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Bill Clinton wanted to attend the New York State Fair Friday with his wife, Sen. Hillary Rodham Clinton, who is hosting a luncheon at the Empire Room.
But Bill Clinton has to be in Chicago instead to tape the Oprah Winfrey show, according to the former president's best friend in Syracuse, John "Duke" Kinney.
Kinney said he spoke with a Clinton aide by telephone Thursday while Clinton was in the room.
"He definitely was bummed out. He loves going to the fair," Kinney told Post-Standard reporter Michelle Breidenbach.
Of course, Kinney said, the schedule of a former president can change quickly, and he thought there was a small chance Clinton would still make it to the fair. He could miss the invitation-only luncheon, but still try to make it to the state fair in time to accompany his wife through the fairgrounds, Kinney said.
A spokesperson for Sen. Hillary Clinton said the former president is not coming to the fair.
The Washington Post reported Monday that the former President will give the first interview about his new book, Giving, to Oprah Winfrey. It is expected to air Tuesday, Sept. 4.


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Michael Phelps is the most decorated Olympian in history. Best ever. He did something many people tried doing for many years, and his achievement will raise a whole new generation of people who will have a dream of being like him. Tomorrow we are going to see Michael Phelps competing for the last time, so there is no better time to dedicate a post to him. Here are 20 of the best images of swimmers found on Flickr.
Do you have photos of swimmers you took and want to share with us? share them with us on our Facebook Group!
Photo: Rob Hammer.
Photo: Alleh Lindquist.
Photo: Kiley Ariail.
Photo: Drew.
Photo: Kyle Meadows.
Photo: Chad Coleman.
Photo: Ainsley Joseph.
Photo: Anthony.
Photo: Alejandro Martín Parra.
Photo: Patrick Crawford.
Photo: Greg Sims.
Photo: Federico Guendel.
Photo: Tom Jakubowski.
Photo: Joel Grimes .
Photo: Jeremy Snell.
Photo: Elias and Theresa Carlson.
Photo: Tracie Taylor Photography.
Photo: Emily.
Photo: Erik Reis.
Photo: Louise Bellin.
3 Comments
Just had a chance to shoot Phelps, Lochte and a few others a couple months ago. http://blog.bostonperspective.com/2012/05/swimmac-charlotte-usa-swimming...
Good to see Bolles still has a strong presence in swimming. Nice shots.

subset: commoncrawl


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Plantronics Unveils New Bluetooth Headset
The dual-mic Discovery 975 features AudioIQ2 DSP and WindSmart technologies for compensating for noisy environments. They're in effect all of the time; as part of the design, the 975 includes grooved vents on the boom and acoustic fabrics that envelop the mics in order to block wind noise.
The headset also features an adaptive 20-band equalizer to keep voices sounding natural and maintain volume. There's a rechargeable carrying case that triples talk time from 5 hours to 15 hours, complete with a built-in LCD to show battery and earpiece levels as well as Bluetooth status.
The Plantronics Discovery 975 costs $129.99 and is now available from Plantronics.com; you can also pre-order it at Best Buy and Amazon.com ahead of its release in those outlets later this month.
For more on Bluetooth headsets, read PCMag.com's How to Buy a Bluetooth Headset guide.
Originally posted to Gearlog.


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NEW YORK ( TheStreet) -- Here is an important data point with which to start your morning: For the first time, ComScore reports, the number of desktop searches for a month declined in August, year-over-year.It's not a secret. Even the folks at BlindFiveYearOld reported it. This has not gone unnoticed by the tech firms. Intel ( INTC) is practically begging the PC industry to save itself through reinvention, as ComputerWorld reports. The company's chip inventories are building because it has little traction in the device-cloud industry that has evolved over the last four years. Yes, it's been less than four years since the iPad's introduction. And a new era has clearly dawned in technology. That's change you can believe in. Apple's ( AAPL) announcements this week make it obvious. The iMac now has 27% of that faltering desktop market but (more important) an iPhone can now pack in much more power than the sharpest desktop -- a faster processor, the fastest Internet, snazzier graphics, a better user interface. If you really need a typewriter, just buy a solar-powered wireless keyboard from Logitech. Not everyone "gets it." Dell's ( DELL) head of services, Stephen Schuckenbruck, doesn't get it, as evidenced by his recent interview with AllThingsD. He still thinks it's 2009. But here's some news. Your servers are all in clouds now and they're Chinese. Your PC business is dying, and you have nothing to replace it with. All this puts immense pressure on Microsoft ( MSFT) to deliver with Windows 8. If it's not competitive in the phone and tablet markets, it's circling the drain right alongside Dell, Hewlett-Packard ( HPQ) and (yes) Intel. But enough about investments. What does the new era mean in the real world? For one thing, it means an unprecedented level of control over users, business partners and software writers is now going to the ecosystem owners - specifically, to Apple, which can now pick winners-and-losers with more accuracy than the government, as The Los Angeles Times reports . And to Google ( GOOG), which can now apparently stop Chinese software competition in its tracks, according to Slashgear. Speaking of government, fears of an end to "net neutrality" are no longer theoretical. Device makers now "choose" which search engine to support and which Web site-linked apps will be available. They control the horizontal and the vertical, as Amazon.Com ( AMZN) made clear in its recent Kindle introductions, as reported by CNET, before sort of backing down, as The Wall Street Journal later added..
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SCHUYLERVILLE -- For Henry Moak, life and business is a numbers game.
The owner of Town & Country Auctions on Route 32 has seen many of the same customers for years, but he knows them only by the number they hold up when it comes time to bid on something.
His wife, Kathy, who runs the site's snack bar, has a different way of remembering folks.
"One time we were walking around the Washington County Fair and we said hello to this lady we both recognized," Moak said. "I didn't know her name so I asked Kathy, 'Who's that?' She said, 'I don't know. All I know is that she buys a hamburger, french fries and soda every night.' "
Such is life in the hectic business of running one of the region's most popular auction houses, which hosts sales three times per week, with a different focus each night. It's the last year-round house around.
Fridays are for furniture and a variety of collectibles, which tends to bring out dealers specializing in everything from baseball cards to antiques. Thanks to the Internet, many people also look for things they can resell on eBay.
"We got something this week I'd never seen before: a Chinese compass," employee Tom Osier said.
Saturdays tend to draw more of a farm crowd because that's when live animals are sold -- rabbits, geese, turkeys, even llamas, along with snakes and the occasional turtle.
Tuesdays are popular with the general public because that's when discounted household items are offered.
"If I sell toothpaste Tuesday night, a chair Friday night and a chicken Saturday night, I've got you coming three times," Moak said.
His motto is simple: "Sell anything and everything."
Moak learned the trade right out of high school when he went to work for Arnold Johanson, who had an auction house and machinery business on Northern Pines Road in Wilton. His first attempt at actually calling an auction came one time in Florida, while he was on vacation.
"I grabbed the mic and closed my eyes," Moak said, laughing. "There must have been 400 people there."
Today, he's as comfortable before large crowds as a Hollywood entertainer.
"We have a lot of fun here," said a longtime customer (No. 724), who didn't want to give her name. "We love Henry. At least you can understand him."
Moak never knows what people are going to bring in to have auctioned: "One lady asked me, 'Will you sell my husband?' " he said.
In addition to its regular schedule, Town & Country hosts large machinery sales twice each year, in the spring and the fall. This month's event drew more than 3,000 people. "We've had people schedule their wedding around our machinery sale because they didn't want to miss it," Kathy Moak said.
"Last fall, a guy's wife told him he had to go to a family wedding at 1 o'clock, so he came dressed to the auction in a tuxedo," Henry said.
Sue Matraw, a regular patron, went to the auction one time looking for a bargain and got an even better deal -- her husband, Jay. "He was tossing lollipops at me. I said, 'What have I got to do to make you stop?' He said, 'Go out on a date with me,' " she said.
It's a sweet relationship that's still going strong.
The Moaks' son, Delbert; daughter, Sharon Simmons; and two grandsons, Henry J. Moak and Geoffrey Pashley, all work at Town & Country, making it a true family-run business.
Most of the 400 auditorium-style seats in the auction house came from Boston University; Henry got them for a dollar apiece. About 50 more came from the Catskill Game Farm. "A lot of people have sat in those seats over the 20 years we've been here," Kathy said. "On Saturday nights you can't get a seat."
Henry might not know everyone by name, but the hundreds of people who turn out each week know they'll have a good time, and perhaps come away with a treasure.
"Everybody has a use for something," Moak said. "That's how I built this business."


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Seeking to improve their management of water resources, four northeast African nations have agreed at the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to establish a long-term framework for use of water from the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System. Chad, Egypt, Libya and Sudan signed a Strategic Action Programme (SAP) that aims to optimize the equitable use of the huge water resource that lies beneath the four nations.
The SAP also commits the countries to strengthen and build upon a previously existing regional coordination mechanism, in part by establishing a new Joint Authority for the Nubian Aquifer System. In a region that continues to make the news as being in political turmoil, it is hard to believe that these four governments can come to an agreement when U.S. states have trouble forging water-use agreements among themselves.
The programme lays the groundwork for improving cooperation among the four arid nations and for strengthening their capacity to monitor and manage the aquifer effectively. With growing populations and decreasing water availability from other sources in the region, the aquifer is under mounting pressure. Removing water without a clear understanding of transboundary and other implications threatens water quality and has the potential to harm biodiversity and accelerate land degradation.
There is no specific reference about use of water for agricultural purposes and the nation's feeding their populations or food security using the water. This seems like it would be a major hurdle as nations around the world profess the desire to be food secure and grabbing more water for irrigation would seem to be a motivator of the political leadership of these countries.
The agreement resulted from a joint technical cooperation project of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the IAEA.
How the IAEA is a leader in establishing the framework for the agreement and the agency releasing the news was explained in two sentences. The IAEA contributes to the project in part by employing isotopic hydrology techniques to monitor the quantity and quality of groundwater and how it moves underground. Established as an autonomous organization under the United Nations (UN) in 1957, the IAEA carries out programmes to maximize the useful contribution of nuclear technology to society while verifying its peaceful use.
"I congratulate all involved on this significant achievement," said IAEA Director General Yukiya Amano. "Water is a key resource, and effective management and use of such water resources is essential for the future. The agreement of the Strategic Action Programme is the result of real cooperation between the four states, the agency and UNDP-GEF. I am confident that this programme will be a success and will benefit the people of the region. This positive project experience benefits strengthened and expanded cooperation between the IAEA and the UNDP-GEF."
"UNDP would like to congratulate the governments of Egypt, Libya, Chad and Sudan for achieving this important milestone towards the cooperative management of their shared sub-surface waters which will help to ensure maintenance of livelihoods and ecosystems dependent upon the aquifer," said UNDP Administrator Helen Clark.
The Strategic Action Programme was signed by Mr. Ali Mahamat Abdoulaye, Ministry of Urban and Rural Water Supplies, Chad; H.E. Eng. Ahmed Mostafa Emam, Minister of Electricity and Energy, Egypt.; H.E. Eng. Al Hadi Suleiman Henshir, Ministry of Water Resources, Libya; Her Excellency D.Tabita Potros Teia Shokai, State Minister, Ministry of Water Resources and Electricity, Sudan; and Prof. Seifeldin Hamad Abdalla, Chair of the new Joint Authority.
The Nubian aquifer is the world's largest known 'fossil' water aquifer system, meaning that the water is ancient and non-renewable.
The joint technical cooperation project began in 2006 and has already completed a sophisticated model of the aquifer to assist the four countries in optimizing use of the aquifer to meet human needs, avoid transboundary conflict, and protect ecosystems dependent upon the resource.
More information can be found by clicking here.


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Government may defray infrastructure costs for building of affordable houses
October 17, 2012
Bekas IGP Musa Hassan masuk PAS?
October 17, 2012
Selangor BN plans 2013 countdown at I-CITY, Shah Alam
October 17, 2012
SHAH ALAM, Oct 17
: The Selangor Barisan Nasional (BN) plans to have a massive New Year's Eve Countdown for the 2013 event under the auspices of
'Sayangi Selangor, Yakini BN' at the I-City theme park in Section 7 here on Dec 31, says its co-ordinator, Datuk Seri Md Zin Mohamed.
He said the event was aimed at portraying the growing support by the people for BN in Selangor, and BN's continued commitment towards development in the state.
"At last year's New Year's Eve Countdown event attended by Deputy Prime Minister Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin, we attracted more than 150,000 people.
At the recent Selangor BN Hari Raya open house in Sungai Buloh attended by Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak, we had more than 300,000 people there.
"We hope that Selangor BN's countdown at I-City this year will be an even bigger event," he said after visiting I-City's latest tourist attractions here
Md Zin, the MP for Sepang, who is leading the charge with other BN leaders to win back Selangor from Pakatan Rakyat, said feedback and support from the people in Selangor was growing, especially in the last two years.
"We know where we had gone wrong in the past, and we are now here to correct the mistakes and serve the people better," he told Bernama.
Md Zin said Selangor BN's service centre known as PAKAR (for Pusat Khidmat Rakyat) has been a good source of reference or gauge on the people's support.
"Our service centre, which is manned by about 20 people, receives about 300 telephone calls daily and these calls provide a reliable indication of the kind
of problems faced by the people in Selangor, and the shortcomings of the present state government.
"It also allows an opportunity for us to reach out to the people and this is certainly very encouraging for Selangor BN," he said.
On I-City's development into a top tourist draw in the Greater Kuala Lumpur area, Md Zin said its growth had been planned when BN was in power in Selangor.
He said it was the state BN government that pushed for I-City's Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) status and this had helped the location to have one of the
fastest broadband speeds in the country at 110MBps.
Datuk Eu Hong Chew, CEO for I-Berhad, the parent company of I-City, said the MSC status had helped it to attract some top ICT companies to operate at the
Md Zin said the BN government had also been instrumental in approving various infrastructure development for I-City, including better access via a
flyover from the Federal Highway, which would be ready next year.
He said the better amenities would help I-City to be one of the country's top tourist attractions as it currently received 90,000 visitors weekly for its
digital lighting and snow walk attractions.
From next month, I-City, the brainchild of I-Berhad's group executive chairman Tan Sri Lim Kim Hong, will feature a Canadian-designed Tornado Ride,
touted to be the first in South East Asia, at its new RM25 million WaterWorld attraction.
It will also open a Trick Art Museum for people who love to take pictures against creative backdrops.
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What new opportunities arise due to the nature of Web services?
What new opportunities arise due to the nature of Web services?
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Many new opportunities arise due the flexibility of the Web services model. Since Web service interfaces are specified in a language-neutral fashion, they significantly ease the integration of systems in a standards-based way, across platforms, languages, transport protocols and applications. The Web services architecture is also explicitly designed to support intermediaries - third parties that can look at the messages and add value. For example, an intermediary might be configured to validate security credentials before the message is delivered to the destination's service. Another intermediary might be tasked with localization conversions, effectively alleviating the developers from having to handle this task in the service itself. The content of a Web service message is documented by its interface definition.
Web services also provide another opportunity to add a great deal of value without writing code. Because XML messages come with rich payloads of information, you can leverage the content of the messages to do many interesting new things--such as additional security measures or content-based routing.
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Search billions of records on Ancestry.com
D. P. Moore
Family & Home
William Erastus
Dolph Moore and Louis Wendel were married on December 17, 1879.
Their son, William Jerome (1901-1984) was born in Matagorda. He
married Lillian Mulhausen and had sons, "Little" Dolph Phineas Moore
(1930-1934) and Baby Moore (born and died December 8, 1933). Jerome
married second Johnnie Lee Hurr.
W. Jerome Moore 1923
Lillian Aneita Moore
Lillian Mulhausen Moore
Dolph Phineas Moore 1933
Cedarvale Cemetery
Photo courtesy of
Tresmond Scott
Jerome and Johnnie Lee Moore
Lillian & William Banks & Jerome Moore II - July 1966
Jerome Moore II
Photos courtesy of Jerome
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Subscriber portal
Hello everyone,
I have a textbox with multiple lines. I can draw a string from a textbox only if the text is in single line. Can you help me find a way how to draw if the textbox has a value of multiple lines?
Thanks in advance.
Hi all,
Please disregard this question. I already solved my problem.
I split the text to string array and loop to it then draw each word from loop using drawstring method.
Microsoft is conducting an online survey to understand your opinion of the Msdn Web site. If you choose to participate, the online survey will be presented to you when you leave the Msdn Web site.
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text:
Bing Shi0000-0001-7675-5942
Bing Shi graduated from Peking University and received his M.D. and Ph.D. degrees in 2010. He worked as a Research Scientist in Heart Failure Research Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, in 2012. Now, he works as a Cardiologist at the Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Beijing Military General Hospital. He is interested in the study of microRNA and disease associations, especially microRNA as a biomarker of cardiovascular disease.
Biography Updated on 26 September 2013


text:
Divisionalization In Vertical Structures
We study the incentives to create divisions by a firm once it is taken into account the vertical structures of an industry. Downstream firms, that must buy an essential input to upstream firms, may create divisions. Divisionalization reduces their bargaining power against upstream firms. This effect must be weighted against the usual incentive to divisionalize, namely the increase in the share of the final market that a firm obtains through it. We show that incentives to divisonalize are severely reduced when compared with the standard results, and that even sometimes firms choose not to divisionalize at all. The paper also shows the implications of the former analysis on the internal organization of firms and on the incentives to vertically integrate.
If you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site. Please be patient as the files may be large.
|21 pages
|Date of creation:
|Nov 2001
|Publication status:
|Published by Ivie
|Contact details of provider:
| Postal: C/ Guardia Civil, 22, Esc 2a, 1o, E-46020 VALENCIA
Phone: +34 96 319 00 50
Fax: +34 96 319 00 55
Web page: http://www.ivie.es/
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References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Miguel González-Maestre, 2000.
"Divisionalization and Delegation in Oligopoly,"
Journal of Economics & Management Strategy,
Wiley Blackwell, vol. 9(3), pages 321-338, 06.
- Gonzalez-Maestre, M., 1997. "Divisionalization and Delegation in Oligopoly," UFAE and IAE Working Papers 403.97, Unitat de Fonaments de l'Anàlisi Econòmica (UAB) and Institut d'Anàlisi Econòmica (CSIC).
- Huck, Steffen & Konrad, Kai A. & Muller, Wieland, 2001. "Divisionalization in contests," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 70(1), pages 89-93, January.
- Huck, Steffen & Konrad, Kai A. & Müller, Wieland, 2000. "Divisionalization in contests," SFB 373 Discussion Papers 2000,9, Humboldt University of Berlin, Interdisciplinary Research Project 373: Quantification and Simulation of Economic Processes.
- Chemla, Gilles, 2000. "Downstream Competition, Foreclosure, and Vertical Integration," CEPR Discussion Papers 2647, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Chemla, G., 1999. "Downstream Competition, Foreclosure, and Vertical Integration," Papers 99-18, Paris X - Nanterre, U.F.R. de Sc. Ec. Gest. Maths Infor..
- G. Chemla, 1999. "Downstream competition, foreclosure, and vertical integration," THEMA Working Papers 99-18, THEMA (THéorie Economique, Modélisation et Applications), Université de Cergy-Pontoise.
- Richard J. Sexton, 2000. "Industrialization and Consolidation in the U.S. Food Sector: Implications for Competition and Welfare," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 82(5), pages 1087-1104.
- Baye, Michael R & Crocker, Keith J & Ju, Jiandong, 1996. "Divisionalization, Franchising, and Divestiture Incentives in Oligopoly," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 86(1), pages 223-236, March.
- Corchon, Luis C., 1991. "Oligopolistic competition among groups," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 36(1), pages 1-3, May.
- Luis Corchón, 1991. "Oligopolistic Competition Among Groups," Working Papers. Serie AD 1991-05, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas, S.A. (Ivie).
- Corchon, Luis C. & Gonzalez-Maestre, Miguel, 2000. "On the competitive effects of divisionalization," Mathematical Social Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 39(1), pages 71-79, January.
- Luis Corchón & Miguel González-Maestre, 1994. "On the competitive effects of divisionalization," Working Papers. Serie AD 1994-10, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas, S.A. (Ivie).
- Corts, Kenneth S. & Neher, Darwin V., 2003. "Credible delegation," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 47(3), pages 395-407, June.
- Hart, O. & Tirole, J., 1990. "Vertical Integration And Market Foreclosure," Working papers 548, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Department of Economics.
- McAfee, R Preston & Schwartz, Marius, 1994. "Opportunism in Multilateral Vertical Contracting: Nondiscrimination, Exclusivity, and Uniformity," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 84(1), pages 210-230, March. Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)
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12-13 days in Japan - 7 day JR Pass & metro card?
I am traveling to Japan in Sept and debating if I should get the JR for 7 days or and get the metro pass for the other days
Tokyo - 4 days
I was thinking of getting the JR pass after my visit in Tokyo and travel to the other 3/4 cites. Do you think the schedule is doable and I can visit all these areas? I may not go to Hiroshima but just want to make sure I cover all the other areas.
Hi there,
Sounds like a good plan - the Metro pass is excellent in Tokyo so that'll be a great way to get around before you venture out of the capital.
Regarding the JR Pass validity, yes, it will be valid for travel on all JR lines connecting the cities you list. Please note that the JR Pass will not be valid for subway services in Osaka and Kyoto as these are non-JR operated.
I think it's a good schedule overall, though I may look into doing an overnight stay on Miyajima island off Hiroshima - you're already spending a lot of time in Kansai so this may break up your trip somewhat.
Hope this helps!
Thank you Mari for your input. Do you know how much the Metro would range for Tokyo for about 4-5 days? Also, you stated the JR line doesn't operate in Osaka and Kyoto, do they have a Metro system down there and how much would you think it would cost for 2-3 days? I am just debating if its worth to purchase the JR pass and just fly down to Osaka and purchase the metro down there. Since the JR pass doesn't cover Osaka and Kyoto.
Thank you!
Order your Japan Rail Pass Online
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text:
After working on the Grammy-winning tribute album Zappa's Universe, Keneally started a solo career with his 1992 debut album, Hat. Quirky and hard to categorize (with Zappa trademarks like classical undertones, stuttering, jazz-like rhythms, and humorous lyrics), the debut was a big hit with critics. But the next year would claim both Keneally's father and Zappa, leading to the moody yet brilliant 1994 CD Boil That Dust Speck. Ranging from intense rock ("Skunk") to ballads ("Blameless [The Floating Face]") to Keneally's closing percussion tribute saga to Zappa, "The Old Boat Guy," the disc showcased every facet of his array of talents. Leaving Z in 1996 and naming his solo touring band Beer for Dolphins, Keneally released the riotous double CD Half Alive in Hollywood, featuring one disc of live-in-a-studio originals and one of live stage performances (including covers of Jimi Hendrix's "Power to Love" and Led Zeppelin's "Immigrant Song"). He also formed a band called the Mistakes, with Henry Kaiser, Andy West (Dixie Dregs), and Prairie Prince (the Tubes), who released a self-titled album.
The same year, Keneally joined fellow Zappa alumnus Steve Vai's band, playing on the G3 Tour over the next year with Joe Satriani, Eric Johnson, Robert Fripp, and Kenny Wayne Shepherd. Playing classical piano-like keyboard lines, percussion, and intricate harmonized guitar lines with rock virtuoso Vai, Keneally helped the band steal the G3 show often (as evidenced by the G3: Live in Concert CD). Between releases by Beer for Dolphins (1997's Sluggo!; 2000's Dancing) and solo albums (1999's Nonkertompf, on which he played all of the instruments), Keneally also found time to record two CDs with Vai, 1999's The Ultra Zone and 2001's Alive in an Ultra World.
In 2001, Keneally got a new acoustic guitar, which led to the release of the largely acoustic-based and mellow Wooden Smoke, which showed yet another side of Keneally's musical personality. For another interesting detour, in 2002, Keneally was approached by Co de Kloet, commissioning director for Holland's NPS Radio, and was commissioned to write music for electric guitar and orchestra. The resulting music and live performances with the renowned Metropole Orchestra were such a success that de Kloet started the NPS Output label to release The Universe Will Provide in 2004, just a month after Keneally turned around and delivered his hardest-rocking album to date, Dog, with the newly christened Mike Keneally Band. Just a few months after that came Piano Reductions, Vol. 1, an album of Vai songs played solo on piano that was actually recorded in 1999 at Steve's request. As if he weren't busy enough, around the same time he got involved with Henry Kaiser and Wadada Leo Smith's Yo Miles! project, appearing on both Sky Garden and Upriver.
The Mike Keneally Band hit the road in 2005, playing across the U.S., with Guitar Therapy Live appearing as the tour document in 2006. That same year, Keneally acquired the rights to his early catalog on Immune with plans to re-release it in deluxe editions in 2007 on Exowax (each of Keneally's Exowax recordings has been available as a limited-edition package with lots of bonus material). With his wide-ranging talents and ability to be creative in almost any musical situation, Keneally is the leading progressive rock genius of the post-Zappa era. ~ Bill Meredith & Sean Westergaard, Rovi


text:
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Research October 2013 | Volume 121 | Issue 10
Domestic Radon Exposure and Risk of Childhood Cancer: A Prospective Census-Based Cohort Study
Dimitri Hauri,1,2 Ben Spycher,3 Anke Huss,4 Frank Zimmermann,5 Michael Grotzer,6 Nicolas von der Weid,7 Damien Weber,8 Adrian Spoerri,3 Claudia E. Kuehni,3 and Martin Röösli,1,2 for the Swiss National Cohort and the Swiss Paediatric Oncology Group (SPOG)
Background: In contrast with established evidence linking high doses of ionizing radiation with childhood cancer, research on low-dose ionizing radiation and childhood cancer has produced inconsistent results.
Objective: We investigated the association between domestic radon exposure and childhood cancers, particularly leukemia and central nervous system (CNS) tumors.
Methods: We conducted a nationwide census-based cohort study including all children < 16 years of age living in Switzerland on 5 December 2000, the date of the 2000 census. Follow-up lasted until the date of diagnosis, death, emigration, a child's 16th birthday, or 31 December 2008. Domestic radon levels were estimated for each individual home address using a model developed and validated based on approximately 45,000 measurements taken throughout Switzerland. Data were analyzed with Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for child age, child sex, birth order, parents' socioeconomic status, environmental gamma radiation, and period effects.
Results: In total, 997 childhood cancer cases were included in the study. Compared with children exposed to a radon concentration below the median (< 77.7 Bq/m3), adjusted hazard ratios for children with exposure ≥ the 90th percentile (≥ 139.9 Bq/m3) were 0.93 (95% CI: 0.74, 1.16) for all cancers, 0.95 (95% CI: 0.63, 1.43) for all leukemias, 0.90 (95% CI: 0.56, 1.43) for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and 1.05 (95% CI: 0.68, 1.61) for CNS tumors.
Conclusions: We did not find evidence that domestic radon exposure is associated with childhood cancer, despite relatively high radon levels in Switzerland.
Citation: Hauri D, Spycher B, Huss A, Zimmermann F, Grotzer M, von der Weid N, Weber D, Spoerri A, Kuehni C, Röösli M, for the Swiss National Cohort and the Swiss Paediatric Oncology Group (SPOG). 2013. Domestic radon exposure and risk of childhood cancer: a prospective census-based cohort study. Environ Health Perspect 121:1239–1244; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1306500
Address correspondence to M. Röösli, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 59, P.O. Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland. Telephone: 41 (0) 61 284 83 83. E-mail: email@example.com. Website: http://www.swisstph.ch
The members of the Swiss National Cohort Study Group are F. Gutzwiller (Chairman of the Executive Board), M. Bopp (Zurich, Switzerland); M. Egger (Chairman of the Scientific Board), A. Spoerri, M. Zwahlen (Bern, Switzerland); N. Künzli (Basel, Switzerland); F. Paccaud (Lausanne, Switzerland); and M. Oris (Geneva, Switzerland). The Swiss Paediatric Oncology Group (SPOG) Scientific Committee consists of R. Ammann, Bern; R. Angst, Aarau; M. Ansari, Geneva; M. Beck Popovic, Lausanne; E. Bergstraesser, Zurich; P. Brazzola, Bellinzona; J. Greiner, St. Gallen; M. Grotzer, Zurich; H. Hengartner, St. Gallen; T. Kuehne, Basel; K. Leibundgut, Bern; F. Niggli, Zürich; J. Rischewski, Lucerne; N. von der Weid, Basel.
We thank M.-P. Strippoli from the Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine at the University of Bern for providing and preparing the data from the Swiss Childhood Cancer Registry; M. Gruson from the Federal Office of Public Health for providing the radon database used to develop the radon prediction model and to assess indoor radon exposure in all Swiss households; and the members of the Swiss National Cohort Study Group and the Swiss Federal Statistical Office, who made the Swiss National Cohort possible.
This work was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation, Pro-Doc grant PDFMP3_124951 and Swiss National Cohort grant number 3347C0-108806. This study was also supported by the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (BAG 08.001616, BAG 10.002946) and the Swiss Cancer League (KLS 02224-03-2008) for address updates and geocoding.
The authors declare they have no actual or potential competing financial interests.
Received: 9 January 2013
Accepted: 9 August 2013
Advance Publication: 13 August 2013
Final Publication: 1 October 2013
- Supplemental Material (332 KB) PDF
Childhood cancer is the second most common cause of death in children (after accidents) in developed countries (Jemal et al. 2010; UK Childhood Cancer Study Investigators 2000). Incidence rates of childhood malignancies increased by approximately 1% per year in Europe between 1970 and 1999 (Kaatsch et al. 2006; McKinney 2005; Steliarova-Foucher et al. 2004), and this increase did not slow down in the first 5 years after 2000 (Pritchard-Jones et al. 2006). In the United States, the incidence of childhood malignancies increased by approximately 0.5% per year between 1992 and 2007 (Kohler et al. 2011).
Low-dose ionizing radiation is hypothesized to cause childhood cancer. Radon is a decay product of uranium, a naturally occurring element in granitic and metamorphic rocks (Ball et al. 1991; Gillmore et al. 2005; Gunderson 1992). Radon emanates from soil and concentrates inside buildings. Domestic radon is a major natural source of ionizing radiation exposure. Worldwide, radon is estimated to contribute to roughly half of the average annual ionizing radiation dose (Charles 2001). In Switzerland, this figure was estimated to be 60% (Federal Office of Public Health 2011).
Because of the high fat content of red bone marrow, it has been suggested that radon gas doses delivered to this organ may be high enough to damage stem cells (Tong et al. 2012) and increase the risk of childhood leukemia (Richardson 2008). The relationship between radon exposure and childhood leukemia has been addressed in various case–control studies (Cartwright et al. 2002; Kaletsch et al. 1999; Kendall et al. 2013; Lubin et al. 1998; Maged et al. 2000; Raaschou-Nielsen et al. 2008; Steinbuch et al. 1999; Stjernfeldt et al. 1987) and ecological studies (Alexander et al. 1990; Butland et al. 1990; Collman et al. 1991; Evrard et al. 2005, 2006; Foreman et al. 1994; Gilman and Knox 1998; Henshaw et al. 1990; Lucie 1990; Muirhead et al. 1991; Richardson et al. 1995; Thorne et al. 1996a, 1996b). Most of the ecological studies reported an association between childhood leukemia and estimated domestic radon exposure. However, because these were population-level analyses, control for individual-level confounders was not possible. Results of case–control studies have been inconsistent (Laurier et al. 2001; Tong et al. 2012), with some studies reporting an association (Maged et al. 2000; Raaschou-Nielsen et al. 2008) and others not (Cartwright et al. 2002; Kaletsch et al. 1999; Kendall et al. 2013; Lubin et al. 1998; Steinbuch et al. 1999; Stjernfeldt et al. 1987). A recent analysis of a Danish case–control study reported evidence that air pollution from road traffic might enhance the association between radon and childhood leukemia (Bräuner et al. 2012). The authors speculated that attachment of radon decay products to traffic exhaust particles may have been responsible for this observation.
For central nervous system (CNS) tumors, which are almost all found in the brain (McKinney 2005), only a few ecological (Collman et al. 1991; Henshaw et al. 1990; Thorne et al. 1996b) and case–control studies (Cartwright et al. 2002; Kaletsch et al. 1999; Kendall et al. 2013; Raaschou-Nielsen et al. 2008) have been performed, also showing inconsistent results. Ecological studies have suggested an association between domestic radon concentration and CNS tumors (Collman et al. 1991; Henshaw et al. 1990; Thorne et al. 1996b). Two large case–control studies performed in Denmark (Raaschou-Nielsen et al. 2008) and the United Kingdom (Kendall et al. 2013) reported no evidence of an association. In contrast, a German study (Kaletsch et al. 1999) reported elevated risks of CNS tumors associated with radon exposures > 70 Bq/m3. However, the association was based on six exposed cases only.
In view of these conflicting results, we conducted a prospective census-based cohort study to investigate whether domestic radon exposure is associated with childhood cancers, particularly leukemia and CNS tumors. In addition, we evaluated whether exposure to traffic-related air pollution [i.e., nitrogen dioxide (NO2)] might modify associations.
Databases. We used data from the Swiss National Cohort (SNC 2011), which is described in detail elsewhere (Bopp et al. 2009; Spoerri et al. 2010). Briefly, the SNC is a nationwide longitudinal research platform that links census data collected in 1990 and 2000 with birth records, mortality records, and emigration data. It includes data on all persons living in Switzerland at the time of each census, including individual- and household-level data (e.g., information on child sex, birth order within each household, and the socioeconomic status of adults based on highest education and socioprofessional category), as well as building information. Participation in the census was compulsory, and the coverage for 2000 was estimated to be 98.6% (Renaud 2004). For this study we included all children between 0 and 15 years of age living in Switzerland on 5 December 2000.
Incident cancer cases in the SNC were identified by probabilistic record linkage with the Swiss Childhood Cancer Registry (SCCR) based on birth date, sex, and residential geocodes. The SCCR is a longitudinal national database founded in 1976 by the Swiss Pediatric Oncology Group (SPOG) (Michel et al. 2008). This registry contains baseline information and long-term follow-up information on cancer patients < 21 years of age (Kuehni et al. 2012). Registration of children diagnosed with cancer before 16 years of age is estimated to be at least 95% (Kuehni et al. 2012).
Of 1,127 cases identified in the SCCR, 2 were excluded because their cancer was diagnosed after they emigrated from Switzerland and 117 were excluded because they could not be successfully linked with records in the SNC (Figure 1). The remaining 1,008 were linked to the SNC cohort consisting of 1,332,944 children. Finally, 45,590 (including 11 cases and 45,579 noncases) were excluded from our analysis because their exact place of residence was uncertain (e.g., because they were living in emergency accommodations, mobile or provisional dwellings, or buildings that could not be geocoded), leaving 997 cases and a total cohort of 1,287,354 children for the main analysis. In addition, we conducted a sensitivity analysis that also included 51 of the 117 cases who could not be linked to the SNC, but had address information from the 2000 census (1,048 cases in a total cohort of 1,287,405 children). This study is based on register data, and informed consent was not required. The SNC was approved by the ethics committees in Bern (205/06) and Zurich (13/06) and by the Federal Data Protection Office.
Figure 1 – Overview on the study population obtained from linking the Swiss Childhood Cancer registry to the Swiss National Cohort. ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Exposure assessment. We estimated indoor radon exposure at baseline (5 December 2000) for each child's home address using a nationwide radon prediction model (Hauri et al. 2012, 2013). The prediction model is a log-linear regression model that was developed based on 35,706 measurements, carried out in Switzerland between 1994 and 2004. Relevant predictors in the model were tectonic units, building age, building type, soil texture, degree of urbanization, and floor level (Hauri et al. 2012). The adjusted R2 was 20%. The model was validated using an independent data set of 8,925 radon measurements that were not used to develop the model. Spearman rank correlations between predicted and measured radon values were 0.45 (95% CI: 0.44, 0.46) for the development data set and 0.44 (95% CI: 0.42, 0.46) for the validation data set. Using a cut-off at the 90th percentile, areas under the ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve were 0.73 (95% CI: 0.72, 0.74) for the development set and 0.72 (95% CI: 0.71, 0.74) for the validation set. Sensitivity was 0.31 for the development and 0.29 for the validation data set, and specificity was 0.92 for both data sets.
We evaluated potential confounders identified from the literature on environmental risk factors for childhood cancer and leukemia (McNally and Parker 2006; Tong et al. 2012). The following factors were considered: distance to major roads, railways, and electric power lines; particulate matter air pollution (PM10; ≤ 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter), NO2, and ambient benzene concentrations; exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields from broadcast transmitters; and potential exposure to agricultural pesticides based on distance to the nearest orchard, vineyard, or golf course. In addition, we considered distance to the nearest pediatric cancer center because it may be associated with the completeness of childhood cancer registration, which may be better in areas with a pediatric cancer center than in the rest of Switzerland, and with the spatial distribution of radon. We estimated exposures to potential confounders from digital maps, using ArcGIS (ESRI, Redlands, CA, USA). We extracted data on background gamma radiation exposure from Swiss radiation maps (Rybach et al. 2002) with a grid cell resolution of 2 km. We obtained digital maps of power lines with a resolution of 1:25,000, from the Federal Inspectorate for Heavy Current Installations. Distances to major roads were obtained using digital maps on the traffic network with a resolution of 1:25,000 (VECTOR25-maps), published by the Federal Office of Topography (swisstopo) (2010). Data distances to orchards, vineyards, and golf courses (used to estimate exposure to agricultural pesticides) were derived from Swiss land use statistics for 1997 (Arealstatistik Schweiz), published by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office (Neuchâtel, Switzerland; http://www.bfs.admin.ch) with a grid cell resolution of 100 m × 100 m. Pediatric cancer centers were manually geocoded using the fixed point data service of the Federal Office of Topography (2010). We extracted modeled benzene levels for the year 2005 from a digital map with a grid cell resolution of 400 m, published by the Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and Landscape (Heldstab et al. 2004) and extracted PM10 and NO2 exposure levels from 2005 from digital maps with a grid cell resolution of 100 m, published by the Federal Office of the Environment (Heldstab et al. 2011). Exposure to analogous, digital radio, and digital TV broadcast transmitters was modeled for the year 2000 for residences within 10 km of a transmitter. Exposure to short-wave radio and medium-wave radio was modeled for the year 1997 for residences within 20 km of these transmitters. These models were developed by the Federal Office of Communications (Biel, Switzerland; http://www.bakom.admin.ch).
We used exposure to PM10, NO2, and benzene ambient concentrations as linear variables. The other factors were used categorically with predefined as exposure corridors for distance to major roads [> 400 m to highways or > 200 m to main roads (class 1), 100–400 m to highways or 50–200 m to main roads, 40–100 m to highways or 20–50 m to main roads, < 40 m to highways or < 20 m to main roads], to high voltage power lines (including railways) (< 50 m, 50–200 m, 200–600 m, > 600 m), to agricultural pesticides [distance to the nearest orchards (> 200 m, 100–200 m, 50–100 m, < 50 m)], to vineyards (> 500 m, 250–500 m, 100–250 m, < 100 m), to golf courses (> 3,000 m, 1,500–3,000 m, 750–1,500 m, < 750 m), and to the nearest pediatric center (> 30 km, 15–30 km, 5–15 km, < 5 km). Exposure categories for the radio frequency–electromagnetic frequency exposure were used, with a cut-off at 0.05 and 0.2 V/m to differentiate among low, medium, and high exposures. Residences outside the model area were considered in the lowest exposure category.
Statistical analysis. We analyzed data using Cox proportional hazard models with age as the underlying time scale. Time at risk began on 5 December 2005 (the date of the census) and ended on the date of diagnosis, death, emigration, the child's 16th birthday, or 31 December 2008, whichever occurred first. We categorized exposure using a priori cut points at the 50th and 90th percentiles. In addition, we conducted linear exposure–response analyses of radon concentration modeled as simple continuous predictor. Hazard ratios (HRs) are expressed per 100 Bq/m3 increase in radon exposure. All models were adjusted for child sex, birth order within each household (linearly), socioeconomic status of the parents using the parents' highest education (low, medium, high, no information) and their job position (low, medium, high, unemployed/retired/housewife/volunteer work, no information), as well as total background gamma radiation exposure from cosmic, terrestrial, and artificial ground radiation from the Chernobyl event [by categorizing at the 50th, 103 nSV/h (nanoSieverts per hour); and 90th percentiles, 133 nSV/h], and period effects (by dichotomizing follow-up time into two 4-year blocks). We added potential confounders to models one at a time and used a change-in-estimation criterion of 10% to select covariates for the final model (Greenland 1989). None of the potential confounders met this criterion; therefore our final models included child sex, birth order, socioeconomic status, background gamma radiation exposure, and period only. We confirmed the proportional hazard assumption using Nelson–Aalen survival functions and statistical tests based on Schoenfeld residuals and by examining variation in associations between covariates and the outcomes varied over time (data not shown).
Subgroup and sensitivity analyses. Because a recent case–control study (Bräuner et al. 2012) suggested an interaction between domestic radon exposure and NOx (nitrogen oxides) from traffic exhaust, we stratified our analysis at the median NO2 concentration in our cohort (21.6 μg/m3). Further, we evaluated possible effect modification by sex because the risk of cancer is higher for boys than girls (Michel et al. 2008). We also conducted separate analyses for preschool children (< 5 years of age) and schoolchildren (5–15 years of age) because young children may be more vulnerable to exposure from ionizing radiation than older children (Little et al. 2010). In addition, for children 5–15 years of age, we evaluated the effect of exposure misclassification due to residential mobility (Warner et al. 1995) by conducting separate analyses of children who did or did not move residence between 1995 and 2000 based on information available in the SNC.
We also carried out a separate regional analysis for cantons that lie at least partly in the Alpine region (Grisons, Appenzell, Bern, Glarus, Lucerne, Unterwalden, Schwyz, St. Gallen, Ticino, Uri, Valais, Vaud) where the highest radon concentrations were found.
Finally, we performed a sensitivity analysis that included 51 cases who could not be linked to the SNC but had information in the SCCR on place of residence at the time of the 2000 census. Because we did not have information on the floor they lived on, building age, or building type for these children, we estimated their radon exposures assuming that they lived on the first floor of apartment buildings built between 1946 and 1970, consistent with average values for all children based on the 2000 census. These models were adjusted for sex, environmental gamma radiation, and period effects, but not for socioeconomic status of the parents or birth order.
In the SNC database 1,332,944 children were identified who were between 0–15 years of age on the date of the 2000 census. Of these, 45,590 were excluded because their exact place of residence was unclear (Figure 1). In total, we analyzed data from 1,287,354 children, accumulating 7,627,646 person-years during the study period. From the 1,127 cancer cases identified in the SCCR who were diagnosed between 2000 and 2008, 997 could be linked to the SNC database. Of these, 283 were diagnosed with leukemia [including 225 with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)] and 258 with a CNS tumor.
The estimated median radon concentration for all cohort members was 77.7 Bq/m3, and the 90th percentile was 139.9 Bq/m3 (see Supplemental Material, Table S1). The arithmetic mean radon concentration was 85.7 Bq/m3 (range, 6.9–337.2 Bq/m3) for childhood cancer cases and 85.9 Bq/m3 (range, 0.7–490.1 Bq/m3) for the rest of the study population. Arithmetic mean radon concentrations were lowest (84.0 Bq/m3) for ALL cases and highest for CNS tumor cases (88.9 Bq/m3).
Results of the main analysis are shown in Table 1 and Figure 2. Compared with children exposed to a radon concentration below the median, HRs for children with exposure ≥ 90th percentile (≥ 139.9 Bq/m3) were 0.93 (95% CI: 0.74, 1.16) for all cancers, 0.95 (95% CI: 0.63, 1.43) for all leukemias, 0.90 (95% CI: 0.56, 1.43) for ALL, and 1.05 (95% CI: 0.68, 1.61) for CNS tumors. Age-adjusted risk estimates were very similar to the fully adjusted results (Table 1). There was no evidence of linear exposure–response associations for any of the outcomes (Table 1). Including 51 additional cancer cases who had address information but could not be linked to the SNC had little influence on effect estimates (see Supplemental Material, Table S2). The subgroup analyses also did not indicate evidence of effect modification by age, sex, or moving status (see Supplemental Material, Table S3). Restricting the analyses to Alpine cantons, where radon levels are highest, also did not indicate an association between domestic radon concentration and childhood cancer (data not shown). Analyses stratified according to low or high NO2 exposure (< 21.6 or ≥ 21.6 μg/m3, respectively) did not provide evidence of an interaction between NO2 and domestic radon concentration for any of the outcomes (Table 2).
Table 1 – Age-adjusted and fully adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for childhood cancer and residential radon exposure.
Figure 2 – HRs and 95% CIs for associations between domestic radon concentrations at baseline and all leukemias, ALL, CNS tumors, and all cancers diagnosed among Swiss children during 2000–2008. Ref, reference. Models are adjusted for child sex, birth order, socioeconomic status of the parents, environmental gamma radiation, and period effects, in addition to using age as the underlying time scale.
Table 2 – Age-adjusted and fully adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for childhood cancer and radon exposure within strata of NO2 concentration.
Our census-based cohort study did not indicate an association between domestic radon concentration and childhood cancer. The results were consistent across various sensitivity and subgroup analyses, and for different types of cancer.
To our knowledge, other cohort studies on domestic radon concentration and childhood cancers have not been published. The main strength of the present study is its nationwide coverage, which substantially reduces the likelihood of selection bias. Exposure assessment was based on a comprehensive prediction model that was developed and validated using > 40,000 measurements taken throughout Switzerland between 1994 and 2004. Previous case–control studies have reported participation < 55%, and exposure measurements were often limited to subsets of study participants (Cartwright et al. 2002; Kaletsch et al. 1999; Lubin et al. 1998; Maged et al. 2000; Steinbuch et al. 1999; Stjernfeldt et al. 1987). In contrast with ecological studies, we had information on a number of potential individual-level confounders (Laurier et al. 2001; Tong et al. 2012), although adjusting for these variables did not materially affect hazard ratios, suggesting little or no confounding by these factors although we cannot completely exclude residual confounding due to misclassification in the confounder variables. This is consistent with the current knowledge on childhood cancer etiology: There is evidence of increased risks among children with a genetic predisposition and among those exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation (e.g., applied for cancer treatment), but little evidence of environmental risk factors (Belson et al. 2007; Eden 2010; McKinney 2005; Pollack and Jakacki 2011). Only two previous case–control studies had similar methodological features to the present study—large sample size, consideration of confounding, radon exposure estimation based on prediction models, and a small likelihood of selection bias due to the use of population-based controls identified from registries without requiring consent for participation (Kendall et al. 2013; Raaschou-Nielsen et al. 2008). In contrast with our study, a Danish study reported that domestic radon exposure was associated with ALL (rate ratio = 1.56; 95% CI: 1.05, 2.30 per 1,000 Bq/m3–years) based on 860 cases diagnosed between 1968 and 1994, and 1,720 registry-based controls (Raaschou-Nielsen et al. 2008). However, no association was reported between radon concentrations and CNS tumors (rate ratio = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.69, 1.22 per 1,000 Bq/m3–years based on 922 CNS tumor cases). In a British study, the estimated relative risk for leukemia per 1,000 Bq/m3–years increase in cumulative radon exposure was 1.12 (95% CI: 0.88, 1.43) based on 9,058 cases and 11,912 controls, and the corresponding estimate for CNS tumors was 1.15 (95% CI: 0.88, 1.50) based on 6,585 cases and 8,997 controls (Kendall et al. 2013).
Recently, associations between radon and nonrespiratory cancers also have been investigated in adults. Consistent associations were not observed between nonrespiratory cancer mortality and ecologic measures of residential radon levels in the large prospective American Cancer Society cohort, which includes > 1 million participants (Turner et al. 2012). For example, the HR for leukemia mortality was 0.93 (95% CI: 0.82, 1.05) per 100-Bq/m3 increase in mean county-level residential radon concentrations. These findings are consistent with a collaborative analysis of 11 studies of miners that indicated that leukemia mortality was not associated with radon exposure (Darby et al. 1995). Wheeler et al. (2012) reported evidence of an association between radon levels and skin cancer in an ecological study conducted in southwest England during 2000–2004 (Wheeler et al. 2012). The authors speculated that radon and its decay products are attracted to water molecules, and that the resulting aerosols could adhere to the skin via electrostatic attraction. Such a mechanism was also proposed in a subsequent analysis of the Danish case–control study that reported evidence that air pollution (NOx) from road traffic strengthened associations between radon and childhood leukemia (Bräuner et al. 2012). Our study results, however, do not support such an interaction.
Our study also has limitations, and given the fact that we did not observe an association the main concern may be that we have missed a true association due to lack of power, or exposure misclassification. Our study included fewer cases than did the two large register-based case–control studies from Denmark (Raaschou-Nielsen et al. 2008) and Great Britain (Kendall et al. 2013). However, estimated exposure levels were larger in our Swiss study population on average (arithmetic mean radon concentration, 86 Bq/m3; range, 0.7–490.1 Bq/m3) than in the Danish (arithmetic mean concentration, 48 Bq/m3; range, 4 to 254 Bq/m3) and British studies (arithmetic mean radon in the control group, 21.3 Bq/m3; range, 1.2–692 Bq/m3). Little et al. (2010) pointed out that in epidemiological studies of cancer and ionizing radiation, statistical power is influenced much more by differences in mean dose than by the number of cases. Thus, in terms of statistical power, the large differences in exposure levels of our study population may at least partly compensate for the smaller number of cases. Regarding exposure misclassification, we deal in our study mainly with a Berkson-type error because we used a prediction model (Heid et al. 2004; Raaschou-Nielsen et al. 2008; Steenland et al. 2000). Unlike errors of individual measurements, this type of error does not bias estimates of associations towards unity, but instead reduces statistical power resulting in wider confidence intervals (Armstrong 1998; Steenland et al. 2000). Although non-Berkson error may have been introduced in the exposure assessment if people changed their place of residence, associations based on cohort members who did not relocate during the 5 years before 2000 were similar to estimates for the cohort as whole, suggesting that exposure misclassification did not substantially bias our findings.
The observed lack of an association between domestic radon exposure and childhood leukemia or CNS tumors is consistent with expectations, given low estimated doses of exposure to domestic radon for red bone marrow and the CNS. For a 1-year-old child, an annual radon concentration of 100 Bq/m3 [i.e., the radon concentration where remedial actions are recommended according to the World Health Organization (2009)] corresponds to an equivalent dose to the lung of 19.6 mSv per year (Kendall and Smith 2005). Organ-specific doses for red bone marrow (0.43 mSv) or the brain (0.19 mSv) are much smaller (Kendall and Smith 2002, 2005). Comparable values were estimated for 10-year-old children (lung: 21.1 mSv; red bone marrow: 0.52 mSv; and brain: 0.14 mSv) (Kendall and Smith 2005). These dose estimations support our observed results and suggest that doses from domestic radon levels to organs other than the lung are too weak to noticeably increase cancer risks.
In summary, we did not find evidence that domestic radon exposure is associated with childhood leukemia or CNS tumors, despite relative high radon levels in Switzerland.
The values for age-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) (95% CIs) for all leukemias in Table 1 and for HR (95% CI) for all leukemias (NO2 < 21.6 μg/m3, ≥ 139.9 Bq/m3) in Table 2 were incorrect in the manuscript originally published online. They have been corrected here.
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Eden T. 2010. Aetiology of childhood leukaemia. Cancer Treat Rev 36(4):286–297.
Evrard AS, Hemon D, Billon S, Laurier D, Jougla E, Tirmarche M, et al. 2005. Ecological association between indoor radon concentration and childhood leukaemia incidence in France, 1990–1998. Eur J Cancer Prev 14(2):147–157.
Evrard AS, Hemon D, Billon S, Laurier D, Jougla E, Tirmarche M, et al. 2006. Childhood leukemia incidence and exposure to indoor radon, terrestrial and cosmic gamma radiation. Health Phys 90(6):569–579.
Federal Office of Public Health. 2011. Nationaler Radonaktionsplan 2012 – 2020 [in German]. Bern:Federal Office of Public Health.
Federal Office of Topography (swisstopo). 2010. Geodetic points (FPDS). Available: http://www.swisstopo.admin.ch/internet/swisstopo/en/home/apps/fpds.html [accessed 14 December 2012].
Foreman NK, Thorne R, Berry PJ, Oakhill A, Mott MG. 1994. Childhood malignancies in the south-west region of England, 1976–1985. Med Pediatr Oncol 23(1):14–19.
Gillmore GK, Phillips PS, Denman AR. 2005. The effects of geology and the impact of seasonal correction factors on indoor radon levels: a case study approach. J Environ Radioact 84(3):469–479.
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Greenland S. 1989. Modeling and variable selection in epidemiologic analysis. Am J Public Health 79(3):340–349.
Gunderson LCS. 1992. Role of geology in predicting radon potential. Health Phys 62 (supplement):S13.
Hauri DD, Huss A, Zimmermann F, Kuehni CE, Roosli M. 2012. A prediction model for assessing residential radon concentration in Switzerland. J Environ Radioact 112:83–89.
Hauri DD, Huss A, Zimmermann F, Kuehni CE, Roosli M. 2013. Prediction of residential radon exposure of the whole Swiss population: comparison of model-based predictions with measurement based predictions. Indoor Air; doi:10.1111/ina.12040. [Online 6 March 2013].
Heid IM, Küchenhoff H, Miles J, Kreienbrock L, Wichmann HE. 2004. Two dimensions of measurement error: classical and Berkson error in residential radon exposure assessment. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 14:365–377.
Heldstab J, de Haan P, Künzle T, Kljun N, Keller M, Zbinden R. 2004. Modelling of NO2 and Benzene Ambient Concentrations in Switzerland 2000 to 2020. Available: http://www.bafu.admin.ch/publikationen/publikation/00288/index.html?lang=en [accessed 7 September 2013].
Heldstab J, Leippert F, Wüthrich P, Künzle T. 2011. NO2 Ambient Concentrations in Switzerland. Modelling Results for 2005, 2010, 2015. Available: http://www.bafu.admin.ch/publikationen/publikation/01634/index.html?lang=en [accessed 7 September 2013].
Henshaw DL, Eatough JP, Richardson RB. 1990. Radon as a causative factor in induction of myeloid leukaemia and other cancers. Lancet 335(8696):1008–1012.
Jemal A, Siegel R, Xu J, Ward E. 2010. Cancer statistics, 2010. CA Cancer J Clin 60(5):277–300.
Kaatsch P, Steliarova-Foucher E, Crocetti E, Magnani C, Spix C, Zambon P. 2006. Time trends of cancer incidence in European children (1978–1997): report from the Automated Childhood Cancer Information System project. Eur J Cancer 42(13):1961–1971.
Kaletsch U, Kaatsch P, Meinert R, Schuz J, Czarwinski R, Michaelis J. 1999. Childhood cancer and residential radon exposure—results of a population-based case-control study in Lower Saxony (Germany). Radiat Environ Biophys 38(3):211–215.
Kendall GM, Little MP, Wakeford R, Bunch KJ, Miles JC, Vincent TJ, et al. 2013. A record-based case-control study of natural background radiation and the incidence of childhood leukaemia and other cancers in Great Britain during 1980–2006. Leukemia 27(1):3–9.
Kendall GM, Smith TJ. 2002. Doses to organs and tissues from radon and its decay products. J Radiol Prot 22(4):389–406.
Kendall GM, Smith TJ. 2005. Doses from radon and its decay products to children. J Radiol Prot 25(3):241–256.
Kohler BA, Ward E, McCarthy BJ, Schymura MJ, Ries LA, Eheman C, et al. 2011. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975–2007, featuring tumors of the brain and other nervous system. J Natl Cancer Inst 103(9):714–736.
Kuehni CE, Rueegg CS, Michel G, Rebholz CE, Strippoli MP, Niggli FK, et al. 2012. Cohort profile: The Swiss Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Int J Epidemiol 41(6):1553–1564; doi:10.1093/ije/dyr142.
Laurier D, Valenty M, Tirmarche M. 2001. Radon exposure and the risk of leukemia: a review of epidemiological studies. Health Phys 81(3):272–288.
Little MP, Wakeford R, Lubin JH, Kendall GM. 2010. The statistical power of epidemiological studies analyzing the relationship between exposure to ionizing radiation and cancer, with special reference to childhood leukemia and natural background radiation. Radiat Res 174(3):387–402; doi:10.1667/RR2110.1.
Lubin JH, Linet MS, Boice JD Jr, Buckley J, Conrath SM, Hatch EE, et al. 1998. Case-control study of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and residential radon exposure. J Natl Cancer Inst 90(4):294–300.
Lucie NP. 1990. Radon and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 3(3):213–216.
Maged AF, Mokhtar GM, El-Tobgui MM, Gabbr AA, Attia NI, Abu Shady MM. 2000. Domestic radon concentration and childhood cancer study in Cairo, Egypt. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev 18(2):153–170; doi:10.1080/10590500009373519.
McKinney PA. 2005. Central nervous system tumours in children: epidemiology and risk factors. Bioelectromagnetics Suppl 7:S60–S68.
McNally RJ, Parker L. 2006. Environmental factors and childhood acute leukemias and lymphomas. Leuk Lymphoma 47(4):583–598.
Michel G, Von Der Weid NX, Zwahlen M, Redmond S, Strippoli MPF, Kuehni CE. 2008. Incidence of childhood cancer in Switzerland: the Swiss Childhood Cancer Registry. Pediatric Blood and Cancer 50(1):46–51.
Muirhead CR, Butland BK, Green BMR, Draper GJ. 1991. Childhood leukaemia and natural radiation. Lancet 337(8739):503–504.
Pollack IF, Jakacki RI. 2011. Childhood brain tumors: epidemiology, current management and future directions. Nat Rev Neurol 7(9):495–506.
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Raaschou-Nielsen O, Andersen CE, Andersen HP, Gravesen P, Lind M, Schuz J, et al. 2008. Domestic radon and childhood cancer in Denmark. Epidemiology 19(4):536–543.
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Steinbuch M, Weinberg CR, Buckley JD, Robison LL, Sandler DP. 1999. Indoor residential radon exposure and risk of childhood acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Cancer 81(5):900–906.
Steliarova-Foucher E, Stiller C, Kaatsch P, Berrino F, Coebergh JW, Lacour B, et al. 2004. Geographical patterns and time trends of cancer incidence and survival among children and adolescents in Europe since the 1970s (the ACCIS project): an epidemiological study. Lancet 364(9451):2097–2105.
Stjernfeldt M, Samuelsson L, Ludvigsson J. 1987. Radiation in dwellings and cancer in children. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 4(1):55–61.
Thorne R, Foreman NK, Mott MG. 1996a. Radon exposure and incidence of paediatric malignancies. Eur J Cancer 32A(13):2371–2372; doi:10.1016/S0959-8049(96)00286-9.
Thorne R, Foreman NK, Mott MG. 1996b. Radon in Devon and Cornwall and paediatric malignancies. Eur J Cancer 32A(2):282–285; doi:10.1016/0959-8049(95)00523-4.
Tong J, Qin L, Cao Y, Li J, Zhang J, Nie J, et al. 2012. Environmental radon exposure and childhood leukemia. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 15(5):332–347.
Turner MC, Krewski D, Chen Y, Pope CA III, Gapstur SM, Thun MJ. 2012. Radon and nonrespiratory mortality in the American Cancer Society cohort. Am J Epidemiol 176(9):808–814.
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Warner KE, Courant PN, Mendez D. 1995. Effects of residential mobility on individual versus population risk of radon-related lung cancer. Environ Health Perspect 103:1144–1149.
Wheeler BW, Allen J, Depledge MH, Curnow A. 2012. Radon and skin cancer in southwest England: an ecologic study. Epidemiology 23(1):44–52; doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e31823b6139.
World Health Organization. 2009. WHO Handbook on Indoor Radon–A Public Health Perspective. Geneva:World Health Organization.
Come visit EHP Editor-in-Chief Sally Darney at the 29th Annual Scientific Conference of the International Society of Environmental Epidemiology, to be held in Sydney, Australia, 24–28 September 2017. She looks forward to talking with EHP authors, reviewers, and editors. Contact Sally directly to make an appointment with her.
EHP is pleased to announce that "Maternal and Cord Blood Manganese Concentrations and Early Childhood Neurodevelopment among Residents near a Mining-Impacted Superfund Site," published in EHP on 28 June 2017, has been selected by the Children's Environmental Health Network (CEHN) as its August 2017 Article of the Month. (more…)


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College Hockey: St. Cloud State earns first Frozen Four berth
Joey Benik and Cory Thorson each scored twice and Saint Cloud State earned its first-ever Frozen Four berth with a 4-1 win over Miami (Ohio) in the Midwest Regional title game Sunday in Toledo, Ohio.
The Huskies (25-15-1), the No. 4 seed in the region, will be in Pittsburgh April 11 to face Quinnipiac or Union (N.Y.) in a national semifinal. Massachusetts Lowell and Yale will meet in the other game.
Benik, who had a pair of goals in Saturday's 5-1 win over Notre Dame, sent a slap shot past Miami goalie Ryan McKay five minutes in to give Saint Cloud State a lead it never lost. He added another when he flicked in a rebound of Brooks Bertsch's shot.
Second-seeded Miami (25-12-5) cut the lead in half on Blake Coleman's power-play goal but the Huskies answered when Thorson scored. He added an empty-net goal in the final minute.
Ryan Faragher had 20 saves for Saint Cloud State. McKay finished with 18.


text:
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This is a list of books from the Goosebumps book series written by R. L. Stine and published by Scholastic. The first book, Welcome to Dead House was published in ...Goosebumps is a series of children's horror fiction novellas by American author R. L. Stine, initially published by Scholastic Publishing. The stories follow child ...A list of products including, Go Eat Worms! (Goosebumps), Goosebumps: Ghost Beach, Return of the Mummy (Goosebumps), Phantom of the Auditorium (Goosebumps 'ĶHorror meets humor in Goosebumps, a multi-series collection of frighteningly fun books from best-selling author R.L. Stine.Visit the home of Goosebumps Graphix and view samples of the three stories inside each graphic novel.4/4/2010 · celeste's cool collection of Goosebumps booksClassic Goosebumps #1: Night of the Living Dummy and over one million other books are available for Amazon Kindle. Learn moreFind great deals on eBay for Goosebumps books goosebumps books lot. Shop with confidence.Original Goosebumps Series. The original series was created in 1992 with the publication of Welcome to Dead House. The series was a surprise hit, at one point selling ...7/13/2008 · Here's a collection of all the original Goosebumps books. I numbered the books from 1-62 in case you are collecting them and added the newest cover ...
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Maximilian II. Joseph König
von Bayern
(28.11.1811 - 10.03.1864)
place of birth: München, Bayern (Bavaria)
Bayern: Seine
Majestät der König
Maximilian II. Joseph ruled as
the Kingdom of Bavaria's third king. His father Ludwig I., having had
enough of Bavarian revolutionaries and general political unrest,
abdicated his throne in 1848 in favor of son Maximilian. Young Max let
it be known that he preferred a university professorship over royal
rule, spending much of his time at Hohenschwangau
castle focused on the study of science and history with a close-nit
group of like-minded friends from academia. He had been named an
honorary member of Bavaria's Academy of Sciences in 1830.
Maximilian I. was married to Marie Friedrike,
the granddaughter of King Friedrich Wilhelm II. of Prussia. Their
marriage produced two subsequent Bavarian Kings, Ludwig II. and Otto
I., both of whom suffered from various degrees of insanity. On this
point, Maximilian's younger brother Luitpold would later play an
important role.


text:
How to raise happy toddlers
Welcome to the happy toddler zone that has everything parents need to know about this oh-so special age group. more
While crying is the universal baby language, your newborn has other ways of communicating with you that his body and facial expressions. If you pay attention and learn to read his signals, you'll discover that he's telling you all sorts of things.
Look for the following body language:
This article was written by Ella Walsh for Kidspot. Sources include Raising Children Network and ABC Parenting.
Last revised: Tuesday, 24 June 2008
This article contains general information only and is not intended to replace advice from a qualified health professional.


text:
I have a nice cooliong sysyem sort of
On my cpu ihave a globalwin fop38 and i have both exit and inter fans in the front and back. I also craved out a huge hole for the enter fans in the front. on the bottom i have one of those south bay engineering card and system cooler thing. My system get cool sometimes but its runs hot sine its an XP chip. I noticed that my powersupply get hot after about 1h hour and that hot air is sucked into my cpu fan and so my cpu doesnt get any cooler. I was wondering i SHOULD add anotehr fan to help exit and cool off the power supply, would that help on getting the hot air from my cpu?


text:
VOLUNTEERS uncovered more treasures from the past during a second excavation at Stourbridge's Glasshouse College.
Two historic glass cones were unearthed in the grounds of the former glassworks on Wollaston Road, during a dig in March.
Due to the potential significance of the archaeological remains that were discovered, it was decided that a second dig was required.
This month's excavation focussed on the construction of the 1830 glasshouse cone around the back of the Glasshouse Theatre, which the team discovered incorporated elements of an earlier 17th century cone that was known to be on the site.
They found long flues, acting as tunnels connecting the two cones, which were buried beneath the later warehouse buildings.
The group then explored the 1930s warehouse cellars and found glass bottles, pieces of colourful glass, beer bottles and discarded clay pipes.
Volunteers also learned how to map and catalogue their finds, which will be used to inform new landscaping at the college and displayed at the Webb Corbett Visitor Centre.
The excavation was managed by Nexus Heritage, who have been leading the excavations at the site since February, with funding provided by the Heritage Lottery.
Community volunteers were organised by the Ruskin Mill Land Trust, which runs the specialist further education college.
Councillor Judy Foster, cabinet member for regeneration, said: "The community response to this project has been overwhelming and shows just how much local people value our glassmaking heritage.
"Dudley Council's historic environment officer has been working closely with the Glasshouse College and Nexus Heritage on this project.
"Together we have witnessed the community pride in this project and can see the regenerative benefits the historic environment and heritage assets can bring to the borough."


text:
Photo Flash: Bobby Flay and More Visit A STEADY RAIN
The critically-acclaimed new American two-character play by Keith Huff is directed by Tony Award nominee John Crowley, and began previews on Thursday, September 10, 2009, and celebrated Opening Night on Tuesday, September 29, 2009.
The show runs through Sunday, December 6, 2009 at the Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre.
On opening night, Bobby Flay, Jeff Wright, Stephanie March and more came to watch Daniel Craig and Hugh Jackman take the stage!
A STEADY RAIN tells the story of two Chicago cops who are lifelong friends and their differing accounts of a few harrowing days that changed their lives forever.
A STEADY RAIN is produced on Broadway by Frederick Zollo, Michael G. Wilson, Barbara Broccoli, Raymond L. Gaspard, Frank Gero, Cheryl Wiesenfeld, Jeffrey Sine, Michael Rose Ltd, The Shubert Organization, Inc. and Robert Cole.
Set and costume design are by two-time Tony Award winner Scott Pask, with lighting design by two-time Tony Award nominee Hugh Vanstone and original music and sound design by Mark Bennett.
Tickets range from $140.00 to $66.50. The performance schedule for A STEADY RAIN is as follows: Tuesday at 7pm, Wednesday through Saturday at 8pm, with matinees Wednesday and Saturday at 2pm, and Sunday at 3pm.
Tickets are also available at www.telecharge.com (212.239.6200).
Photo credit: Chicago Dramatists
Brian Loevner and Bobby Flay
Brian Loevner and Jeff Wright
Cynthia Frahm and Daniel Craig
Cynthia Frahm and Stephanie March
Richard Perez and Brian Loevner


text:
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On some parts of our web-sites, you may ask for service, download software or register as a member of Chroma. You may need to provide some personal information such as name, address, telephone or fax number, E-mail address or other information in order to reply, to provide business information, product or service to you, make market research.
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text:
For Taylor Place residents, the move out process begins shortly after the semester comes to an end and their final exams are finished.
In order to provide students with a way to give back to the local community as they move out of dorms on all four campuses, ASU started an effort to encourage students to recycle items they no longer need.
The Global Institute of Sustainability at ASU launched the fourth annual "Ditch the Dumpster" campaign on Earth Day, giving students until May 16 to donate their old items instead of throwing them away.
Donation sites are set up at residence halls, including Taylor Place. The donated items will be given to charities that will help underprivileged individuals across the Valley.
Sustainability and Strategic Initiative Coordinator for University Housing Rebecca Reining said students should donate whatever they can.
The charities "will take virtually everything," Reining said. "If there is not an immediate need for the item, they will store it."
The goal for this year is to collect 75,000 pounds of donated items compared to last year's collection of more than 34,000 pounds, according to the campaign website.
Journalism junior Tracey Corenman, who lives at Taylor Place and works as a community assistant, said there is a donation bin located near the Taylor Place Dining Hall.
"If students have something to throw away, most should know they can throw it in the (donation) box," Corenman said.
Taylor Place residents are expected to move out of their room within 24 hours of their last final exam, according to the move-out packet from Taylor Place. The first day of final exams was May 5.
Swift Charities for Children, a nonprofit organization that helps children and other needy individuals in the Phoenix area, is one of the charities receiving the student donations. Swift will take lightly used clothes, shoes, linens as well as many other items, according to the organization's website.
Swift Charities for Children set up donation boxes on campus in the fall semester to get students comfortable with recycling, vice president of marketing and community relations Amanda Smith said.
"We place our donation boxes near dumpsters so when students throw away items they will hopefully know recycling is an option," Smith said.
Swift will accept basically everything and there are many things students do not realize can be recycled, Smith said, including half-empty containers of laundry detergent, large items of furniture and broken computers.
Instead of throwing away old computers and other electronics, Swift will work with other charities to recycle the product in an environmentally safe way, Smith said.
Corenman said there have already been some television sets donated by Taylor Place residents.
Corenman also said she agreed that the Ditch the Dumpster program was accessible by most students, but said there is room for improvement.
"I think having boxes on every floor would urge students to use (the program) more," Corenman said.
Contact the reporter at email@example.com


text:
Cisco FCoE License for Nexus 7000 48-port 10G SFP+ (F2) - License - 1 switch - for Nexus 7000 48-Port 1 and 10 Gigabit Ethernet F2-Series Module (N7K-FCOEF248XP=)Item#: 9285038 | Model#: N7K-FCOEF248XP=
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- Cisco logos are registered trademarks of Cisco. All others trademarks and copyrights mentioned herein are the property of their respective owners.


text:
Grant: Cup win shows spirit of Chelsea
New Chelsea manager Avram Grant insists the spirit in his side cannot be questioned, after their 4-0 Carling Cup defeat of Hull. The victory was Chelsea's biggest outside of London since the days when Claudio Ranieri was in charge, eclipsing anything achieved by Grant's predecessor Jose Mourinho. Last week's shock departure of Mourinho and Grant's swift ascent into the managerial chair led to questions about the attitude of the players under their new boss. It was felt Chelsea's array of stars signed by Mourinho would not perform under Grant; yet that was far from the case at the Tigers' KC Stadium as the Blues cruised into the last 16. Despite all the uncertainty surrounding Grant, the Israeli appeared at ease after the match. 'They are fantastic. I see them in training - you saw them in the game - their attitude is very good,' he enthused of his players. 'That makes me very happy, because it is important for me to know that the club means more to them than anything else. 'The dressing room is very good - you can see it on the pitch. Off the pitch, I believe Chelsea players are 100% committed to the club. 'I want them to be committed to the club, not to me - and after one week I am very happy with their attitude.' Chelsea also played an enterprising brand of football, at least once 18-year-old Scott Sinclair - one of seven changes following the 2-0 Premier League defeat at Manchester United on Sunday - gave them the lead in the 37th minute. Two goals in seven minutes immediately after the restart from Salomon Kalou and Steve Sidwell killed off City, the former making it 4-0 nine minutes from time. 'Our target is to score many goals and play attacking, open football - not too open sometimes,' added Grant. 'I want the team to score as much as possible, although I cannot guarantee this. 'But I did like the goals we scored - and I hope we can continue on this basis. 'I want Chelsea to continue playing that kind of football.' Hull boss Phil Brown identified Chelsea's clinical finishing as the difference between the sides. He also believes Grant will have no problems in the future if his players continue to perform as they did. 'This game was always going to be about Chelsea and Avram Grant, and when he would get his first win,' said Brown. 'I saw the game at Manchester United on Sunday - and I thought they were very unfortunate to come away with a defeat, even after going down to 10 men. 'But they proved a point. They played for the manager - and they certainly played for the shirt and the club.'


text:
Madison District No. 53
Madison County, Missouri
Compiled by Almni and Gloria Broderick
This book was submitted by Gloria Broderick. The file was too large to
view in one piece so it has been broken down in sections and placed
in PDF files for easier viewing. If you are using dial up it may take a
little longer to open these files. Be patient, they are worth the wait.
This is a wonderful documentation of the Buckhorn School History.
Thank you Gloria for sharing this with everyone.