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Crystallographic texture evolution in 1008 steel sheet during multi-axial tensile strain paths
This paper considers the crystallographic texture evolution in a 1008 low carbon steel. The texture evolution along uniaxial, plane strain and balanced biaxial strain states were measured. For uniaxial testing, grains tend to rotate such that the
slip directions are aligned with the loading axis. For plane strain and balanced biaxial strain states, the majority of grains are distributed with the {111} plane parallel to the sample normal direction. Accompanying visco-plastic self consistent (VPSC) predictions of the texture evolution were made along same strain paths and strain increments. Comparing between the measured texture evolution and computational texture evolution indicate that the VPSC model qualitatively predicts the measured texture evolution, but the rate at which the texture evolution occurs is over predicted.
KeywordsCrystallographic texture Steel Neutron diffraction Metal forming
Steel has been in use for nearly 4000 years, and remains one of the main materials (along with concrete, glass and asphalt) used around the world. A large majority of the steels created are carbon steels, with a large proportion of these carbon steels strained after production to create a required shape. Accurate prediction of the final shape and mechanical properties after straining continues to be an important industrial goal. One of the methods applied to this problem is measurement of the crystallographic texture (or preferred orientation) as a function of strain path and strain increment. Accurate prediction of the crystallographic texture and how the texture evolves will allow better estimates of the flow stress and plastic contraction, which in turn provides a more accurate prediction of the final shape and failure during forming. The particular case of deformation of sheet stock material is discussed in this paper. The majority of the literature discusses the high strain increments relevant for rolling sheet material. Unfortunately existing [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] experimental data on the texture evolution along multiaxial strain states at intermediate strain increments (Δε) relevant for forming are incomplete, so assessment of model accuracy is difficult in this regime.
This paper focuses on the measurement of the crystallographic texture evolution in 1008 AISI/SAE low carbon steel sheets after strain increments typical in forming structures from the rolled sheet. The texture is measured by neutron diffraction to interrogate a large number of grains. Five different strain states were investigated: uniaxial strain along the rolling direction (URD), strain along the rolling direction with the transverse direction fixed near zero strain (a plane strain condition, or PSRD), balanced biaxial strain (BB) in the rolling and transverse directions, strain along the transverse direction with the rolling direction fixed near zero strain (PSTD), and uniaxial strain along the transverse direction (UTD). In the plane of the sheet (normal direction or ND) the sample is assumed to be in a plane stress condition. In addition, the texture evolution is predicted from the as received texture using the visco-plastic self consistent (VPSC) model and compared with the experimental data. Data on the texture evolution of low carbon steels will also provide a well characterized reference for comparison to more complicated materials, such as high strength steels (HSS) like high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel or advanced high strength steels (AHSS) such as dual phase (DP) or transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steels.
The data described in this paper has been submitted to the NIST/MatDL DSpace repository as part of the IMMI General Articles Collection [7]. The repository contains files that include a description of the data contained in the repository, a schematic of the the analysis and computational processes, some of the programs used to analyze the data, a collection of the texture data files at various points in the analysis, and input files to the VPSC model.
Using the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) and Society for Automotive Engineers (SAE) grade designation, 1008 steel is defined as an iron alloy possessing a mass fraction of carbon ≤0.0010, a mass fraction of manganese between 0.0030 and 0.0050, a mass fraction of phosphorus ≤0.0004, and a mass fraction of sulfur ≤0.0005 [8]. Owing to the low carbon content and absence of austenitic stabilizers, the structure is almost entirely ferritic (body centered cubic crystal structure) with some carbides. This allows for high ductility (approximately 40% elongation), but low strength (tensile strength approximately 350 MPa) [9].
The texture evolution of steels has been widely studied in the past, particularly with respect to the complete processing path from the melt to hot and cold rolling. These topics are of interest to create desirable textures for deep drawing. Some articles on these topics include [2, 3, 10, 11], which discuss steel textures and their origin from deformation and recrystalization of the austenite phase and subsequent transformation from austenite to ferrite. The complex details of the austenitic transformation are beyond the scope of this paper, but it is important to note that deformation and recrystallization in the austenite phase are one of the primary causes of crystallographic texture in the ferritic phase. The review by Inagaki [12] summarizes work on the inter-relationship between texture, grain boundaries and dislocation structures in low carbon steels. Hutchinson [13] discusses texture control in low carbon steels as a function of processing parameters. Bodin et al. [2] shows the strong effects of processing path and temperature on the texture.
The predicted plastic strain ratio (R value) has been used to correlate the effect of a particular texture component to the macroscopic properties. For deep drawing applications, sheet material that has a large volume of grains aligned with the γ-fiber ({111} plane parallel to the ND) are preferred as they have a high average R value () and a planar anisotropy (ΔR) value near 0 [10, 13]. Orientations with the {100} plane parallel to the ND direction such as 'cube' and 'shear' orientations are not desirable, since they have low average R values [10, 13]. This is due to the orientation of slip systems for body centered cubic (BCC) materials. Conversely, for high strength materials where high ductility is not required, orientations along the α-fiber (〈110〉 crystal direction parallel to rolling direction) are preferred for high strength [14] but may produce anisotropy and brittleness, particularly for the {113}〈110〉 orientation [10].
There is also a significant amount of investigation into the textures caused by cold rolling in the ferrite phase. This data is particularly relevant to this paper as cold rolling, apart from a hydrostatic term, produces a stress state similar to plane strain along the rolling direction (PSRD). As shown in a series of review papers, cold rolling ferrite strengthens the α and γ fibers, particularly the α fiber at higher reduction ratios [3, 10, 11]. Figure thirteen in Kestens and Jonas [11] shows relative amounts of texture intensity as a function of thickness reduction. Inagaki [12] discusses some of the microstructural reasons for this, and theorizes that grain pairs with {111}[uvw] type grain boundaries that allow the grain to rotate easily, keeping orientations along the γ fiber stable.
Kestens and Jonas [11] proposes that {211} 〈011〉 along the α fiber is the stable final orientation in plane strain compression, while {111} 〈110〉 and {554} 〈225〉 orientations are caused by ferritic recrystallization after plane strain compression. Inagaki [12] proposes that the {223} 〈011〉 orientation is the final stable orientation in plane strain compression. There is additional literature on cross-rolling of low carbon steel sheets [5], a strain state similar to plane strain along the transverse direction (PSTD). Results from Wronski et al. [5] show that the shear orientation and γ fiber are stable orientations after near 80% thickness reduction.
There has been limited investigation into the texture evolution along other strain paths relevant for sheet metal forming. Yerra et al. [6] is one of the most complete, following five different strain paths from equal biaxial to uniaxial tension, all with the largest strain values in the rolling direction. The orientation distribution functions (ODFs) are measured at a single level of strain for each strain path. In Yerra et al. [6], the experimental textures were not found to change greatly between the different strain modes nor the volume fractions of specific orientations. However a calculation using the Lamel model by the same authors show a significant difference between the strain paths. Other notable works include Luzin et al. [15], which measured texture after balanced biaxial straining. The γ fiber in a balanced biaxial strain mode is intensified, in agreement with Mirshams et al. [16] and theoretical calculations that predict the θ (〈100〉 parallel to ND direction) and γ fibers to be the stable orientations in uniaxial compression along the ND. Other strain modes, such as torsion [17] and simple shear [18] are outside the scope of this paper.
As steel is such a relevant industrial material, there have been attempts to predict the texture evolution. Savoie and Jonas [19] used a rate sensitive analysis to model the texture along a flange during deep drawing. These simulations include a rotation rate map that shows the stable end orientations for different constraints imposed on the models. They found that all initial orientations tend to rotate toward the {223} 〈110〉 orientation. Toth et al. [20] used a rate dependent slip theory that contains models for pancake, lath and Taylor models to calculate texture evolution in low carbon steels during rolling. Starting with the 'RGoss' orientation, {111} 〈110〉, and shear orientations; they found the {111} 〈112〉 orientation also forms, but becomes unstable at higher strains. Many more stable orientations were found using this method, but most were observed along the α fiber and γ fiber as well as {554} 〈225〉. Raabe [21] used a Taylor type model to predict the rolling texture in low carbon deep drawing steel as a function of reduction ratio. The Taylor model showed increases in the intensity of the α fiber and γ fiber in good agreement with experiment [21].
Chemical analysis
Grain size measurements
Average grain sizes for 1008 steel using the linear intercept method
grain size [ μm]
deviation [ μm]
interval [ μm]
accuracy [%]
Uniaxial sample testing
Applied strains, measured after unloading the samples, expressed as true strain
Nominal strain (%)
Multi-axial sample testing
Samples for non-uniaxial stain paths were loaded in a custom testing machine [26] using a sample geometry developed by Raghavan [27]. A clamp hold down force of -450 kN (force control) and a ram rate of 0.1 was applied resulting in a nominal strain rate of 0.2 . Digital Image Correlation (DIC) was used to measure the plastic strains from a circular area with an undeformed diameter of 32 mm (1.25 inches). Strains are listed in Table 3.
Texture measurements
Crystallographic texture measurements were performed using neutron diffraction at the BT-8 Residual Stress Diffractometer at NIST [28]. Strained and as received samples were cut into 8 mm squares and stacked and glued together until a cube was formed. For the average grain sizes calculated in Table 2, there are on the order of 2×107 grains in each sample. Three complete pole figures from the (200), (220), and (211) reflections were measured. A 5° hexagonal grid [29] of the pole figure space was used, resulting in 469 separate measurements, with the exception of the URD and UTD samples strained to 10% and 20%. In these four samples a hexagonal grid of 6° spacing was used, resulting in 331 separate measurements. The raw data was then processed in the program PF [30] and converted to pole figures in the popLA format [31]. The as received samples exhibited orthotropic sample symmetry from the rolling process. All sample strains occurred aligned with the initial orthotropic symmetry resulting in orthotropic symmetry in the strained samples. For these reasons, orthotropic sample symmetry was applied to the pole figures and the orientation distribution functions (ODFs).
Orientation Distribution Function (ODF) calculation
From the series of pole figures, orientation distribution functions (ODFs) were calculated to determine the distribution of grains as a function of crystallographic orientation in the bulk material. Two different ODF solvers were investigated, the WIMV method [32] in popLA and mTex [33]. The calculation of the ODF is an inverse problem, which are known to not necessarily have a unique solution. For each solver a range of different ODFs can be calculated that match the pole figures depending on the, number of iterations of the ODF solving loop, resolution of the ODF, and other input parameters. To facilitate comparison with the VPSC ODF calculations, the WIMV method was used. Uncertainty in ODF measurements is an ongoing measurement challenge currently under investigation [34]. For the purposes of this paper, an uncertainty of 10% in the ODF values is assumed [35].
Good agreement (2% calculation error) with the pole figures was found after 12 iterations. Experimental and recalculated pole figures were qualitatively inspected to check agreement as well. The ODF from the as received sample was used to calculate an input file for the VPSC analysis. The ODF is expressed in a crystal orientation distribution file that has a regular 5° grid in the Bunge Euler angles ϕ1,Φ,ϕ2. Due to the crystal and sample symmetries, the ODF can be expressed in a subspace with the range 0°≤ϕ1≤90°, 0°≤Φ≤90°, 0°≤ϕ2≤90°, albeit with an additional three fold symmetry in this subspace. A value for intensity is listed at each point in this grid, expressed in units of 'multiples of a uniform distribution' or MUD (often referred to as 'multiples of a random distribution' MRD).
Relevant orientations investigated
{ hkl}
〈 uvw〉
The viscoplastic self-consistent (VPSC) model developed by Lebensohn and Tomé [36] was used to simulate the texture development. The VPSC model treats each grain as a viscoplastic ellipsoidal inclusion embedded in and interacting with a homogeneous effective matrix (HEM). Under the HEM assumption, individual grain response varies as a function of its orientation and the stiffness of the grain-to-matrix interaction, depending on the choice of homogenization methods at grain level. Details of the model can be found in [36].
A file containing 24 938 discrete orientations was created to approximate the calculated ODF from the as received sample. This list of orientations was used as an input file to the VPSC algorithm. Three other input files were also required: a file containing the applied velocity gradients and applied Cauchy stresses; a file containing the unit cell parameters, elastic moduli of the single crystal, slip planes, and hardening behavior of slip families; and an input file containing the path and name of the subfiles, grain aspect ratio, hardening model, and interaction model.
For all simulations a velocity gradient is imposed on all components of the velocity gradient tensor matching the macroscopic strains in Table 3 in the following manner. Imposed velocity tensors were the εRD, εTD and εND strains normalized such that the highest positive strain was set equal to 1. The strain increment was the value of strain along the highest positive strain direction. All stresses calculated by the VPSC model are therefore deviatoric stresses. Only the {110} 〈111〉 and {112} 〈111〉 families of slip planes and directions were considered in this model as initial experimentation including the {123} 〈111〉 family of planes did not show a significant effect on the texture. The ellipsoid ratios used were based on the experimental data listed in Table 2 normalized along the rolling direction and having values of 1.0, 0.78 and 0.46 for the RD, TD and ND respectively. Secant linearization and first nearest neighbor interaction models were chosen. The outputs used here from the VPSC algorithm include a list of discrete orientations that have been rotated to new orientations due to the imposed velocity gradient. These discrete orientations were binned into a regular grid to create an ODF.
Experimental textures
Figure 2 includes the as received texture, as well as the three nominal strain increments along the five strain paths explored. The as received texture of the 1008 steel is typical for a rolled body centered cubic (BCC) material for deep drawing applications, with strong intensity along the γ fiber, and peaks along the 〈110〉 RD directions of the (111) plane. The intensity values for α fiber orientations and the shear orientation are also larger than in a uniform texture distribution. The intensities of cube, shear, Goss, RGoss, copper, brass, and S orientations are low, as expected in a BCC material.
When samples are strained in uniaxial tension along the rolling direction (URD), the ODF intensity along the γ1 and γ3 orientations increases, as shown in the first row in Figure 2, Figure 3, and Figure 7. The ODF intensity along the , γ2, and γ4 decrease. The largest change in the ODF intensities are along these orientations occurs while straining from 0% to 10%. The ODF intensity along all of the α fiber orientations increase, shown in Figure 2, Figure 3, and Figure 6. Along the θ fiber the grains along the shear orientation increase, shown in Figure 2, Figure 3, and Figure 8, but the ODF intensity along the cube orientation remains the same.
The PSRD strain state is notable in that there are very few changes from the as received structure, depicted in the second row in Figures 2 and 3. For all of the orientations investigated, the ODF intensity changes only very slightly at each strain level. The ODF intensity of orientations along the α fiber are basically unchanged. There are some modest increases in the intensity along the γ fiber, particularly filling in the γ2 and γ4 orientations to make the intensity along the γ fiber slightly higher and more uniform in intensity. The θ fiber shows the same trend as the samples deformed with uniaxial tension along the rolling direction with the shear orientation increasing and the cube orientation unchanged.
The dominant texture evolution in the BB strain state is intensification of the γ fiber. The 20% sample still shows the highest intensity along the 〈110〉 RD directions, but by 30% strain all orientations along the γ fiber are approximately equal and have an intensity of 15 to 16 times higher than a uniform distribution. Grains oriented along the α fiber have decreased sharply outside the range of the γ fiber and θ fiber. The BB strain state also shows the strongest changes along the θ fiber. The cube orientation increases from a value of 0.5 MUD in the as received strain state to over 5 MUD after 30% BB straining. Similarly, the shear orientation increases dramatically.
The PSTD strain state results in a texture evolution that is similar to the BB strain state. Grains oriented along the γ fiber increase, particularly the γ2 and γ4 orientations, to become nearly constant in intensity at 10 MUD by 30% strain. Grains oriented along the α fiber decrease, except for those near the γ fiber. The ODF intensity along the lower part of the α fiber (ϕ1≥60°) increases more than observed in the RD, PSRD or BB strain states. There is an increase in the number of grains oriented along the shear orientation, while the cube orientation remains unchanged.
Due to the symmetries in this projection of Euler space, the texture evolution of UTD samples look like the corresponding URD ODF mirrored about the ϕ1=90° axis. Grains oriented along the γ2 and γ4 orientations increase, while γ1 and γ3 intensity decreases. Orientations along the α fiber decrease. There is some increase in the copper orientation, which can be related by symmetry operations to an orientation near the α3 orientation. Along the θ fiber the fraction of grains oriented along these directions are similar to measurements of the URD and PSRD samples.
Computational textures
Similar to the experimental data shown in Figure 2, Figure 4 shows the calculated intensities of the ODF in ϕ2 = 45° cross sections from VPSC simulations. Figure 5 is a plot of the differences between adjacent strain steps (10% - as received, 20% - 10%, 30% - 20%) in the ODFs calculated with VPSC. Line profiles along the α fiber (Figure 6 bottom), γ fiber (Figure 7 bottom) and θ fiber (Figure 8 bottom) are also shown. Similar to the experimental data, the discussion of the URD deformation contains the relevant figure numbers for discussion of the fiber components, they will not be repeated for each strain mode.
The intensity scale for each of the computational figures was adjusted to accommodate the higher intensity values calculated in the VPSC code. However the color scale in the range of the experimental intensities are unchanged for Figure 4 and Figure 5 to allow for comparison, additional colors were added for intensities outside of the experimental range. For Figures 6, 7, and 8 a thin black line is used to depict the maximum in the experimental line profile figures.
The VPSC as received texture shown in Figure 4 is similar to, but less smooth than the experimental as received texture shown in Figure 2. Regions around γ2 and γ4 are slightly depleted in intensity compared to the experimental data. Similarly, areas around the copper and brass orientations are also lower than observed experimentally.
The main intensity changes for URD occur along γ1 and γ3. There are corresponding decreases in the γ2 and γ4 orientations. As the amount of strain increases, the intensity around the γ3 orientation increases in a very narrow band in the ϕ1 axis while broadening in the Φ axis at higher strains. The α fiber increases from the as received sample, but with larger increases at Φ>55° than at Φ<55° observed in the experimental data. Along the θ fiber, the shear orientation shows a sharp drop, observed in all VPSC data sets. These observations are likely computational artifacts due to the low number of grains (2.5×105) compared to the experimental data (≈2×107). The θ fiber orientations show modest increases in the shear texture, but the cube texture is essentially unchanged.
When the strain state changes to plane strain along the rolling direction (PSRD), the texture evolution is similar to the VPSC URD sample. The γ1 through γ3 orientations increase but the γ2 and γ4 orientations decrease. However, the {554} orientation, which is close to the γ4 orientation, increases like the γ1 and γ3 orientations. Unlike experimental data, orientations near the α3 and α4 orientations show large increases, particularly at 20% strain, but the other α fiber orientations only show slight increases in ODF intensity. Similar to the α4 orientations, the shear orientation shows a large increase at 20% strain, and then decreases back to the as received intensity at 30%. The cube and shear orientations in the θ fiber are also largely unchanged.
Balanced biaxial (BB) strains show the sharpest texture evolution. The texture sharpening is primarily along the γ fiber. All orientations along γ fiber increase by similar amounts for each strain step, such that by 30% strain, intensities of 80 MUD are observed. The α fiber shows a sharp peak where it intersects with the γ fiber, but decreases in all other orientations. The θ fiber shows a large increase as well, predominantly along the shear orientation.
Plane strain along the transverse direction (PSTD) shows increases in the ODF intensity at all orientations along the γ fiber after 10% strain, and then increases in the γ2 and γ4 thereafter. Similar to the URD sample, the α fiber increases more at Φ>55° than at Φ<55°. The shear orientation increases in intensity, but the cube orientation remains nearly constant.
Finally, the UTD samples show intensity increases along γ2 and γ4, the 〈110〉 TD directions of the (111) plane, but of lower magnitude than the PSTD strain state. The intensity of orientations γ1 and γ3 decrease. Like the URD case, as strain increases the highest intensity bands tend to align themselves with the Φ axis. The intensity along the α fiber orientations generally decrease, with only a slight increase at Φ=65° to 70°. Orientations near the shear texture also show large increases.
Qualitatively there is good agreement between the experimental and computational texture evolution models. Most changes from the texture evolution have the correct 'sense' to them, experimental increases are matched to computational increases and vice versa. Both the computational and experimental textures show significant changes even at relatively low (10%) values of strain. There are some subtle differences between the Experimental and VPSC as received textures. As discussed in the results and methods sections, the VPSC as received texture is less smooth, likely due to the three order of magnitude reduction in the number of grains explored in the VPSC model (24 938 orientations) than in the experimental data (estimated at ≈2×107). For orientations with ϕ2=45° and Φ<20° there are less than 10 grains for each of the orientations in the 5° bin and at Φ=0 most of the orientations only have 1 grain associated with each bin. This may also be the cause of oddities around the shear orientation in Figure 8, where large peaks are observed 5° from the orientation that are not observed experimentally in Figure 8.
There are a few places where there is qualitative disagreement between the trends in the VPSC predictions and experimental data. In the experimental URD and PSRD strain states there are broad increases in the α fiber, particularly at Φ<55°, shown in Figure 6. The VPSC data in Figure 6 shows some increase in the intensity at Φ<55°, but a larger increase in intensity at Φ>55°. Similarly the increase in cube orientation over the shear orientation observed experimentally in Figure 8 under BB straining was not observed in the VPSC predictions in Figure 8. At higher strain levels the VPSC model seemed to rotate grains away from the γ fiber to orientations ±5° to ±10° away from Φ=55° (γ fiber), as shown by the decreases in intensity along the γ fiber in the difference map in Figure 5. This may also affect the PSTD results data, where the intensity pattern observed experimentally in Figure 7 does not match the VPSC predictions shown in Figure 7.
Quantitatively, the VPSC model tends to over predict the rate of texture evolution leading to much higher intensities and sharper orientation distributions. Overall, the intensity values for experimental data at 30% strain better match the VPSC data at 10% strain. The BB 30% strain state is a particularly good example of the difference in rate of texture evolution, with the intensity predicted by the VPSC over-predicted by a factor of 5. Another example is the PSRD strain state, where the α4 and {554} orientations are predicted to have increases larger than are observed experimentally.
Comparing this data with prior computational and analytical work, the uniaxial samples show the 〈110〉 slip directions of the {111} plane as stable orientations, and instability of slip directions 〈211〉 in the {111} plane. The PSRD strain state is indeed similar to the predictions for cold rolling the ferrite phase. The experimental data indicates that while the α4 () orientation is the most stable, there seems to be a broad distribution of orientations that are increasing at the strain levels investigated. The stability of the α fiber changes with more transverse direction strain, such that in the BB and PSTD strain states this fiber is not as stable. This result could be used in production, for applications where α fiber is not desirable, as more lubrication on the rollers or cross rolling could be used to remove some of the α fiber and increase the number of grains with orientations aligned with the γ fiber; albeit with some increase in the cube and shear components as well. The increase in γ fiber agrees well with observations by [15] and [16] but in our work more cube orientated grains are observed than by Luzin et al. [15]. The experimental and VPSC data are more consistent with the Lamel predictions than experimental data from Yerra et al. [6].
A similar study 5754 aluminum compared Los Alamos polycrystal plasticity (LApp), VPSC and visco-plastic fast Fourier transform (VPFFT) models for multiaxial strain states [37]. Hu et al. [37] showed similar trends to those observed here, with the rate of texture evolution over predicted in the VPSC model, particularly for the BB strain state. The VPFFT model calculated a rate of texture evolution closer to those observed experimentally. In the VPFFT model, the inter-grain and intra-grain interactions are included in the model, likely improving the accuracy. However, the VPFFT model described by Hu et al. [37] is discretized as voxel elements. Approximately 500 voxels were required for each grain, as opposed to the single ellipsoid per grain in the VPSC model, resulting in the VPFFT model containing one fifth as many grains as the VPSC model for a similar computational time. The reduction in number of grains resulted in a lower fidelity to the as received texture. The texture in the 5754 aluminum studied was much closer to a uniform distribution than the steel texture measured here, so a larger number of grains would be required to accurately model the steel microstructure. Following work by Dawson et al. [38], the addition of the elastic component to the viscoplastic models (EVPSC or EVPFFT approaches) is not expected to improve the model as the strains in this study are relatively large strains along monotonically increasing strain paths. Additionally, the construction of an accurate microstructure with respect to the spatial correlation of adjacent grains required as an input to a VPFFT or crystal plasticity based finite element analysis (CP-FEA) models is a topic of current research.
However, there is some concern that even accurate microstructure may be insufficient to model the deformation of polycrystalline materials. Pokharel et al. [39] compare a modeled microstructure in VPFFT that is taken from experimental data from near field high-energy X-ray diffraction microscopy (nf-HEDM) [40]. Even with a microstructure model that closely matches the experimental data, the agreement between experiment and model are not as close as desired. Similar to the results shown in this paper, there is reasonable qualitative agreement, but there are significant qualitative and quantitative variations. Pokharel et al. [39] conclude that the "empirically derived constitutive relations used in continuum scale simulations" (i. e. the Voce model in VPFFT and VPSC) as the likely cause of the disagreement and recommend further work on the development of a constitutive relation based on dislocation interactions. Pokharel et al. [39] also touches on CP-FEA, but states that the empirically derived continuum level constitutive relationships used in FEA may suffer similar problems as observed in the VPFFT model.
To summarize, the crystallographic texture evolution in a 1008 low carbon steel along five different strain states have been experimentally measured and computationally predicted using VPSC. Comparisons between measured texture evolution and computational texture evolution indicates that the VPSC model is generally qualitatively accurate in predicting the orientations to which grains rotate. Quantitatively, the VPSC model over predicts the rate at which grains will rotate, particularly in multi-axial strain states such as balanced biaxial.
a Certain commercial equipment, instruments, or materials are identified in this paper in order to specify the experimental procedure adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor is it intended to imply that the materials or equipment identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose.
The authors thank Steve Banovic, Tim Foecke, Mark Iadicola and Mark Stoudt at the NIST Center for Metal Forming for advice and assistance, and the Research Associate Program at the National Academies for supporting this work.
Supplementary material
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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The Inner Life of Empires:
"Ms. Rothschild's The Inner Life of Empires offers us a fascinating tour of Scottish society during the age of empire, and it does so from a unique perspective. Ms. Rothschild has written a "micro-history," a mode of scholarship that attempts to elucidate large historical themes by closely narrating the small history of a particular individual. Her micro-history is not about an individual but a family. The book is unusually well-researched and wide-ranging. . . . Ms. Rothschild has corralled this voluminous and scattered archival record with diligence and skill. She presents the Johnstones' family history as a portrait of their age. Books of this kind work by accumulating telling detail and so defy summary. Still, several themes emerge. Ms. Rothschild beautifully reveals, for instance, how fundamentally the imperial and military exploits of states can remake the imaginative and aspirational worlds of their subjects. The Johnstones could plan a career in the Caribbean, or gossip about the politics of the Mughal court in Delhi, in a manner that would have staggered their near forebears. The Inner Life of Empires reminds us that the experience of globalism long predates the age of the Internet. . . . More admirable still is Ms. Rothschild's meticulous and elegant account of the family. She offers us a captivating glimpse of what it must have been like to live in, profit from and command the British Empire during its heyday."--Jeffrey Collins, Wall Street Journal
"This original and remarkable book . . . is the story of the Johnstones, 11 Scottish siblings whose lives spanned the entire 18th-century British Empire--from Britain to Africa and the Americas. By extraordinary perseverance, Rothschild (a Harvard historian) has excavated the tiniest tidbits about them from a vast array of repositories and collections, and used these shards of evidence to broaden and deepen our understanding of the Enlightenment, commerce, empires, revolutions, nation states, sentiments, family relations, and slavery. Her tale often holds the mysteries of a fictional account, especially about a key slave whose life after shipment to the American colonies is lost in the mists of time. . . . While this is a scholarly work and the very model of the contemporary historian's craft, it's also deeply illuminating, humane, at times moving, and altogether captivating."--Publishers Weekly
"[An] elegantly crafted narrative. . . . The Inner Life of Empires . . . is a tour-de-force of archival sleuthing. It is also a triumph of historical ventriloquism. Speaking through the Johnstones, Rothschild delivers a wise, original reflection on the shifting boundaries between home and abroad, private and public, at the dawn of the modern age."--Maya Jasanoff, New Republic
"Emma Rothschild is an historian of the mind, of characteristic ways of thinking and feeling. She aims to blindfold hindsight and to recover not just external events but the way people perceived them at the time. The difficulty is evidence. Most people leave no trace. Even the eminent, she says, show little sign of the inner consequences of outward affairs. As if in answer, her absorbing new book, "The Inner Life of Empires", overflows with evidence--so finely detailed and from such scattered sources as to be scarcely imaginable before the development of digitized, searchable catalogues and archives."--The Economist
"Here Emma Rothschild offers a truly transnational family history set in an age of turbulence, war and imperial growth; a moment in time where dramas were many. Rothschild's story of Empire, however, comes with a new spin, offering as it does a micro-historical account of one family's interconnections with the empires, politics and ideologies of the age. Drawing on many intensively mined sources from an array of archives, including a rich collection of family letters, she furnishes a richly detailed, highly readable account of the Johnstones, four sisters and seven brothers born into middling circumstances in Dumfries in the 1720s and 1730s. . . . The strength of this book lies in its focus on the family as a collective, for it is here that we see how Empire and individuals came together."--Donald MacRaild, Times Higher Education
"This is a meticulous study, based on an immense amount of research, including a large cache of family correspondence, court records and much more. . . . There is much to admire about this book. It skillfully links the "microhistory" of the Johnson siblings with the "macrohistory" of Britain and its empire, giving us an intimate glimpse into the way one family pursued the material opportunities and confronted the moral challenges that arose with Britain's late-18th-century advance around the globe."--Dane Kennedy, Washington Independent Review of Books
"This is . . . a brave and able book."--Gillian Tindall, Literary Review (UK)
"Emma Rothschild's magnificently researched and lucidly written book reveals the many connections and layers of empire without in any way undermining the less edifying aspects of empire."--Rudrangshu Mukherjee, The Telegraph (Calcutta, India)
"[A] wealth of insight into early capitalism and . . . the moral foundations of the global economy."--Diane C., Enlightened Economist
"Rothschild presents a fascinating combination of micro- and macro-history that sheds light on 18th century empires throughout the world. She does so by relying upon primary source documents of one family, the Johnstones, a relatively nonprosperous family of the Scottish country gentry. . . . [T]he approach provides a window on both personal and worldwide history that would be impossible otherwise."--Choice
"There is much wisdom and compassion in this gracefully written book."--Keith M. Baker, Law and History Review
"Rothschild is an accomplished scholar and a fluent writer. And her subject--teasing a broad study from a history of a single family--is both cleverly conceived and persuasively-argued. It is a tribute to indefatigable research, and it reflects the author's intellectual excitement about what she has unearthed."--James Walvin, Figurehead Historian
"[T]his work is an apt corrective to overly simplistic views of what eighteenth-century imperial Britons believed and felt."--Robert A. McLain, Historian
"The micro-history of the Johnstones . . . is a fascinating and informative account. . . . [S]ome of the best pages of this book illuminate the connections between principles, personal interests, and ideas in the political thought and in the politics of members of this family. Rothschild's sensitivity to these conflicts and tensions is admirable."--K. Steven Vincent, European Legacy
"The Inner Life of Empires is an excellent micro-history of one family's globe-spanning existence. . . . Rothschild illuminates a tumultuous period that created the modern economy, the British Empire, and the philosophical Enlightenment and will be an indispensible tool for contextualizing discussions of present-day globalization."--World Book Industry
"Rothschild wonderfully stirs politics, economics, family relationships, slavery, government, colonial life, and education into the same pot. Her work makes a convincing argument against separating concerns of public and private, economy and romance, politics and family. Her material may seem too comprehensive for one volume, but The Inner Life of Empires is very readable, almost novelistic in its integrated structure and fluid narrative."--Anna Lawrence, Journal of Modern History
"[A] Gem of a book. . . . Her book is a brilliant achievement in what the author identifies as the new microhistory and a sophisticated statement on the possibilities of this genre."--Mark Gamsa, Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Geschichte / Revue Suisse d'Histoire
"Tracing the lives of a single Scottish family whose eleven siblings roamed the globe to seek their fortunes, Emma Rothschild has explored the great elements of the eighteenth-century world: empire, politics, slavery, warfare, and Enlightenment thought and sensibility. An extraordinary book, weaving back and forth between microhistory and the greater world, it is based on archival research on three continents, written with literary grace, and inspired by a sensitive historical imagination."--Bernard Bailyn, Adams University Professor, emeritus, Harvard University
"Emma Rothschild presents a fascinating view of the ties of family, patronage, and business which linked the emerging British power across the world in the eighteenth century. Her book provides a valuable context for our contemporary discussions of globalization."--C. A. Bayly, University of Cambridge
"This remarkable book is both a moving evocation of an extended family's intimate experience of empire and Enlightenment in the eighteenth century, and a powerful meditation on the work of historical writing in the post-Enlightenment, postimperial present. Profound and strikingly original, this book will become a classic."--Robert Travers, Cornell University
"This is an important and original book. Based on a wealth of archival research--much of which has been neglected by previous historians--The Inner Life of Empires looks at the Johnstone family to explore issues of British imperialism. It makes a critical intervention in the history of intimacy and interiority, and poses a series of challenges to concepts of the public and private. A wonderful read."--Margot Finn, Warwick University
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text:
A lot of us have old recipes on index cards – and messing around with those index cards while cooking can be a pain. If you are like me then you might even LOSE the recipe card somewhere in the kitchen while you are making something. How does that happen? Keep your recipes safe and visible with a holder just like this one. Kelli made this for her mother-in-law and I think it is the perfect gift. You can customize with colors and papers that work for your gift recipient. It's really easy!
Recipe cardholder DIY project at Goodsmiths


text:
Non-Interventional (Observational) Post-Authorization Safety Study of HES 130/0.42 in Paediatric Patients
This study has been completed.
B. Braun Melsungen AG
Information provided by:
B. Braun Melsungen AG
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First received: December 10, 2008
Last updated: May 15, 2009
Last verified: May 2009
- Full Text View
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- No Study Results Posted
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- How to Read a Study Record
No Study Results Posted on ClinicalTrials.gov for this Study
|Study Status:
|This study has been completed.
|Study Completion Date:
|December 2008
|Primary Completion Date:
|December 2008 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)


text:
Welcome to Baker's Floor & Surface
We've been serving the Alameda, San Francisco, San Mateo, and Santa Clara counties since 1989 and are proud to have been a leader in the architectural surface preparation and refinishing industry for many years. Our expertise includes Polished Concrete, Metal, Stone, and Wood Services. We install the best epoxy flooring and vapor barrier emission solutions, and our floor prep solutions include shot blasting and the most effective industry techniques.
How do we operate? We listen to the needs of our customers—managers of commercial properties, institutional facilities, and those in the hospitality business—and advise them on how to get the most longevity and profitability from their architectural surface and flooring investment. We use the latest in technology to provide ideal solutions for every type of surface.
Our Valued Customers
Our Services Include:
Epoxy (Installation of Epoxy Flooring; Vapor Emission Barriers; Urethane Cements)
Concrete (Concrete Polishing, Grinding, Sealing, Staining; Decorative Concrete; Self Leveling Cements; Ardex Overlay Systems; Micro-Toppings)
Metal (Metal Restoration, Refinishing; Preventative Maintenance; Graffiti and Vandalism; Historic Preservation; Architectural Façade & Curtain Wall)
Stone (Stone Restoration and Maintenance/Stone Honing and Polishing; Graffiti and Vandalism; Historic Preservation; Stone Façade)
Wood (Wood Restoration, Touch-ups, Refinishing; Preventative Maintenance)
Floor Prep (Shot Blasting, Bead Blasting, Underlayments, Coating Removal)
We Promise to:
- Provide a team of skilled craftsmen to deliver innovative, high quality services (each team is trained to work with a specific type of surface).
- Incorporate cost-effective measures that will obtain the best aesthetic appearance.
- Conduct work quickly, safely, and efficiently.
- Utilize the most advanced green processes and methodologies whenever possible.
- Communicate clearly with our clients throughout each project to ensure optimum results on time and within budget.


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An Elemental Playground
The task for FLoW was to create a playground for children around one of the five senses incorporating a single and specific architectural material. I chose to address the sensation of touch and used concrete as the building material. FLoW is located in the forested areas of the Pacific Northwest and due to the large amount of precipitation in this region, I chose to site FLoW in Skamania, Washington next to the Lower Lewis Falls(seen below). Here, I could use the proximal distance to flowing water and reroute it, essentially turning the playground into a type of irrigation structure with the intent to entice the play and touch of water. The early studies show programmatic separation into four distinct areas that would each highlight waters differing levels of activity; rapid water, flowing water, and still water. Later, these separate areas were consolidated into a single elegant form that would accentuate water's varying levels of turbidity.
Thank You!


text:
Ask Health Experts and Get Answers to Your Health Question ASAP
Hi there...
I'm curious to know what is making you feel this way after you eat...
The difference between Reglan and Zofran is the way in which they work... so if I were to tell you which one may work better for you, I'd need to know the reason behind your nausea/vomiting.
Zofran is not only for chemo patients... I administer this medication daily to my patients, most of which are not cancer patients, and it works wonderfully in most cases. It also can make you drowsy, however.
Reglan is used for patients who have gastroesophageal reflux (GERD), and it works by speeding up emptying of stomach contents so that it doesn't come back up into the esophagus. In some patients, this reflux causes nausea/vomiting and reglan can help with these symptoms.
I hope this helps you, and by biggest advice of all is to talk to your doctor about your nausea/vomiting... you need to find the cause of this problem, not just treat the symptoms... that is, if you haven't already.
If this helps, please click on the "accept" button. Also, positive feedback and bonuses are greatly appreciated!
Let me know if I can help you further!
Thank you! Erin


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Contact Loews Santa Monica Beach Hotel
Have a question?
Want to leave a comment? We would love to hear from you.
Santa Monica, CA
Fifty-two weeks a year, our area delivers fun things to do and see. Don't miss exciting options such as: the LA Marathon, Santa Monica Pier Concert Series, the Long Beach Grand Prix and more. Our Events Calendar is your guide for exciting options throughout the year.
The world-class "Stadium to the Sea" course debuted in 2010 and marked the first time the race had extended beyond the City of Los Angeles' boundaries. In so doing, it created a unique partnership among four cities—Los Angeles, West Hollywood, Beverly Hills and Santa Monica—and the federal government at the Veterans' Administration property in West Los Angeles. Held every March, the LA Marathon is a world-class running event. More info
For over 30 years, the Santa Monica Pier has delighted concertgoers every summer with its annual Twilight Concert Series. These free musical performances occur Thursday nights and welcome anyone who wants to take in the music from the Pier or the beach below.
A celebration of everything Santa Monica. Spectators line Santa Monica's famous Main Street each 4th of July to watch entertaining parade participants representing everything from community groups and public safety officers to innovative floats complete with live music and acrobatics.
Santa Monica joins other great cities in the world that offer free theatre to its residents as well as to the surrounding communities and visitors. At the end of every summer, this theatre company convenes "to educate and enrich through the medium of Shakespeare."
Win prizes and contests while participating in this popular holiday season event. Buying a ticket to participate in the Crawl enables you to receive drink and food specials at some of the city's best bars and restaurants while also raising money for those in need through a partnership with Westside Food Bank. Come in holiday attire and help the Westside Food Bank to feed the less fortunate over the holidays.
This annual festival is free of charge and invites the public to "connect, create and celebrate" through various activities that reflect the city. The festival includes music and dance performances, art and cooking workshops, food trucks and fitness classes.
Want to leave a comment? We would love to hear from you.
Loews hotel newsletter delivers value directly to your inbox. Sign up to receive the best luxury hotel deals, as well as news, updates, and other information. Offering a collection of distinct properties throughout North America, Loews is the perfect partner for your next family vacation, romantic getaway or relaxing golf vacation. Simply fill out the information below to receive the very best of Loews.


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Bucs' Hickey interviews for Dolphins GM job
Bucs director of player personnel Dennis Hickey has interviewed for the Miami Dolphins general manager's job, the team announced Friday.
Ironically, Hickey has not been asked to interview with the Bucs, who also are seeking a GM to replace Mark Dominik. Hickey is in his eigtht season with the Bucs and third as the director of player personnel.
Hickey is the seventh person to interview for the Dolphins for the GM job.


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Pressuring the quarterback has not been a strength for the Patriots in recent years, and it now appears that they will be without one their top pass rushers for at least a month.
Outside linebacker Tully Banta-Cain had surgery Sunday to repair an abdominal injury and is expected to miss four to five weeks, ESPN.com reports.
Banta-Cain reportedly sustained the injury late last season and was told surgery was not necessary, but after tweaking the same injury in offseason workouts, it was decided that surgery was the best option.
The nine-year veteran recorded 45 tackles last season and was second on the team in sacks with five — a year after a breakout 10-sack season.
It is likely that Banta-Cain will miss most, if not all, of training camp, but will look to return to the field in time for the Patriots' Sept. 12 opener against the Miami Dolphins.
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About Us
Sponsorship Opportunity
Festival Information
Submit Film
From the President
Board of Directors
Film Night
Festival Program
Photo Gallery
Support the ISFFH
In the News
a Difference
Become a Member
of the ISFFH
Robin Saban is the Founder/President of the International Student Film Festival Hollywood.
Robin began his career in the entertainment industry as a writer, director and actor in Montreal, Canada. He wrote and directed several plays for live theatre while living in Montreal from 1992 to 1996. In Los Angeles since 1996, Robin worked in the entertainment industry as a film editor and project developer, and co-wrote the film script titled "29 Palms". Robin studied film and theater at Concordia University, Montreal, Canada (1991). In 1997, he studied digital film and video editing software "AVID" at Video Symphony in Burbank, California.
Inspired by his years of work in the entertainment industry, Robin founded the International Student Film Festival Hollywood in 2003, a festival geared solely to students offering them a unique opportunity to showcase their work. Then, in 2006, Robin created the Cross Cultural Film Festival Los Angeles, an avenue to celebrate our differences through film.
Robin currently serves on the Board of Directors for the Economic Alliance of the San Fernando Valley.
Click and watch this
new comedy!
Through Ralphs Community Contributions, they will donate up to 4%
of of your grocery purchases to the ISFFH!
Enter NPO # 84645


text: 11/28/16 9/23/13 POPSUGAR Celebrity Emmy Awards Emmy Awards Red Carpet 2013 See All the Stars Arriving at the Emmys! September 23, 2013 by Laura Marie Meyers 78 Shares Chat with us on Facebook Messenger. Learn what's trending across POPSUGAR. View On One Page Photo 79 of 115 ADVERTISEMENT () Start Slideshow Share This Link Copy What's Your Reaction? Thanks for your reaction Don't forget to share this with your friends! ← Use Arrows Keys → 79 Aubrey Plaza stepped out for the 2013 Emmys. 0 previous images 84 more images Previous Next Start Slideshow Red CarpetEmmy Awards


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Katie Bentzen is an authority on Malibu real estate. Throughout her 20-year career, Katie has been a top-producing agent. Her client list includes Oscar Award winning actors, Lords of England, and others who love the beach. Katie has raised her family in and called Malibu home for the last 29 years.
Author of the book, "Buy the Beach: How to Make Millions in Malibu Real Estate," Katie possesses a thorough knowledge of Malibu's unique neighborhoods, schools, parks, public and private beaches.
Katie's straightforward approach, excellent negotiating skills, and admirable reputation have earned her the respect of her clients and peers alike.
10/15/2014 - calvinzara
Helped me rent a Single Family home in Malibu, CA.
Katie was professional, and took the time to educate me on the process.
She made sure I knew my options, and what to look for incase I needed to renew the lease.
03/14/2014 - rlynn8
Bought a home in 2010 in Malibu Vista, Malibu, CA 90265.
In buying my home, Katie has been there every step of the way. She has always answered every call or email no matter what time of day or night it was. Throughout the past several months, Katie has been there every step of the way. She has always answered every call or email no matter what time of day or night it was. Her professionalism, mentorship, knowledge, honesty, and hard work ethic are much respected and appreciated. I never felt that she was just trying to sell me a house, but that she was a mentor to answer my questions and help me to make the best decision for my family.
I now consider Katie a friend and would highly recommend her to anyone that is searching for a wonderful realtor. . Thanks again to Katie Bentzen for being such a pleasure to work with. I am now looking for a second house (2014) and would only choose Katie Bentzen.
Download our Partners Trust App today! You'll find interactive search functionality making it easier than ever to search for homes on the go.
Read the Partners Trust blog. Learn more about our communities and the Los Angeles real estate market.
Set up an account to recieve alerts on all of your saved searches. Be the first to know about a great listing.


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Many people finish their basement to add living space and increase resale value. One of the challenging aspects of finishing a basement is deciding what to do with a low ceiling. Many products normally used for ceilings can make the ceiling appear even lower than it is.
Check with your municipality or county to see if there is any code regulating what you can do to your basement ceiling. The code may regulate the height, type of ceiling, access to pipes and ducts and what can be exposed in a residential basement.
Spray paint the ceiling, including pipes and ducts, in a light color. Apply primer first, then spray with a latex spray paint suitable for metal. This is a painting job that can be messier and more difficult than most, so hiring a professional might be worth the cost.
Attach furring strips perpendicularly to the bottom of the joists. Check with a level every 2 to 3 feet. Use shims to adjust the height if necessary.
Hang drywall. Apply adhesive to furring strips. Start in a corner. Prop drywall against the ceiling with a drywall hanger. Nail to the furring strip. Continue until the first row is complete. Stagger the drywall on the remaining rows. Once the drywall is hung, tape the seams.
Put up ceiling tiles or wainscot paneling as an easier alternative to drywall. Apply adhesive to the underside of the furring strip. Staple or nail the material directly to the furring strip.
Purchase ACP's CeilingMax system. CeilingMax preserves the ceiling height, does not require leveling and is easy to install. Follow the directions to install CeilingMax. Add 2-by-4 foot or 4-by-4 foot tiles of your choice.
Tips & Warnings
- Consult with an architect or interior designer if your budget allows. A professional can give many options for finishing the ceiling. They can make recommendations that will tie the ceiling in with the design in the rest of the room.
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text:
Definition of headaches
plural of headache 1
The word "headaches" uses 9 letters: A A C D E E H H S.
No direct anagrams for headaches found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after headaches (in bold), or to aacdeehhs in any order:
b - beachheads
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All words formed from headaches by changing one letter
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Book Review: Brave New Schools: Challenging Cultural Illiteracy Through Global Learning Networks by Dr. James Cummings and Dr. Dennis Sayers
Published 12:39 pm, Monday, November 12, 2012
Brave New Schools: Challenging Cultural Illiteracy Through Global Learning Networks by James Cummings and Dr. Dennis Sayers is an excellent book which explains how illiteracy can be dealt with more effectively through the efficient use of tools like the internet. Since Plato, educators have come to appreciate that literacy expands the human consciousness.
The authors discuss such matters as job related skills, reasons for failing student scores, the impact of poverty on education, instructional methodologies to reverse underachievement, cultural literacy, and much more.
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The presentation covers the links between education and cultural identity with explanations of the need to transition from the Euro-centric curriculum to a more inclusive Afro-Asian inclusive curriculum.
The authors discuss symbolic analysis. This analysis requires abstraction, system thinking, experimental inquiry, and collaboration. Abstraction requires conceptualization, whereas system thinking requires a well-defined process of inquiry in iterative steps to arrive at a methodology to solve difficult problems.
Experimental inquiry involves testing and data gathering to arrive at inferences
while collaboration involves subjecting ideas to a group discussion.
There are implications for future study which the book could explore. Examples are behavioral aspects like setting boundaries with friends/associates, creating a quiet environment for concentration, goal congruency, measurement, and goal setting. Above all, students must learn how to cope with life, as early as possible in the education experience.
Throughout the education experience, students from all income groups have had trouble coping with the behavioral aspects to be mastered in order to succeed academically. Conquering these behavioral negations will require that students develop coping skills at an earlier age.
Brave New Schools is an excellent resource for beginning a badly needed conversation on improving educational outcomes. This work can be enhanced with a discussion of important coping mechanisms so that students can accomplish the meritable goals set forth.


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Three years after the International Mountain Bicycling Association (IMBA) said it simply wanted mountain bike access to dirt roads in national parks, Interior Department officials reportedly are working to make it easier to expand mountain bike access to backcountry trails in the park system.
According to Public Employees for Environmental Ethics, Assistant Interior Secretary Lyle Laverty is preparing a regulation that would make it easier for park superintendents to allow mountain bikers into the backcountry of their parks.
"This is a lame duck gift for our Mountain-Biker-in-Chief," says PEER Executive Director Jeff Ruch. "With all the troubles facing the country, the White House should be concerned about more than where the president can ride his bike."
Of course, Mr. Ruch is using a little hyperbole with his statement, as the proposed regulation that's expected to be released in the coming weeks is aimed at all mountain bikers across the country, not simply the president.
But it should also be noted that IMBA has been lobbying hard, and not always forthrightly, in trying to expand mountain bike access in the national parks. (Oddly, the group also has indicated an interest in emulating the National Rifle Association to a certain degree to get what it wants.)
And let's not overlook that there already are hundreds of miles of mountain biking opportunities in the parks, ranging from the classic White Rim Trail in Canyonlands National Park to routes through the woods at Mammoth Cave National Park, the carriage paths in Acadia National Park, and even the rail trails in Cape Cod National Seashore. In all, more than 40 national park units off mountain biking opportunities in some form.
But what IMBA's leadership craves is single-track backcountry access, access even into proposed and designated wilderness areas. But that card wasn't revealed when the organization first began making inroads with the National Park Service back in 2005.
When IMBA signed a memorandum of understanding with the Park Service in 2005, the stated intent was that IMBA merely was interested in looking at riding opportunities on dirt roads. And while that original MOU called for pilot mountain bike projects in two parks, soon thereafter it was expanded to three -- Big Bend National Park, Fort Dupont Park in the District of Columbia, and Cuyahoga Valley National Park in Ohio.
And then, during the summer of 2006 an IMBA crew visited Hawaii Volcanoes National Park to offer trail-building advice and even ran a 15-mile test event. Here's what park officials had to say about that test event: The 15-mile route included a 6-mile, 1700' uphill and loop trails over loose gravel, slick grass, and steep rocky stretches To prevent the introduction of non-native plants and insects into the park, rangers helped riders clean their bikes, packs, and shoes before the ride.
In January 2006 IMBA's communications director, Mark Eller, told the Traveler his group did indeed have designs on seeing single-track trails cut in national parks. "We feel comfortable, the NPS feels comfortable, with looking at the potential for trails to be opened. Those all require the environmental assessments and rule-making procedures," Mr. Eller said at the time.
Also in January of 2006, Jenn Dice, IMBA's government relations director, told a member of the Coalition of National Park Service Retirees that IMBA's members want to see single-track trails in the parks because a majority of the membership finds dirt roads "boring and mind-numbing, and not the kind of fun they are looking for."
In fact, IMBA's official stance when it comes to developing mountain bike tourism is that "single track is essential." Here's what IMBA's web site has to say about single-track trails: "Mountain bikers crave single-track and designing interconnecting single-track trails will bring them in droves."
As for the organization's thoughts on wilderness, which is out-of-bounds for mechanized vehicles? While IMBA supports wilderness designations, it also believes "mountain biking, a low-impact, muscle-powered recreation, is an appropriate trail use on public lands and is consistent with the values of Wilderness land protection, which includes recreation in natural landscapes. When proposed Wilderness Areas include significant mountain biking opportunities, IMBA pursues boundary adjustments and alternative land designations that protect natural areas while preserving bicycle access. IMBA can support new Wilderness designations where they don't close singletrack bicycling opportunities. "
In its bid to gain more access to the parks, IMBA has been working behind the scenes to see about changing Park Service rule-making policies with hopes of cutting through the red-tape to open up more park terrain to cyclists. Drew Vankat, the group's policy analyst, told the Traveler last December that IMBA was mulling a run at changing the rules that must be negotiated for a park superintendent to open park terrain beyond developed areas to mountain bikes.
However, others within the Park Service said at the time that IMBA was "applying pressure" to have the existing rule-making procedures changed. Specifically, they said, IMBA wanted to remove the current requirement that superintendents promulgate a special regulation to create bike trails beyond developed areas.
Guess what? Apparently Mr. Laverty is proposing to do just that.
PEER officials say they fully endorse getting more people out of their cars to bike on the paved and dirt roads of national parks. However, the group also believes that mountain biking on narrow trails could damage resources and conflict with visitor enjoyment.
It was with those concerns that the National Park Service in 1987 adopted regulations for bicycles that allow mountain bikes on trails only after an individual park follows a stringent decision-making process that allows for closer scrutiny. The process requires notice of a proposed regulation in the Federal Register and publication of a special federal regulation. Several parks have adopted the necessary special regulations to allow bikes. Among the parks are Saguaro National Park in Arizona and Golden Gate National Recreation Area in California.
That said, according to PEER, the proposed regulation, if adopted, would allow each park manager to designate backcountry trails open to mountain bikes by making a simple notation in an internal document called a "compendium." Now, that management document is available to the public upon request, but receives no public notice or public comment prior to approval.
Remember Mr. Eller's comment above that IMBA realized that expanded mountain bike access required "environmental assessments and rule-making procedures"? Well, PEER believes that under this proposed regulation there would be no requirement for park managers to prepare any environmental compliance under the National Environmental Policy Act or other laws prior to adoption.
"The pending proposed bicycle rule is a step backward for park conservation. IMBA is correct to anticipate that such a lax and nearly invisible process will open many more trails to bikes," says PEER Board member Frank Buono, a long-time former NPS manager. "We think the current rule is a good one. PEER does not oppose mountain bikes on trails in backcountry areas that are outside of designated, proposed or recommended wilderness but each proposal to allow bikes on backcountry trails should be thoughtfully and publicly considered."


text:
The Firing Line Forums
The Hide
The Hunt
> Hmong Hunter
View Full Version :
Hmong Hunter
January 8, 2007, 10:40 PM
This won't bring too many tears ! www.foxnews.com/wires/2007Jan08/0,4670,HunterHomicide,00.html
January 9, 2007, 12:13 AM
They don't know if it will be a "hate crime"? Well the white guy lived so it must be a hate crime!!:barf:
A crime is a crime, this hate crime stuff is quite a creation. It's sad that this has happened a second time.
January 9, 2007, 12:54 AM
The person killed had nothing to do with the shooting two years ago.
January 9, 2007, 02:31 AM
Yeah, when I said a second time, I meant Hmong vs Local shooting. I see how it could be confusing.
January 9, 2007, 02:49 AM
This won't bring many tears.....
I don't know, a guy is dead and the alleged shooter is a felon in possession of a firearm.
Who knows? Maybe the wrong person is dead.:mad:
Not enough information.
Art Eatman
January 9, 2007, 07:37 AM
Not the same guy? Okay, no correlation. Folks do get killed--as in, murdered, although very infrequently--when hunting.
Unless the specifics of a hunting-related cause are for discussion, "Hmong" is not a TFL topic.
Nor do we have to discuss every homicide that happens. This ain't "True Crime Magazine"; we ain't the "Daily Blather".
vBulletin® v3.8.7, Copyright ©2000-2017, vBulletin Solutions, Inc.


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All-of-us Express gets a $5,000 grant
|By City Pulse Staff
The money will support the theater's Guild Program
Young people who want to learn stagecraft just got a boost.
Earlier this month, the All-of-us Express Children's Theatre was awarded a $5,000 grant from Jackson National Life in support of its Guild Program, which trains students from 9- to 18-years-old in the arts of directing, makeup, set construction, props, costume creation, scripting, management and technical work. There are levels in the program — apprentice, journeyman and master — and kids who receive a master level certification can become crew heads for All-of-us Express main stage shows.


text: Kaikoura Airport (KBZ) IATA CodeKBZICAO CodeNZKIFAA CodePhoneFaxLatitude-42.4249992Longitude173.6049957Time ZonePacific/Auckland (GMT +12:00)WAC851EmailTwitterFacebookRunway 12018 ftRunway 22297 ft Report an error Send suggestion Add your business to Kaikoura Airport Click here to find out more Kaikoura Airport Reviews (0) Average User Rating Add your own review for Kaikoura Airport Cancel reply Review* Required fieldYour email address will not be published.Image Upload Policy: Please use the Upload option for uploading airport images only. All images uploaded to World-Airport-Codes.com should be uploaded with the permission of the photographer or copyright holder. By uploading a photo to World-Airport-Codes.com both yourself and the copyright holder of the image are agreeing to the publishing of the photo on our site. In most cases it is a violation of copyright law to copy and paste an image from another website and upload it to World-Airport-Codes.com.Name * Email * ImageRating* 1 2 3 4 5 500 characters left


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Proper Name: Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis Adsorbed and Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine
Tradename: KINRIX
Manufacturer: GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals
- Active immunization against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and poliomyelitis as the fifth dose in the diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine series and the fourth dose in the inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) series in children 4 through 6 years of age whose previous DTaP vaccine doses have been with INFANRIX® and/or PEDIARIX® for the first three doses and INFANRIX® for the fourth dose.
Product Information
Supporting Documents
April 25, 2016 Approval Letter - Kinrix(PDF - 27KB)
To change the product labeling in accordance with the guidance for industry issued on December 2, 2014, titled, "Recommendations for Labeling Medical Products to Inform Users that the Product or Product Container is not Made with Natural Rubber Latex.
July 23, 2014 Approval Letter - Kinrix
To revise the package insert to include safety and immunogenicity data to support co-administration of Kinrix with varicella virus vaccine and to update the pharmacovigilance plan.
July 01, 2014 Summary Basis for Regulatory Action - KINRIX(PDF - 94KB) November 27, 2013 Approval Letter - Kinrix[ARCHIVED]
To change the product labeling in accordance with the guidance issued on March 11, 2013.
July 16, 2012 Approval Letter - Kinrix[ARCHIVED]
Updated information regarding instruction on the method of vaccine administration in the Dosage and Administration section of the package insert.
March 12, 2012 Approval Letter - Kinrix[ARCHIVED]
To include changes to the package insert to include "syncope" to the Warnings and Precaution section in Highlights and the Full Prescribing Information
January 20, 2011 Approval Letter - Kinrix[ARCHIVED]
Revise the Package to address the presence of latex in the tip caps of the pre-filled syringes.
May 19, 2010 Approval Letter - Kinrix[ARCHIVED]
Revised the package insert to include a new presentation of a single-dose prefilled syringe that does not contain latex.
October 8, 2009 Approval Letter - Kinrix[ARCHIVED]
Changes to your package insert to the Dosage and Administration section regarding visual inspection by the user for cracked vials or syringes prior to administration of the vaccine and non-use of product should those conditions exist.
June 24, 2008 Approval Letter - Kinrix
Indicated for active immunization against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and poliomyelitis as the fifth dose in the diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine series.
Summary Basis for Regulatory Action - KINRIX Clinical Review - Kinrix(PDF - 747KB) Statistical Review and Evaluation-Kinrix(PDF - 271KB) Approval History, Letters, Reviews, and Related Documents - KINRIX(ZIP - 1.9MB)


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President Barack Obama praised Australian troops as among the toughest in the world as a rapturous send-off from Darwin capped off his whirlwind Australian visit.
The US commander in chief was greeted like a rock star when he appeared with Prime Minister Julia Gillard at Darwin's RAAF base on Thursday.
An estimated 2,000 troops gave him a standing ovation when he arrived and again when he left to board Air Force One bound for Bali and the East Asian summit.
The president's fondness for all things Australian was clear as he greeted his audience in a giant aircraft hangar with the words:
''Hello everybody, how are you going?''
He then led the troops in a chant of ''Aussie Aussie Aussie'' and said, ''I enjoyed that. You are all true blue.''
He said he was proud to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the ANZUS alliance and couldn't think of a better group to do it with.
''You are the backbone of our countries, some of the toughest people in the world,'' he said.
Americans and Australians had stood together since World War I, he said, but in a sense Darwin was where the alliance was born.
It was the scene of Australia's own Pearl Harbour, when the city was bombed by Japanese planes in February 1942.
''Against the odds we fought back. We picked ourselves up, dusted ourselves off and rebuilt,'' he said, going on to score decisive victories in the battle of the Coral Sea, Midway and Milne Bay.
To the diggers who had fallen in Afghanistan, and their families, he said, ''No words are sufficient for the depth of your sacrifice.
''Referring to joint plans to base 250 Marines in the Top End next year, rising to 2,500 in five years, he said Darwin would write the next chapter in the ''proud history of our alliance''.
''Thank you for representing the very best of our two countries,'' President Obama told the troops.
''God bless America, God bless Australia and God bless the great alliance between our two peoples.
''Dressed in an open-necked shirt in the Darwin heat, he received a kiss of congratulations from Ms Gillard, who said earlier the President wanted to get ''out and about beyond Canberra and meet real Australians''.
''There is not a better place to do it than here in Darwin,'' she said.
Ms Gillard praised the troops for ''holding the flag high'' and upholding the standards of their country.
''You are the ones who do the heavy lifting and make this alliance live, day in day out.''
Darwin's elite were out in force to greet the president.
The RAAF base audience was mostly defence personnel but also included political, business and sporting identities such as former AFL footballer Michael Long.
They were entertained by an Army swing band, singer-guitarist Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu and pop star Jessica Mauboy.
The Northern Territory's official gift to the US president was a painting by Bathurst Island artist Jean Baptiste Apuatimi.
The painting, depicting the body markings used at traditional Tiwi ceremonies, was part of ''old ritual exchange traditions'' for important visitors, NT Chief Minister Paul Henderson said.
The NT news, in an editorial headlined ''Welcome our newest mate'', said the emergence of China as a world power had given Darwin enormous strategic importance.
Obama was not the first US president to arrive in Darwin but he was the first to step on its soil and to be awake here.
Lyndon Johnson's plane refuelled in Darwin in 1967 on his way home from an Australian visit, but LBJ reportedly stayed sleeping on the plane and didn't get off.


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Feds to release secret spy court documents next week
The federal government will release hundreds of pages of declassified material about government surveillance from a secret court by Sept. 10, according to a Justice Department filing on Wednesday, and will review other documents to see if they should also be declassified.
The decision came in a Freedom of Information Act lawsuit filed by the Electronic Frontier Foundation, which is seeking records on a provision of the PATRIOT Act that has been used in some of the surveillance conducted by the National Security Agency leaked by Edward Snowden, including getting phone records of Americans from companies including Verizon.
The section in question, Section 215, allows the government to appeal to the secret FISA court for orders to acquire "tangible things," like records and documents, in pursuit of international terrorism investigations or clandestine activities.
EFF filed the lawsuit for information what has been collected, the legal basis for the proram and how many people have been affected by it two years ago.
On Wednesday, in response to a court-ordered deadline set in July, the goverment notified a district court in Oakland, Calif., that the administration would release "hundreds of pages" of orders and opinions of the secret court from 2004 to 2011 that contain legal interpretation of the government's power under Section 215 and procedures adopted by the NSA or Department of Justice. The material will be delivered to EFF by Sept. 10, according to the filing (posted here).
The government also will review other documents to determine if they should be declassified by the end of October, at which point the status of the lawsuit and what remains contested will be re-examined.
EFF hailed the move as a "major victory."
"The results of EFF's FOIA lawsuit will finally lift the veil on the dubious legal underpinnings of NSA's domestic phone surveillance program," EFF said in a blog post.
The group also pushed back on any characterization by the government of the release being voluntary or part of transparency efforts, saying the release is court ordered.
In its filing, the government says the documents are being released in part due to a review of classified documents initiated by an order from President Barack Obama in June directing U.S. intelligence to make public "as much as possible" about government surveillance, in addition to the court order.


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Hey y'all! How has your week been? Summer is definitely here, and it's supposed to be in the mid 80's for the next week (and was all this last week too!)! We spent a few hours at the pool yesterday and it was glorious. Memorial Day is this weekend and although we don't have any big plans, the weather is supposed to be super nice so I imagine we will spend lots of time outside….how about you?
So a couple big things on Domestic Superhero this past week….
1. We hit over 1,000 likes on our Facebook! Yay! I am so happy to have all ya'll support!
2. We are hosting a great Giveaway for an EZ Tofu Press and Sunday is the last day to enter! Click here to enter!
3. I shared an absolutely delicious recipe for a 'Taco Bell' Mexican Pizza. Run, don't walk, to that post!
Okay, now that we have that out of the way, lets check out the great features from last week!
Over at Honesty's Protégée, Deauna is cooking up Whole Wheat Flat Breads. Personally, I would have never thought I could make these, but she makes it look so easy and delicious, I just may try it.
And here comes Beth, at the First Year Blog, trying to murder my thighs right before bathing suit season!! For these Baked Brownies, I might make an exception to my diet. YUM!
Lauren at The Thinking Closet shared a really great tutorial for all the bloggers out there: How to Create a Blog Signature in Your Own Writing….who would have thought?! Thanks, Lauren!
Jen at David+Jen=Max shared these awesome nautical themed baby items for her friends baby! She embroidered them herself! So cute!
Thanks for everyone for linking up! If you have been featured above, please grab a 'featured' button from the right sidebar! ——>
Okay, now for this week's link party!
Here are the 'rules'
- Please follow Domestic Superhero either by email (subscribe on the right side), on Facebook, Twitter, or on Pinterest (or all 3!). I will follow back as well!
- Please place my 'Sharing With' button (from the right sidebar) somewhere on your blog- on a Link party page, the actual post, a sidebar-wherever! If you want me to add your button to my page, leave a note in the comments section.
- Please link any project…DIY, recipes, crafts, tips, tricks….the more the merrier!
- Visit a few other links to check out what others are posting! Everyone loves comments so don't be shy when you visit!


text: Is it a matter of worry that most phone makers now a days coming up with devices with no options for users to replace batteries. As if they are trying to keep the key of the Phone so that you need to contact them to open it up. Don't anybody find this alarming. Why no body is coming up with a class action lawsuit against this practice which prevents user to have full control over their phones for which they paid pretty good amount of money. Not only that, Users are also unable to change battery in case someone needs a higher capacity one and battery pull out resetting is also not possible. I am really sad to say that Apple has initiated this trend and because of their insane success now other phone makers are following apple. What is your opinion regarding this? Do you support this trend or not? Can anyone come up with a poll on this?


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Friday, January 04, 2013
Mary Hall Rhodes Jackson Glendenning, a former Westport resident, died Jan. 2 in Lost Tree Village, North Palm Beach, Fla. She was 92.
"Molly" was born in Portland, Maine on Oct. 14, 1920. Her parents were Richard Ayer Rhodes and Jane Isabelle Hall. She graduated from Northfield Academy in 1938, received a B.A from Wheaton College (1942) and attended the Katharine Gibbs School in Boston (1943).
Among her numerous achievements, she worked for Dr. Frederic E. Terman at the Radio Research Lab and while at Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass. (1943) she held top secret clearance while working on a variety of military countermeasures during World War II.
After marrying Lt. Col. Melvin L. Jackson in 1943, she worked at the Pentagon in Washington (1944), moved to Garden City, Long Island, N.Y. in 1945, and Westport in 1956.
While in Westport, she was active in various community activities, while being employed by Glendinning Companies in 1964. After her marriage to Ralph Glendinning in 1975, she moved to Fairfield, then to Lost Tree Village in North Palm Beach, where she lived for the remainder of her life.
She is survived by three grandchildren of her late son Richard Rhodes Jackson, Briana, Cody and Eric; her two remaining sons Charles Melvin Jackson, with wife Lori and daughter Sophie; and Robert Ayer Jackson, with wife Megan, five sons Brian and wife Nadia, Tom and wife Melissa, James, Miles and Connor.
A Memorial Service will be held on Wednesday, Jan. 9, at 11 a.m. at the Lost Tree Village Chapel, with a reception to follow at the Lost Tree Club House.
In lieu of flowers, the family suggests donations to the Lost Tree Village Benevolent Fund.
Posted 01/04/13 at 09:29 PM
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In this article for the Design Management Journal, Roger Sametz and Andrew Maydoney of Sametz Blackstone Associates (a strategic communications practice) present a model of design that articulates these outcomes and how best to leverage them. Their discussion is about communications design, but their insights are applicable across a range of design arenas.
Download article (pdf, 2.5 mb, 20 pages)
(via CPH127)