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Buy Sell Ads in Thailand Buy Sell Ads in the Interesting Beautiful Kingdom of Thailand
Why is Internet Promotion and Marketing Online so Important?
The Internet is a amazing tool enabling businesses, sellers, buyers, to reach out to literally thousands and thousands of brand new customers every month. It is redefining the connection between businesses and consumers, for the first time in history a small to medium sized business, or person now can reach all over the world to share information about it's items and services. In a effective enterprise, advertising plays an essential and important role. Advertising can be used to create brand awareness in the general public, and to make business far more popular within the group of potential customers.
Nowadays businesses can advertise, and reach out to buyers on a world-wide scale that just a several years ago was obtainable to only a hand full of substantial corporations. One particular benefit to advertising on the internet is the fact that the it is constantly on, and often it is free. Your businesses image is shared 24 hrs a day 7 days a week. Customers can visit the website at their convenience from the ease and comfort of their own homes. It is like having the doors open 24 hrs a day 7 days a week.
More than ever, consumers use the Internet to search, and choose goods to purchase, even if they plan to buy them not online at a later time! Advertising will inspire them to think about the products, and services. An additional advantage is the Internet is empowering consumers to purchase from companies within Thailand, or outside their geographic area, numerous products that were once available only in certain regions now are accessible throughout the world thanks to the Internet.
Online advertising and marketing builds your business, or products. It transports your product in the very best direction, and greatly improves their sales potential. It features the important facts, and the benefits of the product, via advertisements which are short, sweet and free in this case. On viewing the Ads a customers can understand your products. A very well made advertisement makes it possible for your business, or product to win in terms of increased sales.
Internet advertising opportunities can here in Thailand dramatically transform the way businesses, and individuals advertise their products, and services that are needed everyday.
For more information have a look here: Buying Selling Advertising in Thailand
Ken Coalman
[email protected]
Trade-Th.com is here: Advertising in Thailand
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COLUMBIA -- In a showdown between a county upstart and a county mainstay, it was perennial contender River Hill who upset challenger Atholton, 21-12, in a class 3A regional finals matchup. Behind a...
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Missing in Action: The Lost Games of PS2
January 31, 2007 - Ever wondered what happened to StarCraft: Ghost or Mario 128 or Shenmue 3? Some games disappear with a whimper, never officially cancelled but no longer in development. Others are give a legitimate sendoff via press release, only to resurface years later. Seeking closure, we assembled a list of some titles that have gone missing in action. We made some calls, did some snooping and endeavored to discover the truth about the games we once eagerly anticipated.
America's Army: Multiplayer Impressions
November 11, 2005 - Ubisoft recently invited us to try some America's Army...online, baby!…
America's Army: Rise of a Soldier
October 27, 2005 - Ubisoft's relentless exploration of the military videogame landscape has unearthed yet another potential hit for the consoles, and this time it has nothing to do with Tom Clancy. Instead, the French developer once known for its playful Rayman platform series has re-ignited the once free-recruitment PC game, America's Army, and re-imagined it for the consoles by building a meaty single-player game on a new engine, and using new mechanics, techniques, and RPG-style aspects.
E3 2005: America's Army Progress Report
May 18, 2005 - We exclusively previewed Ubisoft's console adaptation of America's Army not too long ago, so today we'll keep it short because the game looks just like it did. That is, it looks like it might turn out to be a well-rounded first-person shooter that heavily emphasizes online teamwork and patience when dealing with the enemy. Obviously there have been a few polishes and tweaks since our last preview, but the fundamentals have not changed.
Pre-E3 2005: Ubisoft Reveals Lineup
April 14, 2005 - Ubisoft today announced its official list of titles -- save any possible surprises -- to be shown at this year's Electronic Entertainment Expo in Los Angeles.
The Big E3 List: 2005 Edition
April 11, 2005 - In preparation for the show and to let you know that we care (and we really do... the flowers are on the way, we promise), we've put together a fat list of all the "official" titles being shown at E3 in Los Angeles from May 12-14. BUT WAIT! Before you write in with such enlightening observations as "u f3rg0t triPl3 so=0p3r sup3r bLu3 p0k3m0N!11!!!!1!!1!," you should realize that this list doesn't necessarily represent everything that a particular company will be showing at E3, just what they've confirmed that they'll be showing so far. There are sure to be plenty of surprise titles on the floor that publishers aren't ready to make public until closer to the opening of the show. Luckily we'll be updating this list every single day with any new confirmed titles that we learn of, so all you'll have to do is check back here for the most up-to-date list of E3 titles. Those of you who are camping out by your computers can print out this list and highlight the games you're excited about and wait until May to read the latest as we poke, prod, and gussie-up to every damn game we can get our hands on at the show. Or just order a few dozen pizzas and read everything we post at E3. Lord knows we won't have time to! Remember that this is just a small sample of the games that will be at the show. Make sure to check this page regularly, because we'll be updating the list as we get more confirmations of titles that we'll be seeing at E3.
America's Army Hits the Web
March 25, 2005 - Secret Level's first-person homage to the U.S. military, America's Army: Rise of a Soldier, has been treated to its very own website. Launching today, the Official Rise of a Soldier homepage features a handful of brand new screenshots and a game-dedicated message board. The official trailer and game feature listings are expected to be added to the site sometime in the coming weeks.
America's Army: Rise of a Soldier
March 23, 2005 - In 2002, the U.S. Army shocked the world. It wasn't an invasion, defensive action, or new piece of amazingly complex technology that stunned us -- it was a simple videogame. Designed to entice the then exploding nation of gamers into potentially successful military careers or simple soldiering, America's Army: Operations for PC was the coolest exposure and recruitment tool yet devised. When AA: Ops was publicly unveiled for the first time at the annual Electronic Entertainment Expo in May of that fateful year, our own Stephen Butts was assigned to cover what he thought was going to be, "some random Army game." Not an hour later he stumbled into our publishing room panting between praises of the Unreal powered first-person shooter designed to supplant Counter-Strike. "And it's going to be free," he exclaimed.
Ubisoft Announces Kickin' Lineup
March 17, 2005 - In one massive wallop, Ubisoft today announced its line-up for its new fiscal year, which begins in April. Among the hot title announcements are Splinter Cell 4, Ghost Recon 3, Prince of Persia 3, and tentatively-titled Killing Day, a first-person shooter for next-generation consoles.
America's Army Marches to Consoles
February 22, 2005 - The U.S. Army's official video game and recruitment program is coming to consoles, as today Ubisoft announced America's Army: Rise of a Soldier for PlayStation 2 and Xbox.
America's Army Console-Bound
April 14, 2004 - Completing its trio of recent big announcements, Ubisoft sent out word today that America's Army, the first-person shooter and soldiering simulation which has made a splash among PC gamers, will receive a proper worldwide console release.
America's Army on PS2?
July 16, 2002 - Authenticity is always key to building a solid First-Person Shooter, but when we received word that the U.S. Army had bought the Unreal engine for its own use at E3, we were astounded. Even more so after we played it and discovered that it's actually pretty good! Already a hit in demo form for PC users lucky enough to download it from the Army's official website, its expectations should continue to rise as rumors began to build over the weekend that America's Army is coming to consoles.


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Experts give insight into growing heifers on-site
BROOKINGS — Of the roughly 47,000 dairies left in the U.S., 97 percent raise heifers on-site.
Independently of where they are raised, it is critical to know costs associated with raising heifers, said Alvaro Garcia, SDSU dairy Extension specialist.
"It can account for 12 to 20 percent of the total cost of milk production," he said. "Heifers represent the future of a dairy and every effort has to be made to fulfill their potential. This has to be done while reducing cost, optimizing efficiency and allowing them to express their potential."
Feed is the single largest expense in raising heifers. Any feed cost reductions that are made cannot sacrifice development and future production to improve net income of the heifer-raising enterprise, explained Garcia.
"Heifers in their first lactation produced the most milk when average daily gains before puberty were 1.8 pounds. In addition, the National Research Council suggests 85 percent of their mature body weight after calving is the optimum compromise between investing in rearing costs and production during first lactation," he said.
Based on this information, Garcia said the ideal weight right after first calving should be not less than roughly 1,200 pounds.
"A farm doing a good job can have heifer raising costs of around $2.5 daily from birth to freshening," he said.
Three things can undermine this figure: 1) deaths during the heifer program, 2) age at first calving, and 3) milking herd culling rate.
Garcia discusses each of these three points in more detail below:
Deaths during the heifer program. Death losses in heifer-growing operations are on average 6 percent split as: 4.2 percent pre-weaning, 1.6 percent at weaning, and 0.2 percent during pregnancy (APHIS). Losses of 5 percent are achievable and a worthy goal. To maintain stalls, a farm culling 25 percent of its cows needs 50 heifers calving at 24 months per 100 cows every two years. Heifers needed would be 53 and 55 with death losses at 6 percent and 10 percent, respectively. If raising costs are $1,800, two more heifers add $3,600 every two years. A farm with 24,000 pounds rolling herd average adds 8 cents per hundred pounds of milk. This holds true if heifers calve at 24 months,
Age at first calving. Heifers calve on average at 25 months in the U.S. (APHIS) resulting in 56 heifers needed in the program per 100 cows when losses are 6 percent. If calving at 28 months there's a need for 62 heifers. Six more heifers (56 to 62) add $10,800 every two years or 23 cents more per 100 pounds of milk.
Milking herd culling rate. Nearly one-third of the cows are replaced from dairies on average yearly in the U.S. If instead of 25 percent culling is at 35 percent, heifer numbers needed rise to 75 per 100 cows every two years. Bear in mind this is with 6 percent death losses and 24 months of calving age. Raising those 22 extra heifers (53 to 75) adds $39,600 over two years or 83 cents more per hundred pounds of milk.
Money can be saved doing a good job at raising heifers on-site. However, optimizing culling rates has a higher economic impact compared to adding other workdemanding chores that may divert the employees' attention from the milking cows.


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Discover the Leica TCS SP8 confocal. A platform to perform to the highest level, whatever level you start at.
Marco Meijering and Dr. Andrea Pfeifer
Leica Microsystems recently introduced their next generation of confocal, the Leica TCS SP8 – a truly configurable platform that allows you to create your confocal exactly as you need it. As your scientific research develops further, so you need a system that evolves, adapts and reconfigures. What you discover today will be the foundation of your discoveries tomorrow. Even in its core configuration, the Leica TCS SP8 follows the fundamental principle of Leica Microsystems confocal imaging. Each optical component is precisely matched within the system, allowing imaging excellence right down to the finest resolution, whatever configuration you choose. Join us for this interesting webinar to hear more about how Leica Microsystems is opening up the possibilities of confocal imaging to all scientists.


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10 Questions for Lynn Ingham, Founder and Principal at Digital Talent Guide
For those that don't know you, can you give us a brief rundown on your career and why you decided to found Digital Talent Guide?
I began my career in tech media sales in 1997, when I opened the San Francisco sales office of Advertising Age. It was the very early stages of the dot com "explosion". Ultimately, I led all online sales efforts as National Online Advertising Director for the Ad Age Group sales staff. After Ad Age, I joined Community Connect, one of the "first movers" in social media, where I helped launched many brands' first forays into social. The sales success of my team helped drive the interest of would be acquirers; in 2009 Community Connect was acquired by Radio One, the leading traditional media company serving African Americans.
I later became Chief Executive Officer for New West, a next-generation media company dedicated to the culture, economy, politics, environment and lifestyle of the Rocky Mountain West. The company's core mission was to serve the Rocky Mountains with innovative, participatory journalism and to promote conversation that helps one understand and make the most of the dramatic changes sweeping this region. Through it all, I was tasked with finding and hiring digital talent, and over time this has developed into a core competency that is valued by other companies.
How would you characterize your approach to matching candidates to companies?
As the digital media world matures, the hiring of candidates is a much more thoughtful process that it was in the early days. In the beginning, no one had any digital experience and we were all "learning as we went". That meant that anyone who was smart and wanted to work hard in a rapidly-changing environment could find an interesting job fairly quickly. Companies were growing so rapidly that a lot of the typical hiring due diligence of more mature companies just wasn't feasible.
All of that has changed. The digital landscape is very complex. Business models are much more mature and established, and the hiring process is more structured in most organizations. While creativity and innovation are still prized attributes, strong candidates must also have experience and a proven track record of success in order to be considered for top jobs in digital media today. Companies are very specific in their job requirements and expectations. Candidates are very conscious of the proper career trajectory that they need to establish to stay current and relevant in today's fluid job market.
As a result of these changes, I move quickly to fill candidacies, but I am extremely thoughtful about finding the right match on both sides. I need to know a lot about the company for which I recruit, and I need to take the time to get to know the candidates that I place.
You were CEO for a start-up for some time. How did that experience change the way you think about candidates and recruitment?
That experience changed my life and deeply contributes to the way I think. Although I had a lot of experience in my multi-faceted media career in finding, hiring, training and mentoring employees, the CEO experience is the most valuable. When I became responsible on a 24/7 basis for all financial decisions affecting the company, I quickly learned how important it was to make the exact right hire for each position in the company. Hiring the wrong person is a costly mistake for any company, and the subsequent (financial, psychological, operational) toll is huge. The CEO experience also taught me that no matter how great the idea, the product, the service, if a company does not have the right people in place to vision, champion and execute, the project is doomed.
You've been in digital almost from the beginning. How have the necessary skill sets for digital success evolved over the past decade?
In the early years, you just had to be smart and willing to work long hours (while standing in quicksand) to have a decent digital job. It took courage to leave the traditional worlds (media, agency, brand) and go to the "digital division" or the new emerging company.
There was a Wild West nature to the digital world that was exciting if at times disorienting. Some of that is still happening in mobile, social, video, but much of the digital world has matured. Traditional business and marketing backgrounds are more in demand, although candidates must be digitally savvy as well. Perhaps the most interesting skill or quality that companies are now seeking has more to do with the ability of candidates to work in multi-generational environments. For the first time, possibly ever, we have a workplace where at least three vastly different (in outlook, culture, aspiration) generations are working side-by-side and the skill set to maneuver that landscape is subtle but important.
Is there a place for the "digital generalist" in this increasingly fragmented market? Given how much there is to know to "master" a specific area of digital media, are folks better off going for "breadth" or "depth"?
It is my experience that the strongest candidates "specialize". For example, since it is more difficult to find candidates with experience in the mobile space, since that space is still relatively new, companies compete fiercely for talent. Someone with that area of expertise is in high demand. However, mobile technology is moving so quickly that skills from one moment or one environment may not easily transfer to another moment/environment.
So smart mobile companies go a step beyond just looking for mobile experience, and they also focus on looking for qualities that smooth the mobile learning curve, qualities like an ability to think strategically; strong decision-making qualities; flexibility; interest in technology, etc. In that sense, a "generalist" can still compete if they have a strong, recognizable digital background and a demonstrated ability to learn quickly, adapt and change.
One area you focus on is Ad Operations. How can companies make Ad Ops positions more rewarding and "lovable"?
I love the ad operations and ad management teams and candidates and hiring managers. They're like the guy behind the curtain in the Wizard of Oz. You have all the fluff and marketing bravado about a company and/or their offerings and then you pull back the curtain and you find the ad ops/ad management teams hard at work and focused on dotting the i's and crossing the t's.
Making sure that all the promises that have been made to customers are fulfilled and ... Optimized!! These are the unsung heroes of our industry, and every successful company already acknowledges and rewards these important players.
There always seems to be a huge demand for strong digital sellers. How does a great seller figure out the right fit - beyond the fat comp package?
More and more, the seller has to be closely identified with the product he/she is selling. In order to really sell mobile well, for example, candidates need to be insatiably curious about this amazing, rapidly-moving, life-changing transition in the digital world. They have to be interested in and prepared to do their own homework on the competition, the technology, the delivery, the politics. When a candidate is just that - insatiably curious about and interested in the product or service that they sell - the client/candidate match is magical.
How do you determine the ideal personality fit for a given position, and how can candidates get a read on whether they are a perfect "fit" when companies are in sell mode.
While it takes longer, it is always best when the candidate is able to meet a variety of future co-workers during the interviewing process. Peers are as important to meet as members of the management team. It is no secret that we tend to work long hours in the digital world and that we value environments where we can also find like-minded professional friends. Also, most forward-thinking companies understand that the more straightforward they are about the open position - the less that they go into "sell mode" and the clearer that they communicate the challenges as well as the opportunities - the more likely they are to find a long-term employee who accepts the position for the right reasons.
We all know LinkedIn is increasingly important in the recruiting process. How can candidates use their profiles to make who they are more vivid for recruiters? I don't mean laying out skills -- I'm more interested in the personal qualities that characterize whether we are a great match for the culture of a company.
Employers and recruiters like to see thoughtful LinkedIn profiles that mirror a candidate's resume. References are very helpful and provide an additional window to the candidate's true nature and skill set. In addition to detailed descriptions of the work that a candidate has done for each employer, it is helpful if the candidate lists key words that describe their qualifications or better define their often-varied areas of expertise.
This process forces a candidate to apply words or terms to their abilities, which is a great way to illustrate or underscore industry skills or viewpoints that may not come across in the job narratives. Even simple things like how well the profile is written, how much detail is provided, whether or not the person has a website, blog, Tumblr, Twitter account - these things tell prospective employers a lot about how focused or detail-oriented and technologically savvy the candidate is. Great candidates take their LinkedIn profiles very seriously, and that is obvious to hiring managers.
Final thoughts: What advice do you have for people who've lost their jobs and are seeking a new opportunity?
Don't panic. There are many resources available to you. Reach out to friends, both personal and professional, and let them know you are looking for employment. Find recruiters in your area of expertise. Update your LinkedIn profile.
Hire a resume writer; everyone benefits from the critical eye and the help of someone experienced in this process. You can get a great resume and a cover letter for $300, and that will be some of the wisest money you ever spent. Do serious homework on every company that you approach for employment. Treat this phase of your life as if it were an exciting new job. This is a time in your life when all the work that you do actually goes towards your own bottom line.
If you expend the same kind of energy on you, on your job search, as you will on your next job, you could find this to be one of the most interesting and rewarding periods of your life.
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Gallery: Pie chart
16 unique examples
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Benefits & pitfalls
How to create your own
County level 2008 US presidential election returns.
UK consumer spending broken down into categories (bubble size) and, within that, durability (pie chart).
Compound map with selectable doughnut chart
Breakdown by area of under-18 profiles on national DNA database.
Visual types:
This is an illustration of Britain's Budget for 2010. It is a variation of the pie chart accompanied by information of the relative share of each slice in billions of Pounds.
Proportion of average weekly household expenditure by rural and urban areas, 2005-6.
Visual types:
Interactive tool that combines the power of a cartogram, a bar chart and a pie chart to explore possible outcomes of the 2010 election.
Visual types:
Map with pie charts by locality
Male female distribution of unemployment by location.
Visual types:
The matrix chart divides the screen into a grid. Rows represent the values in one text column (e.g., political candidate) and columns represent another text column (e.g., states of the US). Each cell then shows a circle or bar that represents the value for its row/column combination (e.g., contribution to Hillary Clinton from New York).
Spider pie graph of deaths by year 1854-1855.
Visual types:
This infographic presents the final medal count for the 2008 Beijing Olympics in several dimensions. The central part shows the distribution of medals by continent using proportional sized pie charts to reflect the count. The inner circles of the pie charts are split by the type of medal. The same technique is applied in the other dimensions presented: medals by geopolitical groups (China, EU, ex soviet republics) , by sport (swimming, athletics, gymnastics) , by GDP and by population. It also contains full information of the final medal count by country and a day-by-day gold medal count (annotated bar char in the lower half). All parts of the visualisation are commented to give an overall picture of the event.
Pie and zoom-in-stacked column
Ethnic minority breakdown in a Rotherham ward.
Visual types:
pie chart, table, proportional area chart, 100% stacked bar chart
This is a very rich infographic that combines several visualisation types: bubble chart, population pyramid, comparative line charts, a map, pie charts and it is additionally fully annotated. The picture itself is crossed by a line (without reference axis) that communicates the main message of the infographic: the rapid population growth experienced by the UK in recent decades. The supplementary charts display information about population proportions, population densities, age and gender structure, comparison between migration related and "natural" population change, fertility rates during the last 35 years and lastly population changes by government region during 2007-08. The display is very rich and is successful at grabbing's the reader's attention by offering an appealing combination of related data.
Visual types:
map, bubble chart, pie chart, line chart, population pyramid, combination chart
Data on women in information technology using square pie. A square is divided into 10x10 fields, and for each number, as many fields are filled in as there are percent. Consequently, the numbers remain readable by simply counting the number of fields covered by one colour. Taking a hint from squarified treemaps, the areas should also be as square as possible for better comparability.<br />The square pie chart is for completely flat data that adds up to 100%, whereas the treemap shows structured data: a hierarchy. They may end up looking the same, but the meaning is not.
This visualisation is an example of a square pie. A square is divided into 10x10 fields, and for each number, as many fields are filled in as there are percent. Consequently, the numbers remain readable by simply counting the number of fields covered by one colour. Taking a hint from squarified treemaps, the areas should also be as square as possible for better comparability.
This chart shows that that there are different numbers of people who find that various professions 'prestigious'.
A modification of the radar plot, it is useful in the presentation of multivariate data.
Visual types:


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A TEAM of fire fighters from Gwent will travel 1,400 miles to Serbia on Friday to donate fire equipment to Serbian fire stations.
The Blazing to Serbia campaign is run by personnel from South Wales Fire and Rescue. This year the 27-strong team are driving to Serbia in six fire engines, to donate the trucks and other fire equipment to fire stations in Serbia. All donated money goes towards getting the equipment to Serbia, and members pay for themselves.
Steve Logan trains young fire fighters at Malpas Fire Station every week, and is the station commander for Caerphilly Fire Station. He has been to Serbia to donate equipment for the past 11 years.
Mr Logan said: "When fire equipment in Britain is considered outdated, it is either auctioned or scrapped. But the equipment we get rid of is still in far better condition than the equipment they are using. Some of the trucks they had were more than 40 years old."
He said: "It became clear there was a lot we could do. It's an ethically and environmentally friendly alternative to scrapping perfectly good equipment."
This year the Prime Minister of Serbia, Ivica Dačić, will meet them at the handing over ceremony in Ruma.
Mr Logan said: "It's amazing. As a fire fighter it's pretty daunting to be meeting those sort of people, but it shows how much they appreciate what we are doing."
Each of the six fire engines will guzzle around £1,100 of diesel on the 1400-mile trip.
To donate, visit www.blazingtoserbia.co.uk
This year, Blazing to Serbia is donating:
- Six fire engines
- 200 sets of breathing equipment
- 300 full sets of fire suits, with helmets
- Hydraulic equipment for cutting cars


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To investigate the effects of parasitism and caloric restriction on morphology (body composition, organ mass) and physiology (resting metabolism, intestinal glucose transport capacity), we gave laboratory mice intestinal parasites (Heligmosomoides polygyrus, Nematoda), 30% caloric restriction, or both. Calorically restricted mice had smaller body mass, enhanced glucose transport capacity, and lower resting metabolism than ad libitum-fed mice. Parasitized mice maintained body mass, had diminished intestinal glucose transport capacity, and greater resting metabolism than unparasitized mice. Parasitized, calorically restricted mice had smaller organ masses than parasitized, ad libitum-fed mice and did not increase their glucose uptake rate as much as unparasitized, calorically restricted mice. There was a significant interaction between caloric restriction and parasite status for morphological variables but not for physiological variables. Knowing the types of phenotypic changes that occur with simultaneous parasitism and caloric restriction will provide insight into understanding human helminthiasis in food-restricted communities and also how wild animals cope with environments where parasitism and seasonal food restriction are common.
- intestinal parasites
- Mus musculus
- Heligmosomoides polygyrus
physiological and morphological effects of moderate caloric restriction vary with the duration and degree of restriction. In laboratory rodents, long-term caloric restriction (months to years) is beneficial in many respects. It increases small intestinal transport rates of some amino acids and monosaccharides (6), increases tissue glucose metabolism (51), reduces age-related decline of organ function (19, 35, 44), decreases the occurrence of carcinogenesis (24, 33), improves thermal stress tolerance (15), and increases longevity (28, 29). In contrast, short-term caloric restriction (days to weeks) induces body mass loss for the first 3–4 wk (6), decreases metabolic rate (31) and reproductive output (22), does not increase intestinal nutrient transport (6), impairs immune response (39), and can increase parasite pathology (5). Therefore, to realize the benefits of long-term caloric restriction, animals must first support the predominantly negative effects of short-term restriction.
Although effects of caloric restriction in laboratory rodents are well studied, relevance of this research to humans has been questioned (34, 47, 52). Recent studies show that responses of non-human primates to long-term caloric restriction are similar to responses of laboratory rodents (17, 25, 47, 50) and that humans show similar results as other vertebrates when given short-term caloric restriction (41, 49). However, with few exceptions (2, 3, 21, 49), studies of caloric restriction in humans involve obese subjects (48), and relevance of these studies to non-obese humans and humans with parasite infection is not well established. In many developing countries, obesity is uncommon, whereas parasite infection is relatively common, and reliable access to a balanced diet is often not available although diet composition affects how people respond to caloric restriction (40,46).
We examined the effects of short-term caloric restriction and sublethal parasite infection to determine how laboratory mice (Mus musculus) respond to simultaneous demands that individually produce mainly opposing responses. For example, food shortage can decrease resting metabolic rate (31) and body mass (6), whereas some parasite infections can increase resting metabolic rate and organ masses (23). When conflicting demands occur simultaneously, demands may interact with each other or demands may remain independent of each other. We hypothesized that both parasitism and short-term caloric restriction would affect body composition, intestinal transport capacity, and resting metabolism. As a result of this hypothesis, we predicted that mice given short-term caloric restriction would have smaller whole body mass (6), lower metabolic rate (31), and similar intestinal glucose transport as ad libitum-fed mice (6). We also predicted that parasitism by itself would have no effects on body mass, would increase resting metabolic rate, and decrease intestinal glucose transport (23). Finally, we predicted that when mice were simultaneously parasitized and food restricted they would have diminished changes in intestinal glucose transport, organ masses, and resting metabolic rate compared with unparasitized mice fed ad libitum, such that both morphological and physiological responses would interact.
Our design had two main variables with two levels each: parasite infection (parasitized, unparasitized) and caloric restriction (caloric restricted, ad libitum fed). We used 40 individually housed virgin female Swiss-Webster mice (50–90 days old; Hilltop, Scottdale, PA), 10 per treatment group. Because parasites can affect males and females differently (56), we used only females for this study.
Parasite maintenance and mouse infection procedures.
H. polygyrus infective stage larvae (L3) were cultivated by collecting infected feces from nonexperimental mice. Feces were mixed with tap water, and the mixture was strained through cheesecloth and centrifuged. The resulting pellets were spread on filter paper and incubated for 9 days. There were 26 ± 1 L3/20 μl (mean ± SD) as determined by counting the number of L3 in three 20-μl samples with a compound microscope. All mice were anesthetized via intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital sodium (50 mg/kg) mixed with sterile saline, and recovered from anesthesia in 2–3 h. While anesthetized, mice in the parasitized group were given ∼300 L3 suspended in tap water via an 18-gauge intragastric stainless steel curved feeding tube. Unparasitized mice were gavaged with an approximately equal volume of tap water only (n = 10) or were anesthetized but not gavaged (n = 10). There is no effect of the gavage procedure on any measured variable (23).
Caloric restriction and digestive efficiency measures.
For the first 6 days postcontrol gavage or infection (PI), mice were maintained at 14:10-h light-dark cycle, 23°C, and fed standard laboratory chow (Purina Mills) ad libitum. On day 7 PI, mice were switched to a high-carbohydrate diet (Custom Karasov Diet, ICN Nutritional Biochemicals: 55% sucrose, 15% casein, 7% cottonseed oil, 2% brewer's yeast, 4% salt mix, 1% vitamin, and 16% non-nutritive bulk; Ref. 10) necessary to determine maximal glucose transport capacity. On day 14 PI, when mature adult H. polygyrus occupy the small intestine (as determined by parasite eggs in mouse feces; Ref. 4), calorically restricted mice began the 10-day restriction treatment. For each caloric restriction day, mice were weighed and fed 3.48 ± 0.01 g custom Karasov diet (70% of ad libitum intake as similarly aged mice, determined from a previous experiment). For all mice, body mass, food intake rate (I, g/day), and fecal output rate (O, g/day) were measured on days 21–23 PI. Average percent dry matter digestibility (DMD) was calculated as [(I − O)/I] × 100 fordays 21–23 PI. Daily food intake was converted to digestible energy intake by multiplying food intake by dietary caloric content (15.1 kJ/g) by average DMD measured over 3 days.
Resting metabolic rate.
On day 23 PI, we measured resting metabolic rate (RMR) of nonpostabsorptive mice as oxygen consumption (V˙o 2, ml/min) using open-flow respirometry starting between 0800 and 0930. Dried (Drierite) air entered a 600-ml Plexiglas chamber housed in a dark cabinet (30 ± 1°C; within Mus thermoneutral zone; Ref. 18) at 650–700 ml/min from mass flow controllers. Air leaving the chamber was dried, scrubbed of CO2 (soda lime), and redried before entering an Applied Electrochemistry S-3A/II oxygen analyzer that was connected to a Macintosh computer. We measuredV˙o 2 [±0.002%; calculated usingequation 4a of Withers (53)] for 3 h, recorded every 5 s, and analyzed data with customized software (WartHog Systems). We sampled two mice simultaneously, whereby reference air was sampled for 2.5 min followed byV˙o 2 for 17.5 min. This cycle was repeated until each mouse was sampled for ∼2.5 h. We calculated RMR as the mean of the three lowest 2-min intervals ofV˙o 2.
Organ morphology and body fat measures.
On day 24 PI, we anesthetized mice between 0830 and 1130 by intraperitoneal injection of 0.07 ml pentobarbital sodium (65 mg/ml). We removed the small intestine (see below) and then removed the stomach, cecum, large intestine, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys, and lungs. Excess fat and connective tissue were removed from each organ and returned to the mouse carcass. For stomach, cecum, and large intestine, we weighed each organ with and without contents (flushed with mammalian Ringer solution). We measured dry mass of organs and the carcass after drying to a constant mass at 55–60°C for 2 and 14 days, respectively.
We ground the dried carcass and then extracted lipids using petroleum ether (Goldfische apparatus; Labconco). Extracted samples were redried, and the difference in mass before and after extraction was used to calculate percent fat. Percent fat from extraction was multiplied by the dry mass of the empty carcass to determine total amount of body fat (g) for each mouse. Percent whole body fat was grams of fat divided by whole body mass multiplied by 100. We measured fat content of all body organs, except the small intestine, together. Organ fat was removed by soaking organs in 10-ml aliquots of petroleum ether for six 24-h periods (pouring off ether at the end of 24 h and replacing it with fresh ether). After fat extraction, we redried organs, subtracted extracted organ dry mass from initial organ dry mass to determine percent of fat (g) in organs, and multiplied percent fat by total organ dry mass to calculate absolute fat content of organs. Percent organ fat was grams of fat divided by wet organ mass multiplied by 100. Total fat mass of each mouse was the sum of absolute body and organ fat mass. Therefore, lean mass was calculated as initial whole body mass minus total fat mass. Lean mass was partitioned into organ and nonorgan lean mass.
Small intestine morphology and glucose uptake measurements.
While the mouse was anesthetized, we rinsed the small intestine in situ with cold Ringer solution. It was then excised and placed in cold oxygenated Ringer solution (bubbled with 5% CO2-95% O2 at 2–3 l/min). We divided the small intestine into three regions of equal length (proximal, mid, and distal), measured the wet mass of each region after lightly blotting to remove adherent Ringer solution, and summed the three masses to determine total intestinal mass (corrected for mass of the parasites as described below). We separated mucosal/submucosal tissue (hereafter called "mucosa") from muscularis/serosal tissue (hereafter called "serosa") for two 1.5-cm sleeves per region (10). The dry mass-to-wet mass ratio was calculated for each sleeve, and we used the average of these ratios to calculate mucosal and serosal wet mass and dry mass of the entire small intestine (10, 16).
To determine glucose uptake by the small intestine, we measured the maximal transport velocity of the brush-border d-glucose transporter (SGLT1) in vitro using the everted sleeve technique (validated for this species by Refs. 10, 20). Briefly, we everted each region of the small intestine so that the mucosa faced outward. From each region we cut four 1.5-cm-long sleeves immediately adjacent to each other: two sleeves for measuring relative mucosal and serosal mass as described above and two sleeves for measuring glucose uptake. To measure carrier-mediated glucose uptake, we mounted everted sleeves on stainless steel rods and incubated them for 2 min in 36°C Ringer solution containing 50 mMd-glucose and trace amounts ofd-[14C]glucose. The incubating solution also contained trace amounts of l-[3H]glucose that was used to correct for glucose in the adherent mucosal fluid and for passive uptake of d-glucose. The amount of isotope taken up by the tissue was measured using liquid scintillation (LS 6500 scintillation system, Beckman) to determine glucose uptake rate of each sleeve (mmol · day−1 · g wet mucosal tissue−1). We then calculated the average uptake rate of the two sleeves from each region. The glucose uptake capacity for each region of the small intestine was calculated by multiplying the average glucose uptake rate by the wet mucosal mass (g) of the region. The products of each region were summed to determine glucose uptake capacity for the entire small intestine.
Parasite intensity and mass.
During rinsing of the small intestine, some adult H. polygyrus were flushed from the intestine and collected in a petri dish. After the small intestine was everted and sleeves were removed for mucosal scraping and glucose uptake measurements, the remaining small intestine tissue was added to the petri dish. Parasites were removed from the mucosal scraped sleeves and placed in the petri dish before the sleeves were weighted and mucosa was scraped away. Parasites were not removed from sleeves used for the glucose uptake experiment so as not to damage the tissue before glucose uptake measurements. Rather, the number of parasites counted from the mucosal scraped sleeves was doubled (assuming the number of worms on the sleeves used in the glucose uptake experiment was the same as the number of worms on the adjacent mucosal scraped sleeves). Therefore, final infection intensity equaled the number of parasites in the petri dish that were either flushed from the intestine or were attached to unused tissue plus two times the number of worms from the mucosal scraped sleeves. We determined the wet mass of H. polygyrus by measuring four samples of 50 H. polygyrus (approximately equal numbers of male and female worms) that had been lightly blotted on filter paper collected from nonexperimental mice. Total parasite wet mass was subtracted from small intestine wet mass before calculation of small intestine dry mass used in analyses. When we examined each intestinal region separately, parasite mass was subtracted only from mass of the proximal region, because adult parasites only occupy this portion of the small intestine (1).
Our data consist of two independent (parasite infection, caloric restriction) and numerous dependent variables (food intake, DMD, body mass, small intestine morphological variables, organ masses, body fat, glucose uptake rate and capacity, rate of body mass loss for calorically restricted mice, and RMR). We first used a multivariate ANOVA (MANOVA) that tested for significant differences between treatments for all dependent variables together. Because this MANOVA was significant (F = 7.48, P < 0.0001), we used independent ANOVAs to determine which treatments and which dependent variables were statistically significant. After we examined effects of decreased body mass associated with caloric restriction, we regressed each dependent variable against body mass, to remove body mass effects, and used residuals of significant regressions in further analyses. For RMR data, because calorically restricted mice had smaller body mass than ad libitum-fed mice, we used analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with whole body mass as a covariate in our analysis. Also, because parasitized mice had greater lean body mass than unparasitized mice and ad libitum-fed mice had a greater lean mass than caloric-restricted mice, we also used ANCOVA with lean mass as the covariate for RMR data. Repeated-measures ANOVA (Wilk's Lambda) was used to examine effects of different small intestine regions on glucose transport rate and capacity, on masses of each region, and for changes in body mass during the 10-day restriction period. Infection intensity of parasitized ad libitum-fed and calorically restricted mice was tested with a t-test. Throughout, we used P< 0.05 as the level of significance, and all data are presented as the mean ± SE unless otherwise stated.
Infection intensity and parasite mass.
All mice gavaged with L3 developed mature infections, and no control mice became infected. Infection intensity was similar for ad libitum-fed and calorically restricted mice (ad libitum: 191 ± 11, caloric restricted: 206 ± 8; P > 0.05). Average wet mass of 50 H. polygyrus was 0.0123 ± 0.0012 g (mean ± SD) so the wet mass of individual H. polygyrus for each infected mouse for this study was calculated as the infection intensity times 0.000246 g. Parasite wet mass was ∼1.5% of total small intestine wet mass and 3.0% of the proximal region wet mass for both calorically restricted and ad libitum-fed mice.
Body mass and composition.
Body mass was 22% less for calorically restricted than ad libitum-fed mice (F 1,36 = 113.8, P < 0.0001), but parasite infection had no effect on body mass (Fig.1). Absolute lean mass was 12% greater in parasitized than unparasitized mice (F 1,36 = 23.6, P < 0.0001) but was 13% less for calorically restricted than ad libitum-fed mice (F 1,36 = 21.3, P < 0.0001), producing a significant interaction between treatments (F 1,36 = 4.9, P = 0.033). Total fat mass and percentage of body fat were ∼20% less for parasitized than unparasitized mice (fat mass:F 1,36 = 7.2, P = 0.011; percent fat: F 1,36 = 6.7, P= 0.014). Total fat mass also was less for calorically restricted than ad libitum-fed mice (fat mass: F 1,36 = 9.7,P = 0.004, 24% less), but percent fat did not differ.
Organ mass and composition.
Total organ fat was <3% of total body fat mass for all mice (ad libitum, parasitized: 2.3 ± 0.1%; ad libitum, unparasitized: 2.1 ± 0.2%; calorically restricted, parasitized: 2.3 ± 0.1%, calorically restricted, unparasitized: 2.5 ± 0.1%), and the contribution of organ fat mass to total body fat mass did not differ with either treatment. When comparing only organs, absolute organ fat mass was 15% less for calorically restricted than ad libitum-fed mice (F 1,36 = 5.9,P = 0.02) but did not differ with parasite treatment. Percent organ fat did not differ with parasite or caloric treatment (Fig. 1). Lean organ mass was 27% less for calorically restricted than ad libitum-fed mice (F 1,36 = 63.4,P < 0.0001) but was 17% greater in parasitized than unparasitized mice (F 1,36 = 35.4,P < 0.0001).
Because we did not extract fat of each organ separately, we used data of organ dry masses (including fat content) to examine effects of each treatment on total organ mass. Parasitized mice had larger cecae (by 30%; F 1,36 = 10.9, P = 0.002), lungs (by 5%; F 1,36 = 5.5,P = 0.025), and spleens (by 45%;F 1,36 = 95.3, P < 0.0001) than unparasitized mice (Table 1). Calorically restricted mice had smaller cecae (by 19%;F 1,36 = 12.4, P = 0.001), hearts (by 18%; F 1,36 = 62.7,P < 0.0001), kidneys (by 8%;F 1,36 = 9.7, P = 0.004), large intestines (by 8%; F 1,36 = 4.6,P = 0.038), livers (by 35%;F 1,36 = 98.0, P < 0.0001), lungs (by 12%; F 1,36 = 27.8,P < 0.0001), spleens (by 30%;F 1,36 = 28.5, P < 0.0001), and stomachs (by 12%; F 1,36 = 13.9,P = 0.001) than ad libitum-fed mice (Table 1). There were significant interactions between treatments for cecae (F 1,36 = 10.8, P = 0.002), hearts (F 1,36 = 8.6, P = 0.006), large intestines (F 1,36 = 15.0,P < 0.0001), and spleens (F 1,36 = 5.5, P = 0.024); in each case, the smaller organ masses of calorically restricted mice were more pronounced or only occurred in parasitized compared with unparasitized mice. After adjusting for body mass (because calorically restricted mice had smaller body mass than ad libitum-fed mice) there were no effects of caloric restriction on any organ mass but significant interactions between caloric restriction and parasitism remained for cecae (F 1,36 = 10.0,P = 0.003), large intestines (F 1,36 = 15.0, P < 0.0001), and spleens (F 1,36 = 4.4,P = 0.043).
Parasitized mice had an 8% longer small intestine than unparasitized mice (F 1,36 = 22.2, P < 0.0001), but small intestine length did not differ between calorically restricted and ad libitum-fed mice (Fig.2). Because qualitative results are the same for absolute small intestine dry mass and dry mass per unit length of small intestine (P > 0.05), we report only absolute dry mass results for all small intestine variables. Small intestine dry mass was 38% greater for parasitized than unparasitized mice (F 1,36 = 150.5, P < 0.0001) but was 13% less for calorically restricted than ad libitum-fed mice (F 1,36 = 13.9,P = 0.001; Fig. 2). A significant interaction between treatments showed that the increased small intestine mass of parasitized mice was not as great for calorically restricted mice as it was for ad libitum-fed mice (F 1,36 = 4.5,P = 0.041).
Calorically restricted mice had mucosal and serosal dry masses that were less than those of ad libitum-fed mice (F 1,36 = 9.4, P = 0.004 andF 1,36 = 7.5, P = 0.009, respectively), but parasitized mice had more mucosal and serosal tissue than unparasitized mice (F 1,36 = 51.4,P < 0.0001 and F 1,36 = 203.5, P < 0.0001, respectively; Fig. 2). There was a greater increase in serosal dry mass for parasitized mice when they were fed ad libitum than when calorically restricted (F 1,36 = 5.0, P = 0.032). Because parasitized mice had a disproportionate increase in serosal compared with mucosal tissue, the percent mucosa was less in parasitized than unparasitized mice. We also found that both serosal and mucosal dry masses varied among intestinal regions (F 2,35 = 94.0, P < 0.0001 and F 2,35 = 103.2, P < 0.0001, respectively; Fig. 3) and that serosal and mucosal masses decreased from proximal to mid to distal regions. Regardless of caloric treatment, mass differences among regions for unparasitized mice were due primarily to changes in mucosal mass, whereas mass differences among regions for parasitized mice were due to changes in both serosal and mucosal masses (Fig. 3). There was a significant interaction between parasite treatment and intestinal region for serosal dry mass (F 2,35 = 90.0,P < 0.0001), because serosal dry mass of parasitized mice was greater in the proximal region than the mid and distal regions regardless of caloric restriction treatment. Calorically restricted mice had smaller mucosal and serosal dry masses than ad libitum-fed mice for the proximal (F 1,36 = 4.99,P = 0.032 and F 1,36 = 6.03,P = 0.019, respectively) and mid (F 1,36 = 6.54, P = 0.015 and F 1,36 = 5.88, P = 0.02, respectively) regions, but had similar masses in the distal region (Fig. 3).
Because lean body mass increased with parasite infection but decreased with caloric restriction and because whole body mass decreased with caloric restriction, we examined the relationship between both mass variables and RMR. The relationship between body mass (whole and lean) and RMR was the same for all treatment groups, and there was a significant relationship when we regressed whole or lean body mass with RMR (r 2 = 0.33, P < 0.0001 and r 2 = 0.68, P < 0.0001, respectively). RMR, corrected for whole body mass (ANCOVA), was greater for parasitized mice than unparasitized mice (F 1,35 = 7.1, P = 0.011) by 9% (least square adjusted mean ± SE, kJ/day: ad libitum, parasitized = 25.1 ± 1.0; ad libitum, unparasitized = 23.0 ± 0.9; calorically restricted, parasitized = 21.7 ± 1.1; calorically restricted, unparasitized = 19.7 ± 0.9), and RMR was 14% less for calorically restricted mice than ad libitum-fed mice (F 1,35 = 5.2, P = 0.029). When lean body mass was used as a covariate, there was no effect of parasite infection, but calorically restricted mice had a 30% lower RMR than ad libitum-fed mice (F 1,35 = 46.1,P = 0.0001; least square adjusted mean ± SE, kJ/day: ad libitum, parasitized = 27.2 ± 1.3; ad libitum, unparasitized = 25.3 ± 0.9; calorically restricted, parasitized = 18.8 ± 0.9, calorically restricted, unparasitized = 18.1 ± 1.1).
Mass loss for calorically restricted mice and digestive efficiency.
In ad libitum-fed mice, food intake was not different between parasitized and unparasitized mice and, after accounting for orts lost in bedding, calorically restricted mice actually ate 68% less than ad libitum-fed mice. Regardless of caloric or parasite treatment, DMD was 78.8 ± 0.2%. We regressed whole body mass against day of caloric restriction and found that average total mass loss during 10 days of restriction was 16 ± 2% for parasitized mice (r 2 = 0.40, P < 0.0001) and 14 ± 1% for unparasitized mice (r 2 = 0.37, P < 0.0001). There were no differences between parasitized and unparasitized mice for rate of mass loss (g/day) or total mass loss (g) during caloric restriction.
Glucose transport.
Qualitative results were the same for intestinal glucose uptake rate normalized either to dry or wet mucosal mass; we present data using wet mucosal mass. Total glucose uptake capacity (mmol/day) summed for the entire small intestine was 28% less for parasitized than unparasitized mice (F 1,36 = 42.1, P < 0.0001) and was 14% greater for calorically restricted than ad libitum-fed mice (F 1,36 = 7.0,P < 0.012; Fig.4 A). Similarly, glucose uptake rate (mmol · g−1 · day−1) was 37% lower for parasitized than unparasitized mice (F 1,36 = 19.2, P < 0.0001) and 25% greater for calorically restricted than ad libitum-fed mice (F 1,36 = 15.0, P < 0.0001; Fig. 4 B).
We next examined each region separately to determine if parasites had a localized effect in the proximal region where they occurred. There was a significant difference in glucose uptake capacity among regions (F 2,35 = 105.2, P < 0.0001; Fig. 4 A). Parasitized mice had lower uptake capacity in the proximal (F 1,36 = 68.3,P < 0.0001) and mid (F 1,36= 4.7, P = 0.037) regions but greater uptake capacity in the distal region (F 1,36 = 4.5,P = 0.041) than unparasitized mice. There was a significant interaction between parasite treatment and intestinal region (F 2,35 = 33.4, P < 0.0001), because glucose uptake capacity of parasitized mice decreased more in the proximal than the mid region and increased in the distal region compared with unparasitized mice. Glucose uptake capacity of the distal region was greater in calorically restricted than ad libitum-fed mice (F 1,36 = 6.8, P = 0.013) but did not differ in other regions (Fig. 4 A).
Glucose uptake rate also varied among intestinal regions (F 2,35 = 8.2, P = 0.001; Fig. 4 B). There was a significant interaction between parasite treatment and intestinal region (F 2,35 = 8.7, P = 0.001) because parasitized mice had a lower uptake rate in the proximal and mid regions (F 1,36 = 15.9,P < 0.0001 and F 1,36 = 17.3, P < 0.0001, respectively), but not in the distal region, compared with unparasitized mice. Glucose uptake rate was greater for all regions of the small intestine in calorically restricted than ad libitum-fed mice (proximal:F 1,36 = 5.5, P = 0.024; mid: F 1,36 = 4.4, P = 0.043; distal: F 1,36 = 7.4,P = 0.01; Fig. 4 B).
Morphological plasticity.
Calorically restricted mice had lower fat and lean components of both organs and nonorgan tissue, resulting in decreased whole body mass. Parasitism resulted in no overall changes in body mass, because decreased body fat mass was compensated for with increased lean mass of vital organs. Thus, as predicted, caloric restriction and parasite infection had opposing and interacting effects on body mass and composition.
Parasitism resulted in larger spleen, lung, small intestine, and cecum dry masses. Although we did not measure passage rates of digesta or cecal fermentation rates, we speculate that nutrients spilled from the small intestine (which had a lowered glucose uptake capacity) into the cecum and were either retained longer or fermented in the cecum and therefore may be responsible for increased cecum masses of parasitized mice. Increased spleen mass of parasitized mice results, at least in part, from the immune response of mice to H. polygyrus(26, 30). Parasitized mice also had increased resting metabolic rates compared with unparasitized mice, which may have resulted in larger lung masses via a greater use of the cardiovascular system. Calorically restricted mice had smaller body masses and thus smaller heart, lung, spleen, liver, kidney, stomach, small and large intestines, and cecal masses than ad libitum-fed mice. There were no additional effects of caloric restriction on organ masses after accounting for body mass.
Physiological plasticity.
As predicted, RMR increased as a result of parasitism but decreased as a result of caloric restriction. The lower RMR of calorically restricted mice may have resulted from a lower specific dynamic effect (cost of digestion), because calorically restricted mice ate less food and had 87% less food in their stomachs than ad libitum-fed mice (stomach content mass at dissection: calorically restricted = 0.091 ± 0.014 g, ad libitum fed = 0.716 ± 0.107 g). So, although calorically restricted mice were not postabsorptive, digestion and assimilation processes of calorically restricted mice may have produced less heat than those of ad libitum-fed mice. Although we did not measure cost of digestion directly, we previously found that this strain of laboratory mice, when truly postabsorptive, had only a 4% lower RMR than ad libitum-fed mice (Hammond, unpublished data). We found a 14–30% effect of caloric restriction on RMR, however, so effects of caloric restriction were more than simply a result of lower costs of digestion. Mice may respond similarly to rats that had decreased body temperature and thermal conductance (36), two factors that can affect RMR, when given ∼50% caloric restriction. In a separate experiment, we found that calorically restricted laboratory mice have a 0.2 ± 0.06°C lower body temperature than ad libitum-fed mice (Kristan and Hammond, unpublished data), which, if conductance remains unchanged, may slightly lower RMR. The relationship between metabolism and caloric restriction is unclear, although decreased metabolism associated with short-term food restriction or deprivation may preserve body mass and prolong survival (31) during a time when nutritional resources are unpredictable. However, others have found the decreased metabolism with caloric restriction only occurs for the first few weeks of restriction and thereafter mass-specific metabolism is similar for ad libitum-fed and food-restricted rats (28), placing into question the relevance of short-term changes in metabolism to survival.
As predicted, glucose uptake rate and summed glucose uptake capacity of the entire small intestine was lower as a result of parasitism, regardless of caloric treatment. The reduction in glucose uptake capacity occurred in the proximal and mid small intestine regions, whereas capacity increased in the distal region primarily due to increases in mucosal mass of the distal region. Similarly, the lower rate of glucose transport in parasitized mice occurred in both the proximal and mid regions, but not the distal region. Decreased glucose transport capacity of parasitized mice may be related to increased mucosal cell-turnover rates as seen in nematode infections of rats (43), leaving more immature and undifferentiated intestinal cells that do not function in nutrient absorption (54). Because parasitized mice had diminished glucose transport in the proximal region compared with unparasitized mice, the nutrient density of ingesta that reached the mid and distal regions may be greater than usual and could thereby induce changes in nutrient transport at these regions (11, 12, 32).
Similar to our findings for glucose transport, Zarling and Mobarhan (55) found that sucrase activity increased in food-restricted laboratory rats. Rats responded to caloric restriction with a decrease in mucosal protein resulting from decreased cell height, which did not decrease disaccharidase activity (55) or nutrient absorption in the small intestine. Although we found increased rate of glucose transport for all intestinal regions in mice, rats had increased glucose transport only in the proximal and mid regions (55). In contrast to our findings with young mice, short-term caloric restriction in older mice did not alter glucose transport by the small intestine (6). Therefore, age or age-related morphological and physiological changes can affect the functional response of the small intestine to short-term caloric restriction. Despite opposing responses of glucose transport by our mice when parasitized vs. calorically restricted, there was no significant interaction between these physiological demands.
Simultaneous demands with opposing responses.
In general, the morphological responses to parasite infection that we observed were diminished in the presence of caloric restriction. Parasitized mice given caloric restriction had diminished or no increases in organ lean mass compared with parasitized mice that were fed ad libitum, regardless of whether body mass effects were removed. Therefore, when parasitism and caloric restriction were given simultaneously, they interacted with each other for morphological variables. This was true for spleen mass, for example. If the immune response, as indicated in part by splenic hypertrophy (26,30), was compromised during caloric restriction, individuals might be at greater risk for other pathologies. Shi et al. (38) showed that caloric restriction in the host can affect parasite development, survival, and fecundity when caloric restriction is given before infection, and therefore the nutritional state of the host can affect parasite infections. However, we gave caloric restriction after the immune-inducing phase of the H. polygyrus life cycle was complete (30). This may explain the similar infection intensity, and presumably host immune response, for both calorically restricted and ad libitum-fed mice.
Interestingly, unlike for morphological responses (organ masses and body composition), caloric restriction and parasitism were independent for physiological responses (metabolism and glucose transport). For example, contrary to our prediction, changes in RMR associated with parasite infection and caloric restriction remained independent when we presented both demands simultaneously. Greater RMR associated with parasite infection was partially due to greater lean mass (metabolically active tissue), whereas decreased RMR associated with caloric restriction was probably due to decreased lean mass, differences in absorptive state, and possibly lower body temperature. Although caloric restriction lowered absolute RMR, the relative increase in RMR associated with parasitism was similar for both ad libitum-fed and calorically restricted mice. So, although we have previously shown that simultaneous cold exposure and parasite infection did not interact for morphological and physiological responses (23), the results of our present study suggest that it is not simply the presence of multiple demands but the types, and likely intensities, of demands that are important determinants of how mice respond and whether demands interact.
Relevance of rodent models to humans.
There is evidence that humans respond to both helminth infections (9) and caloric restriction (41, 49) using similar morphological or physiological pathways or outcomes as laboratory rodents. Therefore, studying the effects of simultaneous parasitism and caloric restriction in rodents may help address the ongoing problems of human helminthiasis that often cooccur with chronic poverty (8) and nutritional deficiency. For example, nematodes, along with other helminths, infect an alarmingly large number of people, especially in developing countries (7, 8,42). Similar to some studies of laboratory rodents (43), people show changes in gastrointestinal morphology with nematode infection (9) that can then lead to impaired nutrition (42), especially in children (45). Childhood infections can correlate with parasite prevalence in adults (14) and may potentially affect work productivity during adulthood (13, 37). When human helminthiasis cooccurs with food restriction, responses may be different from when these demands occur alone. Therefore, understanding how demands of parasite infection and restricted caloric intake affect the morphology and physiology of rodents may provide insight into the biological basis of the perpetual and costly effects of human helminthiasis (27) in poor, undernourished communities. Future studies to determine how demands interact or remain independent under differing combinations are needed.
M. Chappell, E. Platzer, B. Kristan, M. Zuk, and two anonymous reviewers gave helpful suggestions.
This project was supported by a Newell Award, Department of Biology, and a Dissertation Research Grant, Graduate Division, UCR to D. M. Kristan and by National Institutes of Health Grant 30745 and a University of California Faculty Fellowship award to K. A. Hammond.
Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: D. M. Kristan, Dept. of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507 (E-mail: kristand{at}citrus.ucr.edu).
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
- Copyright © 2001 the American Physiological Society


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Harvest 2012 second lineup announcement; second Melbourne date
Following on from its spectacular debut last year Harvest Festival returns in November with one hell of a lineup. The first round of the lineup announcement boasted a very impressive collection of acts including Beck, Sigur Ros, Grizzly Bear, and Mike Patton's Mondo Cane but the festival has grown even bigger with another batch of musical goodness joining the bill.
The second round announcement adds Silversun Pickups, River City Extension, and Crazy P to the bill. The festival has also locked in an unexpected set from Dexys Midnight Runners who made a return earlier this year with One Day I'm Going to Soar their first album since way back in 1985. Come on down Eileen!
The first Melbourne leg of the festival on Sunday 11th November has already sold out, but if you were slow off the mark there's now a second Harvest festival on the (far more convenient) Saturday afternoon.
While the Melbourne leg of last year's festival was plagued by issues such as parking and long drink lines, the inaugural event was widely considered a success, with our Brisbane reviewer concluding: "Harvest turned out one of the best curated Australian festivals of 2011, immaculate in its execution and in turn having drawn the kind of punter you don't want to smack in the mouth."
Harvest 2012 second lineup:
Silversun Pickups
Dexys Midnight Runners
River City Extension
Crazy P
Los Campesinos!
Winter People
Dark Horses
Previously announced Harvest acts:
Sigur Ros
Grizzly Bear
Mike Patton's Mondo Cane
Ben Folds Five
The Dandy Warhols
The Black Angels
F**k Buttons
The War On Drugs
Dark Dark Dark
Check out FasterLouder's live preview of Harvest 2012
Harvest 2012 dates:
Saturday 10th November – Werribee Park, Melbourne New Show
Sunday 11th November – Werribee Park, Melbourne
Saturday 17th November – Parramatta Park, Sydney
Sunday 18th November – Riverstage, Brisbane
Tickets on sale now; $154 + booking fee


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NetWellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partner university faculty. NetWellness is commercial-free and does not accept advertising.
Saturday, September 23, 2017
High Blood Pressure
Cardiac MRI results
Could you help me interpret the following results:
IMPRESSION: 1. Trileaflet pulmonic valve. 2. Normal caliber pulmonary arteries with turbulent flow and minimally increased pressure in the pulmonic outflow tract. 3. Minimally dilated right ventricle with prominent trabeculation.
The pulmonic valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteries. Although the diameter of the pulmonary arteries is normal, the blood flow is somewhat impaired.
There is increased pressure in the right ventricle, causing some dilatation and trabeculation. Trabeculation is an increase in the right ventricular muscle mass.
These findings are consistent with some degree of pulmonary hypertension. The cause of the elevated pulmonary artery pressure has to be determined. You need an evaluation by a cardiologist and possibly a right heart catheterization to measure the pulmonary artery pressure.
Max C Reif, MD
Professor of Medicine
Director of Hypertension Section
College of Medicine
University of Cincinnati


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there penalties for withdrawing money from my IRA Account?
Yes. Since IRAs are intended to provide income for retirement,
and they provide tax benefits, there are penalties and
taxes due on many withdrawals from IRA accounts. Please
visit the FAQs section in the Retirement Focus area,
under the heading "Distributions" for details on withdrawals.
Once I have decided to take a withdrawal from my IRA,
how do I go about it?
To take a withdrawal from your IRA, go to the Maintenance
area in "View Your Account" and scroll to the section
titled Distributions. Here you will find a Distribution
Form - Traditional or Rollover, Roth and Coverdell
ESA (formerly Education IRA). Select the
appropriate form to print, complete, sign and send to
the address or fax number indicated on the form.
will the funds be paid to me?
On the form you have a few options to choose from. You
can either have a check issued to you at the address
on your account, or we can transfer the funds to a BUYandHOLD
Individual account or a Joint account. In addition,
if you choose, we can send the distribution to your
bank account, as long as you attach a copy of a voided
check to the distribution form and complete the appropriate
area on the form.
taxes withheld when I request a distribution?
Yes. If
you request a distribution, BUYandHOLD will withhold
money for taxes if you so choose.
IRA distributions are included in taxable income, and
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on these distributions. So, as of January 1, 1983, federal
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of this, all IRA custodians (BUYandHOLD for example)
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tax withheld than their liability requires, they will
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choose your withholding option when you complete the
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IRA holder will see the money withheld on the Tax Form
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which is to be attached to their tax return.
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August 6, 2006
The Chocolate Passion Fair is an annual event held around Valentine's weekend on the Petit Sablon, Caserne Prince Albert in Brussels. Here chocolate lovers enjoys delicious Belgium pralines and world famous chocolates. Anyone who knows if there will be a Chocolate Passion Fair during Valentine's weekend this year (12-14 February)? This has not been confirmed by information given to me.
"Porcelana: The Holy Grail of Pure Criollos" (Marieel E. Presilla)
"Porcelana: The Holy Grail of Pure Criollos" (Maricel E. Presilla)
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Cheesy Potatoes with Sour Cream Recipe
Potatoes add comforting appeal to any meal. This recipe is often requested by my family.—Dona Dickie, Livermore, California
- 2-1/2 pounds potatoes, peeled and cubed
- 3-1/2 cups (14 ounces) shredded cheddar cheese, divided
- 2 cups (16 ounces) sour cream
- 1 can (10-3/4 ounces) condensed cream of celery soup, undiluted
- 1/4 cup butter
- 1/4 cup minced chives, divided
- 1. Place potatoes in a saucepan; cover with water. Cover and bring to a boil; cook until just tender, about 5 minutes. Drain well. In a bowl; combine 3 cups cheese, sour cream, soup, butter and 3 tablespoons chives. Add potatoes; stir gently until potatoes are coated.
- 2. Transfer to a greased 1-1/2-qt. baking dish. Cover and bake at 350° for 35-40 minutes or until heated through. Sprinkle with remaining cheese; bake 2-3 minutes longer or until cheese is melted. Sprinkle with remaining chives. Yield: 10 servings.
Nutritional Facts
3/4 cup: 420 calories, 29g fat (18g saturated fat), 78mg cholesterol, 552mg sodium, 28g carbohydrate (0 sugars, 2g fiber), 14g protein.
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Cameron/Sheffield Trade Dead
It seems the Mike Cameron for Gary Sheffield deal is dead. I guess it's all for the best. Did you hear Sheffield's tirade about being traded yesterday? I don't blame him for feeling that way but if that's the way he responds to a rumor then I'd hate to see how he reacts to an actual trade.
Tags: Gary Sheffield, Mike Cameron, Trade Talk
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Staff Writer
A Lincolnton woman accused of breaking into a city home early last week with her brother and another suspect again found herself behind bars on Thursday — this time with a different family member — after police said the two intimidated a witness in the case.
Officers charged Latisha Shonte Robinson, 22, of 228 Mauney Drive in Lincolnton, and her sister Teosha Kinnyata Jackson, 24, of 1007 Georgetown Rd. in Lincolnton, with one felony count of intimidating a witness.
Each woman was placed under a $20,000 secured bond.
Police initially arrested Latisha Robinson on July 9 along with her brother, Devin Lamar Robinson, 20, of 3864 Oakwood Circle in Iron Station, and Alexis Marie Oates, 23, of 230 Mauney Drive in Lincolnton, for allegedly breaking into and stealing items from a residence at 224 Mauney Drive.
The three suspects ransacked the home before fleeing the property, detectives said.
Each suspect received one felony count of breaking and entering along with larceny after breaking and entering and conspiracy to break and enter.
Officers additionally issued Devin Robinson a charge for resisting arrest, police said.
Detectives recovered some of the stolen items after apprehending the trio, an agency press release said.
Latisha Robinson currently remains in the Harven A. Crouse Detention Center.
The Lincoln County Sheriff's Office and the Lincolnton Housing Authority aided officers with the case.
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Laila Ali + Curtis Conway + Curtis Jr.
The former boxer, 31, and her sports broadcaster husband, 38, welcomed their first child, Curtis Jr., also called CJ, on Aug. 26, 2008.
Laila: Our relationship now is so different. We used to enjoy going to the movies and dinner, but now, having the baby, it's easy to forget to take time for yourself.
Curtis: We can't just get up and go. Our time outside of the house really has to be planned.
Laila: But we're not missing anything. The only problem is, I'm tired all the time. So as soon as I get free time, I want to go to sleep.
Curtis: Laila is very attentive to him. He has a certain whine for one thing, a certain cry for another. She automatically picks up on what it is.
Laila: He is very feisty, and he knows what he wants. You don't have to guess with him.
Curtis: I love getting on the floor with him. I love him slobbering over me. We wrestle.
Laila: I definitely want more kids. But I'm going to wait until my son is about 3—so he can get me a diaper when I need one!


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After raising 4 children, Marilyn began her career in Real Estate in 1995 which has taken her forward to her present position with Baird & Warner. Starting as a personal assistant to the owner of a real estate company, being a successful loan processor for a local mortgage company to actually getting her license in 1995, she has seen both sides of the home buying and selling process. Her great insight and knowledge as to what a buyer and seller are going to experience helps to make the transactions run smoothly.
She furthered her education and became an Accredited Buyers Representative, (ABR) & Broker. Marilyn is also a great negotiator with excellent knowledge of the current real estate market. Co-coordinating the transaction is key to her successful real estate career. A new designation Marilyn completed is (CSC) - Certified Staging Consultant. This gives another Marketing feature to her clients.
Being a consistent Top Producer takes a team of people. Marilyn has a reliable referral network of professionals to complete the process of buying and/or selling your home. Providing sellers with internet support during the listing process and assisting buyers with their home search is also a service that Marilyn provides.
Living in the South Suburbs (Homewood) for over 40 years, Marilyn has been an active member of the Homewood-Flossmoor Community. She volunteered at all of the schools her children attended, was Treasurer of the Homewood-Flossmoor Viking Choir, a community volunteer, as well as a PADS volunteer. She has been a member at the Art Institute of Chicago and Natural History Museum for many years and is affiliated with the Flossmoor Book Club.
My mission is to provide each client individual attention and service in a professional and fun atmosphere; to obtain their goal..whether selling or buying, for whatever reason, whatever your circumstances are...getting you through your move...MAKE YOUR MOVE WITH MARILYN.
Assoc Broker: Broker of an office
ABR: Accredited Buyer Representative
CCIM: Certified Commercial Investment Member
CDPE: Certified Distressed Property Expert
CIPS: Certified International Property Specialist
CRB: Certified Real Estate Brokerage Manager
CRE: Counselor of Real Estate
CRP: Certified Relocation Professional
CRS: Certified Residential Specialist
CSP: Certified Short-Sale Professional
ePro: Internet Professional
Green: NAR's Green Designation
GRI: Graduate, REALTOR® Institute
Lifetime MMDSC: Lifetime member, Million Dollar Sales club
Lifetime TP: Lifetime member, Top Producer's club
SRES: Seniors Real Estate Specialists
SRS: Seller Representative Specialist


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Cause still undetermined in fire that killed 16-month-old boy
Funeral services will be Saturday for the Piedmont toddler that died in a fatal fire.
Korbyn Stitts died Friday night when his grandmother's house on North Church Street caught fire.{} Drusilla Stitts was able to help her three other grandsons get out of the house safely, but was unable to rescue Korbyn.
Piedmont Fire Chief Mike Ledbetter said Stitts told him the 16-month-old just recently began to walk.{} Korbyn was in a bedroom when the fire began just after 8 p.m. Friday.
Ledbetter said investigators from the Piedmont Fire Department and the Alabama Fire Marshal's Office have not determined the cause of the fire.{} He said there is no sign of criminal activity and they do not suspect foul play.
The house is about three blocks from the fire station, and Ledbetter said the first tanker truck arrived within one minute of getting the emergency call.
"She attempted to extinguish the fire, but was unable to," Ledbetter said.
"She was able to remove three of the grandchildren.{} Tried to get to the fourth child and couldn't because of the heat and the smoke."
Firefighters tried to enter the bedroom through a window in an attempt to save Korbyn.{} Several went inside, and one suffered second-degree burns.
"It's a very hard situation knowing that you had a child die in a fire," Ledbetter said.
"However, the circumstances were there that didn't allow us to make a successful rescue.{} The situation was beyond our control when we arrived and unfortunately we've got the outcome that we've got."
Chief Ledbetter said this is the youngest victim of a fire in his 25 years as a firefighter.{} He said the holidays make it{}even harder to deal with this loss.
Family friends said sadness swept the neighborhood.
"It's tragic, man, for real," Key McNeal said.
"I used to come out here and see three kids playing with their brother.{} They can't do it no more.{} It's around the holidays.{} People are real sad.{} Sad thing going on."
Javil Cunningham said he saw smoke from about a block away, and headed over to see if he knew whose house was on fire.
"It touched the whole community once they found out it was a child stuck in the house that couldn't get out," Cunningham said.
"It was real sad.{} I ain't never seen an event like that.{} It was a good day, and then it all changed real quick.{} You just got to count your blessings every day."
The funeral will be Saturday at 1 p.m. at Thankful Baptist Church in Piedmont.


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Jesse Ventura..Lesnar-Dos Santos..Batista/Strikeforce..AA & Rock in WWE HOF..Mitrione..Percy Watson..Got Sauce?
Thanks for stopping by...really busy week here so let's get the sow on the road.
Our FREE mustard offer went gangbusters for which we are grateful. Remember, BBQ Sauce is NOT season and of course neither are Chipotle Ketchup and Main Event Mustard. plus we make the best, custom made, premium Beef Jerky in the land. Give us a shot.
We have no plans at this time on shipping outside the USA but http://www.wweshop.com does for us and have become a really nice customer of our products.
Jesse Ventura suing TSA for unlawful search and seizure essentially suing the Federal Government isn't a shocker. Jesse is outspoken and loves controversy (does it create cash?) likely feels justified in filing his suit and it gets him some media stretch for his TruTV show. He was the most challenging partner that I ever worked with in the broadcast booth which doesn't mean it was a negative experience. Just challenging.
MMA purists are inferring that Brock Lesnar really wants no part of Junior Dos Santos after the two heavyweight, UFC fighters host TUF TV show. That's a load of manure. MMA message board geeks have been waiting for Lesnar to lose a fight so that they can jump off his bandwagon and continue to rail on the former WWE Champion not because Brock was a Division 1 National Wrestling Champion and legit, multiple time All American but because he spent time in a pro wrestling ring. That's brilliant logic isn't it? A classic example of pro wrestling bias at work.
Speaking of MMA, I would suspect that if Dave Batista is in the country that he will be in San Jose this Saturday night for the Strikeforce fights on Showtime. Hopefully Showtime will be smart enough to interview Batista and to throughly preview their heavyweight tourney coming up throughout 2011 and not drop the promotional ball like Strikeforce/Showtime did on their last broadcast.
UFC heavyweight Matt Mitrione is a classic example of why promoters for years recruited talented, college athletes to come into pro wrestling and why I feel that finding ex-football players who are still young and athletic is essential in the recruiting efforts of future sports entertainers.
I hope to recruit the football world throughly in 2011 and find guys who are out of college and looking for a career even after not making a NFL team for what could be a variety of reasons. Mitrione is big, intelligent, learns quickly, is tough, and has charisma. I don't know how the former Purdue lineman will fare against world class MMA competition as his career moves forward I suspect that the MMA rookie will continue to improve and turn, and take off, heads.
Arn Anderson, to answer repeated questions, has certainly had a WWE HOF level career. Whether that means he goes into the HOF this year in Atlanta is anyone's guess. Good question is whether AA goes in alone or with Tully as a part of the Brain Busters.
Why was Bob Caudle so effective as a broadcaster? Simple reason....Bob had no ego and always made sure that the talents came first and was never concerned about promoting himself or making himself a part of the performance to any significant degree. Those days are fading.
Agree that Miz does remind me at times of a young, Roddy Piper. That's a good thing for Miz who has the efficient attributes of being a 'beatable' champion who can theoretically lose on any given night to a hero. I am very interested in how Miz fares against Randy Orton at the Royal Rumble. The outcome of that WWE Title bout will speak volumes.
Good to see WWE using former wrestler Nunzio as a referee. He's a good guy who is reliable and deserving of opportunity. Nice move by WWE. Quality referees are hard to come by and are so underrated in the process of presenting a good wrestling bout.
No WWE isn't 'mad' at Rock as best I know and yes Rock will be a WWE HOF'er one day or so I would bet a case of Chipotle Ketchup. This time of the year everyone seemingly has a conspiracy theory about why this wrestler and that performer are not in the WWE HOF. I will be happy when all the names are released so that the next round of second guessing can commence.
Keep your eye on Percy Watson who is arguably the most athletically gifted athlete WWE has signed in many, many years.
One of the topics that I will be working on at the next Legends Roundtable this week are wrestling rivalries. I think that I'm going with Austin vs. Rock for my personal choice and it will be interesting to see who the other panelists select as theirs. I'll keep you abreast via Twitter @JRsBBQ.
I don't know when these next Legends Roundtables will air but will let you know when it's determined.
Thanks for dropping by and I hope that you can take a quick pass through our store. Remember to follow us on Twitter @JRsBBQ.
Boomer Sooner!


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Monmouth Park: Rule returns with Monmouth Cup victory
OCEANPORT, N.J. - The leading story line heading into the Grade 2, $195,000 Monmouth Cup on Saturday was the return of Flat Out after a lengthy layoff.
Turns out, that was the right angle, but the wrong horse.
Rule, back in action for the first time since the Hawthorne Gold Cup in October, pulled a mild upset at 5-2 in the race formerly known as the Meadowlands Cup.
One of two Todd Pletcher-trained horses in the race, Rule stuck like glue to Sloane Ranger as that rival set a very slow pace on an extremely hot afternoon. They crawled along through fractions of 25.43 seconds, 49.72 and 1:14.18.
Joe Bravo gave Rule his cue midway on the final turn, and the 5-year-old took a narrow lead.
Sloane Ranger, a sprinter stretching out to this one-mile distance, hung in gamely into the lane until Rule pulled clear in the final stages.
"I don't care how long the layoff, this horse was ready to go the minute the gates opened," Bravo said. "He was doing it easy all the way down the backstretch. Todd had him ready to run, and I just steered him around the track."
Flat Out, making his first start since the Donn Handicap in February and a barn change to Hall of Famer Bill Mott, bobbled at the break. He recovered to enjoy a close up trip along the rail. Rosie Napravnik angled him off the fence in the stretch and Flat Out closed strongly to get second, 1 1/2 lengths behind Rule.
The race was a productive building block for both Rule and Flat Out, one of the last year's major handicap stars with victories in the Suburban Handicap and the Jockey Club Gold Cup while trained by Scooter Dickey.
The owners, Preston Stables, made the trainer switch with the goal of campaigning Flat Out in the New York area.
The time was 1:37.71 for the mile.
Sloan Ranger got third, followed by San Pablo, the other uncoupled Pletcher runner who was bumped at the break, and Cactus Charlie
Rule was third here last summer in the Grade 3 Salvator Mile, a race not being run this year. The Monmouth Cup was shortened one furlong as the replacement on the stakes calendar.
A homebred by WinStar Farm, Rule got his sixth win in 16 starts.
Ponzi Scheme was scratched, reducing the field to five.


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Bach Movies:
Bach's Life & Documentaries: Index by Title
| Index by Year
Filmed Performances: Index by Work
| Index by Main Performer
Bach's Music in Soundtracks: Index by Title
| Index by Year
General: Index by Number
| Discussions of Movies on Bach
Bach Movies
The Program
Film: Sep 1993 (USA)
DVD: Mar 2003 (2-DVD)
VHS: Jan 1995
David S. Ward
David S. Ward; Aaron Latham
James Caan (Sam Winters); Halle Berry (Autumn Haley); Omar Epps (Darnell Jefferson); Craig Sheffer (Joe Kane); Kristy Swanson (Camille Shafer); Abraham Benrubi (Bud-Lite Kaminski); Duane Davis (Alvin Mack); Jon Pennell (Bobby Collins - as Jon Maynard Pennell); Joey Lauren Adams (Louanne - as Joey Adams); J.C. Quinn (Joe's Father); Andrew Bryniarski (Steve Lattimer); J. Leon Pridgen II (Ray Griffen); Michael Flippo (Coach Humes - as Mike Flippo); Jeff Portell (Reporter #1); Ernest Dixon (Coach Clayton)
Several players from different backgrounds try to cope with the pressures of playing football at a major university. Each deals with the pressure differently, some turn to drinking, others to drugs, and some to studying. (Kevin)
This is the movie blamed for encouraging college kids (and others) to lie down on the painted divider between lanes of highway traffic. (Incredibly, the studio pulled the film in its opening weeks and deleted the allegedly offending scene.) James Caan plays a football coach under tremendous pressure from his university's sports program to come up with a winning team. The story focuses on the fallout of that pressure on the lives of several players and the program itself. It's all rather flat and TV-movie-like, and because there is an emphasis on issues instead of characters, the actors work doubly hard to bring dimension to their stock roles. On the plus side, the cast is largely composed of young actors who have come a long way since the film's release. (Tom Keogh, Amazon.com)
Follow the lives of a group of young athletes who come together from different worlds to pursue a dream in THE PROGRAM, an inside look at the gritty, action-packed world of Top 10 college football. Full of excitement and hard-hitting action, it's the ultimate story of what they must do to fight the pressure, face the pain, and survive intercollegiate football. Talent unites them, competition divides them, and their demanding coach (James Caan, THE GODFATHER, MICKEY BLUE EYES, ERASER) stands by them, even when they fall. Also starring Halle Berry (2001 Best Actress, MONSTER'S BALL, SWORDFISH, X-MEN), Craig Sheffer (A RIVER RUNS THROUGH IT), and Kristy Swanson (DUDE, WHERE'S MY CAR?) -- you'll catch the excitement of football season year-round when you grab this big-screen winner today! (Amazon.com)
English, German
112 min (film, VHS) / 227 min (2-DVD)
J.S. Bach's Music:
Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 in F major, BWV 1047, arranged by Louis Knatchbull
Courtesy of Breton/APM Music
Film: Color, Dolby
DVD: (Color, NTSC, Region 1)
VHS: (Closed-captioned, Color, Dolby, NTSC)
Film: The Samuel Goldwyn Company; Touchstone Pictures
DVD: Walt Disney Video
VHS: Walt Disney Video
Watch selections:
Buy movie at:
DVD: Amazon.com [2-DVD]
VHS: Amazon.com
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