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U.S. Department of Transportation
Federal Highway Administration
1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE
Washington, DC 20590
Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology
Coordinating, Developing, and Delivering Highway Transportation Innovations
|This report is an archived publication and may contain dated technical, contact, and link information
Publication Number: FHWA-RD-95-176
Date: November 1996
Development of Human Factors Guidelines for Advanced Traveler Information Systems and Commercial Vehicle Operations: Task Analysis of ATIS/CVO Functions
Analysis of Decision–Making Tasks
Decision making is an important part of any information system, including ATIS. The analysis of decision–making tasks is intended to provide an understanding of this type of activity with regards to ATIS.
Function of Decision–Making Tasks
Decision–making tasks provide the most important human activity in the use of ATIS. These tasks include activities where the driver or dispatcher compares alternatives against expectations, verifies that system recommendations are appropriate, and ensures that following system recommendations can be done safely. Decision–making tasks inherently involve the comparison of two conditions (e.g., system output and expected output). They also inherently result in following one of two possible (and often divergent) task sequences. Examples of decision tasks associated with ATIS include:
Table 20 describes the decision–making tasks identified in the task analysis that serve several functions.
Table 20. Function and description of decision–making tasks.
General Characteristics of Decision–Making Tasks
Of the 165 driver or dispatch–centered tasks examined in detail, approximately 21 percent were decision–making tasks. The decision–making tasks identified in the task analysis serve several functions. The first is that they are used to decide if the plans and recommendations of a particular system activity, such as planning a route, are what the driver or dispatcher intended (see figure 19; also see appendix D, Scenarios P1 OSD, P2 OSD, P6 OSD, P8 OSD, P14 OSD, P16 OSD, P20 OSD, and C4 OSD). Such decisions are important to the use of the ATIS because they provide the user an opportunity to include considerations in his or her planning process that the ATIS is unable to make. They also provide the driver an opportunity to correct information or assumptions made by the system that are manifestly inappropriate. This sort of decision task is normally associated with IRANS and IMSIS planning functions and would probably be performed when it could be done without interfering with the primary task of controlling the vehicle. The outcome of this task usually will be either to have the system develop another plan or to use the plan as presented.
Another type of decision task involves verifying that a specific recommendation is appropriate when it is presented during the IRANS route guidance instruction (see figure 20; also see appendix D, Scenarios P1 OSD, P2 OSD, P16 OSD, P20 OSD, and C4 OSD). Usually such decision tasks must be performed while also controlling the vehicle, thus requiring the driver to gather information upon which to make the decision from a variety of different areas (e.g., personal experience, observations of the road configuration, and observations of other traffic).
The results of this type of task usually are to follow the recommendations presented by the system or to ignore the recommendations and revert to driving without using the system until the discrepancy between the driver's perception of the situation and system recommendations can be corrected.
A third type of decision task is an evaluation of the relevance of ISIS and IVSAWS notices and warnings as they relate to driving (see figure 21; also see appendix D, Scenarios P8 OSD, P14 OSD, P16 OSD, P22 OSD, and C15 OSD). Such tasks are initiated when either ISIS or IVSAWS detects a condition that lies within the notification parameters selected by the driver or system. In most cases, notification will be made as a result of the vehicle coming within a certain distance of the condition, thus requiring the driver to perform this task while controlling the moving vehicle. The outcome of a decision task of this nature may be either to ignore the notification or to modify the driving behavior or planned routing.
One remaining type of decision task is evident in the detailed task analyses. This is a decision task that recognizes some change in the situation, other than that presented by ATIS, which might necessitate a change in plans or behavior (see figure 22; also see appendix D, Scenarios P14 OSD and C12 OSD). This type of task usually involves comparing the expected results of the plan currently being followed with some sort of "what if" analysis for another plan. The steps required to make such an evaluation are likely to be fairly complex as they would normally require that the driver have information on two, or possibly more, potentially competing plans. Generating those plans would normally require that the driver provide the system with different sets of parameters for developing the plans. Decision tasks of this type might be performed either while moving or when stopped. However, the need to provide the ATIS with alternative planning information would probably indicate that such decisions are most likely to be made when the vehicle is stopped, such as in a traffic backup.
Human Factors Design Implications (General and Specific)
Decision–making tasks such as those associated with using ATIS/CVO essentially involve comparisons between presented information and some criteria, such as knowledge, experience, or expected outcome. Although not presented in the detailed analysis due to limitations of space and the uncertainties associated with specific design possibilities, decision tasks involve a complex and often repeated series of gathering information, interpreting its meaning, and selecting from among possible alternatives. Performance on such tasks depends on the accuracy of the information as well as the thoroughness with which the driver can examine the problem presented.
Many of the decision–making tasks associated with ATIS planning functions will probably be done during the pre–drive phase of a trip, and thus afford the driver a reasonable opportunity to gather and evaluate whatever information is necessary to perform the task. Decision tasks that involve planning while also controlling the vehicle would significantly increase the workload required of the driver, both due to the intensive interaction that would be necessary to obtain information from the system and due to the cognitive load imposed by the amount of information that would be required.
Decision tasks associated with executing ATIS recommendations present similar workload concerns for the driver as when following directions given by a passenger. In both cases, the driver has to evaluate whether the instructions are appropriate and whether he or she can execute them safely. The performance characteristics of such tasks, while not at all unusual in driving without the ATIS, are of considerable importance and warrant further investigation, particularly as they are at least partially based on the driver's perception of the error rates of the system and the degree to which the driver has come to rely on system instructions.
Performance characteristics of decision tasks associated with ISIS and IVSAWS notifications and warnings are likely to be a little different than those now encountered when faced with roadside signs or hazard warnings. The principal difference is that the advanced warning that such systems can provide a driver will allow him or her more time to take appropriate action. Unlike conditions such as the IRANS planning and guidance that involve more complex decision–making processes, decisions based on ISIS and IVSAWS are likely to be straightforward and the required action is more likely to be based on a simple heuristic model (e.g., "ice = slow down" and "speed below limit = speed up").
General human factors considerations for the design of ATIS that result in decision tasks include the following:
Specific human factors design considerations for ATIS that result in decision tasks include the following:
Table 21 provides a summary of the general characteristics and considerations of decision–making tasks associated with the use of ATIS.
Table 21. Summary of the general characteristics and considerations of decision–making tasks associated with the use of ATIS.
Return to Task Analysis Results


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In April 2004, the City Council pre-zoned the property at the terminus of Winding Way to R-1/L-D Single Family zoning (Ordinance 1333). Following Council approval of both the pre-zoning of the property and Initial Study/Mitigated Negative Declaration, new information regarding the presence of the arcuate bush mallow, listed in the California Native Plant Society, and the dusky-footed woodrat, a California species became available.
With the new information available and the sensitivity of the biological resources of the site, the City prepared a Draft Focused Environmental Impact Report (DFEIR) to update previous biological resource analysis for the project. The DFEIR also provided discussions on cumulative impacts within Devonshire Canyon, potential growth inducement in the area, and project alternatives.
The public review period on the DFEIR began on July 22, 2005, and ended on October 24, 2005. The City Council held a hearing on the DEIR on October 24, 2005. After the close of the public review period, and before the City prepared and certified a Final Focused Environmental Impact Report for the project, significant new information emerged about San Francisco dusky-footed woodrat population on the project site.
In order to effectively evaluate the implications of this new information on the project's potential impacts on the dusky-footed woodrat population, the City has elected to revise the biological resources evaluation in Section 3 of the DFEIR to incorporate and address this new information.To complete this re-evaluation, the project applicants retained the ecological consulting firm of H.T. Harvey & Associates, who conducted additional surveys of the project site and prepared a new study and mitigation plan to address the project's potential impacts on the local woodrat population.
In order to give the public an opportunity to comment on this new information, study and mitigation plan, the City elected, pursuant to Section 15088.5(c) of the California Environmental Quality Act regulations (the "CEQA Guidelines"), to recirculate and receive additional public comments on the revisions to the DFEIR. All the revisions to the DFEIR are contained in Section 3, Impacts to Biological Resources, and, more specifically, in Section 3's analysis of Impact BR-3.
Therefore, as permitted by the CEQA Guidelines, the City recirculated only this analysis and the new woodrat study and mitigation plan. The document is the Revised and Recirculated analysis of Impact BR-3 (Dusky-Footed Woodrat) of Section 3 (Impacts to Biological Resources) of the Draft Focused Environmental Impact Report for the Winding Way Property Tax Exchange Agreement for Annexation to the City of San Carlos," (RDFEIR)The RDFEIR may be accessed at this link http://www.cityofsancarlos.org/windingway/revised_and_recirculated_draft_focused_eir_(rdfeir).asp
The public comment period for this RDFEIR began on January 21, 2009, and ended on March 6, 2009.
On April 27, 2009, the City Council will consider an application of the Lands of Cameron, Dobel, and Grove for the proposed Property Tax Exchange Resolution for annexation of 3.41 acres of unincorporated San Mateo County land located on Winding Way (Assessor's Parcel Numbers 049-020-010, 049-141-660, 670, 680, and 690) to the City of San Carlos and adoption of a Final Focused Environmental Impact Report. A draft preliminary Staff Report will be available beginning April 13, 2009.The City Council Staff report (final) will be available at the City website, e-packets on April 23, 2009.
The Final Focused Environmental Impact Report to be presented to the City Council may be accessed at this link
Various documents for a 5 lot development proposal on Winding Way can be viewed at this site by navigating through the links below or on the Navigation Bar at the left on this page.
Public Notices

subset: commoncrawl


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Almond-Flavored Champagne? Cake-Flavored Vodka?
Those were just a couple of the oddball treats in store for visitors to the final-day Grand Tasting spread at the Food Network New York City Wine & Food Festival. If Sunday's event had a theme, it was weirdness and excess – and the two often went hand in hand.
To be fair, the festival is what you make of it: If you wanted to spend the day sampling nothing but California Cabernet's, there were plenty of good ones to be had. Or if you wanted to do nothing but gather celeb chef autographs, there were Food Network personalities galore waiting with pen in hand (of course, in many instances, you first had to purchase their latest cookbook).


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People who preach "common sense gun control" argue that limiting ammunition magazine capacity limits a killers' ability to kill. Ipso facto. Notice I didn't say "murder." As John Grisham might say, there's a time to kill. OK, "stop the threat." When you or other innocent life are in imminent, credible danger of death or bodily harm you probably don't want your lethality limited by a capacity-limited ammunition magazine. As the rabbi says, "no one ever finished a gunfight wishing he had less bullets." As Nick would say, where's the data? There isn't any. Well, there is some . . .
Here's an email from Greg, one of our readers:
"I've had a train of thought that the magazine capacity of the weapons used in a mass shooting makes little/no difference in the actual lethality of the event. While I'm no statistician, I started to use open source information to determine how long these maniacs are actively shooting, the number of shots fired and the overall lethality of the shots.
The events I looked into: Columbine, VT, the Wisconsin Sikh Temple, Giffords, Aurora and Sandy Hook. The data is quite interesting and opens up a substantial line of argument against high capacity magazine bans.
Average Time a Shooter is Active: 10.3 Minutes
Average Total Shots Fired: 89.8
Shooting Tempo: 8.7 Rounds/Min
Wound to Kill Ratio: 1 : 2.86
Given that anyone, with minimal practice, can do a magazine change in roughly three seconds, the data indicates that magazine capacity actually has almost no impact on the overall lethality of an active shooter.
Other data points bolster the case; the wounded : killed ratio is far higher than defensive shootings or police shootings, indicative of the fact that active shooters are not rushed and are (unfortunately) in complete control of the situation.
With the exception of the Giffords shooting (which is an exceptional case for a number of reasons, more of an open air political assassination than a typical mass shooting), the ONLY thing that has ever stopped a mass shooter is armed confrontation (more accurately, the notion that armed confrontation is close by)."
If our Sandy Hook Elementary School simulation goes well, we'll tackle this question in another round of experiments. Meanwhile, what do you think? Do you think a "high cap mag" ban would have any effect on lethality? The bad guys' or yours?
83 Responses to Question of the Day: Do Magazine Capacity Limits Limit Lethality?
In a gun free zone where almost all of these killings happen, absolutely not.
I prefer the term "youth shooting gallery". We need to call things what they actually are.
IT DOESN'T MATTER whether it slows them down, or speeds them up. WHERE THERE IS NO CAPABLE RESISTANCE, they'll just kill until they've had their fill.
"youth shooting gallery" is good, but i prefer "criminal protection zone"
I like this line of thought. "Mass-murderer protection zone" may be more to the point.
You can have too much to eat and too much to drink, but you can never have too much ammo.
Incorrect. There are 2 situations you can have too much ammo.
1. When swimming.
2. If on fire.
not true. more ammo does not always = more effective. if that were true, our troops would cary 4 100rd drums. they cary 7 30rd mags because they perform better like that.
There is definitely a more measured pace to firing with magazines as opposed to drums. It is also easier to keep track of your ammo usage and inventory.
Following this logic only leads so far before a line is crossed. After which the utility of having more, smaller capacity mags diminishes combat effectiveness. This is incidentally, why there is a role for SAWs – they bridge a gap in sustainability of fire and suppression. None of which is an issue if you are murdering defenseless children in a gun free zone!
So NO, magazine capacity is a pointless exercise in trying to limit casualties in a mass shooting.
Would making miniskirts longer and makeup prices higher reduce the likelihood that women become street walkers?
We learned a while ago in London 7/7. That while discriminating rage and violence is an ugly prospect to cope with, indiscriminate rage and violence is ugly and confusing beyond capability to fully cope with the prospect of.
Does a full tank of gas make a car more lethal than a half tank? They should ban fuel tanks over 10 gallons to prevent people from driving longer and farther. Forces them to stop and fill up more often. It'll save lives ya know……
Techically speaking a half filled fuel tank is more deadly than a full tank because the half tank is filled with highly explosive gasoline vapors.
That's the wrong analogy.
Instead, you should ask is a care less lethal doing 40mph than it is doing 70mph? Yes it is!, but if I am driving over school children in a gun free zone, I have time to back over the ones that are still squirming.
And yes, I realize that last bit is in bad taste, but I think it serves to illustrate the point you and I are both trying to make – attempts lethality reduction are ineffective against determined murderers with access to helpless victims.
The spree killer has the knowledge that he's free to act until the police show up. Gun free zones are his ally. Unfortunately, if you're a law abiding citizen, every time you enter a gun free zone you play the odds with your life.
Unfortunately I doubt we'll ever convince those wishing for "common sense" gun control that they're part of the problem. There're simply so many guns in circulation now that stopping a spree killer has gone way past limiting mag capacities or the type of guns people can own.
I'll go one further and state that grabbers are the problem. I blame Biden and his gun free zones for the high body count.
We need to have multiple terms for "law abiding citizen". There are laws of the state, common laws of our society, and other sources of law. Just because someone doesn't follow state laws of registration, permits, etc. doesn't mean he isn't a law abiding citizen, in that he trespasses, rapes, murders, etc.
I would not consider someone who carries a weapon into, for example a courthouse, to be a criminal based on that act alone. However, based on the consequences, it could be a "stupid" idea. Of course TTAG and I don't want to get in trouble by suggesting that people break state rules and commit felonies, but I wanted to make the distinction of "law abiding" behaviors. Assuming equal probabilities, it's better to risk a felony than to risk being attacked unarmed.
Let's say a "lawful" person rather than "legal". Legal doesn't equal lawful, so one can most surely be a "lawful" person but not necessarily "legal".
Good article. The magazine capacity argument is another example of gun controls ignorance of the topic. All emotion, ignorance and little knowledge and intellect.
(Columbine is CO. Not VT.)
I think VT refers to Virginia Tech.
VT = Virginia Tech
That's not the question. The question is whether any of the policitians actually believe that larger magazines are more dangerous. My guess — very few. Mag size is a straw man. It's political sleight of hand. They focus the sheeps' attention on the evil magazines and the evil ARs, but they're taking away all the guns.
Gun control is not now and never has been about the guns. It's about the control. Confiscation is what this is about.
Agreed, Ralph. Control AND power.
In our society the media has a huge stake in focusing attention on the evil firearms and their owners/users in order to take the spotlight off of themselves and the litany of oversold, ridiculously unrealistic violent programming, movies and gaming media that constantly bombards all of us. And of course the extremely liberal news media jumps aboard the blame game with its lack of facts, omissions and misrepresentations of the in depth context of tragic events involving narcissistic sociopaths or loons. Maybe it's time to put some restrictions on 1st Amendment rights, too. But do we really want to go down that road?
Our society should be getting off this liberal "blame game" train and put focus on ALL the causes that foster violent actions in our society. The phrase: "It's not the guns (or the gun owners), stupid." should gain some traction, here. And the NRA should abandon its defensive stance and proactively go after some quid pro quo from ALL the media.
We need some REAL climate change with these issues. We Americans are better than this. We are not the radical fanaticists that fester in many corners of the world and create mayhem and anguish among their victims. And we shouldn't allow any media types to escape scrutiny for their complicity in these issues.
I really hope you guys get some good data from your school shooting simulation this weekend that supports the numerical data that you've compiled here. Document everything you do this weekend, both on video and with written records. If the data collected supports everything that we, as pro gun rights supporters, have been suggesting, it needs to be as solid as possible.
To answer the question? No, I a standard (or as the anti gunners wanna say, high capacity) magazine ban will not limit the lethality of an active shooter event. Changing magazines is easy, as it was intended to be when modern pistols were designed. With a minimal amount of practice, anyone can perform a magazine swap in seconds. The only people that a ban on "high capacity" magazines will affect are the millions of law abiding citizens that will never commit a violent crime with their firearm in their lifetime.
I hope the cops don't show up and accuse you of planning more "senseless violence"! (Actually, to the shooter, it must make PLENTY GOOD sense, at the time. After their latest hypnosis session, that is.)
If the cops do show up, they'll be twenty minutes late.
Question of the Day: Do Magazine Capacity Limits Limit Lethality?
No. Next question.
ROFL. Loyd, thanks. Your answer is exactly what went through my head and what I came here to say.
That's what I'm here for. Lol.
After some of the tales out of Aurora, I can see one way that magazine capacity limits could *increase* lethality: By banning the largest, gimmicky magazines (60+ rounds) these monsters may avoid jams and wind up being even more dangerous when using reliable standard capacity magazines. (Don't forget when discussing hard magazine limits that "standard capacity" goes up to 50 rounds for the FN PS90.)
You beat me to it, well said.
Exactly Mike. If anything, the shooter's inexpereince at clearing hi-cap mags was a factor in several recent shootings. In Aurora and in Oregon, the guns both jammed. I have no idea if those magazines were maintained, loaded or used properly, but I am going to make some casual observations:
One could infer that the trouble they had clearing a jam reduced the number of casualties. Less firing = less casualties?
Unscientifically, my experience with smaller capacity magazines is that they tend to jam less. A weapon that jams less, shoots more? More firing = more casualties?
If you are forced to change magazines more often when you practice, it stands to reason, over time, you'll get better at it. Thus, with a little practice taking 3-4 seconds to change a magazie is well within the ability of most humans. Those 3-4 seconds however are well within most people's OODA reaction, inaction loop. By the time they percive the empty weapon, realize their chance to attack, formulate a crude plan and then decide to act, it's too late.
Exactly, Mike.
Just another example of our biased and clueless liberal politicians and news media who do not have a working knowledge of operating firearms or of the various realities of these events.
I have seen one guy load a SKS rifle from stripper clips faster that we can change and load AR rifle magazines, and I have seen people who use speed loaders for the Revolvers ,that are faster than a pistol magazine reload, and in the end you can carry extra 10 rounds magazines and get good and fast in reloads with a little workout, so in the end any good shooter can get fast and deadly with any firearm , in WW1 it was the English with the 303 LEE/Enfield bolt rifles and stripper clips that gave the Germans real hell with fast fire power on the battlefield… In the END the SHOOTER is the real danger, not the type of clips, magazines or firearms… We are in a real world of trouble I was reading that the Senate may pass a complete ban on all PISTOLS and all SEMI-Auto RIFLES and all magazines and start gun collections (turn in programs ) in 2013… LOOKS BAD!
last Marine, SKSes are being banned, too.
Let's see M-1 Garand uses an 8 round stipper clip inserted into the rifle's magazine. Rate of aimed fire: 20 rounds a minute. Max rate of fire: 40-50 rounds a minute. I guess it doesn't make a diference.
I have emptied a seven round magazine out of my 1911 in about three seconds. Mag change in two seconds, repeat process. That works out to 84 rounds a mad minute although I doubt that I would hit anything.
I have no experience with a revolver and a speed loader but I bet I could still put out 20-30 rounds a minute if I carried enough.
You're BOUND to hit SOMETHING!
tdiinva, I've seen my dad use a single shot shotgun to flush a covey of quail. He fired, reloaded and fired again before the birds got out of range. He got both birds. My old man taught me the drill and tho I haven't practiced in a while I still remember how it's done.
I'm a revolver man myself. And I've never felt outgunned.
M-1 Garand uses a retention clip. Lee-Enfield, Mosin, Mauser etc. use stripper clips.
I stand corrected
Look, When using Newtown as an example, the shooter was an adult against 6 separated adults. A single 10 round magazine would have assured the same outcome.
As to further reloads of subsequent ten round magazines, and or multiple weapons, just how difficult is it to fend off a room full of paralyzed-with-fear children while as many reloads as a killer desired took place? A panicking crowd in a theater? A workplace shooter moving from office to office?
A ten round limit would only guarantee that when it happened again, with a killer using 10 round magazines, the ten round magazine, and probably the firearms that use them. would come under attack.
That's my concern about this argument, too. After the next shooting they'd want to ban ten-round magazines or ban detachable magazines entirely. It's not enough to refute the points brought by hoplophobes, you have to think the argument through and consider what argument will come next.
Great article. No offense, but is it me? The "would to kill ratio" appears to be upside down as of this writing.
I'm the "author" of the work, such as it is.
I don't know why, but when I started compiling data, I got it in my head that it should be wounded : killed. Probably should flip that if I take the work any further.
FYI, the rough numbers for ALL gunshots in the US is roughly 55000 : 10000, so the general wound:kill ratio is 5.5:1.
Note how all the mass shootings (with the exception of Aurora), are *far* more lethal. These guys are NOT spraying and praying under severe time pressure… they are methodically taking their time and getting lethal hits.
While a very grim statistic to be working with, I think it continues to point to the fact that magazine capacity has far less influence on the lethality than the general public thinks.
IMO, the debate over high-capacity mags is symbolic of the masses of Americans and their elitist political leaders ignorance and shallowness. The magazine capacity issue focuses on something mostly unimportant since mags can be dropped and reloaded so fast. It is a pathetic symbolic sideshow that distracts people from avoiding to use moral courage and critical thinking skills to address the real roots of the problems we face socially and politically.
Well stated!
Short answer: No!
As others have said, the ten round magazine limit is just a lie of convenience created to fool the ignorant into thinking the Politicians are "doing something" when, in fact, it is just a doppelganger that appears to be easy to enact into Law. Where will many of those banned large capacity magazines go? Into the hands of criminals, naturally, so Citizens will be even less able to defend themselves successfully. It's BS of the highest order.
"magazine capacity limit" is an even less accurate term than "gun control". Guns are relatively primitive (with more advanced technology providing durability, accuracy, comfort), and cannot be "controlled" unless common tools are banned/highly regulated. Complete slavery style dictatorship or removal of most modern tools *might* work.
On that note, they do know that a "clip" is a box with a spring in it, right?
While I applaud your efforts to prove a "high capacity" magazine ban worthless, what I am afraid you will end up doing is proving to the anti-gunners that even a ten-round magazine is too dangerous to be allowed to exist, resulting in a ban of any firearm carrying or capable of accepting more than a single shot. The anti's will not stop in their efforts to ban all guns and will just use your own research against you.
The antigunners' end game has always has been to take ALL the guns. Shotguns, single shot, it doesn't matter.
The end game is to take them all. Hitler, Stalin, Mao, Obama…
The REAL,REAL problem here is not guns and magazines control that is all smoke and tricks… THEY want a NEW WORLD order NOW and total CONTROL, the debate will not be WON on the level of gun control , go to Canadafreepress.com and get report : the latest from "DHS INSIDER" (dated 12/26/2012) you will not sleep tonight, and yes Canada Free Press has a rock strong record of telling the ugly TRUTH!
Okay. That article is hard to believe, but very disturbing (a gross understatement) if even some of what is said comes to pass in the near future. Thanks, I think….
Why do the police have "high capacity" magazines?
You know the anwer more than anyone, so I recognize that the question was rhetorical. Still, I'll answer it: because they are instruments of the state's power, and the state's power cannot be restricted.
Well, some have gone back to more 'limited' magazines to counter the 'spray and pray' mentality. Read an article in a magazine a while back claiming that several departments looking into the huge number of rounds fired by their officers and the poor hit ratio laid the blame on 'high capacity' mags combined with mindset.
Very good post hope you leave it up for everyone to see its good hard facts.
Two words: black market. That will be the destination of millions of "evil" 30 round magazines. Moving standard capacity and high capacity magazines to the black market will only make matters worse. Yes, evil people have access to weapons and gear, but law abiding citizens have access as well.
No way! After big mags are banned, they'll be as unavailable on the black market as meth, crack and heroin.
Magazine capacity limits of 10 rounds will not impact a determined spree killer who has several minutes before encountering armed resistance. Additionally, the victims get as far away from the shooter as possible — as they should — after the first shot. At that point the victims are too far away to charge the attacker during a magazine change. Second, with 15 minutes of practice, a person can change a magazine in about 1 second. Of course a spree killer could simply carry two, three, or even four guns.
And magazine limits will do nothing to decrease the lethality of a spree killer who chooses to use a car or gasoline as their weapon.
On the other hand, in most self defense situation which involve an intense engagement for a few seconds, a 1 to 3 second magazine change is often disastrous.
So the good guys will be limited to 10 rounds while the bad guys have normal capacity magazines. Those gun grabbers have blood on their hands for disarming the good guys.
It's not a matter of magazine size, it's a matter of aimed vs un-aimed fire. Police have demonstrated that the current standard capacity magazines can result in simply a lot of misses. A whole group of sheriffs in Southern California managed to fire off an ungodly number of rounds with just a couple of hits.
It's pretty obvious ALL gun control legislation is meant to make the legislators "feel good" that they did something. Not that it's effective, but they did "something". Screwed all innocent gun owners, but they did "something".
Depends on how good your shooting abilities. Shooting fish in a barrel does not require a lot of skill, which for the most part, is the attraction to high capacity magazines for maniacs with a real bad attitude.
My ladies shooting league does high speed magazine change out drills, Also very good for practicing malfunctions remedies. Also practice shooting from behind barriers and firing on the move. Just to keep it interesting for the "girls"
If it doesn't decrease lethality, then why are we fighting it? of course it is slightly more lethal. less reloads means more shooting time, period. Not a super significant difference, but in situations, seconds DO count. The reason we are fighting this is so we are not limited in our ability to defend ourselves against criminals who BREAK THE LAW ANYWAY.
I respectfully disagree UcsbKevin. As I stated above, a 2 second magazine change does not reduce the lethality of a spree killer who has several minutes to carry out their plan before facing armed resistance.
On the other hand, firefights between citizens and criminals are intense engagements that typically lasts only a few seconds. Running out of ammunition and being unable to return fire for two seconds during a four second engagement is not desirable.
you are right, but the question was, do magazine limits limit lethality, not do they limit spree killers. but, i'm not an expert and i could very well be wrong in my opinion, and it is just that. Thanks for not being belligerent though 🙂
although i do understand the question was directed at that subject.
Check out Travis Tomasie on Youtube doing speed re-loads. Then tell me one 30 rd. vs. 3 10rd. is a compelling argument…
I agree that the 10 round limit is a feel-good measure by the politicians. I disagree with the notion that a 10 round magazine is the functional equivalent of a magazine with greater capacity, in a mass shooting incident, all other things being equal.
I also don't see how the the Gifford's shooting being an "open air" political assassination attempt changes the impact that the 33 round mag Loughner may have had on the body count.
I just find a disconnect between asserting that magazine capacity makes negligible difference in body count in mass shootings (again, all other things being equal) while at the same time asserting that more ammo capacity means better ability to defend myself (bad guy body count).
Ed, a legitimate citizen going about his business with his legally carried glock 19 is likely to have only one mag, the one that;s in the gun. For him the extra 5-6 shots allowed by hi cap mags may make a big difference in a self defense situation.
The spree killer, on the other hand is likely to be carrying hundreds of rounds of ammo and probably more than one gun. If he's limited to 10 rounds per mag he's more than likely got enough loaded mags on him to make up the difference.
Two different scenarios.
Self defense: a mag change by the Good Guy is a couple of seconds where only the Bad Guy is firing. Advantage: Bad Guy.
Spree killer: a mag change by the Bad Guy is a couple of seconds where nobody is firing. Advantage: nobody.
The Virginia Tech shooter had only a Glock 19 (with standard 15-round mags) and a .22 pistol. Of course, even that is something they want to ban. (We need to make a point of telling people that it's not just assault rifles they're going after, but basic 9mm handguns as well.)
The Giffords shooter was tackled after his mag ran dry, but that seems to be the exception.
He wasn't only tackled when his mag ran dry- he fumbled and dropped his reload on the ground and kicked it a few feet away from himself.
He is also the only shooter to have only brought one gun. All the rest had multiple firearms.
Like I said in the text RF quoted; the Giffords shooting is a significant outlier in the data for a whole host of reasons:
– Open air compared to enclosed space.
– Specific target, where all other shooters are inflicting general casualties.
– One firearm carried.
– Surrounded by victims (as opposed to them on one end of a room).
– Stopped by the victims on the fumbled mag change. In all other shootings, the success rate of an unarmed victim against an attacker is exactly ZERO.
"Do you think a "high cap mag" ban would have any effect on lethality?"
Not at all in your example of a killer of unarmed people.
However, high capacity magazines are critical for DEFENSE. When, confronted by multiple attackers, a law abiding person is very well served by many rounds in one magazine. That truth is self evident. With miss rates hovering around 50% in a gunfight, a 15 round magazine has an EFFECTIVE capacity for DEFENSE of 7.5 rounds.
Do Magazine Capacity Limits Limit Lethality?
Don't know? Never shot for Lethality!
I do know I bought a Ruger 10/22 years ago. Great rifle but I hated the 10 round mags. Not fast to load and ran out to soon. With the new Ruger BX-25 mags, I have started shooting the 10/22 more! I have more fun shooting than reloading.
One range I go to charges by the hour. The more time you spend loading mags, the less time you have shooting.
Thus larger mags are more fun for me, and max my rounds shot in the least time.
Nobody says much any more about fun?
All you LEO's, Hunters, and self defense guys. You talk about this and that.
I love shooting! Hitting what I aim for. It is like golf to me. Relaxing and fun.
I put ~28,000 rounds out in the past year. Some high cap mags helped me do it.
Shooting Tempo: 8.7 Rounds/Min (LOL)
Army Piece Cal Wt Ln Rng RPM Mag
Infantry Rifles
Belg Mauser F.N. 1889 7.65 4.0 1.3 2.0 10-15 5
Brit Lee-Enfield No 1 7.70 3.3 1.1 2.0 15-20 10
Fr Lebel M 1886/93 8.00 4.2 1.3 2.0 8-10 8
Berthier Fusil 1907 8.00 3.8 1.3 2.0 10-15 3
Ger Mauser M 1898 7.92 4.2 1.2 2.0 10-15 5
Note anything made for WWI cound keep up this Tempo. The biggest Mag in the field was the Lee-Enfield (10shot).The bigger mag made some difference for the Brit's being able to put more firepower out. Who know about more deadly. These guys were not shooting for fun!
A Shooting Tempo: 8.7 Rounds/Min was fast 100 years ago! Slow today.
Even back in 1914 a lever or pump action could get the cartrigdes out faster.
Would I be willing to give up something that lessened my fun? Yes, if it saved lives in these Crazy spree killings. But nobody has been able to convice me, that is the case.
Dave Champion debunks the magazine myth. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oURZ3LxYhIY
If cars only had gas tanks that held 10 gallons would the kids of Sandy Hook still be alive? After all, if the Ritalin junkie had run out of gas before getting to the school no one at the school would have been harmed.
That is the type of logic the usurpers are expounding.
The mag ban is only the beginning salvo in the banning of all firearms. The libs aint dumb (only insane) and want to remove the semiauto/magazine interface. Bolt rifles (cuz they make great sniper platforms) and revolvers come later.
"Average Time a Shooter is Active: 10.3 Minutes
Average Total Shots Fired: 89.8
Shooting Tempo: 8.7 Rounds/Min
Wound to Kill Ratio: 1 : 2.86"
Wow just wow…
9 rounds a minute, that is gawd awful slow…
Having said that I can believe it, the Okios shooting was done with a CA legal 10 rnd pistol.
The Idiocy of Legislatively Reduced Magazine Capacity
Those that would call for magazine cap limits know nothing about firearms. If you take two pined 10 round M-16 magazines and tape them together bannana style with a little duct tape you now have a 20 round magazine. A empty mag can be changed out for a full one in about 2/10 of a second. So how does round limits matter about anything? A determined lunitac can kill just as many unarmed individuals with a sawed off double barrel 10 bore break open breach loading shotgun loaded with buckshot as a lunatic armed with an automatic rifle. Magazine cap has nothing to do with anything. It is just a red herring used by the ignorent anti gun crowd that know nothing about firearms or how to use them. It is these well meaning idiots that try to pass the anti gun bills. It's like the thing that goes up on the shoulder.
Stockton Scholyard shooting, 1989:
106 rds fired in 2 min, 1st mag 75 rds followed by reload
35 people hit – 2/3 of the shots fired missed
5 dead, 30 wounded. Wounded:Killed ratio 6:1
What really scares me is what would have happened if the perp had used a SMLE in .303 with hunting ammo. Rather than spraying from the hip, a boltgun encourages accurate aimed fire, and the SMLE is capable of 18-20 rds/min with some practice, but let's use 15 since the perp was not in the Coldstream Guards. 15/min * 2 min = 30 rds. At close range with no return fire he probably would not have missed more than 2 or 3 times. 27 hits on mostly children with hunting ammo would have yielded (guessing here) 20-25 dead. Seems like despite all the belchings to the contrary, the choice of weapon was actually a limiting factor as to lethality.
Pump shotgun: 5 rds in the mag with ability to reload without running the gun dry = as many rounds as the shooter is carrying. Think PGO with the barrel cut off at the end of the mag (after all a mass murderer doesn't care what ATF thinks of his gun) and using #00 or #4 buck. Each shot = at least 8 projectiles. Why use a pistol or carbine at all?
When police take 20 minutes to respond, you could reload 10, 10 Rounders while the unarmed are cowering in a corner. It took 20 minutes at sandy hook………..
From a purely statistical basis you have a point.
But every time the shooter stops to reload is a time that he can't shoot and could be overpowered by even unarmed defenders. An olympic sprinter can cover 100 meters in just under 10 seconds. Granted we aren't all olympic sprinters, but with a little adrenaline and a shorter distance, those three seconds could end the spree. And every time he reloads is another window of opportunity.
And your point applies to defenders as well. Plus you only have one target, unless there are multiple attackers. But even so, you're not going to spraying bullets around the place like they are, how many do you need to take them out? If you're unloading more than a magazine a single shooter… …you're not helping.


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NEW ROADS — A district court judge could end up tossing most of the allegations lodged against Pointe Coupee Parish Police Juror Albert Dukes, who faces accusations of defamation and physical abuse in a lawsuit filed by two high-ranking parish employees.
Judge William Dupont expressed concerns in court Monday that many of the accusations that Jim Bello, the parish administrator, and Salvadore Genusa, the Parks and Recreation director, raised against Dukes in their petition lack the specific details needed to prove Dukes damaged their reputations or abused his powers as a police juror.
The judge said many of the questionable actions Dukes is accused of in the lawsuit are likely protected under special privileges he has as an elected official.
But a motion from Dukes' attorney to have six of the allegations dropped faces its own challenge — attorneys for the plaintiffs are questioning whether it was timely filed.
Bello and Genusa sued Dukes and the entire Police Jury in January 2013, accusing Dukes of assault and battery, emotional distress, defamation, abuse of rights, discrimination, retaliation, harassment and creating a hostile work environment.
Both plaintiffs assert Dukes tried to micromanage their day-to-day decisions and falsely accused them of malfeasance in office when they didn't comply with his demands.
According to the lawsuit, matters between Genusa and Dukes escalated into a shoving match after a Police Jury meeting in January 2013 when Dukes, a black man, accused Genusa, who is white, of being prejudiced against hiring black umpires.
Dupont heard arguments from attorneys Monday morning during a hearing on Dukes' motion to strike a majority of the lawsuit out of the 18th Judicial District Court.
In the motion, filed May 21, Dukes' attorney, Thomas Darling, argued that Bello and Genusa failed to cite specific instances in their lawsuit or pretrial depositions where the juror actually defamed them.
Genusa told Dukes' attorney that many of the defamatory statements were things he was told the juror said during Police Jury meetings, the motion claims.
The motion also challenges the abuse-of-rights claim, which Darling asserts should be stricken because both men are employed by the Police Jury and not Dukes, who lacks the authority to fire them at his will.
Darling made a similar argument to also have the allegations of discrimination, retaliation and harassment stricken from the lawsuit.
The defense motion goes on to say the lawsuit's allegation that Dukes intentionally inflicted emotional distress on Genusa and Bello was unjustified since "simple name-calling and hurt feelings are not sufficient" to support the claim.
Darling states in the motion that both men need to prove they suffered from "extreme and outrageous" behavior.
Dupont seemed to agree with many of Darling's arguments.
The judge also said he was worried the case could open the door for anyone to sue his employer any time he gets angry with his boss.
"I really don't know if it's defamation to call someone incompetent at every public meeting," Dupont said. "Public officials have certain rights to say certain things."
The judge later added, "This is common. Councilmen and jurors all want to micromanage. But (Dukes) is not their supervisor. They don't have to listen to him at all. They work for the Police Jury."
Cy D'Aquila, one of the plaintiffs' attorneys, countered that the defense failed to prove that Dukes' actions were protected under his rights as an elected official.
D'Aquila also pointed out state law requires that motions to strike can be sought no later than 90 days of the lawsuit filing.
After Monday's hearing, D'Aquila said he will attempt to amend the lawsuit with specific details regarding many of the allegations against Dukes and include additional instances where the behavior continued after the lawsuit was filed last year.
Dupont said he will take the matter under advisement but gave no indication on when he would render a decision.
Follow Terry Jones on Twitter, @tjonesreporter.


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Here's the Best Per-Bulb LED Pricing We've Ever Seen
If you still haven't started outfitting your home with LED light bulbs, here's the best deal we've ever seen on them. These Philips 60W equivalents are non-dimmable, but they're perfect for filling out cheaper lamps and ceiling fixtures around your house. [12-Pack Philips 60W Equivalent LED Bulbs, $27]


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Mississippi Man Charged in Obama Ricin-Letter Case
A Tupelo, Mississippi owner of a martial-arts studio was charged in connection with the mailing of letters containing ricin, a deadly poison, to President Barack Obama and a Republican U.S. senator.
The arrest early yesterday of J. Everett Dutschke, 41, follows the government's April 23 dismissal of charges against Paul Kevin Curtis, 45, an Elvis impersonator from Corinth, Mississippi, who was initially accused in a probe of the matter.
Dutschke was taken into custody without incident, according to the FBI. He is charged with knowingly developing, producing and possessing a biological agent for use as a weapon, said U.S. Attorney Felicia Adams of the Northern District of Mississippi. Dutschke faces possible life imprisonment if convicted.
Christi McCoy, an attorney for Curtis, said in an April 22 preliminary hearing in federal court in Oxford, Mississippi, that her client may have been framed for the mailings by Dutschke, with whom Curtis had a long-running e-mail feud.
Curtis was arrested earlier this month after envelopes allegedly sent to Obama, a Democrat, and Mississippi Senator Roger Wicker were intercepted April 16 and found to contain "a suspicious granular substance" that tested positive for ricin. The letters were signed "I am KC and I approve this message," according to the criminal complaint.
The case against Curtis fell apart after an FBI agent testified at a preliminary hearing that searches failed to turn up any trace of ricin at Curtis's home, as well as in his vehicle and the homes of his ex-wife and parents. An analysis of his personal computer also found nothing related to ricin, agent Brandon Grant said. Federal scrutiny quickly turned to Dutschke.
'Missing Pieces'
The letters to Obama and Wicker were postmarked April 8 and both read in part: "No one wanted to listen to me before. There are still 'Missing Pieces' Maybe I have your attention now Even if that means someone must die."
Dutschke is scheduled to appear before U.S. Magistrate Judge S. Allan Alexander in Oxford federal court tomorrow, according to Adams.
Ricin is made from castor beans and has been used experimentally in medicine to kill cancer cells, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta. It's harmful and potentially fatal if inhaled or ingested, according to the CDC.
At a press conference after Curtis's release from custody, McCoy said the idea that he was framed is "very diabolical, very frightening."
Body Parts
Curtis, who said he loves his country and would never threaten the president, stated he will return to performing, aiding his favorite charity --the Save A Life Foundation -- and finding a publisher for his book, "Missing Pieces," a novel he said exposes a black-market in human body parts.
Curtis and Dutschke have known each other for many years and Dutschke at one point had a business relationship with Curtis's brother, McCoy said at the hearing.
McCoy told Judge Alexander that the dispute between Curtis and Dutschke was over "who is the biggest liar and is putting false information on their website."
She said Dutschke was arrested this year on child molestation charges and may have thought Curtis was somehow involved with "the girls coming forward" to authorities.
Child Molestation
Dutschke was indicted on three counts of child molestation by the Lee County grand jury, according to state court records in Tupelo. The incidents involving fondling of minor girls allegedly occurred from 2007 to this year, according to the indictment. He faces two to 15 years in prison on each count if convicted.
After Curtis's release from custody last week, the FBI searched Dutschke's home and business. Several phone calls to Dutschke's home weren't answered and no one came to the front door when a reporter visited on April 24.
Dutschke's attorney, Lori Nail Basham of Fulton, Mississippi, didn't respond to messages left on her office answering machine today and earlier this week.
Inquiries with Senator Wicker's staff turned up previous letters to his Washington office with the sign-off "this is Kevin Curtis and I approve this message," according to court papers.
A third, similar letter with a suspicious substance was sent on April 8 to a judge in Lee County, where Curtis lives, the agents said in the affidavit.
All three letters, which had no return address, were on yellow paper and bore Memphis, Tennessee, postmarks, the agents said. Letters sent from northern Mississippi, usually bear a Memphis postmark, according to the affidavit.
Ricin Poisoning
Ricin poisoning symptoms depend on the purity, route of exposure and the dose. Initial symptoms from inhalation occur as early as four to six hours after the exposure, and include difficulty breathing and a cough, according to the CDC.
The symptoms can progress rapidly to fluid within the lungs and eventually respiratory failure. Deaths from the poison usually happen within 36 to 72 hours. While no antidote exists, doctors can counteract the effects of the poisoning by helping victims breathe or giving them fluids.
The Curtis case is U.S. v. Curtis, 13-mj-00019, U.S. District Court, Northern District of Mississippi (Oxford).
To contact the reporters on this story: Marty Russell in Oxford, Mississippi, at email@example.com; Cheyenne Hopkins in Washington at email@example.com.
To contact the editor responsible for this story: Michael Hytha at email@example.com


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Nick Heidfeld
Heidfeld is known as Quick Nick because he often displays good pace in his cars. There is a quiet confidence about him and although he is perceived as shy, the truth is that he just doesn't invite the media into his life.
Nick Heidfeld BiographyThe racing world first took notice of Heidfeld in 1994, when he captured the German Formula Ford series title, winning eight of nine races. The following year, Heidfeld won the Formula Ford 1800 Championship. He continued to gather praise and awards with a third place finish in the German International Formula 3 Championship in 1996, along with a title the next year.
In 1998, Heidfeld went head-to-head with future Champ and F1 star Juan Pablo Montoya in the International Formula 3000 Championship. He lost out to him on the final race of the year, but took the Championship the following year. His impressive driving earned him a position as the McLaren-Mercedes test driver, and later a debut with Prost racing.
Heidfeld recorded no points in his one season with Prost and moved on to Sauber the following year.
After three moderately successful seasons with Sauber followed by one ineffective season with Jordan, Heidfeld seemed to be out of a car, but Williams was in search of a driver after losing a contract dispute with Jenson Button, so they signed him to race.
In 2005, Heifeld was expected to be the No. 2 driver, but he stole the spotlight from highly touted teammate Mark Webber. He outperformed him throughout most of the season, but an injury forced him to miss the last five races. At the end of the season, Heidfeld signed a three-year contract with BMW.
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Sure, you're excited about the 97X Next Big Thing at the 1-800-ASK-GARY Amphitheatre on Dec. 5, and the 93.3-FLZ Jingle Ball at the St. Pete Times Forum on Dec. 12. Artists like My Chemical Romance, Maroon 5, Train, Enrique Iglesias and the Black Keys will all be coming to town to celebrate.
But those concerts are hardly the only year-end radio bashes within driving distance in Florida. In fact, Orlando and Miami are also bearing witness to some pretty big radio shows — and they're getting some even bigger names, like Katy Perry, Paramore, Adam Lambert and the Goo Goo Dolls.
See, year-end radio shows are commonplace around the country. It's practically a cottage industry come early December. And since so many stations are owned by the same companies (Clear Channel and CBS Radio, for example), many of the shows have similar lineups, with just enough differences to keep you guessing.
Here's a recap of six of the biggest events, to help you keep track of things:
X102.9 the Big Ticket: This one seems like Jacksonville's slightly lesser version of Next Big Thing: the Black Keys, Switchfoot, Chevelle, Against Me!, a Day to Remember, Anberlin, Paper Tongues, the Dirty Heads. It's Dec. 3 at Metropolitan Park in Jacksonville; tickets are $25-$35.
97X Next Big Thing: My Chemical Romance, Against Me!, the Black Keys, Chevelle, Switchfoot, Cage the Elephant, Sick Puppies, Neon Trees, Paper Tongues, Finger Eleven, a Day to Remember, American Bang, the Dirty Heads. Dec. 5 at the 1-800-ASK-GARY Amphitheatre. Tickets start at $30.
MIX 105.1 Holiday Soiree: This is a smaller show, but it's still got Goo Goo Dolls and American Idol winner Kris Allen on Dec. 5 at the House of Blues Orlando, 1490 E Buena Vista Drive, Lake Buena Vista. Tickets are $37-$39.
Y100 Jingle Ball: Katy Perry, Adam Lambert, Enrique Iglesias, Train, the Script, Selena Gomez, Jay Sean, Flo Rida, Taio Cruz, B.o.B. Tickets start at $43.75 plus fees, according to Ticketmaster. The event is at 7 p.m. Dec. 11 at the BankAtlantic Center in Sunrise.
93.3 FLZ Jingle Ball: Train, Maroon 5, Enrique Iglesias, Bruno Mars, B.o.B., Mike Posner, the Ready Set. There will also be an acoustic set by Train for VIPs. Dec. 12 at the St. Pete Times Forum. Tickets start at $20.
XL106.7 XL'ent Xmas: Three days of shows. On Sunday, Dec. 12, it's Paramore, Hey Monday, Paper Tongues and a Rocket to the Moon; tickets start at $40. On Monday, Dec. 13, it's Maroon 5, the Script, Train, Hot Chelle Rae and Charise; tickets start at $65. And on Tuesday, Dec. 14, it's Enrique Iglesias, B.o.B., Bruno Mars and Jay Sean; tickets are $55. All shows are at the House of Blues Orlando, 1490 E Buena Vista Drive, Lake Buena Vista.
Iron Maiden plans Tampa show
According to its website, Iron Maiden is launching a staggeringly massive world tour in February — 29 shows in 26 cities in 13 countries on five continents, all in 66 days— and Tampa is one of only two American dates on the list so far. (The other is in Sunrise.)
The band is scheduled to hit the St. Pete Times Forum on April 17.
Coincidentally, this concert will take place the day after Lady Gaga performs at the Forum. Oh, to be a fly on the wall as the Forum transitions the stage from one show to another …


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Course Description:
This course covers the hazards posed by combustible dust within general industry. Course topics include recognizing the hazards and risks associated with combustible dust, control of electrical installation hazards, and developing controls and strategies to prevent or mitigate combustible dust fires and explosions. Upon course completion the student will have the ability to utilize strategies that assure employee safety while using or producing materials that generate combustible dust and the ability to use OSHA Standards, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Standards, and other applicable consensus standards that impact industries which generate combustible dust.
Targeted Audience:
Individuals responsible for overseeing safety in industries such as: Construction, Manufacturing, Agriculture, Maritime and General Industry.
CEUs: 0.7
Prerequisites: None
Course Length: 1 day
Cost: $185
Recommended Materials: Pen, pencil, highlighter and writing pad.
View Interactive 2017 Course Catalog
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Fashion is an everlasting topic since the day we began to pay attention to how we dressed. If you are looking for fashion, this is the right place to come. You can find the right cheap dresses summer here from Fashionmia's latest and hottest collection of cheap dresses summer. We provide customers fashion items like cheap dresses summer with totally affordable price and high quality. Come discover the cheap dresses summer you need from our suggestion and guide to save time in choosing the most suitable cheap dresses summer. Have fun shopping online at Fashionmia.
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If your holiday poinsettia comes in a container wrapped in a foil outer cover, remove it or punch holes in the bottom to allow excess water to drain. Keep the soil around the poinsettia slightly moist, but not soggy, and place the plant in a bright window out of direct sunlight.
There are two types of flowering holiday cactus, the Christmas cactus and the Easter cactus. The Christmas cactus, Zygocactus truncates, usually flowers from Thanksgiving to Christmas and its leaves have pointed lobes. The Easter cactus, Schlumbergera bridgessii, has wider leaves, which are rounded. It usually flowers from Christmas to Easter. Allow soil to dry out between waterings and keep the plant in bright light while in bloom. These are long-lived plants that can be kept outside in the shade during most of the year. They do need to be protected from frost and freezing temperatures.
Kalanchoe, a winter-blooming succulent, has become popular as a holiday plant. The showy flowers are in terminal clusters and last for several weeks. Flower colors are yellow, pink, red and various shades of orange. Since this is a succulent plant, let the soil dry out between waterings.
Information from Carol Suggs and Theresa Badurek of the Pinellas County Extension Service and from the Hillsborough County Extension Gardening Almanac. Go to the extension websites at pinellascountyextension.org and hillsborough.extension.ufl.edu.


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Bank of America Merrill Lynch Upgrades Avon Products to "Buy" (AVP)
Bank of America Merrill Lynch upgraded Avon Products, Inc. (AVP) on Friday as the beauty products manufacturer and distributor is in the middle of a turnaround.
The analysts upgraded Avon from "Neutral" to "Buy" with a price target of $20. This target is a +28.3% upside to Thursday's closing price of $15.59.
Avon Products is in the middle of a turnaround strategy that has lead to the reduction of its dividend by 74% and cutting 1,500 jobs worldwide.
Avon shares were up 41 cents, or +2.63%, in premarket trading on Friday.
The Bottom Line
Shares of Avon Products (AVP) have a 1.54% dividend yield, based on last night's closing stock price of $15.59. The stock has technical support in the $13.50-$14.00 price area. If the shares can firm up, we see overhead resistance around the $17-$18 price levels.
Avon Products, Inc. (AVP) is not recommended at this time, holding a Dividend.com DARS™ Rating of 2.8 out of 5 stars.
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BP Comment Quick Links
|Strength of Schedule Report
June 6, 2014
Pebble Hunting
Bartolo Colon Approaches First Base
When Bartolo Colon and his teammates staged a mini-media strike this spring over a columnist's fat jokes about him, your first response might have been: "But he's pretty fat." Truth is the ultimate defense for libel, if not bullying, and there's something about an elite athlete (or whatever we want to call somebody who is elite in an athletic pursuit) who is strangely proportioned that invites attention.
But the strike was justified, and the jokes were not. Here's the thing about Colon: He does so, so much to entertain us, to make us happy, to make us laugh, to have fun at his own expense, to challenge our preconceptions about the way the game needs to be played, to be beloved both by those who know him and those of us who don't. You can write forever about Bartolo Colon without stooping to cheap fat jokes. There's his hitting ability, his swing, his single-minded fastballing, his incredible career trajectory. He undergoes mysterious surgeries, he consumes illicit drugs, he's absolutely terrified of on-camera interviews, he's 1,000 years old. You can make GIFs of him twerking, or GIFs of him jiggling his belly (which is not itself a fat joke but an appreciation of his body consciousness), or GIFs of him making funny faces while attempting to bunt. You can do this. Cheap fat jokes aren't so much mean as they are bad writing.
Here's something else you might write about: After Colon grounded out two starts ago, and he pealed off toward the dugout before reaching first base, the Mets television announcers had this discussion:
Gary Cohen: Has he made it to first base yet this year?
We know that Bartolo Colon hasn't made it to first base safely this year, but can it be that he hasn't actually touched the base as an offensive player even once? That can't be, right? Thirty-three of Colon's plate appearances exist online; in 13 of those he put the ball in play. Thirteen chances to touch first base. Going in reverse chronological order:
May 28, second at-bat
Did he touch: No.
Note: This is the at-bat that preceded the Cohen/Darling conversation. Here's an alternate view of Colon running down the line, which I'm including just because it shows the standard Colon Face after he puts the ball in play: It's not just that he smiles; it's that he smiles multiple times, like the absurdity of this whole thing comes in waves. I think I can count three distinct smiles here, interrupted by Colon going about his business.
May 28, first at-bat
Did he touch: No.
More Cohen/Darling:
May 17, second at-bat
Did he touch: Yes
Delightfully, the camera actually cuts to the infielders throwing the ball around and then cuts back to Colon touching the base. Also, delightfully, he seems to have jogged all the way just so he could give Tyler Moore a pat. Tyler Moore! Like those guys are pals or something. I bet they've never even met. Tyler Moore.
May 17, first at-bat
May 1
Did he touch: Yes
April 24
Did he touch: Yes
April 8
Did he touch: Probably
April 2
Did he touch: Yes
August 2013
Did he touch: No
July 2013
Did he touch: No
June 2013
This was a deep fly ball, which the camera followed instead of following Bartolo Colon, so the slow replay is the best we've got:
Did he touch: No
Bob Uecker, noting that Colon hadn't dropped the bat, suggests that he was afraid of Yuniesky Betancourt, playing at first base.
Lone 2012 ball in play
Did he touch: Yes
This is Bartolo actually running. We don't have a camera on him, so we don't know how long it took him, but based on the time it took him to leave the frame, and the number of steps he had taken, I'd put a 5.30 on him. I'd guess that the median time of BP readers and authors is about the same. After this play, and I swear this isn't a joke and I swear I'm not making it up, the A's trainer and manager had to come out and spend two minutes examining and nursing Colon.
Lone 2011 ball in play
Did he touch: We'll never know.
We've learned a lot here today. We've learned that Bartolo Colon doesn't often make it to first, but that he is not strictly opposed to first. In the 10 plays that we can rule on conclusively, excluding the one time he actually reached base, he touched first four times. It's likely he touched base in one of the two mystery plays, and in the final one we just can't say. His average time to first is about 6.72 seconds, or about the time it takes to type one factoid about what can be accomplished in 6.72 seconds. We've also learned that he does drop his bat, sometimes, and he doesn't drop his bat, often. We've learned roughly how fast he can run when he has to run, and we've learned, in great detail, what it looks like when he runs. It looks a bit like a fat guy running. But that's not something we would dwell on.
Sam Miller is an author of Baseball Prospectus. Follow @SamMillerBB
7 comments have been left for this article.
BP Comment Quick Links
I enjoy Bartolo Colon. I never saw him in a batting situation with the Athletics, but it was a kick watching him. He really enjoys playing.
Jun 06, 2014 14:12 PM
I'd argue that in the August 2013 clip, Colon only made it roughly 50 feet. He gets two steps past the start of the runner's lane, which is 45 feet down the line.
Jun 06, 2014 17:37 PM
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telinit 3
( relogin as root )
cd /to /where/the/*.run/is ( i keep it on / )
cd /
sh ./NVIDIA-Linux-x86-180.29.pkg1.run --uninstall
----- or ----
sh ./*.run --uninstall
-- when done and before rebooting
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yum reinstall mesa-libGL mesa-libGLU mesa-libGL-devel mesa-libGLU-devel
( will install the corect libgl's )
yum erase kmod-nvidia
cd /usr/lib
ln -s libGLcore.so.??? libGLcore.so.1
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California Employment Law
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Thanks for the advice. When I took a job similar to this one before I worked this last one, I spoke to another attorney about the law and being a contractor vs. employee. That one was a contractor position, so would I be correct in saying that the job title or classification is key here? That person stated there are some 22 conditions in the California Labor Law that an employor must meet to consider a person a NONE employee. Is the fact that they're calling me an employee and covering the taxes, but nothing else, the way they can work me as an FTE but no provide benefits?
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Lake County Ohio GenWeb
Rosco (Davis County, Iowa) March 25th 1866
My dear friend
I now sit down to answer your very welcome letter received on Thursday last. Words cannot express how glad we were to hear from you again and to hear that you are well. We have passed through great trials and much sorrow since I last wrote to you.
It was very sickly all through the West last fall and we did not escape it. Mother was the first to take her bed with a fever and before the week was over Esther was obliged to go to bed also and the children all had the aggrieve but were able to be up about half the time and wait on themselves. My babe was born on the 17th of Sept(ember, 1865) and Mother was taken sick the 18th. So you see we had a very hard time of it. But Henry was there so they made out to get along as he took it upon himself to do the most of the cooking and took a good deal of care of the sick ones. When my baby was eight days old I put on my dress and went to work helping what I could. Noah washed for the baby and Henry for the rest and when baby ten days old I washed some for myself. Mother and Ett soon got better and Ett went with Henry to Ceder Falls and then came fathers sickness. Doctor Kelly pronounced it typhoid fever but he soon brook it up and he got quite smart although he complained of his limbs feeling very weak. But soon he took a relapse again and was much worse than at first. But again he got able to walk out and everything seemed favorable to his recovery. But in less than two weeks he begin to complain of his limbs aching and he kept his bed more and more every day. Coming out only to his meals and on the eleventh day after the pain commenced in his limbs he died. He suffered no pain other ways that he complained of. The Dr said it was a case of dibilty and the cause of it was want of assimilation in his food. It did not digest and nourish him and nothing he gave him could regulate it. He died November 15 (1865) and was buried beside our little one. Mother was taken sick again and was unable to do but little for him during her illness and confined to her bed a greater part of the time and was so sick the night he died as not to know anything about it till morning. She was better the next day and we ascertained as near as we could her wishes but at times her mind was not clear enough to realize anything. On the morning of the burial she was assisted by Noah and Martin to leave her bed and walk into the other room and take a last farewell of all that was left of one we loved so well, one whom we had watched and cared for, for six weary weeks with all the solitude hearts can feel as we feel that slowly but surely they are drifting away from us and our love and care cannot keep them here. Henry and Et were both taken sick and were unable to get home until after he was buried. We were blest with a skillful physician and in him we found a true friend amidst our great sorrow. May God bless him for his kindness and sympathy for he is one that carries sunshine in his dear old face and a heart full of love and sympathy for all his fellow creatures. I was the only one that was not obliged to take more or less medicine. At one time there was five of the family sick Mother Father Noah and two of the children. Mother was very sick from the day Father was buried for several days and did not seem to realize anything suffering no pain that she was sensible of, but she commenced getting better about the time Henry and Et Started for home stopping in Ohio visiting our friends in Lake Co(unty) there going to Mahoning County and visiting relatives there and reached Keithsburg on the 22nd of August. About the second week in Sept(ember) he & Father went in search of a new home and selected one in Davis Co(unty) Iowa and was to take possession about the first of November and we sold our place and prepared to come with them but did not get here till December. Mother had not left her bed and was unable to walk alone across the room when we started but she gained rapidly on the road but Ett kept growing worse and quite bad when we got here and was very sick for several weeks and has had very poor health all winter. Mother kept well for a short time but has been sick a good deal of the time and many times I feared she might never get well. She has bad chills and fever and dysphoria. I think I never saw anyone suffer more than she has a good (deal) of the time. But she is getting quite smart now and rides out every pleasant day. Ett is better too. We live in a part of Mothers house. It is a double log house. They manage to do the greater part of their work with what Henry and Etty helps them and when they are sick I do for them so they get along very well. Henry's health is improving but I don't think he will ever be very well again. We have not bought yet, shall stay here this summer as Noah is going to help Henry. I don't know yet how I shall like living here as I have not been anywhere but once I came here. I have very good health except a lame back caused by working so hard when my baby was so young. You thought we had better trade one of our girls for one of your boys so that we might have a son. Well I wouldn't object to it if all parties was agreed. But we have a nice boy six months old weighs 15 pounds. The girls thought they should like a girl better at first but now they think he is the finest baby known. He looks much as Etty used to. His name is Milo Caldwell we call him Milie. In my next (letter), I'll tell you about the country and how I like it. I (will) send you a curl of babies hair. Now will you trade your girl for my boy. Adaline
To Emma This week prices here are about the same as at Keathsburg. What do you call your girl and you may kiss her for me. I am partial to girl babies. Yet give our best respects to Marirns?? family and all that inquire after us. I want you to write oftener and Emma too and Oscar
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Hello, I'm an 20 year-old African-American male and the space directly between my eyes (I believe referred to as the 'nasion') is extremely deep. Because of this depth, it adds a really unattractive slouch to my glabella/nasion area. Is there any type of procedure that would be able to fix this issue? Thank you.
Nasion Surgery? (photo)
Doctor Answers 12
Nasion elevation
This a natural for fat grafting. HE IS NOT COMPLAINING ABOUT THE NOSE .jost the space from the brow to the nasal bones. 2 to 4 cc of fat artistically injected should easily minimize the problem
Deep radix treatment
There are several ways to address the deep groove between your eyes that you are unhappy with:
- Cartilage grafting using your own cartilage (septum or ear)
- Soft tissue filler treatment using either your own fat or a product such as restylane
- Silicone implantation
Check with an experienced surgeon to discuss what treatment would be best for you.
Learn more: http://www.drlamperti.com/blog/post/dorsal-pseudo-hump-treatment-with-radix-grafting
African American Rhinoplasty
What you want to raise is the nasion or the nasofrontal angle. The best long term solution for this is a custom carved silastic implant. I have performed hundreds of these. You can see many examples on my website. See links below.
Learn more: http://www.africanamericanrhinoplasty.com
You might also like...
Fixing A Deep Radix Is The Way To Go
Dear Devansel,
Based on your photos, it seems that you will need one of the following two options:
1. A graft (cartilage or silicone) to fill the radix.
2. A filler (fat or restylane).
That being said, it is not as simple as it may sound and an experienced surgeon is the one who could help you the best.
Thank you for your inquiry.
The best of luck to you.
Dr. Sajjadian
Learn more: http://www.DrSajjadian.com
Fill the ditch
Several excellent ideas have already been presented regarding "softening" your deep Nasion/Radix region. I would consider something rather permanent (like a customized silastic nasal implant).
Options For Nasal Root Augmentation
There are numerous options to build up the bridge of the nose from injectable fillers to implants to cartilage grafts. Each has their own advantages and disadvantages. Injectable fillers are best used if you simply want to find out if the change produces the look you want. If not, most are reversible as they will be absorbed. A permanent result requires either a synthetic implant or a cartilage graft. Most patients opt for a synthetic implant because it is simpler and does not require a donor site.
Learn more: http://www.eppleyrhinoplasty.com
Deep Radix = angry look
Hi. The issue you describe is a commonly seen problem. Typically a graft is used to add height in the bastion or radix. Cartilage or silicone is often used. In the setting of ethnic rhinoplasty, where augmentation is typically used, this makes a lot of sense.
Best of luck
Learn more: Http://newfaceny.com
Your posted photos show a wider than usual spacing between the inner corners of the eyes. This makes the depression in the nasion seem more profound. Moving the inner corners closer together is a very big operation. My suggestion would be to put something temporary in the nasion area such as an injectable filler or even sterile salt water. If you are happy with the result then proceed. There are implants available that are specifically made for the nasion or radix and are more reliant and permanent solutions than injectable fillers..
My response to your question/post does not represent formal medical advice or constitute a doctor patient relationship. You need to consult with i.e. personally see a board certified plastic surgeon in order to receive a formal evaluation and develop a doctor patient relationship.
Please send better picture and lateral view
The kind of procedure will depend on the degree of depression and your expectation. You can try fillers like Juvaderm as a temporary fix and if you were happy with result,try fat grafting.
Complex nasal contour with depression
You have a condition that might be characterized as hypertelorism which refers to a wide space between your eyes. This is more noticeable becasue of the depression in the "nasion."
Improvement can be expected with a grafting procedure to build up the nasal dorsum from the area at the top of the nose on down.
Soft tissue grafting may not be adequate here because soft tissue does not provide enough support to generate the ridge that is important for dorsal contouring (this is a game of light and shadow and a sturdy narrow ridge is needed here). A cartilage graft would be the best, although some surgeons have had good success with silicone implants.
Be very careful what you decide to do here. My strongest recommendation for best results is a cartilage graft. If you contact me directly I can show you some pictures of similar cases I have treated in this way.
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


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text:
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