012 double homicide near a Boston nightclub. While probing Lloyd's death, police found an SUV, sought in the double homicide, at the home where Tanya Singleton lived with her uncle in Bristol, the former football player's hometown. The vehicle had been rented in Hernandez's name.
Massachusetts authorities have not commented on the grand jury investigation into that case.


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SO Scots are kilt-wearing, ginger, dour, miserly types, are they?
Did we hear that right? Actually, the chances are, we probably didn't.
Research by scientists at the University of Aberdeen suggests that such stereotyping is a myth created by the way social information evolves, developing through a type of cultural Chinese Whispers.
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Many of us have played the party game before in which there is a sequence of repetitions of a story, each one differing slightly from the original, so that the final telling bears only a scant resemblance to the original.
One famous, though apocryphal, example, said to have originated on the battlefield, has the message "Send reinforcements, we're going to advance" becoming "Send three and fourpence, we're going to a dance".
That final rendition, obviously, is arrant nonsense.
As is the one about the Scots, as anyone who watched the Commonwealth Games opening ceremony, for example, will know. Certainly not dour. And with that Unicef initiative, the exact opposite of miserly.
We will, however, concede the bit about the kilts.


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Posted by admin on Jun 11, 2012
The joint consortium of Eneclann and Ancestor Network have announced that they will provide genealogy services in the National Archives of Ireland and the National Library of Ireland in the coming year, following a competitive tendering process.
"We look forward to assisting Irish people and overseas visitors alike in tracing their roots especially in the coming year of the Gathering," said Fiona Fitzsimons, Research Director of Eneclann.
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But while these challenges seem extreme for a typical classical ensemble, for this group that set of challenges is more standard operating procedure. Chase recalled early seasons where the group staged performances for smaller audiences, often in unlikely venues, upping the number of premieres at each season and growing audiences in different neighborhoods in Chicago. Within a few years, they were doing series of concerts of up to 10 premieres by local composers. "It's kind of a modality at ICE," she said. "It's fun for us in our tenth anniversary season this year to revisit that idea. But to revisit it at a very different stage than the bars and the backs of pickup trucks and stuff that we performed on in Chicago. This time we have an opportunity to take that idea and present it at Lincoln Center." Premieres, by their nature, often involve extra work. Composers are often deeply involved in the rehearsals, changing what doesn't work, making suggestions, rewriting passages to exploit the strengths of the musicians. In those conversations, musicians and composers often find themselves equal partners in the creation of a finished performance or recording. That process, the workshop aspect of new music, is what ICE is all about. "It's a very ICE way of working," Chase said. "It's a jumping off the cliff kind of exercise. That's part of the roller-coaster fun of it." Trying to build that ICE way of working out to a global scale, the group has initiated three projects. The first is ICELab, which creates workshops for musicians and composers to hash out ideas separate from any public performance or formal recording engagement. Many of the Mostly Mozart premieres are the result of ICELab experiments. The second is the group's own record label, Tundra, to feature polished performances of its artists and collaborators. The third is a formalized Web site called DigitICE, http://www.digitice.org, where video of ICE performances are archived. DigitICE "embraces this idea of free public access," Chase said. The videos are high-quality productions. "The idea is to make the ICE live experience available to people all over the world within 10 days of each performance. We're not able to do these for all of our performances but increasingly we're able to do them for a good chunk of our season." Chase hopes that in the future, the archive can become as important as the live performances themselves. The two can work hand in hand toward the goal of developing a repertory for the future, long after this season's concerts are over. "It's a way of giving the artists and the composers and also the public a chance to allow this work to grow and breathe beyond its initial premiere," she said. Follow @CarltonTSC --Written by Carlton Wilkinson in New York
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Staff Profile
Deborah Leitch
Senior Clerical Assistant
- Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
- Telephone: +44 (0) 191 208 6902
- Fax: +44 (0) 191 208 6720
- Address: 5.02
Farm Business Survey
Newcastle University
School of Agriculture Food and Rural Development
Agriculture Building
Newcastle upon Tyne
The Farm Business Survey provides information on the physical and economic performance of farm businesses in England, to inform policy decisions on matters affecting farm businesses. It is intended to serve the needs of government, government partners, farming and land management interest groups, and researchers.
I work as the Administration officer for the Farm Business Survey. I carry out the day to day management of the units' research projects, ensuring targets and deadlines are met.
I was born and brought up on a mixed livestock farm in Northumberland and prior to joining the Farm Business Survey in 2002 I worked as Office Manager for Genus Embryo Transfer in both Cheshire and Northumberland.


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LeBron, Gilbert Past Could Make Return To Cleveland Difficult
For LeBron James to return to Cleveland, he would have to forgive the man who attacked him harder than anyone else four years ago.
Cavaliers owner Dan Gilbert took his shots as James left home to chase NBA championships in Miami.
As James considers his next move in free agency and an entire region breathlessly awaits a homecoming it couldn't imagine in its wildest dreams, it's not clear if James and Gilbert have had a face-to-face meeting. In his infamous letter to Cleveland fans on July 8, 2010, Gilbert referred to James as "our former hero" and called his departure "cowardly."
But James' interest in meeting with the Cavaliers to see what they can offer him, indicates a level of willingness to reunite with Gilbert.
©2017 by The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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The Space for Expatriates
18 members
21 members
Ted Wilson has not received any gifts yet
Sorry, meant to add a little :) after explaining my name. The way it's written sounds a little caustic. Not my intention. (I'm just getting over the flu.)
If you have any questions, let me know. There's nothing like actually looking at the site however. You can run filtered searches (we have two types of interactive maps) and you can see the house sits that are currently available. Hope you have fun.
Hi, Ted
First of all, my name is Alex short for Alexandra. While I'll paraphrase a bit for you, I spent months writing all the information that answers your questions and it's all on www.HouseSitMexico.com. (Look at START HERE, a link in the upper left of the screen and the very extensive FAQ documents that are linked to in the bottom banners" . And HouseSitMexico serves ALL of Mexico. Membership is the same price for homeowners or house sitters (but homeowners can ALSO serve as house sitters too, if they see an assignment listing to visit a part of Mexico that appeals to them). A 3 month membership is $39US, and a year for $79US. We are currently offering a free membership to homeowners who will list an assignment soon. I already gave you a 20 percent off coupon code: MYSPACE20, which can be put in on the payment page to get the discount.
What is house sitting?
House sitting is typically a no-cash exchanged relationship in which a sitter receives a place to stay in exchange for keeping the home occupied and providing pet care while the owner is away, plus other responsibilities as required.
Why would anyone be a house sitter?
Living in a real home gives the experience of what living in Mexico is really like – and many sitters are exploring options for retirement. Other sitters are "remote workers" using the Internet, traveling the world. Many are already residents of Mexico, using their membership to both find a sitter and be one. And it's a free place to stay.
Why should you want to have a sitter?
Pet care is the most common reason to have a sitter. Pets are happier and healthier at home. Security is the second most mentioned concern. In Mexico, just as the world over, an unoccupied home is more of a target for robbery. Home maintenance and emergency response (such as watering plants or tending to a broken pipe) are also reasons to have a sitter.
Hi, Ted! 'Not sure what "Lake Chapala Group" you refer to. My business is a membership website that connects residents anywhere in Mexico with house and pet sitters: www.HouseSitMexico.com. You're welcome to join! Interested? You're welcome to use a coupon code (MYSPACE20) for 20% off.
Hi Ted.. Nice to meet you... We are in San Carlos, Sonora right now and it's lovely but it is very 'gringo' and not enough Mexican for me.. The water and weather are lovely!!
On Monday we are heading to San Miguel de Allende for a couple of weeks. I find it suits me better there with more Mexican culture and an expat community..
A couple of years ago we spend some time in Puerto Escondido but man...was it hot!! Hot and humid!!
We also liked Oaxaca but didn't explore too much while we were there..
I'd love to hear your take on places you've been.. and thanks to contacting me..
My email is wendypenne@gmail
Hi Ted
I have visited quite a few places in MX and that area is some of the best I think, for me anyway. I just want to live simply now and enjoy some relaxing life near the ocean. There are less restrictions there and fewer people too.
© 2017 Created by George Puckett. Powered by


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Taipei (literally means "North of Taiwan"), officially known as Taipei City, is the capital city and a special municipality of Taiwan. Situated at the northern tip of Taiwan, Taipei City is an enclave of the municipality of New Taipei. It is about southwest of northern port city Keelung. The city locates on the Taipei Basin, an ancient lakebed bounded by the two relatively narrow valleys of the Keelung and Xindian rivers, which join to form the Tamsui River along the city's western border. The city proper is home to an estimated population of 2,693,672 in 2009, forming the core part of the Taipei–Keelung metropolitan area which includes the nearby cities of New Taipei and Keelung with a population of 6,900,273, the 40th most-populous urban area in the world. The term "Taipei" can be either referred to the whole metropolitan area or city proper itself. In political terms, "Taipei" can occasionally be used as a synecdoche regarding the sovereignty of Taiwan. Due to the ongoing controversial political status of Taiwan, a designated name Chinese Taipei is in common use when Taiwanese governmental representatives or national teams participate in some international organizations (which may required an UN statehood) in order to avoid extensive political effects by using other names.
Before the city was founded by Chinese immigrants in the early 18th century, the region of Taipei Basin was mainly inhabited by the indigenous people known as the Ketagalan. In the 19th century, the city rapidly grew in importance due to significant growth of international trades. Taipei Prefecture was created in 1875 by the Qing Dynasty of China and was formally made provincial capital of Taiwan in 1894. Following the annexation of Taiwan by Japan in 1895, Japan retained Taipei as capital of the island and embarked on an extensive program of advanced urban planning. A number of Taipei landmarks and cultural institutions date from this period.[1] The Republic of China took over the island in 1945 following Japan's surrender. After the Chinese Civil War, the ruling party Kuomintang (KMT) lost its control of whole mainland China and relocated the ROC government to Taiwan, proclaimed Taipei as the provisional capital of the Republic of China in December 1949.[2][3] In 1990 Taipei provided the backdrop for the Wild Lily student rallies that moved Taiwanese society from one-party rule to multi-party democracy.
Taipei is the political, economic, and cultural center of Taiwan. Considered to be a global city, Taipei is part of a major high-tech industrial area. Railways, high-speed rail, highways, airports, and bus lines connect Taipei with all parts of the island. The city is served by two airports – Taipei Songshan and Taiwan Taoyuan. Taipei is home to various world-famous architectural or cultural landmarks which include Taipei 101, Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall, Dalongdong Baoan Temple, Hsing Tian Kong, Mengjia Longshan Temple, National Palace Museum, Presidential Office Building, Night markets, and Ximending. Its natural features such as Maokong, Yangmingshan, and hot springs are also well known to international visitors.
Taipei was founded in the early 18th century under the Qing Dynasty rule and became an important center for overseas trade in the 19th century. The Qing dynasty made Taipei the capital of Taiwan Province circa 1886 when Taiwan was separated from Fujian Province.
Japan acquired Taiwan in 1895 under the Treaty of Shimonoseki after the First Sino-Japanese War. Taiwan became a colony of Imperial Japan with Taipei as its capital, in which Taipei was administered under Taihoku Prefecture. Taiwan's Japanese rulers embarked on an extensive program of advanced urban planning that featured extensive railroad links. A number of Taipei landmarks and cultural institutions date from this period.[1]
The Republic of China (ROC) took over Taiwan in 1945 following Japanese surrender. After losing mainland China to the Chinese Communist Party in the Chinese Civil War, the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) relocated the ROC government to Taiwan and declared Taipei the provisional capital of the ROC in December 1949.[2][3] In 1990 Taipei provided the backdrop for the Wild Lily student rallies that moved Taiwanese society from one-party rule to multi-party democracy. The city is today home to Taiwan's democratically elected national government.
First settlements
The region known as the Taipei Basin was home to Ketagalan tribes before the eighteenth century. Han Chinese mainly from Fujian Province of Qing dynasty began to settle in the Taipei Basin in 1709.
In the late 19th century, the Taipei area, where the major Han Chinese settlements in northern Taiwan and one of the designated overseas trade ports, Tamsui, were located, gained economic importance due to the booming overseas trade, especially that of tea exportation. In 1875, the northern part of Taiwan was separated from Taiwan Prefecture and incorporated into the new Taipeh Prefecture as a new administrative entity of the Qing dynasty. Having been established adjoining the flourishing townships of Bangka, Dalongdong, and Twatutia, the new prefectural capital was known as Chengnei, "the inner city", and government buildings were erected there. From 1875 (still Qing era) until the beginning of Japanese rule in 1895, Taipei was part of Tamsui County of Taipeh Prefecture and the prefectural capital.
In 1885, work commenced to create an independent Taiwan Province, and Taipei City was temporarily made the provincial capital. Taipei officially became the capital of Taiwan in 1894. All that remains from the Qing era is the north gate. The west gate and city walls were demolished by the Japanese while the south gate, little south gate, and east gate were extensively modified by the Kuomintang (KMT) and have lost much of their original character.
Japanese rule
As settlement for losing the First Sino-Japanese War, China ceded the island of Taiwan to the Empire of Japan in 1895 as part of the Treaty of Shimonoseki. After the Japanese take-over, Taipei, called Taihoku in Japanese, was retained as the capital and emerged as the political center of the Japanese Colonial Government.[1] During that time the city acquired the characteristics of an administrative center, including many new public buildings and housing for civil servants. Much of the architecture of Taipei dates from the period of Japanese rule, including the Presidential Building which was the Office of the Governor-General of Taiwan.
During Japanese rule, Taihoku was incorporated in 1920 as part of Taihoku Prefecture. It included Bangka, Twatutia, and Jōnai (城內) among other small settlements. The eastern village Matsuyama (松山庄) was annexed into Taihoku City in 1938. Upon the Japanese defeat in the Pacific War and its consequent surrender in August 1945, the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party) assumed control of Taiwan. Subsequently, a temporary Office of the Taiwan Province Administrative Governor was established in Taipei City.
Martial law and modern democracy
In 1947 the KMT government under Chiang Kai-shek declared island-wide martial law in Taiwan as a result of the 2-28 Incident, which began with incidents in Taipei but led to an island-wide crackdown on the local population by forces loyal to Chiang. Two years later, on December 7, 1949, Chiang and the Kuomintang were forced to flee mainland China by the Communists at the Chinese Civil War. The refugees declared Taipei to be the provisional capital of a continuing Republic of China, with the official capital at Nanjing (Nanking) even though that city was under Communist control.
Taipei expanded greatly in the decades after 1949, and as approved on December 30, 1966 by the Executive Yuan, Taipei was declared a special centrally administered municipality on July 1, 1967 and given the administrative status of a province.[4] In the following year, Taipei City expanded again by annexing Shilin, Beitou, Neihu, Nangang, Jingmei, and Muzha. At that time, the city's total area increased fourfold through absorbing several outlying towns and villages and the population increased to 1.56 million people.[4]
The city's population, which had reached one million in the early 1960s, also expanded rapidly after 1967, exceeding two million by the mid-1970s. Although growth within the city itself gradually slowed thereafter[5] — its population had become relatively stable by the mid-1990s — Taipei remained one of the world's most densely populated urban areas, and the population continued to increase in the region surrounding the city, notably along the corridor between Taipei and Keelung.
In 1990 Taipei's 16 districts were consolidated into the current 12 districts. Mass democracy rallies that year in the plaza around Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall led to an island-wide transition to multi-party democracy, where legislators are chosen via regularly scheduled popular elections, during the presidency of Lee Teng-Hui.
Research Tips


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It only takes a minute to get started. Fill out our uncomplicated sign up form and login to the site.
This step is discretionary but will dramatically increase your chances of getting interest from other over 40s members on the site. Write a little something about yourself, your hobbies and attach any nice photographs of yourself.
Use our website's advanced search to discover over 40s members who meet your criteria. Or just scan through listings and discover members that appeal to you.
Discovered someone who ticks all the boxes? Send a note to them or just a wink and see if anything happens. With a little luck you'll be on your way to discovering that special someone for you.
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Firefighters honed their skills with training for collisions over the festive period.
Witham crews tried out the latest equipment and learnt about advancements in car and airbags designs.
They wanted to be prepared for any collisions as thousands of extra drivers make festive trips.
Witham Firefighter Simon Falzon, works for Ford Dunton in Basildon and organised the training.
He said: "I was able to arrange for crews to come here to learn about the latest advancements in cars and airbags, to test new service equipment and to have a chance to practice on the very latest model cars.
"In the morning there was a lecture from a senior engineer about airbags and the speeds and pressures they operate at.
"Then we had a Fiesta set up with extra airbags including curtain, knee and seat airbags."


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Santa Monica, CA, US
Interactive Blues and Rock music museum. Responsibilities included coordination with complex consultant team, owner representative and general contractor, as well as design and design development of the project's restaurant, bar, store and entry and ticketing lobby. Prepared set of T.I. construction documents based on design model.
Status: Built


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AT LUNCH WITH: Ellen DeGeneres; Dialed God (Pause). He Laughed.
By BILL CARTER
Published: April 13, 1994
AT one point, Ellen DeGeneres was the Funniest Person in America.
It was very early in her career as a stand-up comic; only one year in, to be exact. The cable channel Showtime, in need of programming, went looking for someone on whom to bestow the title Funniest Person in America. They found Ms. DeGeneres, working as an emcee at a comedy club in New Orleans, her hometown. She was young and smart on stage, relying on offbeat storytelling, strategic pauses and dramatic facial expressions that reminded some people of Bob Newhart. But her material was, as she now admits, a bit thin: "I didn't have many minutes."
Within a few months, she was touring the country in a Winnebago with a large nose above the front bumper. "Big noses are funny," she explains over a glass of spring water at B. Smith's restaurant in Manhattan.
Now, a dozen years later, Ms. DeGeneres has a shot at being the funniest person on television -- or at least one of them. She is starring in a new ABC comedy series, "These Friends of Mine," about a group of single people in Los Angeles, where she lives. The series began three weeks ago, receiving hit-size ratings so far.
Ms. DeGeneres (rhymes with "generous"), might have expected more rapid stardom, but it wasn't easy being the funniest person in America; not when you're 24 and only a couple of years beyond your first stage performance, which consisted of standing up in front of a crowd and eating a Whopper, fries and a shake.
"I knew instinctively I couldn't just keep eating onstage," Ms. Degeneres says, slipping into the knowing wryness that marks her comic voice. "Oh, hey, it that's girl who eats on stage. Gee, she's huge!"
She's not eating today. The water she's sipping constitutes lunch. She's not hungry, she says.
A medium-size woman who moves with the physicality of an athlete (she once thought of playing golf professionally), Ms. DeGeneres looks a bit younger than she is: 36. She has concluded that her features are "too rubberized" for television, but in person her large round periwinkle eyes and rosy cheeks suggest good health. The last hints of Southern twang drift through her words as she describes her road to prime time.
Despite -- or perhaps because of -- her early honorific, the comedy learning process was tough and humiliating. "All the people working in the club would get on stage and try to blow me away because they were angry and bitter that I didn't have the experience, and here I was surpassing them," she says.
One night in a club in San Francisco, an "Andrew Dice Clay-type comic" had stirred the crowd into a raucous frenzy before introducing Ms. DeGeneres, whose signature comedy piece, then and now, is a subtle, poignant, brilliant bit called "a phone call to God." When she came on stage that night and dialed long distance to the heavens, the crowd got ugly.
"The front row was a bunch of guys who actually stood up, turned their chairs around and faced the other way," she says. Many excruciating minutes later, Ms. Degeneres fled the stage, and the gleeful comic returned.
"The audience was laughing at him saying over and over, 'One more time for the FUNNIEST (pause) PERSON (pause) IN AMERICA!' " Ms. Degeneres still cringes visibly from the memory. "I was crying," she adds. "I wanted to go home and get out of the business. I thought, 'This is the worst business; it's so cruel.' "
She got over it.
The experience was useful for several reasons. She got an agent. Her bookings improved. Eventually, she was spotted at yet another competition, the San Francisco Comedy Festival. This time she finished second, edged out by Sinbad. But she had been seen by "some of the big people from L.A.," she says.
Fresh from a morning round of television interviews to pump her series, Ms. DeGeneres has turned up at B. Smith's with her face stripped clean of makeup, dressed for comfort in jeans, a white T-shirt, and blue pin-striped blazer. Her only pass at what she would call "styling" is a newsboy cap squeezed down backward on her head, capturing all but an inch or so of her mid-length blond hair.
Ms. DeGeneres grew up partly in New Orleans and partly in Atlanta, Tex., the small town she moved to after her parents divorced and her mother remarried. It was there that she realized she just might be funny.
"My mother was going through some really hard times and I could see when she was really getting down, and I would start to make fun of her dancing," she recalls. "Then she'd start to laugh and I'd make fun of her laughing. And she'd laugh so hard she'd start to cry, and then I'd make fun of that. So I would totally bring her from where I'd seen her start going into depression to all the way out of it. As a 13-year-old kid, I learned I could manipulate people that way. That's a really powerful thing.
"But also I saw I could make somebody happy. And my mother was someone whom I idolized. She's my mother, yet I'm changing her."
The days in Texas added an extra layer of skin that has become useful to Ms. DeGeneres. Her toughness and savvy are belied by her comic style, which is grounded in understatement and quirky thought, like dialing up God or being adopted by Iroquois Indians.


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The word is spreading about Children's Aid Society's healthier recipes. United Neighborhood Houses, a membership organization that provides its members with policy development and advocacy support, has partnered with Children's Aid to bring healthier cooking into shelters, day care centers and senior centers.
According to federal statistics, many American children consume half of their daily calories at school. In addition, there are 31 million children participating in the National School Lunch Program and more than 11 million participating in the National School Breakfast Program. An important question: are these children getting the proper nutrition they need?
711 Third Avenue - Suite 700 | New York, NY 10017 | 212-949-4800 | 212-949-4936 (Development)
The Children's Aid Society is registered as a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization