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Norm Talk and Intergroup Communication
Summary and Keywords
Norms are regularized patterns of attitudes and behavior that characterize a group of individuals, separate the group from other groups of individuals, and prescribe and describe attitudes and behaviors for group members. Relying on social identity theory and self-categorization theory, the role played by group norms within groups and the processes by which such norms are promulgated within groups are discussed. Norm talk or the communication of normative information within groups is explored, as a major proportion of communication within groups is dedicated to clarifying ingroup identities and group attributes such as attitudes and behaviors that characterize the group. Group members can glean normative information by attending to norm talk for instance, by listening to the content of fellow group members' communications, from their behavior, and from influential or prototypical sources within the group.
According to self-categorization theory, once individuals categorize themselves as members of a salient group or category, they represent normative information cognitively as ingroup prototypes. Prototypes are a fuzzy set of group attributes (such as attitudes and behaviors that characterize the group) and simultaneously minimize differences within groups while maximizing differences between groups. Thus, clear group prototypes help create distinct identities that are clearly demarcated from other groups. Group members should be especially attentive to information that flows from prototypical sources within groups—such as leaders and ingroup media sources—while efforts should be made to differentiate from marginal or deviant members who deviate from the prototype and reduce clarity of ingroup prototypes. The processes through which attending to information communicated by different sources within groups—both prototypical and non-prototypical—help group members seek normative information and clarification of ingroup prototypes are discussed.
Keywords: prototypes, ingroup norms, social identity, group attributes, intragroup communication, intergroup communication
Ingroup Norms and Norm Talk
When we perceive a collective of individuals as a group or a category, we typically look for a set of common attributes that characterize the group of individuals as members of the group or category. Within groups, a set of common attributes typically characterizes the group, helping regularize behavior and attitudes of members and giving them a clear sense of shared reality while differentiating them from other groups that are characterized by different sets of attributes. The set of common attributes that shape a shared reality for members within groups and help regularize group members' behaviors and attitudes can be understood as ingroup norms. How do groups come to learn about these attributes that shape and regularize their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors within the group? In this chapter, the important role communication within groups plays in promulgating normative ingroup information is discussed. Norm talk is used as a general catchall term that captures all communication and talk within groups that serves to convey information to group members about group norms. Norm talk can be understood as "communication about and reflective of group norms" (Hogg & Giles, 2012, p. 375) that occurs within groups.
Group norms serve to regularize attitudes and behaviors within groups and describe and prescribe attitudes, feelings, and behaviors for a group of individuals (Turner, 1991; Hogg & Reid, 2006). Norms are shared by members of a category and thus shape a normative reality of the world for individuals who share group membership. Group norms not only prescribe attitudes and behavior within groups, they also distinguish ingroups from outgroups by clearly prescribing where one's group stands and how one's group views the world—as distinct and separate from other groups that are characterized by their own distinct norms. Thus, group norms not only play an important role in guiding group members' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, they also help groups maintain distinctiveness from other groups that are characterized by different norms (Hogg & Giles, 2012; Hogg & Reid, 2006; Hogg & Tindale, 2005).
A major proportion of communication and talk that occurs within groups is about ingroup norms—for instance, about how we view the world as a group, how we behave as group members, how we fashion the self as group members, and who is normative of the ingroup and who is not. Talking about the norms that characterize a group of individuals helps the group understand the attitudes and behaviors that characterize them and bind them together within a shared social category. There are several channels through which such communication can occur, but some examples of such talk are communication by leaders that helps clarify social identities, media-based communication that spells out information about social identities and how the ingroup thinks, behaves, and feels in intergroup contexts relative to other groups, and communication directed toward non-normative or marginal ingroup members that helps distinguish non-normative positions and behavior from normative positions and behavior (Frings & Abrams, 2010; Harwood, 1999; Hogg & Reid, 2006; Hogg & Tindale, 2005). Such talk about norms within groups not only helps promulgate normative information, but also helps clarify social identities and helps us place ourselves and our groups in the social world relative to other groups.
While the literature on norms, the nature of norms, and how norms influence, describe, and prescribe behavior is extensive, in this chapter, I take a very specific look at norms that characterize a group of individuals and prescribe and describe behavior for individuals who identify with the group. With this aim, I rely on social identity theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979; also see Abrams & Hogg, 2010; Hogg & Abrams, 1988; Hogg, 2006) and self-categorization theory (Turner, Hogg, Oakes, Reicher, & Wetherell, 1987) and related theories that have been developed within the broad framework of these two theories to explore how communicative processes within and between groups can serve to clarify and promulgate group normative information. Communication of normative information is not limited only to dyadic interactions within groups, but also includes the promulgation and communication of information through group symbols, behavior of group members, and group-wide communication of normative information (for instance, normative information communicated by the media, leaders, and influential ingroup sources). Thus, such norm talk is applicable not only to communication within small groups, such as task groups and intimacy groups, but also to larger social categories. The processes through which norms come to frame who we are versus who they are will be explored. Further, the factors that contribute to some ingroup members wielding greater normative influence within groups shall also be discussed. To understand these processes, in the first section, I begin by discussing how norms have been defined from a social identity and self-categorization perspective and the processes underlying normative influence within groups.
Social Categorization and Conceptualization of Group Norms
While norms help regularize behavior within groups, what are the underlying processes through which normative influence occurs? In this section, I discuss the processes by which categorization of self as a member of a group and identification with such a group bring about perceptions of a shared reality within a group that helps regularize behavior and attitudes. In order to explore processes underlying normative influence within groups, I discuss the basic processes of self-categorization and identification as a group member as outlined in social identity theory and self-categorization theory in detail. According to social identity theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979), we derive aspects of our self-concept from the groups that we belong to (i.e., we derive self-definition from our group memberships). Moreover, within social categories, the ways in which group members define the self is shared psychologically among members, such that aspects of the self-concept are derived from the defining attributes of the social category. One of the reasons we join groups according to social identity theory is because they provide us with a sense of who we are relative to who they are. Groups strive to maintain positive intergroup distinctiveness (i.e., belonging to groups gives individuals a distinct sense of identity by helping group members differentiate their social identities from those of other groups); groups also satisfy a need for positive esteem as one's own group is viewed as better and more correct in the worldview shared by the group relative to other groups (Abrams & Hogg, 1988).
Self-categorization theory (Turner et al., 1987) elaborates on the processes through which we rely on social identities to shape our sense of self. Self-categorization theory outlines the cognitive processes through which group members represent groups, such that the representation of the group that is shared by group members comes to characterize the norms of the group (Hogg & Reid, 2006). According to self-categorization theory, we make sense of a wide range of social stimuli by categorizing individuals into groups. We attend to information that cues category memberships, which then allow us to determine enough to either categorize others as fellow ingroup members or outgroup members. Examples of such cues are language spoken, accent, appearance, gender, race, age, etc. Considering that we have several different social identities, derived from different groups of which we are members, when a specific social identity is salient, we cease to view ourselves as distinct individuals; rather, we view ourselves through the lens of our salient group memberships and fashion a self in line with group attributes. Further, when we categorize others into social categories, we cease to view them as distinct individuals as well, and we view them through the lens of their group memberships. This process of viewing others and the self through the lens of group membership has been termed depersonalization. Thus, we not only stereotype others but we also stereotype ourselves in line with salient group attributes.
Depersonalization and viewing the self through the lens of one's group membership also means that we represent group attributes cognitively as prototypes—a fuzzy set that characterizes groups and emphasizes similarities within groups and differences between groups (e.g., for reviews, see Abrams & Hogg, 1990; Hogg, 2006). Thus, when a specific social identity is salient in our minds, we depersonalize our self and ingroup members in line with the prototype that characterizes that group. Prototypes do not represent the average position within the group; rather, they represent the group ideal. Moreover, prototypes work according to the metacontrast principle, such that they simultaneously capture similarities within groups, while maximizing differences between groups. Thus, by cognitively representing group attributes in terms of prototypes, group members can seek a clear definition of the self—one that is shared by members within groups, while clearly distinguishing one's identity from that of other groups. We depersonalize self and others and view them and ourselves as reflections of the group prototype; while the self and fellow group members are viewed as reflections of the ingroup prototype, outgroup members are viewed as reflections of the outgroup prototype.
Group norms in this sense are like prototypes (e.g., see Hogg & Reid, 2006), as group members represent group prototypes cognitively, which in turn shapes a shared view of social reality within groups. The prototype of the group when shared by group members can be understood as the norms that characterize the group (Hogg & Reid, 2006). This sharing of a consensual view of the world within groups drives normative influence as thoughts, feelings, and behavior within the group are regularized in line with the normative standards of the ingroup. In other words, normative influence is viewed as stemming from within individuals as opposed to an out-there process; as self-definition is derived from group memberships, the values and attributes of the group become internal guides for the self as a group member; this is especially true for individuals who identify strongly with the group and seek the group for self-definition (Turner, 1991). The processes underlying normative influence within groups as stemming from internal cognitive change rather than mere external compliance are outlined by referent informational influence theory (Abrams & Hogg, 1990; Hogg & Turner, 1987; Turner, 1982; Turner & Oakes, 1989). Ingroup norms do not influence our behavior and attitudes through external pressure; rather, we represent cognitively the attributes of groups we identify with and infer normative attitudes and behavior from ingroup prototypes that create a shared pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. Thus, according to this approach, once individuals categorize themselves as members of a group and identify with that group, normative influence occurs through the regularization of attitudes, feelings, and behavior. Individuals do not comply with group norms because they are expected to follow the group's prescriptions; instead, they act in accordance with norms by representing normative standards cognitively.
While group norms serve as guides that shape ingroup members' attitudes and behavior, how do individuals in groups come to learn about normative information? In the next section, I discuss how group members learn of normative standards that characterize the group and how normative information is promulgated within groups.
Norm Talk and Clarification of Ingroup Norms
One of the foremost ways in which people learn of norms within groups is through the observation of fellow group members' behaviors—the content of their communications, the way they behave, and how they treat ingroup and outgroup members. A first step to relying on group members as normative guides, however, is to categorize self and others as ingroup members. In other words, we can only use others as appropriate guides for social behavior when a specific group identity and prototype are salient in our minds, and we categorize others as prototypically similar and thus as ingroup members. Thus, we rely on prototypically similar others for normative information in a particular social context while seeking to be distinct from the outgroup.
Reicher (1984, 2001) in his analysis of crowd behavior demonstrated how group members come to learn of normative behavior in contexts where group norms change quickly and spontaneously, such as in crowd situations. Reicher maintains that crowds do not behave in haphazard or chaotic ways, as it might appear to outsiders; instead, behavior within crowds is motivated by a clear ideology and is normative for individuals within the crowd who now identify as members of that specific group, as distinct from another group typically at the receiving end of the crowd's actions. Thus, crowd behavior in this account is viewed as being driven by the basic process of social categorization of self and prototypically similar others as members of the crowd and antagonistic others as members of the outgroup. Self-categorization and identification with the group that now comprises the crowd sets limits for behavior that is considered normative and non-normative of the ingroup. Behavior that is consistent with the norms and attributes of the group and within the boundaries of identification with that specific group are carried out and displayed by crowd members. Reicher states that these social limits to behavior within groups are important in trying to understand how individuals behave in crowds. These limits of who we are versus who they are also help establish the normative limits of crowd behavior, and behavior that fits with ingroup attributes spreads and becomes ingroup normative.
In this analysis, Reicher (1984, 2001) mentions that the information communicated by prototypical members and the behavior they demonstrate serve as important guides for what is normative in the given context, and it is through the process of norm inference from what typical members say and do that the normative standards characterizing the ingroup are understood. Moreover, not all behaviors by ingroup members will be considered normative in the context of crowd behavior according to Reicher; rather, those behaviors that are viewed as a fit with the attributes of the group and the group's position will be considered normative and are more likely to spread through the group as normative behavior. Moreover, this analysis also shows that leaders emerge within such groups as respected members within the crowd, and they play an important role in promulgating norms within the group. Thus, as group members infer normative ingroup standards within the social limits of group boundaries, clear boundaries regarding us versus them are established. This helps create a distinct identity within the group contributing to intragroup cohesion and mobilization against the outgroup.
Other research has shown that normative ways of being within groups can emerge as group members interact through discussion, negotiation, and contestation of group identity (e.g., see Reicher, 1996). Through this process, behavioral consistencies emerge and become regularized, and groups converge toward prototypical attributes and normative behaviors. In a study conducted within the context of computer-mediated communication (Postmes, Spears, & Lea, 2000), interaction and communication within groups among individuals who had clustered into common categories through the course of an online statistics class were examined over a period of time. Interaction within these categories resulted in communication consistencies emerging; ways of communicating that were typical of the group became amplified over time; and the groups converged toward normative ways of communicating. Thus, over time, as communication norms within the group emerged, members conformed to such norms to a greater extent, and prototypical ways of communicating and behaving within groups emerged, thereby regularizing patterns of behavior. Moreover, results of this study indicated that intragroup communication converged toward prototypicality of content (information regarding group attributes—for instance, we are the humorous group) rather than prototypicality of form (use of specific symbols like question marks). This indicates, according to the authors, that such regularization in communication and behavioral patterns within groups serves the important function of clarifying social identities and clearly indicating the nature of one's group. Thus, normative convergence within groups is not simply a random process such that groups regularize toward behavioral patterns without a specific purpose; rather, it appears that normative convergence serves the important goal of clarifying group attributes and social identities.
Within-group norm talk can also serve to clarify ingroup norms and the prototype, and thereby clarify group attributes and what the group stands for. Such talk aimed at clarification of ingroup normative standards should be especially likely when one's ingroup members behave in ways that violate ingroup prescriptive norms. Categorization of others as ingroup members and depersonalizing them in line with the ingroup prototype creates an expectation that they will act in ingroup normative ways; however, not all members within groups occupy similar positions relative to the prototype. While some members hold more prototypical positions within groups, others are less prototypical and behave in ways that violate ingroup prescriptive norms.
Such marginal members deviate from the normatively prescribed position by holding attitudes and behaving in ways that go against the norms prescribed within the group; such marginal members raise questions about the subjective validity of ingroup norms (Frings & Abrams, 2010). Given that marginal members by virtue of being ingroup members are expected to think, feel, and behave in normatively consistent ways, when they deviate from ingroup prescriptive norms, it brings into question the correctness of ingroup views and normative ways of thinking about the world. A key motive for seeking group memberships, as already mentioned, is a need for positive esteem, and group members in their quest for a positive social identity wish to be better and more correct in their views relative to other groups. Thus, when one's own group members behave in ways that call the subjective validity of ingroup norms into question, normative group members should question the norm-violating behavior of fellow marginal ingroup members.
In such conditions, Frings and Abrams (2010) have found that non-marginal members of the group direct difference-oriented communication (DOC) toward marginal ingroup members. DOC is communication that is aimed at differentiating the ingroup normative position from the anti-normative stance held by marginal members, with the aim of establishing the subjective validity of ingroup norms. Such communication helps group members clarify and validate ingroup attributes and normative ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving within the group, while helping to indicate to the self and other normative ingroup members the extent of non-normativeness of the marginal member's position. Frings and Abrams have found that such DOC can take the form of persuading marginal members to take a more normative stance, questioning marginal members regarding their non-normative stances, and even coercing and insulting marginal members with the threat of exclusion from the ingroup. Thus, as the discussion indicates, there are several ways in which group members come to learn about norms, clarify ingroup norms, and converge toward a normative position. In the next section, I discuss the role that more prototypical members such as leaders play in shaping and promulgating ingroup normative information.
Ingroup Prototypes and the Role of Leaders
As mentioned, one of the primary ways in which group members learn about normative information within groups is by attending to norm talk or communication from group members who occupy influential and prototypical positions within the group or, in other words, embody the ingroup prototype. Within groups, individuals occupy different positions relative to the prototype—while some individuals are viewed as closer to the prototypical position because they embody prototypical group attributes, others are viewed as less prototypical because they deviate from the prototypical or normative position within groups. While attending to information from prototypical members helps group members learn about normative information, communication aimed at differentiating prototypical from non-prototypical members serves to clarify the prototype and group norms.
When we talk of prototypical ingroup members, leaders within groups come to mind (e.g., Fielding & Hogg, 1997; Reicher & Hopkins, 2003). According to the social identity theory of leadership (Hogg, 2001; Hogg & van Knippenberg, 2003), leaders wield influence in groups as they embody the ingroup prototype—that is, they are typically the most ideal members of the group, they represent the group attributes, and hold positions that maximize differences between groups and minimize differences within the group. Thus, leaders who embody prototypical attributes and are considered prototypical of the group should be viewed as effective leaders, especially by followers who identify strongly with the group and for whom the group is essential to self-definition (Hains, Hogg, & Duck, 1997). Prototypical leaders thus help to embody the attributes of the group, maintain the distinctiveness of identities, and serve as guides to what the group stands for.
Given the extent of influence leaders can wield based on the position they occupy in groups, leaders within groups have been termed entrepreneurs of identity (Reicher & Hopkins, 2003) or prototypicality managers (Hogg & van Knippenberg, 2003). In this role, they help fashion distinct identities by clearly specifying who we are relative to an outgroup, while giving the group a clear identity to define the self with. Thus, when group membership is salient, such prototypical members should become especially attractive and stand out against the background of the group. In this sense, prototypical members in salient groups are given leeway to shape, communicate, and promulgate information regarding the group prototype. As we have discussed, by shaping a prototype that is shared by the group members, leaders can wield normative influence, as the shared prototype shapes consensual reality within the group and regularizes attitudes and behaviors of group members.
Knowing that their influence in a group stems from the position they occupy within the group, leaders, at times, might choose to emphasize their prototypicality in order to wield greater normative influence over followers. One way in which leaders do this is through rhetoric and talk that emphasize intergroup boundaries and intergroup distinctiveness, while pillorying ingroup deviants who move closer to outgroup positions (see e.g., Hogg, 2005; Reicher & Hopkins, 2003). Leaders might choose to reshape the ingroup prototype by defining its inclusivity, such that subgroups deemed as not fitting within this prototype are considered exclusive of the ingroup prototype or as less prototypical and marginal (Reicher, Hopkins, Levine, & Rath, 2005). This strategy should help leaders frame the ingroup prototype with rhetoric that emphasizes their own prototypicality within the group, helping them gain greater ability to influence followers within the group. Further, with the aim of fashioning a clear and distinct social identity for the group, a narrative of hatred and demonization toward a carefully chosen outgroup might be chosen by leaders (Haller & Hogg, 2014; Hogg, 2005; Reicher et al., 2005). While this helps to fashion a clear and distinct ingroup prototype embodied by the leader, it also mobilizes followers and increases support for the leader's position, as well as their normative influence within the group.
Leaders who are prototypical and thus embody group attributes are also given more leeway in changing group norms, to be innovative, and move the group in new directions (Fielding & Hogg, 1997). Leaders compared to less prototypical group members are given greater leeway to bring about normative changes and engineer social change. Research by Seyranian (2014) indicates that communication tactics used by leaders can play an important role in bringing about change, as leaders frame a new or alternative social identity for the group. According to social identity framing theory (Seyranian, 2013; Seyranian & Bligh, 2008), leaders fashion social change in three steps. First, through social identity unfreezing, they highlight problems, issues, and uncertainties facing the group while also emphasizing the negative consequences that are likely to occur if changes are not made. This should make ingroup membership salient in followers' minds, as they now pay attention to the problems that plague the ingroup as a whole. In order to be trusted as engineers of change, leaders then rely on inclusive ingroup language (e.g., we) while emphasizing ingroup similarity in order to shape a vision of a collective that strives together toward a new reality. At this stage, leaders also highlight their own prototypicality within the group; they might do so by emphasizing their similarity to group members while clearly delineating group boundaries and identifying dissenters and marginal voices within the group (e.g., see Hogg, 2005) that go against their vision of change. Once existing ways have been challenged by the leader, in the next two stages of social identity moving and social identity freezing, the leader fashions new norms, attributes, and ways of thinking and behaving for the group that challenge old ways of being. This helps leaders reframe the content of the prototype and bring about normative change within the group.
Thus, while leaders can play an important role in shaping social identity and ingroup prototypes, norms, and group attributes, in the next section, I examine norm and prototype shifts that occur within groups as they aim to maintain intergroup distinctiveness from an outgroup. Thus, other than the norm shifts that are initiated by leaders, ingroup norms can also shift and polarize to positions that are far removed from those of the outgroup in order to maintain distinctiveness.
Norms and Intergroup Boundaries
As discussed, ingroup prototypes and norms do not stay static; rather, they can be understood as being fluid and changing in response to shifts in the intergroup context. Depending on the intergroup context that is salient, the prototype of the group shifts away from the outgroup with the goal of maintaining intergroup distinctiveness from the outgroup (e.g., Abrams & Hogg, 1990). Considering that the prototype of the group operates according to the metacontrast principle, depending on the intergroup context, the prototypical position changes in order to maximize the differences between groups and minimize differences within groups. Thus, who we are shifts on the basis of the intergroup context and who they are, and in order to gain ingroup normative information, attention needs to be paid to both intragroup and intergroup communication. Who we are is always defined in the context of who we are not.
Thus, depending on the intergroup context that is salient at a given time, the normative ingroup position, represented by the prototype, polarizes away from the position of the outgroup in order to maintain intergroup distinctiveness and the clarity of intergroup boundaries. David and Turner (1999) discuss the effect that categorization of others as either ingroup members or outgroup members can have on intergroup boundaries and the ingroup prototype. Using different types of feminists as an example, they state that when moderate feminists are confronted with separatist feminists, moderate feminists are likely to view separatist feminists as members of the outgroup, as they are seen as adopting a different approach from their own. However, when the broader societal context is considered, when feminists are exposed to sexist messages in advertising and antiabortion messages, for instance, separatist feminists should now be categorized as fellow ingroup members and even prototypical feminist members. As separatist feminists are seen as holding views that help fashion a distinct and clear identity that separates the group of feminists from broader society, they should be considered prototypical. The ingroup norm, in such conditions, shifts in a direction that is far removed and displaced away from the position held by outgroup members; in other words, the group polarizes away from the outgroup position (Hogg, Turner, & Davidson, 1990; Turner, Wetherell, & Hogg, 1989; Abrams & Hogg, 1990). Shifting intergroup contexts, where the prototype of the group shifts per the intergroup context of comparison, can impact ingroup norms and who has greater normative influence within the group.
In a similar vein, Giles (2012) discusses the importance of the intergroup context in shaping ingroup norms and how groups' vigilance toward challenges to intergroup distinctiveness leads them to adopt changes to normative group practices. Using the example of social mobility between groups, Giles explains that when members of subordinate groups aim to move into dominant groups in an intergroup context, they do so by adopting and accommodating to the communicative practices and markers of the dominant group, with the aim of appearing to be a real member of the dominant group. While members of subordinate groups seek upward mobility by accommodating to the communicative practices of dominant groups, members of dominant groups might also adopt the communicative habits of subordinate groups, especially habits that are prized by subordinate groups. Although such accommodation in the form of gravitating toward the accent, language, and specific communicative patterns used by members of outgroups aids mobility across group boundaries, it also threatens the distinctiveness of intergroup boundaries.
Given that groups seek to maintain positive intergroup distinctiveness in intergroup contexts, such threats to the distinctiveness of group boundaries lead dominant group members to engage in practices aimed at changing their communicative habits and practices in order to maintain distinctiveness from subordinate group members (Giles, 2012). That is, members of dominant groups might choose to alter ways of behaving, speaking, or symbols of their identity in order to maintain separateness from subordinate groups to reinstate the distinctiveness of intergroup boundaries. Moreover, subordinate group members whose practices are adopted by dominant groups might view the adoption of practices that represent their group as an appropriation of their cultural symbols and identity, leading to efforts to preserve their identity and maintain distinctiveness from dominant outgroups. Thus, the intergroup context is pertinent for understanding how groups shape and shift social identities and are defined.
In this chapter, a social identity analysis has been presented on the communication of norms, norm changes within groups, and the impact that intergroup contexts can have on norms within groups. This analysis helps us understand how group members come to learn and seek clarification of ingroup norms, who to look to within groups for such information, and how intergroup contexts can shape within-group norms. The concept of norm talk or within-group communication that captures the exchange of information regarding group attributes and normative practices was discussed. Such norm talk can take the form of conveying normative information through prototypical behaviors that define the group, communicative practices that signify group attributes, and promulgation of normative information by influential ingroup members such as leaders. By attending to such norm talk, group members can gain vital information that informs them about prototypical ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving within the group.
Discussion of the Literature
In this chapter, the processes through which normative standards within the group are communicated are explored by examining the concept of norm talk. Previous research that addresses the processes that underlie norm formation, shifts, and communication has been reviewed; however, the specific processes underlying norm formation, norm change, and norm promulgation within groups deserve further attention. It is through these processes that group attributes such as thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that shape the social identities of individuals come to be consensually shared within groups.
The role played by ingroup sources with differential levels of influence forms an important aspect of the literature on normative influence within groups. As group members differ in the positions they hold within the group relative to the ingroup prototype, they have differential levels of influence in shaping and informing group members of what is normative within the group (e.g., Hogg & Reid, 2006). Thus, group members who are more prototypical within the group and embody the group's attributes have more influence than members who occupy positions on the margins and are less prototypical of the group. Research within the social identity theory of leadership (e.g., Hogg & van Knippenberg, 2003) discusses the influence leaders have within groups and the extent to which this influence stems from their occupation of the prototypical position within groups. The influence leaders have on ingroup norms and the prototype has also been explored with regard to the extent to which leaders are given the leeway to bring about social change, and an important aspect of such change can be understood as shifts in the norms of the group (e.g., Seyranian, 2012, 2014; Seyranian & Bligh, 2008). Meanwhile, in contrast to influential ingroup sources, the role that marginal or less prototypical members play within groups has been explored in detail in research on the subjective group dynamics model (e.g., Abrams, Marques, Bown, & Dougill, 2002; Abrams, Marques, Bown, & Henson, 2000; Marques, Abrams, & Serôdio, 2001). Less prototypical members wield lower levels of normative influence relative to prototypical members within the group. Such members, because of their deviation from the prescriptive norms of the group, typically have lower influence in shaping and changing ingroup norms.
Future research could build on existing work on differential influence that members have within groups to further explore the processes by which prototypical and non-prototypical members aim to bring about shifts in ingroup norms. In a similar vein, the ways in which norm talk within groups shapes intergroup attitudes and behavior when competitive or conflicting outgroups are present could be further explored. In such instances, norm talk by prototypical ingroup sources (for instance, by leaders and the media) could be examined further in light of the impact it has on intergroup relations and intragroup attitudes and behavior. Moreover, the concept of norm talk or the communication of normative information in small and large groups deserves further attention. The specific differences in norm talk by ingroup members who occupy different positions relative to the prototype could be studied, for example. Further, the processes through which media sources engage in norm talk, with the aim of informing group members of group-relevant information, constitute an interesting avenue to explore in future research.
Further Reading
Hogg, M. A., & Giles, H. (2012). Norm talk and identity in intergroup communication. In H. Giles (Ed.), The handbook of intergroup communication (pp. 373–388). New York: Routledge.Find this resource:
Hogg, M. A., & Reid, S. A. (2006). Social identity, self-categorization, and the communication of group norms. Communication Theory, 16, 7–30.Find this resource:
Abrams, D., & Hogg, M. A. (1988). Comments on the motivational status of self‐esteem in social identity and intergroup discrimination. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18, 317–334.Find this resource:
Abrams, D., & Hogg, M. A. (1990). Social identification, self-categorization and social influence. European Review of Social Psychology, 1, 195–228.Find this resource:
Abrams, D., & Hogg, M. A. (2010). Social identity and self-categorization. In J. F. Dovidio, M. Hewstone, P. Glick, & V. M. Esses (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination (pp. 179–193). London: SAGE.Find this resource:
Abrams, D., Marques, J. M., Bown, N. J., & Dougill, M. (2002). Anti-norm and pro-norm deviance in the bank and on the campus: Two experiments on subjective group dynamics. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 5, 163–182.Find this resource:
Abrams, D., Marques, J. M., Bown, N. J., & Henson, M. (2000). Pro-norm and anti-norm deviance within and between groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 906–912.Find this resource:
David, B., & Turner, J. C. (1999). Studies in self‐categorization and minority conversion: The ingroup minority in intragroup and intergroup contexts. British Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 115–134.Find this resource:
Fielding, K. S., & Hogg, M. A. (1997). Social identity, self- categorization, and leadership: A field study of small interactive groups. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 1, 39–51.Find this resource:
Frings, D., & Abrams, D. (2010). The effect of difference oriented communication on the subjective validity of an in-group norm: DOC can treat the group. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 14, 281–291.Find this resource:
Giles, H. (2012). Principles of intergroup communication. In H. Giles (Ed.), The handbook of intergroup communication (pp. 3–16). New York: Routledge.Find this resource:
Hains, S. C., Hogg, M. A., & Duck, J. M. (1997). Self-categorization and leadership: Effects of group prototypicality and leader stereotypicality. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 1087–1099.Find this resource:
Haller, J. J., & Hogg, M. A. (2014). All power to our great leader: Political leadership under uncertainty. In J.-W. van Prooijen & P. A. M. van Lange (Eds.), Power, politics, and paranoia: Why people are suspicious of their leaders (pp. 130–149). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Find this resource:
Harwood, J. (1999). Age identification, social identity gratifications, and television viewing. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 43, 123–136.Find this resource:
Hogg, M. A. (2001). A social identity theory of leadership. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5, 184–200.Find this resource:
Hogg, M. A. (2005). Social identity and misuse of power: The dark side of leadership. Brooklyn Law Review, 70, 1239–1257.Find this resource:
Hogg, M. A. (2006). Social identity theory. In P. J. Burke (Ed.), Contemporary social psychological theories (pp. 111–136). Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.Find this resource:
Hogg, M. A., & Abrams, D. (1988). Social identifications: A social psychology of intergroup relations and group processes. London: Routledge.Find this resource:
Hogg, M. A., & Giles, H. (2012). Norm talk and identity in intergroup communication. In H. Giles (Ed.), The handbook of intergroup communication (pp. 373–388). New York: Routledge.Find this resource:
Hogg, M. A., & Reid, S. A. (2006). Social identity, self-categorization, and the communication of group norms. Communication Theory, 16, 7–30.Find this resource:
Hogg, M. A., & Tindale, R. S. (2005). Social identity, influence, and communication in small groups. In J. Harwood & H. Giles (Eds.), Intergroup communication: Multiple perspectives (pp. 141–164). New York: Peter Lang.Find this resource:
Hogg, M. A., & Turner, J. C. (1987). Social identity and conformity: A theory of referent informational influence. In W. Doise & S. Moscovici (Eds.), Current issues in European social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 139–182). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Find this resource:
Hogg, M. A., Turner, J. C., & Davidson, B. (1990). Polarized norms and social frames of reference: A test of the self-categorization theory of group polarization. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 11, 77–100.Find this resource:
Hogg, M. A., & van Knippenberg, D. (2003). Social identity and leadership processes in groups. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 35, pp. 1–52). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Find this resource:
Marques, J. M., Abrams, D., & Serôdio, R. G. (2001). Being better by being right: Subjective group dynamics and derogation of in-group deviants when generic norms are undermined. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 436–447.Find this resource:
Postmes, T., Spears, R., & Lea, M. (2000). The formation of group norms in computer-mediated communication. Human Communication Research, 26, 341–371.Find this resource:
Reicher, S. D. (1984). The St. Pauls' riot: An explanation of the limits of crowd action in terms of a social identity model. European Journal of Social Psychology, 14, 1–21.Find this resource:
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Reicher, S. (2001). The psychology of crowd dynamics. In M. A. Hogg & R. S. Tindale (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Group processes (pp. 182–208). Oxford: Blackwell.Find this resource:
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Reicher, S., & Hopkins, N. (2003). On the science of the art of leadership. In D. van Knippenberg & M. A. Hogg (Eds.), Leadership and power: Identity processes in groups and organizations (pp. 197–209). London: SAGE.Find this resource:
Reicher, S., Hopkins, N., Levine, M., & Rath, R. (2005). Entrepreneurs of hate and entrepreneurs of solidarity: Social identity as a basis for mass communication. International Review of the Red Cross, 87, 621–637.Find this resource:
Seyranian, V. (2012). Constructing extremism: Uncertainty provocation and reduction by leaders. In M. A. Hogg, & D. L. Blaylock (Eds.), Extremism and the psychology of uncertainty (pp. 19–35). Boston: Wiley-Blackwell.Find this resource:
Seyranian, V. (2013). Social identity framing: A strategy of social influence for social change. In R. E. Riggio, & S. J. Tan (Eds.), Leader interpersonal and influence skills: The soft skills of leadership (pp. 207–242). New York: Taylor and Francis.Find this resource:
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Turner, J. C., Wetherell, M. S., & Hogg, M. A. (1989). Referent informational influence and group polarization. British Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 135–147.Find this resource:


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Something I want to remember about the day: it was pouring down rain and I had a sick child at home...not my ideal conditions for a perfect day. And yet, everything about Plan B was PERFECT. I have too often let expectations get in the way of REALLY LIVING. Not this day! {God's been working on this heart-o-mine!}
My husband spoiled me with a most unexpected and lavish gift at the end of the day, but here's what I'll cherish most about my 36th birthday: the handmade gifts and cards that remind me I AM LOVED and CHERISHED!
From my sister,
an amazing artist whose creations always wow me.
From my youngest daughter,
whose love of giving gifts makes everyday feel like a birthday:
From my oldest daughter,
whose gifts of poetry and song writing astound me:
{I love that she called me a "homemama." It's my new favorite word!}
{My jaw dropped as I listened to her read this poem.
From my husband,
who has never been that into birthdays,
From my husband,
who has never been that into birthdays,
but made me feel like the most cherished woman on earth:
There's so much I'm still processing about that special day...about being loved THAT MUCH by both my family and my God...about the lavish gift my husband gave me...and the parallels to the lavish gift of GRACE my Heavenly Father gives me daily.
{Thank you, sweet husband, for taking the TIME to put your whole heart
into this priceless gift...and for helping me believe what is TRUE about me!}
Happy Friday, Sweet Readers!
P.S. One more handmade gift: from my favorite local chef, Randy Evans at Haven, who not only made a special gluten free chocolate dessert just for me, but also spoiled us with EVERY dessert on the menu! Talk about a DREAM! Thank you, Randy! And a huge thanks to Bryan for selecting the nicest bottle of Chateauneuf du Pape I've ever tasted! {Ask Bryan for wine help anytime!}
{The iPhone doesn't do Haven justice. If you haven't been,
it's TIME! I'll make it easy for you: 713.581.6101}

subset: commoncrawl


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I really think Kelly will be in the NFL very soon.
I really think Kelly will be in the NFL very soon.
Football changes and so do people. - Coach Paul "Bear" Bryant
I just read this - can anyone confirm if it is true?
When Coach Kelly first began coaching Oregon, they lost an important game to Boise State. An angry fan wrote Coach Kelly demanding a refund for the game ticket he bought. Coach mailed him a check for the exact amount. The fan never cashed the check.
It's a great story - I hope it's true....
Link: http://seattletimes.com/html/budwith...withers23.html It even mentions an Alabama fan's response.
Pronounced as or-e-bama not Obama.
Or Chris, if you prefer. :)


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|Yessy Home > Not Found
| Your Account Help
Page cannot be foundDescription: HTTP 404. The resource you are looking for (or one of its dependencies) could have been removed, had its name changed, or is temporarily unavailable. Please review the following URL and make sure that it is spelled correctly.
Requested Url: /brycefgabriel/gallery.html?i=8473
| Yessy Home Buy Art Sell Art Search Your Account Affiliate Program Help


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Moody Radio started broadcasting in the Quad Cities in 1960 between Coal Valley and Orion, Ill. The station was granted the call letters WDLM after D.L. Moody, the founder of Moody Bible Institute. Moody Radio continues to be a leading source of Christian talk, featuring a dynamic mix of programming including Bible teaching, news, call-in programs and music. Reaching a potential audience of over 500,000 people throughout southeast Iowa and northwest Illinois, WDLM is owned and operated by Moody Bible Institute in Chicago, Ill., and was the third Moody station to hit the airwaves.
To serve our community, we air programs that proclaim the Word of God in a way that helps people take the next step with the Lord Jesus Christ. Those programs include local programs like
Ken and Deb in the Morning
and national programs such as Today in the Word, Equipped with Chris Brooks, Chris Fabry Live, In the Market with Janet Parshall, Music Thru The Night and
Moody Presents. We also air some of the best in Bible teaching from well known speakers like Tony Evans, Erwin Lutzer, James MacDonald, John MacArthur, Chip Ingram, David Jeremiah, Alistair Begg, Chuck Swindoll and James Ford, Jr. Moody Radio programming is available in many forms including Android and
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Moody Radio produces and delivers compelling programming filled with solid biblical insight and creative expressions of faith that helps you take the next step in your relationship with Christ. We desire to be the place where you turn—for truth, direction and hope. Through the power of the Word, you will hear and experience more of the life God intends for you in every moment, in every situation.
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It may be small, but a shopper's little umbrella comes in handy for a mid-morning shower Saturday at Art in the Park. Some vendors got a boon from unprepared treasure hunters taking refuge under their tents during the heaviest part of the deluge. As the sun came out, soggy but undeterred shoppers joined with newcomers to swell sidewalks and pathways between about 130 vendors who turned out for the annual event.
Quarterback Chase Stringer pitches the ball to Jack Schneider. The pair combined for most of Marion's rushing yards Friday against Sedgwick.
Junior Christian Becker slides pennies into his open palm while counting change donated to the Red Cross for hurricane relief by Marion High School students.
At the lung station, senior Cody Svoboda showed students what a healthy lung looks like and then what a diseased lung looks like. It was something several children remembered as they left the exhibit.
Email: | Also visit: Hillsboro Star-Journal and Peabody Gazette-Bulletin | © 2017 Hoch Publishing


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when im there ill draw, if u guys come more... pls INSPIRE ME!
when im there ill draw, if u guys come more... pls INSPIRE ME!
Sketchbook: http://conceptart.org/forums/showthr...t=70895&page=3
Art Blog: http://www.beyesart.blogspot.com
I don't get how it works.
Went in there before and the whole canvas was already filled up with drawings (awesome ones). o.0
What's up with that? Does everything stay in there forever?
Feel free to ask whats ok to erase, or if noone is around, erase things. If you want to keep your drawings, use "/save", and in the dialog that comes up save as *.png. If you are not around anymore and didn't save your canvas, tough luck. Occasionally it can make sense to delete layers and create new ones.
Developed Actively by the makers of the Best Amazon Podcast


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Im 13 and I started when I was 12..
Best Answer
In my mid 30's when my relationship broke up and I met a guy who wanted me to shave, so I did and have since then, though only went with him for a couple of months
Best Answer
my husband asked me to do it for quite awhile. so on around my 21st b-day i finally did what i had been saying i would do. he helped.
Best Answer
I was fifteen.I started because I saw my mother doing it
Best Answer
you assume all people do - not all women do this.
Best Answer
i find it odd that its the IT thing to do.
Best Answer
29 but I always kept it trimmed before then
Best Answer
At 20 a little trim, mine is very soft like fur.
Best Answer
Related Questions
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|Trad, 1 pitch, 50'
|YDS: 5.7 French: 5a Ewbanks: 15 UIAA: V+ ZA: 13 British: MVS 4b [details]
|Tristan Higbee, March 2008
|New Route:
|Page Views:
|Submitted By:
|Tristan Higbee on Mar 28, 2008
|Comments on Straight Flush
|Add Comment
|Show which comments —
By Tristan Higbee
From: Ogden, UT
Mar 28, 2008
|I used purple, green, and red BD Camalots to protect the route to the bolt. Maybe a yellow one, too. This climb is nothing spectacular but it's pretty fun. You don't really need to jam--there are enough face holds.
By Brody Smith
Apr 8, 2015
|This route is great to practice early Trad climbing skills. The gear is easy enough to place and the moves are easy enough as well. The POSITIVE thing to this route is that it is a short distance so the mental commitment to the route is low, the bolt is only about 20ish feet of the ground and has the most easy clipping position in the world, also there is a fun little roof you kinda of just poke your head through, get your ground hog on and climb this.


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ST KILDA SAINTS 2016 PLAYER ISSUE CLASH GUERNSEY - UNSIGNED - Jack Steven #3Now is the time to act if you want a piece of the Saints player issue Guernseys!
1. To bid on an item you must register by creating a St Kilda Saints account.
2. To bid you must verify your St Kilda Saints account via SMS. (You will be asked to provide your mobile phone number when creating your account).
3. Once you have verified your account via SMS, and are logged in, you can commence bidding.
4. Please be sure to read the complete General Auction Terms and Conditions.


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Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative brain disorder that results in memory loss and impaired thinking! Any Suggestions here?
Most of us will slow down a bit, physically and mentally, as we get older ' but there's a Is there a background of senile dementia or Alzheimer's disease? People with senile dementia often forget how to do simple learned tasks that have Spend time talking with them about the things they do remember, and don't take it Source:http://www.ehow.com/how_7379_recognize-signs-senile.html
We all forget things once in a while, but Alzheimer disease, a condition older adults can get, How Do People Know They Have It? What Will the Doctor Do? Chemical messengers, called neurotransmitters (say: nur-oh-trans-mih-terz), allow
Dementia affects your ability to think,speak reason,& remember.Alzheimer's disease is a common cause of dementia. Source:http://www.chacha.com/question/what-is-that-disease-called-that-old-people-get-that-makes-them-forget-easily
A brain fart (jocularly derived from "brainstorm") is slang for a special kind of abnormal brain activity which makes us commonly forget stuff. Source:http://www.chacha.com/question/what-is-it-called-when-your-forget-stuff
Not Med Advice: Alzheimer disease affects older people and causes them to forget things. It is a disease of the brain characterized by impairment of memory. ASK Source:http://www.kgbanswers.com/what-is-the-name-of-the-disease-that-makes-u-forget-stuff/4054723
What's it called when you work people's tissues (for disease and stuff)? Is it called pathology – as in you have to in a lab and diagnose go to medical school and then special
No one is going to be able to give you a definitive answer! I found a couple links below that provide a few clues! One shows the average GPA of those who were accepted and the other has a long text that talks about various attributes of newly accepted cadets! On the surface, I would say your case doesnt look great, but I cant compare that to others! You also have enough spelling and grammar errors that I wonder how well you can do on the standardized tests and how well you can expect to do in school! If these are problems caused by you simply not knowing correct grammar and spelling, that isnt good! If they are caused by you not caring if you spelled words correctly that is worse! Check out the links below and good luck!
As we get older, all parts of our bodies weaken, including memory. It's called life! Persons who suffer from 'Alzheimers disease' mostly forget what they did
Spamer is not welcome,every link should be moderated.


text:
i'll be 9wks sunday, for the past few days i've been having a problem. i get shake], lightheaded[dizzy], and see spots[like you do when you stand up to quickly], and feel like i'm going to faint. is it normal? i didn't have this problem when i was pregnant with my son. my next apt is the 26th, if i keep feeling like this should i see if i can get in sooner or go to the er?
I have that and have my whole life but more so when pregnant, mines cause by low iron but im not sure if thats the only thing that could cause it in other people.
Maybe low blood sugar? Happened to me a lot in the beginning of my pregnancy. I almost passed out while cooking one night a few weeks ago too. Just gotta make sure you're eating regularly, and don't stand up too quickly.
I have been told that those symptoms could be signs of pre-eclampsia. I had pre-e with my first pregnancy, but have been fine with my current one. However, those types of signs usually don't present themselves until late 2nd trimester or beginning 3rd trimester. You may want to call your doctor. They may want to see you. Expecially if you could be low in iron.
It could be anemia, which is low iron and usually can be rectified with iron supplements daily, or you could also have hypoglocimia(sp), which is where your sugar drops too low and you get faint or dizzy because you've gone too long without eating. If it is hypoglocimia then I would avoid anything with large amounts of sugar because it will make your sugar drop faster when your body is done processing the food.
I would call your OBs office and speak with the nurse. They may have you come in sooner to see what is causing your problems.
thanks for the advice ladies. i'm going to call and see what the recommend i do.
My old DR checked me for that he made mention of Pre-e because of my size but I have not had any issues since I think it was just stress and a few hiccups with my blood pressure & I also have low iron, dont panic to much you will be fine :D


text:
Or the Castro, whichever.
From the year 1924, Number 798 is the last of its kind.
Via Troy Holden:
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Tags:1924, 798, association, bus, chrsitmas, flickr, holiday, Line, market, Muni, north pole, railway, street, streetcar, Troy Holden Posted in transit | 1 Comment »
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text:
Facebook: on.fb.me Twitter: twitter.com I have filmed a very rare Bugatti Veyron Centenaire Edition. Video shows first an acceleration through the Monaco F1 tunnel, and then some night details infronf of the Grimaldi Forum. The Centenaire edition is an homage to the golden age of motorsport in the first half of the last century. Each of the four finishes available symbolises one of the great European racing nations of the 1920s. In this case, blue symbolises France. Technical data - Bugatti Veyron EB 16.4 Centenaire Edition Engine - quad-turbo 8.0L W16 with 1001hp / 1250nm Performance - 0-100 km/h (0-60 mph) acceleration in 2.4s, top speed 408km/h (253mph) Curb weight - 1888 kg Price - 1,35m € + VAT and limited to 4 units Marchettino Facebook page: www.facebook.com Marchettino Twitter page: twitter.com
bugatti, veyron, sound, exhaust, note, engine, W16, fast, acceleration, full, throttle, accelerating, flooring, it, accelerate, bugatti veyron sound, speed, record, drive, sprint, driving, world, fastest, car, supercar, take, off, bugatti veyron accelerat


text:
Investors uneasy after Steve Jobs resigns
Apple shares fell 6 percent in after-hours trading tonight following Steve Jobs' stunning and unexpected resignation. Apple's board named COO Tim Cook, who has been running the company for about eight months, as Jobs' successor.
Apple shares were down more than $20 after-hours. Before the resignation announcement, Apple shares closed up slightly -- $373.60, off the opening of $373.46. The real question: How will investors react tomorrow when markets reopen for trading?
Steve Jobs resigns!
In a stunning and unexpected event, Steve Jobs resigned as Apple's chief executive today. The board has named Jobs Chairman and Tim Cook new CEO.
Apple released this letter from Jobs:
Apple needs Jony Ive more than it does Steve Jobs
There has been lots of recent speculation about whether Apple can go on without its CEO should he not return from medical leave. Steve Jobs may be visionary and iconic, but Jony Ive's value simply can't be overstated. Apple's vice president of industrial design has influenced most of the major hardware product designs since joining the company in 1996. I have long felt that Apple could more easily go on without Jobs than Ive, but never really had cause to state so until today, following a report from the Sunday Times of London that is spreading like wildfire across the InterWebs.
Ive is the creative genius behind designs for iPad, iPhone and iPod, which, combined, accounted for two thirds of Apple revenues during calendar fourth quarter. He takes credit for Macs, too -- aluminum PowerBook, iMac, Titanium PowerBook and unibody MacBook Pro. Ive is an indispensable employee -- like Chief Creative Officer John Lasseter is to Pixar -- someone Apple shouldn't want to lose. If the Times report is even marginally accurate, Ive and Apple are in a tuff over whether he works in Silicon Valley or his native United Kingdom. The outcome raises questions about his departure from Apple.
Apple celebrates Steve Jobs' birthday with dual- and quad-core MacBook Pros
Today, Apple finally brought MacBook Pro up to speed with Windows laptops. After skipping the last generation of i Core chips, Apple adopted new Intel "Sandy Bridge" processors for some MacBook Pro models. In a surprising, but rumored move, Apple swapped out nVidia graphics for integrated Intel and AMD graphics. Apple updated all three MacBook Pro lines -- 13.3-inch, 15.4-inch and 17-inch. Apple also introduced a new peripheral port called "Thunderbolt."
The new configurations represent hefty upgrades across the board -- for example, bumping up storage capacity in the entry level MacBook Pro from 250GB to 320GB and doubling the memory on some other models. However, in a disappointing move, Apple did not upgrade 13-inch models' display resolution from 1200 x 800 to match MacBook Air's 1366 x 768.
Steve Jobs' health is not a private matter
Sadly, I must reaffirm my position stated during Apple CEO Steve Jobs' last medical leave, in January 2009: His health situation isn't a private matter, and, frankly, it's even less so now. The seeming suddenness of Jobs' more recent medical leave, which this time is open-ended, raises reasonably disconcerting questions about how long he can continue as chief executive and whether Apple has in place an appropriate succession plan. I didn't expect to return to this topic again, and surely Macheads will beat me aside the head with snide and accusing comments or rebuttal blog posts. So be it.
As leader of a public company, Jobs has no inherent right to privacy where his ability to act as CEO is concerned. Jobs' share in Apple was, last time I checked, well below 5 percent. He isn't principal owner of Apple, tens of thousands of shareholders are. If not Jobs, then at least Apple's board of directors has a responsibility to appraise shareholders about such an iconic CEO's realistic ability to continue in the role. Right now, Jobs has essentially abdicated the responsibility for an undetermined amount of time. In a January 17 letter, Jobs explained that he had "asked [COO] Tim Cook to be responsible for all of Apple's day to day operations." Not some responsibility but all.
Apple's future without Steve Jobs won't be as bright
Today is an important, perhaps defining, day for Apple. As US stock markets open, investors will give their vote of confidence about the company's future. Yesterday, in a stunning and unexpected announcement, Apple CEO Steve Jobs took another medical leave, but this time with no set time period like the last one. "When, or perhaps that should be if ever, will Jobs return and what does it mean for Apple?" is question of the day. Later, after the stock market closes, Apple plans to announce holiday quarter earnings results.
"Strange they left it until a day that the stock markets are closed," observed Betanews reader Brian Butterworth. Commenter rrode74 made similar observation: I have zero doubt Apple announced this [yesterday] when US markets are closed. Apple manipulates even when Steve's health hangs in the balance. With the stock having climbed so high so fast, even with Steve it will hit a peak and come down. This could bring it down much faster." Apple opened at $327.05, or about 5 percent off the previous close.
Steve Jobs takes another medical leave from Apple
Two years ago this month, Apple CEO Steve Jobs left Apple for a six-month medical leave. Today, the company revealed that Jobs is going again, but for indeterminate time. The open-ended time period may unsettle some investors -- in a stock that has been high-flying for the better part of 18 months. Apple made the announcement during a US holiday, official observance of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday, and a day before announcing holiday quarter earnings.
Jobs had survived a rare form of pancreatic cancer that is curable; he revealed his cancer fight in mid-2004. But by summer 2008, Jobs' gaunt appearance caused a rash of rumors about his heath -- that and how little time he spent on stage during Apple events. Jobs caused another stir in December 2008 by announcing he wouldn't give the Macworld 2009 keynote. About a month later, when he announced the medical leave, health emerged as one, if not the major, reason.
What is Steve Jobs so afraid of?
There's a saying that the more you have, the more you fear losing it.
Apple's CEO made a surprise appearance during yesterday's fiscal 2010 fourth quarter earnings call. Jobs said he couldn't resist participating, given Apple's record $20.34 billion revenue. But he leveled most of his comments at competitors, and in quite defensive posture. Now why is that? Apple's iPhone blew past Wall Street estimates by as many as 3 million units. The iPad outsold Macs and, according to Gartner and IDC analysts, sucked sales away from Windows netbooks and low-cost notebooks. Apple controls the largest and most successful applications store on the planet. The company sits on a cash horde of more than $51 billion. Then there are the quarterly results, which topped consensus estimates by nearly $2 billion.
Jobs reignites cell phone OS openness debate, calls Android "smokescreen"
In a rare appearance in Apple's quarterly results call with financial analysts, CEO Steve Jobs briefly took over the call to take the offense in the cell phone debate which increasingly looks to be turning against the company. Some of his most pointed comments came over Google's claims that it is more open than iOS.
Google CEO Eric Schmidt recently referred to iOS as a closed platform, Jobs turned around and pointed out that no matter how open the code is itself, manufacturers and carriers still can choose to add their own proprietary code -- and even restrict certain features.
Steve Jobs shows little remorse about iPhone 4 Death Grip -- should he?
Yesterday, I recommended five things Apple should do during today's press conference about iPhone 4. Within hours of the post, Apple already had done two -- release a software update and informally deny that there would be an iPhone 4 recall.
During today's media event, Apple CEO Steve Jobs fully did two others: Offer free iPhone 4 cases and reveal number of iPhone 4 returns. For the other -- bringing out engineers -- Jobs instead personally discussed the engineering problems and showed that other phones display similar behavior, where human contact with certain areas of the phone can cause the signal bars to decline.
Sorry, Steve Jobs, search is happening on smartphones
Today, Compete put to shame Apple CEO Steve Jobs' ridiculous April assertion that "search is not happening on phones." According to the analyst firm, search is indeed happening on mobile phones, and, as I'll explain, it's one major reason why Android has a strategic competitive advantage over iPhone.
Compete announced release of its "Smartphone Intelligence" report, which I have requested copy (After I posted, a Compete spokesperson e-mailed that "we cannot send you the report." But Compete provided additional data that I later incorporated below). Compete asserts that during first quarter, Android and iPhone users discovered two or more new local businesses via search. The keyword is local.
Adobe to Steve Jobs: 'We love you'
Yeah, but will Apple's CEO love Adobe back?
The Adobe-Apple breakup has taken on strange tabloid-like qualities over the last 30 days or so. Quick someone call in the paparazzi, but first ask if they'll be editing those photos in Adobe Photoshop, Photoshop Lightroom or Apple Aperture. Today, Adobe cofounders Chuck Geschke and John Warnock responded to Jobs' Aptil 29 "Thoughts on Flash" memo with their own: "Our thoughts on open markets." Adobe is supporting the memo with a marketing campaign -- "We love Apple" ads and "Freedom of Choice" Website." Adobe's response is measured and embracing, subtly placing the blame for the breakup on Apple. In the court of public and developer opinion -- perhaps shareholders in both companies -- Adobe may prove the venerable of the two parties here.
Will Steve Jobs' 'Thoughts on Flash' put Apple in trouble with the Feds?
It's the question I'm asking after the New York Post reported that the "Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission are locked in negotiations over which of the watchdogs will begin an antitrust inquiry into Apple's new policy of requiring software developers who devise applications for devices such as the iPhone and iPad to use only Apple's programming tools."
Yeah, yeah, some people can scoff and, say, "It's just the Post!" But the New York Post was packaging gossip and jamming scoops long before Gawker publisher Nick Denton was in diapers. The Post claims that regulators "are days away from making a decision about which agency will launch the inquiry." At issue is Section 3.3.1 of Apple's developer agreement, which prohibits cross-platform technologies like Flash and Java. (See Scott Fulton's excellent analysis about the antitrust issues.)
Response to Jobs' remarks about Android porn: iPad 3G porn
Apple CEO Steve Jobs has made numerous disparaging remarks about Google's Android platform because of the availability of X-rated material on it, statements that obviously downplayed the ubiquity of pornography.
"You know, there's a porn store for Android," Jobs said. "You can download nothing but porn. You can download porn, your kids can download porn. That's a place we don't want to go -- so we're not going to go there."
Steve Jobs' 'Thoughts on Flash' is just smoke
Apple CEO Steve Jobs' "Thoughts on Flash" memo is a rare glimpse into the mind of the rarest breed: A high-tech, cult figure who isn't a geek. Apple posted the nearly 1,700-word essay earlier today, in response to the ongoing debate about Adobe Flash on iPhone OS devices. Or perhaps more directly: Adobe's April 20 announcement that it had abandoned Flash development for iPhone OS devices; primary focus is shifting to Android.
The Flash debate got ugly earlier this month after Apple announced iPhone OS 4 would not support the Adobe technology and made developer agreement changes that prohibited use of cross-platform tools that could enable rival platforms like Adobe's. Last week, Mike Chambers, Adobe's Flash platform Principal Product Manager for developer relations, sounded the retreat in a blog post.


text: Well, well, well… I never thought I'd be blogging about a super hhhot project like this from "the old country". (Yes, it's that hot, that it need's three 'h's to capture the sizzle!) If only I had known about this place when Husband and I stayed in Belgrade last year. You live and learn, huh? Alas, next time we'll be visiting fo sho! I am talking about Square Nine in Belgrade, Serbia's first world-class luxury hotel. Designed by Brazilian architect Isay Weinfeld, the hotel is housed in an old office building and took 5 years and $40M to transform from an ugly duckling into a beautiful swan. Set in the city's historic district across from Students Square (Studentski Trg) and within walking distance to historical landmarks, shops, restaurants and Kalemegdan, Square Nine is a showcase of sophisticated interiors, attention to detail, and impeccable service. "Conceived by the owner as a groundbreaking keystone in Belgrade's twenty first century renaissance, Square Nine brings a sumptuous, yet cozy, character to a city that's long been dominated by international chains detached from the city's identity and avant-garde, creative arts history." The vast lobby lounge is furnished with an impressive collection of vintage Danish modern furniture which took three years to amass. Here you will also find oversized antique globes, handwoven Serbian rugs, rosewood timber panelling with framed black-and-white photos which add a dose of nostalgia. Twenty-two containers of timber were shipped from Brazil, and took roughly six months to install and polish. The hotel has 45 rooms in total including 15 suites, each balancing sleek Brazilian Cumaru timber and Portuguese limestone with cozy touches and posh accessories, including cashmere blankets, Pratesi linens and Hermés toiletries. Yes please! [Images courtesy of Square Nine Hotel.] 12 Responses Emma March 16, 2012 This makes me want to go to Belgrade! Reply Iva March 16, 2012 You won't regret it if you do! Go the 'Old country'! Reply another Dana March 16, 2012 I had first seen this in an american design magazine. Ive been planning on staying here with my bf when we take a trip to the Motherland! Reply Susan Rubinsky March 16, 2012 These photos would sever Serbia better if they had people in them. Reply Tonka March 16, 2012 I love this hotel! Definately on list of where to stay next time i'm in Belgrade! Reply yellowtrace March 16, 2012 Thank you for your comments guys. It's so wonderful and refreshing to see a positive story come out of Serbia for a change. In any case, Husband and I will be checking it out later this year when we visit Belgrade so I'll make sure to report back on how it was ;) Reply Ellie Rentoul March 20, 2012 I just read about yr blogsite in Real Leaving and am LOVING IT!! I LOVE yr style -it's fresh, mature, lush n complex w rich textures. I'm also from the Old Continent: originally from Russia, hv lived in: Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia, Germany n did a 10-year stint in London – now I'm a life & business coach + mum in sunny Brisvegas! Check out my website if get a chance: http://www.ellierentoul.com (yellow is my fav colour!) Reply jana March 17, 2012 Hello from the "old country" :) Belgrade is my home town and the place I live in and love so much. Square Nine hotel really IS beautiful, just had a tea there a few days ago. White Peony :) Welcome to Belgrade you guys, and if you need tips, I'll be glad to give you some ;) Reply Jill March 19, 2012 beautiful! really nice mix of retro and modern elements. Reply anna-m March 19, 2012 so happy to see this post. I love discovering new cool places in belgrade! love from canada! Reply josh March 21, 2012 The front facade is absolutely gorgeous. Reply Round-up of Smokin' Hot Brazilian Architecture | Yellowtrace. July 11, 2014 […] See the whole feature and more images of this project on Yellowtrace. […] Reply Leave a Reply Cancel reply


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As per the thread subject heading, I've been studying the back-end code structure that makes how user defined form is crafted and I want to know the module is capable to handle data lookup function when entering the form's fields.
For eg, the application I'm trying to develop is online projects application form to be submitted by our online volunteer members.
I have the form with the following fields.
Membership ID
First Name
Last Name
When a volunteer member enters a form with his membership id, I want the form to process the data lookup on his form and determine if this membership ID is valid. If the membership ID is found, then message onscreen will confirm the member that the membership id is found thus 'First Name', 'Last Name', and 'Email' fields data are retrieved on the form.
I'm wondering would the user defined form module cater that functionality or do I need to extend that functionality in the user defined form?
Hope that makes sense.


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Mental Health
Have Mental Health Questions? Ask a Psychiatrist Online
wondering....................is it normal to feel good when looking at tummies and watching people rub their tummies? is it normal to be obsessed with tummies?
Hello, I'd like to help you with your question.Being focused on tummies and feeling good when someone rubs their tummy is often a sign of an obsession. How far that obsession goes depends very much on whether or not the thoughts about tummies and the need to see someone rub their tummy interferes with your daily life or not.If you feel that you must see someone's tummy or see them rub it or you feel something is wrong, then you may have an obsessive behavior issue. But if it is just a nice sensation when you see someone rub their tummy, then it is most likely not a problem you need to worry about.Obsessions of any kind can interfere in your ability to function in daily life. Obsessions are usually a sign of a diagnosis called OCD- Obsessive compulsive disorder. OCD can be controlled and managed well with medications and therapy. Medications and therapy can provide you with the coping mechanisms you need to deal with your thoughts. And medications can help reduce the thoughts or possibly eliminate them. Talk to your doctor about a referral. Or you can search on line at http://therapists.psychologytoday.com/rms/.Also, realize that the thoughts you are having are because you probably have OCD. This is a disorder caused by altered brain chemicals, and is not caused by you directly. This is not you but instead it is about your OCD.Try to work on refocusing your thoughts. When the thoughts come into your mind, distract yourself. Find something that interests you and focus on it as long as you can.Do not give your obsession meaning. The more you focus on it, the more importance you give it. So treat it like it's nothing. "It's only my thoughts. It does not mean anything". By using these techniques you can help yourself overcome the thoughts.Also, self help can provide a way for you to learn more about whether or not you have OCD and how you can help yourself. Here are some resources to help:http://www.helpguide.org/mental/obsessive_compulsive_disorder_ocd.htmhttp://www.ocfoundation.org/whatisocd.aspxI hope this has helped you,Kate
I'm pretty sure I've got OCD and am looking for help with it..............It is definitely taking over my life and disturbing me. I've been struggling with this for years.......I don't know how I'm ever going to get over this obsession..........refocusing is really, really hard for me, but I'll keep trying. Thanks for the info. I'll look at the links you sent me
If you feel bad enough that your life is being interrupted, then it is probably OCD. In that case, there is treatment you can explore that will help you to feel better.
Also, use the self help resources and consider on line or in person support groups. There is no reason to suffer alone with this. And most importantly, know you are not alone. Many people suffer with OCD and experience obsessions of all kinds. Hang in there.
May I please request that if you find the service I provided helpful at all that you rate me with three or above? Your rating is the only way I am reimbursed for my answer. Thank you so much!
thanks.............I'm doing my best.
You're welcome.
Take care, Kate
I can't keep my hands or mind off my tummy...............what should/can I do?
The trick to dealing with the thoughts is to redirect them.Try distracting yourself. Go out and do something, call someone or make yourself busy in some way. Some people find it helpful to wear a rubber band on their wrist then lightly snap it when the thoughts bother them. Also, use your senses. Drink something cold or hot, touch something, smell a strong scent such as lemon etc. This directs your thoughts to something that grounds you.
I would be more than happy to continue working with you on any new questions you have. All I ask is that you remember to rate my answers for each new/different question you ask. Thanks!


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Units of Study
GRMN2682 - Foreign & Exotic in the German World
Semester 2, 2012 | Credit Points: 6
Coordinator: Andrea Bandhauer
This unit investigates questions of national identity and foreignness (Fremde) in modern literary texts in German. We will consider the construction as well as the deconstruction of belonging and 'being foreign', both by native authors and by so-called 'Ausländer' (foreigners, migrants) writing in German. Narratives critical of concepts of a national identity which excludes, rejects and devalues the 'other', as well as narratives by authors 'embodying' the foreign and 'exotic', will be compared.
1x3000wd essay (50%), 1x1000wd written tutorial paper (20%), 1x class presentation (equivalent to 1000wds) (20%), 1x1hr exam (10%).
Nadolny, Selim oder die Gabe der Rede. (Serie Piper Bd.730)
Özdamar, Die Brücke vom Goldenen Horn. kiwi Taschenbücher 731
Tawada et al, (Course Pack UPS)
1x2-hr seminar/week
Credit average in 12 Junior credit points of German not including GRMN1133
Additional Information
This unit is available as a designated 'Advanced' unit to students enrolled in the BA (Advanced) degree program. As part of the 2014 curriculum review this unit of study has been replaced by GRMN3682. This unit of study will not be offered again.
A timetable is not available for this session.
Please refer to the list of Units of Study on the left-hand menu to view the units on offer for the relevant academic year.
The information displayed above is indicative only as online information is subject to change without notice. The Faculty Handbook and the University of Sydney Calendar are the official legal source of information relating to study at the University of Sydney


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Retail billionaire
Royal Descent is second favourite for the race, which is the beginning of the business end of the Melbourne spring racing carnival, capped with the Melbourne Cup on November 5.
Harvey's horse is firming in the betting thanks to a favourable barrier draw, which has brought its price close to that of favourite Hawkspur, part-owned by Port Lincoln tuna fisherman David Puglisi. What has buoyed Harvey, the executive chairman of
"It could be the best horse I've ever had, but it will have to run well," Harvey says. "It won by 10 lengths in the Oaks and when you think about it, 2400 metres seems to be its best distance. After that Oaks win, you do think to yourself what the heck just happened. You're in a high state of exultation and you're lost for words."
The Caulfield Cup – with a first prize of $1.5 million cash and a trophy worth $150,000 – would be one of the biggest wins of Harvey's racing business, but he almost didn't make it this far. Harvey only kept Royal Descent, born to star sire Redoute's Choice in 2009, when she fell $10,000 short of her $350,000 reserve at the 2011 Magic Millions. And Harvey says he probably won't watch the Caulfield Cup, definitely not in person and probably not live on television, saying he doesn't want to be too disappointed if his horse doesn't win. But he maintains a big investment in horse racing, including ownership of the Magic Millions horse auction business and 260 racehorses and 450 broodmares in NSW and New Zealand.
Addictive habit
Not that he believes it makes any fiscal sense. "It's like being a drunk or a drug addict or someone who smokes incessantly. It becomes a habit. The only consolation is there's a lot of others that have the same bad habit," he says.
Others with horses in the race include
Then there is John Singleton's Dear Demi, which finished second to Royal Descent in the Derby and is drifting in the betting for the Caulfield Cup.
Singleton and Harvey are close friends, having patched up their differences after falling out a couple of years ago when Singleton sold out of Magic Millions, and often talk horses.
"John has offered me a deal for the Caulfield Cup," Harvey explains. "If my horse wins he gets a quarter of the prize money and if his wins I get half of it. It all works out apparently, in terms of the betting [on each one]. But I'm not too sure. I'm having a think about this one."
The Australian Financial Review


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There is no doubt that Halifax Mooseheads general manager Cam Russell has put together a strong hockey club this season.
Since Russell and team owner Bobby Smith made the decision in the summer of 2011 to aggressively deal for homegrown star Nathan MacKinnon and to doggedly pursue Quebec scoring ace Jonathan Drouin, this team has generally made the right personnel moves at the right time.
That is why the Mooseheads are ranked among the leading teams to contend for not only a Quebec Major Junior Hockey League title, but also the Memorial Cup this season.
There is no doubt they are loaded with talent.
The team's strength showed in the first two road games of the regular season.
Despite missing players because of a flu bug, the Mooseheads prevailed 5-4 over pesky Cape Breton on a MacKinnon overtime goal in Friday's season opener.
And Sunday, they gave a glimpse of their potentially powerful offensive capability in an 8-1 pounding of the P.E.I. Rocket. In that game, the Mooseheads' top line — Drouin, MacKinnon and valuable newcomer Stefan Fournier — combined for 11 points.
So far, it is going as so many predicted. There are great scoring, a strong veteran defence and super goaltending with Zachary Fucale back in net.
Despite all the enthusiasm, the work on building a contender is never done and no team can ever be strong enough.
With that in mind, here are five areas I believe the Mooseheads should take note of in finishing off this potential powerhouse:
Leadership and chemistry: A lack of these qualities can sink even the most talented of teams. We saw that with the Mooseheads the year Brad Marchand was brought in to help put an already good Mooseheads team over the top. Instead, the club became a playoff flop, with Marchand watching from the sidelines. That could be a concern on this team if the leadership isn't strong enough. There have been reports that MacKinnon's attitude hasn't impressed some hockey insiders during his hockey activities over the past few months. Younger players, especially stars, often need veteran leadership to keep them in line. It will be interesting to see if the Moose can offer enough of that type of leadership.
An enforcer: Whether you are for it or not, fighting and intimidation are part of junior hockey. I know Russell doesn't buy the need for an enforcer, preferring team toughness. Yet plenty of clubs, when they see they can't match talent with the Moose, will try to intimidate the more skilled players. Team toughness is great, but I believe such a skilled team is better served over a long season with an intimidating enforcer sitting at the end of the bench.
Backup goalie: Fucale is special and definitely an iron man. But what if he is injured late in the season? There is no experienced backup. That is too much of a risk for a team with such high aspirations.
A power-play specialist: Maybe the Mooseheads believe such an offensive talent will emerge from inside. It could happen. But I see a need for a first-rate, smooth-skating offensive defenceman who can definitely work those key power-play opportunities come playoff time.
An awareness of fellow contenders: Although Halifax fans may be fixated on the Mooseheads, appreciate that there are other strong QMJHL clubs in the title hunt. A couple of those teams should be the Quebec Remparts and Moncton Wildcats. Any club going head-to-head with the likes of aggressive builders Patrick Roy or Danny Flynn better realize the status quo is seldom good enough.
Chris Cochrane is a sports columnist with The Chronicle Herald and the author of Inside the Game.


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Search billions of records on Ancestry.com
Information for Ralph Whitson Quinn
18 February 1918 - 2 September 1975
From The Idaho Press-Tribune5 September 1975
Contributed by Dennis McIndoo
Many hours have been spent providing the
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Ralph W. Quinn
PARMA—Services for Ralph W. Quinn,
57, Parma Route 2, who died Tuesday at a Caldwell hospital,
will be conducted at 10:30 a.m. Saturday at Dakan Chapel,
Caldwell, by Ken Sterling of the Church of Christ, Boise.
Interment will be in Wilder. He was born
Feb. 18, 1918, in Allen, Okla. He married Arvell Keefee
in Edinburgh, Tex., Aug. 6, 1938. He came to Idaho from
California in 1965 and lived in the Parma area. He
served in the Navy in World War II. He
was a member of the Church of Christ.
Surviving are his wife, of Parma; two daughters, Ellen Mills
of Parma and Rita Zuccolotto of Reno, Nev.; a son, Ralph M.
Quinn of Parma; two sisters, Lola Brown of LaPuente, Calif.,
and Alma Drewry of Texas; two brothers, Frank Quinn of Texas
and Richard Quinn of Nyssa; his mother, Ivy Kemp of Texas; and
seven grandchildren.
Free larger headstone
photo available upon request.
Obituaries are transcribed as published by the newspapers, or as sent to
by others. Spelling and grammar will not be changed in the article itself
a note may be posted upon request to help correct errors. If
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text:
OTTAWA, April 25, 2014 /CNW/ - The Honourable Lisa Raitt, Minister of Transport, was in Chicago today where she marked the 20th anniversary of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and addressed the Council of Great Lakes Governors regarding the importance of building the new Detroit River International Crossing (New International Trade Crossing) in order to spur ongoing economic growth in Canada and the United States.
In her address to the NAFTANEXT summit, the Minister noted the benefits brought by the trade agreement and discussed the Government of Canada's economic record, including its robust trade agenda.
She highlighted investments in Canada's Asia-Pacific Gateway, as well as measures to improve rail safety, noting that these actions contribute to the safe and secure movement of goods across all of North America, helping to increase trade, grow the economy and create jobs.
While meeting with the Council of Great Lakes Governors, Minister Raitt emphasized the importance of bilateral cooperation on border infrastructure projects such as the crossing between Windsor and Detroit. The new bridge will ensure there is sufficient border crossing capacity to handle projected growth in cross-border trade and traffic in the Windsor-Detroit trade corridor. It will provide a much-needed crossing alternative at the busiest commercial border crossing between Canada and the U.S., create thousands of construction jobs and long-term employment opportunities on both sides of the border, and support national security and public safety priorities in Canada and the U.S.
The Government of Canada has pledged to pay for almost all of the new bridge project, including property acquisition on the U.S. side. However, Canada continues to await a decision by the U.S. government to pay for its new customs plaza in Detroit. The U.S. inspection plaza represents a relatively modest investment - just $250 million of the overall $4.4-billion project.
Quick facts
The Detroit River International Crossing
"The NAFTANEXT event is a good opportunity to discuss how we can advance our mutual goal of increasing trade, both on this continent and with markets around the globe."
"The ongoing collaboration of Canada and the United States on projects such as the Detroit-Windsor crossing can help to make North America the most competitive and dynamic region in the world. We look forward to continuing discussions with our U.S. partners and pursuing our common goals together so that we can get this bridge to the future built."
The Honourable Lisa Raitt
Minister of Transport
Related product
Remarks by Minister Raitt - NAFTANEXT
Remarks by Minister Raitt - Council of Great Lakes Governors Executive Meeting
SOURCE: Transport Canada
For further information:
Ashley Kelahear
Director of Communications
Office of the Honourable Lisa Raitt
Minister of Transport, Ottawa
Media Relations
Transport Canada, Ottawa
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text: ok so ive seen a ton of folks on the streets with deep Vs and spoke cards where do all y'all hang out? il buy you a drink il set you up in chicago if you ever wind over there but good dear lord tell me how i can get my ass on a road bike for the rest of the week! im here til wednesday and this whole public transit thing is killin me i can even PAY YOU to rent your bike. but my legs aint made for walking . . . so please please please email me firstname.lastname@example.com or il be back on here rantin about how much better this city would be seen from two wheels (and no, i dont need anything sweet, just something a 5'7" chick can get across the city on. please not a hybrid. . .)


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Have Medical Questions? Ask a Doctor Online!
Thank you for your reply. I have been taking magnesium pills for a few weeks now. I take the pills twice daily. 120 mg. each. For all the blood tests I take, I have not seen magnesium listed. Potassium is always listed as normal on the blood tests. Circulation in the legs checked?? I don't know how that is done but I will ask my family doctor the next time I see him. Thanks for the interest in my problem. Don