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Npm1 | GeneID:18148 | Mus musculus
Gene Summary
[ ] NCBI Entrez Gene
|Gene ID
|Official Symbol
|Gene Type
|B23; MGC102162; MGC107291; NO38; Npm
|Full Name
|nucleophosmin 1
|nucleophosmin 1
|Also Known As
|OTTMUSP00000005572; nucleolar protein NO38
Orthologs and Paralogs
[ ] Homologs - NCBI's HomoloGene Group: 81697
|Mus musculus
|Rattus norvegicus
|Danio rerio
|Gallus gallus
|Canis lupus familiaris
|Canis lupus familiaris
|Bos taurus
|Pan troglodytes
[ ] Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies
|Product No.
|Nucleophosmin antibody (ab15440); Rabbit polyclonal to Nucleophosmin
|Nucleophosmin antibody [FC82291] (ab10530); Mouse monoclonal [FC82291] to Nucleophosmin
|Nucleophosmin antibody (ab69981); Rabbit polyclonal to Nucleophosmin
|Nucleophosmin antibody (ab63622); Rabbit polyclonal to Nucleophosmin
|Nucleophosmin (phospho T199) antibody (ab59353); Rabbit polyclonal to Nucleophosmin (phospho T199)
|Nucleophosmin antibody (ab37659); Rabbit polyclonal to Nucleophosmin
|Nucleophosmin antibody (ab31319); Goat polyclonal to Nucleophosmin
|Monoclonal Anti-B23 antibody produced in mouse ;
Gene Classification
[ ] Gene Ontology
|GO Term
|granular component
|large ribosomal subunit
|nuclear speck
|ribonucleoprotein complex
|small ribosomal subunit
|DNA binding
|nucleic acid binding
|protein binding
|ribosomal large subunit binding
|ribosomal small subunit binding
|RNA binding
|rRNA binding
|cell growth
|cell volume homeostasis
|negative regulation of nuclear mRNA splicing, via spliceosome
|nucleocytoplasmic transport
|positive regulation of cell proliferation
|positive regulation of cellular biosynthetic process
|positive regulation of centrosome duplication
|positive regulation of protein kinase activity
|protein localization
|protein oligomerization
|regulation of cell cycle
|regulation of centrosome duplication
|regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator
|ribosomal large subunit biogenesis
|ribosomal large subunit export from nucleus
|ribosomal small subunit biogenesis
|ribosomal small subunit export from nucleus
|rRNA export from nucleus
RefSeq Isoforms
[ ] RefSeq Annotation and UniProt Database
MicroRNA and Targets
[ ] MicroRNA Sequences and Transcript Targets from miRBase at Sanger
|RNA Target
|miRNA #
|mat miRNA
|Mature miRNA Sequence
Transcript Sequences
[ ] Transcript Accession Number Cloud [ GenBank ]
Protein Sequences
[ ] Protein Accession Number Cloud [ GenPept ]
Mutations and SNPs
[ ] NCBI's dbSNP
- All SNPs in GeneID:18148 / Npm1 Gene
Selected Publications
[ ] Gene-related publications indexed at PubMed
- [ ] Apicelli AJ, et al. (2008) "A non-tumor suppressor role for basal p19ARF in maintaining nucleolar structure and function." Mol Cell Biol. 28(3):1068-1080. PMID:18070929
- [ ] Parlato R, et al. (2008) "Activation of an endogenous suicide response after perturbation of rRNA synthesis leads to neurodegeneration in mice." J Neurosci. 28(48):12759-12764. PMID:19036968
- [ ] Li Z, et al. (2008) "Nucleophosmin interacts directly with c-Myc and controls c-Myc-induced hyperproliferation and transformation." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105(48):18794-18799. PMID:19033198
- [ ] Kuo ML, et al. (2008) "Arf-induced turnover of the nucleolar nucleophosmin-associated SUMO-2/3 protease Senp3." Cell Cycle. 7(21):3378-3387. PMID:18948745
- [ ] Maggi LB Jr, et al. (2008) "Nucleophosmin serves as a rate-limiting nuclear export chaperone for the Mammalian ribosome." Mol Cell Biol. 28(23):7050-7065. PMID:18809582
- [ ] Gandin V, et al. (2008) "Eukaryotic initiation factor 6 is rate-limiting in translation, growth and transformation." Nature. 455(7213):684-688. PMID:18784653
- [ ] Bonetti P, et al. (2008) "Nucleophosmin and its AML-associated mutant regulate c-Myc turnover through Fbw7 gamma." J Cell Biol. 182(1):19-26. PMID:18625840
- [ ] Falini B, et al. (2008) "Cytoplasmic mutated nucleophosmin is stable in primary leukemic cells and in a xenotransplant model of NPMc+ acute myeloid leukemia in SCID mice." Haematologica. 93(5):775-779. PMID:18367491
- [ ] Sportoletti P, et al. (2008) "Npm1 is a haploinsufficient suppressor of myeloid and lymphoid malignancies in the mouse." Blood. 111(7):3859-3862. PMID:18212245
- [ ] Yamauchi T, et al. (2008) "Ribosomal stress induces processing of Mybbp1a and its translocation from the nucleolus to the nucleoplasm." Genes Cells. 13(1):27-39. PMID:18173745
- [ ] Zou Y, et al. (2008) "Nucleophosmin/B23 negatively regulates GCN5-dependent histone acetylation and transactivation." J Biol Chem. 283(9):5728-5737. PMID:18165222
- [ ] Strand AD, et al. (2007) "Expression profiling of Huntington's disease models suggests that brain-derived neurotrophic factor depletion plays a major role in striatal degeneration." J Neurosci. 27(43):11758-11768. PMID:17959817
- [ ] Li J, et al. (2007) "Nucleophosmin suppresses oncogene-induced apoptosis and senescence and enhances oncogenic cooperation in cells with genomic instability." Carcinogenesis. 28(6):1163-1170. PMID:17277230
- [ ] Trinidad JC, et al. (2006) "Comprehensive identification of phosphorylation sites in postsynaptic density preparations." Mol Cell Proteomics. 5(5):914-922. PMID:16452087
- [ ] Meng L, et al. (2006) "Multiple controls regulate nucleostemin partitioning between nucleolus and nucleoplasm." J Cell Sci. 119(Pt 24):5124-5136. PMID:17158916
- [ ] Ma Z, et al. (2006) "Interaction between ROCK II and nucleophosmin/B23 in the regulation of centrosome duplication." Mol Cell Biol. 26(23):9016-9034. PMID:17015463
- [ ] Wang BB, et al. (2006) "Inducible and reversible suppression of Npm1 gene expression using stably integrated small interfering RNA vector in mouse embryonic stem cells." Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 347(4):1129-1137. PMID:16870143
- [ ] Romanova LG, et al. (2006) "Implication of nucleolar protein SURF6 in ribosome biogenesis and preimplantation mouse development." Biol Reprod. 75(5):690-696. PMID:16855206
- [ ] Yu Y, et al. (2006) "Nucleophosmin is essential for ribosomal protein L5 nuclear export." Mol Cell Biol. 26(10):3798-3809. PMID:16648475
- [ ] Zhang X, et al. (2006) "Proteomic analysis of macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide: Lipopolysaccharide inhibits the cleavage of nucleophosmin." Electrophoresis. 27(8):1659-1668. PMID:16609939
- [ ] Li J, et al. (2006) "Nucleophosmin regulates cell cycle progression and stress response in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells." J Biol Chem. 281(24):16536-16545. PMID:16608843
- [ ] Tarapore P, et al. (2006) "Thr199 phosphorylation targets nucleophosmin to nuclear speckles and represses pre-mRNA processing." FEBS Lett. 580(2):399-409. PMID:16376875
- [ ] Lawson K, et al. (2005) "B23 is a downstream target of polyamine-modulated CK2." Mol Cell Biochem. 274(1-2):103-114. PMID:16342411
- [ ] Huang N, et al. (2005) "Protein NPM3 interacts with the multifunctional nucleolar protein B23/nucleophosmin and inhibits ribosome biogenesis." J Biol Chem. 280(7):5496-5502. PMID:15596447
- [ ] Meder VS, et al. (2005) "PARP-1 and PARP-2 interact with nucleophosmin/B23 and accumulate in transcriptionally active nucleoli." J Cell Sci. 118(Pt 1):211-222. PMID:15615785
- [ ] Cairo S, et al. (2005) "PML interacts with Myc, and Myc target gene expression is altered in PML-null fibroblasts." Oncogene. 24(13):2195-2203. PMID:15735755
- [ ] Yuan X, et al. (2005) "Genetic inactivation of the transcription factor TIF-IA leads to nucleolar disruption, cell cycle arrest, and p53-mediated apoptosis." Mol Cell. 19(1):77-87. PMID:15989966
- [ ] Grisendi S, et al. (2005) "Role of nucleophosmin in embryonic development and tumorigenesis." Nature. 437(7055):147-153. PMID:16007073
- [ ] Xiang YG, et al. (2005) "[Cloning and structural analysis of mouse genomic nucleophosmin gene]" Yi Chuan Xue Bao. 32(6):641-649. PMID:16018192
- [ ] Lorenzen JA, et al. (2005) "Rbm19 is a nucleolar protein expressed in crypt/progenitor cells of the intestinal epithelium." Gene Expr Patterns. 6(1):45-56. PMID:16027046
- [ ] Carninci P, et al. (2005) "The transcriptional landscape of the mammalian genome." Science. 309(5740):1559-1563. PMID:16141072
- [ ] Katayama S, et al. (2005) "Antisense transcription in the mammalian transcriptome." Science. 309(5740):1564-1566. PMID:16141073
- [ ] Colombo E, et al. (2005) "Nucleophosmin is required for DNA integrity and p19Arf protein stability." Mol Cell Biol. 25(20):8874-8886. PMID:16199867
- [ ] Shinmura K, et al. (2005) "Characterization of centrosomal association of nucleophosmin/B23 linked to Crm1 activity." FEBS Lett. 579(29):6621-6634. PMID:16297385
- [ ] Shu H, et al. (2004) "Identification of phosphoproteins and their phosphorylation sites in the WEHI-231 B lymphoma cell line." Mol Cell Proteomics. 3(3):279-286. PMID:14729942
- [ ] Gerhard DS, et al. (2004) "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)." Genome Res. 14(10B):2121-2127. PMID:15489334
- [ ] Brady SN, et al. (2004) "ARF impedes NPM/B23 shuttling in an Mdm2-sensitive tumor suppressor pathway." Mol Cell Biol. 24(21):9327-9338. PMID:15485902
- [ ] Hayne C, et al. (2004) "MEK inhibition and phosphorylation of serine 4 on B23 are two coincident events in mitosis." Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 321(3):675-680. PMID:15358159
- [ ] Garcia-Frigola C, et al. (2004) "A collection of cDNAs enriched in upper cortical layers of the embryonic mouse brain." Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 122(2):133-150. PMID:15010206
- [ ] Burns KH, et al. (2003) "Roles of NPM2 in chromatin and nucleolar organization in oocytes and embryos." Science. 300(5619):633-636. PMID:12714744
- [ ] Easterday MC, et al. (2003) "Neural progenitor genes. Germinal zone expression and analysis of genetic overlap in stem cell populations." Dev Biol. 264(2):309-322. PMID:14651920
- [ ] Lange K, et al. (2003) "Overexpression of NPM-ALK induces different types of malignant lymphomas in IL-9 transgenic mice." Oncogene. 22(4):517-527. PMID:12555065
- [ ] Wu MH, et al. (2002) "UV stimulation of nucleophosmin/B23 expression is an immediate-early gene response induced by damaged DNA." J Biol Chem. 277(50):48234-48240. PMID:12374805
- [ ] Strausberg RL, et al. (2002) "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 99(26):16899-16903. PMID:12477932
- [ ] Okazaki Y, et al. (2002) "Analysis of the mouse transcriptome based on functional annotation of 60,770 full-length cDNAs." Nature. 420(6915):563-573. PMID:12466851
- [ ] Tsai RY, et al. (2002) "A nucleolar mechanism controlling cell proliferation in stem cells and cancer cells." Genes Dev. 16(23):2991-3003. PMID:12464630
- [ ] Tarapore P, et al. (2002) "A mammalian in vitro centriole duplication system: evidence for involvement of CDK2/cyclin E and nucleophosmin/B23 in centrosome duplication." Cell Cycle. 1(1):75-81. PMID:12429912
- [ ] Kawai J, et al. (2001) "Functional annotation of a full-length mouse cDNA collection." Nature. 409(6821):685-690. PMID:11217851
- [ ] Hemberger M, et al. (2000) "cDNA subtraction cloning reveals novel genes whose temporal and spatial expression indicates association with trophoblast invasion." Dev Biol. 222(1):158-169. PMID:10885754
The nucleolus is the center of ribosome synthesis, with the nucleophosmin (NPM) and p19(ARF) proteins antagonizing one another to either promote or inhibit growth. However, basal NPM and ARF proteins form nucleolar complexes whose functions remain unknown. Nucleoli from Arf(-/)(-) cells displayed increased nucleolar area, suggesting that basal ARF might regulate key nucleolar functions. Concordantly, ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis were dramatically elevated in the absence of Arf, causing these cells to exhibit tremendous gains in protein amounts and increases in cell volume. The transcription of ribosomal DNA (rDNA), the processing of nascent rRNA molecules, and the nuclear export of ribosomes were all increased in the absence of ARF. Similar results were obtained using targeted lentiviral RNA interference of ARF in wild-type MEFs. Postmitotic osteoclasts from Arf-null mice exhibited hyperactivity in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating a physiological function for basal ARF. Moreover, the knockdown of NPM blocked the increases in Arf(-/-) ribosome output and osteoclast activity, demonstrating that these gains require NPM. Thus, basal ARF proteins act as a monitor of steady-state ribosome biogenesis and growth independent of their ability to prevent unwarranted hyperproliferation.
Transcription of rRNA genes is essential for maintaining nucleolar integrity, a hallmark for the healthy state and proliferation rate of a cell. Inhibition of rRNA synthesis leads to disintegration of the nucleolus, elevated levels of p53, and induction of cell suicide, identifying the nucleolus as a critical stress sensor. Whether deregulation of rRNA synthesis is causally involved in neurodegeneration by promoting cell death and/or by inhibiting cellular growth has however not been addressed. The transcription factor TIF-IA plays a central role in mammalian rRNA synthesis, regulating the transcriptional activity of RNA polymerase I. To investigate the consequences of nucleolar perturbation in the nervous system, we have chosen to specifically ablate the gene encoding the transcription factor TIF-IA in two different contexts: neural progenitors and hippocampal neurons. Here, we show that ablation of TIF-IA leads to impaired nucleolar activity and results in increased levels of the proapoptotic transcription factor p53 in both neural progenitors and hippocampal neurons but induces rapid apoptosis only in neural progenitors. Nondividing cells of the adult hippocampus are more refractory to loss of rRNA transcription and face a protracted degeneration. Our study provides an unexploited strategy to initiate neurodegeneration based on perturbation of nucleolar function and underscores a novel perspective to study the cellular and molecular changes involved in the neurodegenerative processes.
The transcription factor c-Myc is essential for cellular proliferation and is one of the most frequently activated oncogenes, but the molecular mechanism mediating its critical role in transformation is unclear. Like c-Myc, multifunctional nucleophosmin (NPM) is tightly regulated during proliferation and is overexpressed in several different types of cancer. Overexpression of NPM enhances proliferation and oncogene-mediated transformation, but the mechanism mediating these effects is unknown. We examined whether NPM stimulates proliferation and transformation by affecting c-Myc. Here, we show that NPM is essential for the activities of oncogenic c-Myc and that overexpressed NPM dramatically stimulates c-Myc-induced hyperproliferation and transformation. Endogenous and exogenous NPM directly interact with c-Myc and regulate the expression of endogenous c-Myc target genes at the promoter. Therefore, NPM is a key cofactor for the transforming activity of c-Myc and the interaction with c-Myc may mediate the enhancement of proliferation and transformation induced by NPM overexppression.
The stabilization and subcellular localization of the p19(Arf) tumor suppressor protein and the SUMO-2/3 deconjugating protease Senp3 each depend upon their binding to the abundant nucleolar protein nucleophosmin (Npm/B23). Senp3 and p19(Arf) antagonize each other's functions in regulating the SUMOylation of target proteins including Npm itself. The p19(Arf) protein triggers the sequential phosphorylation, polyubiquitination and rapid proteasomal degradation of Senp3, and this ability of p19(Arf) to accelerate Senp3 turnover also depends on the presence of Npm. In turn, endogenous p19(Arf) and Senp3 are both destabilized in viable Npm-null mouse embryo fibroblasts (that also lack p53), and reintroduction of the human NPM protein into these cells reverses this phenotype. NPM mutants that retain their acidic and oligomerization domains can re-stabilize both p19(Arf) and Senp3 in this setting, but the nucleolar localization of NPM is not strictly required for these effects. Knockdown of Senp3 with shRNAs mimics the antiproliferative functions of p19(Arf) in cells that lack p53 alone or in triple knock-out cells that lack the Arf, Mdm2 and p53 genes. These findings reinforce the hypothesis that the p53-independent tumor suppressive functions of p19(Arf) may be mediated by its ability to antagonize Senp3, thereby inducing cell cycle arrest by abnormally elevating the cellular levels of SUMOylated proteins.
Nucleophosmin (NPM) (B23) is an essential protein in mouse development and cell growth; however, it has been assigned numerous roles in very diverse cellular processes. Here, we present a unified mechanism for NPM's role in cell growth; NPM directs the nuclear export of both 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits. NPM interacts with rRNA and large and small ribosomal subunit proteins and also colocalizes with large and small ribosomal subunit proteins in the nucleolus, nucleus, and cytoplasm. The transduction of NPM shuttling-defective mutants or the loss of Npm1 inhibited the nuclear export of both the 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits, reduced the available pool of cytoplasmic polysomes, and diminished overall protein synthesis without affecting rRNA processing or ribosome assembly. While the inhibition of NPM shuttling can block cellular proliferation, the dramatic effects on ribosome export occur prior to cell cycle inhibition. Modest increases in NPM expression amplified the export of newly synthesized rRNAs, resulting in increased rates of protein synthesis and indicating that NPM is rate limiting in this pathway. These results support the idea that NPM-regulated ribosome export is a fundamental process in cell growth.
Cell growth and proliferation require coordinated ribosomal biogenesis and translation. Eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) control translation at the rate-limiting step of initiation. So far, only two eIFs connect extracellular stimuli to global translation rates: eIF4E acts in the eIF4F complex and regulates binding of capped messenger RNA to 40S subunits, downstream of growth factors, and eIF2 controls loading of the ternary complex on the 40S subunit and is inhibited on stress stimuli. No eIFs have been found to link extracellular stimuli to the activity of the large 60S ribosomal subunit. eIF6 binds 60S ribosomes precluding ribosome joining in vitro. However, studies in yeasts showed that eIF6 is required for ribosome biogenesis rather than translation. Here we show that mammalian eIF6 is required for efficient initiation of translation, in vivo. eIF6 null embryos are lethal at preimplantation. Heterozygous mice have 50% reduction of eIF6 levels in all tissues, and show reduced mass of hepatic and adipose tissues due to a lower number of cells and to impaired G1/S cell cycle progression. eIF6(+/-) cells retain sufficient nucleolar eIF6 and normal ribosome biogenesis. The liver of eIF6(+/-) mice displays an increase of 80S in polysomal profiles, indicating a defect in initiation of translation. Consistently, isolated hepatocytes have impaired insulin-stimulated translation. Heterozygous mouse embryonic fibroblasts recapitulate the organism phenotype and have normal ribosome biogenesis, reduced insulin-stimulated translation, and delayed G1/S phase progression. Furthermore, eIF6(+/-) cells are resistant to oncogene-induced transformation. Thus, eIF6 is the first eIF associated with the large 60S subunit that regulates translation in response to extracellular signals.
Mutations leading to aberrant cytoplasmic localization of nucleophosmin (NPM) are the most frequent genetic alteration in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). NPM binds the Arf tumor suppressor and protects it from degradation. The AML-associated NPM mutant (NPMmut) also binds p19Arf but is unable to protect it from degradation, which suggests that inactivation of p19Arf contributes to leukemogenesis in AMLs. We report here that NPM regulates turnover of the c-Myc oncoprotein by acting on the F-box protein Fbw7gamma, a component of the E3 ligase complex involved in the ubiquitination and proteasome degradation of c-Myc. NPM was required for nucleolar localization and stabilization of Fbw7gamma. As a consequence, c-Myc was stabilized in cells lacking NPM. Expression of NPMmut also led to c-Myc stabilization because of its ability to interact with Fbw7gamma and delocalize it to the cytoplasm, where it is degraded. Because Fbw7 induces degradation of other growth-promoting proteins, the NPM-Fbw7 interaction emerges as a central tumor suppressor mechanism in human cancer.
We investigated the NPM1 mutation status or subcellular expression of NPM protein (nuclear vs. aberrant cytoplasmic) at diagnosis and relapse in 125 patients with acute myeloid leukemia from Italy and Germany. All 52 patients with acute myeloidleukemia carrying at diagnosis mutated or cytoplasmic NPM (NPMc(+) acute myeloid leukemia) retained this feature at relapse. Notably, cytoplasmic mutated NPM has now been retained for eight years in a xenotransplant model of NPMc(+) acute myeloid leukemia in immunodeficient mice. None of 73 acute myeloid leukemia patients carrying at diagnosis wild-type NPM1 gene or showing at immunohistochemistry nucleus-restricted expression of nucleophosmin (NPMc(-) acute myeloid leukemia), which is predictive of NPM1 gene in germline configuration, acquired cytoplasmic mutated NPM at relapse. This finding further confirms that NPMc(+) acute myeloid leukemia represents a primary event rather than a transformation stage of NPMc(-) acute myeloid leukemia. The stability of cytoplasmic mutated NPM in patients with acute myeloid leukemia, even at relapse in extramedullary sites, and in a xenotransplant model, suggest this event is crucial for leukemogenesis and represents the rationale for monitoring minimal residual disease and molecular targeted therapy in NPMc(+) acute myeloid leukemia.
Nucleophosmin (NPM1) gene has been heavily implicated in cancer pathogenesis both as a putative proto-oncogene and tumor suppressor gene. NPM1 is the most frequently mutated gene in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), while deletion of 5q, where NPM1 maps, is frequent in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). We have previously shown that mice heterozygous for Npm1 (Npm1+/-) develop a hematologic syndrome with features of human MDS. Here we analyzed Npm1+/- mutants to determine their susceptibility to cancer. Npm1+/- mice displayed a greater propensity to develop malignancies compared with Npm1+/+ mice. The Npm1+/- cohort frequently developed hematologic malignancies of both myeloid and lymphoid origin with myeloid malignancies displaying the highest incidence. Malignant cells retained the wild-type allele with normal localization and expression of Npm1 at the protein level, suggesting that complete Npm1 loss is not a prerequisite for tumorigenesis. Our results conclusively demonstrate that Npm1 acts as a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor in the hematopoietic compartment.
Myb-binding protein 1a (Mybbp1a) was originally identified as a c-myb proto-oncogene product (c-Myb)-interacting protein, and also binds to various other transcription factors. The 160-kDa Mybbp1a protein (p160(MBP)) is ubiquitously expressed and is post-translationally processed in some types of cells to generate an amino-terminal 67 kDa fragment (p67(MBP)). Despite its interaction with various transcription factors, Mybbp1a is localized predominantly, but not exclusively, in nucleoli. Here, we have purified the two Mybbp1a-containing complexes. The smaller complex contained p67(MBP) and p140(MBP), which lacked the C-terminal region of p160(MBP) containing the nucleolar localization sequences. The larger complex contained the intact p160(MBP) and various ribosomal subunits. Treatment of cells with actinomycin D (ActD), cisplatin or UV, all of which inhibit ribosome biogenesis, induced processing of p160(MBP) into p140(MBP) and p67(MBP). ActD, cisplatin and UV also induced a translocation of Mybbp1a from the nucleolus to the nucleoplasm. Both small and large Mybbp1a complexes contained nucleophosmin and nucleolin. In contrast, nucleostemin was detected only in the large complex, while the cell cycle-regulated protein EBP1 was only in the small complex. These results suggest that Mybbp1a may connect the ribosome biogenesis and the Myb-dependent transcription, which controls cell cycle progression and proliferation.
Nucleophosmin/B23 is a multifunctional phosphoprotein that is overexpressed in cancer cells and has been shown to be involved in both positive and negative regulation of transcription. In this study, we first identified GCN5 acetyltransferase as a B23-interacting protein by mass spectrometry, which was then confirmed by in vivo co-immunoprecipitation. An in vitro assay demonstrated that B23 bound the PCAF-N domain of GCN5 and inhibited GCN5-mediated acetylation of both free and mononucleosomal histones, probably through interfering with GCN5 and masking histones from being acetylated. Mitotic B23 exhibited higher inhibitory activity on GCN5-mediated histone acetylation than interphase B23. Immunodepletion experiments of mitotic extracts revealed that phosphorylation of B23 at Thr 199 enhanced the inhibition of GCN5-mediated histone acetylation. Moreover, luciferase reporter and microarray analyses suggested that B23 attenuated GCN5-mediated transactivation in vivo. Taken together, our studies suggest a molecular mechanism of B23 in the mitotic inhibition of GCN5-mediated histone acetylation and transactivation.
Many pathways have been proposed as contributing to Huntington's disease (HD) pathogenesis, but generally the in vivo effects of their perturbation have not been compared with reference data from human patients. Here we examine how accurately mechanistically motivated and genetic HD models recapitulate the striatal gene expression phenotype of human HD. The representative genetic model was the R6/2 transgenic mouse, which expresses a fragment of the huntingtin protein containing a long CAG repeat. Pathogenic mechanisms examined include mitochondrial dysfunction; profiled in 3-nitropropionic acid-treated rats, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated mice, and PGC-1alpha knock-out mice; and depletion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) using heterozygous and forebrain-specific BDNF-knock-out mice (BDNF(HET), Emx-BDNF(KO)). Based on striatal gene expression, we find the BDNF models, both heterozygous and homozygous knock-outs, to be more like human HD than the other HD models. This implicates reduced trophic support as a major pathway contributing to striatal degeneration in HD. Because the majority of striatal BDNF is synthesized by cortical neurons, the data also imply that cortical dysfunction contributes to HD's hallmark effects on the basal ganglia. Finally, the results suggest that striatal lesions caused by mitochondrial toxins may arise via pathways different from those that drive neurodegeneration in HD. Based on these findings, we present a testable model of HD pathogenesis that, unlike most models, begins to account for regional specificity in human HD and the absence of such specificity in genetic mouse models of HD.
Cells from patients with genomic instability syndromes have high predisposition to cancer. However, little is known about whether these mutant cells have high susceptibility to oncogenic transformation. We have tested the hypothesis that a defect in maintaining genome integrity is necessary but not sufficient alone for oncogenic transformation and needs to collaborate with other signals in order to produce full oncogenic transformation. Using genetically matched primary cells deficient for the Fanconi complementation group C gene (Fancc) and the ataxia telangiectasia mutated gene (Atm), we found that certain forms of oncogenic activation and cooperation require a combination of genomic instability with increased expression of nucleophosmin (NPM) to prevent oncogenic stress-induced apoptosis or senescence. Intriguingly, co-expression of c-Myc and NPM leads to a synergistic increase in the proliferation rate in Fancc-/- or Atm-/- cells. Analysis of p53 stabilization and activation by c-Myc demonstrates that over-expression of NPM significantly reduces the accumulation of the activated p53 but not the stability of p53. Moreover, NPM is shown to enhance transforming activity of co-expressed Myc and Ras in wild-type and, to a greater degree, in Fancc-/- or Atm-/- cells, suggesting a role in oncogenic cooperation. Finally, a partial knockdown of NPM is sufficient to cause massive apoptosis in Fancc-/- or Atm-/- cells co-expressing c-Myc and Ras while sparing untransformed cells. Our study demonstrates a novel mechanism of NPM tumorigenesis by establishing NPM as a crucial inhibitor of oncogene-induced apoptosis and senescence.
In the mammalian central nervous system, the structure known as the postsynaptic density (PSD) is a dense complex of proteins whose function is to detect and respond to neurotransmitter released from presynaptic axon terminals. Regulation of protein phosphorylation in this molecular machinery is critical to the activity of its components, which include neurotransmitter receptors, kinases/phosphatases, scaffolding molecules, and proteins regulating cytoskeletal structure. To characterize the phosphorylation state of proteins in PSD samples, we combined strong cation exchange (SCX) chromatography with IMAC. Initially, tryptic peptides were separated by cation exchange and analyzed by reverse phase chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, which led to the identification of phosphopeptides in most SCX fractions. Because each of these individual fractions was too complex to characterize completely in single LC-MS/MS runs, we enriched for phosphopeptides by performing IMAC on each SCX fraction, yielding at least a 3-fold increase in identified phosphopeptides relative to either approach alone (SCX or IMAC). This enabled us to identify at least one site of phosphorylation on 23% (287 of 1,264) of all proteins found to be present in the postsynaptic density preparation. In total, we identified 998 unique phosphorylated peptides, mapping to 723 unique sites of phosphorylation. At least one exact site of phosphorylation was determined on 62% (621 of 998) of all phosphopeptides, and approximately 80% of identified phosphorylation sites are novel.
Nucleostemin plays an essential role in maintaining the continuous proliferation of stem cells and cancer cells. The movement of nucleostemin between the nucleolus and the nucleoplasm provides a dynamic way to partition the nucleostemin protein between these two compartments. Here, we show that nucleostemin contains two nucleolus-targeting regions, the basic and the GTP-binding domains, that exhibit a short and a long nucleolar retention time, respectively. In a GTP-unbound state, the nucleolus-targeting activity of nucleostemin is blocked by a mechanism that traps its intermediate domain in the nucleoplasm. A nucleostemin-interacting protein, RSL1D1, was identified that contains a ribosomal L1-domain. RSL1D1 co-resides with nucleostemin in the same subnucleolar compartment, unlike the B23 and fibrillarin, and displays a longer nucleolar residence time than nucleostemin. It interacts with both the basic and the GTP-binding domains of nucleostemin through a non-nucleolus-targeting region. Overexpression of the nucleolus-targeting domain of RSL1D1 alone disperses nucleolar nucleostemin. Loss of RSL1D1 expression reduces the compartmental size and amount of nucleostemin in the nucleolus. Our work reveals that the partitioning of nucleostemin employs complex mechanisms involving both nucleolar and nucleoplasmic components, and provides insight into the post-translational regulation of its activity.
Nucleophosmin (NPM)/B23 has been implicated in the regulation of centrosome duplication. NPM/B23 localizes between two centrioles in the unduplicated centrosome. Upon phosphorylation on Thr(199) by cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2)/cyclin E, the majority of centrosomal NPM/B23 dissociates from centrosomes, but some NPM/B23 phosphorylated on Thr(199) remains at centrosomes. It has been shown that Thr(199) phosphorylation of NPM/B23 is critical for the physical separation of the paired centrioles, an initial event of the centrosome duplication process. Here, we identified ROCK II kinase, an effector of Rho small GTPase, as a protein that localizes to centrosomes and physically interacts with NPM/B23. Expression of the constitutively active form of ROCK II promotes centrosome duplication, while down-regulation of ROCK II expression results in the suppression of centrosome duplication, especially delaying the initiation of centrosome duplication during the cell cycle. Moreover, ROCK II regulates centrosome duplication in its kinase and centrosome localization activity-dependent manner. We further found that ROCK II kinase activity is significantly enhanced by binding to NPM/B23 and that NPM/B23 acquires a higher binding affinity to ROCK II upon phosphorylation on Thr(199). Moreover, physical interaction between ROCK II and NPM/B23 in vivo occurs in association with CDK2/cyclin E activation and the emergence of Thr(199)-phosphorylated NPM/B23. All these findings point to ROCK II as the effector of the CDK2/cyclin E-NPM/B23 pathway in the regulation of centrosome duplication.
The tetracycline (Tc)-inducible small interference RNA (siRNA) is a powerful tool for studying gene function in mammalian cells. However, the system is infrequently utilized in embryonic stem (ES) cells. Here, we present the first application of the Tc-inducible, stably integrated plasmid-based siRNA system in mouse ES cells to down-regulate expression of Npm1, an essential gene for embryonic development. The physiological role of Npm1 in ES cells has not been defined. Our data show that the knock-down of Npm1 expression by this siRNA system was not only highly efficient, but also Tc- dose- and induction time-dependent. Particularly, the down-regulation of Npm1 expression was reversible. Importantly, suppression of Npm1 expression in ES cells resulted in reduced cell proliferation. Taken together, this system allows for studying gene function in a highly controlled manner, otherwise difficult to achieve in ES cells. Moreover, our results demonstrate that Npm1 is essential for ES cell proliferation.
The step-wise assembly of a functional nucleolus, which occurs over the first few cell cycles during preimplantation development, is poorly understood. In this study, we examined the function of the evolutionary conserved nucleolar protein SURF6 in preimplantation mouse embryo development. Immunocytochemical analyses revealed that the localization of SURF6 was similar but not identical to those of fibrillarin and B23/nucleophosmin 1, which are involved in rRNA processing and ribosome biogenesis in mammalian somatic cells. Surf6 mRNA, which is expressed in oocytes and maternally inherited in the zygote, reached a peak level of expression during the 8-cell stage of embryo development, at which time rDNA is highly transcribed. Knock-down of Surf6 mRNA by RNAi led to a decrease in both the mRNA and protein levels, and resulted in developmental arrest at the 8-cell/morula stage, as well as a decrease in the level of 18S rRNA. These results suggest that Surf6 is essential for mouse preimplantation development, presumably by regulating ribosome biogenesis.
Nucleophosmin (NPM/B23) is a key regulator in the regulation of a number of processes including centrosome duplication, maintenance of genomic integrity, and ribosome biogenesis. While the mechanisms underlying NPM function are largely uncharacterized, NPM loss results in severe dysregulation of developmental and growth-related events. We show that NPM utilizes a conserved CRM1-dependent nuclear export sequence in its amino terminus to enable its shuttling between the nucleolus/nucleus and cytoplasm. In search of NPM trafficking targets, we biochemically purified NPM-bound protein complexes from HeLa cell lysates. Consistent with NPM's proposed role in ribosome biogenesis, we isolated ribosomal protein L5 (rpL5), a known chaperone for the 5S rRNA. Direct interaction of NPM with rpL5 mediated the colocalization of NPM with maturing nuclear 60S ribosomal subunits, as well as newly exported and assembled 80S ribosomes and polysomes. Inhibition of NPM shuttling or loss of NPM blocked the nuclear export of rpL5 and 5S rRNA, resulting in cell cycle arrest and demonstrating that NPM and its nuclear export provide a unique and necessary chaperoning activity to rpL5/5S.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a complex glycolipid composed of a hydrophilic polysaccharide and a hydrophobic domain that is responsible for the biological activity of LPS. There are many reports about LPS stimulation, and many activated proteins have been detected after LPS stimulation in various cell types. Furthermore, most of the LPS signaling pathways are clear. However, we were interested in examining the changes of LPS-induced total cytosolic proteins expression and the LPS signaling pathway by the proteomics technique during LPS-induced macrophage activation. Our study employed two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry to analyze the proteins involved in LPS-induced activation in RAW 264.7 cells. We found 11 protein spots whose expression was different between untreated cells and LPS-treated cells. Ten protein spots were identified, seven of which, tubulin beta-4 chain (49.6 kDa, pI 4.78), nucleophosmin (32.6 kDa, pI 4.62, two spots), 40S ribosomal protein SA (P40) (32.7 kDa, pI 4.74), transforming protein RhoA (21.8 kDa, pI 5.83), nucleolin (76.6 kDa, pI 4.69), and T-complex protein 1 zeta subunit (58 kDa, pI 6.63) were down-regulated, and three of which, nucleophosmin (32.6 kDa, pI 4.62, two spots) and proteosome subunit alpha type-1 (29.5 kDa, pI 6.00), were up-regulated. The suppression of the proteolytic degradation of nucleophosmin was associated with LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cell activation. Cleaved caspase-3 decreased, thus it might be involved in proteolysis of nucleophosmin in LPS-induced macrophage activation. Our study also demonstrated that there was no change of the expression of nucleophosmin at the mRNA level.
Nucleophosmin (NPM) is a multifunctional protein frequently overexpressed in actively proliferating cells. Strong evidence indicates that NPM is required for embryonic development and genomic stability. Here we report that NPM enhances the proliferative potential of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and increases their survival upon stress challenge. Both short term liquid culture and clonogenic progenitor cell assays show a selective expansion of NPM-overexpressing HSCs. Interestingly, HSCs infected with NPM retrovirus show significantly reduced commitment to myeloid differentiation compared with vector-transduced cells, and majority of the NPM-overexpressing cells remains primitive during a 5-day culture. Bone marrow transplantation experiments demonstrate that NPM promotes the self-renewal of long term repopulating HSCs while attenuated their commitment to myeloid differentiation. NPM overexpression induces rapid entry of HSCs into the cell cycle and suppresses the expression of several negative cell cycle regulators that are associated with G(1)-to-S transition. NPM knockdown elevates expression of these negative regulators and exacerbates stress-induced cell cycle arrest. Finally, overexpression of NPM promotes the survival and recovery of HSCs and progenitors after exposure to DNA damage, oxidative stress, and hematopoietic injury both in vivo and in vitro. DNA repair kinetics study suggests that NPM has a role in reducing the susceptibility of chromosomal DNA to damage rather than promoting DNA damage repair. Together, these results indicate that NPM plays an important role in hematopoiesis via mechanisms involving modulation of HSC/progenitor cell cycle progression and stress response.
Nucleophosmin (NPM) is a multifunctional phosphoprotein, being involved in ribosome assembly, pre-ribosomal RNA processing, DNA duplication, nucleocytoplasmic protein trafficking, and centrosome duplication. NPM is phosphorylated by several kinases, including nuclear kinase II, casein kinase 2, Polo-like kinase 1 and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK1 and 2), and these phosphorylations modulate the activity and function of NPM. We have previously identified Thr(199) as the major phosphorylation site of NPM mediated by CDK2/cyclin E (and A), and this phosphorylation is involved in the regulation of centrosome duplication. In this study, we further examined the effect of CDK2-mediated phosphorylation of NPM by using the antibody that specifically recognizes NPM phosphorylated on Thr(199). We found that the phospho-Thr(199) NPM localized to dynamic sub-nuclear structures known as nuclear speckles, which are believed to be the sites of storage and/or assembly of pre-mRNA splicing factors. Phosphorylation on Thr(199) by CDK2/cyclin E (and A) targets NPM to nuclear speckles, and enhances the RNA-binding activity of NPM. Moreover, phospho-Thr(199) NPM, but not unphosphorylated NPM, effectively represses pre-mRNA splicing. These findings indicate the involvement of NPM in the regulation of pre-mRNA processing, and its activity is controlled by CDK2-mediated phosphorylation on Thr(199).
Our previous studies have shown that the overexpression of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis, increases the enzymatic activity of the polyamine-responsive enzyme casein kinase 2 (CK2). Because CK2 is known to preferentially associate with the nuclear matrix in response to other trophic stimuli, we investigated the effects of ODC overexpression on CK2 localisation and on the CK2-mediated phosphorylation of a known CK2 substrate, the nucleolar phosphoprotein B23. Immunofluorescence analysis of CK2 and B23 in primary keratinocytes revealed that ODC overexpression resulted in the colocalisation of CK2 with B23 at the nucleolar borders. ODC overexpression also increased CK2 kinase activity 2-fold at the nuclear matrix, a response which could be abrogated by treatment of K6/ODC transgenic keratinocytes with the ODC inhibitor alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO). Levels of B23 protein were also elevated in ODC-overexpressing cells compared to normal cells or transgenic cells treated with DFMO. This increase in protein level was neither due to an increase in steady-state mRNA levels, nor was it due to increased stability of B23 protein. Phosphorylation of B23 was also increased in ODC-overexpressing cells, and this increased phosphorylation could be blocked by treatment of the cells with the CK2 kinase inhibitors apigenin or 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB). These data suggest that B23 may be a downstream effector of polyamines via phosphorylation by the protein kinase CK2.
Protein B23/nucleophosmin is a multifunctional protein that plays roles in ribosome biogenesis, control of centrosome duplication, and regulation of p53 expression. A yeast two-hybrid screen was performed in a search for interaction partners of B23. The complementary DNA for a highly acidic protein, nucleoplasmin 3 (NPM3), was found in multiple positive clones. Protein NPM3 and its interaction with B23 were further characterized. Endogenous B23 was able to be co-immunoprecipitated with NPM3, and this complex was resistant to ribonuclease treatment and high concentrations of salt. The N-terminal 35-90 amino acids of B23 were found to be required for their interaction. Separate co-immunoprecipitation studies of B23 and NPM3 suggested the existence of two different complexes, one containing B23 and 28 S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and another composed of B23, NPM3, and other proteins, but no RNA. NPM3 was localized in the nucleolus, and its nucleolar localization depended on active rRNA transcription. In the cells overexpressing NPM3, there were decreased rates of pre-rRNA synthesis and processing. Overexpression of a mutant of NPM3 that did not interact with B23 did not alter pre-rRNA synthesis and processing, suggesting that the interaction of NPM3 with B23 plays a role in the ribosome biogenesis.
The DNA damage-dependent poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases-1 and -2 (PARP-1 and PARP-2) are survival factors that share overlapping functions in the detection, signaling and repair of DNA strand breaks resulting from genotoxic lesions in mammalian cells. Here we show that PARP-1 and PARP-2 subnuclear distributions partially overlap, with both proteins accumulating within the nucleolus independently of each other. PARP-2 is enriched within the whole nucleolus and partially colocalizes with the nucleolar factor nucleophosmin/B23. We have identified a nuclear localization signal and a nucleolar localization signal within the N-terminal domain of PARP-2. PARP-2, like PARP-1, interacts with B23 through its N-terminal DNA binding domain. This association is constitutive and does not depend on either PARP activity or ribosomal transcription, but is prevented by mutation of the nucleolar localization signal of PARP-2. PARP-1 and PARP-2, together with B23, are delocalized from the nucleolus upon RNA polymerase I inhibition whereas the nucleolar accumulation of all three proteins is only moderately affected upon oxidative or alkylated DNA damage. Finally, we show that murine fibroblasts deficient in PARP-1 or PARP-2 are not affected in the transcription of ribosomal RNAs. Taken together, these results suggest that the biological role of PARP-1 and PARP-2 within the nucleolus relies on functional nucleolar transcription, without any obvious implication of either PARP on this major nucleolar process.
c-myc is a well-known proto-oncogene encoding for a transcription factor that needs to be tightly regulated in order to preserve cell homeostasis. The Promyelocytic Leukaemia gene product PML plays an important role in cell growth and survival, and resides in discrete subnuclear structures called Nuclear Bodies (NB). We performed comparative analysis of the expression of 40 Myc target genes and of Myc binding to their regulatory regions both in wild-type and PML knockout cells. We demonstrate that if PML is absent, despite Myc binding to the DNA regulatory sequences is unchanged, the expression profile of several Myc target genes is altered. PML is largely involved in gene regulation, via recruitment of several transcription factors and cofactors to the NB. Consistently, we show that Myc partially localizes to the NB and physically interacts with PML, and that this localization depends on Myc expression levels. As deregulation occurs to both activated and repressed Myc target genes, we propose that PML influences Myc transcriptional activity through a mechanism that involves the control of Myc post-translational modifications.
Growth-dependent regulation of rRNA synthesis is mediated by TIF-IA, a basal transcription initiation factor for RNA polymerase I. We inactivated the murine TIF-IA gene by homologous recombination in mice and embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). TIF-IA-/- embryos die before or at embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5), displaying retardation of growth and development. In MEFs, Cre-mediated depletion of TIF-IA leads to disruption of nucleoli, cell cycle arrest, upregulation of p53, and induction of apoptosis. Elevated levels of p53 after TIF-IA depletion are due to increased binding of ribosomal proteins, such as L11, to MDM2 and decreased interaction of MDM2 with p53 and p19(ARF). RNAi-induced loss of p53 overcomes proliferation arrest and apoptosis in response to TIF-IA ablation. The striking correlation between perturbation of nucleolar function, elevated levels of p53, and induction of cell suicide supports the view that the nucleolus is a stress sensor that regulates p53 activity.
Nucleophosmin (also known as NPM, B23, NO38) is a nucleolar protein directly implicated in cancer pathogenesis, as the NPM1 gene is found mutated and rearranged in a number of haematological disorders. Furthermore, the region of chromosome 5 to which NPM1 maps is deleted in a proportion of de novo human myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), and loss of chromosome 5 is extremely frequent in therapy-related MDS. NPM is a multifunctional protein, and its role in oncogenesis is controversial as NPM has been attributed with both oncogenic and tumour suppressive functions. To study the function of Npm in vivo, we generated a hypomorphic Npm1 mutant series (Npm1+/- < Npm1(hy/hy) < Npm1-/-) in mouse. Here we report that Npm is essential for embryonic development and the maintenance of genomic stability. Npm1-/- and Npm1(hy/hy) mutants have aberrant organogenesis and die between embryonic day E11.5 and E16.5 owing to severe anaemia resulting from defects in primitive haematopoiesis. We show that Npm1 inactivation leads to unrestricted centrosome duplication and genomic instability. We demonstrate that Npm is haploinsufficient in the control of genetic stability and that Npm1 heterozygosity accelerates oncogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Notably, Npm1+/- mice develop a haematological syndrome with features of human MDS. Our findings uncover an essential developmental role for Npm and implicate its functional loss in tumorigenesis and MDS pathogenesis.
Nucleophosmin (NPM) is an abundant nucleolar phosphoprotein. NPM gene involved chromosomal translocations were found in the patients with anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). To generate NPM gene knockout mice and study its biological function in vivo, we screened the lambda phage genomic library derived from 129S1 mice with mouse NPM cDNA probe. A positive phage clone which contained the full-length NPM genomic DNA was obtained and the insert of 15.3 kb genomic DNA in this clone was sequenced with shotgun method. BLAST analysis showed that the sequence of insert are 99.8% identity to that of NPM gene of C57BL/6 mouse strain. Based on the sequence, bioinformatics analysis on genomic structure of NPM and the transcription factor binding sites in the NPM 5' flanking region were performed.
Intestinal development and homeostasis rely on the coordination of proliferation and differentiation of the epithelium. To better understand this process, we are studying Rbm19, a gene expressed in the gut epithelium that is essential for intestinal morphogenesis and differentiation in the zebrafish (Development 130, 3917). Here we analyzed the expression of Rbm19 in several biological contexts that feature proliferation/differentiation cell fate decisions. In the undifferentiated embryonic gut tube, Rbm19 is expressed throughout the epithelium, but then becomes localized to the crypts of Lieberkuhn of the adult intestine. Consistent with its expression in adult crypt/progenitor cells, expression is widespread in human colorectal carcinomas and dividing Caco-2 cells. Its expression in Caco-2 cells recapitulates the in vivo pattern, declining when the cells undergo confluence-induced arrest and differentiation. Rbm19 protein localizes to the nucleolus during interphase and to the perichromosomal sheath during mitosis, in accordance with the pattern described for other nucleolar proteins implicated in ribosome biogenesis. Interestingly, the loss of nucleolar rbm19, nucleolin/C23, and nucleophosmin/B23 in confluent Caco-2 cells did not signify loss of nucleoli as detected by electron microscopy. Taken together, these data point to the nucleolus as a possible locus for regulating the proliferation/differentiation cell fate decision in the intestinal epithelium.
This study describes comprehensive polling of transcription start and termination sites and analysis of previously unidentified full-length complementary DNAs derived from the mouse genome. We identify the 5' and 3' boundaries of 181,047 transcripts with extensive variation in transcripts arising from alternative promoter usage, splicing, and polyadenylation. There are 16,247 new mouse protein-coding transcripts, including 5154 encoding previously unidentified proteins. Genomic mapping of the transcriptome reveals transcriptional forests, with overlapping transcription on both strands, separated by deserts in which few transcripts are observed. The data provide a comprehensive platform for the comparative analysis of mammalian transcriptional regulation in differentiation and development.
Antisense transcription (transcription from the opposite strand to a protein-coding or sense strand) has been ascribed roles in gene regulation involving degradation of the corresponding sense transcripts (RNA interference), as well as gene silencing at the chromatin level. Global transcriptome analysis provides evidence that a large proportion of the genome can produce transcripts from both strands, and that antisense transcripts commonly link neighboring "genes" in complex loci into chains of linked transcriptional units. Expression profiling reveals frequent concordant regulation of sense/antisense pairs. We present experimental evidence that perturbation of an antisense RNA can alter the expression of sense messenger RNAs, suggesting that antisense transcription contributes to control of transcriptional outputs in mammals.
Nucleophosmin (NPM) is a nucleolar phosphoprotein that binds the tumor suppressors p53 and p19(Arf) and is thought to be indispensable for ribogenesis, cell proliferation, and survival after DNA damage. The NPM gene is the most frequent target of genetic alterations in leukemias and lymphomas, though its role in tumorigenesis is unknown. We report here the first characterization of a mouse NPM knockout strain. Lack of NPM expression results in accumulation of DNA damage, activation of p53, widespread apoptosis, and mid-stage embryonic lethality. Fibroblasts explanted from null embryos fail to grow and rapidly acquire a senescent phenotype. Transfer of the NPM mutation into a p53-null background rescued apoptosis in vivo and fibroblast proliferation in vitro. Cells null for both p53 and NPM grow faster than control cells and are more susceptible to transformation by activated oncogenes, such as mutated Ras or overexpressed Myc. In the absence of NPM, Arf protein is excluded from nucleoli and is markedly less stable. Our data demonstrate that NPM regulates DNA integrity and, through Arf, inhibits cell proliferation and are consistent with a putative tumor-suppressive function of NPM.
Nucleophosmin (NPM)/B23 is a multifunctional protein, involving in a wide variety of basic cellular processes, including ribosome assembly, DNA duplication, nucleocytoplasmic trafficking, and centrosome duplication. It has previously been shown that NPM/B23 localizes to centrosomes, and dissociate from centrosomes upon phosphorylation by Cdk2/cyclin E. However, detail characterization of centrosomal association of NPM/B23 has been hampered by the lack of appropriate antibodies that efficiently detects centrosomally localized NPM/B23, as well as by apparent loss of natural behavior of NPM/B23 when tagged with fluorescent proteins. Here, by the use of newly generated anti-NPM/B23 antibody, we conducted a careful analysis of centrosomal localization of NPM/B23. We found that NPM/B23 localizes between the paired centrioles of unduplicated centrosomes, suggesting the role of NPM/B23 in the centriole pairing. Upon initiation of centrosome duplication, some NPM/B23 proteins remain at mother centrioles of the parental centriole pairs. We further found that inhibition of Crm1 nuclear export receptor results in both accumulation of cyclin E at centrosomes and efficient dissociation of NPM/B23 from centrosomes.
A major goal of the Alliance for Cellular Signaling is to elaborate the components of signal transduction networks in model cell systems, including murine B lymphocytes. Due to the importance of protein phosphorylation in many aspects of cell signaling, the initial efforts have focused on the identification of phosphorylated proteins. In order to identify serine- and threonine-phosphorylated proteins on a proteome-wide basis, WEHI-231 cells were treated with calyculin A, a serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitor, to induce high levels of protein phosphorylation. Proteins were extracted from whole-cell lysates and digested with trypsin. Phosphorylated peptides were then enriched using immobilized metal affinity chromatography and identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 107 proteins and 193 phosphorylation sites were identified using these methods. Forty-two of these proteins have been reported to be phosphorylated, but only some of them have been detected in B cells. Fifty-four of the identified proteins were not previously known to be phosphorylated. The remaining 11 phosphoproteins have previously only been characterized as novel cDNA or genomic sequences. Many of the identified proteins were phosphorylated at multiple sites. The proteins identified in this study significantly expand the repertoire of proteins known to be phosphorylated in B cells. The number of newly identified phosphoproteins indicates that B cell signaling pathways utilizing protein phosphorylation are likely to be more complex than previously appreciated.
The National Institutes of Health's Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC) project was designed to generate and sequence a publicly accessible cDNA resource containing a complete open reading frame (ORF) for every human and mouse gene. The project initially used a random strategy to select clones from a large number of cDNA libraries from diverse tissues. Candidate clones were chosen based on 5'-EST sequences, and then fully sequenced to high accuracy and analyzed by algorithms developed for this project. Currently, more than 11,000 human and 10,000 mouse genes are represented in MGC by at least one clone with a full ORF. The random selection approach is now reaching a saturation point, and a transition to protocols targeted at the missing transcripts is now required to complete the mouse and human collections. Comparison of the sequence of the MGC clones to reference genome sequences reveals that most cDNA clones are of very high sequence quality, although it is likely that some cDNAs may carry missense variants as a consequence of experimental artifact, such as PCR, cloning, or reverse transcriptase errors. Recently, a rat cDNA component was added to the project, and ongoing frog (Xenopus) and zebrafish (Danio) cDNA projects were expanded to take advantage of the high-throughput MGC pipeline.
The ARF tumor suppressor is widely regarded as an upstream activator of p53-dependent growth arrest and apoptosis. However, recent findings indicate that ARF can also regulate the cell cycle in the absence of p53. In search of p53-independent ARF targets, we isolated nucleophosmin (NPM/B23), a protein we show is required for proliferation, as a novel ARF binding protein. In response to hyperproliferative signals, ARF is upregulated, resulting in the nucleolar retention of NPM and concomitant cell cycle arrest. The Mdm2 oncogene outcompetes NPM/B23 for ARF binding, and introduction of Mdm2 reverses ARF's p53-independent properties: in vitro, NPM is released from ARF-containing protein complexes, and in vivo S phase progression ensues. ARF induction by oncogenes or replicative senescence does not alter NPM/B23 protein levels but rather prevents its nucleocytoplasmic shuttling without inhibiting rRNA processing. By actively sequestering NPM in the nucleolus, ARF utilizes an additional mechanism of tumor suppression, one that is readily antagonized by Mdm2.
Previous studies have shown that activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway is necessary for G2/M transition. However, as for the activation state of MEK in mitosis the conclusion is not consistent. Here we show that MEK is inhibited in mitosis. In addition, we identify a multifunctional protein named B23 that strongly cross-reacts with a phospho-MEK antibody in mitotic cells. Sequence homology between the N-terminus surrounding Ser 4 of B23 and the Raf phosphorylation site on MEK suggests a mechanism for cross-reaction of the antibody. Thus, mutation of Ser 4 to alanine abolishes cross-reactivity between B23 and the phospho-MEK antibody. Our findings may explain the discrepancy of results obtained with the use of phospho-MEK antibody regarding the activation state of MEK in mitosis.
In an attempt to elucidate the molecular basis of neuronal migration and corticogenesis, we performed subtractive hybridization of mRNAs from the upper cortical layers (layer I and upper cortical plate) against mRNAs from the remaining cerebral cortex at E15-E16. We obtained a collection of subtracted cDNA clones and analyzed their 3' UTR sequences, 47% of which correspond to EST sequences, and may represent novel products. Among the cloned sequences, we identified gene products that have not been reported in brain or in the cerebral cortex before. We examined the expression pattern of 39 subtracted clones, which was enriched in the upper layers of the cerebral cortex at embryonic stages. The expression of most clones is developmentally regulated, and especially high in embryonic and early postnatal stages. Four of the unknown clones were studied in more detail and identified as a new member of the tetraspanin superfamily, a putative RNA binding protein, a specific product of the adult dentate gyrus and a protein containing a beta-catenin repeat. We thus cloned a collection of subtracted cDNAs coding for protein products that may be involved in the development of the cerebral cortex.
Upon fertilization, remodeling of condensed maternal and paternal gamete DNA occurs to form the diploid genome. In Xenopus laevis, nucleoplasmin 2 (NPM2) decondenses sperm DNA in vitro. To study chromatin remodeling in vivo, we isolated mammalian NPM2 orthologs. Mouse NPM2 accumulates in oocyte nuclei and persists in preimplantation embryos. Npm2 knockout females have fertility defects owing to failed preimplantation embryo development. Although sperm DNA decondensation proceeds without NPM2, abnormalities are evident in oocyte and early embryonic nuclei. These defects include an absence of coalesced nucleolar structures and loss of heterochromatin and deacetylated histone H3 that normally circumscribe nucleoli in oocytes and early embryos, respectively. Thus, Npm2 is a maternal effect gene critical for nuclear and nucleolar organization and embryonic development.
The identification of the genes regulating neural progenitor cell (NPC) functions is of great importance to developmental neuroscience and neural repair. Previously, we combined genetic subtraction and microarray analysis to identify genes enriched in neural progenitor cultures. Here, we apply a strategy to further stratify the neural progenitor genes. In situ hybridization demonstrates expression in the central nervous system germinal zones of 54 clones so identified, making them highly relevant for study in brain and neural progenitor development. Using microarray analysis we find 73 genes enriched in three neural stem cell (NSC)-containing populations generated under different conditions. We use the custom microarray to identify 38 "stemness" genes, with enriched expression in the three NSC conditions and present in both embryonic stem cells and hematopoietic stem cells. However, comparison of expression profiles from these stem cell populations indicates that while there is shared gene expression, the amount of genetic overlap is no more than what would be expected by chance, indicating that different stem cells have largely different gene expression patterns. Taken together, these studies identify many genes not previously associated with neural progenitor cell biology and also provide a rational scheme for stratification of microarray data for functional analysis.
Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) comprises approximately 25% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) in children and young adults, and up to 15% of high-grade NHL in older patients. Over 50% of these tumours carry the translocation t(2;5)(p23;q35). The result of this translocation is the fusion of the nucleophosmin (NPM) gene to the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene. The resulting hybrid protein contains the ALK catalytic domain that consequently confers transforming potential, which contributes to the pathogenesis of ALCL. To further analyse the transforming activity in an animal model, a cDNA encoding the protein product, NPM-ALK, was inserted into the retrovirus vector pLXSN and transduced into mouse bone marrow progenitors. These cells were subsequently used in a bone marrow transplant with the aim of reconstituting the haematopoietic compartments of lethally irradiated recipients. IL-9 transgenic mice were chosen as the animal model system, because dysregulated expression of the IL-9 gene in transgenic mice results in the sporadic development of spontaneous thymic lymphomas. Moreover, IL-9 is known to be expressed in cases of human ALCL. We used 15 IL-9 transgenic mice and eight corresponding wild-type mice (FVB/N) and transplanted them with NPM/ALK infected bone marrow cells. Eight IL-9 transgenic mice, serving as a control group, received pLXSN (vector only)-infected marrow. Reconstituted mice developed NPM-ALK-positive lymphomas, including lymphoblastic lymphomas of T-cell type (T-LB), mature and immature plasmacytoma (PC), and plasmoblastic/anaplastic diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma after about 19-20 weeks. The combined overexpression of NPM-ALK and IL-9 led to the transformation of murine lymphoid cells with accelerated and enhanced development of T-LB in 46% of the mice, which only very rarely occurs in IL-9 transgenic mice only. Of the 15 animals, five (33%) developed plasmacytic/plasmoblastic neoplasms, of which the most aggressive tumours share many features with anaplastic/plasmoblastic diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma on the basis of morphology, a characteristic growth pattern and ALK expression.
Nucleophosmin/B23 (NPM/B23), a nucleolar protein, was rapidly up-regulated after UV irradiation (at 254 nm; 30 J/m(2)) in NIH 3T3 cells and HeLa/S3 cells. Levels of NPM/B23 mRNA peaked 45-60 min after UV treatment and returned to baseline by 12 h. Transcription inhibitor actinomycin D (5 microg/ml) prevented the UV-induced increase of NPM/B23 mRNA, suggesting that UV induction of NPM/B23 was mediated at the transcriptional level. Moreover, UV-induced NPM/B23 expression was super-induced by cycloheximide (20 microg/ml), which was characteristic of immediate-early gene response. The transcriptional activation of NPM/B23 by UV was also confirmed by NPM/B23 promoter activity assay. Thymine dinucleotide, mimicking the effects of UV-induced DNA damage, was able to trigger NPM/B23 expression in the absence of genomic DNA damage. UV-induced activation of NPM/B23 promoter could not be blocked by UV-inducible pathway inhibitors, such as those of growth factor tyrosine kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, AP-1, NF-kappaB, and DNA-dependent kinase. Our results indicate that UV stimulation of NPM/B23 expression may be mediated through a novel UV-inducible pathway and is an immediate-early gene response induced by damaged DNA. Induction of immediate-early gene is an initial step in the regulation of cellular and genomic responses to external stimuli. Our results thus provide important evidence for an involvement of NPM/B23 in the acute response of mammalian cells to environmental stress.
The National Institutes of Health Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC) Program is a multiinstitutional effort to identify and sequence a cDNA clone containing a complete ORF for each human and mouse gene. ESTs were generated from libraries enriched for full-length cDNAs and analyzed to identify candidate full-ORF clones, which then were sequenced to high accuracy. The MGC has currently sequenced and verified the full ORF for a nonredundant set of >9,000 human and >6,000 mouse genes. Candidate full-ORF clones for an additional 7,800 human and 3,500 mouse genes also have been identified. All MGC sequences and clones are available without restriction through public databases and clone distribution networks (see http:mgc.nci.nih.gov).
Only a small proportion of the mouse genome is transcribed into mature messenger RNA transcripts. There is an international collaborative effort to identify all full-length mRNA transcripts from the mouse, and to ensure that each is represented in a physical collection of clones. Here we report the manual annotation of 60,770 full-length mouse complementary DNA sequences. These are clustered into 33,409 'transcriptional units', contributing 90.1% of a newly established mouse transcriptome database. Of these transcriptional units, 4,258 are new protein-coding and 11,665 are new non-coding messages, indicating that non-coding RNA is a major component of the transcriptome. 41% of all transcriptional units showed evidence of alternative splicing. In protein-coding transcripts, 79% of splice variations altered the protein product. Whole-transcriptome analyses resulted in the identification of 2,431 sense-antisense pairs. The present work, completely supported by physical clones, provides the most comprehensive survey of a mammalian transcriptome so far, and is a valuable resource for functional genomics.
The unique property of stem cells to self-renew suggests specific mechanisms that regulate their cell-cycle progression. In the present study, we identify a novel protein, nucleostemin, found in the nucleoli of CNS stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and several cancer cell lines and preferentially expressed by other stem cell-enriched populations. It contains an N-terminal basic domain and two GTP-binding motifs. When stem cells differentiate, nucleostemin expression decreases rapidly prior to cell-cycle exit both in vitro and in vivo. Depletion or overexpression of nucleostemin reduces cell proliferation in CNS stem cells and transformed cells. Mutation analysis indicates that excessive nucleostemin, particularly mutants that lack the GTP-regulatory domain, prevents cells from entering mitosis and causes apoptosis in a p53-dependent manner. The N-terminal basic domain specifies nucleolar localization, the p53 interaction, and is required for the cell death caused by overexpression. This work describes a novel nucleolar mechanism that controls the cell-cycle progression in CNS stem cells and cancer cells.
Centrosome duplication in mammalian cells is a highly regulated process, occurs in coordination of other cell cycle events. However, molecular exploration of this important cellular process had been difficult due to unavailability of a simple assay system. Here, using centrosomes loosely associated with nuclei isolated from cultured cells, we developed a cell-free centriole (duplication unit of the centrosome) duplication system: unduplicated centrosomes bound to the nuclei are able to undergo duplication in the presence of G1/S extracts. We show that the ability of G1/S extracts to induce centriole duplication in vitro depends on the presence of active CDK2/cyclin E. It has been shown that dissociation of centro-somal nucleophosmin (NPM)/B23 triggered by CDK2/cyclin E-mediated phosphorylation is required for initiation of centrosome duplication. We show that centriole duplication is blocked when nuclei were preincubated with the anti-NPM/B23 antibody that prevents phosphorylation of NPM/B23 by CDK2/cyclin E. These studies provide not only direct evidence for the requirement of CDK2/cyclin E and phosphorylation of NPM/B23 for centrosomes to initiate duplication, but a valuable experimental system for further exploration of the molecular regulation of centrosome duplication in somatic cells of higher animals.
The RIKEN Mouse Gene Encyclopaedia Project, a systematic approach to determining the full coding potential of the mouse genome, involves collection and sequencing of full-length complementary DNAs and physical mapping of the corresponding genes to the mouse genome. We organized an international functional annotation meeting (FANTOM) to annotate the first 21,076 cDNAs to be analysed in this project. Here we describe the first RIKEN clone collection, which is one of the largest described for any organism. Analysis of these cDNAs extends known gene families and identifies new ones.
Trophoblast invasion is a critical process in development of most mammals that shares similarities with the invasive behavior of tumor cells. In the present investigation, a cDNA subtraction library was constructed between invasive trophoblast at day 8 of murine development and mature noninvasive placenta at day 18 of gestation. One of the differentially expressed clones, Epcs26, was mapped to the X chromosome and revealed no homology to any known gene. It was predominantly expressed in parietal endoderm, undifferentiated cells of the ectoplacental cone, and a few trophoblast giant cells. Another gene, designated Epcs50, was mapped to chromosome 19. It exhibited homologies to the mouse Mps1 gene and, like Mps1, may have a distant relationship to the lytic protein perforin. High expression was detected in parietal endoderm cells and in a subset of secondary trophoblast giant cells. Two sequences, Epcs24 and Epcs68, exhibited an extensive open reading frame that shared the common features of the cysteine proteinase cathepsin L. Expression was confined to an undefined subpopulation of trophoblast giant cells. Both genes were mapped to chromosome 13 in close proximity to cathepsins L and J. The known functions of MPS1 and cathepsin L proteins indicate that the related proteins EPCS50, EPCS24, and EPCS68 participate in conferring invasive properties to the mouse trophoblast.


text:
Shavo Odadjian's urSESSION announces the launch of "Soundcheck"
Thu, 23 Jul 2009 12:43:30
Shavo Odadjian [System of a Down/Achozen], founder of the musical website urSESSION.com announced the debut of "Soundcheck," urSESSION's new recurring feature that will showcase members of the urSESSION community through exclusive bi-monthly interviews. "This is our way of saying "thank you" to all of the incredibly talented musicians that make our site what it is," commented Odadjian.
urSESSION's first "Soundcheck" is dedicated to Lawrence, Kansas producer JMoten. J has been a member of urSESSION since its inception and has garnered a dedicated following because of his incendiary production work and beat-making ability.
urSESSION.com was founded in 2007 by Grammy Award Winner Odadjian and is a place to discover or be discovered.
—The ARTISTdirect.com Staff

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Don't miss a story. Like us on Facebook. Like Dallas News' Facebook Page
Update at 2:41 p.m.:
Rachel Sanders, superintendent of Prime Prep, declined to comment on the assault citation; on what discipline, if any, the school had meted out in connection with the incident and whether Jefferson still works at the charter school.
"While Prime Prep Academy is honored to be a topic of interest to the community, we have no comment regarding these personnel matters," Rachel Sanders wrote in an email to my colleague Jeff Mosier. She is not related to Deion Sanders.
Original Post by Tanya Eiserer at 12:50 p.m.:
Former Dallas Cowboy Deion Sanders has been issued a Class C misdemeanor assault citation in an Oct. 9 scuffle at the charter school he co-founded.
Sanders, 46, is accused of assaulting Prime Prep Academy's chief financial officer, Kevin Jefferson, during a meeting at the school's Oak Cliff campus. A Class C misdemeanor assault is punishable only by a fine.
The former football player was issued the citation on Tuesday after Dallas police officials consulted with Dallas County prosecutors about whether to charge him with the more serious offense of Class A misdemeanor. Officials apparently opted to go with the lower level charge because Jefferson did not have serious injuries.
In the wake of the incident, Sanders temporarily ousted from the charter school that was named after him. He soon got his job back and officials said his job duties had been expanded.
Sanders has previously acknowledged that a "confrontation" did occur between him and Jefferson, but he has denied attacking Jefferson.
"The person claiming assault is a fake administrator whom does absolutely nothing to help the school, kids or teachers reach our goals," he wrote in a Twitter posting.
But Jefferson said in an interview with The Dallas Morning News has said that Sanders and other administrators and teachers were meeting when Sanders got upset that some student athletes are not doing well in school academically
"He was a little upset and a little emotional," Jefferson said, and he and Sanders got into a verbal disagreement.
Jefferson told police that he told the suspect not to speak to him that way, according to a police report.
"He walked back to the back of the classroom to where I was sitting in a desk," Jefferson said. "As he got closer to me, I stood up because he was kind of standing over me and he just kind of kept talking to me and at me and then he just grabbed me by my throat and kind of threw me to the ground. Some people had to get him off of me."
The charter school opened campuses in Dallas and Fort Worth last year.


text:
Explore LA real estate listings on Homestat: The website contains information on houses for sale in LA, land for sale in LA, real estate websites for agents, LA real estate.Metairie real estate: Search homes for sale in Metairie, LA by using our listings page. Navigation is made easy using our filter options that allow you to select houses for sale in Metairie, land for sale Metairie. By clicking on "Details" button you will get detailed information on zip code demographics, nearby schools and day care information.What is HomeSTAT? Homestat.org is a vibrant, real estate search web site designed to attract consumers interested in the "community experience"and value of each property, without over complicating the search process. The website differentiates from other homes for sale websites by providing listings and statistical information on homes for sale in LA and Metairie, as well as Metairie real estate. Homestat maintains large statistical databases that enhance user experience when viewing houses in LA & Metairie. We also write articles on LA real estate market. The website provides an easy-to-navigate consumer portal that makes it fun to search for listings and explore the neighborhood. Consumers can quickly search over thousands of listings, with relevant search results. View local real estate trends and compare your home to other Metairie real estate listings and houses for sale in LA. Our unique design and layout is a combination of website and software and designed to interact with the user. We invite you to enjoy our large selection of Metairie and LA houses for sale. LOOK * WE'VE DROPPED THE PRICE BELOW ASSESSED VALUE!!! HERE IS A VERY PRIVATE 20. Great value, come and see today. 7 AC PROPERTY. Includes a two story framed home with approx 1400 sq ft. Loft could be one big master bedroom or two good sized bedrooms. The house has been built to weathertight and needs your carpentry skills to finish it off. The house is framed with solid 4x4 construction and could look like a timber framed house when finished. The septic is in and permited. There is a power pole on the property so electricity just needs to be extended to the house. The land is fairly level with plenty of room for horses. A two story outbuilding is complete. You can access this property from a county road or by private road. *This area is hunting paradise* with elk, whitetail deer and mule deer along with moose, bear and wild cats. The property is at the 4800 approx elevation. There is both timber on property and open grassland with wildflowers glore in the early summer. More Real Estate in Metairie, LA
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text:
1/3 cup dill pickle juice
1 Tbsp. granulated sugar
4 cups coleslaw with extra carrots
4 Vlasic® Kosher Dill Spears , thinly sliced
1/2 cup thinly sliced red onion , (optional)
2/3 cup Hellmann's ® Real Mayonnaise
1/2 cup FRENCH'S® Classic Yellow® Mustard
1 to 2 Tbsp. FRANK'S RedHot® Slammin' Sriracha® Hot Sauce
8 bun length hot dogs , grilled
8 hot dog buns , toasted
1 ripe mango , peeled and cut into thin strips (optional)
COMBINE pickle juice and sugar in medium bowl. Add coleslaw, pickles and red onion and toss to coat.
COMBINE Mayonnaise, Mustard and Sriracha; set aside.
SPREAD each bun with about 1 tablespoon mayonnaise mixture. Top with hot dog, mango and slaw mixture. Drizzle with additional mayonnaise mixture.


text:
Lebanese artist Nelly Maqdisi presented a new collection for a famous brand of jewelry in Dubai.
She also performed a number of her songs at the celebration that was held for the opening of a new branch for a famous international company in the Middle East. She performed in front of a number of well-known personalities in Dubai, members of the press, and representatives from the jewelry company.
According to the London daily Elaph, Nelly is very pleased to be the new face for the brand of jewelry brand in the Middle East, stating that advertising for a commercial brand adds to the accomplishment of an artist.
[1] http://www.albawaba.com


text: hey guys thought i would give quick introduction since signing up my name chester im from yate (bristol) and i own a audi a3 1.8t 8l. nothing to special but was good price and i love it ! atm is standard except -fk coilovers -s3 312mm brakes -powerflow exhaust (downpie decat/straight through) -4 bar pressure reg -deep dish steering wheel im hoping to learn a lot on here and was drawn to this site by reading prawns a3 1.8t track car thread which was epic read ! and hoping to create a well prepared everyday / track day slag vehicle so no stripping out interiors lol but we shall see what happens quick pic will be doing build thread anyway plus exhaust not on in this pic and got private plate to go on


text:
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Java Draw Created Oct 13, 2012 1024 x 736px Unless noted Copyright 2012 sistercool.
We encourage you to submit a comment and let the artist know what you think of this drawing. Please log in or join to post a comment.
Post a comment
Anniebee Oct 14, 2012
ahhhhhhh give him a kiss for me
jellybean2011 Oct 13, 2012
aaaaaww thats really romantc what a cute drawing 5h fav
pencildream Oct 13, 2012
lovely drawing!
Page 1


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Manti Te'o will still have to go through some "lab experiments" as individual teams interested in drafting him ask for one last up-close look before the April 25 draft.
But with the completion of Notre Dame's Pro Day Tuesday, there's relief, and a feeling of completing the test and turning the page to the next chapter in his life.
For Te'o - the victim of an elaborate scam that became national news in January - normalcy is the most welcome state of all.
"That was possibly the hardest time of my life going through that," said Te'o, referencing the Ronaiah Tuiasosopo-Lennay Kekua hoax. "I'm very grateful for the guys I had in Florida, the family I have at Notre Dame, and obviously all my family members and friends and the whole state of Hawaii for their love and support."
Te'o singled out former Irish tight end Tyler Eifert - sitting to his left in the Guglielmino Athletics Complex auditorium following the hour-and-a-half workout on Meyo Field in the Loftus Sports Center - for his ceaseless support during those difficult times.
Most of the scrutiny came at the Indianapolis Combine in February when the bizarre story was still a hot topic in the weeks following Notre Dame's national championship tilt against Alabama.
"Everybody wants to know," said Te'o of the line of questioning in Indianapolis. "Some guys just wanted a brief (explanation) of what happened. Some guys went into a little bit more depth. But overall it was a great opportunity, a good experience, and it went better than I expected."
Asked how he responded to the inquiries, Te'o responded: " Just focus on football. That was my message. I'm a football player. I made mistakes, but nothing that affected my play on the football field."
Te'o found a comfort zone on Meyo Field Tuesday, where 13 former Irish players auditioning for the NFL scouts, as well as former coaches and teammates filling bleachers set up for observation, surrounded him.
"I'm just glad I'm out there playing football," Te'o said. "I'm back home. I'm with my guys. That stuff is long gone. I'm at a place where I comfortable and I'm surrounded by people I know. I thought I did pretty good. I was very pleased with the way we performed."
Te'o answered the most pressing football-related question - his 40-yard dash time - after clocking a 4.82 in Indianapolis. He ran, according to ESPN, a 4.75 and a 4.71. Te'o said one of the hand-held clocks had him at 4.69.
"I just expected to run faster than I did at the combine, and that's exactly what I did," Te'o said. "I was pleased with the way I performed in the other drills (at the combine), so the time I usually spend on those drills, I put in overtime in the 40.
"If you ask anybody who's gone through this process, this is the best day ever. There's a big, big burden off your shoulders. It feels like it's your birthday."
If anyone deserves a break from the scrutiny, it's Te'o, who will not go to New York for the NFL draft and will remain at Notre Dame to continue his strength and conditioning plan.
Te'o said the most frequently asked question in Indianapolis was not about the scam, but rather, going from zero interceptions in 2011 to seven in 2012.
"I lost weight," Te'o explained. "I got in the best shape of my life so when my mind said move, my body did. Two, I understood where I had to be, pass concepts and where guys like to go. And three, (quarterback) pressures and tipped passes, so credit to guys around me."
Te'o believes he still has some work before his first spring mini-camp.
"The one area I'd like to improve on is getting off blocks and using my hands," Te'o said. "Once I improve that aspect of my game, I think there will be more production out of my play."
Te'o is glad to have the pre-draft work out of the way because from here, NFL teams will focus on his body of work on the field in game competition.
"It's what you do on tape," Te'o said. "We play football with a helmet on and shoulder pads. All these tests are something you want to do well at. You don't want to say, 'Look at my tape.' It motivates you to improve.
"But it's about your film. They've seen what I can do on the football field, and that's where I'm comfortable. Find ball, hit ball."
Te'o eagerly anticipates the next step in the process.
"It's definitely a dream come true," said Te'o of the upcoming draft. "When you play football and at the age when you decided, 'Man, I really want to do this for a living,' draft day is the day you dream of.
"(Today) was kind of like a grand finale thing with everybody there. I had guys around me that I spent the last four years with and I'm comfortable with. It was more comfortable performing here at Notre Dame."
Back home again at Notre Dame never felt so good.


text:
Everyone else is already taken...
My mom gave me that little poster at our housewarming party a few weeks ago. She said she thought it was cute and I agreed. I especially liked the owls. But I didn't realize at the time that it would come to mean a lot to me.
I've been in a battle the last few months. Pretty much ever since my 50K I've been in a funk. There has been a long lasting fight between what my legs want to do and what my mind thinks they should be doing. And it has taken a toll on my emotionally. I stopped looking forward to running. Actually I dreaded some of the speed work and tempo runs. Dread. Not the "this is going to be hard but I'm excited" kind of fear you get from a new workout or new distance, but the "this is not going to go well no matter what I do so what's the point" dread.
I thought I should be training for a BQ attempt. Or at least a PR. I should be bettering the times of all the runs I did to train for Chicago. I should be feeling awesome. Instead, every run was slow, stiff legged, forced. It was hard to see everyone else around here progressing. Everyone seems to be getting faster, fitter, better and I'm over here seemingly slowing down. Reversing? Is that possible?
Other people were happy and healthy and running well as vegetarians, so maybe I should be one too. Nope kind of miss meat. People are having great results on Whole30, maybe that'll work for me. No, not really. Plus I kind of miss vegetarian meals.
The fall weather is helping everyone out. Oh wait, my runs are still as slow as ever.
But then I realized I had no idea why I was comparing myself to everyone else. Why did I feel the need to compete against other people? That's not what the Loop is about. The Loop doesn't care about your pace, how many miles you run, whether you race once a year, once a month, once a week, or never.
(Sure there is a place for competition. I've picked out women in races that look about my age and tried to catch them. But this is a different kind of competition I'm talking about. That competition is all in my head and not getting me anywhere.)
I think I was trying to find a niche in the Loop. But why do I need a "thing"? I'm never going to be the fastest runner here. (That is not supposed to sound pitiful, it is just the truth! And I'm ok with it!) I really liked my first ultra, but I don't need to be thought of as the "ultra girl" of the Loop (and honestly how can I compete with those we already have, come_on_now, HealthyGumbo, CaliforniaRunnin, Linnea (can't remember her Loop name!) and there are others I'm sure I'm forgetting about. I'm intrigued by ultras but there's no rush to get to the point those amazing Loopsters are at.)
I'm just me and I should do what makes me happy. If that's running on trails one month, good. If that's training for a road marathon, great. I don't have to put myself in one box. I don't need a niche. I don't need a thing. I just want to enjoy running. Because no one wants to go out there 5 days a week and force yourself to run with no joy in it.
My goal a few months ago was to BQ. It still is to BQ. Eventually. But I have to accept what my body is doing right now. There is also a ton of other stuff in my life going on right now, so maybe I have less energy to give to running. That's ok. Running often ebbs and flows and I just need to go with it. Take advantage of when it is going well, work through it and find the fun when things are going a little less than spectacular.
I wasn't excited for running my fall marathon. Then I took a strict goal off the table. And I signed up for a 50K.
And I am sooo excited for that race. A little scared (but in the good way, the "oh my goodness I signed up for a 50K a week after a marathon and that's going be a challenge!" kind of scared) but so pumped! My first 50K was fun, but I almost felt like I could have been challenged even more. So why not try something crazy like this? We'll see how this goes
I also postponed the BQ goal for Indy. I don't really have a goal for Indy. I told myself maybe to just run it easy for fun. Bust out the tutu again maybe? Everyone likes the tutu.
And funny thing was after I did that, I had the best goal marathon pace run this year.
Funny how that worked out, huh? At the end of the marathon pace section, I almost wanted to cry from being so happy. Not because I hit the splits I should perfectly (I didn't), or even because I ran 8 hard miles with no stops (I didn't). But because my legs responded, I was flying, with light legs, springly feet, focused and speedy. But the most important thing was just that I was HAVING FUN!
Totally NRR but I've been let loose to slowly start decorating a house (if DBF will ever let me get rid of his bachelor pad stuff, but we don't have a ton of money right now so he wins that by default!)
Anyways, I've been a little obsessed with owls lately. And these things make me smile so I wanted to share!
Coffee cup (started it all)
"Candy dish" that would hold about 3 pieces of candy. I've been using it as a spoon rest.
Fall owl!
My owls are fun At least I think so!


text:
Read the warning, and turn back now if nessesary. Thank you.
I mean, ever.
OK, you get the point.
This page has all spoilers.
Characters (heroes)
- Ness
- Olimar (human sized, geniuses out there)
- Max (a Nintendog, not me)
- Boshi
- Bowser
- Ganondorf
- Wario
- Waluigi
- most of the Paper Mario Partners
- the Punis
- Rawk Hawk (guest appearence)
- May characters from the Litle P and Sandslash Series
Characters (Villains)
- Snifitus
- Viruses
- Shy Piantas
- Shy Kirbys
- Shy Dees
- Shy Ninjis
Do not read past this line
What did I tell you?
I'm serious.
Fine. If you want to, go ahead.
Be my guest.
Yes, I'm streching the page so people can avoid it.
So... wanna play checkers?
This takes forever...
doo doo doo, do doo do do...
Final Major Spoilers
The last fight isn't against Daisy, but instead:
Bob, who was controlling the plans all along.


text:
Global quadratic optimization via conic relaxation
We present a convex conic relaxation for a problem of maximizing an indefinite quadratic form over a set of convex constraints on the squared variables. We show that for all these problems we get at least 12/37-relative accuracy of the approximation. In the second part of the paper we derive the conic relaxation by another approach based on the second order optimality conditions. We show that for lp-balls, p>=2, intersected by a linear subspace, it is possible to guarantee (1- 2/p)-relative accuracy of the solution. As a consequence, we prove (1 - 1/eln-n)-relative accuracy of the conic relaxation for an indefinite quadratic maximization problem over an n-dimensional unit box with homogeneous linear equality constraints. We discuss the implications of the results for the discussion around the question P = NP.
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|Date of creation:
|21 Feb 1998
|Contact details of provider:
| Postal: Voie du Roman Pays 34, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve (Belgium)
Phone: 32(10)474321
Fax: +32 10474304
Web page: http://www.uclouvain.be/core
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References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- NESTEROV, Yurii, 1997. "Quality of semidefinite relaxation for nonconvex quadratic optimization," CORE Discussion Papers 1997019, Université catholique de Louvain, Center for Operations Research and Econometrics (CORE).
- NESTEROV, Yurii, 1997. "Semidefinite relaxation and nonconvex quadratic optimization," CORE Discussion Papers 1997044, Université catholique de Louvain, Center for Operations Research and Econometrics (CORE).
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text:
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View an estimate, personal message, reviews and business profile of each company that gets in touch.
3. Hire the Best
Call or message your favourite suppliers and once you're ready simply hire the best match for your event.
We have 10 yurt hire companies near Stockbury
Contact them all with a single request