text:
How to dye stockings in a solid line?
I know you can use food colorant or kool-aid to dye stockings, that's fine.
My only problem is that I want it dyed in more or less solid line, I don't want the 2 colors bleeding into each other.
Does anyone know how to accomplish this? or have any ideas?
Stretch white tights them over a wire frame tight and dip in black dye. Stop when you need to.
Some experimentation may be required to get the dye solution to the required thickness to prevent wicking up the textile.
You can thicken he dye with a food thickener such as corn starch or gum Arabic.
Either way, I don't have a straight edge that I can clamp.
Any other ideas?
Thanks though. It's a start.
My thought was the hair stray could help act as a barrier to prevent the fibers from soaking up the die since they will be saturated with the hair spray.
Another option is to use spray paint rather than die.
But if I do a koolaid dye I have to heat it somehow.
I usually use the microwave. Thats obviously not gonna work if I am using 2 shelves to clamp it down.
Are there easier ways of heating the dye?
Dry it with a hair-dryer?


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Supreme Court Justice Puts Hamlet on Trial
[Sorry, the video for this story has expired, but you can still read the transcript below. ]
COURTROOM ANNOUNCER: In the matter of the Crown v. Prince Hamlet…
JEFFREY BROWN: It was a trial 400 years in the making. The courtroom was actually a stage at Washington's Kennedy Center. The defendant was a fictional character: Hamlet, prince of Denmark, he of "to be or not to be."
The judge was real, but Anthony Kennedy usually hears cases as a justice on the Supreme Court. Justice Kennedy first had the idea for "The Trial of Hamlet" some 13 years ago.
JUSTICE ANTHONY KENNEDY, U.S. Supreme Court: Prosecution here; defense here.
JEFFREY BROWN: Recently, he approached Michael Kahn, head of the Shakespeare Theater here, about staging it as part of a six-month celebration of the bard now underway in Washington, using real-life lawyers, expert witnesses, and a jury of adults, college and high school students.
At the Supreme Court a few hours before the event, I had a chance to ask Justice Kennedy: Why try Hamlet?
JUSTICE ANTHONY KENNEDY: It seemed to be, number one, an excellent way to get young people interested in Shakespeare and to understand the value of our literary heritage.
Then, too, there are some similarities between the law and literature. We in the law seek to find order in a disordered reality; we seek to find rationality in a world that seems chaotic. And the artist does the same thing, and Hamlet's trying to do the same thing. So there's a parallel.
Hamlet's madness is central issue
JEFFREY BROWN: A quick recap of the rotten state of Denmark, with Laurence Olivier's help.
Hamlet's father, the king, has just died. Hamlet returns from the university to find that his mother has quickly married his uncle, who is now king. The ghost of Hamlet's father appears to him, tells him that his uncle had actually murdered his father.
And then -- well, the rest is the most famous ambivalence in the history of literature. As Hamlet wonders, Should I seek revenge and kill my uncle? Should I forego revenge and kill myself? Do I believe that ghost, whoever he was?
In the end, Hamlet kills Polonius, his father's and now his uncle's chief adviser, and most everyone involved ends up dead, Hamlet included. This is a tragedy, after all.
The question lurking over everything: Is Hamlet mad as a hatter or, as Polonius says at one point, "Is there reason in it?" That is, is he only faking madness?
Director Michael Kahn.
MICHAEL KAHN, The Shakespeare Theatre Company: This issue of whether Hamlet is mad or not mad is the central issue of the play. It's bedeviled every director, every actor who's ever done the play. It's actually the biggest decision you have to make.
And if you decide he's mad, then, of course, that's why he does everything. If you decide he's not mad, then you ask, "Why is he feigning madness?"
And so every interpretation of the play, really every moment of the play with Hamlet in it, is based upon what this group of people are going to be debating.
Bringing Hamlet back to life
JEFFREY BROWN: At the staged "Trial of Hamlet," the very specific legal issue was whether Hamlet was mentally competent when he killed Polonius and could be held criminally responsible.
That very kind of legal issue is still with us today.
JUSTICE ANTHONY KENNEDY: It happens all the time. And it's one of the most -- still one of the most difficult areas of the law for juries to decide, when an accused should or should not stand trial when his or her mental condition is an issue.
JEFFREY BROWN: Hamlet, of course, in the play dies.
JUSTICE ANTHONY KENNEDY: Yes.
JEFFREY BROWN: You have brought him back to life.
JUSTICE ANTHONY KENNEDY: Yes.
JEFFREY BROWN: How did you do that?
JUSTICE ANTHONY KENNEDY: Well, I was originally going to rewrite the last scene of the play...
JEFFREY BROWN: You were going to rewrite the play?
JUSTICE ANTHONY KENNEDY: Yes, but I thought better...
JEFFREY BROWN: You're a Supreme Court justice, but you're not Shakespeare.
JUSTICE ANTHONY KENNEDY: Yes, but I thought that would be slightly presumptuous.
JEFFREY BROWN: The justice, however, wasn't above committing a journalistic sin. He wrote a fake news story in which Hamlet survives the poisoning that was originally thought to have killed him. And with that, the trial could go on.
Using Hamlet's words in either case
CATHERINE CRIER, Court TV Anchor: What would you call a person who exhibits the following behaviors: delusions, hallucinations that command murderous conduct?
JEFFREY BROWN: Former Texas state judge and Court TV anchor Catherine Crier opened the defense case.
CATHERINE CRIER: You would call that person mentally ill.
JEFFREY BROWN: Crier and co-counsel, Washington trial lawyer Abbe Lowell, used Hamlet's own words and actions to build their case.
ABBE LOWELL, Attorney: But he does think himself on a mission from God, doesn't he?
JEFFREY BROWN: But then so did the prosecution, attorneys Cristina Arguedas and Miles Ehrlich.
MILES EHRLICH, Attorney: He says to his mother, "For this same lord, I do repent. But heaven hath pleased it so to punish me with this, and this with me."
What's unique about this is that, at least in my work as a lawyer, so much of it comes down to analyzing, working with language. Usually, we don't have such a rich source to draw from. Depositions and even trial transcripts, as you can imagine, aren't always that exciting.
JEFFREY BROWN: It's nothing like Shakespeare, huh?
MILES EHRLICH: Not Shakespeare.
JEFFREY BROWN: You're reading the same words.
ABBE LOWELL: We are, in fact, using the same words, which is both the genius of Shakespeare and the genius of the dilemma of Hamlet. I mean, the same words that I am sure that the expert that the prosecution is going to call is going to be the words that our expert calls, and therein lies both the challenge and the adventure here.
JEFFREY LIEBERMAN, Columbia University: I viewed it, from a clinical perspective, in the cold light of everyday reality, albeit of the 17th century.
JEFFREY BROWN: The expert witness for the defense, Columbia University psychiatry professor Jeffrey Lieberman, explained that Hamlet's words and actions, including that extreme ambivalence, proved this was one deeply and clinically depressed prince.
JEFFREY LIEBERMAN: It is called schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type.
MILES EHRLICH: Which of those lines do you believe to be the product of a psychotic mind?
JEFFREY LIEBERMAN: The lines that he says are a description of his ambivalence, which is that "to be or not to be."
We all have degrees of ambivalence. Justice Kennedy described the legal profession as having a particular proclivity to this, but it's something we can overcome. This is something we can overcome.
JEFFREY BROWN: The prosecution's expert, Harvard professor Alan Stone, was just as sure that Hamlet was faking his madness and refused to be shaken by the cross-examination from defense attorney Lowell.
ABBE LOWELL: In fact, you've testified about delusions. So isn't that one of the symptoms?
ALAN STONE, Harvard Professor: That is one of the symptoms that Hamlet doesn't have.
Understanding the legal process
JEFFREY BROWN: The two sides summed up their cases in closing arguments. The jury was sent to deliberate, only to return, perhaps much like the prince himself, of two minds.
JUSTICE ANTHONY KENNEDY: "We, the members of the jury, in the above entitled cause, are not unanimous."
JEFFREY BROWN: Six for sanity, six for madness.
JUSTICE ANTHONY KENNEDY: ... another 400 years.
JEFFREY BROWN: Earlier that evening, I had asked Justice Kennedy how staging something like this helps us understand the legal process.
JUSTICE ANTHONY KENNEDY: It shows you how difficult these questions are. If you can't make up your mind about Hamlet, and he's a fictional person, what about a real person?
If the jury is divided, the enigma remains in us and with us. And I hope what the audience will take away is that there's richness in our literature, there's a richness in our heritage, there's a richness in our law.
Humans are fallible. We tend to err. But law and literature both show us ways in which we can progress and mend our ways.
The verdict of the jury leaves us no choice but to remand you to the pages of our literary heritage.
JEFFREY BROWN: And that, in the end, seems the most appropriate sentence of all.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Have Medical Questions? Ask a Doctor Online!
Hello, Welcome to JustAnswer and thank you for your question.
Have you seen a doctor for this problem ?
If yes what tests were done ?
I have not seen a doctor about this. I only recently got insurance. No tests re: feet have been done. I see my doctor, but this will change since I have insurance after a long period without it, but still not eligible for medicaid, for blood pressure checks, pap smears, mamograms, bone density tests, blood glucose, etc. My father also had this numbness and pain in his feet and am not sure it was ever actually diagnosed or addressed. What tests would you recommend?
What sort of doctor would you recommend? I just checked with my sister, and my father never did get his foot problems solved. He had more pressing issues, I guess, a pacemaker, eventually a stroke. I remember him telling me he was walking barefoot one day and he kept hearing this clicking. He looked at the bottom of his foot and there was a thumb tack, all the way up into the ball of his foot. He had not felt anything, just heard it as he walked. He didn't have callouses or corns or warts, either. His feet were soft and pink, but they hurt and were numb.
Well, i need some more information before i can give you some opinion.
Do you take alcohol ?
How much overweight you are ?
Do you get chest pains ?
Any symptoms of weakness in your legs ?
No. Neither did my father. 60 pounds over weight. I do not have chest pains. I am a candidate for kneee replacements in both knees. I have not had this done because I have not had a way to pay for it until very recently. I have been trying to lose weight in the meantime and have lost 40 pounds.
My father was not overweight and did not drink but had heart problems.
Does this numbness occurs all the time or there is some specific time during the day when it increases ?
Always there, pain also, although it is not too bad if I am sitting with my feet up.
Are you taking some medicine ?
Does this problem increases when you walk ?
Any symptoms of pain in the calf muscles while walking ?
No, but my feet always feel sort of thick and are not real flexible around the ankle area. I walk with a cane and if I walk a lot they swell some but I can always walk - just hurts.
Any ulcers on the feet or toes ?
No, my knees are not the best, ***** ***** know why, my calfs are fine. No problems at all with skin on feet and toes. I do have ingrown toenails on large toes.
Thank you for your replies.
You most have symptoms of peripheral neuropathy.
In this case nerves are damaged and they lead to such symptoms.
In your case sensory nerves seem to be effected and this can be due to
many causes. As you are over weight and have blood pressure issues
so most likely causes include lack of blood flow to the feet leading to damage to these nerves and kidney dysfunction.
Other causes like thyroid dysfunction should also be considered because it present with over weight and neuropathy symptoms.
your questions ?
You have questions ?
Let me know......
If you feel that your question has been answered then consider pressing the ACCEPT button to credit the assist.
You can always come back on this chat for more questions.
If you need some good reference to read then here are two that can be helpful.
Let me know if you have more questions...
I had to leave the computer for a minute. I will check these links. The kidney damage idea is troubling. How would I have kidney damage? Should I have a thyroid test for this? I have often wondered if I have thyroid problems. My hair has thinned to 1/3 or maybe less than what it was when I was younger and losing weight is very difficult for me. I have lost up to 60 pounds in the last fifteen years or so, but it is hard to keep off and I am not a binge eater or really even an overeater. I eat enough and I eat healthy.
Yes it would be ideal to get these tests...
kidney damage can occur if you have high blood pressure.
I didn't know that.
And it could cause peripheral neuopathy?
That is a big help. Thank you.
Symptoms of hair thinning and weight gain also favor hypothyroidism.
You are welcome.
Have a good day and thank you for your help. I will.
Consider pressing the ACCEPt button
Thank you.


text:
Don't get it twisted. Brooklyn Bagel & Coffee Company isn't even from Brooklyn. Instead, the moniker of this Astoria-born bagel company is a shout-out to the old-fashioned style of hand-rolling and water-boiling dough to give each bagel that extra special snap. It's a difference you can taste, and it's just a tiny part of what makes these bagels some of the very best in the city.
Bagels are available in several shapes, sizes and flavors, ranging from a big hand-rolled ketel-boiled bagel for $1.20 to a mini for $1.05. Or order a bialy or Kaiser for $1.20, or even a spelt bagel loaded with a schmear or one of Brooklyn Bagel's flavored butters.
But it's not just about the bread. New cream cheeses are developed weekly, and they're anything but orthodox. Wasabi lox, bacon scallion, curried apple spread, peanut butter chocolate chip — an ever-changing line-up of spreads is constantly intriguing and tempting customers' taste buds.
"You can't hold back on innovation," says Peter Voyiatzis, co-founder of Brooklyn Bagel.
The restaurant — the brainchild of college friends Voyiatzis and John Rocchio — first opened its doors in 2002. Originally Steinway-based civil engineers, Voyiatzis and Rocchio decided to trade in their hard hats for baker's caps after 9/11, when public bids for construction quickly dried up — though they built each of the four bagel stores themselves, of course. Today, the two Astorians rotate between the shops, scouting out new opportunities and coming up with the company's constantly expanding list of new flavors.
In addition, the store notably only uses unbleached and unbromated flours, avoiding popular industry processes that whiten and strengthen flour with potential carcinogens.
But the menu at Brooklyn Bagel only starts with the bagels. It continues with a broad range of coffees, teas and seasonal ciders. But the selection truly gets rich with the soups, yogurts, sandwiches and grilled goods. Cold cuts, cutlets and fresh salads are ready to crown the bagel of your choice. And if folded ribbons of lox is a little too much smoked fish for your preferences, they offer several cream cheeses with bits of smoked fish or bacon blended directly into the spread. But don't forget the capers, juicy sliced tomato and bright onions.
The pesto chicken pasta salad is light, refreshing and full of tangy red peppers. Tortillas come stuffed with Moroccan chicken, chicken caesars, and tender sliced Boar's Head roast beef slathered with Greek tzatziki. One of the best wraps is their teriyaki chicken laced with sweet pineapple and an orange mandarin ginger dressing.
The commitment to quality is almost tangible. The final product? An inspiring model for what great local business should aspire to be. Two neighborhood boys who refused to fall victim to the economy, defying tumultuous odds to create one of the most delicious and customer-focused businesses in Astoria — with a team that believes in their vision just as much as they do.
Brooklyn Bagel & Coffee Company
6 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.
36-14 30th Ave, Astoria
35-05 Broadway, Astoria
6 a.m. to 6:30 p.m.
35-09 Ditmars Blvd., Astoria


text:
by Derek Melber [Published on 2 April 2014 / Last Updated on 2 April 2014]
Microsoft has added new auditing options to Windows Server 2008 R2/Windows 7 computers and above. The new auditing controls more granular areas of your computer, reducing the overall security log entries so you can audit more of what you want and less of what you don't need. In this first part video we will look at the configurations of each audit policy to know where we can configure them.
Derek Melber (MCSE, MVP) educates and evangelizes Microsoft technology, focusing on Active Directory, Group Policy, Security, and desktop management.


text:
Sure, we miss the official annual Route 66 Rendezvous, which was called off this year because of San Bernardino's financial woes. And we sure will rejoice when it returns, hopefully next year.
Meanwhile, though, we sure as heck aren't moping around this weekend with nothing to do.
Oh, no, we're celebrating Route 66 in a new and different way, with new events and different kinds of fun.
We're taking advantage of the lull to experiment a little bit, and we're going to have a blast.
A brand-new Rendezvous Back to Route 66 event starts at 2 p.m. Friday at San Manuel Stadium, 280 S. E St. There will be classic cars on display, competitive car events, music, food and merchandise vendors, games and a water slide for kids, and a big Sock Hop dance and costume contest tonight. Hours for the two-day stadium event are 2-10 p.m. Friday and 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. Saturday.
Meanwhile, our Rebel Cruise happens Friday and Saturday night on E Street and adjoining streets. Hot rods and muscle cars are coming in from all over the Southland, and so are clunkers and station wagons from near and far, and together we are going to relive the glory days when San Bernardino was the cruise capital of Southern California.
In recent years past, I always enjoyed the heck out of the Route 66 Rendezvous, but I never tried to kid myself. It was a show. It was a tribute act. It was a celebration of the cruise era, but it wasn't the real thing.
It was a managed exhibition, performed in a tight square in a confined area of downtown.
Real cruising, on the other hand, took place in sprawling, random fashion from one end of town to the other. There were no starting times or starting places. There were no registration forms or sign-up fees. There were no stickers or badges. We didn't need no stinking badges.
I hope this weekend's Rebel Cruise will be a more-or-less authentic reenactment of cruising the way it really was. I hope we all get a kick out of it, shouting out our windows at each other, honking our horns and playing our music loud, the way we used to do.
Make sure you check out the action at San Manuel Stadium. And, when you're out cruising, keep an eye open for businesses along the streets that are staying open late to welcome cruisers. Examples include Molly's Cafe on the corner of Court and D streets, the Original McDonald's Museum at 14th and E streets, and the Route 66 Museum at Mount Vernon Avenue and Fifth Street.
People have been asking me, "John, what about all the construction that is taking place on E Street? Won't that present obstacles for cruisers?"
Here's my answer: "So what?"
There were construction projects back in the day, too. There were obstacles and lane closures and K-rails and potholes. We went around them. We maneuvered. We managed. We got it done.
Sure, traffic could grind down to a crawl, but that's sort of the point, isn't it? This is a cruise, not a commute. Who's in a hurry?
People ask me, "John, are the cops OK with this? Are they going to give us a hard time?"
Good news. The police chief himself, Robert Handy (a good guy, by the way), has given his promise that city police are going to stay cool as long as cruisers stay cool. We don't make trouble for them, they don't make trouble for us. We're using public streets in a positive way, and everyone wins.
Hey, back in the day some of us may have misbehaved now and then (I won't name names), but we're older and wiser now, right?
Heck, I'm not worried about any of us misbehaving. I'm worried about whether or not we can manage to stay up a little bit past our bedtimes.
Frankly, I hope we see a lot of cops. Remember, the instant they get in line with us, they are cruising, too!
Have fun, everyone!
Read more John Weeks at sbsun.com/john weeks. Contact him at email@example.com.


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Just doing some research on how the flap is made. I was wondering if the flap is cut to the size of your iris to enlarge a treatment zone or how does that work?
What Size is the Flap Cut for Intralase?
Doctor Answers 4
Flap size in LASIK
The actual refractive laser treatment diameter, or ablation zone, is typically between 8 and 9mm for most people. Since the LASIK flap needs to be a little larger than the ablation zone they are typically sized between 8.5 to 9.5mm. Some surgeons will increase the flap and/or ablation zone diameters to account for larger pupils.
Flap Size in LASIK
One of the nice things in LASIK using iLASIK, is that the flap can be tailored to the prescription being treated. WIth the custom treatments, the diameters of the reshaping will extend beyond one's pupil size, even at night. Studies have shown that more people are satisfied with their night vision after the surgery than they were before even with glasses or contact lenses. [FDA clinical trials with low to moderate nearsighted with astigmatism of up to 1.5 D with CustomVue LASIK].
Size of the Intralase Flap
The standard LASIK flap diameter created by the femtosecond laser(Intralase) is between 8.5 and 9mm. This allows for a very large diameter of corrective laser treatment, thus minimizing post treatment glare, haloes and light scatter. Since the advent of the laser flap devices(the only way I have been doing LASIK since 2003) the incidence of post treatment side effects has been greatly decreased......I am tempted to say eliminated.
You might also like...
Flap size can be independently set
Flap size can be independently set. Most surgeons use 9.0 mm to accommodate the vast majority of treatments.
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


text:
BioMed Research International
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 694269, 7 pages
N2 Gas Plasma Inactivates Influenza Virus by Inducing Changes in Viral Surface Morphology, Protein, and Genomic RNA
1Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
2Laboratory of Biometabolic Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
3NGK Insulators, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8530, Japan
Received 28 April 2013; Revised 4 July 2013; Accepted 25 August 2013
Academic Editor: Kevin M. Coombs
Copyright © 2013 Akikazu Sakudo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
We have recently treated with N2 gas plasma and achieved inactivation of bacteria. However, the effect of N2 gas plasma on viruses remains unclear. With the aim of developing this technique, we analyzed the virucidal effect of N2 gas plasma on influenza virus and its influence on the viral components. We treated influenza virus particles with inert N2 gas plasma (1.5 kpps; kilo pulses per second) produced by a short high-voltage pulse generated from a static induction thyristor power supply. A bioassay using chicken embryonated eggs demonstrated that N2 gas plasma inactivated influenza virus in allantoic fluid within 5 min. Immunochromatography, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Coomassie brilliant blue staining showed that N2 gas plasma treatment of influenza A and B viruses in nasal aspirates and allantoic fluids as well as purified influenza A and B viruses induced degradation of viral proteins including nucleoprotein. Analysis using the polymerase chain reaction suggested that N2 gas plasma treatment induced changes in the viral RNA genome. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that aggregation and fusion of influenza viruses were induced by N2 gas plasma treatment. We believe these biochemical changes may contribute to the inactivation of influenza viruses by N2 gas plasma.
1. Introduction
Infection mediated by medical devices is thought to be a major contributor to hospital-acquired infections [1]. However, medical devices and instruments are often not sufficiently robust to withstand repeated rounds of sterilization by autoclaving or dry-heat treatment [2]. Alternative sterilization techniques involve the generation of -rays or electron beams, which require expensive facilities and are not appropriate for routine daily use [3]. Although ethylene oxide gas (EOG) can be used to sterilize heat-sensitive medical instruments, the gas is both toxic and carcinogenic, which limits its usage [4]. Recently, sterilization using hydrogen peroxide gas plasma was proposed, although it is ineffective against endotoxins and lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) [5, 6]. Residual amounts of endotoxin derived from bacteria may cause symptoms including fever [7].
A gas plasma is generated by removing electrons from a gas to produce a highly excited mixture of charged nuclei and free electrons [8, 9]. Recently, we succeeded in generating N2 gas plasma using a fast high-voltage pulse from a static induction (SI) thyristor power supply [6, 8–10]. N2 gas plasma treatment efficiently inactivates bacteria and bacterial spores, as well as degrading LPS, which showed a more than 5 log reduction in 30 min [6]. The value (the decimal reduction time) of Geobacillus stearothermophilus was less than 1.3 minutes, whereas that of Aspergillus niger was even smaller [6]. However, the effect of N2 gas plasma on viruses remains unclear. Therefore, we treated influenza virus, as a representative enveloped virus, with N2 gas plasma and analyzed the sterilizing efficiency. We also analyzed the effect of this treatment on viral components such as proteins and RNAs.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Viruses Nasal Aspirates
Nasal aspirates were collected from children at the Baba pediatric clinic (Kadoma, Osaka, Japan) as described previously [11]. Briefly, saline was introduced into the nasal cavity, and then the wash solution was aspirated using Belvital (Melisana, Nogent-sur-Marne, France). In order to remove cell debris, the nasal fluid was filtered using a stainless steel mesh [200 grids per inch (25.4 mm)]. The obtained nasal aspirates were checked by immunochromatography for influenza viruses A and B as described below. Each aspirate sample (3 influenza A and 3 influenza B) was subjected to analysis. The research project for respiratory infectious diseases was approved by the Ethics Committees of the Research Institute for Microbial Diseases in Osaka University, and written informed consent was obtained from the patients.
2.2. N2 Gas Plasma Instrument and Treatment
BLP-TES No.1 (NGK Insulators, Ltd) was used as a device to produce N2 gas plasma by generating a fast high-voltage pulse utilizing a SI thyristor power supply (Figure 1). The sample was exposed to N2 gas (99.9995%, Okano, Okinawa, Japan) at about 0.5 atmospheres prior to applying the high-voltage pulse. A 20 μL aliquot of each sample solution was dropped onto a cover glass, air dried, and then treated with N2 gas plasma at 1.5 kpps (kilo pulses per second). Each sample on the cover glass was subsequently recovered by dissolving in 20 μL of distilled water (Otsuka Pharmaceuticals Co., Tokyo, Japan).
2.3. Allantoic Fluid
Influenza virus-infected allantoic fluid was prepared from 11-day-old chicken embryonated eggs injected with influenza A virus H1N1 (A/PR/8/34) or influenza B virus (B/Gifu/2/73).
2.4. Purified Influenza A and B Viruses
Allantoic fluids of 11-day-old embryonated eggs infected with either influenza A virus H1N1 (A/Taiwan/1/86), H3N2 (A/Panama/2007/99), or influenza B virus (B/Tokio/53/99) were collected after 48 h incubation at 37°C and subjected to fractionation using a sucrose density gradient generated by ultracentrifugation. The obtained fraction was checked by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) followed by Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) staining as described below. The results showed that the purity of the influenza A and B viruses was over 99%.
2.5. Measurement of TCID50 (Tissue Culture Infectious Dose 50)
Viral titers were determined by performing 10-fold serial dilutions of samples in 96-well plates containing Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells with 8 replicates of each sample. Before infection, cells were washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Infected cells were incubated at 37°C with 5% CO2, and fresh trypsin was added (final concentration, 0.03%). Viral titers were read as TCID50 calculated by the method of Reed and Muench [12].
2.6. Immunochromatography for Influenza A and B Viruses
The amount of influenza A and B viruses nucleoprotein (NP) in the collected solution was analyzed by immunochromatography (ESPLINE Influenza A & B-N, Fujirebio Inc., Tokyo, Japan) as follows. Briefly, the immunochromatography test assembly was developed using anti-influenza virus and anti-immunoglobulin (Ig) antibodies. The anti-influenza A and B NP antibodies were immobilized onto a nitrocellulose membrane for test lines (lines A and B, resp.) to capture influenza virus NP. To prepare the reference line, an anti-Ig antibody was immobilized onto a nitrocellulose membrane to capture Ig. A conjugated pad containing anti-influenza virus NPs used for the test line was labelled with colloidal gold, impregnated onto glass fibers, dried, and then placed between the test lines and the sample dropping region. The nitrocellulose membrane and glass fiber pad were assembled with a glass fiber pad on a plastic sheet within a plastic case. This assembled kit was stored in a bag with desiccant at 4°C until required. The kit was then used to quantify the amount of influenza virus NPs.
2.7. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for Influenza Virus
Viral genomic RNA was extracted from untreated and N2 gas plasma treated allantoic fluid infected with influenza A virus (A/PR/8/34) using a QIAamp Viral RNA mini kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). The RNA was transcribed with PrimeScriptII 1st strand cDNA Synthesis kit (Takara Bio Inc., Otsu, Japan) and random primers to make cDNA by using the following temperature regime: 65°C for 5 min, 4°C for 5 min, and 42°C for 60 min. The resultant cDNAs were subjected to PCR for matrix protein (M1), hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and nonstructural protein (NS) using Takara Ex Taq (Takara Bio Inc.). The temperature cycling conditions used for the PCR were 95°C for 5 min, 25 cycles of 95°C for 1 min, 55°C for 1 min, and 72°C for 1 min with one final cycle of 72°C for 10 min. PCR was carried out using the following primers modified from previous papers [13, 14]: MA1-F: 5′-CAG AGA CTT GAA GAT GTC TTT GCT G-3′; MA1-R: GCT CTG TCC ATG TTA TTT GGA TC-3′; HA-F: 5′-AGC AAA AGC AGG GGA AAA TAA-3′; HA-R: 5′-GCT ATT TCT GGG GTG AAT CT-3′; NA-F: 5′-TTG CTT GGT CGG CAA GTG C-3′; NA-R: 5′-CCA GTC CAC CCA TTT GGA TCC-3′; NS-F: 5′-AAG GGC TTT CAC CGA AGA GG-3′; NS-R: 5′-CCC ATT CTC ATT ACT GCT TC-3′. The intensity of the amplified bands from the PCR products was semiquantitatively analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Bands in test samples were visually compared to those in untreated controls. The amplified PCR products generated from each pair of primers were verified by DNA sequencing.
2.8. Hemagglutination Assay
Samples were serially diluted two- or three-fold in 25 μL of PBS in V-shaped well plates, and an equal volume of 1% chicken erythrocytes in suspension was added. The mixture was then incubated at room temperature for 1 h. The agglutination pattern was read, and the hemagglutination titer was defined as the reciprocal of the last dilution of sample that showed hemagglutination.
2.9. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for Influenza Virus
A Serion ELISA antigen influenza B virus test (Institut Virion/Serion GmbH, Würzburg, Germany) was used for quantification of influenza B virus NP.
2.10. SDS-PAGE and CBB Staining
Samples were solubilized in an equal volume of 2 SDS gel-loading buffer [90 mM Tris-HCl (pH 6.8), 10% mercaptoethanol, 2% SDS, 0.02% bromophenol blue, and 20% glycerol], boiled for 5 min, and separated by SDS-PAGE (12% gel). The protein bands in the gel were visualized by CBB staining.
2.11. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
The influenza virus-infected allantoic fluids were air-dried on cover glass, treated with N2 gas plasma, and then fixed with 2% glutaraldehyde/0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) overnight at 4°C. The cover glasses were subsequently treated with 2% osmium tetraoxide at 4°C for 3 h. Samples were dehydrated through a graded ethanol series (50–100% ethanol) at room temperature. Finally, the cover glass was subjected to critical point drying and evaporation coating by osmium plasma ion. SEM was then performed using a JSM-6320F (JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) instrument at a magnification of x50,000.
2.12. Influenza Virus Bioassay Using Embryonated Eggs
N2 gas plasma treated samples were injected into 11-day-old chicken embryonated eggs. The eggs were cultured at 37°C for 48 h before allantoic fluid was collected. The obtained samples were then subjected to immunochromatography for influenza virus and analyzed by hemagglutination assay.
2.13. Statistical Analysis
Results were compared by nonpaired Student's t-test. In cases where , the differences were considered significant.
3. Results
First, we investigated the N2 gas plasma treated influenza virus (A/PR/8/34) in infected allantoic fluid and determined whether influenza virus was inactivated by N2 gas plasma treatment (Figure 2). Samples including influenza virus (A/PR/8/34) at 3.16 1014 TCID50/mL were treated with N2 gas plasma for 5 min and injected into 11-day-old chicken embryonated eggs. After 48 h incubation at 37°C, the allantoic fluids were subjected to immunochromatography for influenza A virus to check whether the N2 gas plasma treated influenza virus had proliferated in the embryonated eggs. Influenza viruses derived from all six independent spots treated with N2 gas plasma for 5 min were unable to proliferate. By contrast, influenza viruses derived from six untreated spots did proliferate all. Morever, these results were consistent with those obtained from the hemagglutination assay. In addition, an infection assay using MDCK cells showed that viral titers of TCID50/mL changed from 7.5 104 and 10 104 at 0 min to 5.6 103 and 10 103 at 0.5 min and 1.3 103 and 1.0 103 at 1 min (Figure 3). These results also supported the inactivation of influenza virus by N2 gas plasma.
Next, the effect of N2 gas plasma on viral proteins was investigated. The results from immunochromatography show that NP of influenza A and B viruses was decomposed by N2 gas plasma treatment of (i) nasal aspirates for 5 min (Figures 4(a) and 4(b)), (ii) allantoic fluid for 5 min or 15 min (Figure 4(c)), and (iii) purified virus for 15 min (Figure 4(d)). Specifically, a band corresponding to NP in the test line A and B was detected at 0 min, but it became less obvious after N2 gas plasma treatment for 5 or 15 min. A band in the reference line was detected at all time points indicating that the immunochromatography was working as anticipated. Regarding the nasal aspirates, all 3 influenza A and 3 influenza B samples showed a similar tendency. Based on this result we conclude that NP in the nasal aspirates and allantoic fluid was decomposed by N2 gas plasma treatment.
Next, ELISA using anti-influenza B virus NP antibody was carried out to verify degradation of NP in influenza B virus derived from infected allantoic fluid that had been treated with N2 gas plasma (Figure 5). Within 5 min, the concentration of influenza B virus NP was decreased to less than 1/6 for B/Gifu/2/73. These results are consistent with previous and present immunochromatography findings regarding NP of influenza A and B viruses, which was shown to be degraded by the N2 gas plasma [15].
SDS-PAGE analysis followed by CBB staining was also used to monitor viral proteins and/or induced proteins in the allantoic fluid after infection with influenza A virus (A/PR/8/34) (Figure 6(a)). Our results show that the proteins were degraded after N2 gas plasma treatment (1.5 kpps) for either 15 or 30 min (Figure 6(b)). A previous study reported that the major viral proteins in influenza virus derived from allantoic fluid are NA oligomer (over 70 kDa), HA1 (around 70 kDa), NA monomer and NP (around 70 kDa), and M1 and HA2 (around 30 kDa) [16]. Similarly sized bands appeared to be detected in the present SDS-PAGE and CBB stained gels of virus-infected allantoic fluid but faded after treatment of the fluid with N2 gas plasma. Therefore, the bands observed and degraded by N2 gas plasma may be mainly influenza viral proteins.
Next, morphologies of the influenza viruses were observed by SEM (Figure 7). Our SEM observations showed that the N2 gas plasma treatment (1.5 kpps, 5 min) disrupted fibers connecting influenza viruses in the allantoic fluid. Moreover, the N2 gas plasma treated influenza viruses displayed a shrunken appearance. In addition, fused viruses were also observed in the treated samples, suggesting that the N2 gas plasma may modify the viral envelope.
Next, the N2 gas plasma treated influenza viruses were subjected to viral genomic RNA extraction. We then attempted to amplify various influenza virus genes, such as M1, NS, HA, and NA, by PCR (Figure 8). The results showed that amplification of each of the genes was greatly repressed by N2 gas plasma treatment (1.5 kpps; 5 and 30 min), suggesting that the viral genomic RNA was damaged following N2 gas plasma treatment. The magnitude of the observed decrease in the amplified product varied among the different viral genes. The inhibition efficiency of HA and NA was high compared to that of M1 and NS. This may be due to the structural differences and arrangements of influenza virus segments encoding each viral gene in the viral particle. The products amplified for M1 and NS appeared to be slightly more intense after 30 min of treatment than those observed after 5 min of treatment, whereas the amplified products for NA appeared to be slightly more intense after 5 min of treatment than those observed after 30 min of treatment. Repeated experiments showed that the band intensities for M1, NS, HA, and NA at 5 min and 30 min of treatment were similar.
4. Discussion
Influenza virus can be relatively easily disinfected by chemicals such as alcohol [17, 18]. The presence of organic matter interferes with the action of chemical sterilants because they can react, thereby decreasing the efficiency of disinfection. Indeed, disinfection efficiency of alcohol against influenza virus varies depending on the presence of coexisting organic material [19]. Most regulatory authorities require sterilant efficacy testing to be conducted in the presence of 5% soil [20]. Influenza virus is usually encountered in the nasal fluid of patients and allantoic fluid of eggs. In the case of medical devices, bronchoscopes in particular may be at risk of influenza virus contamination. In our study, we used 100% nasal aspirates and 100% allantoic fluid as a source of organic material. The obtained results showed that N2 gas plasma can inactivate influenza virus in these environments. Currently, the items/areas that can be treated by the method are restricted to the size of the chamber box of the N2 gas plasma instrument. To enable the sterilization of medical devices and larger surfaces, it would be necessary to expand the size of the discharge area.
NP and genomic RNA, which are both localized to the central region of the influenza virus particle, were subject to decomposition and/or modification by treatment with N2 gas plasma. Likewise, lipids localized in the outer envelope of the virus were also modified and/or degraded after this treatment. Microscopic investigations showed that treatment with N2 gas plasma disrupt the fibers between virus particles in the allantoic fluid, although the significance of the fibers connecting the viruses in the untreated samples in relation to the infectivity of the virus is unclear. Previous studies have shown that oxidative stress contributes to the mechanism of action of a gas plasma. For example, the addition of oxygen to helium has been found to enhance the efficiency of inactivation in the case of bacteria [21]. In addition, oxidation and peroxidation processes on the surface of cells and within cells result in inactivation [22, 23]. Furthermore, destruction of the surface structure by gas plasma may be the main mechanism underlying the inactivation of bacteria [24], which may also be the case for viruses. Although these oxidative factors contribute to the mechanism of action in N2 gas plasma, further studies are required to identify the most critical factor(s) for inactivation.
In this study, we analyzed the effect of N2 gas plasma treatment on influenza virus, which is enveloped. However, the effectiveness of this treatment against various other pathogens, which may differ in resistance to disinfection, is unknown. For example, it would be interesting to investigate the effect of this treatment on nonenveloped viruses, such as norovirus or adenovirus as well as the highly resistant prion agents.
5. Conclusion
In conclusion, the present results suggest that N2 gas plasma treatment modifies viral genomic RNA and degrades viral proteins, including NPs, as well as the viral envelope and fibers related to allantoic fluid. Taken together, the results indicate that N2 gas plasma treatment may be an effective means of disinfection for influenza virus.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.
The authors are grateful to Dr. Koichi Baba (Baba pediatric clinic, Kadoma, Osaka, Japan) for sample collection. This work was supported by Grant-in-Aid for Promotion of Basic Research Activities for Innovative Biosciences from Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution (BRAIN) and for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and Grant-in-Aid from the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) of Japan.
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38 year old woman | West Chester, PA, United States | Seeking men 33-42 within 15 miles
One day at a time...
When I moved here many years ago now, I met a great group of friends who I love to hang out with, but now it makes it hard to meet someone new. So here I am, making a foray into online dating. I work in IT supporting application development teams. When I'm not there, I keep myself pretty busy playing volleyball several times a week. Otherwise, I'm catching up on the TV shows I missed while out doing those or hanging out with my friends. I love to travel. My most recent trip was to London, and I've been to Europe several times, as well as Australia. I have traveled the US some, but there is a long list of places I would like to get to someday both here and abroad.
Camping , Dining out , Hobbies and crafts , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Performing arts , Playing sports , Travel/Sightseeing , Watching sports
Other types of exercise, VolleyBall, Walking / Hiking
I exercise 1-2 times per week.
I like Cats, Dogs, Fish
I like these animals, allergies keep me from having a cat though.
Middle of the Road
I have been to Europe several times, and have seen a fair number of places in the US, but still have a lot of places on my "To Visit" list.
Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
Alt-Rock music, Sci-Fi/Fantasy and Crime Procedurals for TV.
I enjoy going to the movies, reading, photography. I also like playing board/card games with friends.
Ready Player One
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|What she is looking for
|5'8" (172cms)
|5'8" (172cms) to 8'11" (271cms)
|Body type:
|A few extra pounds
|About average, Athletic and toned, A few extra pounds
|Blue, Brown, Grey, Green, Hazel
|Dark brown
|Auburn / Red, Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Dark blonde
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|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker
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|Never Married
|Never Married, Widow / Widower, Divorced
|Have kids:
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|White / Caucasian
|White / Caucasian
|Christian / Protestant
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Have a degree in Math & Computer Science from Drexel University


text: Biography [edit] Early life Santana was born in Autlán de Navarro, Jalisco, Mexico. His father was a mariachi violinist, and Carlos learned to play the violin at age five and the guitar at age eight. Young Carlos was heavily influenced by Ritchie Valens at a time when there were very few Latinos in American rock and pop music. The family moved from Autlán de Navarro to Tijuana, the border city between Mexico and California, and then San Francisco. Carlos stayed in Tijuana but joined his family in San Francisco later and graduated from James Lick Middle School and Mission High School there. He graduated from Mission High in 1965. Javier Bátiz, a famous guitarist from Tijuana Mexico, is said to have been Carlos's guitar teacher who taught him to play a different style of guitar soloing.[2] After learning Batiz's techniques, Santana would make them his own as well.[3] In San Francisco, he got the chance to see his idols, most notably B.B. King, perform live. He was also introduced to a variety of new musical influences, including jazz and folk music, and witnessed the growing hippie movement centered in San Francisco in the 1960s. After several years spent working as a dishwasher in a diner and busking for spare change, Santana decided to become a full-time musician; in 1966, he formed the Santana Blues Band, with fellow street musicians, David Brown and Gregg Rolie (bassist and keyboard player, respectively).[3] With their highly original blend of Latin-infused rock, jazz, blues, salsa, and African rhythms, the band (which quickly became known simply as Santana) gained an immediate following on the San Francisco strip club. The band's early success, capped off by a memorable performance at Woodstock in 1969, led to a recording contract with Columbia Records, then run by Clive Davis. Santana Santana was signed by CBS Records and went into the studio to record their first album. They were not satisfied with the release and decided changes needed to be made. This resulted in the dismissal of Bob Livingston. Santana replaced him with Mike Shrieve, who had a strong background in both jazz and rock. Marcus Malone was forced to quit the band due to personal problems, and the band re-enlisted Michael Carabello. Carabello brought with him percussionist Jose Chepito Areas, who was already well-known in his country, Nicaragua, and, with his skills and professional experience, was a major contributor to the band. Bill Graham, who had been a fan of the band from the start, convinced the promoters of the Woodstock Music and Art Festival to let them appear before their first album was even released. They were one of the surprises of the festival; their set was legendary and, later, the exposure of their eleven-minute instrumental "Soul Sacrifice" in the Woodstock film and soundtrack albums vastly increased Santana's popularity. Graham also gave the band some key advice to record the Willie Bobo song "Evil Ways", as he felt it would get them radio airplay. Their first album, simply titled Santana, became a huge hit, reaching number four on the U.S. album charts, and the catchy single "Evil Ways" reached number nine on the Billboard Hot 100. In 1970, the group reached its early commercial peak with their second album, Abraxas, which reached number one on the album charts and went on to sell over four million copies. Instrumental in the production of the album was pianist Alberto Gianquinto, who advised the group to stay away from lengthy percussion jams and concentrate on tighter song structures. The innovative Santana musical blend made a number-four hit out of the English band Fleetwood Mac's "Black Magic Woman" and a number-thirteen hit out of salsa legend Tito Puente's "Oye Como Va". However, Woodstock and the band's sudden success put pressure on the group, highlighting the different musical directions in which Rolie and Santana were starting to go. Rolie, along with some of the other band members, wanted to emphasize a basic hard rock sound which had established the band in the first place. Santana on the other hand was growing musically beyond his love of blues and rock and wanted more jazzy, ethereal elements in the music, which were influenced by his fascination with Miles Davis and John Coltrane, as well as his growing interest in spirituality and meditation. To further complicate matters, Chepito Areas was stricken with a near-fatal brain hemorrhage, and Santana wanted the band to continue performing by finding a temporary replacement (first Willie Bobo, then Coke Escovedo), while others in the band, especially Michael Carabello, felt it was wrong to perform publicly without Areas. Cliques formed, and the band started to disintegrate. Teenage San Francisco Bay Area guitar prodigy Neal Schon was asked to join the band in 1971, though, at the time, he was also invited by Eric Clapton to join Derek and the Dominos. Choosing Santana, he joined in time to complete the third album, Santana III. The band now boasted a powerful dual-lead-guitar act that gave the album a tougher sound. The sound of the band was also helped by the return of a recuperated Chepito Areas and the assistance of Coke Escovedo in the percussion section. Enhancing the band's sound further was the support of popular Bay Area group Tower of Power's horn section, Luis Gasca of Malo, and a number of friends who helped with percussion and vocals, injecting more energy to the proceedings. Santana III was another success, reaching number one on the album charts, selling two million copies, and yielding the hits "Everybody's Everything" and "No One to Depend On". But tension in the band continued. Along with musical differences, drug use became a problem, and Santana was deeply worried it was affecting the band's performance. Coke Escovedo encouraged Santana to take more control of the band's musical direction, much to the dismay of some of the others who thought that the band and its sound was a collective effort. Also, financial irregularities were exposed while under the management of Stan Marcum, whom Bill Graham criticized as being incompetent. Growing resentments between Santana and Michael Carabello over lifestyle issues resulted in his departure on bad terms. James Mingo Lewis was hired at the last minute as a replacement at a concert in New York City. David Brown later left due to substance abuse problems. A South American tour was cut short in Lima, Peru, due to student protests against U.S. governmental policies and unruly fans. The madness of the tour convinced Santana that changes needed to be made in the band and in his life. In January 1972, Santana, Neal Schon and Coke Escovedo joined former Band of Gypsys drummer Buddy Miles for a concert at Hawaii's Diamond Head Crater, which was recorded for a live album. The performance was erratic and uneven, but the album managed to achieve gold-record status on the weight of Santana's popularity. Caravanserai In early 1972, Santana and the remaining members of the band started working on their fourth album, Caravanserai. During the studio sessions, Santana and Michael Shrieve brought in other musicians: percussionists James Mingo Lewis and Latin-Jazz veteran, Armando Peraza replacing Michael Carabello, and bassists Tom Rutley and Doug Rauch replacing David Brown. Also assisting on keyboards were Wendy Haas and Tom Coster. With the unsettling influx of new players in the studio, Gregg Rolie and Neal Schon decided that it was time to leave after the completion of the album, even though both made spectacular contributions to the session. Rolie left and went home to Seattle, opening a restaurant with his father, and later became a founding member of Journey (which Schon would later join as well). When Caravanserai did emerge in 1972, it marked a strong change in musical direction towards jazz fusion. The album received critical praise, but CBS executive Clive Davis warned Santana and the band that it would sabotage the band's position as a Top Forty act. Nevertheless, over the years, the album would achieve platinum status. The difficulties Santana and the band went through during this period were chronicled in Ben Fong-Torres' Rolling Stone cover story "The Resurrection of Carlos Santana". Around this time, Santana met Deborah King, whom he later married in 1973. She is the daughter of the late blues singer and guitarist Saunders King. They have three children: Salvador, Stella and Angelica. Together with wife Deborah, Santana founded a not-for-profit organization, the Milagro Foundation, which provides financial aid for educational, medical, and other needs. Spiritual journey In 1972, Santana became a huge fan of the pioneering fusion band The Mahavishnu Orchestra and its guitarist John McLaughlin. Aware of Santana's interest in meditation, McLaughlin introduced Santana and Deborah to his guru, Sri Chinmoy. Chinmoy accepted them as disciples in 1973. Santana was given the name "Devadip" – meaning "The lamp, light and eye of God." Santana and McLaughlin recorded an album together, Love, Devotion, Surrender with members of Santana and the Mahavishnu Orchestra, along with percussionist Don Alias and organist Larry Young, who both had made appearances on Miles Davis' classic Bitches Brew in 1969. In 1973, Santana, having obtained legal rights to the band's name, formed a new version of Santana, with Armando Peraza and Chepito Areas on percussion, Doug Rauch on bass, Michael Shrieve on drums, and Tom Coster and Richard Kermode on keyboards. Santana was later able to recruit jazz vocalist Leon Thomas for a tour of Japan, which was recorded for the live, sprawling, high-energy fusion album Lotus. CBS records would not allow its release unless the material was condensed. Santana did not agree to those terms, and the album was available in the U.S. only as an expensive, imported, three-record set. The group later went into the studio and recorded Welcome, which further reflected Santana's interests in jazz fusion and his commitment to the spiritual life of Sri Chinmoy. Shifting styles in the 1970s A collaboration with John Coltrane's widow, Alice Coltrane, Illuminations, followed. The album delved into avant-garde esoteric free jazz, Eastern Indian and classical influences with other ex-Miles Davis sidemen Jack DeJohnette and Dave Holland. Soon after, Santana replaced his band members again. This time Kermode, Thomas and Rauch departed from the group and were replaced by vocalist Leon Patillo (later a successful Contemporary Christian artist) and returning bassist David Brown. He also recruited soprano saxophonist, Jules Broussard to the lineup. The band recorded one studio album Borboletta, which was released in 1974. Drummer Leon 'Ndugu' Chancler later joined the band as a replacement for Michael Shrieve, who left to pursue a solo career. By this time, the Bill Graham's management company had assumed the affairs of the group. Graham was critical of Santana's direction into jazz and felt he needed to concentrate on getting Santana back into the charts with the edgy, street-wise ethnic sound that had made them famous. Santana himself was seeing that the group's direction was alienating many fans. Although the albums and performances were given good reviews by critics in jazz and jazz fusion circles, sales had plummeted. Santana along with Tom Coster, producer David Rubinson, and Chandler formed yet another version of Santana, adding vocalist Greg Walker. The 1976 album Amigos, which featured the songs "Dance, Sister, Dance" and "Let It Shine", had a strong funk and Latin sound. The album also received considerable airplay on FM album-oriented rock stations with the instrumental "Europa (Earth's Cry Heaven's Smile)" and re-introduced Santana back into the charts. Rolling Stone Magazine ran a second cover story on Santana entitled "Santana Comes Home". The albums conceived through the late 1970s followed the same formula, although with several lineup changes. Among the personnel who came and left the band was percussionist Raul Rekow, who joined in early 1977 and remains to this day. Most-notable of the band's commercial efforts of this era was a version of the 1960s Zombies hit, "She's Not There", on the 1977 album Moonflower. The relative success of the band's albums in this era allowed Santana to pursue a solo career funded by CBS. First, Oneness, Silver Dreams, Golden Reality in 1979 and The Swing of Delight in 1980, which featured some of his musical heroes: Herbie Hancock, Wayne Shorter, Ron Carter and Tony Williams from Miles Davis' legendary 1960s quintet. The pressures and temptations of being a high-profile rock musician and requisites of the spiritual lifestyle which guru Sri Chinmoy and his followers demanded, were great sources of conflict to Santana's lifestyle and marriage. He was becoming increasingly disillusioned with what he thought was Chinmoy's unreasonable rules imposed on his life, in particular, his refusal to allow Santana and Deborah to start a family. He felt too that his fame was being used to increase the guru's visibility. Santana and Deborah eventually ended their relationship with Chinmoy in 1982. The 1980s More radio-pleasing singles followed from Santana and the band. "Winning" in 1981 and "Hold On" (a remake of Canadian artist Ian Thomas' song) in 1982 both reached the top twenty. After his break with Sri Chinmoy, Santana went into the studio to record another solo album with Keith Olson and legendary R&B producer Jerry Wexler. The 1983 album revisited Santana's early musical experiences in Tijuana with Bo Diddley's "Who Do You Love" and the title cut, Chuck Berry's "Havana Moon". The album's guests included Booker T. Jones, The Fabulous Thunderbirds, Willie Nelson and even Santana's father's mariachi orchestra. Santana again paid tribute to his early rock roots by doing the film score to La Bamba, which was based on the tragically short life of rock and roll legend Ritchie Valens and starred Lou Diamond Philips. Although the band had concentrated on trying to produce albums with commercial appeal during the 1980s, changing tastes in popular culture began to reflect in the band's sagging record sales of their latest effort Beyond Appearances. In 1985, Bill Graham had to once again pull strings for Santana to convince principal Live Aid concert organizer Bob Geldof to allow the band to appear at the festival. The group's high-energy performance proved why they were still a top concert draw the world over despite their poor performance on the charts. Santana retained a great deal of respect in both jazz and rock circles, with Prince and guitarist Kirk Hammett of Metallica citing him as an influence. The band Santana returned in 1986 with a new album Freedom. Buddy Milles, who was trying to revive his music career after spending much of the late 1970s and early 1980s incarcerated for drug charges, returned for lead vocals. His onstage presence provided a dose of charisma to the show; but, once again, the sales of the album fell flat. Growing weary of trying to appease record company executives with formulaic hit records, Santana took great pleasure in jamming and making guest appearances with notables such as the jazz fusion group Weather Report, jazz pianist McCoy Tyner, Blues legend John Lee Hooker, Frank Franklin, Living Colour guitarist Vernon Reid, and West African singer Salif Keita. He and Mickey Hart of the Grateful Dead later recorded and performed with Nigerian drummer Babatunde Olatunji, who conceived one of Santana's famous 1960s drum jams, "Jingo". In 1988, Santana organized a reunion with past members from the Santana band for a series of concert dates. CBS records released a 20-year retrospective of the band's accomplishments with Viva Santana. That same year Santana formed an all-instrumental group featuring jazz legend Wayne Shorter on tenor and soprano sax. The group also included Patrice Rushen on keyboards, Alphonso Johnson on bass, Armando Peraza and Chepito Areas on percussion, and Leon 'Ndugu' Chancler on drums. They toured briefly and received much acclaim from the music press, who compared the effort with the era of Caravanserai. Santana released another solo record, Blues for Salvador, which won a Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance. In 1990, Santana left Columbia Records after twenty-two years and signed with Polygram. The following year, he made a guest appearance on Ottmar Liebert's album Solo Para Ti, on the songs "Reaching out 2 U" and on a cover of his own song, "Samba Pa Ti". In 1992, Santana hired jam band Phish as his opening act. He remains close to the band today, especially to guitarist Trey Anastasio. Return to commercial success Santana's record sales in the 1990s were very low. Toward the end of the decade, he was without a contract. However, Arista Records' Clive Davis, who had worked with Santana at Columbia Records, signed him and encouraged him to record a star-studded album with mostly younger artists. The result was 1999's Supernatural, which included collaborations with Everlast, Rob Thomas of Matchbox Twenty, Eric Clapton, Lauryn Hill, Wyclef Jean, Cee-Lo, Maná, Dave Matthews, K. C. Porter, J. B. Eckl, and others. However, the lead single was what grabbed the attention of both fans and the music industry. "Smooth", a dynamic cha-cha stop-start number co-written and sung by Rob Thomas of Matchbox Twenty, was laced throughout with Santana's guitar fills and runs. The track's energy was immediately apparent on radio, and it was played on a wide variety of station formats. "Smooth" spent twelve weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming in the process the last #1 single of the 1990s. The music video, set on a hot barrio street, was also very popular. Supernatural reached number one on the US album charts and the follow-up single, "Maria Maria", featuring the R&B duo The Product G&B, also hit number one, spending ten weeks there in the spring of 2000. Supernatural eventually sold over 15 million copies in the United States, making it Santana's biggest sales success by far. Carlos Santana, alongside the classic Santana lineup of their first two albums, was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998. He performed "Black Magic Woman" with the writer of the song, Fleetwood Mac's founder Peter Green. Green was inducted the same night. In 2000 Supernatural won nine Grammy Awards (eight for Santana personally), including Album of the Year, Record of the Year for "Smooth", and Song of the Year for Thomas and Itaal Shur. Santana's acceptance speeches described his feelings about music's place in one's spiritual existence. Later that year at the Latin Grammy Awards he won three awards including Record of the Year. In 2001, Santana's guitar skills were featured in Michael Jackson's song "Whatever Happens", from the album Invincible. In 2002, Santana released Shaman, revisiting the Supernatural format of guest artists including P.O.D. and Seal. Although the album was not the runaway success its predecessor had been, it produced two radio-friendly hits. "The Game of Love" featuring Michelle Branch, rose to number five on the Billboard Hot 100 and spent many weeks at the top of the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart, and "Why Don't You & I" written by and featuring Chad Kroeger from the group Nickelback (the original and a remix with Alex Band from the group The Calling were combined towards chart performance) which reached number eight on the Billboard Hot 100. "The Game of Love" went on to win the Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. In August 2003, Santana was named fifteenth on Rolling Stone magazine's "List of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time". In 2005, Herbie Hancock approached Santana to collaborate on an album again using the Supernatural formula. Possibilities was released on August 30, 2005, featuring Carlos Santana and Angélique Kidjo on "Safiatou". Also, in 2005, the fellow Latin star Shakira invited Santana to play soft rock guitar ballad Illegal on her second English-language studio album Oral Fixation Vol. 2. Santana's 2005 album All That I Am consisting primarily of collaborations with other artists; the first single, the peppy "I'm Feeling You", was again with Michelle Branch and The Wreckers. Other musicians joining the mix this time included Steven Tyler of Aerosmith, Kirk Hammett from Metallica, hip-hop/reggae star Sean Paul and R&B singer Joss Stone. In April and May 2006, Santana toured Europe, where he promoted his son Salvador Santana's band as his opening act. In 2007, Santana appeared, along with Sheila E. and José Feliciano, on Gloria Estefan's album 90 Millas, on the single "No Llores". He also teamed again with Chad Kroeger for the hit single "Into the Night." On October 19, 2007, his wife of 34 years, Deborah, filed for divorce citing "irreconcilable differences".[4] In 2008, Santana started working with his long-time friend, Marcelo Vieira, on his solo album Marcelo Vieira's Acoustic Sounds, which is due to be released at the end of the year. It features tracks such as "For Flavia" and "Across the Grave", the latter featuring heavy melodic riffs by Santana. Carlos Santana performed at the 2009 American Idol Finale with the top 13 finalists, which starred many acts such as KISS, Queen and Rod Stewart. On July 8, 2009, Carlos Santana appeared at the Athens Olympic Stadium in Athens with his 10-member all-star band as part of his "Supernatural Santana – A Trip through the Hits" European tour. On July 10, 2009, he also appeared at Philip II Stadium in Skopje. With 2.5 hours concert and 20 000 people, Santana appeared for the first time in that region. "Supernatural Santana – A Trip through the Hits" is currently playing at The Hard Rock Cafe in Las Vegas, where it will play through the end 2009. Santana is featured as a playable character in the music video game Guitar Hero 5. A live recording of his song "No One To Depend On" is included in game, which was released on September 1, 2009.[5] Carlos recently opened a chain of upscale Mexican restaurants called "Maria Maria". It is a combined effort with Chef Roberto Santibanez. They are located in Tempe Arizona, Mill Valley (now closed), Walnut Creek, and Danville, California, Austin, Texas, and Boca Raton Florida. Influences Around the age of 8, Santana "fell under the influence" of blues performers like B.B. King and John Lee Hooker.[7] He also credits Jimi Hendrix and Mike Bloomfield as important influences; he considered Bloomfield a direct mentor, writing of a key meeting with Bloomfield in San Francisco in the foreword he wrote to a biography of Bloomfield, Michael Bloomfield: If You Love These Blues-An Oral History in 2000.[8] Equipment Guitars Santana played a red Gibson SG Special with P-90 pickups at the Woodstock festival. From 1976 until 1982, his main guitar was a Yamaha SG 175B and sometimes a white Gibson SG Custom with 3 open coil pick-ups. In 1982 he started to use a custom made PRS guitar, which became his main instrument around 1988. Santana currently uses a Santana II model guitar using PRS Santana III pickups with nickel covers and a tremolo, with .009-.042 gauge D'Addario strings.[9] Santana's guitar necks and fretboards are constructed out of a single solid piece of Brazilian Rosewood,[10] this helps create the smooth, singing, glass-like tone that he is famous for. Carlos Santana also uses a classical guitar, the Alvarez Yairi CY127CE with Alvarez tension nylon strings. Effects For the distinctive Santana electric guitar sound, Santana does not use many effects pedals. His PRS guitar is connected to a Mu-Tron wah wah pedal (or, more recently, a Dunlop 535Q wah) and a T-Rex Replica delay pedal,[12][13] then through a customized Jim Dunlop amp switcher which in turn is connected to the different amps or cabinets. Previous setups include an Ibanez Tube Screamer[14] right after the guitar. In the song "Stand Up" from the album Marathon, Santana uses a Heil talk box in the guitar solo. Amplifiers The Santana lead guitar tone is produced by a humbucker equipped guitar (Gibson/Yamaha/PRS) into a small but effective preamp (consisting of Gain & Master Volume controls) for the Mesa Boogie [ref. as above]. He also literally put the Boogie in Mesa Boogie: 'Santana exclaimed to Smith, "Shit, man. That little thing really Boogies!" It was this statement that brought the Boogie name to fruition.' Specifically, Santana combines a Mesa/Boogie Mark I head running through a Boogie cabinet with Altec 417-8H (or recently JBL E120s) speakers, and a Dumble Overdrive Reverb and/or a Dumble Overdrive Special running through a Brown or Marshall 4x12 cabinet with Celestion G12M "Greenback" speakers, depending on the desired sound. Shure KSM-32 microphones are used to pick up the sound, going to the PA. Additionally, a Fender Cyber-Twin Amp is mostly used at home. Discography Albums with the band Santana Santana (1969) US: 2x Multi-Platinum[15] Abraxas (1970) US: 5x Multi-Platinum[15] Santana III, (1971) US: 2x Multi-Platinum[15] Caravanserai (1972) US: Platinum[15] Welcome (1973) US: Gold[15] Lotus (1974) (Live) Borboletta (1974) US: Gold[15] Amigos (1976) US: Gold[15] Festival (1977) US: Gold[15] Moonflower (1977) (Live/studio) US: 2x Multi-Platinum[15] Inner Secrets (1978) US: Gold[15] Marathon (1979) US: Gold[15] Zebop! (1981) US: Platinum[15] Shango (1982) US: Gold[15] Beyond Appearances (1985) Freedom (1987) Viva Santana! (1988) (Live/studio compilation) Spirits Dancing in the Flesh (1990) (compilation) Milagro (1992) Sacred Fire: Live in South America (1993) (Live) Live at the Fillmore '68 (1997) (Live) Supernatural (1999) US: 15x Multi-Platinum[15] The Essential Santana (2002) (compilation) Shaman (2002) US: 2x Multi-Platinum[15] All That I Am (2005) US: Gold[15] Ultimate Santana (2007) (compilation) The Woodstock Experience (2009) (Live) Albums as a solo artist or in collaborations Carlos Santana & Buddy Miles! Live! (1972; with Buddy Miles) US: Platinum[16] Love Devotion Surrender (1973; with John McLaughlin) US: Gold[16] Illuminations (1974; with Alice Coltrane) Oneness: Silver Dreams, Golden Reality (1979) The Swing of Delight (1980) Havana Moon (1983; with Booker T & the MGs, Willie Nelson, and The Fabulous Thunderbirds) Blues for Salvador (1987) Santana Brothers (1994; C.S. with Jorge Santana & Carlos Hernandez) Carlos Santana and Wayne Shorter - Live at the Montreux Jazz Festival 1988 (2007) Unofficial releases Samba Pa Ti (1988) Persuasion (1989) Latin Tropical (1990) Santana (1990) The Big Jams (1991) Santana Jam (1994) With a Little Help from My Friends (1994) Jin-Go-Lo-Ba (1994) Soul Sacrifice (1995) Santana Live (????) Jingo and more famous tracks (????) Singles 1969: "Jingo" #56 US 1969: "Evil Ways" #9 US 1971: "Black Magic Woman" #4 US 1971: "Oye Como Va" #13 US 1971: "Everybody's Everything" #12 US 1972: "No One to Depend On" #36 US 1974: "Samba Pa Ti" #27 UK 1976: "Let It Shine" #77 US 1977: "She's Not There" #27 US, #11 UK 1978: "Well All Right" #69 US 1979: "One Chain (Don't Make No Prison)" #59 US 1979: "Stormy" #32 US 1980: "You Know That I Love You" #35 US 1981: "Winning" #17 US 1981: "The Sensitive Kind" #56 US 1982: "Hold On" #15 US 1982: "Nowhere to Run" #66 US 1985: "Say It Again" #46 US 1999: "Put Your Lights On" (featuring Everlast) 1999: "Smooth" (featuring Rob Thomas) #1 US, #3 UK (charted in 2000) 2000: "Maria Maria" (featuring The Product G&B) #1 US, #6 UK 2002: "The Game Of Love" (featuring Michelle Branch) #5 US, #16 UK 2003: "Nothing at All" (featuring Musiq Soulchild) 2003: "Feels Like Fire" (featuring Dido) #26 NZ 2003: "Why Don't You & I" (featuring Alex Band) #8 US 2005: "I'm Feeling You" (featuring Michelle Branch) #55 US 2005: "Just Feel Better" (featuring Steven Tyler) #8 AUS 2006: "Cry Baby Cry" (featuring Sean Paul and Joss Stone) #71 UK, #15 CDN 2006: "Illegal" (Shakira featuring Carlos Santana) #4 ITA, #11 GER 2007: "No Llores" (Gloria Estefan featuring Carlos Santana, José Feliciano and Sheila E.) 2007: "Into the Night" (featuring Chad Kroeger) #2 CAN, #5 SA, #5 Italy, #19 Germany, #26 US 2008: "This Boy's Fire" (featuring Jennifer Lopez with Baby Bash) 2008: "Fuego en el Fuego" (Eros Ramazzotti featuring Carlos Santana) #19 Spain Videos Carlos Santana—Influences (video) Sacred Fire. Live in Mexico. (video & DVD) Supernatural (video & DVD) Viva Santana (DVD) Santana Live By Request (DVD) Tribute albums Ed Calle: Ed Calle Plays Santana (Universal Latino, 2004) Some Videos: [ame=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WzSayxVM_E0]YouTube - Santana. Samba Pa Ti[/ame] [ame=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=weoGpyvIqP8&feature=related]YouTube - Carlos Santana- EUROPA[/ame] [ame=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pAf3gqdCrDs&feature=related]YouTube - Santana & Clapton - Jingo[/ame] [ame=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rzE2RApyyu4&feature=related]YouTube - Evil Ways - Carlos Santana[/ame] [ame=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VVzBbQGHqXc]YouTube - SANTANA [ REVELATIONS ] LIVE[/ame] [ame=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cfhjp07bUuk&feature=related]YouTube - Santana directo en Italia - Moonflower[/ame] [ame=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hp6W6Z9KqTE]YouTube - Carlos Santana - Black Magic Woman (live)[/ame]


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american airlines
Oil and gas prices once again surged into record territory Wednesday after a U.S. government report showed a surprise drop in crude stockpiles and stoked fears of a worsening supply crunch. Continue reading
American Airlines canceled some 900 flights Thursday for a third day of deep-reaching schedule changes due to a new round of tighter FAA safety inspections. An airline safety expert and an FAA representative examine the impact on the airline industry and on passengers. Continue reading
Flight delays continued Thursday as American Airlines moved to cancel another 900 flights and expectations grew that cancellations are likely to spread to other U.S. carriers as regulators tighten their safety audits of airlines. Continue reading
American Airlines, the world's largest carrier, cancelled 850 additional flights on Wednesday after cancelling nearly 500 on Tuesday in order to reinspect and possibly rework the wiring of its widely-used MD-80 fleet. Continue reading
Veteran Federal Aviation Administration inspectors told a House committee Thursday that safety violations by Southwest Airlines were ignored by their supervisors due to the "cozy" relationship between FAA officials and the airline. An analyst examines federal oversight of commercial airlines. Continue reading
Current law requires American pilots to retire once they turn 60, but the federal government is considering changing the age to 65. The NewsHour reports on the law's impact on the airline industry. Continue reading
Following the resignation late Thursday of American Airlines chairman and chief executive Donald Carty, flight attendants at the struggling carrier agreed Friday to the wage and benefit concessions that the airline said it needed to avoid bankruptcy. Continue reading
Layoffs of tens of thousands of employees at American and United Airlines, which come in response to slow traffic after last week's hijackings, are the latest blow to the crippled aviation industry. Continue reading


text:
North Park Jack in the Box court case surprise
"I am not going to subject my clients to abusive depositions by Mr. Briggs."
Dorian Hargrove 1:15 p.m., Sept. 25
Representative Darrell Issa is calling for "sweeping" and "structural" reforms of the United States Postal Service. His statement comes days after the USPS announced that it would stop contributing to the Federal Employee Retirement System in order to find approximately $800 million in savings for this fiscal year.
But that's not good enough for the North County politician.
"The Postal Service lost $8.5 billion last year," Issa said in a June 23 press release. "It is going to lose, at least, $8.3 billion this year. And it is projected to lose $8.5 billion the year after that."
Issa is sending the message of fiscal reform through a legislative bill that will bring financial oversight to the postal service, as well as a group that will recommend branch closures and consolidations to Congress. The legislation would also cut mail service to 5-days a week, and would allow companies to place advertisements on mail trucks and at local branches.
"Congress can't keep kicking the can down the road on out of control labor costs and excess infrastructure of USPS and needs to implement reforms that aren't a multi-billion dollar taxpayer funded bailout."
So instead of cutting pay and benefits they keep those sky high and cut our service, to fund the pay and benefits.
Same old scam.
And would this mean that Issa can actually be right about things from time to time?


text: On Fri, Sep 19, 2003 at 12:13:56AM +0200, VETSEL Patrice wrote: > I don't know how the iso are compiled each days. They are compiled from the latest packages in the Debian repository. > I think the d-i stay the same, and only packages are updates. That is true, but once a package is uploaded, it will reach the CDs on the next CD build. /* Steinar */ -- Homepage: http://www.sesse.net/


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Advanced Search
The parallel data warehouse edition of Microsoft's SQL Server 2008 R2 solution will soon see the light of day.
Microsoft today released Service Pack 2 for SQL Server 2008.
It's no surprise that 'Oslo', also known as SQL Server Modeling, has not survived the on-going battle of competing data platform strategies at Microsoft.
Microsoft today updated some of its free tools to help users move to Microsoft SQL Server and released a new Oracle MySQL migration tool.
Microsoft issued even more details about Windows security concerns, even after releasing its August security update on Tuesday.
Microsoft last week released the next version of a free tool that provides upgrade advice for those using the company's flagship software products.
Microsoft on Monday announced two new "previews" to come for its Windows Small Business Server product suite.
Addressing one of the key objectives of cloud computing, Microsoft today said its Windows Azure platform will be available as an appliance that can run on customer and partner premises.
You may be tempted to jump right into a SharePoint 2010 upgrade, but it requires a substantial amount of planning. This will guide you through the upgrade planning process.
SAP will acquire database vendor Sybase Inc. for $5.8 billion in cash, a 44 percent premium in the company's closing price Wednesday.
Microsoft is offering a kit designed to streamline the evaluation process for orgs considering its new software products.
Microsoft released versions of SQL Server 2008 R2 products to IT professionals on Monday.
Microsoft today announced that SQL Server 2008 R2 has achieved release-to-manufacturing status and will be released in May worldwide.
Organizations are moving more toward using x86-based servers running Windows to handle their business-critical workloads.
Microsoft plans to end the support it provides on three of its flagship software products for Intel's Itanium processor.
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London: Pierce Brosnan has revealed that he was never good enough as James Bond and he gets a horrible feeling when he watches his movies again.
Pierce Brosnan. Pic/Santa Banta
The 'Bond' star asserted that he felt that he was caught in a time warp between Roger Moore and Sean Connery and it was a very difficult one to grasp the meaning of for him, the Daily Star reported.
The 60-year-old actor said that it might have had to do with his own insecurities in playing him as well and he has no aspiration to watch himself as Bond. Brosnan revealed that there was enough time between him being Bond and now.


text:
Letter From Art Biggins
Camp Funston, Kans., January 7th, 1918.
Dear Editor and Friend:
Received both Winner papers this a.m., The Tripp County Journal and the Winner Advocate, so it was like being back in the Rosebud metropolis once more.
The 1st Sergeant is around calling out the guard detail for the next twenty-four hours, and I do not happen to be on it, so have to take some new men over to the Infirmary (hospital) for their "shot in the side," and vaccination or inoculation. New men of the draft are arriving in Funston each day and we have received about forty in the last ten days, and are being taught the "School of the Soldier" and the school of a squad, each day by the Sergeants and Corporals. The officers of 164th Depot Brigade are being changed around and by it we lose our commanding officer of the 19th company, and believe me the men are sure sore about losing him as we claimed him the best officer in camp.
We had a slight touch of snow and cold weather yesterday but today is real nice out.
The American Red Cross have certainly created a warm spot in the Soldier's hearts by the many Xmas presents passed out on Xmas day, and I sincerely hope if the day comes when an account must by shown, the soldier will prove himself worthy of all that the Red Cross and the Y.M.C.A. is striving to do for him. Just watch Sammie rare!
With best wishes to yourself and the friends, I may have in Winner.
As ever,
Art Biggins,
19th Co., 164 D. B.
Camp Funsten, Ia. (sic) s/b Ks.
[Tripp County Journal, Published January 10, 1917, submitted by RM, Tripp County Historical Society]
Letter From Harold Jones
The following letter is from Harold Jones, son of Mr. and Mrs. A. J. Jones of this place.
Somewhere in Am. E. F.
October 2, 1918
My Dear Mother and Father:
I am now an officer and 22 years old yesterday. I was commissioned on my birthday. It seems funny to go down the street and have all of the enlisted men salute you.
I didn't know that an officers' outfit costs so much, Sam Brown belt n uniform, leather leggings, shoes, cap and an overcoat. It comes to about 900 franks, nearly $200.00. The pays is about $150.00 per month.
The Sergeant that was on the picture with me got married a week ago last Monday. He married a French girl in the town where we were stationed. Did you look on the back of the picture I sent you? We were there for seven months. I was instructor in a school there. I was glad to get away from there. Must close for this time.
With much love,
[Tripp County Journal, October 24, 1918, submitted by RM, Tripp County Historical Society]
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My favorite book is "The Borrowers."
I chose this as my favorite book because I love to read chapter books with the genre fantasy.
This is a great fantasy book because it talks about these three little leprechauns who live under the kitchen floor.
In a friendship way, the human being becomes friends with Arietty Clock. The Clock family loves to borrow materials to build their house.
Ms. May, the baker, finds the human being giving things to the Clocks.
Then, the rat catcher comes and tries to catch them. Hopefully, they escaped into the rain gutter and lived there.
Read the second book to find out the rest!
Kyra B.
Pico Canyon
Grade 5
Second place
A book I love (and I'm sure you do too) is "Twilight" by Stephanie Meyer.
I love this book because of the amazing details and description. One of my favorite parts is when Edward, an amazingly handsome vampire, brings Bella, a regular teenager, to the school prom.
The description is so detailed that it does not let go of you. It makes you pick up the book and never let go.
Twilight is part of a saga of four books, "Twilight," "New Moon," "Eclipse" and "Breaking Dawn." Out of these four books, "Twilight" is my favorite.
Stephanie Meyer is amazing at descriptive writing. She is awesome at grabbing ahold of someone's heart and does not let it go.
Twilight is my favorite book and if you haven't read it yet, I hope you will soon!
Wooyeon S.
Grade 6
Pico Canyon
Third place
My favorite book is "The Alchemist."
I like that book the best because it includes action, magic and so much more! Also, the bond between the twins. The girl's name is Sophie and her twin is Josh.
When they found out that they had hidden powers and that the human kind lies in their hands, they agree to go with Nicholas Flamel.
Sophie's powers get awakened, but Josh couldn't because the evil Dr. Dee is after two pages he needs to control the world!
Flamel is the alchemist (the protector of the book).
Dee snatched all but two very important pages of the Book of Abraham The Mage.
What will happen? Find the book "The Alchemist," written by Michael Scott, to find out. Or read The Magician and The Sorceress. Read the whole series! It's fantastic!
Madeline R.
Pico Canyon
Grade 5
My favorite book is "Rumpelstiltskin."
I like it because Rumpelstiltskin does a funny dance. Rumpelstiltskin started nice, but then he got mean.
He had magic too, he spun star into gold. This book teaches Rumpelstiltskin some manners, he also wanted to take the Miller's daughter's first born child.
If she didn't guess Rumpelstiltskin's name in three days then she'd get her baby taken away, so she got it right.
The Miller's daughter became Queen and she lived happily ever after. That's why I like the book Rumpelstiltskin.
Karcena S.
Pico Canyon
Grade 2
My favorite book is "The School Story" by Andrew Clements.
It's about a sixth-grade girl who strives to get the great book she wrote published.
It's a wonderful book because it captures the real life problems kids like me face.
The way the book is written makes people want to guess the ending.
It also shows that if you work hard and reach for the stars, your dream can come true.
Samantha M.
Pico Canyon
Grade 5


text:
NetWellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partner university faculty. NetWellness is commercial-free and does not accept advertising.
Tuesday, September 26, 2017
Lung diseases
Short of breath
starting from the beginning, a few years back (about 3 years ago) i was told that i had a PE in my lung. after going through all the treatments the coomadin and everything else it is still there on a scan. the doctors say it has attached itself???? the breathing got better after a while and i eventually ignored it in fear of having to do it all over again.
about a year ago i started going back to the doctor because i was short of breath and or feeling restricted when breathing. i was given some tests and they came out normal i guess. i was then told that i was short of breath because i was over weight and i smoked. now mind you at my heaviest i was 195 pounts at 5" feet 7" inch. i have since took things into my own hands and lost almost 30 pounts and quit smoking. the shortness of breath has not gotten any better it has actually gotten worse. it seems the more i notice it the worse it gets. i am so tired of feeling short of breath and just having to live with it.... it cant be normal... sometimes when i get short of breath it hurts in my left sholder, almost under the arm pit but up a little farther. if i stretch sometimes it feels like my ribs pop in and out of place. and sometimes but rarely my hear starts racing and or fluttering and its like i cant breath at all, i instantly start yawning. all of witch i am doing nothing but sitting at my computer or on the couch, it is when i am least active. every doctor i talk to says it is just me and i am imaginging things.
do you have any suggestions?
In most instances, pulmonary emboli are dissolved over time (usually within 6 weeks). Less frequently, the clot does not dissolve and can become incorporated into a kind of scar in the wall of the pulmonary artery. In some instances, this can lead to elevated blood pressure in the lungs (called pulmonary hypertension). If you have not seen a pulmonologist (lung doctor), I would recommend such a consultation. If you have a lung doctor, I would bring this possibility to her attention. A cardiopulmonary exercise test can sometimes be useful to differentiate various causes of shortness of breath, including deconditioning and obesity.
James M O'Brien, Jr, MD
Former Associate Professor
Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
College of Medicine
The Ohio State University


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shotgun shells
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February 19, 2013, 05:38 PM
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Join Date: May 20, 2001
Location: Oshkosh wi.
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Don't get your nose outta joint. You asked the question, but there are
476 others that also reading this thread. Some of those probably had questions as well.
It's clear you already have some supplies. Now you have to match the components you have to loads that are called for in your instructions that came with your mold. Those instructions should say that some loads can be loaded then star crimped. One problem with that is if the star crimped shell could possibly be used during a target game like skeet or trap.
Understand, you can't SEE that there's a slug loaded in it!
ok what i have is alliant powder made by unique it says on the (black)
What you have is Unique powder made by Alliant! Alliant makes many other types of powder, unique is just one "name".
Your lee loader will work for star crimping those loads. BUT if you choose to roll crimp,(like a normal slug load), that takes a special tool and procedure.
Yeah, if I had been your dad, I bet there would be multiple trips to the woodshed involved.
The more people I meet, the more I love my dog
They're going to get their butts kicked over there this election. How come people can't spell and use words correctly?
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