text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 13, 2010
|Filing date
|Aug 27, 2004
|Priority date
|Aug 27, 2004
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|James M. Simkins
|Original Assignee
|Xilinx, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (38), Non-Patent Citations (15), Referenced by (10), Classifications (4), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to the field of programmable logic devices, and more particularly relates to a method and system for maintaining the security of design information (e.g., an IP core).
IP vendors (vendors of intellectual property (IP) cores) and other source of design information currently focus their development efforts on designs for the application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) market. This is due, in large part, to the simple, reliable methods that are presently available to determine revenues. These methods allow an IP vendor to determine per-chip IP royalties on the ASICs manufactured using their designs.
IP vendors do not tailor their IP cores for use in programmable logic devices (PLDs) such as Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) or Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs), because there is presently no method to identify (and/or restrict) which PLDs are allowed to incorporate the vendor's IP core(s). As a result, IP vendors lack the motivation necessary to optimize their designs for a given PLD architecture. ASIC-centric IP cores therefore typically perform poorly in a PLD, which further reinforces the need for designers and manufacturers to migrate to an ASIC-based approach quickly after initial prototype testing using PLDs.
What is therefore desired is a technique that provides a per-chip royalty method for third-party IP cores that can be used in a PLD such as an FPGA. Such a technique should prevent access to/use of the subject IP cores by unauthorized parties, and provide a significant cost-performance enhancement for PLD-based systems by allowing per-chip royalties to be determined, in a simple, convenient manner. Moreover, such a technique should provide IP vendors an incentive to optimize for a given PLD architecture by providing the foregoing features in a transparent, controllable, and economic mechanism. Such techniques should also allow for the ready identification of PLDs employing the technique.
Embodiments of the present invention addresses the foregoing infirmities by facilitating the provision of IP cores to an entity configuring (i.e., programming) a PLD (or even directly to the PLD itself), in a manner that does not permit access to the IP core's design information. Only the PLD receiving the IP core is able to access the IP core's design information, and thus program the IP core into the PLD. By making the IP core available only within the PLD itself, other entities (manufacturers, end-users and the like) are denied access to the IP core's design, and so prevented from co-opting the design for their own purposes. This allows IP core vendors to make their IP cores available without the fear of losing their investment in the now-protected IP cores, and provides the many benefits of the present invention discussed subsequently.
In one embodiment of the present invention, a method is disclosed. The method includes generating an encrypted IP core by encrypting an IP core using a public key, downloading the encrypted IP core to a programmable logic device (PLD), and recovering the IP core by decrypting the encrypted IP core using a private key. The private key is associated with the PLD, and the public key and the private key correspond to one another.
In another embodiment of the present invention, a method is disclosed. The method includes receiving authorization information corresponding to an IP core and comparing local authorization information and the authorization information. The authorization information is received at a PLD, and the local authorization information is stored at the PLD.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a PLD is disclosed. Such a PLD includes a configuration unit and a PLD fabric. The configuration unit is configured to recover an IP core by decrypting an encrypted IP core using a private key of the PLD, the encrypted IP core having been generating by encrypting the IP core using a public key of the PLD. The private key is associated with the PLD. The configuration unit is coupled to program the IP core into the PLD fabric.
The foregoing is a summary and thus contains, by necessity, simplifications, generalizations and omissions of detail; consequently, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be in any way limiting. As will also be apparent to one skilled in the art, the operations disclosed herein may be implemented in a number of ways, and such changes and modifications may be made without departing from this invention and its broader aspects. Other aspects, inventive features, and advantages of the present invention, as defined solely by the claims, will become apparent in the non-limiting detailed description set forth below.
A more complete understanding of the present invention and advantages thereof may be acquired by referring to the following description and the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numbers indicate like features.
The use of the same reference symbols in different drawings indicates similar or identical items.
The following sets forth a detailed description of at least the best contemplated mode for carrying out the one or more devices and/or processes described herein. The description is intended to be illustrative and should not be taken to be limiting.
The present invention provides a mechanism that facilitates the provision of IP cores to an entity configuring (i.e., programming) a PLD (or even directly to the PLD itself), in a manner that does not permit access to the IP core's design information. Only the PLD receiving the IP core is able to access the IP core's design information, and thus program the IP core into the PLD. By making the IP core available only within the PLD itself, other entities (manufacturers, end-users and the like) are denied access to the IP core's design, and so prevented from co-opting the design for their own purposes.
In one embodiment, this protection is provided through the use of a public/private key encryption technique. The IP vendor encrypts the IP core using the public key of the recipient PLD (or that of the PLD family or other such grouping). The PLD receiving the encrypted IP core then decrypts the encrypted IP core using the private key of the PLD (or that of the PLD's family). The PLD is then able to program the decrypted IP core into the PLD's fabric.
Moreover, such an approach allows for the implementation of per-chip royalties (e.g., in the manner of ASICs), as well as providing a mechanism to uniquely identify the PLDs implementing designs employing such IP cores. The present invention provides such a method and system, one which is capable of securely delivering an IP core to a PLD (e.g., an FPGA), as well as restricting the use of the IP core to only those devices that are authorized to employ that IP core, through the use of a unique identifier. This unique identifier can also be used to prevent the PLD from being used or sold surreptitiously, by allowing for the device's ready identification. The combination of per-chip royalties and the security provided by the present invention will foster investment in the design and optimization of IP cores by their designers. This will lead to greater investment in IP core design, and so better-performing IP cores, as a result.
In one embodiment, the combination of a public/private key for each PLD (or PLD family member), and a unique device identification number for each part manufactured (individually, within the PLD family or by some other grouping of PLDs) provides an approach for implementing secure per-chip IP core royalties. Further, the implementation of a two-level protection scheme in such a system provides security of third-party intellectual property (IP) such as that of an IP vendor, in addition to per-chip FPGA royalties. Using such an embodiment, an IP vendor encrypts their IP core using the device's (or device family's) public key.
Also embedded in the IP core is a set of one or more unique PLD identifiers that, as will be appreciated, uniquely identify the PLD (e.g., singly, within a PLD family or in some other manner) that are permitted to employ the IP core. This allows the unique identification of PLDs for which the end-user has obtained rights (e.g., from the third party). A configuration controller of the PLD decrypts the IP core if the range/set of PLD identifiers includes that of the PLD in question. Otherwise, the IP core is not decrypted, and so cannot be inserted ("stitched") into the skeleton design being programmed into the PLD.
Using the present invention, an IP vendor is free to send an encrypted IP core to designers, manufacturers, end-users and the like, without concern for the IP core being subjected to reverse engineering. Such parties are unable to view the IP core's design because the private key pair for the public key is hard-coded inside the PLD (individually, by family or in some other fashion), and such parties have no access thereto, for all practical purposes. Design tools implementing the present invention block users from "seeing" inside the PLD design components associated with the IP core. The IP core's design thus remains protected, even from those who have purchased its use.
Given that the IP vendor is allowed to identify a range (or set or some other grouping) of unique device identifiers that identify PLDs which are allowed to receive a given IP core, a single encrypted IP core can support a large set of devices in a production environment. The public key is published, and so available to vendors for use in encrypting their IP cores. In one embodiment, the number of public keys to be maintained is reduced by using one public key for each PLD family (rather than on a per-unit basis, for example). Each PLD then has its own unique PLD identifier within the PLD family, which can be marked on the PLD's physical package, for example. Assignment of a public key can also be further differentiated based on PLD family, speed grade, and package, among other possible criteria. This ensures that the IP core requested is used in a PLD that meets the IP core's performance requirements.
The embodiments of the present invention provide a number of advantages. These embodiments provide efficient, convenient and architecture-independent techniques for securely providing IP cores to a PLD, and for uniquely identifying that PLD. In the former case, an IP vendor's IP core can be securely provided to an end-user, and in so doing, provide the ability to implement a per-chip royalty by allowing the identification of those PLDs authorized to receive a given IP core, those PLDs having actually received the IP core, or by some comparable metric. In the latter case, protection from the sale of PLDs on the "grey market" is also prevented by uniquely identifying each such device.
With regard to securing an IP core, encryption is employed in conjunction with a unique PLD identifier (which can simply be a PLD identifier, a PLD identifier/PLD family identifier combination, or the like). In a scenario in which a public/private key technique is employed, an IP core is encrypted with a public key by the IP vendor. The public key corresponds in some manner to the PLD requesting the IP core. A PLD implementing an embodiment of the present invention includes a configuration controller that is capable of decrypting the encrypted IP core with its private key.
In one embodiment, the encrypted IP core contains a range of PLD identifiers for which the IP core is authorized. If the IP core contains a PLD identifier that is within the range indicated in the IP core, then the configuration controller loads the IP core; otherwise, the configuration fails. This approach enables third-party IP core providers to have a secure mechanism for a per-chip royalty revenue stream. As such, third-party IP vendors thus have an incentive to optimize their IP cores for PLDs and so create deterministic, guaranteed performance that is similar to the ASIC model of reuse.
A PLD identifier can also be implemented such that the PLD identifier includes information identifying the PLD in a manner that ensures that the PLD is not used for generic (i.e., unauthorized) bitstreams. This is important to prevent the misuse of such PLDs. Currently, many PLDs can be programmed using configuration bitstreams other than those configuration bitstreams that have been qualified (tested and authorized) in the given PLD type. This allows an end-user to implement a design in a surreptitious manner, allowing the end-user to obtain a significantly lower-cost part, if the end-user is willing to perform their own characterization with regard to non-qualified configuration bitstreams. Expanding the PLD identifier to include an identification field that provides protection against these devices ever being resold illegally on the grey market is thus desirable. In preventing such sales (by way of the PLD's "identity" being known), end-users are prevented from avoiding their responsibilities with regard to royalties due the vendor of a given IP core.
Even if the PLD identifier is not known (e.g., marked on the package), the PLD manufacturer can employ a technique that allows the PLD manufacturer to use its own encryption method, in order to ensure that the configuration bitstream programmed into the PLD is authorized. In such a scenario, methods other than public/private key encryption can be employed. For example, the PLD identifier can also correspond to another key (e.g., a symmetric key, another private key or the like), which can then be used for such access and analysis.
In another aspect of the present invention multiple public/private key pairs are associated with a set of PLDs (the set having one or more elements). Some of the public keys of the multiple public/private key pairs are restricted access public keys, i.e., given only to selected users, while the remainder of the public keys of the multiple public/private key pairs are unrestricted access public keys, i.e., accessible by the general public. Hence for the unrestricted access public key or keys, any IP core vendor can encrypt their design using one of the set of unrestricted access public keys for use on those PLDs that have the corresponding set of private keys. The set of restricted public keys is hidden from the general user and may be used by a privileged or special user to download, e.g., maintenance, update, or repair configuration (bitstream) information, into the PLDs with the associated set of private keys.
Thus one embodiment of the present invention includes an integrated circuit (IC), having programmable logic, for receiving configuration information for programming the programmable logic The IC includes: a plurality of public/private key pairs, where the private keys of the plurality of public/private key pairs are stored on the IC; a first public key of the plurality of public/private key pairs used for encrypting first configuration information, where the first public key has unrestricted access, e.g., general public access; a decryption circuit, either dedicated hardware or configured in the programmable logic of a PLD, for decrypting the encrypted first configuration information using a first private key of the plurality of public/private key pairs associated with the first public key; and a second public key of the plurality of public/private key pairs used for encrypting second configuration information, e.g., partial reconfiguration information, where the second public key has restricted access.
Other advantages of embodiments of the present invention include the ability of a PLD manufacturer to support secure IP cores without having to act as a "middleman" in any of the per-chip royalty transactions, or in the distribution of the IP cores secured using the present invention. Advantageously, then, such interactions take place entirely between the third-party vendor, and the designer, manufacturer, end-user or the like. The PLD identifier can include stepping information, speed grade information and the like, to ensure proper/acceptable performance of the IP core. The PLD identifier can also include information on bad rows and columns for use in sparing. These advantages and others will be better understood in light of the following discussions.
An Example Design Environment
Additionally, one or more portions of the design entered using design entry module 105 can be synthesized using a design synthesis module 115. Once synthesized, these portions can be provided to a design verification module 120, and in particular, a functional simulation module 125, thereof. The synthesized portions of the design generated by design synthesis module 115 are also provided to design implementation module 110. Typically, this occurs after the synthesized portions of the design have been simulated using functional simulation module 125. Other portions of the design entered via design entry module 105 are also provided to functional simulation module 125 of design verification module 120. By providing the design to functional simulation module 125 (both the portions entered by the designer using design entry module 105, and the portions of that design synthesized by design synthesis module 115), a complete functional simulation of the design can be performed.
Once the design (both designer-entered and synthesized portions of the design) have been provided to design implementation module 110, a number of processes are then performed on the design in order to prepare the design for being programmed into a target device. Among these are optimization (performed by optimization module 130), mapping (performed by a mapping module 132), placement and routing (performed by a placement and routing module 134), and bitstream generation (performed by a bitstream generation module 136).
The optimization performed by optimization module 130 can include, for example, two-level and multi-level optimization, as well as device-specific logic packing. The objective of such optimization is to decrease the area required by the combinational logic, to reduce the number of logic levels, or both. The mapping performed by mapping module 132 maps the components of the design into elements that exist within the target device in which the design is to be implemented.
Once optimization and mapping (via the selection of elements within the target device) have been performed, placement of the identified elements within the target device is performed by placement and routing module 134, as is the routing of connections between those elements. The placement operations performed can be equated to the selection of which elements within the target device will be used to perform a given function. Once the requisite elements of the target device are identified and placed, and the routing of connections between these elements has been determined, a bitstream can be generated. This bitstream represents the programming of the target device that is needed to provide such elements and connections. Such a bitstream is generated by bitstream generation module 136. This bitstream is then downloaded by design implementation module 110 to the target device (represented in
Design implementation module 110 also can provide for back annotation by providing place and route information to a back annotation module 145, which in turn provides information regarding the design to a timing simulation module 150. Design implementation module 110 can also provide information to a static timing analysis module 155. By allowing the performance of static timing analysis (via static timing analysis module 155) and dynamic timing analysis (provided by timing simulation module 150), as well as information regarding the design generated by functional simulation module 125, design verification module 120 is able to feedback information to design entry module 105 in order to allow defects in the design to be corrected.
This process of implementing a design using design implementation module 110 and feedback to design verification module 120 also allows a design to be optimized in an iterative manner. Once a design has been optimized in this manner, the design can then be downloaded to target device 140, as noted. Once downloaded to target device 140, in-circuit verification can be performed using an in-circuit verification 160 of design verification module 120. As before, the information generated by in-circuit verification module 160 can be fed back from design verification module 120 to design entry module 105, in order to optimize the design.
Regarding the signals and communications described herein, those skilled in the art will recognize that a signal may be directly transmitted from a first block to a second block, or a signal may be modified (e.g., amplified, attenuated, delayed, latched, buffered, inverted, filtered or otherwise modified) between the blocks. Although the signals of the above-described embodiment are characterized as transmitted from one block to the next, other embodiments of the present invention may include modified signals in place of such directly transmitted signals as long as the informational and/or functional aspect of the signal is transmitted between blocks. To some extent, a signal input at a second block may be conceptualized as a second signal derived from a first signal output from a first block due to physical limitations of the circuitry involved (e.g., there will inevitably be some attenuation and delay). Therefore, as used herein, a second signal derived from a first signal includes the first signal or any modifications to the first signal, whether due to circuit limitations or due to passage through other circuit elements which do not change the informational and/or final functional aspect of the first signal.
The foregoing described embodiment wherein the different components are contained within different other components (e.g., the various elements shown as components of FPGA 100). It is to be understood that such depicted architectures are merely examples, and that in fact many other architectures can be implemented that achieve the same functionality. Any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively "associated" such that the desired functionality is achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality can be seen as "associated with" each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermediate components. Likewise, any two components so associated can also be viewed as being "[operably] connected", or "[operably] coupled", to each other to achieve the desired functionality.
An Example Secure Framework
Moreover, separation of the IP core's functional model from its actual implementation can be maintained through the process of delivering this information to the design environment and target devices separately. Thus, the provision of actual IP core(s) can be performed between vendors 230(1)-(N) and FPGA 220 (or a system including FPGA 220) via communication channels 250(1)-(N). As will be appreciated, communication channels 240(1)-(N) can be separate and distinct communication channels, shared communication channels divided only by destination, a single communication channel, or other such arrangement. This ability to vary the amount of separation employed in the delivery of the actual IP core(s) from other information regarding those IP core(s) allows the architect of such a system to select the simplest delivery method, while maintaining the requisite security. In an alternative embodiment each vendor 230(1) to 230(N) (N is an integer) has his own development system 210 which produces his own proprietary bitstream. The vendors 230(1) to 230(N) encrypt their bitstream using assigned public keys and send their encrypted bitstream to FPGA 220 (with the corresponding private key(s)) via lines 250(1) to 250(N), respectively.
In providing for such separation, development system 210 is able to generate a bitstream that allows FPGA 220 to be programmed with the requisite portions of a given design, save for the IP core(s) in question. Thus, the actual IP core(s) are available only to FPGA 220, and not to development system 210, nor, by extension, user 205 (e.g., a designer using development system 210). Secure framework 200 can also be configured to protect the IP core(s) thus delivered from access by the end-users of FPGA 220, who might attempt to gain access to the IP core(s) stored in a configuration storage unit separate from FPGA 220 (and thus accessible to those parties). This level of protection can be a accomplished by downloading the necessary IP core(s) only when FPGA 220 is initialized (or by maintaining them on-chip, once downloaded thereto), thereby preventing FPGA 220 from storing such information off-chip. At a minimum, such information can be encrypted (or re-encrypted) if it is to be communicated off-chip.
In certain embodiments, configuration information is stored in configuration storage unit 305, for example a PROM. This configuration information is referred to herein as a skeleton design, so called because the design represented thereby is missing the configuration information for one or more IP cores. In place of such information, the skeleton design contains only gaps, in which the missing IP cores are to be inserted. This operation is also referred to herein as "stitching" the IP core into the skeleton design.
Configuration unit 320, according to an embodiment of the present invention, includes a number of elements that allow FPGA 300 to access information regarding the IP core(s) that are needed to complete the skeleton design (e.g., stored in configuration storage unit 305). Configuration unit 320 communicates with one or more vendors (depicted in
Configuration unit 320 is able to access internetwork 340 (and so vendors 330(1)-(3)) via a network interface 350. Network interface 350 also provides for communications between internetwork 350 and a configuration controller 360. Configuration controller 360 accesses operating software stored in a memory 370, and certain other information that is to be stored within FPGA 300 (depicted in
In a preferred embodiment, non-volatile memory 380 is a one-time programmable (OTP) device that is programmed by the manufacturer of FPGA 300. The use of an OTP device, programmed by the PLD manufacturer, is advantageous for a variety of reasons. Chief among them is the fact that the manufacturer (a trusted entity) maintains control over the creation and assignment of identification information. In so doing, the manufacturer also maintains control over the assignment (and creation) of encryption/decryption keys for the thusly-identified PLDs, as a result of the fact that a PLD's identifier and encryption/decryption keys are related to one another. As will be appreciated, such a role can be assumed by any entity acting as a trusted entity within a paradigm of the present invention. Maintaining control over the identification of a PLD is also important in preventing "grey market" sales, as noted earlier, among other such benefits.
Further security can be provided by implementing part or all of configuration unit 320 as an IP core itself. Using such an approach, the portion of configuration unit 320 implemented as an IP core is downloaded, for example, from the PLD manufacturer, from configuration storage unit 305 or from some other trusted source. The IP core is then decrypted, and made available to perform downloading and decryption of IP cores.
The PLD's encryption information (e.g., private key information, symmetric key information and the like) is preferably stored within the PLD in some manner. For example, this key information might include a private key, in the case in which a public/private key encryption system is encrypted. This encryption information (or subsets thereof) can be used for securely communicating with vendors, for decrypting IP cores received from a vendor, authenticating a vendor, decrypting information from encrypted information stored in configuration storage unit 305, as an encryption/decryption unit for FPGA fabric 310 (both for information into and out of the fabric, and as a part of a design implemented in the fabric), and for other such uses.
While in some embodiments, memory 370, non-volatile memory 380 or other memory within FPGA 300 can be used to store the PLD's encryption information, the security of such information can be improved by designing such information into the PLD in question (e.g., using mask-programmable read-only memory (ROM) or the like). This is particularly important in the face of potential reverse-engineering efforts to which such devices might be subjected. For example, if a PLD employing such an approach were to be disassembled, the mask-programmable ROM's programming (e.g., key information) would not be evident from a visual inspection of the device. To this end, additional security can be provided in such situations through the use of a mechanism capable of erasing some or all of the information thus stored, as well as other confidential information.
In one embodiment of the present invention, an IP vendor can create, in conjunction with the use of a "smart" configuration unit such as configuration unit 305, what is in effect an encrypted "partial configuration bitstream" based on an IP core. In the posited embodiment, this partial configuration bitstream is bounded to a specific XxY area, at a specific location, within FPGA fabric 310. Because the partial configuration bitstream is designed to be implemented in a specific section of the FPGA's fabric, a fabric I/O interface template is created that provides the interconnect information needed to "stitch" the partial configuration bitstream into the end-user's skeleton design.
Using a configuration controller such as configuration controller 360, more complex bitstream manipulation is feasible. For example, unrelated routes through the IP core's XxY area of the PLD can be added in order to reduce routing congestion at the system level. Another example is the sparing of bad rows/columns within a PLD. With a configuration controller such as that described herein, and extending the unique part ID to include a map of bad rows and columns in a PLD implementing an embodiment of the present invention, the configuration engine can have the information needed to modify configuration bitstreams, in order to spare bad rows and columns. Thus, IP cores delivered using an embodiment of the present invention can be "spread" to avoid bad columns and/or rows within the PLD.
As noted,
The operations referred to herein may be modules or portions of modules (e.g., software, firmware or hardware modules). For example, while the described embodiment includes field-programmable gate arrays, application specific integrated circuits and other such hardware modules, the various example modules may be implemented as software modules and/or include manually entered user commands. The software modules discussed herein may include script, batch or other executable files, or combinations and/or portions of such files. The software modules may include a computer program or subroutines thereof encoded on computer-readable media.
Additionally, those skilled in the art will recognize that the boundaries between modules are merely illustrative and alternative embodiments may merge modules or impose an alternative decomposition of functionality of modules. For example, the modules discussed herein may be decomposed into submodules to be executed as multiple computer processes, and, optionally, on multiple computers. Moreover, alternative embodiments may combine multiple instances of a particular module or submodule. Furthermore, those skilled in the art will recognize that the operations described in example embodiment are for illustration only. Operations may be combined or the functionality of the operations may be distributed in additional operations in accordance with the invention.
Alternatively, such actions may be embodied in the structure of circuitry that implements such functionality, such as the micro-code of a complex instruction set computer (CISC), firmware programmed into programmable or erasable/programmable devices, the configuration of a PLD (e.g., an FPGA), the design of a gate array or full-custom application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or the like.
As will also be appreciated, two options (of several) are to use a PLD identifier that is unique within all PLDs that exist, that the given vendor supports or some other superset of PLDs. In this case, only the PLD identifier is used. Alternatively, a PLD identifier that is only unique guaranteed to be unique within a given PLD family can be used. In such a scenario, a PLD family identifier is needed to uniquely identify the PLD within the superset in question (e.g., all PLDs, all PLDs supported by a given vendor, those PLDs for which a given design can be used, or the like). In an embodiment in which a trusted entity such as the PLD manufacturer programs the unique identification information into the PLD, the ability to control the creation and assignment of such unique identification information, while allowing its ready distribution and use, is advantageous.
As will also be appreciated, the identification of the PLDs authorized to receive the given IP core(s) can be managed by the vendor, the PLD manufacturer or some other trusted entity. The trusted entity provides the unique identification information for the affected PLDs. The vendor(s) can then use this information to vet requests, or provide that information with encrypted IP cores to enable the requesting PLD to make such a determination. As is apparent, the simplest approach is to allow the vendor(s) to perform such management tasks.
Once the PLD identifier range(s) and family identifier(s) have been determined for the rights thus obtained, the PLD (e.g., sold as part of an end-user product) can then be programmed appropriately. In such a scenario, the computer system managing such rights for the vendor awaits the receipt of a request for an IP core (step 530). Once such a request is received, a determination is made as to the requesting PLD's family identifier and PLD identifier (step 540). This information is typically determined from the information provided to the vendor's rights management system, along with the unique identification information received with the request for the IP core.
A determination is then made as to whether the PLD requesting the IP core, having been thus identified, is authorized to download the requested IP core(s) (step 550). If the requesting PLD is not authorized to download the requested IP core(s), the vendor's rights management system returns to waiting for the next IP core request (steps 550 and 530). However, if the requesting PLD thus identified is authorized to download the requested IP core(s), a determination is made as to the manner in which the requested IP core(s) will be delivered to the requesting PLD. For example, in a public/private encryption key scenario, the vendor determines the public key corresponding to the requesting PLD that has been identified (step 560). This determination can be based on any number of identifying characteristics. For example, a public key can be determined based on the requesting PLD's family identifier. Alternatively, the public key can be selected simply using the PLD's unique identifier. Once this determination is made, the requested IP core(s) are encrypted with the public key corresponding to the requesting PLD, as identified previously (step 570). Once the IP core(s) have been encrypted, the vendor sends the encrypted IP core(s) to the requesting PLD (step 580).
It should be noted that, in the foregoing discussion, it is assumed that the PLD (or the hardware employing the PLD) is tasked with contacting the IP vendor. In fact, other alternatives can be readily employed. For example, the end-user of the PLD can contact the IP vendor with the request, and the end-user authorized (as well as authenticated). In such a scenario, the end-user provides the requisite identification information, and a determination made as to whether the given end-user is authorized to cause the PLD thus identified to receive the IP core in question. As can be seen, a variety of alternatives thus present themselves, using various sources of authorization and authentication information, and such alternatives are intended to come within the scope of this disclosure.
Moreover, it will also be appreciated that a "session key" approach can also be employed. A session key can be implemented by providing the functionality necessary for the PLD (or its associated hardware, or the IP vendor) to generate keys on a per-use basis, for example. Thus, each time an IP core is needed by the PLD (or after so many uses of an IP core), the PLD (or IP vendor, hardware, etc.) can be made to generate a new set of keys, one that is transmitted to other entities within the secure system (e.g., the IP vendor, the PLD, the hardware, etc.), and one that is kept by the entity generating the keys (in a public/private key system). The former key, in such a system, would be the public key, and the latter, the private key. This allows for further protection, in that, if a private key is cracked, that key will change (and very likely, before the old key can be used). Alternatively, a symmetric key or other encryption technique can be employed.
Next, the decrypted IP core is then inserted into the design being programmed into the requesting PLD (step 620). Thus, the portions of the design that are local to the requesting PLD (referred to herein as a skeleton design) contain "gaps" into which IP cores that are obtained according to an embodiment of the present invention are inserted. This insertion can be performed prior to the programming of the target device, in conjunction with such programming, or after this programming (e.g., the IP core(s) are inserted into an otherwise complete design in the target device's fabric).
The process begins with the customer obtaining rights to the desired IP core(s) from the vendor, as before (step 700). The vendor then determines the PLD family (or families) to which the rights thus obtained apply (step 710). As noted, the identification of the PLDs authorized to receive the given IP core(s) can also be managed by the PLD manufacturer or some other trusted entity. The trusted entity provides the unique identification information for the affected PLDs to the appropriate vendors (or the vendors themselves maintain such information). The vendors then use this information to vet requests, or provide such information with encrypted IP cores, in order to enable the requesting PLD to make such a determination.
Once the requisite rights have been obtained and the PLD family (or families) in question have been identified, the vendor designates a range of PLD identifiers and family identifiers for the family (or families) to which the rights will apply (or refers to such information received from a trusted entity) (step 720). This completes the preparations necessary for the vendor to supply customers with one or more IP cores in a manner according to an embodiment of the present invention. As noted, a family-based approach, such as that discussed in connection with
The vendor then awaits receipt of a request for an IP core (step 730). If no such request is received, the vendor simply continues to wait. Once a request has been received, a determination is made as to the public key that is to be used in encrypting the requested IP core (step 740). This determination is made based on the PLD's family identifier, and/or on the PLD's PLD identifier. Once the proper public key is determined, the vendor encrypts the requested IP core(s) with the public key thus identified (step 750). The applicable range of PLD identifiers for the given PLD family is then determined (step 760), and in so doing, the vendor is determined. As noted, the vendor typically defines, for the PLD family in question, the range of PLD identifiers that are, in fact, authorized to receive the requested IP core(s).
The encrypted IP core(s) and PLD identifier range(s) are then sent to the requesting PLD (step 770). As can be seen, no determination is made by the vendor as to authorization of the requesting PLD to receive the requested IP core(s) in such an embodiment. The information necessary to make this determination is either known or sent to the requesting PLD, which is then able to determine whether or not that PLD is authorized to use the IP core(s) thus received. Such a determination is depicted in connection with the flow diagram of
However, if the requesting PLD's PLD identifier is within the PLD identifier range provided by the vendor, the requesting PLD is authorized to receive the IP core, and so decrypts the encrypted IP core with the requesting PLD's private key corresponding to the public key used by the vendor to encrypt the IP core (step 840). Next, the decrypted IP core is inserted into the skeleton design being programmed into the requesting PLD (step 850). The process then concludes, the IP core having been successfully programmed into the PLD (FPGA).
It will be appreciated that the techniques according to an embodiment of the present invention discussed in connection with
However, in the case in which authorization is performed by the PLD (or system receiving the IP core), it is reasonable to expect that a given PLD (or system) will never be able to successfully implement a design that includes an IP core which the given PLD is not authorized to employ (notwithstanding disassembly, reverse engineering and the like, which would be an arduous undertaking). This means that, practically, such a PLD could not be used surreptitiously, regardless of the system in which the PLD is included.
As will therefore be appreciated, the techniques discussed in connection with
The process begins with the encryption of the requested IP core with the requesting PLD's public key (step 900). Next, the requested IP core is encrypted with the vendor's private key (step 910). The now-twice-encrypted IP core is then communicated from the vendor to the requesting PLD (step 920). The requesting PLD, having received the encrypted IP core, now decrypts the encrypted IP core with the vendor's public key (step 930). As will be appreciated, the vendor's public key can be obtained by a requesting PLD in any number of ways, including receiving the vendor's public key from a public key server, the manufacturer of the PLD, or some other appropriate source.
A determination is then made as to whether the IP core has been decrypted properly using the vendor's public key (step 940). If the IP core has not been decrypted properly, an error having to do with the vendor's identification is thus indicated (step 950). However, if the vendor's public key has properly decrypted the IP core, the IP core is then decrypted with the requesting PLD's private key (step 960). As will be appreciated, the requesting PLD's private key is maintained within the requesting PLD for reasons of security and can be stored, for example, in a memory structure that can only be read, such as a read-only memory (ROM) like structure. For example, non-volatile memory 380 of
Once a MAC is generated, the MAC is communicated to the requested PLD, along with the encrypted IP core (step 1015). Once the MAC and encrypted IP core is received by the requesting PLD, the requesting PLD generates a message digest using the information thus received from the vendor (step 1020). Next, a MAC is generated by encrypting the message digest using the vendor's public key (step 1025).
As will be appreciated, the process performed by the vendor in generating the MAC received with the encrypted IP core is paralleled, to a degree, by the process of generating a MAC performed by the requesting PLD on the information this received. For example, the same hash function (or a hash function capable of generating the same message digest) is used by the vendor and by the requesting PLD. On the vendor's side, this message digest is encrypted using the vendor's private key; on the requesting PLD's side, this message digest is encrypted using the vendor's public key. Thus, if the information on which these operations are performed is the same (e.g., information representing the encrypted IP core), and the public key used to encrypt the message digest corresponds to the private key used to encrypt the message digest, the resulting message authentication code generated by the vendor and by the requesting PLD will match one another. In so doing, the vendor is authenticated by the fact that (at least in theory) the vendor is the only entity with access to the vendor's private key. A determination to this effect is made, in which the MAC thus generated is compared with the MAC received with the encrypted IP core (step 1030). If the MAC generated by the requesting PLD does not match the MAC received with the IP core, a vendor authentication error is indicated (step 1040), and the process concludes.
However, if the MAC generated by the requesting PLD matches the MAC received with the encrypted IP core, a determination is then made as to whether the requesting PLD is authorized to receive the requested IP core. In the embodiment depicted in
If the requesting PLD's PLD identifier is within the PLD identifier range accompanying the encrypted IP core, the requesting PLD decrypts the encrypted IP core with the requesting PLD's private key (step 1070). At this juncture, it is possible to authenticate the requesting PLD, and in so doing, complete authentication of both the vendor and the requesting PLD. Thus, a determination is made as to whether the encrypted IP core has been properly decrypted (step 1080). If the IP core has not been properly decrypted, this indicates that the requesting PLD's private key does not correspond to the PLD's public key used to encrypt the IP core. If such is the case, a PLD authentication error is indicated (step 1085), and the process comes to and end.
In either of the previous two cases in which an error occurs, the process' coming to an end infers that the IP core is not inserted into the skeleton design being programmed into the requested PLD because the IP core is not yet successfully decrypted. In fact, until the authorization and authentication of the requesting PLD is confirmed, the encrypted IP core remains encrypted, thereby maintaining protection of the IP core until such time as the requesting PLD can confirm that it is appropriate for the requesting PLD to have access to an unencrypted version of the IP core. Once the requesting PLD is authorized and authenticated, the IP core (now successfully decrypted), is inserted into the skeleton design being programmed into the requesting PLD (step 1090).
In another embodiment the authentication of the sender, e.g., vendor, similar to using a MAC can be done using a digital signature (see DIGITAL SIGNATURE STANDARD (DSS), Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 186-2, published by the U.S. Government on Jan. 27, 2000, which is incorporated by reference).
Although the present invention has been described with respect to a specific preferred embodiment thereof, various changes and modifications will be suggested to one skilled in the art in light of the present disclosure, and it is intended that the present invention encompass such changes and modifications that fall within the scope of the appended claims.
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|U.S. Classification
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|Aug 27, 2004
Owner name: XILINX, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:SIMKINS, JAMES M.;REEL/FRAME:015752/0283
Effective date: 20040824
|Jan 13, 2014
|Fee payment
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text:
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Ladies please be careful who you go to. My experience was at a clinic who advertised quite often. It was painful and I left with what looked like water filled pockets under my eyes.This was done on a Saturday. Monday I went back to complain and told it was normal,suggested massaging my eyes and using witch hazel.By Wednesday had product using out of my tear ducts. Went back and was prescribed Cipro an oral antibiotic and eye drops. Still no improvement. Went back on Friday and was told they could see an improvement it could take longer to heal they had never seen this before I could have had an allergic reaction. Please are you kidding me! Went to a top 10 plastic surgeon and was told it was done improperly. Now I have gone back twice to have vitrase injected to try to get rid of the juvederm. It has been painful and costly. Not to mention the swelling and black and blue under my eyes. I am now on my second month since starting this nightmare and every time I look in the mirror I could cry. Please check the organization and doctor carefully before doing this procedure
Left with what looked like water filled pockets under my eyes - Hated the Experience - Gurnee, Illinois
Ladies please be careful who you go to. My...
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text:
BIRMINGHAM, Ala. — LSU shortstop Bianka Bell came away with Southeastern Conference Freshman of the Week accolades Monday as announced by the league office. It marks the first career weekly award for Bell.
Bell had hits and collected RBIs in all four of LSU's games last week en route to a .429 batting average, two home runs and 10 RBIs.
Bell had her first career grand slam at No. 25 South Alabama and a career-high four RBIs. Bell's 10 RBIs accounted for half of LSU's total for the week.
"We're extremely pleased for Bianka, and this is a well-deserved honor for her," coach Beth Torina said. "She's a special player and one of the most talented freshmen in the SEC. We're going to need her to continue to produce at a high level as we face a challenging month of April."
LSU embarks on a nine-game road swing as the Tigers visit Florida State, a team who is receiving votes in the latest edition of the Top 25 polls, for a Wednesday doubleheader. First pitch is slated for 4 p.m. CDT.
Men's tennis
TEAM RETURNS HOME TO FACE TULANE AND UNO: The No. 33 LSU men's tennis team (9-8) returns home for a doubleheader on Tuesday against Tulane and the University of New Orleans.
The Tigers are coming off a weekend split in Southeastern Conference play with a 4-2 win over Florida and a 4-1 loss to South Carolina on Sunday.
"Tulane is having a very good year," coach Jeff Brown said. "They're No. 55 in the rankings and just a few short weeks ago, we were in that same position. They're a very talented team so we'll look to be ready to face anyone."
The Tigers have another match on Wednesday at 3 p.m. against Nicholls State.


text:
Ashton Kutcher, Mila Kunis Are Engaged: See a Picture of Her Engagement Ring!
Published 7:30 pm, Thursday, February 27, 2014
Get ready for a downright gorgeous Hollywood bride and groom, because Mila Kunis and Ashton Kutcher are ready to wed! The couple of nearly two years are engaged, a source confirms to Us Weekly. "She is crazy about him!" the source adds. The Jupiter Ascending actress dropped a subtle hint while shopping with her mom at The Grove in L.A. on Thursday, Feb. 27; she wore a baggy white sweater, jeans, sunglasses . . . and a noticeable ring on her engagement finger.
Pals close to the former That '70s Show costars have been waiting for Kutcher, 36, to propose. "They talk about getting married and having kids," one friend told Us late last year. "An engagement is imminent."
PHOTOS: Mila and Ashton's romance
It will be the first marriage for the Ukrainian-born beauty and the second for Kutcher, who finalized his once-contentious divorce from Demi Moore last November. He and the Margin Call actress, 51, split in fall 2010 following his infamous San Diego fling with Sara Leal in San Diego. (For her part, Kunis ended her eight-year relationship with Macauley Culkin around the same time.)
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PHOTOS: Mila's sexy transformation
Kunis and the Two and a Half Men took their long friendship to the next level in spring of 2011, and though they've been resolutely private, are "inseparable," another pal told Us. Earlier this month, the Ted actress threw her man an intimate surprise birthday dinner with pals in Hollywood. The once hard-partying Kutcher prefers nights in at the shared $10.8 million home the couple shares. "Ashton and Mila cook together," a Kutcher pal says. "He knows he ended up with the right girl."
PHOTOS: Ashton's romantic history
E! News first reported the story of the couple's engagement.
This article originally appeared on Usmagazine.com: Ashton Kutcher, Mila Kunis Are Engaged: See a Picture of Her Engagement Ring!


text:
This property has been removed by the agent. It may be sold or temporarily removed from the market
3 bedroom end of terrace house for saleMoorlands View, Caldicot, NP26
Sold STC £104,950
Property Description
Key features
- Three Bedroom End Link Property with Large Third Bedroom
- Lounge
- Kitchen/Dining Room
- Ground Floor Cloakroom
- Family Bathroom
- Rear Garden
- Off Road Parking for up to Four Vehicles
Full description
Storm Porch: Flat roofed open porch leading to UPVC double glazed entrance door in to:
Kitchen/Dining Room: 2110 (6.66m) x 86 (2.59m) max, min 75 (2.27m)
UPVC double glazed window to front, UPVC double glazed window to rear, textured ceiling with bar mounted spotlights, vinyl flooring to Kitchen area, fitted base & wall units with roll edged work surfaces & tiled splash backs, stainless steel single drainer sink unit with taps, plumbing for washing machine & dishwasher, space for undercounter fridge and freezer, radiator with decorative cover, wall mounted Valiant combi boiler, telephone point subject to BT regs, power points. Doors to Lounge & Rear Hallway.
Lounge: 1210 (3.91m) x 1110 (3.62m)
UPVC double glazed window to front, textured ceiling, brick built display & storage area, radiator, television aerial point, central heating controls, power points.
Rear Hallway: UPVC double glazed door to rear garden, textured ceiling, vinyl flooring. Doors to two storage cupboards, and Cloakroom.
Ground Floor Cloakroom: UPVC opaque double glazed window to side, textured ceiling, radiator, low level w/c, wash hand basin with splash back tiling.
First floor accommodation comprises:
Stairs & Landing: UPVC opaque double glazed window to rear, textured ceiling, power point, airing cupboard with shelving. Doors to:
Master Bedroom: 121 (3.68m) x 1010 (3.31m)
UPVC double glazed window to front, textured ceiling, radiator, telephone point subject to BT regs, power points.
Bedroom Two: 121 (3.69m) x 107 (3.24m)
UPVC double glazed window to front, textured ceiling, access for loft space, radiator, power points.
Bedroom Three: 104 (3.16m) x 76 (2.28m)
UPVC double glazed window to rear, textured ceiling, radiator, power points.
Bathroom: UPVC opaque double glazed window to rear, textured ceiling, radiator, white suite comprising of bath with tiled splash backs, wash hand basin with tiled splash back & low level w/c.
Outside Front: Pathway leading to open entrance porch, stone chipped area
Outside Rear: Enclosed garden with fencing on three sides, good sized patio area with brick storage shed to side, paved & stone chipped area with stepping stones with water feature, wooden built storage bin, external tap fixture, lighting, security lighting, gated access to rear of garden with parking for up to four vehicles.
Tenure: We are advised that the property is Freehold although prospective purchasers should check this with their solicitors.
Under the Property Misdescriptions Act 1991 we endeavour to make our sales particulars accurate and consistent but they should not be relied upon as statements of fact and they do not form any part of an offer or contract. The seller does not make any representations or give any guarantee in relation to the property and we have no authority to do so on behalf of the seller. Services, fittings and equipment referred to in the sales details have not been tested (unless otherwise stated) and no warranty can be given as to their condition. We strongly advise that all the information we give is verified by you or your advisors. Under the terms of The Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates and Inspections) (England and Wales) Regulations 2007 please request if you wish to view available information. All material related to this property on this site is protected by copyright. The copyright owner is Davis & Sons, Caldicot. A user may download and reprint a single copy of the materials for personal, noncommercial use only. No material may be copied in whole or in part for commercial use or distribution, nor may these objects be modified or reposted to other sites or be used in other media.
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Disclaimer - Property reference moorlands0512. The information displayed about this property comprises a property advertisement. Rightmove.co.uk makes no warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of the advertisement or any linked or associated information, and Rightmove has no control over the content. This property advertisement does not constitute property particulars. The information is provided and maintained by Davis & Sons, Caldicot. Please contact the selling agent or developer directly to obtain any information which may be available under the terms of The Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates and Inspections) (England and Wales) Regulations 2007 or the Home Report if in relation to a residential property in Scotland.
Map data ©OpenStreetMap contributors.


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But there's movement at the space
Downtown's Django Gypsy Kitchen and Saloon closed last week, according to nearby businesses.
Located at 495 Peachtree Street NE next to Atlanta's largest homeless shelter, a visit to the space confirms they've shuttered.
Highly placed sources say the restaurant owners walked out on the lease.
But whether or not they've closed for good is still up for debate and has not been confirmed.
Staff at the neighboring hair studio suggest Django's planned on closing for renovations to reopen under new management as a similar concept. These rumors surfaced late last year, presumably in November.
There is indication that would suggest this rumor to be true: ladders and other constructional equipment look in use, lights are left on and flooring seems to be getting replaced.
All circumstantial of course, considering the landlord may just be making improvements to the abandoned space.
Django Gypsy Kitchen and Saloon
495 Peachtree Street Northeast
Atlanta, GA 30308


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It's Magny-fique from Corser and Foggy PETRONAS Racing! Troy Corser - the undisputed king of Superpole - claimed pole position on the PETRONAS FP1 for the final two races of the Superbike World Championship at Magny-Cours. Team-mate Chris...
It's Magny-fique from Corser and Foggy PETRONAS Racing!
Troy Corser - the undisputed king of Superpole - claimed pole position on the PETRONAS FP1 for the final two races of the Superbike World Championship at Magny-Cours.
Team-mate Chris Walker will start from 10th place on the grid to continue a strong finale to the season from the Foggy PETRONAS Racing pair.
Troy qualified for the one-lap Superpole shoot-out for grid positions with the fourth fastest time and was 0.2 down on Vermeulen's time after the first two splits. But the 32-year-old Australian pulled off a stunning final sector to go 0.3 seconds faster than the rest of the field with a time of 1:41.547 and clinch his second pole position of the year - a record 30th of his career.
Using a new specification engine, designed to provide more torque at low rpm by reducing the inertia of the engine, Troy heads a front row containing four different manufacturers. And, with the championship race approaching a thrilling finale, Corser is hopeful of stealing some of the limelight.
He said: "That pole position was down to the progress that the PETRONAS engine development team have made as well as all the hard work from the team. You can either lose a lot or gain a little in Superpole and the key is not to make mistakes and not try too hard. But I was actually struggling a little bit in the final two sections of my Superpole lap. The rear tyre was vibrating on the left hand side and then I overshot the last corner but I made up for it on the brakes, just turned in and managed to stay on the side of the track. It wasn't luck, but I did need a bit of help! It has been a long time since my last Superpole in Germany earlier this season but we have been trying some new stuff and it has been working well here. We have been doing pretty consistent times on race tyres so now I need a good start. I am definitely going for the podium and hopefully the race win."
Chris also made encouraging progress on the second day of qualifying and finished the morning session with the eight fastest time - but set on race tyres. An engine failure in his number one bike hampered his preparation for Superpole, resulting in a third row grid start at a circuit where he claimed two podiums last year.
Chris said: "This weekend has been really good until this afternoon with good lap times and bike set up and I've set some of my fastest times of the weekend on race tyres. But in this afternoon's session I had an engine failure on track and when I do that it not only hampers my time on track and therefore my lap times but also, with the current tyre rule, you end up not having enough tyres to go out on again as you need the ones off the broken bike! Superpole was unfortunately not my best lap but I had to go out on the bike I hadn't been riding earlier in the day and I could have gone quicker with the other bike. However, it still wouldn't have been as quick as Troy's Superpole lap, so respect is definitely due and it's great for him and the team. I was desperate to be on the first two rows of the grid and, as this circuit is a nightmare for overtaking, I'm obviously a bit disappointed with my Superpole position. But, with good starts I still believe I can get good finis hes."


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Bonnie and Bill Smith were high school sweethearts who married and had six kids: three boys and three girls.
"We planned it that way," Bill jokes.
Bonnie was the faithful homemaker; Bill the breadwinner working in commercial real estate.
In 1970, they moved from Toledo, Ohio, to South Tampa, where Bill was drawn by new development opportunities.
Their daughter Deborah finished up her studies at Robinson High, while her younger brothers and sisters went to Plant.
They're all grown up now, but Bonnie says the family is still what she lives for. Everyone remains in Tampa — except one, the youngest.
His name is Eric.
And he has something in common with the Smiths' oldest grandson, Adam. Their story is among the reasons this weekend will be so special.
Of course, Sunday is Mother's Day, and the men are planning a get-together at Bonnie and Bill's, out by the water at Windward Lakes mobile home park off S Dale Mabry. Most in the family clan, which numbers 26 strong, plan to be there.
They have a few blessings to celebrate, namely that both Eric and Adam survived the Iraq war.
Bill served in the Korean War, and his father, in World War II, but neither chose the military as a career. Eric did, though, nearly a quarter-century ago.
When he was a boy, his mother had asked if he knew what he wanted to be when he grew up. "All I know now is I don't want to sit behind a desk," she remembers him saying.
He grew popular in high school and played tennis and baseball but didn't care to continue his education. So when recruiters touted the benefits, the military seemed like the best fit, at least to him.
Mom wasn't so sure. Would he be safe?
As the years passed, he was stationed throughout the world and served during the Persian Gulf War. Then, about seven years ago, his nephew was considering the military, too. Eric encouraged him to enlist and take advantage of the Army's program to pay for college.
Like her mother years before, Adam's mother, Deborah, was scared. Adam graduated at age 17, so she had to sign off on his enlistment. She hesitated at first, but the recruiter told her she could fill out a form exempting her only child from serving in combat if a war ever broke out.
Adam signed a two-year contract with the military at a fateful time: Sept. 5, 2001.
Inevitably, Adam was called for a stint in Iraq. Eric, who also served tours there, felt terrible for encouraging his nephew to enlist.
But perhaps Deborah felt worse. She wanted to fill out that form, but Adam wanted to put his military training into practice. "Mom, I can only shine my boots for so long," he told her.
At one point, Eric and Adam were stationed in Iraq at the same time, but in different areas.
Deborah was glued to the TV, soaking in reports of soldiers killed by roadside bombs and the like.
For days after Adam told her he was being deployed, "I couldn't eat. I couldn't sleep. I couldn't think. I was just out of it," she said this week, holding back tears.
Early in the war, Eric's military office was near a tragic bombing in Mosul. The Smiths heard about it in the national news and held their breath until they got his call, saying he was okay. Eric's office had been destroyed, but he was safe.
After that, Eric told his mother to stop watching news reports of the war. "It's not the truth what they tell you," he told her. The media focused on bombings and death, not the good that American soldiers were doing in the Middle East, the Smiths said.
But time passed, and Eric's last tour in Iraq ended.
Adam's contract ended while in Baqubah, north of Baghdad. His commander told him he was free to go, but no military planes were flying directly into the United States, so he'd have to chart his own course back home.
He found empty seats on planes out of Iraq. He hopped a flight to Kuwait, then Germany, then Maine. He phoned home along the way. The call from Maine was one of the happiest Bill ever received. His grandson was out of harm's way. Finally, Adam landed in Texas, at Fort Hood.
That was about five years ago. A few days ago, the 24-year-old was making plans to come home this week from Tallahassee after graduating with a degree in political science from Florida State University. He planned to send out resumes and attend a job fair, his mom said.
Eric, 42, hadn't liked school much before the military, but later earned degrees from Hillsborough Community College and the University of South Florida, his father said. He and his wife, Valli, also a 1983 Plant High graduate, have three children and live in San Antonio, Texas.
Recently, the lieutenant colonel announced his retirement from the Army after 24 years. He now works for a private logistics company that does work for the military, and he planned to be in the area this weekend for a business conference.
Of course, he would join his brothers, sisters, nieces and nephews.
What more could a mother ask for?
"This is my life, to have them all together," Bonnie said this week. "We never had a lot of money, but we sure had a lot of love."


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Search billions of records on Ancestry.com
Historical Society and Museum of the Apopkans
Ukrainian Egg
Also on display are embroidered table linens and many decorated
wooden eggs; even a Pysanky decorated ostrich egg. There is
also a video that shows how the eggs are made.
Here are several links for more
information on Ukrainian eggs and the celebration of Easter in
the Ukraine:
Velykden is Ukrainian for Easter
The Legend of the
Easter Egg
One day a poor peddler
went to the marketplace to sell a basket of eggs. He came upon a
crowd mocking a man who staggered with a heavy cross
on which he was about to be crucified.
The peddler ran to his
aid, leaving the basket by the roadside. When he returned, he found
the eggs transformed into exquisite designs of bright colors.
The man was Christ;
the peddler, Simon.
And the eggs were to
become the symbol of rebirth for all mankind.
Ukrainian Folk Tale


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End tenure here
Jerome Stocks, the most divisive mayor/city councilperson in Encinitas, needs to end his tenure here. Nov. 6, 2012 is the perfect time for this to occur.
Show up at any city council meeting to experience this condescending firebrand for yourself. You will palpably feel the arrogant disdain for anyone who stands in the way of his opinions. It is viscerally disturbing.
Mr. Stocks' arrogance is well recognized among the citizenry. He is easily the most widely disliked, distrusted politician the city has ever produced in its past 26 years. This gentleman has shown us his stuff for 12 years, and people in his "fiefdom" have finally had quite enough of that "special" Stocks brand of condescension. Are the citizens of Encinitas unreasonable? I mean, so many of them?
Or could it be that Mr. Stocks is being called the most contentious, divisive mayor this city has ever known for good reason? He's also been called dangerously arrogant, as when he was recently caught on video putting up his own re-election signs on prime city real estate corners two days early, breaking city code. He needed a jump-start to elbow other signs out first? There's a disturbing mixture of pathos and anger at work here.
When investing in stocks, you keep them until they start to cost you, then you dump them. It is clearly time to dump our stocks.
The good news? There are a few excellent new people running for city council! Finally. Take a look at Lisa Shaffer and Tony Kranz — two honorable, qualified, respectful folk. A breath of necessary fresh air for our fine city. It's been too long: It's time to take stock this November.
No more divisiveness! Time to Dump Stocks now.
Maggie Houlihan would approve this message.
With respect and best regards to us all,
Esteban Llaves,
We've been Encinitas residents for 35 years but before this year, had never witnessed actions and words of a city council representative like those of Mayor Stocks and his appointed yes man, Muir. When we wrote letters to Stocks or addressed the Encinitas City Council, we were treated discourteously and received responses from Stocks that first, made assumptions that were not true, and second included language that was offensive. Why should he care about us when he gets ~50 percent of his campaign funds from developers?
Muir was appointed by Stocks and his council supporters to replace Maggie Houlihan when she died of cancer — against her will and those of her many supporters. Today we learned that Stocks and Muir have illegally displayed their campaign signs along El Camino and elsewhere. They are disrespectful of the law, power hungry, rude, and unresponsive to their constituents. We support Lisa Shaffer and Tony Kranz, people we know we can trust and approach. We say, dump Stocks and Muir!
Jeanne & Milton Saier,
A review of Jerome Stocks' Form 460 campaign contribution forms when running for Encinitas city council indicates that contributions from development-oriented contributors increased from $5,400, 31 percent of his 2000 contribution totals, to ?$17,500, 64 percent of his 2008 contributions, some from as far away as Texas and Bethesda, Md. Local percentages declined from ?50 percent in 2000 to 21percent in 2008. Only 27 percent of his private contributions came from Encinitas, indicating that local contributors do not enthusiastically support Stocks. In contrast, ?90 percent of contributions for two fellow councilpersons, Maggie Houlihan and Teresa Barth, were from Encinitas.
Contributions from nationally established developers for subdivisions, shopping centers, and senior-living facilities increased from about $2,800 in 2000 to over $6,000 in 2008. Moreover, these contributors evolved over those three elections in a manner reflecting companies with major projects pending within Encinitas. For skeptics, these figures can be verified by accessing the city's website covering campaign contributions, i.e., (http://archive.ci.encinitas.ca.us/weblink8/browse.aspx?startid=632517), and clicking on Stocks' folder.
So, the questions to Encinitas voters are: "Who do you think Mr. Stocks is and has been representing since 2004? Why are these development-oriented contributors paying to have him re-elected? What has his impact been on your quality of life?"
Dennis Lees,
Proposition J
Your "YES" vote on Del Mar Prop J could mean an immediate tripling in the value of the land under our commercial property at 11th & Camino Del Mar. How so?
The value of commercial property, unlike residential, is based on the return on the investment. Rental income is based on the floor area of building rented. Since the floor area ratio currently on our property is only 29 percent, Prop J would allow an increase in the FAR to at least 100 percent — an increase of 245 percent. And the value, as well.
We should be voting "yes," but let me tell you why we are voting "no."
We have lived immediately next door to our commercial property since 1964, and we believe the planned changes to the downtown will destroy the small scale livability we have enjoyed in Del Mar, lower the value of our home and really be bad for business.
We believe changes to the main street would create more havoc there and on our side street, with whatever traffic and parking solutions they might provide. There is call for more restaurants along the entire six blocks, creating more smells, rats, late night noise, etc.
We can live with whatever replaces this proposed Plan. Vote "no" on Prop J.
Ralph Peck,
Del Mar
Supporters and opponents of Proposition J agree that revitalizing Del Mar's downtown would cost millions. The question is how to pay for it.
Proponents have a vague blueprint consisting of unspecified federal and state grants, unidentified higher tax revenues and other pie-in-the-sky ideas. That's just the formula San Diego and other cities have used on their road to financial ruin.
Unless the YES crowd comes up with a last-minute financial plan, I'm voting NO on Nov. 6.
Peter Kaye,
Del Mar
Opponents and supporters of Del Mar's Proposition J have squared off at one another. The opponents continue to vilify supporters by asserting they are serving the interests of "big developers." Not so. Like the opponents, the supporters also are your neighbors and long-term Del Mar residents. There is no "big-developer" money involved.
And opponents continue to make baseless, false claims that Prop J will increase traffic congestion, lower property values, slow emergency vehicle response and produce less revenue for the City. Not one shred of factual evidence or professional opinion has been offered to support these false claims.
All of the professional studies and the EIR prepared for Prop J demonstrate the opposite are true. Prop J will reduce congestion on Camino del Mar; increase pedestrian, bicycle, and vehicular safety; reduce speeds; increase property values; protect public and private ocean views; improve city revenues; protect adjacent residential streets; and more. These are the facts, supported by the EIR, professional studies and Village Specific Plan policies — not mere speculation and fear mongering.
Moreover, Prop J will not overdevelop our Village commercial area — it allows a maximum 64,790 square feet more retail and 18,420 square feet of boutique lodging among the 63 privately owned parcels in the Village. That's an average maximum increase of only 1,321 square feet per parcel.
The VSP also allows a limited number of small residential units in the Village to serve the needs of seniors and young people and to help stem our declining resident population.
Prop J assures that all new development will receive full DRB review. It beautifies our Village "Main Street" and makes it more pedestrian friendly. It encourages additional retail shops at the street level, and freezes the amount of office use. It does not slow emergency vehicle response times, according to Del Mar's current Fire Marshal. And, Prop J does not impose any new taxes or fees on residents!
Opponents have declined several invitations from supporters to publicly debate these and other issues on DMTV. Why do the opponents refuse to debate the supporters?
Don't be misled. Get the facts. Attend the public information meetings at the City Hall Annex, 6 p.m., Oct. 15 and Oct. 29. Know before you vote.
Wayne Dernetz,
Del Mar
California's School Bond Problem
Since 1982 California has approved $52.68 Billion for school facilities funding. Vote "no" on the local school bond measures. Since 1999, SDUHSD has spent about $225 Million on capital improvement projects with money from statewide school bond measures, developer fees and Mello-Roos. Now SDUHSD, along with Mira Costa and Del Mar, want to tap into your wallet for more money for maintenance and classroom upgrades to support the schools' "Vision of the 21st Century" learning.
Forty percent of California's budget is mandated for K-12 schools. Due to the Great Recession and mass exodus of California taxpayers and businesses our tax base has decreased; our incomes, investments and property values have decreased and obviously this impacts monies going to schools. However, statistics show the student population at SDUHSD has peaked and is not expected to increase in the near future. So why is SDUHSD proposing a $449 Million bond?
Borrowing money for repairs, upgrades, computers, safety and security, retaining qualified teachers and academic programs are items that should be in the school's maintenance & operations budget. It's time for schools to show fiscal discipline and responsibility with monies provided to them by their constituents.
Enough! Vote "no" on school bond measures.
Darcy Brandon,
Here are a few quick reasons to vote no on the MiraCosta (Prop EE), the San Dieguito (Prop AA) and the Del Mar (Prop CC) school bonds.
Mira Costa (Prop EE): MiraCosta's weak board is at the mercy of the Teachers Union as evidenced by MiraCosta teachers making a full 30 percent more than their community college colleagues at other local colleges. Why? Who knows? A full 35-40 percent of their classes are topics that should have been learned in high school.
San Dieguito High School District (Prop AA): San Dieguito has one of the newest campuses in San Diego. Further, since 1996 they have received over $225 million of your dollars…and now they want more!
Del Mar (Prop CC): For pure entertainment, read their bond proposal. It is filled with generalities and statements of savings that have not been scrutinized. Their last minute attempt to put this on the ballot is makes them look like they bought their bond proposal from Bonds-R-Us.
Props AA, CC, and EE are all unnecessary and unjustified. Further, if you live in Del Mar, you get to vote on all three.
Rhonda Densiton,
This November, North County Coastal voters will be asked to approve almost a billion dollars in new debt, which will cost more than two billion dollars to pay off. Measures AA and EE are wildly overpriced, unnecessary, and a shortsighted money grab that will hamstring the San Dieguito Union High School District and the MiraCosta College District in the future.
In each case, the district has failed to live within its means, has not managed its operating budget responsibly, and is now asking the taxpayers for a giant bailout. Prop AA's backers admit that some of the money will go for maintenance that SDUHSD has been neglecting while failing to reform administrative overhead. This enormous money grab will prevent budget reforms that are necessary for a sustainable SDUHSD future. Worse, this proposition maxes out SDUHSD's legal debt capacity for decades. When we have actual capital improvement needs in the future, we won't be able to fund them.
Similarly, MiraCosta has been running an operating deficit (a $4.9 million deficit out of a $97.9 million budget last year) and instead of getting its fiscal house in order, wants to paper over the problem by taking a $497 million windfall from taxpayers in Prop EE. Administrative bloat and excessive pensions should be addressed before MiraCosta asks for another penny. Administrative costs are out of control. The President of MiraCosta alone makes $258,771 per year plus a $1300 per month tax-free expense account, plus a generous pension. That's far more than the Governor of California!
If we want our schools and colleges to be managed prudently, we have to stop writing blank checks to the bureaucracies. No on AA and EE!
Ed Wagner,


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