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SFU has two childcare facilities with 11 different programs, both full and part time for children ages 3-12 years. SFU Childcare Society has two childcare has locations on the west side of SFU's campus, as well as the newest facility at Verdant in the Highlands residential neighborhood. Programs operate weekdays from 8:00am to 5:30pm with extended hours for school age children(7:30am to 6:00pm). People residing in the UniverCITY neighborhood, whether renters or owners, will have access to childcare. Acceptance into the program is based on availability. Please contact the centre as soon as possible to ensure priority registration. Contact the SFU Childcare Society at 604-291-4569. http://www.sfu.ca/childcare-society.
Membership has it's benefits. All UniverCITY residents have the opportunity to sign up for a Community Card issued by the SFU Community Trust office. This membership card allows you to take advantage of special discounts and incentives offered by many merchants and campus facilities. Get a discount membership at SFU's state-of-the-art gym, or gain access to SFU's plethora of reading material at the Library.
The Cornerstone is UniverCITY's ever-growing shopping village. Highlights include a Dentist, an Eye Doctor, DVD rentals, Beauty Salon, delicious Indian Cuisine in a refined environment at the Himalayan Peak, and superb free trade coffees and home-cooked organic fare at Nature's Garden Organic Deli. A full service grocery store and many other new merchants are slotted for completion in late 2008. Click here for a comprehensive list of Cornerstone Merchants.
Why spend your weekends anywhere else? SFU has a plethora of Cultural and Arts events right in your back yard.
Archaeology Museum:Located in the Academic Quadrangle (AQ), the museam collects and displays artifacts from around the world, with specific emphasis on the North West Coast and ethnology of FIrst Nations of British Columbia. 604-291-3325 or http://www.sfu.museum/. Art Gallery:Located in the Academic Quadrangle (AQ), the Simon Fraser Gallery collects and exhibits works of art from the Pacific Rim countries with emphasis on Canada and British Columbia. 604-291-4266 or http://www.sfu.ca/artgallery/. Lectures & Events:SFU offers lectures and presentations on a variety of interesting topics throughout campus. Schedules are available in the SFU News or http://www.sfu.ca/news_events/index.html . LibraryUniverCITY residents will receive a 50% discount on the cost of an annual membership to the SFU Library. The Library contains over 1,300,000 bound volumes and 16,000 current serial subscriptions. 604-291-4351 or http://www.lib.sfu.ca/
Gym Membership
UniverCity residents will receive a 20% discount on their gym membership at SFU's state-of-the-art gym which was newly built and opened in Summer 2007. Membership entitles residents to drop-in gym and pool times, fitness centre, Olympic weight room, east and west gymnasiums, squash, racquetball, tennis, outdoor courts, track and fields. For access to the Rec Services website, http://students.sfu.ca/recreation/.
Walking/Hiking & Mountain Biking Burnaby Mountain Conservation Area & SFU have an extensive trail system, ranging from easy to challenging for walking, hiking and biking. Click here for a map of the trails.
Athletic EventsTake advantage of the close to home and well priced or free varsity sporting events. Enjoy cheering on the SFU Clan in basketball, vollyball, football, soccer, track and field, and aquatic sports. Click here for and updates schedule of athletic events.
PhysiotherapyHealth Services operates a Physiotherapy Clinic that is located in the West Gymnasium that residents can access on a pay-as-you-go basis. 604-291-3284 or click here for The SFU Physio Website.
ProgramsRec Services also offers, at a cost, a variety of classes and programs including swimming lessons, fitness classes, raquet sports, intermural sports, and more. 604-291-4142 or Visit the Spring & Summer programs website.
Summer Camps SFU has a very well known and popular Summer Day Camp Program in specific sports as well as aquatic, outdoor adventure, and min-University programs. Many of the programs are run by SFU undergrad and masters students who are varsity athletes, or plan to go in education once graduated. Click here for registration or more info on Summer Camps.
The City of Burnaby and the SFU Property Trust have eventual plans for an Elementary School in the Highlands neighborhood of UniverCITY. Until this school is up and running, students living in UniverCITY will be bused to Westridge (English) or Sperling (French), with an alternative option of Aubrey.
Aubrey 1075 Stratford Avenue, Burnaby 604-664-8595Westridge 510 Duncan Avenue, Burnaby 604-6648878Sperling 2200 Sperling Avenue, Burnaby 604-664-8836
Residents of UniverCITY will attend Burnaby Mountain Secondary. While there is not a school bus that takes the students directly to this school, the translink bus system from the SFU bus loop is a quick and direct trip down Gagarli.Burnaby Mountain Secondary 8800 Eastlake Drive, Burnaby 604-664-8552
UniverCITY is built on four cornerstones of sustainability: environment, equity, economy, and education. For more info, please click here. Making these small changes to our every day living will provide a brighter future for everyone.
Car Co-opA Car Co-op program is available to residents of UniverCITY by joining the Cooperative Auto Network (CAN) for a preferred fee. Reserved parking for Co-op cars are located in the Cornerstone building as well as each development in the Highlands neighborhood. Click here for more Car Co-op Info. TransitBus service is currently available at several stops throughout campus with a direct shuttle to the Production Way skytrain station. Additional stops will be added as the neighborhood increases the number of residents. For transit trip planning, click here. VanCITY sponsors the UniverCITY transit pass program, which can be purchased for $29.67 per month for an all-zone pass. For more info on transit, click here.


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WBSSC {LDC & LDA} Results 2016, WB LDA/LDC Cut~Off Marks
West Bengal Staff Selection Commission (WBSSC) is an official organization which provide eligible staff and men power to various department under govt. West Bengal State Government gives authority to WBSSC to handle recruitment and professional examination. Plenty of candidates were appeared in WBSSC LDC & LDA exam on 12th June 2016. WB also select recruit eligible candidates for particular posts and designation as per selection process. Get here latest updates and information about marks and result for written exam WB LDA LDA.
All dear candidates are informed that stay here with us to download WBSSC LDC Result 2016, WBSSC LDA Result 2016. Lower Division Clerk (LDC), LDA (Lower Division Assistant) Result and Cut Off Marks will be available in couple of days after that all candidates will be seeking for Result & Marks. WBSSC West Bengal Recruitment & Professional Examination commission which select suitable candidates for particular posts as per written test and interview. West Bengal have lots of vacant posts of LDC, LDA candidates will be select as per written test followed by interview. Every qualified candidate looking for government jobs, means want to make their future stable and tension free. So huge number of candidates were applied for & appeared in exam. It denotes that WBSSC LDC & LDA Exam have high competition. Applicants are informed that stay here for more updates and availability of WB LDC Exam Result 2016, WB LDA Exam Result 2016. West Bengal state will find eligible candidates for posts of LDC LDA as per written exam & interview. Applicants are informed that stay here for more information & updates regarding result, cut off marks and merit list for LDC or LDA exam.
WBSSC LDC Result 2016
All dear candidates are informed that Result or WB LDC Result 2016, WB LDA Result 2016 will be available as soon. Applicants are informed that commission will provide official answer key in couple of days. Stay here for more updates & information regarding recruitment. Candidates are informed that Staff Selection Commission, West Bengal provides West Bengal LDC Result 2016, West Bengal LDA Result 2016, WB LDC/LDA Result 2016. West Bengal Staff Selection Commission is examination head & conduct written for LDA or LDC & applicants are seeking for for most awaited thing that is result or marks in written exam result.
West Bengal Government provide pdf file of WB LDC Answer Sheet 2016, WB LDA Answer Sheet 2016, West Bengal LDC Answer Key 2016, West Bengal LDA Answer Key 2016 will be available after released by officials. Applicants are informed that stay here more information & updates & availability of Key Answers. All dear applicants will be able to analyze their answers and cross check their answers after getting answers key, then Result, Cut Off Marks, WBSSC LDC LDA Merit List 2016 pdf will be available as soon.
WBSSC LDA Result 2016
- Commission – West Bengal Staff Selection Commission
- Name – WBSSC
- Recruitment – LDC (Lower Division Clerk), LDA (Lower Division Assistant)
- Exam Date – 12th June 2016
- Looking For – WBSSC LDC LDA Result 2016
- Status – Will be available as soon
- Official Website – www.wbssc.gov.in
- Under – State Government of West Bengal
- Also Get – WBSSC LDC Cut Off Marks, WBSSC LDA Cut Off Marks
Here all candidates are informed that stay here with us to get latest updates & information to get merit list in pdf and selection of candidates will be provided as soon. Answers Key will be available for cross check their answers and final satisfaction will be based on WBSSC LDA/LDC Result 2016, WBSSC LDC LDA Result 2016. West Bengal LDA LDC Result 2016, WBSSC LDA LDC result 2016. Applicants are informed that stay here for more updates. West Bengal Staff Selection Commission undertaken by government and provide staff for various department. West Bengal SSC LDC LDA Result 2016 will be available here only.
WBSSC LDC/LDA Result 2016
Dear candidates are informed that stay here to download West Bengal SSC LDC/LDA Result, WBSSC LDC Result Date, WBSSC LDA Result Date which will be available after click on link given below. After click on link given below, candidates will reach on official page for WBSSC LDC LDA Result Date * will be available in pdf format. Press on option available on screen. Get WBSSC Result 2016 LDC LDA. Result Date & Time also released by officials & result will be declared in couple of days.
⇒ Link to get result, cut off marks, merit list– WBSSC LDC/LDA Results 2016

subset: commoncrawl


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NEW IBERIA — The Iberia Parish Council voted unanimously Wednesday to continue the process of collecting insurance price quotes that was started in December even though the process might have violated a previous council-approved resolution.
The parish's liability insurance, property insurance and workers compensation contracts renew yearly March 1 and cost the parish a total of about $500,000 annually.
Councilman Troy Comeaux said a resolution was passed in 2010 that directed parish administration officials to draw lots during a meeting in order to choose which local agents were going to pursue insurance policy price quotes and bring them back to the council as a bid.
The resolution also stated that the council was supposed to be notified of the meeting and when the pricing process was started.
Comeaux said he was not notified of the December meeting and asked other members of the council, who also said they had not been notified. Comeaux said he was not sure what to do about the situation as Parish President Errol "Romo" Romero was not present to answer the allegation.
Parish government Personnel Director Mike Guillory said Romero told him in December to meet with local insurance agent Armand Schwing so they could begin the insurance policy price quote collection process.
Guillory said he was unaware the process violated the resolution.
Schwing said he also was unaware that the process violated the resolution. He said he was acting as a businessperson helping a client.
Councilman David Ditch then offered a motion to use the same agents as those in 2012 so that the contract prices can be renewed at similar price as last year and so that the process is not slowed so much that insurance policies lapse.
The council approved Ditch's motion but took no action on Comeaux's accusations.
A similar situation occurred last year when former parish Chief Administrative Officer Joel Dugas told the council in February that not enough work had been done on the insurance contracts because the administration was newly elected. The council voted then to use the same contract holders from 2011.
Other items discussed during the meeting included:
ROOF WORK: The council also voted unanimously to set aside $20,000 for Aviation Exteriors to lease a portable building to house the office staff of an unnamed Washington state-based company hoping to move to the Acadiana Regional Airport and use Aviation Exteriors' facilities.
Aviation Exteriors representative Raymond Bernard said his company cannot house the unnamed company's office staff in the hangar office because leaks in the roof have caused him to move the company's staff.
Bernard added that his company has a large contract with the unnamed company that could bring dozens of new jobs to the parish.
The parish owns the hangar and must pay for the repairs and renovations to it.
Bernard said he met with parish officials last year and was told work would be started on the roof in January, but now has been told it will start in April.
Council Chairman Roger Duncan said Bernard should contact him and they would make sure the work takes place on time.


text: 6 Categories Batteries New & Reconditioned See Subcategories… Batteries Repairing & Rebuilding See Subcategories… Batteries Storage See Subcategories… Battery Charging See Subcategories… Battery Charging & Monitoring Equipment See Subcategories… Battery Supplies See Subcategories… Right Now 73° Details Today 87°Details Tomorrow 89°Details Today 89°Details Today 88°Details Email News Sign up for ABC 7 email news Get headlines, weather, traffic alerts Dining > More Dining About Marketplace How do I get my business listed? Our directory features more than 18 million business listings from across the entire US. However, if we're missing your business, just click here to request that it be added. It's free! How can I get listed at the top of the results? Both of our upgraded services will list you towards the top of the search results. A Power account puts your business right near the top!Add your business Most Popular Articles Images Videos Commented Articles'Mad Pooper' publicly defecates in neighbors' yardsMan killed after crashing ATV into tree while celebrating a birthdayFree admission to participating museums this SaturdayMother and 4 kids reported missing in BradentonSWAT on the scene of a disturbance in Manatee Co.Venice Fishing Pier deemed unsafe thanks to Hurricane IrmaCity of Sarasota to collect Hurricane Irma debris on MondayFree meals for students in Sarasota, Manatee countiesFPL provides outage updates for the Suncoast area112 mile stretch of the Florida Keys reopens Images Videos CommentedSorry, there are no recent results for popular commented articles.


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Guiseley have another must-win game tomorrow night as they look to keep hold of the last play-off place in Skrill Conference North.
The Lions host struggling Gainsborough Trinity but boss Mark Bower is insisting that his side will take nothing for granted.
Fifth-placed Guiseley are unbeaten in their last dozen league games, and the last two were huge victories, scoring 11 goals and conceding just once.
In contrast, Trinity have picked up just two points from their last seven games, but even so the pressure is all on Bower's men.
Guiseley are just one point above Boston United but the Lincolnshire outfit have played one game more. However, the Lions are just two points behind Lee Sinnott's Altrincham on the same number of games.
Brighouse Town are also right in the middle of a promotion push and, like neighbours Guiseley, they also improved their position at the weekend.
Town won 5-2 to consolidate second place in the Toolstation Northern Counties East League Premier Division, while leaders Tadcaster Albion were losing 1-0 at home.
With only one promotion place on offer in the division, Town need to seal the title to be sure of going up.
They host struggling neighbours Liversedge tomorrow night, with the incentive that they will go top with a win. Brighouse are still two points behind Taddy but have three games in hand.


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When you visit our Spokane dental office, your smile is Millwood Family Dental's top priority. Dr. Mark Jensen and his entire team are dedicated to providing you with the personalized, quality dental care that you deserve.
For nearly a decade, Dr. Jensen has provided patient-focused care at Millwood Family Dental. If you visit our Spokane office, you'll find a state-of-the-art facility complete with TVs in the operatories and waiting room. Complete your visit with an educational consultation designed to help you decide on the best treatment.
Our Spokane dentist, Dr. Jensen and the staff at Millwood Family Dental want to provide you with all that modern dentistry has to offer, including a comprehensive list of general, restorative, and cosmetic dentistry services to meet the needs of the whole family. If you find yourself becoming nervous at the thought of a visit to the dentist, you can relax; we reach a variety of patients with anxiety. We are fully equipped for nitrous and oral conscious sedation dentistry. We even have a dedicated pediatric operatory to make your children feel more comfortable. Our goal is to assist each patient in achieving and maintaining long term dental health so that they can show off their smile!
To see what our patients are saying about Millwood Family Dental, click here.
Some of the services we provide include:
New patients can visit our patient information pages to learn about our Spokane dentist, appointments, and payment options, as well as find answers to frequently asked questions, download patient forms, and more.
Part of our commitment to serving our patients includes providing information that helps them make informed decisions about their oral health needs. This website is a resource we hope you'll find both useful and interesting.
Please browse through our website and be sure to contact Dr. Jensen if you have any questions or would like to schedule an appointment. You may also use our online appointment request form to schedule your appointment with our Spokane dentist.
Millwood Family Dental
3018 N. Argonne Road
Spokane, WA 99212
Phone: (509) 928-5444
Welcome |
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Appointment Request
Spokane Dentist, Dr. Mark Jensen provides cosmetic, family, and sedation dentistry including cleanings, veneers, and teeth whitening at our Spokane, Washington dental office.
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Children Safe After 2-Alarm Fire At Fort Worth DaycareThe fire happened at the Playhouse Academy at 2925 Riverglen Drive.
Parents Awarded $142M Verdict After Infant Dies At Day CareA stunning verdict in Dallas County Thursday - more than $142 million for parents whose baby died at a Dallas day care.
Mother Furious After Son Comes Home Bruised From Day CareLate Thursday afternoon CBS11 received this statement from the Pecan Creek Day School.
Movement Underway To Raise Texas Daycare StandardsEvery day countless parents send their kids off to daycare. Many love it and couldn't live without it, but not all daycare centers are created equal. But there's a movement underway to raise the standards.
Closed Schools & Daycare Centers Leave Some Texas Parents FrazzledIn a matter of a few hours, North Texas will be under a second Winter Storm Advisory this week. Now, some frazzled parents are left wondering what to do if school lets out for another day.
More North Texans Taking On Role Of Stay-At-Home-DadSay the words 'stay-at-home' Dad and no doubt a mental picture of Michael Keaton from the hilarious movie "Mr. Mom" will come to mind. But for more and more men the role is becoming less unusual and they say very enjoyable.
Day Care Centers Taking Extra Steps To Keep Kids Flu FreeMother's day out programs and day cares in North Texas are noticing a slight decrease in attendance as the flu season kicks into high gear.
ME: Heat Caused Death Of Child Left In Daycare VanThere is new information surrounding the death of a three-year-old Dallas boy left in a daycare van. Monday the Dallas County Medical Examiner officially ruled that the death of little Benjamin Price was an accident due to extreme heat.
3-Year-Old Left Inside Daycare Van DiesA 3-year-old North Texas child has died after being left inside a daycare van. The little boy, Benjamin Price, was left in a van operated by Little T's Tiny Tots Daycare.
State Investigating Daycare After Child Wanders AwayA state agency is investigating a North Richland Hills daycare after a child wandered out of the playground and into the neighborhood.
Study Finds Day Care Rivaling College In ExpensesMillions of parents are feeling the pinch from child care. A new study finds that in 36 states the average annual cost of child care was higher than a year's tuition at a four year public college.
Boy On Wrong Bus Leads To Search In RockwallA kindergartner's disappearance led to a frantic search that ended when the boy was found, but now his parents want to know how their son wound up at the wrong place to begin with.


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Though I am not the quintessential girly girl, I indeed have my moments when pinks, frills, and bows reign supreme. Femininity has always been intrinsic to the house of Dior, where the female form has been appreciated and glorified for well over half a century. As one of the brand's signature motifs, The Fontages Bow has served as the inspiration for the Spring 2013 Cherie Bow collection, chock full of girlish delights playing with the season's pastels and rosy hues.
The Bow Palette takes on the iconic bow shape, reworked by Dior's jewelry designer Camille Miceli. It features a black eyeliner, rosy pink lip gloss, and three eyeshadows in pink, icy grey, and charcoal for a fresh yet powerful look. The nail lacquers come in very functional shades with playful names including Rosy Bow and Tutu. Clearly, the beauty look for the season will be all about a demure and refreshing palette.
These shades will definitely be a great way to look effortlessly beautiful for the season and will provide the perfect complements to the fun prints and colorblocking that are among Spring's trends.
The collection will retail for $24 – $80. Keep your eyes on www.dior.com to get your hands on these styles when they become available in the coming months.
What do you think?


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You Are Here: AHRQ Archive Home > Public Health Preparedness Archive > Mass Medical Care with Scarce Resources: The Essentials > Chapter 2
Public Health Emergency Preparedness
This resource was part of AHRQ's Public Health Emergency Preparedness (PHEP) program, which was discontinued on June 30, 2011, in a realignment of Federal efforts.
This information is for reference purposes only. It was current when produced and may now be outdated. Archive material is no longer maintained, and some links may not work. Persons with disabilities having difficulty accessing this information should contact us at: https://info.ahrq.gov. Let us know the nature of the problem, the Web address of what you want, and your contact information.
Please go to www.ahrq.gov for current information.
Key Questions
What ethical challenges do planners face in preparing for a mass casualty event?
How can planners employ a systematic approach to making ethical decisions as they prepare for a mass casualty event?
Ethical issues are critical in shaping and implementing any community's disaster response planning. Who do we protect, and to what level of safety? Disaster preparedness planning almost inevitably has to be concerned with providing some minimum level of protection to all. How do we set budgets and priorities? Who do we evacuate first? Ethical choices must be made clear during the planning process so that on-the-spot decisions will be consistent with those choices.
Transparency also serves the goal of accountability. Citizens have a right to know what decisions public institutions make on their behalf—especially in those life-or-death choices that a disaster can require. Transparency opens the process to public feedback. This can help professionals ensure that their plans reflect community values and concerns.
Understanding of what is meant by rights and fairness is necessary. Planners must define these principles to gain community commitment to any disaster response plan. The public will support difficult choices if they know about and are committed to them beforehand and if they have input into the process.
Collaborative involvement of elected officials from all levels of government with local planners and citizens groups also is necessary. Direct citizen participation also should have a role in planning, including opportunities for discussion among a cross-section of community leaders.
In desperate situations, resources will indeed be overwhelmed. Preparedness activities will always be in competition with other priorities and it is impossible to be 100% prepared, but the better the plan, the easier it will be to carry out that plan when adverse events do occur. In that sense, disaster planners need to defend both their own interests and those of their communities through the planning process.
Deciding how and why to divert resources from one sector of the community to others should rest on predictions of what will produce the best outcome for the most people and on considerations of how resource distribution will work to ensure that Federal, State, and local governments meet their obligations. A balance must be struck between utilitarian (the greatest good for the greatest number) and duty-based (respect for all human beings) planning assumptions.
Ethics Analysis Algorithm: Applying a Systematic Approach to Sorting Through Ethical Disagreements
Debate about which ethical principles and theories to apply and how to prioritize them in a specific situation has been going on for millennia. As noted, there are no simple, formulaic schemes for such choices. There are, however, ways of thinking about ethical principles and theories that can help preparedness planners devise strategies for emergency response. These involve a systematic approach to applying basic ethical principles and theories to any particular situation. One can create an ethics algorithm that, if consistently applied to planning for any particular kind of emergency, can at least provide reasonable confidence that ethical issues raised by an emergency were well-considered. The ethics algorithm might be constructed as follows:
The sequence in which 2 through 6 above is conducted may not appear to be of major importance. It is necessary, however, to be able to claim convincingly that all points have been thoughtfully considered and deliberated, with all discussions and decisions fully documented.
Evan G. DeRenzo, Ph.D., Center for Ethics, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC.
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The Universe in a Mirror:
This file is also available in Adobe Acrobat PDF format
Chapter 1
Foggy Vision
The sky was dark, the air clear. It was an excellent night for astronomical photography.
On March 7, 1945, Enrique Gaviola of the Cordoba Observatory of Cordoba, Argentina, carefully positioned the observatory's 61-inch telescope for an evening of research. Painstakingly, methodically, Gaviola aimed the telescope at one of the more spectacular spots in the southern sky, the Keyhole Nebula in the constellation Carina.
First observed by John Herschel in the mid-1830s while in South Africa doing a survey of the southern sky, it had been given its name by Herschel because of its distinctive keyhole-shaped dark patch. What made this particular place in the sky even more intriguing was that on December 16, 1837, Herschel had been surprised to see a new star shining brightly there. "[The star] had come on suddenly," he wrote that night in a letter to Thomas Maclear, the astronomer at the Royal Observatory at Cape Town.
At first Herschel thought the star might be what was then called a bright nova, similar to those discovered in 1572 and 1604, and now dubbed supernovae. After some careful measurement, however, he realized that the gleaming, unexpected spark above him was not a new star suddenly bursting into visibility, but the star Eta Carinae, shining three times brighter than he had ever seen it before, and approaching 1st magnitude.
For several hours into the wee hours of the morning Herschel stared at this inexplicable object. For years it had remained unchanged to him, shimmering at about 2nd magnitude just off the edge of the Keyhole itself. In fact, only a week earlier he had noted the star's annual arrival in the December evening sky, and had commented to his chief assistant that "We must soon begin [studying] him again."
Before Herschel could "begin," however, the star had suddenly become one of the brightest in the sky. Unable to contain his excitement, he called his wife, his assistant, and his personal butler all out of bed to have them look and confirm what he saw.
As he wrote that night to Maclear, "How big will it grow?"
In the thirty years that followed Eta Carinae faded in fits and starts from 1st to 7th magnitude, while the darker parts of the much larger Keyhole Nebula slowly brightened so that it no longer stood out so distinctly.1
In the twentieth century astronomers returned to this star periodically, trying to figure out what had happened in 1837 as well as afterward. Though some thought the nebulosity surrounding the star was slowly growing, in 1932 astronomer Bart Bok of Harvard concluded decisively that this was an imaginary effect.2 In fact, most observers in the early twentieth century assumed that the faint collection of bright hazy spots surrounding Eta Carinae were actually a handful of individual stars, embedded in a gas cloud.
Now, more than a hundred years after Herschel, Enrique Gaviola was back, taking another careful look at Eta Carinae. For several hours he took two sets of nine images, beginning each set with a one-second exposure and doubling the exposure duration each time until the exposure for his last picture was over four minutes long.
Once developed, these images from 1945 were considered by many the best ever taken of this strange star. They showed what Gaviola humorously dubbed the Homunculus, Latin for "little man," a kind of Pills-bury Doughboy "with its head pointing northwest, legs opposite and arms folded over a fat body."3
As good as Gaviola's photographs were, they were generally fuzzy and revealed little detail. The best that Gaviola's images could do was to show that the hazy bright spots surrounding Eta Carinae were probably not multiple stars but several gas shells and clouds enveloping the star and illuminated by it. Moreover, he was able to extrapolate backward and conclude that the nebula was formed "by clouds ejected by the star around 1843," about the time of a second outburst following Herschel's initial 1837 discovery.
Why the expansion happened, how it was unfolding in detail, and where it was going to end up, however, was utterly impossible for Gaviola to deduce from his nebulous images. Gaviola's photographs, as groundbreaking as they were, were typical of all astronomical images since the invention of the camera. The atmosphere that we breathe and that makes life possible also acts as an annoying translucent curtain, blurring our vision of the sky. Just as a prism will bend the light that passes through it, so does the atmosphere. The atmosphere, however, is in constant flux, causing the path of that light to shift and jiggle. When we look up at a star, this shifting makes it appear to twinkle. On a photographic plate this twinkling in turn causes the accumulated light to spread out so that a truly sharp image is just not possible.
The result: before the advent of space flight astronomers, both professional and amateur, were left thwarted and unsure about what they saw. For someone like myself, who has poor vision and requires glasses, this situation is self-evident. Though the metaphor is not technically correct, for me to understand the limited view of the heavens from the beneath the atmosphere, all I have to do it is to take off my glasses. Everything becomes fuzzy, unclear, and indistinct.
I, however, can buy eyeglasses. Until the late twentieth-century astronomers had no such option. Trapped on the Earth within its unsteady and hazy atmosphere, astronomers were condemned to look at the heavens as though they had bad vision and were forbidden from using glasses.
The consequences of this hazy situation have been both frustrating and profound. Consider for example the efforts of Giovanni Schiaparelli and Percival Lovell to map the surface of Mars in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Beginning in 1877 Schiaparelli studied Mars nightly, using an 8.6-inch telescope at the Brera Observatory in Milan. After more than a decade of work he finally published his map, outlining a wide range of vague shapes and streaks on the Martian surface. Of greatest interest were what he called "canali" (which means "grooves" in Italian).
Though Schiaparelli was convinced the canali were real, he found that their
. . . aspect is very variable. . . . Their appearance and their degree of visibility vary greatly, for all of them, from one opposition* to another, and even from one week to another . . . . often one or more become indistinct, or even wholly invisible, whilst others in their vicinity increase to the point of becoming conspicuous even in telescopes of moderate power.4
* Opposition is the moment each year when the Earth is exactly between the Sun and Mars, and therefore best positioned for viewing.
Percival Lowell followed Schiaparelli with decades of more work, studying Mars's surface and making endless sketches of what he thought he saw there.
From Lowell's perspective, the complex series of straight lines that crisscrossed Mars strongly suggested what could only be artificial constructs, which he labeled more bluntly as canals. As he wrote in 1895, "There is an apparent dearth of water upon the planet's surface, and therefore, if beings of sufficient intelligence inhabited it, they would have to resort to irrigation to support life."5 To Lowell, the canals appeared to be built by the inhabitants of the red planet as a vast irrigation system to stave off the consequences of an increasingly arid planet.
For the next seventy years the human race debated the possibility of life on Mars. Lowell's thoughts inspired such classic works of fiction as H. G. Wells's War of the Worlds as well as a plethora of science fiction books and movies.
Then, in the mid-1960s the United States sent a series of unmanned probes to Mars to take the first close-up images—and burst Lowell's bubble. Mars has no canals, no intelligent life. The canals were an optical illusion created by the Earth's varying atmosphere.
The atmosphere causes similar problems across the entire field of astronomical research. Worse, not only does it distort optical light, it en
tirely blocks large portions of the rest of the electromagnetic spectrum. Except for radio wavelengths and a few select infrared wavelengths, the majority of the infrared and all of the ultraviolet, x-ray, and gamma ray regions of the spectrum are inaccessible to astronomers working from the surface of the Earth. This fact is especially crippling because the bulk of astronomical research is done through spectroscopy, and much of the most interesting and informative spectroscopy needs to be done in these unavailable wavelengths.
For example, by observing the spectrum of light coming from a star, astronomers can gather information about that star's chemical makeup. Each element when heated emits light at a specific wavelength. If you see a spike of light at that specific wavelength you know that element is present in a star's atmosphere. Similarly, if there is a dip of light at that wavelength you know that that element is standing somewhere between you and the star, either in the star's surrounding nebula or in some intervening gas in interstellar space, absorbing that light. Unfortunately, the spectral signature of a large percentage of the most interesting elements occurs at wavelengths outside visible light in parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that are blocked by the atmosphere.
In the visual wavelengths, meanwhile, the atmosphere's blurring action makes the interpretation of the astronomical data more challenging. Our brains are tightly wired to our eyesight. Very roughly speaking, if we cannot see a clear image of something, it is difficult for us to fully grasp what is going on, no matter how much other information is available. Conversely, if we have a good image to look at, we can more easily interpret all the other data and understand how they fit into that visual image.
Consider for example what astronomers call planetary nebulae. These objects were given that name because at first glance they seemed to resemble planets, but by the 1800s scientists had realized that the nebulae were not planets at all but distant stars surrounded by large and beautiful cloud structures.
By the early 1960s astronomers were reasonably sure they understood their origin. When a star like the Sun has used up most of its hydrogen fuel and begins burning helium, it becomes unstable, starts to pulse, and ejects mass in a series of expanding shells. After some ten to fifty thousand years these shells form a planetary nebula, which surrounds a slowly dying and cooling white dwarf star.
This theory, however, did little to explain the complex but hard-tosee structure of the encircling clouds visible in pre-Hubble astronomical photographs. In most cases the nebula looked like one or several rings. For example, in long photographic exposures the Ring Nebula in the constellation Lyra resembled a bluish-green oval with horizontal wreathlike veils cutting across its central regions. Similarly, the Helical Nebula in Aquarius looked like two overlapping rings, though the best photographs also showed strange spokelike features pointing inward toward the central star. Other planetary nebulae, such as the Dumbbell Nebula in the constellation Vulpecula, looked as if we were viewing the ring edge-on so that it resembled a barrel on its side.
Because so many of the nebulae had this ringlike morphology, it was assumed that they were really shells or bubbles, with only the outer edges visible because our line of sight was looking through the most material. Such an assumption conformed nicely to the idea that the shells were the debris from the star's earlier helium-burning stage, when it repeatedly ejected large amounts of mass.
Other planetary nebulae, however, did not conform to this theory. Some appeared irregular, patchy disks with no discernible pattern. Others had weird shapes, making any interpretations difficult if not impossible. For example, the Owl Nebula in Ursa Major had an outer ring, but instead of an open interior its central regions looked more like an hourglass, two conelike shapes pointing inward toward the central star. And the Saturn Nebula in Aquarius was even more baffling: it had two rings, each inclined at a different angle to our view. Especially baffling were the two spikes of material at opposite ends of the nebula pointing away from the central star. For these inexplicably shaped planetary nebulae, several theories were proposed to explain their formation, including the possibility that the spikes were jets emanating from the poles, or some form of slow expansion influenced by either magnetic fields or unseen binary companions.
Because the images were so fuzzy and indistinct, however, it was difficult for scientists to reach a consensus on any specific theory. And though spectroscopy provided a great deal of information about the motion within each nebula's surrounding gas cloud, it was often difficult to untangle this spectral velocity data into a coherent picture without a corresponding sharp visual image. Thus, few astronomers made a serious effort to explain the formation of these nebula shapes because the data were so imprecise.
The problem was the same for galactic evolutionary theories. It was impossible with ground-based telescopes to see any galaxies from the early universe, and thus get a longer view of the evolution of galaxies across time. These distant objects were simply too faint to be picked out from the blurring effects of the atmosphere. Similarly, there were a number of very strange-looking distant galaxies, such as the Antennae Galaxy in the constellation Covus, with its two long trailing tails and two warped central blobs, whose shapes ground-based telescopes could not image sharply. Though astronomers were able to put together a number of theories about galaxy mergers or collisions to explain these unusual structures, any one of these ideas could be right. Worse, until better and more precise data were available, including information from the wavelengths blocked by the atmosphere, it was also quite possible that none were correct.6
In various areas of astronomy this problem repeated itself. Astronomers could put together reasonable theories to explain their data, but without clear optical images it was difficult to confirm which theories were the most accurate.
For the general public, the situation was worse. Dependent as we humans are on our eyesight, the atmosphere essentially left the human race blind to the heavens. We were like a nearsighted man before the invention of eyeglasses. We could squint and strain and maybe make a guess at what we were looking at, but to actually perceive the reality of the universe in all its glory was nigh on impossible.
♦ ♦ ♦
Even as Gaviola was slowly developing his photographs and preparing his paper for publication—crippled as he was by being at the bottom of a 100-mile-thick fog filter—another astronomer almost half a world away was about to take the first step in what would become an epic, half-century-long odyssey to solve this centuries-long dilemma. This man was about to propose that the United States build the first optical telescope in space.
World War II had just ended. At the time Lyman Spitzer, Jr., was a thirty-one-year-old astronomer doing war work as head of a research organization called the Sonar Analysis Group. Though most of his group worked in the Empire State Building in New York, Spitzer's headquarters and base of operations was in Washington, DC. As Spitzer explained in a 1978 interview, "My work involved talking with people who were doing [sonar] research and telling them what they were doing wrong and what they ought to be doing."7
Before the war Spitzer had been a young post-graduate astronomer working at Yale University. Now that the war had ended he wanted to get back to astronomy work.
In the fall of 1945, however, Spitzer was still working in Washington, DC. Among the many scientists he ran into in DC who were part of the war effort was a geophysicist named David Griggs. During the war Griggs had been part of a group of scientific advisors working under Dr. Edward Bowles, who had been named special assistant to Secretary of War Henry Stimson. Under Bowles's leadership, Griggs and his cohorts had been key on-site technical advisors during the D-Day invasion, the campaign in France, and later during the Battle of the Bulge. As noted by historian James Baxter, "They evacuated equipment at the last moment, they served as pinch-hit operators of gear in crucial spots, often under fire."
Now that the war was over, the military research group that Griggs was involved with was undergoing a reorganization. He explained to Spitzer how the Air Force was forming a new secret group at the Douglas Aircraft factory out in Santa Monica, California, called the RAND Project (for Research ANd Development). Though not yet finalized, RAND's first report for the Air Force was to be on the benefits of rockets and orbiting satellites and titled "Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship." Griggs, active in the development of this project, asked Spitzer if such a spaceship could have uses for astronomy.8
Spitzer was immediately intrigued. To him, the idea of putting a telescope in space was both scientifically and emotionally appealing.
Over the next few months, as he wrapped up his war work and returned to teaching astronomy at Yale University in New Haven, he kept in touch with Griggs and others in Santa Monica, letting them know that he was interested in providing his input should the project get started. When on March 2, 1946, the Air Force and the Douglas Aircraft Company signed a $10 million contract to form RAND, Spitzer quickly made arrangements to spend a week at the Project RAND headquarters in the Douglas Aircraft factory, where he wrote a paper for the project called "Astronomical Advantages of an Extra-Terrestrial Observatory," describing in detail the scientific advantages of building a telescope in space.
Spitzer was by far not the first to suggest the advantages of placing a telescope above the Earth's atmosphere. Hermann Oberth of Germany was the first to describe the advantages of building a telescope in space in his 1923 groundbreaking book, Die Rakete zu den Planetenraumen ("By Rocket into Planetary Space"), originally written as his doctoral dissertation but rejected by his school advisors and then published privately. In 1933, Henry Norris Russell, the director of the Princeton University Observatory and the man under whom Spitzer had gotten his degree, bemoaned his inability to do ultraviolet spectroscopy because of the Earth's atmosphere, and dreamed of an astronomer's heaven where he was "permitted to go, when he died, instruments and all, [to] set up an observatory on the Moon." Then in 1940, writing for the science fiction magazine Astounding Science Fiction, astronomer Richard Richardson proposed his own concept for building of a 300-inch lunar telescope.9
What made Lyman Spitzer's 1946 paper different, however, was that it was concrete, realistic, and based on technology that was either available at the time or expected to be developed in the coming decade. He was not speculating or exercising a mere flight of fancy. He was applying the increasingly available new technology of rockets—demonstrated by the V2 rocket during the war—and suggesting it be used to place a telescope in space.
Nonetheless, Spitzer's proposal was hardly conservative. Though he described the possibilities of research using an orbiting 10-inch telescope, he quickly went on to propose the construction of something that was far more ambitious, an orbiting reflecting telescope with a mirror 200 to 600 inches in diameter.
You have to understand the context of this proposal to realize how audacious it was. In 1946 the 200-inch Hale Telescope on Palomar Mountain in California, soon to become the largest ground-based telescope in the world, was not yet finished. It had taken almost three decades to build, and it would not even be dedicated until a year later. Moreover, when finished it would weigh a million pounds and be almost seventy feet tall. In addition, in 1946 when Spitzer wrote his report, the first orbiting satellite was still more than a decade away, and that spacecraft—Sputnik—would weigh a mere 185 pounds.
Yet here was Lyman Spitzer proposing that the United States not only consider building a telescope as much as three times bigger than the Hale Telescope but also put it in orbit around the Earth. As Spitzer noted in his report, such a project would not only provide humanity with its first clear view of the heavens, it would more importantly "uncover new phenomena not yet imagined, and perhaps . . . modify profoundly our basic concepts of space and time."10
At first glance Lyman Spitzer did not impress people as being such a wild-eyed dreamer. Tall, thin, and gangly, his soft-spoken and gentle manner gave one the impression that he was happier buried among a pile of books than pushing the risky unknown. Moreover, he had spent almost his entire life in the academic world.
Spitzer came from traditional New England stock, his ancestors first arriving in America in the mid-1700s. His father had gone to school at Andover, then Yale, then became a successful and wealthy businessman, first as a municipal bond salesman and then as the owner of a paper box factory in Toledo, Ohio.
With that money A. Lyman Spitzer, Sr., was able to travel, taking his family on trips to France, Switzerland, England, California. In 1925–26, when Spitzer junior was eleven, the family lived in Paris for six months. Later they spent four months in Rome. "We got around a bit," Spitzer remembered in 1977.11
Following in his father's footsteps, Spitzer started his studies at Andover and continued at Yale. After this, however, Spitzer didn't go into business like his father, but continued in academia, going to Cambridge University in England on a scholarship, then Princeton, where he earned his PhD, then Harvard as a fellow, and then back to Yale as a teacher. By the time he was thirty-three he was the chairman of the Princeton astrophysical sciences department, taking over for Henry Norris Russell, his academic mentor.
As privileged as Spitzer's upbringing might seem, he did not grow up spoiled. For Spitzer, astronomy and intellectual studies were a natural passion, and he pursued them relentlessly. Moreover, he had an ardent fascination with the idea of doing things that no one had ever done before. While in college he became fascinated with science fiction, and dreamed up his own transcontinental transportation system using electromagnetic suspension. "Small cars would travel in tubes between cities, and end up various places within the city, and might even, in tall buildings, go up and stop at one of the high floors," he explained in 1977.
Yet, even as he fantasized about building this vast transportation network, Spitzer also recognized, with an easygoing and witty self-depreciation that made people like him, how wild-eyed the fantasy was. "I told my father about this, and he began to think I was going off the deep end."12
Through it all, Spitzer always seemed to keep a placid and good-natured view of the world. "I've never been a fighter, by profession," he mused in 1977. "I go out of my way to keep things on a friendly basis . . . . You can have controversy without being unfriendly."13
Despite Spitzer's upscale and bookish background, he was a remarkably fearless and athletic man. For example, on July 28, 1945, he was working in an office on the 64th floor of the Empire State Building— he liked to joke how he hunted enemy submarines from these heights— when an Army B-25 bomber got lost in the fog and crashed into the north side of the building, plowing into the 78th and 79th floors.
Because the windows had been closed Spitzer only heard the zoom of the plane, which for some strange reason got cut off suddenly. Then, even more puzzling, he could see debris falling past his windows. With almost childlike curiosity, Spitzer walked over to the windows and started to open one, intent on peering out and up to see what had happened.
Another scientist, Peter Bergmann, had to actually hold him back, convincing him that this was not a good idea. "He was, of course, perfectly right," Spitzer admitted cheerfully in 1978.14
His athletic skills became more evident after the war, when his love of the outdoors got him interested in the hobby of mountain climbing. At first he and his wife Doreen would take hiking trips to Europe and the Alps, exploring the mountainous regions while Spitzer looked longingly at their peaks. Then, in 1955 they arranged a guided trip to the Alps. After climbing a series of increasingly challenging mountains they capped their adventure with an ascent of the Matterhorn.
Once back in the States Spitzer began making regular caving and rock-climbing trips with his graduate student Don Morton. One time, in a letter to his family describing a recent very challenging mountain expedition, Spitzer wrote, "You may wonder what I find enjoyable in a mountaineering trip of this sort, and I confess I find myself asking this same question. Certainly most of the trip was not particularly comfortable. . . . Much of the time I was looking forward to the end of whatever I was doing. Yet I find a certain satisfaction in undertaking an adventure of this sort, and in pushing myself to the maximum effort."
"He loved it," Doreen Spitzer remembered. "It was a very great relief to him. . . . The challenge took his mind off of what he was doing." Spitzer's daughter Lutie Spitzer Saul explained her father's passion for mountains and rock climbing in another way. "For some people these heights are a substitute for spirituality."15
With such a bold personality, it is perhaps not surprising that Spitzer was willing in 1946 to propose building a telescope in orbit that was two or three times bigger than anything that had yet been built on Earth.
Spitzer's proposals were too farsighted, however, to gain acceptance, despite what seemed an enthusiastic response within government circles to this first RAND Corporation report. Throughout the late 1940s and most of the 1950s Spitzer found little interest in his space telescope idea. During those years before Sputnik, he spent most of his research time studying the empty regions of space between the stars and galaxies— trying to figure out the nature and makeup of these almost empty clouds of dust and gas from which new stars were thought to form—or building one of the first attempts to create a controlled fusion reactor, something he called the Stellarator.
This second classified project, dubbed Project Matterhorn in honor of his Matterhorn climb, was as farsighted as anything else Lyman Spitzer ever proposed. The idea was to build the first "magnetic bottle," designed to contain a gas made up of deuterium at 100 million degrees Kelvin long enough for a controlled nuclear fusion reaction to occur. As he wrote forty years later in a New York Times op-ed, "If we could replicate the process that powers the sun, we could create a source of virtually unlimited energy."16
The Stellarator was something right out of a 1950s science fiction movie. A tube two to four inches wide and ten to twenty feet long was twisted into an endless figure-eight shape and then charged with gigantic amounts of electrical energy. "Since the power required at the peak of the field is in the neighborhood of 50,000 kilowatts," Spitzer wrote in 1958, "the power bill has restricted operations to pulses lasting about 0.02 second."17
In between building several Stellarators and his interstellar research, however, Spitzer never abandoned the idea of space exploration and its uses for astronomy. Periodically he would write carefully thought out papers for the journals of such organizations as the American Rocket Society or the British Interplanetary Society, describing the construction of a nuclear ion engine for traveling between planets or working out the orbital mechanics of a small satellite in a circular orbit around the Earth. Other times he would appear at conferences, advocating the idea of space exploration and its advantages.18
Though few people expressed strong hostility to his ideas, few showed much support, either. Scientists were especially skeptical. After one of his conference presentations a scientist came up to him and said, "Lyman, I admire your courage." Though he liked what Spitzer had said, he considered it somewhat far-fetched. "Most astronomers didn't take it seriously," Spitzer remembered in 1977. "They thought I was sort of . . . wild-eyed or wide-eyed, one or the other."19
Some astronomers were more harsh. In 1953, when astronomer Gerald Kuiper heard of Spitzer's proposals for space-based astronomy, he said, "I would regard the [funding] of this project hazardous and probably undesirable."20
Still, Spitzer persevered, often inspiring others into action and getting them to do things they would never have imagined doing. For example, one day in 1954, Spitzer was having lunch with two fellow scientists, Martin Schwarzschild and James Van Allen. Schwarzschild was a fellow professor in Princeton's astrophysics department, which Spitzer headed. Van Allen in turn was at the time one of the country's most respected space scientists, having used the V2 rocket extensively in the postwar era to do the first studies of the Earth's magnetosphere.
Van Allen was then on a temporary sabbatical from the University of Iowa to work with Spitzer on Project Matterhorn. Because the project was classified, Spitzer had been having trouble hiring good people. "It was difficult to add staff in those days because we couldn't say what we were doing, and our salary scale wasn't that high." Putting the very well known Van Allen in charge of the experimental group made it easier to convince others to join.21
Schwarzschild meanwhile had just returned from a sabbatical doing astronomical observations at the Mount Wilson Observatory. The son of the German physicist Karl Schwarzschild (who is most famous for taking Einstein's equations and using them to describe the environment around a black hole), Schwarzschild had fled Germany in 1936 because as a Jew he had been banned from working at any German university.
He came to the United States with fear and trepidation. "I did not want to spend my life [there]. . . . I had a simplified picture, to exaggerate a little, that the United States consisted of Indians, gangsters, and Mount Wilson."22
In the end he grew to love America more than many of its natives did. After Pearl Harbor, he immediately enlisted in the Army, going in as a buck private and ending up as an officer on special assignment with the Air Force on the front in Italy, where he analyzed the effectiveness of U.S. bombing. Though assigned a New York truck driver to get him around, his German accent more than a few times got him arrested as a German spy. As astronomer Virginia Trimble noted in her 1997 obituary of Schwarzschild:
One can imagine the reaction of the officers in situ when asked by a stranger with a heavy German accent, "Please tell me how your bombs are aimed," and he spent an occasional night in the brig, maintaining his usual cheerful calm, partly to avoid embarrassing his captors when the truth came out. Sorting things out at various times involved checks with headquarters, the intervention of an English officer on similar assignment, and a New York truck driver, whose primary assignment seems to have been to say, slowly and firmly in suitable dialect, "Ee's OK, see."23
Upon returning home Schwarzschild received many university job offers. "Very flattering but also very complicated to decide," he remembered in 1977. Rather than take a job as a department head ("I didn't trust that I had the judgment"), he decided instead to "go to the place with the best head."24
Meanwhile, Spitzer was being considered for the job of running Princeton's astrophysical department. Harlow Shapley, director of the Harvard College Observatory, had been acting as a mediator between Spitzer and Princeton. During negotiations Shapley asked Spitzer to outline in detail the conditions under which he would seriously consider coming to Princeton. In answer, Spitzer put together a long-range plan describing his intentions for the department and sent it to Shapley. Included in that plan was his desire to hire Martin Schwarzschild as a full professor. "I'd always been a great admirer of Martin Schwarzschild's since I first met him," Spitzer noted many years later. "He always seemed such an incisive, enthusiastic, clearly organized scientist."25
For Schwarzschild the feeling was mutual. "I wanted to be in a department led by Spitzer."26 In 1947 he joined the Princeton astrophysical department under Lyman Spitzer's leadership.
Also part of Spitzer's master plan was his insistence that he and Schwarzschild alternately spend one semester every two years away from the university doing observational research. For years afterward they would each spend half a year at the Mt. Wilson observatory in Pasadena, California, using its 100-inch Hooker telescope.27
The 1954 lunch with Schwarzschild, Spitzer, and Van Allen took place immediately after Schwarzschild's most recent trip out west, where he had been working with, of all people, Richard Richardson, the astronomer and sometime science fiction author who in 1940 had written an article proposing the construction of a 300-inch telescope on the Moon for the science fiction magazine Astounding Science Fiction. The two men had been trying to photograph the convective turbulence on the surface of the Sun. Both of them had been very frustrated, however. As Schwarzschild explained during that lunch with Spitzer and Van Allen, "I complained bitterly about the hard fate of the astronomer sitting under this miserable atmosphere."
Schwarzschild remembered Van Allen laughing and saying, "Oh, you astronomers should just get off your traditional ways and send your telescopes up in balloons. We cosmic ray physicists have done it for a decade or two, with quite complicated instruments. You are just too ground-bound."28
The idea of using telescopes on balloons, which strangely enough had not occurred to either Spitzer or Schwarzschild, excited them both. Spitzer unfortunately couldn't spare the time for such a project, committed as he was to the Matterhorn project.
Schwarzschild in turn was not an experimentalist, and was doubtful he could do it. Over the next few months Spitzer pressed him, however. "Why don't you try?" he would say in his gentle but insistent manner.
Schwarzschild could not resist, and with Spitzer's help he spent the next four years building the first balloon-borne telescope, called Stratoscope.* While Schwarzschild ran the project, Spitzer did the fund-raising, getting the Office of Naval Research to finance the project. For the construction of the telescope Schwarzschild contracted a Connecticut company called Perkin-Elmer, known for building high-precision scientific and military optics. For its guidance system he hired what became Ball Brothers, later known for building some of NASA's best scientific and military satellites. For the balloon, he hired a balloon company in Minneapolis. "The whole setup," Schwarzschild remembered, "when you look from the present point of view, was fantastically primitive."29
* Ironically, Schwarzschild found out years later that his own father had attempted to do the same thing in Germany, using a Zeppelin.
Nonetheless, in the summer and fall of 1957, Schwarzschild's 12-inch balloon telescope made a handful of flights, taking tens of thousands of pictures. The first flight, on August 22, 1957, had a "hair-raising launch" according to Spitzer, though it successfully carried a dummy telescope to test the guidance system. The second flight, on September 25, took the balloon to 80,000 feet, where it took some 8,000 pictures of the Sun. A third flight in October was reconfigured to produce five slow scans of the Sun's surface.
Schwarzschild's results were mixed, but nonetheless exhilarating. "Mostly with nothing, but a few frames of entirely superior quality," Schwarzschild remembered. "[They] were the first off-the-ground astronomical [images]." The pictures showed for the first time the polygonal granulations that churn about on the Sun's surface. As noted by Sky and Telescope, this success "foreshadow[ed] many kinds of future observations in which the astronomer is on the ground while his equipment is taken above the atmosphere to where observing conditions are nearly perfect."30
Schwarzschild's project was part of what was to be one of the most important international scientific endeavors ever attempted, called the International Geophysical Year. Organized by scientists in the mid-1950s, the IGY intended to encourage researchers worldwide to simultaneously study "the fluid envelope of our planet—the atmosphere and oceans— over all of the Earth and at all heights and depths." The IGY's time period, from July 1957 through December 1958, was picked to correspond to the solar maximum in the Sun's eleven-year solar cycle, the period when the Sun's sunspot activity is at its most intense. As part of the event, the organizers not only called for global studies of the Sun, the weather, the Earth's magnetism, its aurora, and its geology, they also issued a challenge to the participants to build and launch the first artificial satellite.
As obvious and as enthusiastic as many of the United States' scientists were about the idea of orbiting a satellite, there was also a great deal of skepticism. Some worried that the general public would not understand the event and would somehow see it as dangerous. Others fretted about the cost, which was certainly several magnitudes greater than what the United States was spending to launch suborbital sounding rockets to do atmospheric research.
After several months of debate, scientists from a number of committees at both the National Research Council and the National Science Foundation eventually agreed to work together to convince the U.S. government to build a satellite. This decision was then followed by more negotiations, this time between these quasi-governmental academic organizations and the federal government. Finally, in late July 1955 the White House announced that the United States would launch a very small satellite, called Vanguard, as part of the IGY.31
From Spitzer's point of view, Vanguard was certainly a step in the right direction in his dream of building a space-based telescope. Nonetheless, Vanguard was very small, a sphere less than seven inches in diameter and weighing slightly more than three pounds. Moreover, the United States had no clear plans to do anything in space beyond Vanguard. Considering the skepticism that Spitzer had seen from astronomers about his ideas, it didn't appear that the construction of an orbiting space telescope would occur anytime in the near future.
Then, on October 4, 1957, everything changed. On that day, the Soviet Union—not the United States—proved to the world that a space satellite could be built. And they did it with a satellite that weighed seventy times more than Vanguard and was three and a half times bigger.
On that day they launched Sputnik.
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text:
Stanbury's picturesque Lower Laithe Reservoir provided the perfect setting for a major Tour de France-related announcement.
The team behind the 100-day cultural festival which will take place during the build-up to the Tour's 2014 Grand Depart revealed the official name of the festival, as well as one of its biggest sponsors.
They unveiled a large yellow banner down the side of the reservoir's dam on Monday, announcing that 'Yorkshire Festival 2014' is being backed by Yorkshire Water.
The reservoir is one of eight locations which will host an exciting, eye-catching piece of land art for the festival's duration.
Richard Flint, chief executive officer of Kelda Group and Yorkshire Water, said: "We're delighted to be sponsoring the cultural festival.
"The Tour comes through so much of the land that we operate on behalf of the community that it's only natural for us to get involved and do our bit for the economy.
"And while the Tour itself will only be here for one weekend, the festival is for 100 days and provides us with an opportunity to create a legacy for the future.
"We're really looking forward to working with local councils and communities across Yorkshire to ensure as many people as possible can celebrate and watch the race."
He said the Tour was expected to attract 27,000 visitors to the Worth Valley for the weekend of July 5 and 6, and an extra two million visitors to Yorkshire as a whole.
Henrietta Duckworth, executive producer of Yorkshire Festival 2014, said: "It's the first time in 111 years there has been an arts festival with the Tour de France and the first time there has been a Yorkshire-wide art festival on this scale.
"We've selected 47 submissions for the festival which will include all sorts of art forms – dance, music, sculpture, theatre, crafts and land art.
"With Yorkshire Water's support, we've been able to create an ambitious programme featuring world-class artists taking place throughout the county for audiences from Yorkshire and beyond."
She said the festival, which starts on March 27, would celebrate some of the key aspects of the Tour race, including "true grit", "determination" and "physical prowess".
The actual content of the festival will be revealed on January 29.
Ms Duckworth added: "An important part of this is getting people to participate, and we're encouraging people to register their own projects with us for a 'festival fringe'".
David Lascelles, the eighth earl of Harewood and chairman of the festival's steering group, said the support being offered to the festival was "amazing", noting that major funding for the arts usually tends to be concentrated on activities in London.
"We want this to embrace as many people as possible," he said. "It'll be a high quality festival but not elitist.
"It's a fantastically exciting opportunity. Yorkshire has got an extremely good quality offering of artwork, including a strong film-making tradition and great music, and this is the ideal chance to bring all that together under one heading."
At Monday's launch, a helicopter was present to enable aerial photos to be taken of the banner unfurling and some of the local sections of the Tour route. Two of those pictures appear on the opposite page.


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"Not that I have already obtained this or am already perfect, but I press on to make it my own, because Christ Jesus has made me his own. Brothers, I do not consider that I have made it my own. But one thing I do: forgetting what lies behind and straining forward to what lies ahead, I press on toward the goal for the prize of the upward call of God in Christ Jesus."
-Philippians 3
Hey! And welcome to my Blog. I have set this up with two major categories. First I have a "journal" in which I will post thoughts and articles and stories of life in general, faith, or anything else. Secondly I have a Production Blog. Here is where I will post regarding productions and short films I am working on as well as keep you up to date on my experience in Hollywood this coming semester.
I hope you enjoy what I have to say feel free to respond to anything.


text:
The Dancing of the Cornish Game Hens [VIDEO]
I made Cornish game hens over a bed of wild rice for our neighbors while I was on vacation. It's a delicious meal that is really quite simple to make. One step that cannot be overlooked is the "Dancing of the Hens". My wife and I made a video to show how it's done.
- I always dance my hens before I rub them in melted butter, Garlic Festival Seasoning, cracked pepper and a little Lawry's Seasoning Salt. I like to do a chorus line dance to "New York, New York"…And kick and turn.
- The oven is set at 350 degrees. I cook the hens in a cooking bag for just over an hour depending on the weight of the hen.
- I always cooked wild rice with my Cornish game hens. I use Rice-A-Roni Long Grain & Wild Rice from a box, but it is delicious.
It"s very easy to make, but looks very impressive when everyone gets their own miniature chicken.
Here is a video of me Dancing the hens courtesy of YouTube.
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text:
Justin Timberlake issued a public apology for a video that seemed to mock homeless and transgender people and that was said to have been played during his wedding — while clearing up a few facts.
First, the video was never shown during his wedding, he said, and neither he nor new wife Jessica Biel knew anything about the video. "I had no knowledge of its existence," Timberlake wrote in an open letter online. "I had absolutely ZERO contribution to it."
Timberlake didn't defend the video, but did defend the friends who made it, he said, with good intentions.
"My friends are good people. This was clearly a lapse in judgment," he wrote, then apologized. "I want to say that, on behalf of my friends, family, and associative knuckleheads, I am deeply sorry to anyone who was offended by the video."
He said the video was actually made to mock him, not the people it included. The video shows homeless and transgender people on the streets of Los Angeles offering their best wishes and apologizing for not being able to make it to the wedding, which was held at the Borgo Egnazia resort in Puglia, Italy. "I think it was made as a joke on me not having that many friends attending my own wedding," wrote Timberlake.
Timberlake said the video is "not who I am as a professional or as a man," and he kidded that his friend will be sentenced to "at least 100 hours of community service."


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Oregon Zoo, Oregon Road Runners Club host annual Turkey Trot, Nov. 28
The Oregon Zoo invites runners and walkers of all ages to its annual Turkey Trot on Thursday, Nov. 26. The Thanksgiving Day tradition, organized by the Oregon Road Runners Club, raises around $25,000 each year to fund animal care and programs at the zoo.
"Turkey Trot is a fun and healthy way to gather together and start your Thanksgiving," said Teri Dresler, interim zoo director. "The runners really get into the spirit of it, and a lot of people show up in costumes. Every year, we see folks dressed as turkeys, pilgrims — even Elvis."
Turkey Trot includes a four-mile run and fitness walk, starting at 8 a.m., and a quarter-mile Tot Trot, beginning at 9:30 a.m.
Events are non-competitive and meant for fun, but a timing clock will be available at the finish line for participants who wish to time themselves. The ORRC will provide nutritious snacks at the end of the courses, as well as a chocolate turkey for each person who crosses the finish line. Pumpkin pies will be given to 150 randomly selected finishers.
Each event starts at the World Forestry Center and finishes inside the zoo by the central lawn. Find more information and registration forms here.
Pets and roller skates are not allowed in any of the events. Participants with strollers or child-carrier backpacks are allowed only in the four-mile fitness walk and must start at the back of the group (the third wave starts at 8:30 a.m.).
Parking is limited, and participants are encouraged to ride MAX. TriMet's Washington Park light-rail station is just steps away from the registration area and starting lines. Buses and MAX trains will be operating on a Sunday schedule because of the holiday. Timetables are available at www.trimet.org.
The ORRC, a nonprofit organization, was founded in Seaside, Ore., in 1970 as an outgrowth of the Trail's End Marathon, the first marathon held in the Pacific Northwest. The club is a member of the national Road Runners Club of America, and is one of the largest RRCA running clubs in the United States with roughly a thousand members. The club conducts races and developmental programs for children, adults, runners and walkers, and plans and organizes more than 15 running and walking events in the Portland vicinity. For more information, visit www.orrc.net.
The Oregon Zoo is a service of Metro and is dedicated to its mission of inspiring the community to create a better future for wildlife. Committed to conservation, the zoo is currently working to save endangered California condors, Columbia Basin pygmy rabbits, Oregon silverspot and Taylor's checkerspot butterflies, Western pond turtles and Oregon spotted frogs. Other projects include studies on black rhinos, Asian elephants, polar bears and bats.
The zoo relies in part on community support through donations to the Oregon Zoo Foundation to undertake these and many other animal welfare, education and sustainability programs. The zoo is located five minutes from downtown Portland, just off Highway 26 at exit 72. The zoo is also accessible by MAX light rail line. Visitors who travel to the zoo via MAX receive $1.50 off zoo admission. Find fare and route information online or by calling TriMet Customer Service at 503-238-RIDE (7433).
General zoo admission is $10.50 (ages 12-64), $9 for seniors (65 and up), $7.50 for children (ages 3-11) and free for those 2 and younger; 25 cents of the admission price helps fund regional conservation projects through the zoo's Future for Wildlife program. A parking fee of $4 per car is also required. Additional information is available by calling 503-226-1561.
Hova Najarian | 503-220-5714 | email@example.com
Ian Gillingham | 503-220-2448 | email@example.com


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Keith Collantine replied to the topic Hungarian Grand Prix – your pictures and video in the forum Going to the Hungarian Grand Prix at Hungaroring 9 months, 1 week ago
@Artanonim Some really nice shots there, great job!
Strontium commented on the post, Grosjean 'would have stayed if Renault had come earlier' 1 year, 11 months ago
@artanonim there's more, Marko had already guaranteed him a race seat for 2012, all they had to do was sign the deal, therefore Alguersuari didn't look elsewhere. He was then dumped.
DaveF1 commented on the post, Grosjean 'would have stayed if Renault had come earlier' 1 year, 11 months ago
There was a rumour that Marko was eager to get Ricciardo in the Toro Rosso seat at some point during the 2011 season in place of Alguersuari which obviously put them on tense terms. Eventually it […]
David Not Coulthard commented on the post, Vettel passes Senna before Hamilton reaches him 2 years ago
@kairat @artanonim Though of course in all fairness they also had a Ferrari-engined RB4 in 2008…. but ifwe're talking about SAI and VES, yeah…they're good (so are their cars this year though – closest to RBR […]
Keith Collantine commented on the post, Ferrari and Renault may force change in engine rules 2 years, 9 months ago
@randy @f1lauri @thebullwhipper @cswilly @coldfly @artanonim Thanks very much to all of you! And yes there is a donation option as well as the ad-free supporter option as @davidnotcoulthard and @dpod have pointed […]
Iestyn Davies commented on the post, Vergne says he won't drive for Toro Rosso in 2015 2 years, 9 months ago
@artanonim Sutil is perfect for them… he can bring money, experience, and probably help them set up. For the other seat, they can take a promising young driver, or more cash to get the team running, I hear […]
Zane Jakobs commented on the post, Caterham to return in Abu Dhabi 2 years, 10 months ago
@artanonim Thanks for sharing that link! Something seemed weird to me when I saw that they had at least £1.8m, especially because no F1 fans I know even thought for a second to donate to them.
PhilEReid commented on the post, Suspect in Schumacher case 'found dead in cell' 3 years, 1 month ago
@artanonim It's Parabolica, and it's a very sad day. Absolute joke.
Keith Collantine commented on the post, How Hamilton could win 13 races but lose the title 3 years, 2 months ago
@artanonim Have got something similar in mind, thanks for the suggestion.
Keith Collantine replied to the topic How to watch F1 in your region in the forum Formula One 3 years, 5 months ago
Thanks to everyone who's posted information so far – lots of interesting detail. I will put this together into a quick reference table and give it a proper place on the website for people to refer to, but before I do that I'd like to collect some more responses so please keep them coming.
I also wanted to check a few details on the cost for each…[Read more]
Hamilfan commented on the post, Double points to be awarded for season finale 3 years, 9 months ago
@artanonim I think the so called 'innovative' rule maker was distracted by this http://www.formula1.com/wi/gi/597×478/Dv0j/manual/11243219973_b75bbd511b_o.jpg at the gala ceremony and in a flurry of stupid […]
BasCB commented on the post, Mexico "the right spot" for F1 – Slim 4 years, 2 months ago
I guess you are right about prime time for motorsports in Europe @artanonim, it would be perfect for fans to have it (instead of spending all of sunday indoors and have the family angry at you), but unless there's […]
Tyler commented on the post, Mexico "the right spot" for F1 – Slim 4 years, 2 months ago
sorry @artanonim I should have read the last paragraph of your comment properly!
Tyler commented on the post, Mexico "the right spot" for F1 – Slim 4 years, 2 months ago
@artanonim the next time your local broadcaster doesn't cover a race, just watch it on a livestreaming site. In deference to Keith I won't link to any sites here, but they're really not hard to find :-)


text:
The Precision® Bank Platform from Fiserv has been recognized for delivering superior performance capabilities that help financial institutions achieve their own success – which is the reason why we partner with organizations like yours.
The Precision bank platform has received several accolades:
- Precision is powered by advanced technology and a well-developed, service-oriented architecture. According to the industry research and consulting firm Celent, Precision has the flexibility to adapt to both current and new standards, and is well-supported by a wide range of value-adding Fiserv solutions
- Sonic ESB, the robust Progress middleware that connects Precision to a host of integrated ancillary products, has the strongest current offering and strategy. According to Forrester Research Inc., the middleware leads all technologies in the enterprise service bus industry
- The ABA Corporation for American Banking recommends Precision to its members


text:
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ELMIRA, N.Y., Nov. 22 -- Col. D.C. Robinson of this city, who was arrested in New York City last night in an action brought by Mary L. Meinell to recover $4.000, arrived home to-day. He says the case is one of blackmail and that he will at the proper time easily prove this as well as his innocence of wrongdoing.
November 23, 1900
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How To Make A Slideshow For Facebook
Do you like creating video or picture slideshows and share it on Facebook? It's just pretty simple and very easy using Ezvid.
Ezvid is a freeware slideshow maker designed for Windows that works in a variety of Windows platforms – from XP SP3, Vista to Windows 7. What's very cool is that Ezvid can entirely upload finished videos to YouTube directly with no registration required to download the program. Along with the software are 20 free soundtracks, guaranteed to be YouTube legal thus you won't run into copyrights infringement issues if you want your videos to be up on YouTube and share it on Facebook.
Today, I'm going to teach you how to make a slideshow for Facebook. First, you need to download Ezvid. We use Ezvid because it is fast, simple and very easy to use plus it can easily share videos to Facebook using the "upload to YouTube" functionality of Ezvid where other movie makers don't have. So if you don't have Ezvid yet, go get and download Ezvid now.
Now that you've downloaded Ezvid, install it on your computer. Here's a nice video tutorial on how to install Ezvid on your computer: //www.youtube.com/watch?v=K6L_8dFDTuM
Once Ezvid is installed, let's take these quick simple steps to make a slideshow for Facebook:
Step 1. Run Ezvid on your computer – just click the shortcut icon found on your desktop
Step 2: Go to the "media file" icon (as indicated in the red box below) to find the video clips or photos you would want to create a video using Ezvid – it can be anything you want – spoofs of a movie, comedy clips, a wedding celebration, a memorial day, or a graduation day. In this tutorial, we will use a collection of captured surfing moments to create a video slideshow and share it on Facebook.
Step 3: Choose a picture/video clip – either one at a time OR choose them ALL by pressing the CTRL + A on your keyboard and click "Open".
You will then be brought back to the Ezvid interface where you can see your imported photos/clips on the timeline. (Please allow a few seconds while Ezvid is importing all your photos).
Once pictures are now up on your timeline, you can now edit to give an enhanced look to your slideshow – either add text slides, add background music, or add a voice-narrative. Please Note: You can always change the sequence of your pictures – just point the mouse in a particular picture and drag-n-drop it.
Step 4: Add Text – to add a text to your slideshow, just click the "T" icon found below the "media file" icon. You will then see a text editor where you can type any text you want and choose background color and fonts you want then click "Finish"
Step 5. Add background music – to add a background music, just click the drop-down menu under "song list" panel and choose the song you like (as indicated in the red arrow below) Of Note: You can always preview the song chosen by clicking on the "Play Button"
Tip: Choosing the songs from Ezvid music library is recommended not only because its free but because it is YouTube-legal.
Step 6: Add a voice narrative – just click on the "Mic" icon found below the "T" icon. Be sure your mic is on from your computer to record your voice. To make it work: Just play the video slideshow then comment on the picture each time it shows, this way you can best describe each of your surfing moments…
Step 7: Cut & Trim – You can extend the time of your video slideshow by clicking on the magnifying glass icon to zoom in or zoom out OR click on the edge of your pictures either left or right to begin trimming the video length. See this video tutorial for more about how to cut & trim videos using Ezvid: http://www.ezvid.com/cut_video_in_ezvid
Step 8: Add Title, Description and Keywords – (as seen in the red arrow below). It will not upload if these information are not filled up then choose from the list of categories which best represent your video.
Step 9: Upload to YouTube – click the "upload to YouTube" button (as seen in the red box below). Then log-in to your YouTube account to start uploading your video. Wait for the video to be saved, rendered and uploaded to your account.
You will be notified once your video has successfully finished with a link that usually says "click here to watch your new video"
Step 10: Click that link – and you will be taken to your video at your YouTube account.
Step 11: Click the "Share" button (as seen in the image below). Then click on the "Facebook icon" and enter your FB credentials then hit "Share Link"…
And that's it! You're done! Very simple it's because you have Ezvid. Now you know how to make a slideshow for Facebook. So go get & download Ezvid now if you still don't have Ezvid yet and start creating your video slideshows for FREE and share it to Facebook…
Stay tuned for more fun tutorials here at www.ezvid.com


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I'm not gonna lie... I didn't put a whole lot of effort into the challenge. I chose the option to see if I could double my one-set pushup max by the end of the month. I started the month at 25 consecutive pushups. Oh to have fresh arms again!!
Some days I'd do three or four sets of 15, other days I'd just get in a lousy set of 10. There was even one occasion where, as I was just about to fall asleep in bed, I remembered I still needed to get my push ups in for the day.... so I rolled over (in bed) and did two.
My expectations were very low for my final test. Would I even manage 25 again??? My shoulders and upper back were a bit sore from doing this the day before:
Well... not sore from kissing my husband, but maybe from other muddy obstacles.
42... I managed 42 consecutive pushups! Due to the lack of effort put into this challenge, I am beyond pleased with the outcome! DH even joined in on the challenge, doing about 200 reps per day (sometimes 300). I think his highest # of reps in a set was 70. It looks like I've got my work cut out for me next time!


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Using Cherry Pie Filling To Make A Cake Filling
Baking By Erin3085 Updated 8 Sep 2010 , 8:01pm by ginger6361
I'm so frustrated...I have spent the last hour flipping thru searched items with no luck. Maybe I don't know what I'm looking for? I don't know. Anyway, my last resort is to ask it here...
I'm making a black forest cake for hubby to take to the fire dept with him tomorrow. My goal for it is to make a dark chocolate cake with a cherry filling, chocolate buttercream and black cherry fondant. I have everything settled but the filling. I have read that you aren't supposed to use straight pie filling because they get slippery...makes sense. So what would I do with this can of cherry pie filling then...any suggestions? Blend it with bc frosting maybe? I have no ideas, really. Any idea is appreciated!
As long as you use a stiff buttercream dam it shouldn't be a problem using canned pie filling - I do it all the time - did it last night actually
Me too,, Do it all the time, just make a good dam and then I push down a little on the layer to settle, put in fridge to chil before frosting so you don't get a buldge.


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Not sure Waters ends up at 'Bama, and frankly I imagine he signs elsewhere. Still, though, I could see the reasoning for our interest. No one really knows about McCarron, I suppose -- no he shouldn't leave early, but you never really know what will go through someone's head -- and there has been some mention of Ely being a potential transfer candidate.
Again, doubt it happens, but if the staff believes he legitimately has the talent then I can see the appeal. Whoever mentioned it above is probably right, though, in that McLeod would probably greyshirt if that came to pass (which is something he may or may not be willing to do).
AJ said today that he's staying another year.
Ezekiel 20:29 "Then I said to them, 'What is the high place to which you go?' So its name is called Bamah to this day."
BTW, very glad to see AJ saying he will be back next year. RTR!!!
"Yesterday is history, tomorrow is a mystery, but today is a gift. That is why it is called the present."
Oogway, Kung Fu Panda
I think we can close the door on this one
I was estatic to see McCarron returning too, and It would seem if we take another JUCO QB, there would be transfers forthcoming for the QB position, especially with McCarron coming back for another season...
its the only position where one guy takes the majority of the playing time, and most dont want to wait in a crowd for the chance.
Committed to Kansas State today.


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On Mon, Jan 30, 2012 at 11:18:31PM -0500, Tom Lane wrote: > I don't recall that we thought very hard about what should happen when > pg_dump switches are used to produce a selective dump, but ISTM > reasonable that if it's "user data" then it should be dumped only if > data in a regular user table would be. So I agree it's pretty broken > that "pg_dump -t foo" will dump data belonging to a config table not > selected by the -t switch. I think this should be changed in both HEAD > and 9.1 (note that HEAD will presumably return to the 9.1 behavior once > that --exclude-table-data patch gets fixed). > > What's not apparent to me is whether there's an argument for doing more > than that. It strikes me that the current design is not very friendly > towards the idea of an extension that creates a table that's meant > solely to hold user data --- you'd have to mark it as "config" which > seems a bit unfortunate terminology for that case. Is it important to > do something about that, and if so what? Currently we are migrating away from using extensions. But - recently on planet.postgresql.org there were some (more than 2) posts about schema versioning. EXTENSIONS, with their versions, upgrades, dependency tracking, would be *perfect* for storing application structures, if: 1. we could use them from arbitrary location, and not only <install-root>/share/postgresql/extension/ which usually shouldn't be writtable by users 2. they do not interfere with pg_dump 2nd point means that I still need to be able to get: 1. full database schema dump - which can use "create extension" 2. single table schema dump - which, in my opinion, should use create table, and only schema of requested table(s) should be shown, no schema or data for other tables should be dumped. 3. full database data dump 4. single table data dump - in which case neither structure, nor data of other tables (than requested) should be emitted. personally, I think that the marking of extension tables should be reversed - by default they should normally dump data - just like any other table. Just in case of some specific tables you'd mark them with "do not dump data by default" which would exclude their data from normal database wide pg_dump. that's how I envision working extensions, and that's how I'd like them to work. of course your needs/opinions can be different - especially in case when we consider extensions to be only a tool to simplify dump/restore of contrib modules. Best regards, depesz -- The best thing about modern society is how easy it is to avoid contact with it. http://depesz.com/
Next: From: Robert Haas Date: 2012-01-31 12:36:46 Subject: Re: [HACKERS] pg_dump -s dumps data?! Previous: From: Gilles Darold Date: 2012-01-31 09:57:42 Subject: Re: Patch pg_is_in_backup()
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FRITZ!Box 3272 Service - Knowledge Base
FRITZ!Box 3272 Service
AVM Content
Not your product?
This document is also available for the following products:
Saving and restoring FRITZ!Box settings
The FRITZ!Box settings can be saved to a backup file. This file can then be used to restore all or only selected settings (for example telephone books, Internet account information, and wireless settings) in a FRITZ!Box with the same or later FRITZ!OS.
The FRITZ!Box model determines which settings can be restored:
- You can restore all of the settings to a FRITZ!Box that is the same model and same edition.
- Certain settings can be applied regardless of the FRITZ!Box model.
Requirements / Restrictions
- Starting with FRITZ!OS 6.80, settings can only be restored to a FRITZ!Box with the same or a later FRITZ!OS version.
Note:The configuration procedure and notes on functions given in this guide refer to the latest FRITZ!OS for your FRITZ!Box.
1 Saving settings
- Click "System" in the FRITZ!Box user interface.
- Click "Backup" in the "System" menu.
- Click on the "Save" tab.
- Enter a password.
- Click "Save" and confirm that the procedure may be executed on the FRITZ!Box, if you are asked to do so.
- Save the file "FRITZ.Box[...].export" on your computer.
2 Restoring settings
- Click "System" in the FRITZ!Box user interface.
- Click "Backup" in the "System" menu.
- Click on the "Restore" tab.
- Enter the password you entered when saving the file.
- Click "Browse" and select the file "FRITZ.Box[...].export" with the settings you would like to restore.
- If you would only like to restore certain settings, enable the option "Select manually the settings to be restored".
- Click the "Restore" button and confirm that the procedure may be executed on the FRITZ!Box, if you are asked to do so.
- If you would like to restore any settings, enable them and click "Apply".
The settings are now restored. When the procedure is completed, check the IP configuration of your home network devices, settings for MyFRITZ!, port sharing, VPN connections, and change the settings if necessary.


text: | Rising culinary superstar , Chef Jeff Mahin was just 28-years-old when he was named to both Forbes' and Zagat's "30 under 30" lists. He's worked at NOBU in New York and as a laboratory assistant at Heston Blumenthal's The Fat Duck, in England. Mahin joined "CBS This Morning: Saturday," with his ultimate dish, slow-braised pork shank


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If you are used to the usbtiny programmer and have a new AVRISPMKII don't forget this important part:
You must connect Vcc and GND on the ISP header! You may think "I know my avrispmkii does not supply power, so I will power my chip elsewhere". Not good enough!
I went nuts for almost an hour wondering why I kept getting initialization errors (rc=-1) when everything looked hooked up right. It was trying to tell me, though; red LED means "no target power". Duh!
Hopefully the search engines will pick this up and save others some grief.


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Date of Original Version
Technical Report
Rights Management
All Rights Reserved
Abstract or Description
SALSA examines system logs to derive state-machine views of the sytem's execution, along with control-flow, data-flow models and related statistics. Exploiting SALSA's derived views and statistics, we can effectively construct higher-level useful analyses. We demonstrate SALSA's approach by analyzing system logs generated in a Hadoop cluster, and then illustrate SALSA's value by developing visualization and failure-diagnosis techniques, for three different Hadoop workloads, based on our derived statemachine views and statistics.