text:
Coordinates: 43°42′17.84″N 5°46′9.1″E / 43.7049556°N 5.769194°E
Thirty-five participating nations
|The way to new energy
|24 October 2007
|Saint-Paul-lès-Durance, France
|Bernard Bigot
|Construction date
|Major radius
|6.2 m
|Plasma volume
|840 m3
|Magnetic field
|11.8 T (peak toroidal field on coil)
5.3 T (toroidal field on axis)
6 T (peak poloidal field on coil)
|Fusion power
|Continuous operation
|up to 1000 s
lès-Durance, France
ITER (Latin for "the way",[1] formerly International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) is an international nuclear fusion research and engineering megaproject, which will be the world's largest magnetic confinement plasma physics experiment. It is an experimental tokamak nuclear fusion reactor that is being built next to the Cadarache facility in Saint-Paul-lès-Durance, which is in southern France.[2]
The ITER project aims to make the long-awaited transition from experimental studies of plasma physics to full-scale electricity-producing fusion power stations. The ITER fusion reactor has been designed to produce 500 megawatts of output power for around twenty minutes while needing 50 megawatts to operate.[3] Thereby the machine aims to demonstrate the principle of producing more energy from the fusion process than is used to initiate it, something that has not yet been achieved in any fusion reactor.
The project is funded and run by seven member entities—the European Union, India, Japan, China, Russia, South Korea, and the United States. The EU, as host party for the ITER complex, is contributing about 45 percent of the cost, with the other six parties contributing approximately 9 percent each.[4][5][6]
Construction of the ITER Tokamak complex started in 2013[7] and the building costs are now over US$14 billion as of June 2015.[8] The facility is expected to finish its construction phase in 2021 and will start commissioning the reactor that same year and initiate plasma experiments in 2025 with full deuterium–tritium fusion experiments starting in 2035.[9][1] If ITER becomes operational, it will become the largest magnetic confinement plasma physics experiment in use with a plasma volume of 840 cubic meters,[10] surpassing the Joint European Torus by almost a factor of 10. The first commercial demonstration fusion power station, named DEMO, is proposed to follow on from the ITER project.[11]
- 1 Background
- 2 Organization history
- 3 Objectives
- 4 Timeline and current status
- 5 Reactor overview
- 6 Technical design
- 7 Location
- 8 Participants
- 9 Funding
- 10 Criticism
- 11 Similar projects
- 12 See also
- 13 References
- 14 External links
Fusion power has the potential to provide sufficient energy to satisfy mounting demand, and to do so sustainably, with a relatively small impact on the environment.
Nuclear fusion has many potential attractions. Firstly, its hydrogen isotope fuels are relatively abundant – one of the necessary isotopes, deuterium, can be extracted from seawater, while the other fuel, tritium, would be bred from a lithium blanket using neutrons produced in the fusion reaction itself.[12] Furthermore, a fusion reactor would produce virtually no CO2 or atmospheric pollutants, and its radioactive waste products would mostly be very short-lived compared to those produced by conventional nuclear reactors.
On 21 November 2006, the seven participants formally agreed to fund the creation of a nuclear fusion reactor.[13] The program is anticipated to last for 30 years – 10 for construction, and 20 of operation. ITER was originally expected to cost approximately €5billion, but the rising price of raw materials and changes to the initial design have seen that amount almost triple to €13billion.[8] The reactor is expected to take 10 years to build with completion scheduled for 2019.[14] Site preparation has begun in Cadarache, France, and procurement of large components has started.[15]
ITER is designed to produce approximately 500 MW of fusion power sustained for up to 1,000 seconds[16] (compared to JET's peak of 16 MW for less than a second) by the fusion of about 0.5 g of deuterium/tritium mixture in its approximately 840 m3 reactor chamber. Although ITER is expected to produce (in the form of heat) 10 times more energy than the amount consumed to heat up the plasma to fusion temperatures, the generated heat will not be used to generate any electricity.[17]
ITER was originally an acronym for International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, but that title was eventually dropped due to the negative popular connotations of the word "thermonuclear", especially when used in conjunction with "experimental". "Iter" also means "journey", "direction" or "way" in Latin,[18] reflecting ITER's potential role in harnessing nuclear fusion as a peaceful power source.
Organization history[edit]
ITER began in 1985 as a Reagan–Gorbachev[19][20] initiative[20][21] with the equal participation of the Soviet Union, the European Union (through European Atomic Energy Community), the United States, and Japan through the 1988–1998 initial design phases. Preparations for the first Gorbachev-Reagan Summit showed that there were no tangible agreements in the works for the summit.
One energy research project, however, was being considered quietly by two physicists, Alvin Trivelpiece and Evgeny Velikhov. The project involved collaboration on the next phase of magnetic fusion research — the construction of a demonstration model. At the time, magnetic fusion research was ongoing in Japan, Europe, the Soviet Union and the US. Velikhov and Trivelpiece believed that taking the next step in fusion research would be beyond the budget of any of the key nations and that collaboration would be useful internationally.
A major bureaucratic fight erupted in the US government over the project. One argument against collaboration was that the Soviets would use it to steal US technology and know-how. A second was symbolic — the Soviet physicist Andrei Sakharov was in internal exile and the US was pushing the Soviet Union on its human rights record. The United States National Security Council convened a meeting under the direction of William Flynn Martin that resulted in a consensus that the US should go forward with the project.
Martin and Velikhov concluded the agreement that was agreed at the summit and announced in the last paragraph of this historic summit meeting, "... The two leaders emphasized the potential importance of the work aimed at utilizing controlled thermonuclear fusion for peaceful purposes and, in this connection, advocated the widest practicable development of international cooperation in obtaining this source of energy, which is essentially inexhaustible, for the benefit for all mankind."[22]
Conceptual and engineering design phases carried out under the auspices of the IAEA led to an acceptable, detailed design in 2001, underpinned by US$650 million worth of research and development by the "ITER Parties" to establish its practical feasibility.[citation needed] These parties, namely EU, Japan, Russian Federation (replacing the Soviet Union), and United States (which opted out of the project in 1999 and returned in 2003), were joined in negotiations by China, South Korea, and Canada (who then terminated its participation at the end of 2003). India officially became part of ITER on December 2005.
On 28 June 2005, it was officially announced that ITER would be built in the European Union in Southern France. The negotiations that led to the decision ended in a compromise between the EU and Japan, in that Japan was promised 20% of the research staff on the French location of ITER, as well as the head of the administrative body of ITER. In addition, another research facility for the project will be built in Japan, and the European Union has agreed to contribute about 50% of the costs of this institution.[23]
On 21 November 2006, an international consortium signed a formal agreement to build the reactor.[24] On 24 September 2007, the People's Republic of China became the seventh party to deposit the ITER Agreement to the IAEA. Finally, on 24 October 2007, the ITER Agreement entered into force and the ITER Organization legally came into existence.
ITER's mission is to demonstrate the feasibility of fusion power, and prove that it can work without negative impact.[25] Specifically, the project aims:
- To momentarily produce ten times more thermal energy from fusion heating than is supplied by auxiliary heating (a Q value equals 10).
- To produce a steady-state plasma with a Q value greater than 5. (Q = 1 is breakeven.)
- To maintain a fusion pulse for up to 8 minutes.
- To ignite a "burning" (self-sustaining) plasma. (i.e. 'ignition' see Lawson criterion)
- To develop technologies and processes needed for a fusion power station — including superconducting magnets and remote handling (maintenance by robot).
- To verify tritium breeding concepts.
- To refine neutron shield/heat conversion technology (most of the energy in the D+T fusion reaction is released in the form of fast neutrons).
Timeline and current status[edit]
In 1978, the EC, Japan, United States, and USSR joined in the International Tokamak Reactor (INTOR) Workshop, under the auspices of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), to assess the readiness of magnetic fusion to move forward to the experimental power reactor (EPR) stage, to identify the additional R&D that must be undertaken, and to define the characteristics of such an EPR by means of a conceptual design.
Hundreds of fusion scientists and engineers in each participating country took part in a detailed assessment of the then present status of the tokamak confinement concept vis-a-vis the requirements of an EPR, identified the required R&D by early 1980, and produced a conceptual design by mid-1981.
- 1985. At the Geneva summit meeting in 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev suggested to Ronald Reagan that the two countries jointly undertake the construction of a tokamak EPR as proposed by the INTOR Workshop. The ITER project was initiated in 1988.[26][27]
- 1988. Conceptual design activities ran from 1988[28] to 1990.
- 1992. Engineering design activities started.[29]
- 1998. In June, the 'Final design' from the Engineering Design Activities was approved.[30]
- 2001. In July, the "cost-cutting" 'ITER-FEAT' design was agreed.[31]
- 2006. The ITER project was formally agreed to and funded with a cost estimate of €10 billion ($12.8 billion) projecting the start of construction in 2008 and completion a decade later.[13]
- 2007. In September, fourteen major design changes were agreed to the 2001 design.[32]
- 2013. The project had run into many delays and budget overruns. The facility is not expected to begin operations at the schedule initially anticipated.[9]
- 2014. In February, The New Yorker published the ITER Management Assessment report, listing 11 essential recommendations, for example: "Create a Project Culture", "Instill a Nuclear Safety Culture", "Develop a realistic ITER Project Schedule" and "Simplify and Reduce the IO Bureaucracy".[33] The USA considered withdrawal, but is still participating in ITER.[34]
- 2015. In November a project review concludes that the schedule may need extending by at least six years; (e.g. first plasma in 2026).[35]
- 2016. Atomic Energy Organization of Iran completed the preliminary work for Iran to join ITER.[36]
|Seven participants formally agreed to fund the creation of a nuclear fusion reactor.[13]
|Site preparation start, ITER itinerary start.[37]
|Site preparation completion.[37]
|Tokamak complex excavation starts.[27]
|Tokamak complex construction starts.[37]
|Tokamak assembly starts.[38]
|Predicted: Tokamak assembly completion, torus pumpdown starts.[citation needed]
|Predicted: Achievement of first plasma.[39]
|Predicted: Start of deuterium–tritium operation.[citation needed]
Reactor overview[edit]
When deuterium and tritium fuse, two nuclei come together to form a helium nucleus (an alpha particle), and a high-energy neutron.
- 2
+ 3
→ 4
+ 1
+ MeV17.6
While nearly all stable isotopes lighter on the periodic table than iron-56 and nickel-62, which have the highest binding energy per nucleon, will fuse with some other isotope and release energy, deuterium and tritium are by far the most attractive for energy generation as they require the lowest activation energy (thus lowest temperature) to do so, while producing among the most energy per unit weight.
All proto- and mid-life stars radiate enormous amounts of energy generated by fusion processes. Mass for mass, the deuterium–tritium fusion process releases roughly three times as much energy as uranium-235 fission, and millions of times more energy than a chemical reaction such as the burning of coal. It is the goal of a fusion power station to harness this energy to produce electricity.
Activation energies for fusion reactions are generally high because the protons in each nucleus will tend to strongly repel one another, as they each have the same positive charge. A heuristic for estimating reaction rates is that nuclei must be able to get within 100 femtometer (1 × 10−13 meter) of each other, where the nuclei are increasingly likely to undergo quantum tunneling past the electrostatic barrier and the turning point where the strong nuclear force and the electrostatic force are equally balanced, allowing them to fuse. In ITER, this distance of approach is made possible by high temperatures and magnetic confinement. High temperatures give the nuclei enough energy to overcome their electrostatic repulsion (see Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution). For deuterium and tritium, the optimal reaction rates occur at temperatures on the order of 100,000,000 K. The plasma is heated to a high temperature by ohmic heating (running a current through the plasma). Additional heating is applied using neutral beam injection (which cross magnetic field lines without a net deflection and will not cause a large electromagnetic disruption) and radio frequency (RF) or microwave heating.
At such high temperatures, particles have a large kinetic energy, and hence velocity. If unconfined, the particles will rapidly escape, taking the energy with them, cooling the plasma to the point where net energy is no longer produced. A successful reactor would need to contain the particles in a small enough volume for a long enough time for much of the plasma to fuse. In ITER and many other magnetic confinement reactors, the plasma, a gas of charged particles, is confined using magnetic fields. A charged particle moving through a magnetic field experiences a force perpendicular to the direction of travel, resulting in centripetal acceleration, thereby confining it to move in a circle or helix around the lines of magnetic flux.
A solid confinement vessel is also needed, both to shield the magnets and other equipment from high temperatures and energetic photons and particles, and to maintain a near-vacuum for the plasma to populate. The containment vessel is subjected to a barrage of very energetic particles, where electrons, ions, photons, alpha particles, and neutrons constantly bombard it and degrade the structure. The material must be designed to endure this environment so that a power station would be economical. Tests of such materials will be carried out both at ITER and at IFMIF (International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility).
Once fusion has begun, high energy neutrons will radiate from the reactive regions of the plasma, crossing magnetic field lines easily due to charge neutrality (see neutron flux). Since it is the neutrons that receive the majority of the energy, they will be ITER's primary source of energy output. Ideally, alpha particles will expend their energy in the plasma, further heating it.
Beyond the inner wall of the containment vessel one of several test blanket modules will be placed. These are designed to slow and absorb neutrons in a reliable and efficient manner, limiting damage to the rest of the structure, and breeding tritium for fuel from lithium bearing ceramic pebbles contained within the blanket module following the following reactions:
- 1
+ 6
→ 3
+ 4
- 1
+ 7
→ 3
+ 4
+ 1
where the reactant neutron is supplied by the D-T fusion reaction.
Energy absorbed from the fast neutrons is extracted and passed into the primary coolant. This heat energy would then be used to power an electricity-generating turbine in a real power station; in ITER this generating system is not of scientific interest, so instead the heat will be extracted and disposed of.
Technical design[edit]
Vacuum vessel[edit]
The vacuum vessel is the central part of the ITER machine: a double walled steel container in which the plasma is contained by means of magnetic fields.
The ITER vacuum vessel will be twice as large and 16 times as heavy as any previously manufactured fusion vessel: each of the nine torus shaped sectors will weigh between 390 and 430 tonnes.[40] When all the shielding and port structures are included, this adds up to a total of 5,116 tonnes. Its external diameter will measure 19.4 metres (64 ft), the internal 6.5 metres (21 ft). Once assembled, the whole structure will be 11.3 metres (37 ft) high.
The primary function of the vacuum vessel is to provide a hermetically sealed plasma container. Its main components are the main vessel, the port structures and the supporting system. The main vessel is a double walled structure with poloidal and toroidal stiffening ribs between 60-millimetre-thick (2.4 in) shells to reinforce the vessel structure. These ribs also form the flow passages for the cooling water. The space between the double walls will be filled with shield structures made of stainless steel. The inner surfaces of the vessel will act as the interface with breeder modules containing the breeder blanket component. These modules will provide shielding from the high-energy neutrons produced by the fusion reactions and some will also be used for tritium breeding concepts.
The vacuum vessel has 18 upper, 17 equatorial and 9 lower ports that will be used for remote handling operations, diagnostic systems, neutral beam injections and vacuum pumping.
Breeder blanket[edit]
Owing to very limited terrestrial resources of tritium, a key component of the ITER reactor design is the breeder blanket. This component, located adjacent to the vacuum vessel, serves to produce tritium through reaction of 6Li isotopes with high energy neutrons from the plasma. Concepts for the breeder blanket include helium cooled lithium lead (HCLL) and helium cooled pebble bed (HCPB) methods. Test blanket modules based on both concepts will be tested in ITER and will share a common box geometry. Materials for use as breeder pebbles in the HCPB concept include lithium metatitanate and lithium orthosilicate.[41] Requirements of breeder materials include good tritium production and extraction, mechanical stability and low activation levels.[42]
Magnet system[edit]
The central solenoid coil will use superconducting niobium-tin to carry 46 kA and produce a field of up to 13.5 teslas. The 18 toroidal field coils will also use niobium-tin. At their maximum field strength of 11.8 teslas, they will be able to store 41 gigajoules. They have been tested at a record 80 kA. Other lower field ITER magnets (PF and CC) will use niobium-titanium for their superconducting elements. As of now the in-wall shielding blocks to protect the magnets from high energy neutrons are being manufactured and transported from the Avasarala technologies in Bangalore India to the ITER center.[43]
Additional heating[edit]
There will be three types of external heating in ITER:
- Two Heating Neutral Beam injectors (HNB), each providing about 17MW to the burning plasma, with the possibility to add a third one. The requirements in terms of deuterium beam energy (1MeV), total current (40A) and beam pulse duration (up to 1h). The prototype is being built at the Neutral Beam Test Facility (NBTF)[44] prototype is being constructed in Padova
- Ion Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ICRH)
- Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ECRH)
The cryostat is a large 3,800-tonne stainless steel structure surrounding the vacuum vessel and the superconducting magnets, in order to provide a super-cool vacuum environment. Its thickness ranging from 50 to 250 mm will allow it to withstand the atmospheric pressure on the area of a volume of 8,500 cubic meters. The total of 54 modules of the cryostat will be engineered, procured, manufactured, and installed by Larsen & Toubro Heavy Engineering.[45][46]
Cooling systems[edit]
The ITER tokamak will use three interconnected cooling systems. Most of the heat will be removed by a primary water cooling loop, itself cooled by water through a heat exchanger within the tokamak building's secondary confinement. The secondary cooling loop will be cooled by a larger complex, comprising a cooling tower, a 5 km pipeline supplying water from Canal de Provence, and basins that allow cooling water to be cooled and tested for chemical contamination and tritium before being released into the Durance River. This system will need to dissipate an average power of 450 MW during the tokamak's operation. A liquid nitrogen system will provide a further 1,300 kW of cooling to 80 kelvins, and a liquid helium system will provide 75 kW of cooling to 4.5 K. The liquid helium system will be designed, manufactured, installed and commissioned by Air Liquide.[47][48]
The process of selecting a location for ITER was long and drawn out. The most likely sites were Cadarache in Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur, France, and Rokkasho, Aomori, Japan. Additionally, Canada announced a bid for the site in Clarington in May 2001, but withdrew from the race in 2003. Spain also offered a site at Vandellòs on 17 April 2002, but the EU decided to concentrate its support solely behind the French site in late November 2003. From this point on, the choice was between France and Japan. On 3 May 2005, the EU and Japan agreed to a process which would settle their dispute by July.
At the final meeting in Moscow on 28 June 2005, the participating parties agreed to construct ITER at Cadarache in Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur, France. Construction of the ITER complex began in 2007, while assembly of the tokamak itself is scheduled to begin in 2015.[15]
Fusion for Energy, the EU agency in charge of the European contribution to the project, is located in Barcelona, Spain. Fusion for Energy (F4E) is the European Union's Joint Undertaking for ITER and the Development of Fusion Energy. According to the agency's website:
"F4E is responsible for providing Europe's contribution to ITER, the world's largest scientific partnership that aims to demonstrate fusion as a viable and sustainable source of energy. [...] F4E also supports fusion research and development initiatives [...]"[49]
The ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility aimed at developing and optimizing the neutral beam injector prototype, is being constructed in Padova.[50] It will be the only ITER facility out of the site in Cadarache.
Currently there are seven parties participating in the ITER program: the European Union (through the legally distinct organisation EURATOM), India, Japan, China, Russia, South Korea, and the United States.[15] Canada was previously a full member, but has since pulled out due to a lack of funding from the federal government. The lack of funding also resulted in Canada withdrawing from its bid for the ITER site in 2003. The host member of the ITER project, and hence the member contributing most of the costs, is the EU.
In 2007, it was announced that participants in the ITER will consider Kazakhstan's offer to join the program[51] and in March 2009, Switzerland, an associate member of EURATOM since 1979, also ratified the country's accession to the European Domestic Agency Fusion for Energy as a third country member.[52] The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom announced on 20 March 2017 that the UK will be withdrawing from EuroAtom and future involvement in the project is unclear. The future of the Joint European Torus project, which is located in the UK is also not certain. Some type of associate membership in EURATOM is considered a likely scenario, possibly similar to Switzerland.[53][54]
ITER's work is supervised by the ITER Council, which has the authority to appoint senior staff, amend regulations, decide on budgeting issues, and allow additional states or organizations to participate in ITER.[55] The current Chairman of the ITER Council is Won Namkung.[56]
- Participants
As of 2016, the total price of constructing the experiment is expected to be in excess of €20 billion,[57] an increase of €4.6 billion of its 2010 estimate,[58] and of €9.6 billion from the 2009 estimate.[59] Prior to that, the proposed costs for ITER were €5 billion for the construction and €5 billion for maintenance and the research connected with it during its 35-year lifetime. At the June 2005 conference in Moscow the participating members of the ITER cooperation agreed on the following division of funding contributions: 45% by the hosting member, the European Union, and the rest split between the non-hosting members – China, India, Japan, South Korea, the Russian Federation and the USA. During the operation and deactivation phases, Euratom will contribute to 34% of the total costs.[60]
Although Japan's financial contribution as a non-hosting member is one-eleventh of the total, the EU agreed to grant it a special status so that Japan will provide for two-elevenths of the research staff at Cadarache and be awarded two-elevenths of the construction contracts, while the European Union's staff and construction components contributions will be cut from five-elevenths to four-elevenths.
It was reported in December 2010 that the European Parliament had refused to approve a plan by member states to reallocate €1.4 billion from the budget to cover a shortfall in ITER building costs in 2012–13. The closure of the 2010 budget required this financing plan to be revised, and the European Commission (EC) was forced to put forward an ITER budgetary resolution proposal in 2011.[61]
The U.S. withdrew from the ITER consortium in 2000. In 2006, Congress voted to rejoin, and again contribute financially. In June 2015, it appeared that the U.S. Senate might vote to stop the scheduled U.S. contribution of $150 million in the 2015–2016 fiscal year.[62]
A technical concern is that the 14 MeV neutrons produced by the fusion reactions will damage the materials from which the reactor is built.[64] Research is in progress to determine whether and how reactor walls can be designed to last long enough to make a commercial power station economically viable in the presence of the intense neutron bombardment. The damage is primarily caused by high energy neutrons knocking atoms out of their normal position in the crystal lattice. A related problem for a future commercial fusion power station is that the neutron bombardment will induce radioactivity in the reactor material itself.[65] Maintaining and decommissioning a commercial reactor may thus be difficult and expensive. Another problem is that superconducting magnets are damaged by neutron fluxes. A new special research facility, IFMIF, is planned to investigate this problem.
Another source of concern comes from the recent tokamak parameters database interpolation which says that power load on tokamak divertors will be five times the expected value for ITER and much more for actual electricity-generating reactors. Given that the projected power load on the ITER divertor is already very high, these new findings mean that new divertor designs should be urgently tested.[66] However, the corresponding test facility (ADX) still has not received any funding.
A number of fusion researchers working on non-tokamak systems, such as Robert Bussard and Eric Lerner, have been critical of ITER for diverting funding from what they believe could be a potentially more viable and/or cost-effective path to fusion power, such as the polywell reactor.[67][68] Many critics accuse ITER researchers of being unwilling to face up to the technical and economic potential problems posed by Tokamak fusion schemes.[67] The expected cost of ITER has risen from $5 billion USD to $20 billion USD, and the timeline for operation at full power was moved from the original estimate of 2016 to 2027.
A French association including about 700 anti-nuclear groups, Sortir du nucléaire (Get Out of Nuclear Energy), claimed that ITER was a hazard because scientists did not yet know how to manipulate the high-energy deuterium and tritium hydrogen isotopes used in the fusion process.[69]
Rebecca Harms, Green/EFA member of the European Parliament's Committee on Industry, Research and Energy, said: "In the next 50 years, nuclear fusion will neither tackle climate change nor guarantee the security of our energy supply." Arguing that the EU's energy research should be focused elsewhere, she said: "The Green/EFA group demands that these funds be spent instead on energy research that is relevant to the future. A major focus should now be put on renewable sources of energy." French Green party lawmaker Noël Mamère claims that more concrete efforts to fight present-day global warming will be neglected as a result of ITER: "This is not good news for the fight against the greenhouse effect because we're going to put ten billion euros towards a project that has a term of 30–50 years when we're not even sure it will be effective."[70]
ITER is not designed to produce electricity, but made as a proof of concept reactor for the later DEMO project.[71]
Responses to criticism[edit]
Proponents believe that much of the ITER criticism is misleading and inaccurate, in particular the allegations of the experiment's "inherent danger." The stated goals for a commercial fusion power station design are that the amount of radioactive waste produced should be hundreds of times less than that of a fission reactor, and that it should produce no long-lived radioactive waste, and that it is impossible for any such reactor to undergo a large-scale runaway chain reaction.[72] A direct contact of the plasma with ITER inner walls would contaminate it, causing it to cool immediately and stop the fusion process. In addition, the amount of fuel contained in a fusion reactor chamber (one half gram of deuterium/tritium fuel[15]) is only sufficient to sustain the fusion burn pulse from minutes up to an hour at most, whereas a fission reactor usually contains several years' worth of fuel.[73] Moreover, some detritiation systems will be implemented, so that at a fuel cycle inventory level of about 2 kg, ITER will eventually need to recycle large amounts of tritium and at turnovers orders of magnitude higher than any preceding tritium facility worldwide.[74]
In the case of an accident (or sabotage), it is expected that a fusion reactor would release far less radioactive pollution than would an ordinary fission nuclear station. Furthermore, ITER's type of fusion power has little in common with nuclear weapons technology, and does not produce the fissile materials necessary for the construction of a weapon. Proponents note that large-scale fusion power would be able to produce reliable electricity on demand, and with virtually zero pollution (no gaseous CO2, SO2, or NOx by-products are produced).
According to researchers at a demonstration reactor in Japan, a fusion generator should be feasible in the 2030s and no later than the 2050s. Japan is pursuing its own research program with several operational facilities that are exploring several fusion paths.[75]
In the United States alone, electricity accounts for US$210 billion in annual sales.[76] Asia's electricity sector attracted US$93 billion in private investment between 1990 and 1999.[77] These figures take into account only current prices. Proponents of ITER contend that an investment in research now should be viewed as an attempt to earn a far greater future return.[citation needed] Also, worldwide investment of less than US$1 billion per year into ITER is not incompatible with concurrent research into other methods of power generation, which in 2007 totaled US$16.9 billion.[78]
Supporters of ITER emphasize that the only way to test ideas for withstanding the intense neutron flux is to experimentally subject materials to that flux, which is one of the primary missions of ITER and the IFMIF,[15] and both facilities will be vitally important to that effort.[79] The purpose of ITER is to explore the scientific and engineering questions that surround potential fusion power stations. It is nearly impossible to acquire satisfactory data for the properties of materials expected to be subject to an intense neutron flux, and burning plasmas are expected to have quite different properties from externally heated plasmas.[citation needed] Supporters contend that the answer to these questions requires the ITER experiment, especially in the light of the monumental potential benefits.
Furthermore, the main line of research via tokamaks has been developed to the point that it is now possible to undertake the penultimate step in magnetic confinement plasma physics research with a self-sustained reaction. In the tokamak research program, recent advances devoted to controlling the configuration of the plasma have led to the achievement of substantially improved energy and pressure confinement, which reduces the projected cost of electricity from such reactors by a factor of two to a value only about 50% more than the projected cost of electricity from advanced light-water reactors.[citation needed] In addition, progress in the development of advanced, low activation structural materials supports the promise of environmentally benign fusion reactors and research into alternate confinement concepts is yielding the promise of future improvements in confinement.[80] Finally, supporters contend that other potential replacements to the fossil fuels have environmental issues of their own. Solar, wind, and hydroelectric power all have a relatively low power output per square kilometer compared to ITER's successor DEMO which, at 2,000 MW,[81] would have an energy density that exceeds even large fission power stations.[82]
Similar projects[edit]
Precursors to ITER were EAST, KSTAR, JET,[83] and Tore Supra.[84] Other planned and proposed fusion reactors include DEMO,[85] Wendelstein 7-X,[86] NIF,[87] HiPER,[88] and MAST,[89] as well as CFETR (China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor), a 200 MW tokamak.[90][91][92][93]
See also[edit]
- Tokamak
- ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility, the facility dedicated to the development of the ITER neutral beam injector prototype
- Fusion for Energy, the Domestic Agency in charge of managing EU contributions to the ITER project
- International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility, proposed, construction not started
- EAST (Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak)
- National Ignition Facility, inertial confinement using lasers
- Nuclear power in France
- Wendelstein 7-X (German experimental fusion reactor) - a stellarator
- Fusenet, European Fusion Education Network, 2008-2013
- COLEX process (isotopic separation)
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- ^ ITER & the Environment. Iter.org. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
- ^ iter. Latin Dictionary and Grammar Aid. Catholic.archives.nd.edu. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
- ^ Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc. (October 1992). Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc. pp. 9–. ISSN 0096-3402.
- ^ a b Braams, C.M.; Stott, P.E. (2010). Nuclear Fusion: Half a Century of Magnetic Confinement Fusion Research. Taylor & Francis. pp. 250–. ISBN 978-0-7503-0705-5.
- ^ Plasma 2010 Committee; Plasma Science Committee; National Research Council (2007). Plasma Science: Advancing Knowledge in the National Interest. National Academies Press. pp. 222–. ISBN 978-0-309-10943-7.
- ^ Joint Soviet-United States Statement on the Summit Meeting in Geneva Ronald Reagan. November 21, 1985
- ^ Japan cedes ITER project to France. The Asahi Shimbun, 29 June 2005.
- ^ "States sign nuclear energy pact". BBC News. 21 November 2006. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
- ^ "Why ITER?". The ITER Organization. Retrieved 13 September 2009.
- ^ "Quest for a Fusion Energy Reactor: An Insider's Account of the INTOR Workshop", Oxford University Press (2010)
- ^ a b "The Geneva Summit". Milestones in the History of the ITER Project. ITER. November 1985. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
- ^ A Design for ITER
- ^ ITER engineering begins
- ^ Council approves Final Design
- ^ New design, new impetus
- ^ The ITER design. Updated!
- ^ "How to fix ITER". The New Yorker. 28 February 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
- ^ US will stay in ITER
- ^ Clery, Daniel (19 November 2015). "ITER fusion project to take at least 6 years longer than planned". Science. Retrieved 2016-02-16.
- ^ http://en.trend.az/iran/nuclearp/2561756.html
- ^ a b c "Approved! Council gives project green light to proceed". ITER & Beyond. The Phases of ITER. ITER. September 2012. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
- ^ ITER (19 November 2015). "ITER Project progressing well despite delays" (PDF). Retrieved 20 January 2016.
- ^ ITER (22 June 2017). "20th ITER Council meeting recognizes strong project progress in line with the 2016 baseline" (PDF). Retrieved 25 June 2017.
- ^ ITER Vacuum Vessel Assembly – Call for Expression of Interest. ITER. 20 Feb 2009.
- ^ Hanaor, D.A.H.; Kolb, M.H.H.; Gan, Y.; Kamlah, M.; Knitter, R. (2014). "Solution based synthesis of mixed-phase materials in the Li2TiO3-Li4SiO4 system". Journal of Nuclear Materials. 456: 151–161. Bibcode:2015JNuM..456..151H. arXiv:1410.7128 . doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2014.09.028.
- ^ Gan, Y; Hernandez, F; et al. (2014). "Thermal Discrete Element Analysis of EU Solid Breeder Blanket Subjected to Neutron Irradiation". Fusion Science and Technology. 66 (1): 83–90. arXiv:1406.4199 . doi:10.13182/FST13-727.
- ^ http://www.iter.org/whatsnew/print/2016/03/21
- ^ https://www.igi.cnr.it/www/sites/default/files/home201511/SchedaNBTF_MIUR_EN.pdf
- ^ "Larsen & Toubro Ltd will manufacture ITER Cryostat". 3 September 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
- ^ "Nuclear fusion win for Larsen & Toubrot". 12 September 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
- ^ "World's largest cryogenic plant to be installed in ITER fusion reactor". Science World Report. December 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
- ^ "EUR 83 million contract signed for Liquid Helium Plant". Retrieved 31 December 2012.
- ^ The EU's Fusion for Energy website. Fusionforenergy.europa.eu (19 April 2007). Retrieved 2013-05-21.
- ^ The Consorzio RFX website, where the ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility is host
- ^ "Kazakhstan Offers To Join International Fusion Power Project". RIA Novosti. Retrieved 14 July 2007.
- ^ "Switzerland officializes ITER participation". iter.org. 29 May 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
- ^ "Brexit puts Europe's nuclear fusion future in doubt". New Scientist. 302 Nov 2016. Retrieved 17 Jan 2017. Check date values in:
- ^ "EuroFusion and UK after Brexit". EuroFusion. 24 Jun 2016. Retrieved 17 Jan 2017.</ref. In 2016, ITER announced a partnership with Australia for "technical cooperation in areas of mutual benefit and interest", but without Australia becoming a full member."Welcome Australia!". iter.org. 16 Oct 2016. Retrieved 17 Jan 2017.
- ^ "ITER Council, ITER's top authority". ITER.org.
- ^ "Won Namkung takes helm of the ITER Council" (PDF). ITER.org. 12 January 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
- ^ Tirone, Jonathan. "World's Biggest Science Experiment Seeks More Time and Money". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2016-07-01.
- ^ "EU member states agree on Iter funding shortfall", BBC, 13 July 2010.
- ^ "Fusion falters under soaring costs", BBC, 17 June 2009 (accessed 18 June 2009).
- ^ ITER & Fusion Research press release[permanent dead link]. Europa (web portal), 5 May 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
- ^ Nuclear fusion finance plan rejected by EU Parliament, BBC, 16 December 2010 (accessed 19 December 2010).
- ^ Boer Deng (June 2015). "Nuclear war on the Hill". Politico.
- ^ World Nuclear Association (2005). "Nuclear Fusion Power". Archived from the original on 24 June 2009.
- ^ Cambi, G.; Cepraga, D.G.; Frisoni, M.; Carloni, F. (1999). "Neutron irradiation effects on the ITER-EDA and ITER-RC first wall/blanket materials". 18th IEEE/NPSS Symposium on Fusion Engineering. Symposium Proceedings (Cat. No.99CH37050). p. 330. ISBN 0-7803-5829-5. doi:10.1109/FUSION.1999.849850.
- ^ ITER homepage: Hot Cell. Iter.org. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
- ^ Innovation is Key from ITER to DEMO. Dec 2013 Porkolab. MIT The FIRE Place. (PMI=Plasma Material Interaction) Compares ITER parameters with the ARIES-ACT1 and ARIES-ACT2 designs, and has 3 slides on ADX
- ^ a b Robert Bussard (lecturer) (9 November 2006). "Should Google Go Nuclear? Clean, cheap, nuclear power (no, really)". Google Tech Talks. Google. Archived from the original (Flash video) on 2007-02-05. Retrieved 23 December 2007.
- ^ Focus Fusion: The Fastest Route to Cheap, Clean Energy. YouTube
- ^ France Wins Nuclear Fusion Plant. Deutsche Welle. Dw-world.de (28 June 2005). Retrieved 21 May 2013.
- ^ Mixed reactions to ITER | EurActiv July 2005
- ^ Lev Grossman, "A Star is Born", Time Magazine, November 2, 2015, p.29.
- ^ "Advantages of fusion". ITER. Retrieved 2016-10-19.
- ^ Facts and Stats... 1/3 of fuel rods changed every 18 months. STPNOC.com.
- ^ "Detritiation Systems at ITER" (PDF). French Nuclear Safety Authority. 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
- ^ Hiwatari, R.; Okano, K.; Asaoka, Y.; Shinya, K.; Ogawa, Y. (2005). "Demonstration tokamak fusion power station for early realization of net electric power generation". Nuclear Fusion. 45 (2): 96. Bibcode:2005NucFu..45...96H. doi:10.1088/0029-5515/45/2/004.
- ^ DOE/EIA-0623 Challenges of Electric Power Industry Restructuring for Fuel Suppliers. Eia.doe.gov (September 1998). Retrieved 21 May 2013.
- ^ Worldwide power|Electric Perspectives|Find Articles at BNET.com[dead link]
- ^ "GLOBAL TRENDS IN SUSTAINABLE ENERGY INVESTMENT 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
- ^ Nuclear Data for Helium Production in Fusion. (PDF). Retrieved 21 May 2013.
- ^ Commentaries on criticisms of magnetic fusion, Weston M. Stacey, Georgia Institute of Technology, March 1999
- ^ "Demonstration Fusion Reactors". Fusion for Energy. European Joint Undertaking for ITER and the Development of Fusion Energy. Retrieved 17 November 2008.
- ^ U.S. Nuclear Statistics. Date of Latest Data: 2008, Report Released: August 2009, eia.doe.gov.
- ^ "EFDA-JET". EFDA. 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
- ^ "Tore Supra". CEA. Archived from the original on 15 November 2012.
- ^ "Beyond ITER". iter.org. Archived from the original on 20 May 2009.
- ^ "Wendelstein 7-X". Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik. 3 April 2009. Archived from the original on 21 May 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
- ^ "National Ignition Facility & Photon Science". Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
- ^ "HiPER". HiPER Project. 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
- ^ "MAST". Mega Ampere Spherical Tokamak. 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-02-13. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
- ^ http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/physics/meetings/TM45256/talks/Gao.pdf
- ^ Zheng, Jinxing (2013). "Concept design of CFETR superconducting magnet system based on different maintenance ports". Fusion Engineering and Design. 88: 2960–2966. doi:10.1016/j.fusengdes.2013.06.008.
- ^ http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6716984&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D6716984
- ^ http://aries.ucsd.edu/LIB/MEETINGS/1302-USJ-PPS/Ye.pdf
External links[edit]
|Wikinews has related news: France secures site for 10 billion euro nuclear fusion research project
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to ITER.
- Official website
- The New Yorker, Mar. 3 2014, Star in a Bottle, by Raffi Khatchadourian
- Archival material collected by Prof. McCray relating to ITER's early phase (1979–1989) can be consulted at the Historical Archives of the European Union in Florence
- "Way to New Energy" video (23:24) at YouTube, by RT, on May 6, 2014.
- The roles of the Host and the non-Host for the ITER Project. June 2005 The broader approach agreement with Japan.
- Fusion Electricity - A roadmap to the realisation of fusion energy EFDA 2012 - 8 missions, ITER, project plan with dependencies, ...


text:
Tube strike: Commuters struggle to get to work
Millions of commuters struggled into the capital on Wednesday morning as the Tube strike brought parts of the network to a standstill.
Members of the Rail, Maritime and Transport (RMT) Union have walked out over plans to close all ticket offices at a cost of 960 jobs.
John Leach from the RMT and Chancellor George Osborne both give their views on the strike.
29 Apr 2014
- From the section London

subset: commoncrawl


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Young Graduates Struggle Whether They Majored in Engineering or Philosophy
For young Americans trying to make their way in a tough economy, getting a skill that's in-demand will help — but it's no guarantee of a steady job.
The Wall Street Journal over the weekend reported on the struggles of America's young adults, who are coming of age in the worst economy since the Great Depression. Five years after the financial crisis, the unemployment rate for Americans under 25 is 15.6%. Those lucky enough to have jobs have seen their inflation-adjusted wages fall, and many are stuck working part-time.
The story focused on a pair of employed-but-struggling 23-year-olds in St. Louis, Emily Koehler, a graduate of the University of Missouri-St. Louis, and Derek Wetherell, who is three semesters shy of a degree from the same school. The friends both majored in social sciences (Mr. Wetherell in political science, Ms. Koehler in an interdisciplinary mix of political science and sociology). That led several readers to wonder whether Mr. Wetherell and Ms. Koehler might be better off if they had studied something with more real-world applications — and, by extension, whether this generation's struggles are at least partly of their own making.


text: The Millennium Bridge, officially known as the London Millennium Footbridge, is a steel suspension bridge for pedestrians crossing the River Thames in London, linking Bankside with the City of London. It is sited between Southwark Bridge and Blackfriars Railway Bridge. The Millennium Bridge is owned and maintained by Bridge House Estates, a charitable trust overseen by the City of London Corporation. Construction of the bridge began in 1998, with the opening i...... more on Wikipedia


text:
- 7 total posts
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- 1 question
Reviews & Stories
Lower Bleph and Neck Liposuction -Houston, TX
Well hello everyone,I have 7 days in till my surgery and i am very scared because i was reading very bad stuff in here and plus my doctor said the surgery will be done by local anesthesia and some sedation.I will love to hear from some of you that have done it and what you think about it?I will be letting you know how everything will go and i will put pictures soon. I am going to have a... READ MORE
Questions from MHouston
Recent comments from MHouston
Thank you Jill...Well i have app today and we'll see how everything will turn out.I am scared but i also want to do it.If everything turns out to be fine i will be happy and not worry about people asking me if im tired or did i sleep... READ COMMENT
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Jill i saw your pictures and the profile and i wanted it to tell you that you look great.I just hope that with the local anesthesia and sedation i wont feel anything or we awake....because i don't want that.I know i sound like a kid but... READ COMMENT
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You look great :-)....was you under general anesthesia ? READ COMMENT


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Susan Dysinger
Select an image to view print information and price.
Susan studied drawing and painting at the University of California, Santa Barbara and the State College in Plattsburg, New York. In 1973, she began printmaking at the Laguna Beach School of Art where, combined with her love of music, she created a unique style of etching in aquatint and mono-type that today represents a vivid portrait of American Blues and Jazz musicians.
Harco Gallery updates our online inventory as new works become available, however if you are looking for a specific work not in our online
inventory, contact us.


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Updated successfully, but for some reason CWM is unable to make a back up, gives me an error listing that it can't write the cache img. Has anyone else had this issue or is it isolated, and is there a fix? Thx in advance for help.
Sent from my Kindle Fire using xda premium
Can anyone confirm that the browser did not update to the newest version?
To access reading view, I was told "At the bottom of the display there is an eyeglass Icon tap it the screen says loading and you will have the view. Back arrow out of it."
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text:
Good morning. It's Friday, May 30, 2014, and here are your seven clicks:
1. Far from new, unfortunately, but these are always such jarring, unsettling numbers: Across Florida, just under 60 percent of third-graders tested at the proficient level or better in reading and math. (The chart in that link, the North Pinellas chart, is all messed up and tough to read, and I don't know why, and I'm sorry.) Meanwhile, in the paper I get where I live in St. Pete, on the chart I'm looking at — I can't find a link; I don't know why, and I'm sorry — there are schools, in the poorer, blacker areas of the city, in which basically almost all the kids can't read or do math. They're not even 10 years old, and it's already over. They have no chance. Again, this isn't news, but it is still — it is always — an outright outrage.
2. In this morning's paper Sue Carlton called Tampa a "little-big Southern city." Thoughts?
3. Says Dan Ruth: Now it seems making it from one curb to another is an urban version of Survivor — particularly in Florida and especially in Tampa Bay, which is now second in the nation for pedestrian deaths.
According to the National Complete Streets Coalition, 874 pedestrians were killed on Tampa Bay roads between 2003 and 2012 and because of the relatively low rate of walkers — just 1.6 percent of people walk to work — the "pedestrian death index" for 2008 to 2012 was the second highest in the country at 190.13.
Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater lagged only behind the Orlando-Kissimmee area, with a 244.28 pedestrian death index.
4. Here's a sentence the Times' Danny Valentine wrote: News of the unmistakable rendering of a penis sped through the school and gained traction on social media.
5. Politico noticed: Republican Florida Gov. Rick Scott has offered the response "I am not a scientist" on multiple occasions when the topic has come up lately. (I am going to have to set up an "I'm not a scientist" Google Alert, aren't I? Stupid shouldn't score points.)
6. The latest drive-thru delinquency. Related: Some researchers at the University of Toronto did a study a couple of years ago that showed even just looking at fast-food logos made people more impatient and impulsive.
7. Time to sell?


text:
Steven John Schmidt passed into Glory Land on May 14, 2012 from his home in Cottonwood, Ariz. He was born in Waconia, Minn., on May 15, 1946 to Harold C. and Geraldine Herrmann Schmidt.
Steven attended Zion Lutheran School, in Carver County, Cologne and graduated from Central High School in Norwood, Minnesota. He enlisted in the Navy, COMSUBPAC and was stationed in Hawaii for four years. He attended Brown Institute in Minneapolis receiving a Radio Telephone Operator's License. He married Kay Bagby in 1975 and they had one child, Jessica.
A disc jockey in small town radio, Schmidt lived in Minnesota, Utah and Arizona. Steven and his wife, Kay owned and operated a well respected auto glass company in Sedona, Ariz., for 22 years, taking early retirement to travel. Throughout his life, he volunteered his time and served on the board of many charitable organizations including Muscular Dystrophy Association, House of Ruth, Old Town Mission, Rainbow Acres and the Cottonwood Chamber of Commerce. Having learned the love of automobiles from his father, Steve was heavily involved in the classic car hobby.
Greeted in Heaven by his mother, Geraldine, Steven is survived by his Father, Harold; his loving wife of 37 years, Kay; and his daughters Jessica Schmidt and Shannon McNutt.
A celebration of life was held on May 24, 2012 in Cottonwood, Ariz. A graveside service will be held in late September at Benton Township Cemetery near where he grew up in Carver County, Minn.
In lieu of flowers, please make donations to Rainbow Acres, P. O. Box 1326, Camp Verde, AZ 86322.
An online guest book can be found at www.westcottfuneralhome.com.


text:
PRZOOM - /newswire/ -
London, United Kingdom, 2011/09/30 - Industry judges and Frost & Sullivan executives honoured ICT leaders at prestigious Awards Banquet that took place in London on 29 September.
Companies and individuals that demonstrated outstanding performance and exhibited exemplary achievements in strategies and processes across the European ICT industry were honoured during the Frost & Sullivan 2011 Excellence in Best Practices Awards Banquet, which was held in Jumeirah Carlton Tower in London on Thursday.
The evening summarised the ICT Europe Awards Best Practices Programme, re-launched this year by Frost & Sullivan. A panel of distinguished senior executives from leading companies have supported the Programme by working with Frost & Sullivan's top analysts to review and select award winners.
Daniel Shepherd, Vice President, Frost & Sullivan ICT Europe, in his welcome speech highlighted that: "Globally, we observe significant economic challenges which are exerting tremendous pressure on company performance. Europe is experiencing these issues at a particularly acute level and we believe one of the key matters that are at stake is the region's competitiveness on a global scale."
"Europe needs to do more to foster innovation" added Mr. Shepherd. "It is required to drive value through technology, products, services and solutions. The implications for companies are clear: it has never been more critical to have a robust Growth Story and we are here tonight to recognize specific examples of these successes. Frost & Sullivan's Best Practices Programme is an important vehicle for recognizing the stellar performance of specific companies and individuals in their endeavours to drive innovation and growth. I am delighted to have been a part of this process, which has gone a long way to demonstrate the potential of the European region."
Frost & Sullivan's analysts assessed the market performance of companies across 27 distinct awards in the following categories: Best of the Best; Enterprise Vendors; Service Providers; and Telecom Vendors.The panel of eminent industry representatives deliberated the findings and decided on the deserving award recipients.
The Awards were presented to leaders that implemented best practices in the industry, as well as demonstrated excellent achievements and superior performance in areas such as leadership, technological innovation and strategic product and service development. The winners exhibited the diligence, commitment and innovative business strategies fostering competition and advance within the European ICT sector.
The event culminated in a celebration of achievements by the following organisations demonstrating best practices in their respective disciplines.
Gostai 2011 European Emerging ICT Company of the Year
Arkadin 2011 European Hosted Collaboration Service Provider of the Year
Vodafone 2011 European Mobile Data Service Provider of the Year
Giesecke & Devrient GmbH 2011 Smart Cards Service Company of the Year
Interoute 2011 European Unified Communications Service Provider of the Year
Teleperformance 2011 EMEA Contact Centre Outsourcing Company of the Year
Easynet 2011 European Visual Collaboration Service Provider of the Year
BT Global Services 2011 European Hosted Contact Centre Service Provider of the Year
Vodafone 2011 European M2M Telecom Service Provider of the Year
Aastra 2011 European ICT CEO of the Year
Alcatel-Lucent 2011 European Most Innovative European Communications Product of the Year
Avaya 2011 European Enterprise Communications Product of the Year
Check Point Software Technologies 2011 Information Security Vendor of the Year
NICE Systems 2011 EMEA Contact Centre Systems Company of the Year
Ericsson 2011 European Wireless Infrastructure Vendor of the Year
Alcatel-Lucent 2011 European Fixed Broadband Equipment Vendor of the Year
Sierra Wireless 2011 European M2M Wireless Technology of the Year
Telekom Deutschland GmbH 2011 Western European Communications Service Provider or the Year
Vodafone 2011 European Best Telecom Group of the Year
About Frost & Sullivan
Frost & Sullivan, the Growth Partnership Company, enables clients to accelerate growth and achieve best-in-class positions in growth, innovation and leadership. The company's Growth Partnership Service provides the CEO and the CEO's Growth Team with disciplined research and best-practice models to drive the generation, evaluation, and implementation of powerful growth strategies. Frost & Sullivan leverages 50 years of experience in partnering with Global 1000 companies, emerging businesses and the investment community from more than 40 offices on six continents.
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text:
Having suffered abuse in the past, Durance's character, Annie, takes a violent — and controversial — course of "self-therapy" in order to cope and to prevent the same thing from happening to other women.
"I got to get back into that kind of [fighting] stuff, the punching," Durance told TVLine when we visited the show's set in November. And judging from the preview clip below, she throws a mean right hook. But those jabs don't come without big consequences, which is what leads Annie to seek legal help from her old high school classmate, Adam (Nate Corddry).
"She's done a couple of things and gone too far in the eyes of society," explains Durance. "So she's actually under a lot of fire."


text:
Photos of Jennifer Meyer Shopping
Jennifer Sets Her Designs on Shopping
Jennifer Meyer left her famous friends at home on Thursday when she went out to do some shopping in LA. While she was busy picking up a few new items for her wardrobe, you can too — don't forget to enter to win two necklaces Jennifer designed for her pal Jen Aniston to wear in Marley & Me before the contest closes tomorrow night! Jennifer's creations are a favorite in Hollywood, but we're equally excited about her and Tobey's next big project.


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From Imperial Wiki
Polymorphine is a drug that makes the user's flesh and bone pliable, allowing a trained individual to sculpt his or her own tissue to alter his or her appearance. Experts can even disguise themselves as specific individuals or as members of another species.
Polymorphine is widely used by adepts of the Callidus Temple of the Officio Assassinorum.