text:
For a company with the motto "Don't be evil," it's a bit ironic that Google is enabling TyRuben Ellingson to create weapons of mass destruction.
Ellingson – the lead vehicle designer for James Cameron's Avatar, whose credits also range from Battle: Los Angeles to Hellboy and Blade: Trinity – was singing the praises of Google Sketchup Tuesday night.
While speaking at his undergraduate alma mater – St. Cloud State University – he praised Google's free 3-D modeling software as an easy-to-use tool for creating conceptual designs, including the deadly powersuits used by humans to rain devastation upon the unfortunate Na'vi.
Aside from ease-of-use, Ellingson noted the program is free which means that even you can start drawing things meant to kill other things in wonderful, violent ways.
So, as countless people are out there using SketchUp to create detailed virtual cities, you've got Hollywood artists using it to create equally detailed city-vaporizing toys. Is anyone else fighting back the urge to burst into "The Circle of Life" right now?


text:
CSI Course Evaluations have been moved and can now be accessed through the MyCSI website.
Look for the CoursEval tab in the yellow navigation bar at the top of the MyCSI website once you are successfully logged-in.
If you are having trouble logging in to MyCSI, please contact the Helpdesk at 208-732-6311 or email@example.com.
Thank you for your interest in completing these important evaluations!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Having gone through so many cheaper DVD players I was aiming to pick up something which was decent and with a big name attached to it. I found a cheap looking Sony DVD player and I have to admit it looked too cheap for a Sony.
I paid at the time just thirty five pounds for the DVD player and it was very thin. I found the item very pleasing to the eye with this nice piano black finish but not only that but it had the big name attached to it which was just as big to me.
You are given a control with this item as you might expect but this is a key part to this DVD player and you cannot afford to lose it. On the front of the player you have got the basic functions such as play and open (the actual disc holder) and the power button.
Without the control you cannot skip scenes or even choose perhaps alternative features you might want to watch so you have got a big issue there so the control is vital for this DVD player.
I am someone who does like to download home movies such as trips to parks and theme parks and try and make my own versions to put onto a blank DVD+R disc and hope they turn out alright. This DVD player has got Divx enabled so it does let you produce home movies and make sure they come out in fantastic detail.
The item itself is extremely light in weight and is 1.7kg which is pretty light considering and there is just one scart connector at the back. You have here a region 2 DVD player although I have played multi-region DVD's on the item and they have worked perfectly well.
Along with the great speed it load discs and the quality it can produce on the screen you have a great menu as well. If you want to sharpen the image or change the viewing angle you can do that but not only that but if you have many items on a homemade disc and wish to choose particular ones you can.
I have found that when loading a disc which is full of features you can wait a short while because it tries to load it up but I guess for the price you cannot expect everything to be super quick.
Setting up the item was fairly simple because I plugged the scart connector into a spare scart connector on my television and it was done simple as that. Now if you have pictures on a disc and wish to go through them all on a television screen this DVD player is very good for that and I do find features like that very helpful.
I have had no problems with discs being scratched or stuck inside the device which I have had before and if the DVD player has a problem with a disc it tends to open up and let you have it back. I would suggest to people if you are someone who loses controls for items easily this might not suit you as without it you're limited to what you're able to do.
When my trusty old DVD player finally died, I bought the Sony DVP-NS38 B as its replacement for approximately £60.
My requirements for a DVD player were extremely basic: I wanted an entry level multi-region DVD player. So I headed off to my local Richer Sounds and had a look at the two or three that satisfied my requirements and didn't look too flimsy and picked the one that they happened to have in stock.
According to the manual, as well as commercial DVDs, this model supports a variety of different formats: DVD-RW/-R, DVD+RW/+R/+R DL, Video CD, Music CD and CD-RW/-R.
The DVD player is very thin, meaning that not many buttons or controls fit on it, and the LED display is very small and does not contain a lot of information. In terms of outputs - it has a digital audio coax and a SCART socket.
On the front of the case there are the following buttons: standby, open/close, play and stop. With the number of DVDs that require menu selection, the lack of up/down buttons is frustrating as it means that the DVD can't be played without the control.
The case is black and sleek-looking and fits in well with the VCR and cable TV box. It appears to be fairy sturdy, although at under 2kg it is not too heavy.
The remote control is fairly complicated with many different buttons and I am constantly left looking for the right one! When pressing the arrow buttons on the remote control, e.g. to change to a different track, it frequently skips ahead more than one step, which can be annoying, particularly when the colour contrast between the selected and unselected items is not very great, because this means that it is very hard to see what is selected.
The picture quality of the playback of commercial DVDs is great; I've tried it with both region 2 and 4 DVDs. As well as playing DVDs, there are dozens of other functions (many of which only make sense if you're listening to music or looking at pictures) - for example creating a play list, A-B repeat, sharpening pictures, shuffling tracks, parental locks etc. My personal favourite is playing the DVD in slow play or fast play mode - the picture and sound are sampled so that the voices sound at normal pitch, just speeded up or slowed down. Watching speeded up version of films is highly amusing.
As well as the functions I've listed, it does have a lot of other options, most of which have to be accessed through several layers of menus. Simply watching a DVD is straightforward, but you can do so much more if you are prepared to read the manual.
In conclusion, this player is not too expensive, is great for watching DVDs and multi-region comes as standard. A second remote control with fewer buttons that just let you do the basic play functions would be a big benefit through!
(Cross-posted elsewhere - ciao.co.uk)


text:
Golden Bears win Pac-10 title
The No. 17-ranked California men's soccer team won its second consecutive Pac-10 title by tying Oregon State 0-0 at Paul Lorenz Field.
By winning the championship, the Golden Bears earn an automatic bid into the NCAA Tournament for a school record seventh consecutive time and improved their record to 11-4-2.
"Our players should be commended on their second consecutive Pac-10 Championship," said head coach Kevin Grimes. "The teams in our conference are among the best in the country, and that makes it very rewarding."
Cal sophomore keeper Stefan Frei made seven saves against Oregon State in earning his conference-leading ninth shutout of the season. Frei's counterpart, Packy Deenihan, made four saves for the Beavers.


text:
It only takes a minute to get started. Fill out our simple sign up form and login to the website.
This step is voluntary but will greatly boost your chances of your profile getting read by other members. Write a little about yourself, your interests and upload some good photos of yourself.
Use our website's state-of-the-art search to discover members who meet your criteria. Or just leaf through listings and discover daters that arouse your interest.
Discovered someone who takes your fancy? Send them a message or just a wink and take it from there. With a little luck you'll be on your way to a once in a lifetime experience.
And start dating


text:
June 8, 2010
As Wal-Mart Stores Inc. has grown into the largest grocery seller in the United States, local activists and union groups have been the public face of much of the resistance. But in scores of cases, large supermarket chains including Supervalu Inc., Safeway Inc. and Ahold NV have retained Saint Consulting to block Wal-Mart, according to hundreds of pages of Saint documents reviewed by the Wall Street Journal and interviews with former employees.
Saint has jokingly called its staff the "Wal-Mart killers." P. Michael Saint, the company's founder, declines to discuss specific clients or campaigns. When read a partial list of the company's supermarket clients, he responds that "if those names are true, I would say I was proud that some of the largest, most sophisticated companies were so pleased with our success and discretion that they hired us over the years."
Supermarkets that have funded campaigns to stop Wal-Mart are concerned about having to match the retailing giant's low prices lest they lose market share:
- Although they have managed to stop some projects, they haven't put much of a dent in Wal-Mart's growth in the United States, where it has more than 2,700 supercenters -- large stores that sell groceries and general merchandise.
- Last year, 51 percent of Wal-Mart's $258 billion in U.S. revenue came from grocery sales.
In many cases, the pitched battles have more than doubled the amount of time it takes Wal-Mart to open a store, says a person close to the company. And the fights generate negative publicity for the retailer:
- In Mundelein, a town of 35,000 about 20 miles northwest of Chicago, it was Supervalu, a national grocer based in Eden Prairie, Minn., that hired Saint to work behind the scenes, according to Saint documents.
- Supervalu's objective was to block Wal-Mart from competing with its nine Jewel-Osco supermarkets located within three to 10 miles of the proposed shopping center, the documents indicate.
- City officials say the effort stalled the development for three years and cost Mundelein millions in lost property and sales taxes.
Source: Ann Zimmerman, "Rival Chains Secretly Fund Opposition to Wal-Mart," Wall Street Journal, June 7, 2010.
For text:
Browse more articles on Economic Issues


text:
This issue is a variant of Adventure Comics (DC, 2009 series) #3 / 506 [Regular Direct Cover].
Indicia reads: Adventure Comics #3/Adventure Comics #506 (Variant Cover).
Incentive cover shipped in 1:10 ratio to the standard cover. Cover is an homage to Adventure Comics #300. The Sun Boy inset is taken from the interior story.


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Brick James
- Last login Nov 12, 14 @ 6:25 am
AUDIO: G-Unit - Get Down
If t.o.s is anything like the last 2 mixtapes it gonna be a banger, dare I say classic.....2 Weeks ago in Music Discussion
The-Dream - Love/Hate
vocal talent is not even a factor with this album, they're just good songs perfect for listening to or bumping in a party setting.2 Weeks ago in Music Discussion
The Official A.P.C Denim Thread
If i want to get a pair of rescues tapered in NYC, where is the best place to have it done? money isnt the biggest issue, i would prefer to spend more for a quality job.2 Weeks ago in Denim
Jim Jones ft Juelz Santana - Splash
Last dude sounds like hova lol but the track is "young splashy splash"2 Weeks ago in Music Discussion
Lmfao Funniest Freestyle Battle Ever
I think Eli is mentally challenged, I feel kinda bad for him lol. As for who asked, its the beat for I Really Mean It - Cam'ron2 Weeks ago in Music Discussion
Lil Wayne & Juelz Santana - I Pray
wayne was awful, juelz is getting better, his verse was actually good.2 Weeks ago in Music Discussion
Seth Rogen in Pineapple Express a "weed action movie"
[Quote] in NYC they had a showing for critics and needed people to fill up the theater, so we went. They had it uptown on 63rd ish and 2nd ave if you know new york. I pretty much lucked out and walked by when they were handing out fliers for it.2 Weeks ago in Entertainment
MP3: Mickey Factz Ft. N.E.R.D. - Dont Be Light
nothing more needs to be said. piff. apparently the smoking smiley doesnt work2 Weeks ago in Music Discussion
MP3: Lupe Fiasco - Superstar (Acoustic Version)
I like them equally but this version has a more relaxed vibe i like2 Weeks ago in Music Discussion
G-Unit - I Like The Way She Do It
I'm feeling it, i think some of the tracks of body snatchers or elephant in the sand would have made a better single though.2 Weeks ago in Music Discussion
MP3: Mickey Factz - K-1 Attack
Piff I'm already a fan but this track impressed me2 Weeks ago in Music Discussion
MP3: Really Doe Ft. Kanye West - Plastic
Unimpressed. The hook was o-k, verses alright. I won't judge Really Doe since i haven't really peeped him outside of one other song but Kanye's verse didn't do anything for me.2 Weeks ago in Music Discussion
MP3: The Carps Ft. Cool Kids- Heaven's gate Hell's Flames
i find the cool kids to be really hyped, but after hearing them rap over a beat that doesn't sound like all of their others, they might actually have some skill.2 Weeks ago in Music Discussion
Meet the next Miami locals to blow
been bumping this for a while now, good to see some others are feeling it.2 Weeks ago in Music Discussion
Touch my body desert storm remix ft. Cam
Cam & Mariah. Props to pardonmeduke. [URL] "they wanna see i-d, I'm d-i-p"2 Weeks ago in Music Discussion


text:
"Happily virtue is natural to the people, despite aristocratic prejudices to the contrary. A nation is truly corrupt when, having gradually lost its character and its liberty, it passes from democracy to aristocracy or to monarchy; this is the death of the body politic through decrepitude. When after four hundred years of glory avarice finally drove from Sparta its morality together with the laws of Lycurgus, Agis died in vain trying to bring them back. Demosthenes thundered in vain against Philip [of Macedon], Philip found more eloquent advocates than Demosthenes among the degenerate inhabitants of Athens. There was still as large a population in Athens as in the times of Miltiades and Aristides, but there were no longer any true Athenians. And what did it matter that Brutus killed a tyrant? Tyranny still lived in every heart, and Rome existed only in Brutus."
"There is hope, but not for us."
"You have the moral high ground. I can't change that... but I can destroy you."
—Jack Donaghy, 30 Rock, "Season 4"
Rose Tyler: Doctor, they've got guns.
The Doctor: And I haven't. Which makes me the better person, don't you think? They can shoot me dead, but the moral high-ground is mine.
The Doctor: And I haven't. Which makes me the better person, don't you think? They can shoot me dead, but the moral high-ground is mine.
—Doctor Who, "Army of Ghosts"
"I have loved justice, and hated iniquity, and therefore die in exile."
— Pope Gregory VII
As summer turned to fall and additional recruits did not arrive, [John] Brown decided to go with what he had. A sort of fatalism stole over him. He wrote a "Vindication of the Invasion" in the past tense as if it had already failed. When he finally moved, in mid-October, he did so without previous notice to the slaves he expected to join him, without rations, without having scouted any escape routes from Harper's Ferry, with no apparent idea of what to do after capturing the armory buildings. It was almost as if he knew that failure with its ensuing martyrdom would do more to achieve his ultimate goal than any "success" could have done. In any event, that was how matters turned out.
— James McPherson, Battle Cry for Freedom.
"Better early to your grave than late to your own humanity."
— Captain Brenner, Advance Wars Days of Ruin
"My body may die; I may be reduced to but a single drop of blood. But those with Kenshiro's courage will rise time and again to face you; while you, Raoh, will live for the rest of your life but a mere terrified coward!!"
"Boy oh boy. The price of freedom is steep..."
— Zack:, Crisis Core
"The whole world will vilify us now, but I am still totally convinced that we did the right thing. Hitler is the archenemy not only of Germany but of the world. When, in few hours' time, I go before God to account for what I have done and left undone, I know I will be able to justify what I did in the struggle against Hitler."
—Major General Herrmann Karl Robert Henning von Tresckow
"At every step you will hear the bones crumbling under foot, and maybe you shall hear the wind-blown voices of the dead — guiding you forward or leading you to your doom. Yes, my children, the way to the mountain is cruel and unforgiving. And of those who struggle their long lives, spending their energy and vigour in the climb, who then can taste the melt-water of the summit and say, 'Yes... yes it was worthwhile?'"
— First Book of the Astronomicon, Parables, Warhammer 40,000
Catalyst: "Your time is at an end. You must decide."
Shepard: "No. I'm going to end this war on my terms."
Catalyst: "Then you are going to die knowing that you failed to save everything you fought for."
Shepard: "I fight for freedom, mine and everybody's. I fight for the right to choose our own fate. And if I die, I'll die knowing that I did everything I could to stop you. And I'll die free."
Catalyst: "SO BE IT."
— Mass Effect 3, the final conversation that leads to the 'Refuse' ending.
"...I may not have what it takes to last for long, but that's okay. Because at least I can say when the world goes to shit, I didn't let it take me down with it."
—Dale Horvath, The Walking Dead
Wan: There wasn't enough time.
Raava: Don't worry. We will be together for all of your lifetimes. And we will never give up.
Raava: Don't worry. We will be together for all of your lifetimes. And we will never give up.
—The Legend of Korra, Beginnings Part 2
PORTIUS: 'Tis not in mortals to command success; but we'll do more, Sempronius—we'll deserve it.
—Joseph Addison, Cato, a Tragedy
For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life.
— John 3:16, the most famous verse of the New Testament.
Cole: Half as long...
Zeke: ...twice as bright. ...I gotta try.
Cole: I know.
Zeke: ...twice as bright. ...I gotta try.
Cole: I know.
— Infamous 2, Evil ending


text:
Sheboygan Press - Thursday - August 3, 1961 - p. 17
Wedding Of Susan Lieding, Robert Schrameyer Is Held
{With Photo of Bride}
The marriage of Miss Susan Lieding and Robert R. Schrameyer was solemnized Saturday in a 5 o'clock ceremony at St.
Mark Lutheran Church.
A double-ring service performed by the Rev. Louis Huber united the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Vernon W. Lieding, 1217
North Ave. and the son of Mr. and Mrs. Robert B. Schrameyer, 2505 North Ave.
Mr. Lieding escorted his daughter and presented her in marriage in a setting enhanced with all-white altar bouquets,
candelabra and ferns. Pews were marked with bows for the occasion.
An uncle of the bride, William Graefe Jr., contributed two solos – `The Lord's Prayer' by Malotte and `Wedding
Prayer' by Dunlap.
Two sisters of the bride assisted her as bridesmaids, the Misses Mary Lou and Linda Lieding joining Miss Betty
Louisier, the maid of honor, in the procession. Their ensembles were peacock blue chiffon frocks topped with
matching jeweled crowns finished with short veils. The style featured draped cowl neckline, a full shirred skirt
and a panel stemming from a small bow at the back and caught, harem-style, at the hem. Their colonial bouquets
were fashioned of pale yellow roses, feathered white carnations and filicifolia greens arranged with yellow satin
streamers and tulle tufts.
The bride appeared in a flare-skirted ballerina gown of Chantilly lace and orange blossom crown holding a fingertip
veil of silk illusion. A scoop neckline and three-quarter length sleeves were details of the bodice. The rose
motif of the lace at neckline and hem were handicapped to accent the design. Her crescent bouquet combined yellow
roses and stephanotis with garlands of ivy.
Dennis J. Lieding was asked to be best man for his sister's bridegroom and Craig Schrameyer, brother of the
principal, was groomsman. Fred Kraemer and James Van Der Puy were ushers.
A reception followed at "99" Hall where 250 relatives and friends greeted the couple.
After a wedding trip through Northern Wisconsin, Mr. and Mrs. Schrameyer are at home at ?? North Ave.
The bride attended North High School and following graduation from that same school, Mr. Schrameyer enrolled at
Lakeland College where he will be a sophomore this fall.
Guests here for the nuptials included Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Bergmeier of Topeka, Kans., Mr. and Mrs. Victor Berger,
Jr. and Miss Josephine Pulcifer of Milwaukee and Mr. and Mrs. Harlan Schacht, West Bend.
Copyright 1997 - 2008 by Debie Blindauer
All Rights reserved
Census Records | Vital Records | Family Trees & Communities | Immigration Records | Military Records Directories & Member Lists | Family & Local Histories | Newspapers & Periodicals | Court, Land & Probate | Finding Aids


text:
About LoveNotes
LoveNotes is Dallas / Fort Worth's most trusted clergy service. There are 18 non-denominational ministers / officiants ... Read MoreRead More on staff. We are committed to the following principles: Punctuality: always arrive early, never late to your wedding. Sensitivity: always in touch with the bride and groom's needs. Flexibility: "Your wedding Your way". Availability: we are there for you through every facet of your ceremony. Professionalism: We are committed to being the very best at what we do. No one helps you say "I do" better than we do.Request A Quote


text:
Deciding When to Submit a 510(k) for a Change to an Existing Device (K97-1)
510(k) Memorandum #K97-1
DATE: January 10, 1997
FROM: Director, Office of Device Evaluation
Subject: Deciding When to Submit a 510(k) for a Change to an Existing Device
TO: ODE Review Staff
Through: ODE Branch Chiefs
The purpose of this guidance is to provide direction to manufacturers on deciding when to submit a 510(k) for a change to an existing device.
On April 8, 1994, FDA circulated for comment the first draft guidance entitled "Deciding When to Submit a 510(k) for a Change to an Existing Device." This draft was the subject of a May 12, 1994, FDA video conference and it was the subject of several trade and industry association meetings. As a result of these activities, FDA received over 60 comments on this version of the guidance. On October 16, 1995 FDA published a Notice of Availability in the Federal Register announcing the availability of an August 1, 1995 draft of this guidance.
Attached is the final version of the guidance for reference by the review staff. This guidance is not intended to supplant existing definitive guidance for modifications to specific devices, e.g., daily wear contact lenses. Moreover, the guidance is not intended to apply to combination products, such as drug/device or biologic/device combinations, although it may be helpful. The guidance is also not intended to address the need for submitting a 510(k) by remanufacturers of devices. FDA intends to develop additional guidance specific to these situations.
The type of modifications addressed in the draft guidance include labeling changes, technology or performance specifications changes, and materials changes. When making the decision on whether to submit a 510(k), the manufacturer's basis for comparison of any changed device should be the device described by the cleared 510(k) or to their legally marketed preamendments device. That is, manufacturers may make a number of changes without having to submit a 510(k), but each time they make a change, the device they should compare it to is their most recently cleared device (or their preamendments device). In effect, manufacturers need to submit a new 510(k) only when a change, or the sum of the incremental changes exceeds the §807.81(a)(3) threshold, "could significantly affect the safety or effectiveness of the device."
Because many simultaneous changes may be considered in the evolution of device design, each type of change should be assessed separately. When any one change leads the manufacturer to decide to submit a 510(k), then a 510(k) requesting the change should compare the modified device to a legally marketed device (the manufacturer's device or a competitor's legally marketed device). In the instance where the legally marketed device is the manufacturer's own device, the 510(k) should identify previous changes that did not necessitate a 510(k) submission, to avoid confusion when we compare the current 510(k) to the previous clearance.
The guidance includes a main flowchart to help manufacturers through the logic scheme necessary to arrive at a decision on when to submit a 510(k) for a change to an existing device. The flowchart includes the following three logical breakouts of changes that might be made to a device: labeling changes, technology or performance specifications changes, and materials changes. To use the model, the questions posed in the flowchart should be answered until the 510(k) holder is directed to: (1) consider submitting a 510(k) (including a new 510(k) labeled "change being effected"), or (2) document the decision-making.
When contemplating changes to a device, manufacturers should use the flowchart for each individual type of proposed change, e.g., performance specification change, material change, etc. If a manufacturer's consideration of all proposed changes results in a decision merely to document the decision-making, they should document the application of the model along with the necessary records of the validation of changes to the device. In those circumstances where the proposed change is not addressed in the flowchart or in a device-specific guidance document, manufacturers are encouraged to contact the Office of Device Evaluation in CDRH to find out whether other, specific guidance exists or if additional help is available.
Effective Date:
This guidance is effective immediately.
Susan Alpert, Ph.D., M.D.
Deciding When to Submit a 510(k)
for a Change to an Existing Device
This document is intended to provide guidance in the preparation of a regulatory submission. It does not bind the FDA or the regulated industry in any manner.
Office of Device Evaluation
Document Issued On: January 10, 1997
Note: While this guidance document represents a final document, comments and suggestions may be submitted at any time for Agency consideration by contacting the Premarket Notification (510(k)) Section at 301-796-5640. For questions regarding the use or interpretation of this guidance, also contact the Premarket Notification (510(k)) Section at 301-796-5640.
Public Health Service
Food and Drug Administration
Center for Devices and Radiological Health
On April 8, 1994, FDA circulated for comment the first draft of a document intended to provide guidance to manufacturers on when to submit a new 510(k) for changes to an existing device. That draft was the subject of an FDA/FDLI video conference on May 12, 1994, and also was the subject of discussion at several trade and industry association meetings. Subsequently, in response to comment letters, a second draft of the guidance (dated August 1, 1995) was developed and made available for additional public comment through publication of a Notice of Availability in the Federal Register (60 FR 53624, October 16, 1995). These comments from the second round of public review have led to the current guidance document.
While we are pleased to issue this guidance in final form, we recognize that, as a guidance document, it can and will need to be revised over time as we gain more experience with its application. These revisions will be based on comments and recommendations of its users, both in the industry and in FDA. CDRH continues to look at the 510(k) Program and ways of reengineering the review process. For example, a program to pilot test the third party review of 510(k)s was begun in the summer of 1996. In addition, we will be looking at the better use of consensus standards and special controls in the 510(k) review, as well as ways to better integrate compliance with design controls under the new Quality Systems Regulation with the 510(k) process.
The 510(k) Process and Good Manufacturing Practices
Scope of the Proposed Guidance
Technology, Engineering and Performance Changes
Materials Changes in In Vitro Diagnostic Products
Almost from the enactment of the Medical Device Amendments to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act in 1976, FDA staff have attempted to define with greater accuracy when a change in a medical device would trigger the requirement that a manufacturer submit a new premarket notification (510(k)) to the Agency. The regulatory criteria state that a premarket notification must be submitted when:
(3) The device is one that the person currently has in commercial distribution or is reintroducing into commercial distribution, but that is about to be significantly changed or modified in design, components, method of manufacture, or intended use. The following constitute significant changes or modifications that require a premarket notification:
(i) A change or modification in the device that could significantly affect the safety or effectiveness of the device, e.g., a significant change or modification in design, material, chemical composition, energy source, or manufacturing process.
(ii)A major change or modification in the intended use of the device.1
The key issue here is that the phrase "could significantly affect the safety or effectiveness of the device" and the use of the adjectives "major" and "significant" sometimes lead to subjective interpretations. Because of this, manufacturers have frequently expressed the need for more specific guidance in applying the regulatory standard in their decision-making.
Previous attempts to develop such guidance have focused generally on defining broad issues or principles that should be used in deciding when to submit a 510(k). These attempts have been only partially successful in clarifying the situation. The primary reason for partial success is that the variety of device types currently marketed, as well as the myriad changes that occur as technology evolves, are so diverse that one or two unifying principles cannot possibly account for all possible situations.
To be certain that a decision on when to submit a 510(k) is correct, one would probably need to enumerate all device types and all potential types of changes and then match each combination of device and change with a decision. Given that there are thousands of individual device types and possibly tens or hundreds of enumerable changes, this would be an impossible task. Furthermore, the resultant guidance would fill volumes, would probably be difficult to use, and would be unlikely to keep pace with an ever-changing technology.
Between the two extremes of broad principles and detailed enumeration is the area where models can be developed to assist in the decision-making. If created and used properly, such a model could provide guidance leading toward a rational answer as to whether a 510(k) is necessary in the large majority of circumstances. This document proposes a flowchart model that can be used by manufacturers in their decision-making to analyze how changes in devices may affect safety or effectiveness. In the model, we attempt to address changes to devices at a level detailed enough so that application of the broad principles contained in the regulations would minimize disagreements between manufacturers and the Agency . The goal of the model is to provide guidance in answering a manufacturer's questions on whether a 510(k) should be submitted for a particular type of change and to minimize the number of instances where the answer would be uncertain. Taken as a whole, this guidance, and the model it describes, provides the agency's best definition of when a change to a device could significantly affect safety or effectiveness.
The 510(k) Process and Good Manufacturing Practices
Any guidance on 510(k)s for changes to a marketed device must consider the role the Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) regulation plays in changes to device design. For some types of changes to a device, the Agency continues to find that a 510(k) is not necessary and that reliance on existing GMP requirements may continue to reasonably assure the safety and effectiveness of the changed device.
It is important to note that the current 1978 GMP regulation does not directly address the original design of a device. In fact, it was the recognition of the need for this type of control for many types of devices that led to the inclusion of pre-production design controls in the Safe Medical Devices Act of 1990.2 The new GMP and design control regulation, called the Quality Systems regulation, will implement the new authority granted by the Safe Medical Devices Act and require design controls for new devices. The Quality Systems regulation 3, will take effect in two stages. The entire regulation, except for design controls, will take effect on June 1, 1997. The design control provisions will take place on June 1, 1998.
The 1978 GMP regulation, however, is not entirely silent on device design. It requires manufacturers to document in the device master record (§820.181) any changes (and internal approval of changes) to device design and any associated testing (§820.100). It also requires process validation to assure that devices meeting the designed quality characteristics will consistently be produced (§820.5 and §820.100). Finally, manufacturers must have a formal approval procedure for any change in the manufacturing process of a device including those dictated by design changes (§820.100(b)(3)).
The Quality Systems regulation has similar requirements relating to design changes, and these requirements will replace the 1978 GMP requirements on June 1, 1998. Under the Quality Systems regulation, manufacturers are required to review and approve any changes to device design and production (new §820.30 and §820.70) and document changes and approvals in the device master record (new §820.181). Any process whose results cannot be fully verified by subsequent inspection and test must be validated (new §820.75), and changes to the process require review, evaluation, and revalidation of the process where appropriate (new §820.75).
The net effect of the 1978 GMP regulation or the new Quality Systems regulation is to require that, when manufacturers make a change in the design of a device, they must have a process in place to demonstrate that the manufactured device meets the change in design specifications (or the original specifications, if no change was intended). They must keep records, and these records must be made available to an FDA inspector.4 Thus, while the Quality Systems regulation requires design controls for many devices, those controls do not take effect until June 1, 1998. Until then, manufacturers must still comply with the current GMP regulation, which imposes requirements on changes to device design. For many types of changes to a device, it may be found that a 510(k) is not necessary, and the Agency may reasonably rely on good manufacturing practices (either as implemented under the 1978 GMP or the Quality Systems regulation) to continue to assure the safety and effectiveness of the changed device. This reliance is enhanced when manufacturers document their decision-making based on their testing results or other design validation criteria.
Scope of this Guidance
The guidance outlined in this document has been developed to aid manufacturers of class I, class II or class III devices (for which premarket approval has not yet been required under section 515(b)) who intend to modify their device and are in the process of deciding whether the modification exceeds the regulatory threshold for submission of a new 510(k). This guidance for changes to an existing device is intended to supplement the general guidance on review of 510(k)s contained in the ODE Bluebook memorandum on the premarket notification program.5
This document was developed to address all types of modifications, including modifications to device design as well as modifications to device labeling. Furthermore, this guidance can be applied to situations when a legally-marketed device is the subject of a recall and a change in the device or its labeling is indicated. This guidance is not intended to apply, although it may, to combination products, such as drug/device or biologic/device combinations. Furthermore, this guidance is not intended to address the need for submitting 510(k)s by remanufacturers of devices6, who do not hold the 510(k) for the device. FDA intends to develop additional guidance specific to these situations at a later date.
This document incorporates existing guidance and policy7regarding when 510(k)s are necessary for modifications to a legally-marketed device.8 In some cases, the existing guidance derives from advice given to only a few manufacturers for a limited number of devices. In such instances, we have attempted to generalize the concepts to apply to a broader range of devices. However, special cases exist where both manufacturers and FDA have worked to establish definitive guidance for modifications to specific devices, e.g., daily wear contact lenses. 9 This guidance is not intended to supplant such existing device-specific guidance but may cover areas not addressed in such device-specific guidance.
In developing this guidance for aiding in deciding when to submit a 510(k), a number of assumptions had to be made. Some derive from existing 510(k) policy and are widely known, others are necessary for using the logic scheme contained in this guidance. Thus, anyone using this guidance needs to bear in mind the following assumptions:
- Any person required to register under 21 CFR 807.20, who plans to market a device for the first time, that is not exempt from the requirements of premarket notification, will always have to submit a 510(k). (Note that private label distributors and repackagers are exempt from submitting a 510(k) if they satisfy the requirements of 21 CFR 807.85(b).)
- The guidance should be applied using the intended changes to devices and not any unforeseen results of implementing a change that may be discovered during design validation (although such unforeseen results may impact safety and effectiveness and, thus, may be key in deciding to submit a 510(k)).
- When manufacturers submit a 510(k), they must compare their device to a legallymarketed device that does not require premarket approval. This comparison may be to the manufacturer's own device described in a cleared 510(k), a more recent legally marketed incarnation of that device, another firm's device found substantially equivalent, a reclassified device, or a legally marketed preamendments device. That is, when manufacturers submit a new 510(k), they have a number of options for comparison. However, in using this guidance to help determine whether a particular change requires the submission of a new 510(k), manufacturers should compare the change or changes to their device as previously found to be substantially equivalent. This is particularly necessary so that they may take advantage of the guidance's reliance on using the results of GMPrequired activities in deciding when to submit a 510(k). Manufacturers are free to use a system of analysis not described in this guidance where they compare to a competitor's legallymarketed device for an evaluation of the safety or effectiveness of a change, but this guidance is not applicable in such circumstances.
- Because many changes occur in the evolution of a device, each change must be assessed individually, and collectively with other changes made since the last 510(k) clearance. When the effect of any one change, considered together with all previous changes since the last 510(k) clearance, leads a manufacturer to decide it is legally required to submit a new 510(k), then a 510(k) incorporating all the changes and comparing the new device to their legally-marketed device should be submitted. (The manufacturer should distinguish the change that triggers the 510(k) from those changes previously made for which a 510(k) was not required.) Note that this comparison may be done via a table or other means. Once the new 510(k) is cleared, it may form the basis of comparison for when to submit a new 510(k) for the next sequence of changes.
- Whenever manufacturers change their device, they must comply with the GMP regulation unless the device in question is exempt by regulation from the GMP.10 This regulation requires that specification changes be subject to controls as stringent as those applied to the original design specifications of the device, and that such changes be approved and documented by a designated individual(s). Documentation must include the change approval date and the date the change becomes effective (21 CFR 820.100(a)(2)). This means that when a change is made to the device, there is verification through testing or other appropriate engineering means that the change does not adversely affect the device's safety or effectiveness. Only then can manufacturers assure an accurate assessment of the change(s) in the device when they apply this guidance. They must maintain records of their testing or engineering analysis under the current GMP. It is this validation/analysis of the design changes and the documentation maintained by manufacturers that can support the decision on whether to submit a 510(k).
- To derive maximum benefit from this guidance, manufacturers should have in place a mechanism for evaluating whether a proposed change meets the regulatory threshold for a new 510(k). This mechanism could document use of this guidance, if applicable, or other decision-making aids or bases for deciding whether a 510(k) is necessary.
- This guidance can not address every type of change to every type of device. No matter how carefully this guidance is applied, there will still be decisions in a "gray area" that manufacturers will have to make. If manufacturers notify the Office of Device Evaluation of these instances, this gray area can be better defined and understood, and, ultimately, this guidance can be refined accordingly.
- Manufacturers should understand that, even though they may use this guidance and submit a 510(k), a substantial equivalence determination is not assured. Some changes to a device may be sufficiently significant that the changed device would be determined to be not substantially equivalent and a premarket approval application would be required before the device could be marketed.
The Model
The model uses a flowchart to help manufacturers through the logic scheme necessary to arrive at a decision on whether to submit a 510(k) for a change to an existing device. A single flowchart containing all the logical steps necessary is large and cumbersome and could be quite daunting, Therefore, one is not included in this document. Rather, for ease of use, the single flowchart has been broken down into five smaller flowcharts that include:
· the main types of changes that might be made to a device (Main Flowchart)
· labeling changes (Flowchart A)
· technology or performance specifications changes (Flowchart B)
· materials changes (Flowchart C), and
· materials changes for in vitro devices (IVDs) (Flowchart D).
The reader is referred to the Definitions section (page 22) for the meaning of terms used in the flow charts.
To use the model properly, manufacturers must answer the questions posed in the flow chart for each individual type of change, e.g., performance specification change, material change, etc., until a decision is made either to consider submitting a 510(k) or to document the basis for concluding that a 510(k) is not necessary. Manufacturers should consult the flowchart that applies to the particular change or modification under consideration. When making the decision on whether to submit a 510(k) for changes, the comparison should be to the device described in the last 510(k) clearance, collectively with the presently legally marketed device which incorporated modifications that did not require premarket clearance by the agency. One must keep in mind that what may on the surface appear to be one discrete change to a device may involve multiple changes of various types, triggering submission of a new 510(k).
If any one of the changes that is analyzed results in a manufacturer's decision to submit a 510(k), then the 510(k) should incorporate all of the planned changes, as well as a comparison of the changed device to their legally-marketed device. (If a manufacturer has a cleared 510(k), reference to it will aid in the evaluation of the new 510(k).) If a manufacturer's consideration of all planned changes results in a decision merely to document the decision-making, it should document the application of the model along with the necessary records of the validation of all changes to the device. In addition, a manufacturer may also compare their device to a competitor's legally marketed device.
For those circumstances where the proposed change is not addressed in the flowcharts or in a device-specific guidance document, manufacturers are encouraged to contact the Office of Device Evaluation in CDRH to obtain advice. Note, too, that some elements of the flowchart may not pertain to a particular device, e.g., a software change for an inactive implant; these should be ignored in the application of the model.
Before using the flowcharts, the reader is reminded that specific guidance has been developed for changes to a legally-marketed device that result from a recall. That guidance has been developed separately, but its philosophy is similar to this document in that changes to a device that are intended to bring the device back to its original specifications, and that can be validated under GMPs, do not require a 510(k). On the other hand, changes in specifications that are intended to address the safety or effectiveness problem require a 510(k).11
Note that the flowchart entries, "new 510(k)" and "documentation," are written in this way only for conciseness. The reader should interpret "new 510(k)" as strongly consider submitting a 510(k) and "documentation" as document your analysis and file it for future reference. This is, after all, a guidance document, and it is not intended to be prescriptive. It is intended only to provide the outline of a logic scheme for enhancing the likelihood of good decisions.
Each of the questions listed on the detailed flowcharts are identified by the flowchart letter (A through D) and a sequential number. Those questions on the main spine of the flowcharts relate to major questions to be asked and are identified by a letter and an integer, such as A1, A2, etc. Subsidiary questions that are asked in response to a "yes" answer are identified by the integer for the question, a decimal point, and a sequential integer, e.g., C2.1 in Figure 3 labels a decision point containing the question "Is the device an implant?" which follows the determination made in decision point C2 that a change in material type is contemplated.
Labeling Changes
As noted above, the types of changes are divided into labeling changes, technology or performance specifications changes, and materials changes. All labeling changes are handled with a separate logic scheme that concentrates on changes in indications for use as the threshold for contemplating the submission of a 510(k). Other labeling changes are more frequently recommended for documentation only.
Chart A describes the logic scheme to be used when determining when a 510(k) is required for a labeling change. Changes in device labeling often pose the most difficult questions to be addressed by device manufacturers when deciding whether a new 510(k) submission is necessary. Frequently, an apparently subtle change in a device labeling can have a significant impact on the safe and effective use of the device.
- Does the change affect the indications for use? The general statement of the "Indications for Use" identifies the target population in a significant portion of which sufficient scientific evidence has demonstrated that the device as labeled will provide clinically significant results and at the same time does not present an unreasonable risk of illness or injury associated with the use of the device.12 Changes in the indications for use section of labeling raise more agency concern than any other aspect of labeling. In fact, most changes in this part of the labeling will require the submission of a 510(k). Any change in the indications for use that limits use to within the currently cleared indication may occur without the submission of a 510(k). For example, the device was cleared for use with three specific indications and the firm decides to market the device for only two of those indications, would not require submission of a new 510(k). Another example would be further limiting the patient population by age or weight e.g., if your device was indicated for use in adults, you could revise the indication to adults 60 years and older but it does not mean you could indicate it for pediatrics. A more difficult case is where the change expands use to closely related populations. In determining whether a change to the indications for use raises issues of safety or effectiveness, the manufacturer should ask whether the change poses any additional risks, expands the use to a new and distinguishable patient population, etc. If the expansion is to a population with similar demographics, diagnosis, prognosis, comorbidity and potential for complications as the original, then a new 510(k) is not ordinarily expected.
Confusion often results when discussing the distinction between "indications for use" and the "intended use" of the device. The regulatory term, "intended use," refers to the objective intent of the persons legally responsible for the labeling of the device. Intent may be determined by written expressions or may be shown by the circumstances surrounding the distribution of the device. The concept of intended use has particular relevance in determining whether a device can be cleared for marketing through the premarket notification (510(k)) process or must be evaluated in a premarket approval application (PMA). Manufacturers should recognize that if a particular labeling change results in a "new" intended use for the device, the agency will find the device to be not substantially equivalent and require premarket approval.
- Rather than referring to "intended use" as a determinant in deciding when to submit a 510(k), this guidance identifies several specific labeling changes or modifications that have a major impact on intended use and thus would require the submission of a 510(k).13 Two common labeling changes that impact intended use and would usually require submission of a 510(k) are:
- reuse of devices previously labeled "single use only;" and
- changes from prescription to over the counter (OTC).14
- One exception to (2) above is providing home-use instructions for devices that remain prescription and whose use in the home is accepted medical practice in the United States. Many prescription devices are used in the home with increasing frequency and the Agency believes that 510(k)s are not necessary to add home-use labeling. The reader is referred, however, to the FDA publication, "Write It Right," 15for techniques to provide clear and understandable home use instructions.
- Is it a change in warnings or precautions? In order to facilitate a continuous upgrading in device labeling, manufacturers should monitor device usage and promptly revise the warnings and precautions section based on use experience. Events that precipitate changes of this type are routinely reported under the medical device reporting regulation (MDR) 21 CFR Part 803. 510(k)s for such labeling changes are generally unnecessary however, manufacturer's are encouraged to discuss these situations with CDRH. In any event, manufacturers should always document the basis for these changes in their files.
- Does the change add a contraindication? While all changes in the labeled contraindications for device use should be reviewed by the agency, CDRH recognizes that, in general, the addition of a contraindication based on new information is important to public health and should be implemented immediately. Because of this, manufacturers are encouraged to add new contraindications to their labeling and to notify existing users of their device as expeditiously as possible whenever a pressing public health need arises. The new labeling should be submitted to FDA as part of a new 510(k) (that is prominently labeled "change being effected"). Manufacturers may continue to market their device with the modified labeling, unless otherwise notified by FDA. Manufacturers should be thoroughly familiar with what constitutes a true contraindication to do this.16
- Does the change delete a contraindication? Deletion of a contraindication usually requires the submission of a 510(k) prior to effecting the change because this type of labeling change typically expands the indications for use. For example, if a physical restraint was contraindicated for use with individuals weighing less than 100 pounds because of established life-threatening and serious adverse events and the manufacturer subsequently wishes to remove this contraindication, a 510(k) should be submitted. Because we recognize that device labeling often includes contraindications that would more appropriately be warnings or precautions, labeling changes that delete contraindications under such circumstances can be made without the need for a 510(k).
- Is the labeling being revised for clarity to insure safer or more effective use? Device labeling may be changed for a multitude of reasons. Probably, most labeling changes result from attempts to clarify instructions to make the device easier, safer, or more effective to use. In most instances, such labeling changes would not result in the need to submit a 510(k). For example, the instructions for use of an automated clinical chemistry analyzer may be modified to clarify how routine batch testing operation may be temporarily interrupted to allow efficient processing of high priority samples. No 510(k) would be necessary in this instance. However, if the question arises of whether a new 510(k) submission is necessary, manufacturers should document the rationale for their decision.
FDA believes that, if manufacturers follow this approach to changes in device labeling, only necessary 510(k)s (those changes that pose the potential to significantly impact safety and effectiveness) will be submitted while the submission of unnecessary 510(k)s (those where safety and effectiveness are unlikely to be affected) will be minimized. At the same time, manufacturers should be able to retain the flexibility to improve their labeling to insure maximum safe and effective use of their devices.
Technology, Engineering, and Performance Changes
These types of changes encompass a broad span of design activities from minor engineering changes in a circuit board layout to a change from electromechanical to microprocessor control of device function. Chart B illustrates the decision-making logic scheme for such technology, engineering or performance specifications changes to a device. The key to using this logic scheme is that all changes are evaluated or validated according to the current GMP requirements, and the results of this evaluation/validation are used to guide the decision-making on when to submit a new 510(k).
- Is it a control mechanism change? Almost all changes in the control mechanism for a device raise questions of safety and effectiveness. Therefore, such changes will normally require the submission of a new 510(k). This is also true for changes in operating principle (decision point B2) as well as for changes in energy type (decision point B3). (This last was recognized as a significant change both in the statute17 and the implementing regulations.18) Changes of these types tend to be more revolutionary than evolutionary.
- One obvious example of a control mechanism change that would raise new questions of safety and effectiveness would be the change from analog to digital control of a medical device. While the change to digital control can markedly improve device performance specifications and effectiveness, the integration of a digital control into a previously all analog system is complex and usually undertaken only as part of a major redesign of a product. Thus, it would be rare that a new 510(k) would not be necessary. Most often, such changes in control mechanism represent the introduction of a new product line.
- Other changes in control mechanism of a similar nature would also lead to submission of a new 510(k). An example of such a change would be the change from pneumatic to electronic control of a respiratory care device.
- Is it an operating principle change? Similar to a control mechanism change, a change in operating principle would also normally lead to the submission of a 510(k). A typical example of a new operating principle for a device would be changing the image reconstruction algorithm used in a computed tomography x-ray system from simple back projection to a new, more radiation-efficient method. In this case, testing both at the bench and in the clinic would be necessary to support a finding of substantial equivalence for the new device.
- Such changes may also be accompanied by significant labeling changes and, sometimes, by a need for operator retraining to assure continued safe and effective operation. Note, however, that some minor changes to the algorithm that can easily be validated by the manufacturer may not require the submission of a 510(k). Such incremental software changes are discussed under decision point B8 below.
- Is it a change in energy type? Here, too, the submission of a new 510(k) will usually be necessary. For example, changing from AC to battery power is usually part of a redesign to provide a portable device that can be used under different environmental conditions than the original device. Such a change would normally be accompanied by significant labeling changes, including a new or expanded indication for use. Note that this type of change does not include a change from 3V to 9V operation or a change from NICad to lead acid storage batteries. Such changes would be considered changes in performance specifications or technical specifications and are discussed at decision point B5 below.
- Is it a change in environmental specifications? See B8 below.
- Is it a change in performance specifications? See B8 below.
- Is it a change in ergonomics of the patient/user interface? See B8 below.
- Is it a change in dimensional specifications? See B8 below.
- Is it a change in software or firmware?
The types of changes identified at decision points B4 through B8 have frequently been called design changes or engineering changes. They encompass everything from the routine specification changes necessary to maintain or improve device performance as a result of feedback from users, field or plant personnel, etc., up to and including significant product redesign. The major difficulty lies in sorting out which of these changes is significant enough to trigger the need for a 510(k). The logic scheme that follows is intended to lead a manufacturer through a thought process that will allow routine engineering change orders to occur, while identifying those changes for which a 510(k) would be indicated.
- Does the change affect the indications for use? As with an explicit labeling change, if the change affects the indications for use, i.e., if it creates an implied new indication for use, a new 510(k) should be submitted. An example of this would be changing the length of a surgical scissor from 10 centimeters to 30 centimeters so that the device could be used in laparoscopic procedures. The original indication for use was for open surgical procedures, while the new indication for use would be for closed, endoscopically-controlled procedures. Note that even though a surgical scissor is exempt from the requirement to submit a 510(k) by regulation,19 one must still evaluate the change to assure that the change does not affect the device's classification or exemption status.20
- Are clinical data necessary to evaluate safety and effectiveness for purposes of determining substantial equivalence? Whenever a manufacturer recognizes that clinical data are needed because bench testing or simulations are not sufficient to assess safety and effectiveness and, thus, to establish the substantial equivalence of a new design, a 510(k) should be submitted. In the case of in vitro diagnostic devices, however, clinical samples may be collected and analyzed to demonstrate that the device continues to conform to performance specifications as contained in a voluntary standard or as described in a previous 510(k). A new 510(k) is normally not necessary in this situation.
- Do results of design validation raise new issues of safety and effectiveness? All changes to device design will require some level of design validation or evaluation to assure that the device continues to perform as intended. The successful application of routine design validation activities will logically result in manufacturers documenting their efforts and proceeding with the design change, i.e., assuring that no issues of safety or effectiveness are raised. Occasionally, however, either routine design validation activities produce unexpected results or otherwise prove to be inadequate to validate the design change. In such instances, questions of safety and effectiveness may be associated with the design change, and the manufacturer may need to submit a new 510(k).
- For example, a manufacturer sees the need to add a higher kilovoltage position on the control of a conventional diagnostic x-ray system. The results of the design change are predicted based on models, calculations, etc. The new system is used to image a phantom and all results are as predicted. The manufacturer documents the efforts and proceeds to production. On the other hand, a manufacturer of monitoring devices wants to use a more sensitive comparator circuit and makes other design changes to accommodate the more sensitive component. Tests with a simulator produce unexpected results, and additional work is necessary to rationalize what has occurred. The manufacturer should carefully assess what has been done and whether new issues of safety or effectiveness have been uncovered. One key to the answer (but not the only one) is whether a significantly different scheme for design validation was necessary.
- Is there a change in packaging or expiration dating? Generally, changes in device packaging or changes in the expiration date for use of a device do not result in the need for a new 510(k). Such changes are properly within the scope of GMPs. This is true whether the manufacturer applies an expiration date because of package integrity considerations, e.g., sterility, or because of a finite shelf-life of the device. However, where methods or protocols, not described in the original 510(k), are used to support new package integrity or shelf-life claims, a new 510(k) may be necessary.
- Has there been a change in sterilization? Changes in sterilization have the potential for affecting the safety or effectiveness of the device and, thus, must be carefully assessed. Changes which have a lower sterility assurance level (SAL) would routinely need a new 510(k) as would those which ordinarily affect the integrity of device materials.
- Has there been a change in performance specification of the device or in the sterility assurance level attained as a result of the change in sterilization? Changes in the method of sterilization have the potential for changing performance characteristics of a device. This is particularly true of the properties of polymeric materials. When manufacturers make changes in sterilization methods, they must document that the important properties/specifications of the device remain unaffected. In addition, if the SAL is lowered, manufacturers must consider whether device safety or effectiveness may have been compromised by the new level. In general, reductions in SAL should trigger 510(k) submissions unless the SAL remains above 10-6. In any event, manufacturers need to assess critically the need for a new 510(k) for their device in these instances.
Materials Changes
Firms making changes to the materials from which their device is manufactured should first consider the other types of changes discussed above and their impact on the decision regarding the need for a new 510(k). For example, a change of a material type, as discussed below, might also engender a change in the labeling of the device, e.g., the removal of a contraindication or the addition of a new warning, or a change in specifications, e.g., a reduction in the strength of the device. These collateral changes should be considered first, before applying the logic scheme described in this section. See Chart C.
- Is the device an in vitro diagnostic product (IVD)? If the device is an IVD, refer to the later section of this Guidance which is specific to materials changes in IVD's (Chart D).
- Is this a change in the type of material from which the device is manufactured? Is the generic type of material being changed? There is considerable discussion available regarding what is meant by generic materials types. FDA is developing a Biomaterials Compendium for implant devices which will give form and structure to this discussion. The goal of this Compendium is to relate the type of device to the materials of manufacture. Appendix A to this Guidance is the latest draft of the current tables of generic materials from that Compendium and may be used by manufacturers to help in their decision-making along with this guidance. Note that even though these tables are not final, they are sufficiently complete to demonstrate the differences in changes in material type and material formulation for most device materials.
- Is the device an implant? Implant devices are those described in the "permanent contact" category of ISO 10993-1, Section 5.1.4 and 5.2.21 (Also see the section on "Flowchart Definitions.")
- (Since the device is an implant) Will the material of the affected part of the implant be likely to contact body tissues or fluids? Changes in materials that contact body tissues or fluids may critically affect the device's safety or effectiveness, either because of potentially new interactions of the device material on the body or because of the body's environmental effects on the new material in the device. Manufacturers should submit a new 510(k) for a change in implant material where the material contacts tissue (including bone tissue) or body fluid. Examples of devices for which changes in material type would normally require a new 510(k) are total joints or their components. On the other hand, changes in materials of an implant that are not intended to contact body tissues or fluids are not likely to require a 510(k) submission. Examples of such changes in material type are changes in the interior materials of an implantable electric stimulator (e.g., a single chamber cardiac pacemaker) which are sealed from ingress of body fluids or tissues.
- Is there a change in performance specifications? Frequently, a change in material is made to purposefully alter the performance specifications of a device. In this case, decision point B5 should be used (in addition to this one) to help decide whether a 510(k) is necessary. Sometimes, however, changes in materials can inadvertently affect the performance of a device. Under GMPs, manufacturers are responsible for assessing whether a change in material affects the device's ability to meet specifications. If performance specifications are inadvertently affected by a materials change, a new 510(k) will probably be necessary. Manufacturers should still use the logic scheme beginning at decision point B5 to help decide whether a 510(k) should be submitted when performance specifications are inadvertently affected.
- Will the material of the affected part of the (non-implant) device be likely to contact body tissues or fluids in vivo? Non-implant devices include both "limited exposure" and "prolonged exposure" devices, as described in ISO 10993-1: Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices, Part 1: Evaluation and Testing. Examples of prolonged exposure devices that might contact in vivo fluids or tissues are: a parenteral feeding catheter; a wound drain; an infusion catheter; sutures; etc.
- Considering that the material is likely to contact in vivo body tissues or fluids and the requirements of ISO 10993-1, is additional testing required? ISO 109931 outlines a rational process by which a manufacturer can determine which types of biological evaluation should be performed on a device prior to its use with patients. Proper consideration of the various aspects of this evaluation should lead the manufacturer to consistent decisions regarding the changes to the material and the necessity of additional testing. Additional testing is that which would be necessary for a manufacturer to assure that the new material used would not elicit an undesirable patient response. It does not include routine quality assurance testing or verification of the properties of incoming raw materials.
- A 510(k) may not be needed if the manufacturer has satisfactory results from the testing indicated by ISO 109931 in its files for the material in question or if such results are available to the manufacturer, e.g., are available in the open published literature or have been provided to the 510(k) holder by the material supplier. Applying this principle is much clearer for materials such as metal alloys, where the physical and chemical descriptions for a particular formulation are exact, than it is for materials such as polymers or ceramics, where the characterization of the formulation may be less exact and there may not be a good correspondence between the material formulation intended for use in the device and that formulation for which the results of testing are well established. In this latter instance, additional testing (in the sense of this guidance) is probably necessary.
- However, if such additional testing is required, a 510(k) is usually necessary. Note that if testing of the original cleared device was done according to prior FDA guidance (Tripartite Agreement), further testing is necessary only if the manufacturer decides that there are new aspects to the material suggested by ISO 109931 that the previous guidance did not suggest.
- Is there a change in performance specifications? Frequently, a change in material is made to purposefully alter the performance specifications of a device. In this case, decision point B5 should be used (in addition to this one) to help decide whether a 510(k) is necessary. Sometimes, however, changes in materials can inadvertently affect the performance of a device. Under GMPs, manufacturers are responsible for assessing this possibility. If performance specifications are inadvertently changed, it is possible that a new 510(k) is necessary. Manufacturers should still use the logic scheme beginning at decision point B5 to help decide whether a 510(k) is necessary.
- Is this a change in the formulation of the material, but not a change in material type? These are changes within a single generic material type that can affect the chemistry, metallurgy, or other property or stability of the material. These do not include changes in processing aids, catalysts, residual contaminants, or manufacturing aids that are not intended to be part of the material. An example of a change in material formulation is a change from one type of polyurethane to another or a change from a AISI Type 316 stainless steel to a AISI type 400 stainless steel. To determine the need for a 510(k) for a change in material formulation, the same logic used for a change in material type should be followed. (See C2.1 above.) Note that there is no "Generally-Recognized-as-Safe" list of implant materials. Even though a material may work well as an implant in one part of the body, there is no assurance that it will perform as well in another.
- Is there a change in the vendor of the raw material from which the device is manufactured? Changes in the suppliers of raw materials to the manufacturers of medical devices are described in both the existing GMP22 regulations and 510(k) regulations.23 These regulations establish the responsibility of the device manufacturer to purchase those materials against a materials specification. Such a specification would require particular performance characteristics of the raw materials related to the desired performance of the finished device. The controlling aspect of the logic scheme for this change is the existence of such a material specification.
- Is the new material being supplied to a specification? If the material is being supplied to the device manufacturer's specification, a 510(k) is probably not necessary. For example, a device manufacturer might include a transparency requirement in the purchase specification for tubing to be used in an implantable catheter. Such a requirement might be related to the later processing of the tubing into the finished device. To change the supplier of that material without the need for a new 510(k), the specification should include a transparency requirement, and the device manufacturer's design validation, as required by the GMP regulation, must describe the rationale for that transparency requirement. Further, the manufacturer should document that component specifications are still met and that the performance specifications (characteristics) of the device are not adversely affected.
Materials Changes for In vitro Diagnostic Products
- Is there a change in performance specifications? Changes in the material used in an IVD can affect the performance of the device and should be assessed as to their impact on safety and effectiveness.
- Does the change in the performance specifications of the IVD mean that new clinical data (clinical samples) will be necessary to establish the safety and effectiveness of the device for the purpose of demonstrating substantial equivalence? An example of a change where a new 510(k) would be required is when the material change results in a change in the cut-off. In that case, clinical testing would be required, and the results should be part of the new 510(k). (Note that clinical testing for an IVD refers to testing of clinical samples either at the manufacturing site or at sites of intended use.) An example where new clinical data are necessary, but a new 510(k) is not necessary, is when no labeling changes would be made because comparison of the changed device with the legally marketed device demonstrates statistically equivalent performance.
- Does the change in the performance specifications of the IVD mean that new clinical data will be necessary to show continuing conformance of the device to a recognized standard? Voluntary standards such as those developed by the National Committee of Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS), the National Cholesterol Educational Program and other professional groups may be part of the basis of a substantial equivalence determination for an IVD. Deviation of IVD performance specifications from the performance values of widely accepted voluntary standards should always be communicated to potential users. Such deviations may also indicate that substantial equivalence of the device is in question, and a 510(k) should be submitted.
- Do the results of the design validation performed as a result of this change in materials raise new issues of safety and effectiveness? As noted above, design validation is required when changes are made to any device, including an IVD. If the results of such validation raise new issues of safety or effectiveness, thus indicating that the performance of the device is not known or well established, a new 510(k) may be necessary. This might be the case, for example, if standard methods of design validation for IVDs are not possible and non-standard methods must be applied.
- Does the change in material alter the operating principle of the IVD? Examples of changes in materials that alter the operating principle of the device and would routinely require a 510(k) are: changes from liquid to solid reagent; change from an RIA to a non-RIA; changes in the source and type of an antibody, likely to produce a change in antibody specificity, affinity, or purity; change from immunofluorescence to ELISA; or a change in conjugates. Examples of changes that might affect the operating principle of the IVD are changes in reaction components or materials such as calibration materials and quality control materials or changes in methods such as specimen pretreatment, incubation times and temperatures. If these changes produce statistically significant deviations in device performance that result in modified reporting of performance in labeling, they would require a new 510(k). If no statistically significant deviations are observed and labeling is not changed, a new 510(k) submission would not be necessary. Examples of changes in materials which do not ordinarily affect the operating principle are changes in preservatives and changes in formulations of the existing materials.
The following definitions are provided to clarify the meaning of terms used in the flow chart. Wherever possible, existing definitions from the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, the medical device regulations, or ODE Bluebook memoranda have been used. In some cases, where regulatory definitions are unavailable, we have relied on strict dictionary definitions of terms.
Change: As used in the model, this means a proposed change and not the impact of a proposed change. Important impacts of a proposed change are identified on the flow chart. For example, a manufacturer may propose a change in method of sterilization. This change could impact on performance specifications because of potential chemical or physical damage to the device. The proposed change (in method of sterilization) is the change that should be used in the model.
Contraindications: See "precautions, warnings and contraindications" below.
Control Mechanism: The manner by which the actions of a device are directed. An example of a change in control mechanism would be the replacement of an electro-mechanical control with a microprocessor control.
Dimensional Specifications: The physical size and shape of the device. Such specifications may include the length, width, thickness, or diameter of a device, as well as the location of a part or component of the device.
Documentation: For the purpose of this guidance, documentation means recording the results of applying the model to proposed changes in a device. Consideration of each decision point should be recorded, as well as the final conclusions reached. If testing or other engineering analysis is part of the process, the results of this activity should be recorded or referenced. A copy of this documentation should be maintained for future reference.
Energy Type or Character: The type of power input to or output from the device. Examples of a change in energy type or character would be a change from AC to battery power (input) or a change from ionizing radiation to ultrasound to measure a property of the body (output).
Environmental Specifications: The (range of) acceptable levels of environmental parameters or operating conditions under which the device will perform safely and effectively. Examples of changes in environmental specifications are expanding the acceptable temperature range in which the device will operate properly or hardening the device to significantly higher levels of electromagnetic interference.
Ergonomics of Patient/User Interface: The way in which the device and the patient/user are intended to interact. Examples of this would be the various audible or visible alarms intended to alert the user to a hazardous condition, the layout of a control panel, or the mode of presentation of information to the user.
Expiration date: The date beyond which there are no data to assure that the product may perform safely or effectively and beyond which the manufacturer states the product should not be used.
Implant: A device that is intended to reside within a surgically or naturally formed channel or cavity of the human body for a period of more than 30 days (excluding dental restoration materials).
Intended Use: Intended use refers to "the objective intent of the persons legally responsible for the labeling of devices. The intent is determined by such persons' expressions or may be shown by the circumstances surrounding the distribution of the article...."24
Indications for use: An indication for use is "a general description of the disease or condition the device will diagnose, treat, prevent, cure, or mitigate, including a description of the patient population for which the device is intended." 25 The indications include all the labeled patient uses of the device, for example:
- the condition(s) or disease(s) to be screened, monitored, treated, or diagnosed,
- prescription versus over-the-counter use,
- part of the body or type of tissue applied to or interacted with,
- frequency of use,
- physiological purpose (e.g., removes water from blood, transports blood, etc.), or
- patient population.
The indications for use are normally found in the indications section of the labeling, but indications may also be inferred from other parts of the labeling such as the precautions, warnings, or the bibliography sections. In some instances, a change in the indications for use may be a new intended use for the device, in which case, the 510(k) for the changed device would be found not substantially equivalent and a premarket approval application or a reclassification petition would be necessary.26
In vitro Device: Those reagents, instruments, and systems intended for use in the diagnosis of disease or other conditions, including a determination of the state of health, in order to cure, mitigate, treat, or prevent disease or its sequelae. Such products are intended for use in the collection, preparation, and examination of specimens taken from the human body.27
Label: The term "label" means a display of written, printed, or graphic matter upon the immediate container of any article.28
Labeling: The term "labeling" means all labels and other written, printed, or graphic matter (1) upon any article or its containers or wrappers, or (2) accompanying such article.29 This can include, among other things, any user or maintenance manuals and, in some instances, promotional literature.
Manufacturer: For the purposes of this document, the term manufacturer includes any 510(k) holder, even if that person does not actually fabricate the existing device. The term also includes persons who have a preamendments device or a device that is currently exempt by regulation from the 510(k) requirements of the act.
Material Formulation: The base polymer formulation or the alloy, additives, colors, etc., used to establish a property or the stability of the material. This does not include processing aids, mold release agents, residual contaminants, or other manufacturing aids that are not intended to be a part of the material. An example of a change in material formulation would be a change from a series 300 stainless steel to a series 400 stainless steel.
Material Supplier: The firm supplying the raw material to a finished device manufacturer.
Material Type: The generic name of the material from which the device is manufactured. (Use the generic name in the biomaterials compendium.) An example of a material type change would be the change from natural latex rubber to synthetic rubber.
Method of Sterilization: The physical or chemical mechanism used to achieve sterility or to achieve a specific sterility assurance level (SAL).
Operating Principle: The mode of operation or mechanism of action through which a device fulfills (or achieves) its intended use. An example of a change in operating principle would be using a new algorithm to compress images in a picture archiving and communications system. For an IVD, an example would be a change from immunofluorescence to ELISA.
Packaging: Any wrapping, containers, etc., used to protect, to preserve the sterility of, or to group medical devices.
Performance Specifications: The performance characteristics of a device as listed in device labeling or in finished product release specifications. Some examples of performance specifications are measurement accuracy, output accuracy, energy output level, and stability criteria.
Preamendments Device: A device legally marketed in the United States prior to May 28, 1976.
Precautions, Warnings, and Contraindications:
- Precautions describe any special care to be exercised by a practitioner or patient for the safe and effective use of a device. This definition also include limitations stated for IVDs.
- Warnings describe serious adverse reactions and potential safety hazards that can occur in the proper use or misuse of a device, along with consequent limitations in use and mitigating steps to take if they occur.
- Contraindications describe situations in which the device should not be used because the risk of use clearly outweighs any reasonably foreseeable benefits.30
Reuse: Use of a device more than once on a single patient or on more than one patient. Actions necessary for reuse of a device may include instructions for assembly/disassembly, on-site sterilization or disinfection, etc. This definition does not include the refurbishing or repair of a device for redistribution or resale.
Software: The set of instructions used to control the actions or output of a medical device, to provide input to or output from a medical device, or to provide the actions of a medical device. This definition includes software that is imbedded or permanently a part of a medical device, software that is an accessory to a medical device, or software that is itself a medical device.
Warnings: See "precautions, warnings, and contraindications" above.
Material Class
biological origin
Material Subclasses
|stainless steel
|Al compound
|Co & Ni allay
|Ti compound
|tantalum alloy
|Zr compound
|titanium alloy
|Ca compound
|zirconium alloy
|Biologic Origin
|polymer matrix
|metal matrix
|ceramic matrix
METALS Generic Material Names
|Stainless Steels
|Co & Ni Alloys
|Ti Alloys
|316L FeCrNiMo
|CoCrMo period
|CpTi (grade 1-4)
|nitrogen strengthened
|Ti 6Al 4V
|Ti 6Al 7Nb
|Ti 5Al 2.5 Fe
|Ti 3.8Al15Mo5Zr
|Nickel based
|Ti 13Nbl3Zr
|Ti 12Mo6Zr2Fe
|Ti 15Mo2.8Nb.2Si
|NiTi alloy
|Zr Alloys
|Ta Alloys
|unalloyed Ta
|acetal (POM)
|acrylic (hydrogels)
|acrylic (MMA,PMMA)
|EPDM rubber
|hydrogel based
|PEO hydrogel
|natural latex
|poly(aryl)ether ketone
|polyurethane (other)
|polyamide (nylon)
|polycarbonate (PC)
|polyesters (PET, PBT)
|polysulfide rubber
|polyester copolymer
|rubber-modified acrylic
|polyethylene (PE)
|silicone gel
|polyethylene (UHMWPE)
|silicone elastomer
|polypropylene (PP)
|polystyrene (PS)
|polyurethane (PU)
|polyvinyl alcohol (PVO)
|polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
|polyvinylidine chloride
|acrylic based
|silicone (PDMS)
|UV curable
CERAMICS and COMPOSITES CERAMICS
|Al Compounds
|Ti Compounds
|Zr Compounds
|Ca Compounds
|CaO stabilized
|titanium carbide
|calcium phosphate
|titanium dioxide
|calcium hydroxyphosphate
|zirconium dioxide
|calcium sulfate
|calcium aluminate
|bioactive glass
|silica based
|LTI pyrolytic
|LTI-Si alloy
|ULTI pyrolytic
|vapor deposited
|Polymer Matrix
|Metal Matrix
|Ceramic Matrix
|acrylic glass
|Ag-MP35 I?
|Calcium hydroxide
|bis/GMA composites
|Ta-Elgiloy wire
|ceramic particle reinforced
|glass ionomer cement
|CFR epoxy
|CFR poly(etherketones)
|silicate cement
|CFR poly(imide)
|zinc oxide eugenol
|CFR Poly(sulfone)
|zinc phosphate cement
|zinc polycarboxylate cement
|glass reinforced
|metal fiber reinforced
|PTFE composite
|blood vessel
|bone marrow
|dura mater
|fascia lata
|fibrous sheath
|heart valve
|renal tubular prog.
|smooth muscle
|umbilical cord
|growth hormones
|umbilical vein
|hyaluronic acid
|molluscan glue
|protein extract
|RDG protein
|triglicerides, soybean oil


text:
The morning we drove into the hills to a small lake to watch the sun rise, a fog settled in, washing away all but the palest palettes of slate. It matched the hues of my heart, austere and somewhat sullen - not bleak - simply quiet and contemplative.
I know most people are off to the next holiday, but my mind has settled in a sea of gratitude. Thanksgiving morning, Dave and I shared these often overlooked things to be grateful for. (The template can be found at A Life Less Bullshit.)
Something my body can do. Climb. Isn't it easy to get caught up in how we'd like our bodies to change? More of this. Less of that. Stronger. Leaner. Better. Our bodies are incredible. I am thankful my body can meet the challenges and training I ask of it. A recent (minor) hand injury has been a poignant reminder to be grateful for a healthy body and both the amazingly grand and seemingly small feats it can do.
People who help without knowing it. Kathryn Budig inspires me as a woman who has achieved an enviable career, evolving her passion into a successful business, all the while remaining playful and utterly approachable. Kelly Starrett. Because he isn't afraid to challenge long-standing notions concerning human movement and athletic performance, he is revolutionizing the way athletes and practitioners approach both. To become a practitioner on par with his level of expertise is a worthy goal I've set. On a similar note, Jill Miller's expertise is not due to any particular school of training; her years of hands on experience and astuteness led her to evolve modalities and innovate practices to fill the gaps she perceived. Sheena Jibson reminds me often to get real, get outside, appreciate my life, and thrive in it. Justine Musk has recently crossed my radar, but I am deeply inspired by her writing and voice.
Something that changed in the past year. Do you ever stop and assess how you see yourself? Currently? It was deep into summer when I realized I had designated myself to little more than a burnt-out working student / overwhelmed, nagging wife. The descent into this dark place was more gradual and subtle than depression I had experienced in the past. I made quite the mess climbing out, learning several harsh truths and causing pain. If I ever want to lose my sense of self, I need simply to become complacent. Now I am feeding the aspects of my life that need to be nourished - using journals, vision boards, & my "life architecture" as constant reminders - in order to thrive.
A shitty experience that taught me something.
Close your eyes. Find love. Stay there. -Rumi
Heartache and love and passion have cut to the marrow of my bones. Tears seeped from every pore until I felt the hollowness of my skeleton. To feel intensely is a blessing, but we cannot isolate emotions. Heartache digs out your insides leaving behind a shell that feels too fragile to nudge forward. But within vulnerability is a sort of space and expansion. I had never known the ferocity of love and passion until now. Perhaps it is the fear of loss, but I am grateful for the awareness and vigilance it awoke. I see the strength, beauty, awareness, and commitment of the man standing next to a me. I am blessed.
I have enough. Time...to do the things I enjoy. We all claim at some point - maybe even often - there is too much to do and not enough hours in the day, but how much of what we do is truly necessary and how much of our time is wasted? Also, I have enough resources - be it monetary or emotional - to live a comfortable life, to feel supported in my endeavors, and to pursue my passions. My life feels pretty luxurious.
Buttermilk Custard for Two
Sheena made a pie I couldn't stop thinking about. I didn't want to hassle with a crust, so I tried my hand at a custard instead. I love the way the surface crystalizes subtly as it bakes. This is especially perfect with a glass of Lillet Blanc. I suspect orange pairs very nicely with this as well. Rice flour makes this gluten-free, but most flours should work fine. I prefer brown rice syrup as a sweetener because of the minimal amount of fructose, but feel free to use maple if you prefer.
zest from one Meyer lemon
3 yolks (preferably local or organic, mine were from duck eggs)
2 T brown rice flour
1/3 cup brown rice syrup
1 cup buttermilk
½ tsp vanilla
scant ¼ tsp sea salt
Preheat the oven to 325 °F. In a small mixing bowl, whisk together zest, yolks, and flour until smooth. Slowly add the brown rice syrup while stirring. Stir in the buttermilk, vanilla, and salt. Divide between two 4-ounce ramekins and place them in a deep baking dish. Place on the oven rack and make a water bath by pouring hot water into the baking dish high enough to cover the ramekins halfway up the sides. Bake for about 1 hour until set. Carefully remove from the oven and place the ramekins on a cooling rack. Serve at room temperature or chilled.
Serves 2.
Prep time: 10 min - Cook time: ~1 hr


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Grape Salad is a favorite side dish at our house! I made this for Thanksgiving and everyone loved it. It is so easy to prepare and inexpensive too when grapes are on sale. You can't go wrong with this delicious combination. You can toast your pecans if you desire and that really steps up the final product.
This is a naturally gluten free recipe with you know I love! You can substitute granola for the nuts for those with allergies.
My husband is not a fan of fruit salad at all and he loves this grape salad. It is a family favorite at potlucks and holidays. It is sweet enough to serve as dessert too!
- 8 oz sour cream
- 8 oz cream cheese, softened
- 1 teaspoon vanilla
- ½ cup Granulated Sugar (or Splenda)
- 8 cups seedless grapes (I like a mix or green and red grapes)
- ½ cup brown sugar
- 1 cup chopped pecans
- Beat together the sour cream, cream cheese, vanilla and Splenda/Sugar until creamy
- Fold in grapes (cut in half if they are over sized)
- Mix together for topping the finely chopped pecans and brown sugar
- Spread the grape salad in a 13 x 9 dish or bowl and sprinkle with topping or serve in individual cups and sprinkle mixture over.
- Chill overnight for up to 24 hours and serve.


text:
Taco Bell Crime of the Week!
The bigger crime this week isn't so much the physical one, but the headline accompanying the story--"Taco Bell Bandit Ran for the Oaklyn Border." HA HA. Why didn't the paper just call the thief a bandito and work in something about greasers and Chihuahuas? Of course, such racial subtleties are expected from where the crime took place: New Jersey.
Now, the story--actually, the border part
....[The police spokesperson] said that at some point, the lone holdup suspect, identified as Joseph Schipp Sr., 37, fled the restaurant with the bag of cash. He headed toward Newton Creek, which is near the restaurant.
Later police spotted three men along the shore, hiding in some weeds. One of them entered the water and began swimming toward the opposite shore, said the chief. After about 20 minutes, police captured all three men who were brought to a Conrail trestle for arrest.
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Tuc Watkins
Tuc Watkins was born on September 2, 1966 in Kansas City, Missouri, USA as Charles Curtis Watkins III. He is an actor and producer, known for The Mummy (1999), General Hospital (1963) and One Life to Live (1968). See full bio »
Born:in Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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