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Back row left to right:
The incentive to produce " Past and Present" arose from the desire by members of the
History is everywhere, the record of life, the road along which man came from clearing the land and growing crops between the stumps, carrying water from the streams, transforming wood paths to paved highways, children walking miles to one roomed schools, to modern day school consolidation with children being transported to classes by school buses, ploughing out potatoes, picking them with baskets and hauling them to the cellar by horse and cart to our modern bulk harvesting operation. These are only a few of the changes which we have tried to expose.
Many articles in this book have been submitted by persons as indicated. The other articles were researched
and written by members of the
Residents and descendants of former residents interested in the past have cooperated to help produce
accounts of the various aspects of life that combined to make
Despite our every effort to avoid errors, inaccuracies have a way of appearing in carefully written manuscripts. If you, the reader find mistakes or omissions, please accept our apologies for them.
It is our sincere hope that you will find " Past and Present" interesting, entertaining, exciting and educational.
Freetown Historical Society.
We wish to thank all those who have assisted in any way with the production of this book, including the many people from other communities who allowed us to research and use their family histories, scrapbooks and photographs.
Thanks to
Our thanks to
We regret to say that two members of our committee have passed on since we started the project namely
The society wishes to thank
Special recognition to the
We also pay tribute to
And finally grateful thanks to each member of the Society, to the people of the three
Chapter I LOCATION AND PHYSICAL SETTING
Poem, The ................................................. 1
Where is
Bedrock......................................................... 3
Overburden...................................................... 3
Vegetation....................................................... 6
Wildlife......................................................... 6
Fish ............................................................ 7
Shellfish......................................................... 8
Insects.......................................................... 8
Native People........................................................ 9
The Acadians ........................................................ 9
Irish Settlers Arrive................................................... 15
Road Sales........................................................... 17
The Horse and Buggy Days............................................. 17
Early Roads.......................................................... 18
Poem, The
Rail Transport........................................................ 22
The Advent of the Automobile.......................................... 25
Poem, Man of the
Marsh Hay........................................................... 33
The Commons ....................................................... 35
Milk Haulers ................................................ 37
Poem, Tater Picking................................................... 42
Comparison of Farming ............................................... 58
Lime Kiln............................................................ 59
The Fox
Soya Beans .......................................................... 62
Taylor's Mill ......................................................... 63
Poem, The
Mills' on the
Mills at
Burns' Mills.......................................................... 71
The Village
Dress Making........................................................ 78
Shoe Making......................................................... 78
Tailoring ............................................................ 78
Blacksmiths.......................................................... 79
Stone................................................ 80
Wheelwrights........................................................ 80
Brick Making........................................................ 80
Other Businesses...................................................... 84
Poem, Hazards of Hair................................................ 85
Poem, Dearest
The First Years....................................................... 87
School Fair
School Teachers -
School Teachers -
School Teachers -
Drowning Incident.................................................... 108
Poem, Still, Still with Thee............................................. 108
Poem, When
The Presbyterian Church............................................... 112
Other Religious Activity ............................................... 117
Sons of
Keeping His Pledge ................................................... 127
Patrons of
Birch Grove
Birch Grove
Other Centers........................................................ 134
Independent Order of Foresters......................................... 135
Justices of the Peace................................................... 135
Scouting at
Girl Guides.......................................................... 140
The Legionnaires..................................................... 146
Poem, The Friendly Faces..............................................
Newspapers.......................................................... 152
A Glimpse of
Notes....................................................... 154
Some Reminiscences from
Fox Catcher.......................................................... 157
Village Homes and Residents from the Early
The Dirty Foot....................................................... 161
A Well Kept Secret.................................................... 162
The Eagle Catcher.................................................... 162
Who Turned off the Lights?............................................ 163
Reminiscing with
Chapter IX RECREATION
Games.............................................................. 165
Music............................................................... 165
Rink and
Outdoor Skating...................................................... 171
Ice Cream Socials..................................................... 172
Boxing.............................................................. 172
Social Gathering........................................ 173
Tug of
The Wheelmen....................................................... 175
The Hungry Thirties .................................................. 175
The Thirties Remembered.............................................. 178
Race Horses.......................................................... 178
Stock Car Track...................................................... 179
Bear Swamp......................................................... 183
Beaver Dam.......................................................... 183
Dances.............................................................. 184
Location and Physical Setting
When one hundred years, by the old town clock
Have returned to dust all our present stock
And the history books have removed the lid
From the ugly scars we had hoped were hid,
In our hundred years will the man to dwell
On the selfsame spot of my citadel,
Face the same old cares in the same old way
That I face to mind in my given day?
That have followed man through the many years
Since he turned aside from the face of God
And a carefree life on fair 's sod?
In one hundred years will man be content
With the bricks he's laid and the coin he's spent?
When his gadgets vie with the gods to please,
The railway from
:IS, ill
■ma 111
The land in
The climate of
The weather is a popular topic in any Island community and will usually be mentioned during a portion
of any conversation. This is probably due to the changeable nature of our weather especially in regards to
wind conditions. Winds will pick up or drop rapidly and can be bitter cold or very mild depending on the
wind direction. The average monthly prevailing winds measured at
The average annual prevailing wind direction is 11 miles per hour from the south, southwest. The
The landscape of
The bedrock at
Overlying the bedrock are deposits of loose material known as overburden or surficial deposits. The
overburden was laid down during the Pleistocene period, about 15,
drillers' records suggest these deposits range up to twenty-five feet thick in
*. .«
The mean annual flow for this same period was 58.5 gallons per second. The highest instantaneous
flow rates are usually in the winter. On
Flow rates in water wells vary from a few gallons per minute up to the seventy-five gallons per minute
in a well at the
Calcium = 73.0 mg/1
Magnesium = 2.35 mg/1
Sodium = 15.8 mg/1
Potassium = 0.92 mg/1
Chloride = 23.0 mg/1
Sulphate = 8.0 mg/1
Total Alkalinity = 147.0 mg/1
Manganese = less than 0.02 mg/1
Dissolved iron = less than 0.1 mg/1
Extractable iron = less than 0.1 mg/1
Phosphorous = 0.12 mg/1
Nitrates as
The original vegetation of
The undergrowth in the wooded areas was composed of mountain maple, hazel-nut, elder, dogwood,
hawthorne, cherry, serviceberry and alder. Almost every settlement including
The trees eventually regenerated and by the time the first settlers arrived in
On the woodland floor are found plants like woodfern, sarsaparilla, club moss, trillium and sometimes
lady's slipper. Some common plants found along the
"Here are bears, otters, martins, foxes (red, black and grey), lynxes or wild cats, mink, musk rats, and
some, though very few caribou, a kind of deer. Hares are extremely good, but in the winter are white!'
Animals that did not require vast amounts of woodland to survive were able to adapt to the changes
caused by human settlement. Species like the fox (red, silver-grey, and black) snowshoe hare, squirrel (red
and flying), martin, weasel, mole, shrew, chipmunk, bats, mice and ermine have all survived and specimens
of most can be found in the
Native birds in the hardwood, include goshawks, sparrows, hawks, golden eagles, bald eagles, peregrine falcons, owls, woodpeckers, grouse, pigeons, hummingbirds, flycatchers, king birds, peewees, crows, blue jays, Canadian jays, grackles, blue birds, finchs, grosbeaks, robins, swallows, shrikes, warblers, chickadees, thrush, kingfishers, and yellow-billed cuckoos.
Along the streams, rivers, swamps and salt marshes, familiar wildlife would be: beaver, musk rats, mink,
toads, frogs, salamanders, black snakes, garter snakes, seals and others. Wildfowl in the marshy areas include
the herring gull, pintail duck, eider duck, black mallard, wild geese, merganser, scotter, teal, loon and great
blue heron. Most farmers have observed herring gulls scavenging for nourishment in freshly ploughed or
cultivated fields. The
The early settlers, and Micmac Indians had a wide variety of wildlife at their disposal. Many of the marsh birds were a valuable food source and provided a change in the diet of the pioneer home.
Fur bearing mammals like the fox, mink, beaver, musk rat and rabbit were valued in the manufacture
of outer garments. Rabbits were also a source of food. The fox has been renowned for the variety of fur
colors that can be produced by controlled breeding. Many
The settlers introduced new species to
The same species of fish are found in the
Human settlement has had an effect on the fishery in the and
Scales' Pond, Dam and Fish Ladder. 7
The early settlers had a nearby source of high protein food in the form of shellfish. "I can take every
kind of shell fish within one quarter of a mile from my door, and oysters in particular, a great abundance;'
According to the
Many would not classify insects as a resource but they do play a vital role in nature's food cycle. Insects
are a source of food for many organisms in addition to their well known role as pests. Some of the common
useful insects are the ladybird beetle, spider, bumble bee, carpenter bee, hornet, water beetle and earthworm.
Some of the pests found in
Probably the most renowned insect in the
A history of
It is known that the - region was one area of concentration for the Micmac.
They would paddle into , from , go up the
There is little evidence of Micmac movement up the
The first instance of Acadian settlement in the Bedeque-
The Acadians were noted for their methods of marsh farming which they had perfected in the Bordeaux
area of and in
Early maps of lots 25 and 26 reveals the existence of buildings left by the French in the area known
as Stavert's Shore, in
The Bedec settlement remained until
With the expulsion of the French in
Up to
When the American colonies defeated the British and won their independence from the
Whereas a number of proprietors of this Island have very generously given up a considerable
portion of their estates to be distributed among such of the Refugees,
I do therefore, by and with the advice of His Majesty's Council, issue this proclamation hereby
giving notice to all such refugees, as wish to become settlers in this colony, that in a few days after
their arrival at Charlottetown, they shall be put in possession of such lands, as they shall be entitled
to, free of every expense, that they may depend upon the lands being good, neither mountainous,
rocky nor swampy, continuous to navigable harbours, many parts convenient for fishery, and in
every respect preferable to any lands unoccupied throughout His Majesty's American
Prior to this proclamation some proprietors, including
On a map dated
Another parcel of 450 acres between the
These parcels all ran from the
The Loyalists who had obtained land in the
Prior to the Loyalists, settlement in the region had been slow to develop. In
With the arrival of the Loyalists the land began to fill up. These settlers were skilled in house-building
trades like carpentry, masonry, glazing and pointing. They could also manufacture their own shoes, ploughs,
harrows, carts, sledges, clothing and food. As a result, their settlements prospered. They were business-minded
and established stores in their communities and trade with other areas like the Miramichi in
They built the grist and saw mills so essential to pioneer communities trying to get established.
There was an aspect to the
The non
There is no exact description of this land given in the deed of transaction. The deed does mention the
land "is delineated on a certain map or plan of the said Island with the divisions thereof into lots or townships
made and now kept in the
Map -
Not all of this
acres) — 546 acres
The above were children of
When the land sold to
The relationship of
There is no evidence that any of
The original proprietors of
conveyed his share to his son
When the
200 acres
93 acres 100 acres 100 acres 100 acres 100 acres 100 acres 38.5 acres
45 acres 100 acres
54 acres 124 acres 108 acres 115 acres
40 acres
63 acres
As far as can be determined, the above lands were all in
This ended the absentee landlord period in our
The community of
Settlers began to move into frontier areas in
The first British settler to permanently reside in
Another possibility for first British settler at
Expansion from within the settlement was also occurring as sons and daughters married and established
farms of their own. Some of these second generation settlers were
The lack of roads impeded inland settlement into and
With the influx of settlers into an undeveloped area comes the desire for a new community to have a
diagnostic name. Up to
The majority of the residents in
Irish Settlers Arrive
The first settlers in the
These people began a new trend in settlement of
The earliest written record to use the term
One might ask "Why
The majority of the
In light of the above it seems obvious that "
/ will sell by
Commencing on the 10 of
No. 8
In the days when these districts were first settled, the people travelled on cow paths through the woods.
When the people of Lots 25 and 26 went to church in
Eventually churches were built closer to
* 1
Following the buckboards and the surreys came the buggy. Like the surrey, this was a four wheeled wagon both singly and doubly seated. The buggy came with hood and side pieces to protect passengers from the sun and rain. In winter, buckboards, buggies and surreys would be laid up. When the snow came, people used large two seated box sleighs piled high with blankets and buffalo robes for warmth. Some families kept wood sleighs, with sides and ends, so passengers could be hauled when work was done. In addition to these, the jaunting sleigh, light box sleigh, and pung sleigh was used by couples for travelling to rink, church and other distant places. One Island firm manufactured jaunting sleighs. Many of them were sold in the area. The other type of sleighs were built by blacksmiths and wood workers.
All the early wheeled vehicles had iron or steel rims. The next change was to rubber tired wagon wheels.
This was a novelty for a few years. In the years prior to the advent of the automobile the bike wheeled wagon
was the style.
The first evidence of a road within the boundaries of
The first public roads, according to the
The second road constructed was probably what still exists as the . The
The third road to be constructed at
The progress in the construction of roads up to
This report is summarized as follows:
1. From
2. From to
3. Taylor's Mills to MacMurdy's (sic); and from
This report proves that up to
The first reference of the in
The road from the
One of
As a result of this road building,
Rumour, it stalked through the village, On back country roads misbehaved, And this is the plum it carried - "The will be paved". Gossip, that old mischief-maker, Soon garbled the rumour until Confusion rolled out her smoke screen And we all went to bed with a pill.
Scoffers there were who delighted In sarcasm - poured by the ton; Their favorite barb was simply, "The paving will never be done!" They argued long and with relish, The mileage the pavement might go - If it would stop at the birches, How quick they'd say, "I told you so!"
The work when started was labelled
A stupid mistake by a boss -
It should have begun at
As the pavement lengthened each day And disappeared over the hill, The prophets of doom murmured low - In fact they are murmuring still. "How far is she now?", they'd query And we thought how the song was born While a certain girl was swimming And everyone waited for morn.
Believers there were who rejoiced
And heaped coals of fire on the pates
Of those mournful criers of woe,
And the would be potentates,
Believers look forth to the day
The Curran and Briggs crew come back
To start operations again -
This time to the east of the track.
We've all settled back with a sigh Not fearing a rain or a gust; No longer shall we be beseiged By mud - and more mud - or red dust. But the prophets of doom still mourn, "Thepavement won't stand up a year!" We'll still have the mud - wait and see - And dust, it will always be here!"
Note: The first pavement was laid on the in
Today on
The original description of the course of the
A list of the property owners at
The first train to travel from
Four train stops in one day provided ample service, especially when compared to the present day. The
fares to travel from
The first trains were driven by small steam locomotives with the passenger coaches of wooden
construction. The first rails were made of iron rather than the steel of this age. The first steam engines were
probably fired by wood; later replaced by coal. Prior to the arrival of the first automobiles in the period
before World
The mainland rail lines were standard gauge at 56 inches (inside measurement). Thus a transfer from narrow to standard gauge cars was necessary for all materials leaving the province (and vice versa for items coming into the Province).
Gangs of men, including German prisoners from World
At this time, there were few refrigerator cars, and farmers used the regular freight cars to ship their produce as long as possible each fall.
After World
The Black
The main use of the railroad at
A move towards centralizing railway station agents resulted in the termination of the station agent and
buildings at
These are the Station Agents who served
Although there were horseless carriages on
According to
Some indication of just how popular the car was becoming and how quickly it was gaining a foothold
in everyday life can be seen by looking at the following motor vehicle registrations. Although these are American
statistics and
Obviously the
The first cars in
she and her husband drove it to the Island. They then returned to their home by train. Driving a car that
distance in those days would have been quite an undertaking. Some roads were little more than trails and
service stations were still a thing of the future. However, some grocery stores sold gas and oil. Tires and spare
parts would have had to be carried in the car; otherwise a driver risked long road delays if something broke
down. The Willys-Overlands must have been good cars because Cal Reeves owned three before switching
to a "
It appears that the first car in
Gasoline powered farm machinery came to the area in
* ..
'930 Durant, owned by
■ board.
For many years in our rural area, family doctors travelled for miles to pay home visits to the sick. They
travelled by horse and wagon, or horse and sleigh, and later by automobiles. These doctors were dedicated,
hard working men, but sometimes especially during snow storms in winter, it could be hours, or days, before
medical help could be available. Today, people can travel in their own cars to visit doctors in clinics, medical
centers, or out patients at the hospital. If the patients are too sick, they can be picked up by ambulance at
their own homes, or airlifted by plane or helicopter, if they need a more intensive type of medical care, to
centers such as
Shopping (groceries especially)
In early years shopping in
In the past in
The home of
The home of
He needs the soil as sculptors need their stone It is his life. Upon its face he stands and looks with pride and love at what his hands Have wrought.
Down to the marrow of his bones
That land is born in him. Not quest for wealth
Nor fame nor power has given him this need
But love of earth, and of each mighty seed
He raised from birth to firm and glowing health.
He guards his lands and treats its hurts and ills . . .
He blesses sunlight and warm healing rain
And through the years, his love is not in vain,
For earth rewards him and his hope fulfils.
He stands and gazes out upon his fields
And glories in the richness of the earth
Humble he feels before its mighty worth
And thankful for the bounty of its yields
With knowing hands he feels the warmth of earth;
His fingers knows the temper of the soil,
His body gives the sweat of willing toil
To ease the land's long laboring of birth.
He sees the infant seedling crops grow tall And straight and strong to each fulfilled design. He guides the soils lifeline with art as fine As any painter . . . his is a master's call. His gentle hands, when days of warmth are gone, Lull earth to sleep through restful wintry days His heart knows the myriad mystic ways As birth anew and waits another dawn.
He has not been alone upon the sod.
In tiring hours where there is much to do,
With humble heart, he talks his problems through
With one who cares — he walks and talks with GOD.
With the arrival of the first settlers around
"The first operation of settlement upon a wood farm is to cut down timber, which is done about a yard from the ground, it is then junked into 9 feet lengths and burnt. The trunks which remain are piled and again burnt, until the settler is allowed to put in his potato crop, which is done by gathering with a hoe, such mould as the roots will admit into hills, in each of which four or five sets are planted. Wheat sown broad-cast, and covered with the hoe, generally succeeds; or oats, among which timothy seed is or ought to be sown for hay, and the land remained under grass till the stumps will come out, commonly in five or six years, if the timber had been hardwood. The great want of a new settler is 'hay"'
"A piece of land moderately dressed with stable manure, and imperfectly tilled will produce 300 bushels of potatoes, heaped Winchester measure per acre, although cultivated only with the plough. After potatoes, wheat is sown producing 20 bushels or more. The general mode of conducting a farm is slovenly, often wretched. Cattle, sheep and pigs are turned into the woods . . "
"The manures obtained are kelp, other seaweed or eelgrass, mussel-mud, marsh-mud from banks in the rivers and other mud found in swampy places . . ."
"Settlers generally make their own clothing from wool and homespun, also blankets, stockings, socks, and mittens. The wool is dyed with indigo. Some families make linen goods from flax. Leather is tanned by most settlers from their own animals' hides; and there is some need of it, shoes being very expensive. The colonists make a lot of their own soap and candles but the greater number burn fish oil for light. . !'
"The settlers kill their own animals for meat, selling any extra to others as there are no butchers or butchers' shops . . ."
"There is a great deal of the spirit of hospitality which is pleasing in every country. Gardens and or¬
chards are much neglected although apples and other fruits thrive well, and no country can boast of finer
vegetables, which are not so early as in
Up to the
A census commissioned for the Island in
Arable land 29.7 acres (Avg. of 26)
Farm size 105.7 acres (Avg. of 26)
Wheat 39.3 bushels (Avg. of 23) Barley 7.7 bushels (Avg. of 23)
Oats 112.0 bushels (Avg. of 23)
Potatoes 234.0 bushels (Avg. of 23) Horses 2.0 (Avg. of 23)
Cattle 10.0 (Avg. of 23)
Sheep 15.9 (Avg. of 23) Hogs 6.4 (Avg. of 23)
Average crop yields in
Oats 20 bushels/acre
Wheat 20 bushels/acre
Barley 20 bushels/acre
The average farm grew 1 Vi acres of potatoes, 6 acres of oats, 2 acres of wheat and about Vi acre of
barley. The total acreage of potatoes in all of
The farmers with the most arable land in
In the
Arable land 80 acres (Avg. of 59)
Farm size 108.1 acres (Avg. of 76) Wheat 30.6 bushels (Avg. of 59)
Barley 6.2 bushels (Avg. of 59)
Oats 642.0 bushels (Avg. of 59)
Potatoes 239.2 bushels (Avg. of 59) Buckwheat 28.5 bushels (Avg. of 59)
Turnips 9.5 bushels (Avg. of 59)
Clover Seed 4.7 pounds (Avg. of 59)
Hay 3.2 tons (Avg. of 59)
Horses 2.7 (Avg. of 59)
Cattle 7.8 (Avg. of 59)
Sheep 15.8 (Avg. of 59)
Hogs 3.5 (Avg. of 59)
The most popular farm animal in
Marsh Hay
The annual growth of cord grass produces the marsh hay that our forefathers cut and cured for almost
200 years. The French settlers, many of whom were Acadian exiles from the Bay of Fundy marshlands, were
the first to harvest marsh hay. This hay was also of major importance to the early
Initially the marsh hay was cut by hand with a scythe but as time progressed, farmers used mechanical
hay mowers drawn by a team of oxen. This continued for many years until the oxen were replaced by horses.
Cord grass was cut in late summer and piled on racks supported by poles driven into the mud. In winter,
when frozen marshes enabled safe travel, the hay was hauled to the farm by sleigh. Though they are
disappearing the remains of some of these stacking bases may still be seen. In the latter part of
Shortly after farmers began cutting marsh hay, they undertook to restructure the marsh by digging ditches
to improve the drainage and constructing dykes to prevent tidal flooding of the marsh.
Hauling in hay on
ft \
:W^.^ '^Jl^Pf
y^ . * IHiIk
It was customary in those days to grow hay year after year on the same ground. When the land gave out, the people moved out. But as the years went by more advanced farming techniques came into practice.
In another part of Peters' book reference was made to the production of lime in lime kilns located in
The production of hay required the use of hay seed and when sowing grain it was also necessary to sow
hay seed in order to have a hay crop the
For a few years farmers used to sow 100 or more pounds of ammonium nitrate in the spring on a new
meadow following the grain harvest, to produce more hay. This was a usual practice if there was a poor catch
of clover and alsike in the spring. When lime and mussell mud gathered on the Island became exhausted
and outdated, lime was imported from
Farmers in nineteeth century would start to cut hay
favourable, the hay was picked up almost immediately after raking. The hay in those days was hoisted into the loft by hay forks, and grapple forks. Some used rope slings on the wagons. This necessitated stowing the hay in the loft to keep it level.
The side delivery rake soon appeared on the market and this enabled the hay to be raked around the field following the same pattern as it was cut. This made raking hay much faster.
In the
In recent years a number of farmers have changed these haying practices and now put up silage. The hay is cut much earlier and is stored in silos. In many cases a second crop can be taken up, depending on growing conditions. Some use rectangular silos while others use the round upright silos.
Other up-to-date haying equipment include a hay mower and conditioner that are designed into one machine. In this machine the hay is elevated through a press that squeezes the liquid juices out of it. This helps to cure it faster so that it will not have to lay out in the sun so long. A new type of tedder is now available that will shake and spread the hay out for the sun and breeze to dry, making it possible to shorten the time required to cure it before baling.
The land north of the
The cattle were all corralled by men on horseback at one place in for the journey to the
"Commons" each spring. In the fall the men would go on horseback to the "Commons" and gather up
the cattle for the run back to . There they would be separated by their owners for the winter.
This practice continued for a number of years until the land and forest was leased and cleared by people
who became residents in
In the early years of settlement there was no dairy industry in the province. According to MacGregor
writing in
The first
probably had only four or five milk cows. The average farmer at
The opening of a cheese factory at
The prize for the best milk cow at the
The farmers in the
A cream separating station was operating at
Cheese production for the province peaked in
Milk Haulers
To Amalgamated Dairies
In the
Since the second world war, dairying has become a more specialized and centralized industry. In the
A great improvement in dairy farming came about in
k Jm
*l :I:'
The tradition of fine breeding continued after
The oldest, owned and operating dairy farm in
lbs. cream
72.90 637.15 127.48
53.89 206.00 492.00 133.56 944.41 907.34 220.82
16.77 278.19
32.19 273.62
48.33 295.13
Stavert, Jardine
750 3939 1439
434.01 402.16 645.52 105.90 588.86 210.29
54.61 254.06 789.34 351.15 315.13 112.52
30.86 372.08 280.99 233.66 734.25
52.25 446.56 263.59
Please note that a number of farmers shipped to
...... ..
One afternoon in
He told how he and his brothers:
"You know", he said then, "I've seen it all. Cutting and threshing in one operation. I don't know what
they'll think up next!
Back bent in pain -
Never straighten it again;
Half the vertebra out -
Rest cracked, no doubt.
Liniment not much help;
One rub one yelp,
Lost my enthusiasm -
Tummy one big chasm
Pockets heavy with clay,
Quitting time years away.
Stumble on two pegs
That once were legs.
Stop for a drink -
Get another bad kink,
Six o'clock, I wash,
But Oh, my gosh,
Early History (
Potatoes have been grown since the arrival of the first settlers in
Crew of potato pickers -
of potatoes or about four acres. Other farmers growing 400 or more bushels of potatoes at that time were
Initially potatoes were relatively free of disease and pests on
Mussel mud, dug from bays, inlets and rivers, was used as a fertilizer and had the added benefit of a
rich lime content. Peat moss or marsh and swamp mud was also used to fertilize potatoes.
' : " %■ ; -pllllPfl iij^^B?» * ,4> '" ■}-''<■*, v-* 4j> • ^lifl|fe
Digging potatoes.
Prior to
Rent.........................................................8 shillings
Plowing......................................................6 shillings 3 pence
Dung (35 loads) ...............................................1 pound 9 shillings 2 pence
Spreading dung................................................4 shillings 6 pence
Second plowing ...............................................4 shillings 3 pence
10 bushels seed................................................10 shillings
Cutting, planting..............................................3 shillings 1 Vi pence
Cleaning, ridging..............................................4 shillings 9 pence
Raising, storing................................................1 pound 5 shillings
Delivering (150 bushels).........................................18 shillings 9 pence
Total cost = 5 pounds 15 shillings 10'/2 pence
The above breakdown indicates the common method of growing and selling potatoes and shows that 10 bushels of seed were planted per acre.
There is little written on the implements used in growing potatoes up to this time. The soil was ploughed
and cultivated by horsepower and the plough was used to make a furrow for planting the seeds.
Potatoes were picked in baskets and then dumped into a box cart hauled by one horse. The box cart was then dumped into the cellar or basement of a building. The lack of storage space restricted the quantity of potatoes grown by each farmer to less than ten acres.
The potato industry on
Early Crop: Early
Main Crop: , Table Talk, Mclntyres.
and became the main seed potato strains for the
The increase in quality and quantity of both seed and tablestock potatoes is also attributed to an increased
use of pesticides.
§eecj.............................................................$ 17.42 per acre
Spray............................................................. 4-15 Per acre
Wages ............................................................ 27.08 per acre
Horses............................................................ 9.30 per acre
Interest ........................................................... 4.00 per acre
Miscellaneous...................................................... 4.12 per acre
Total cost $110.62 per acre
Loss 32.36 per acre
The breakdown of costs shows what was involved in growing potatoes at that time. Chemical fertilizer
had come into major usage on
The first potato sacks were 90 pounds capacity but this increased to 165 pound bags which were in turn
replaced by 150 pound bags. The larger bags had factory sewn lugs or ears sewn at the bottom corners for
carrying. There was usually someone in the grading crew who specialized in sewing with a bag needle.
Labour to load boat.................................................$ 88.80
Demurrage........................................................ 47.00
Labour, papering cars............................................... 4.20
American Counsul.................................................. 5.50
Tar paper for car doors.............................................. 1.10
Telephone......................................................... .75
Total $151.75
The potatoes were shipped in 150 and 165 pound bags.
There were three potato storage warehouses located at the rail siding in
The export of potatoes prior to
Production generally increased until
Irish Cobblers
Green Mountains
Total Acreage =
Acres entered for
There were four main varieties with Sebagoes starting to challenge the long standing Irish and .
Seed potato inspection also improved in
Also by
For interest sake, the cost of various equipment in
900.00 500.00 200.00 380.00 185.00 300.00 426.00 280.00 200.00 185.00 140.00 156.00 410.00
A total of 3,670,886 bushels of potatoes were exported from
% of plants
Certified Seed 1st
Blackleg 2.0 1.0
Wilts 2.0 1.0
Any one virus disease 1.0 0.5
Total of all virus diseases 2.0 1.0
Total of all diseases 2.0 2.0
% of plants
Foundation Seed 1st
Blackleg 0.5 0.25
Wilts 0.5 0.25
Any one virus 0.5 0.25
Total of all viruses 0.5 0.25
Total all diseases 1.0 0.5
Foreign varieties 0.5 nil
The field standards could be improved by roguing the fields.
Potatoes were mainly grown as an additional cash crop on a mixed farming operation during this period.
of the farmers who participated in mutual agreements:
A typical mixed farm growing potatoes at
Spray Material.............................................. 9\ 42
Seed Potatoes............................................ 181 00
Labour for digging......................................................... 470 00
Hired HelP............................................................'.'.'. 100^00
Hired Help Bonus............................................... 244 44
Fuel..................................................................... 300.00
Total $
_ In addition to the hired pickers,
After planting, cultivation and hilling were required as soon as potato plants emerged. Insect infestations had to be sprayed with an insecticide like arsenate of lime and in addition Bordeaux mixture or Perenox was used to prevent blight. Weeds were not commonly sprayed at this time and were controlled by scuffling, and hilling and were pulled during the roguing process. Roguing had to be completed before the potato
Cultivating potatoes on
inspectors arrived to increase the chances of passing for the quality grade. In the latter part of the summer a fungicide such as bluestone or Perenox was applied to fight the late blight. Cultivating and hilling continued on a regular basis until the plants filled the rows. Prior to harvest a top killer such as sodium arsenate mixed with diesel oil or bluestone was applied, as an early killing frost was not always dependable.
After harvest, the potatoes had to be graded and prepared for market. In years, like
One can see that growing potatoes during this era was more than simply putting them in the ground and digging them out. The farmer had to have a knowledge of insect pests, fertilization application rates, proper times to cultivate and spray each variety, proper times to topkill and harvest each variety, and where to get adequate help for harvest. He also had to have a feel for and understanding of current marketing conditions. Growing potatoes had become quite complicated, compared to the days when crops were planted between tree stumps.
The first attempt to process potatoes was tried in
In the fall of
Seed potatoes remained in high demand throughout
With new potato harvesters and mechanization, the era of small acreages grown on the mixed farm was coming to an end. The cost of these harvesters demanded a sufficient acreage be grown to cover increased costs.
The first harvesters in the
A number of new potato warehouses were built in the
These warehouses were constructed of wood and insulated against frost. Large electric fans were installed to remove moisture and assure good air circulation. Oil fired space heaters were used mainly to heat these buildings and keep the potatoes at the optimum storage temperature.
A small warehouse to hold about 60 acres in
In most cases, the floors were made of poured concrete to simplify pick-up of the potatoes by potato
fork or bucket. Potatoes were piled into the warehouse using electric bin pilers which transport the potatoes
from the bulk box via chains and conveyor belts to the storage pile. Excess dirt was removed with a fork
or shovel, powered either by hand or tractor. In recent years, a number of electric lift tractors were used to
remove dirt or load potatoes onto a grader.
The early
rows which could then be dug with a harvester. Windrowers were first used at
Optimum rates for the application of fertilizer and limestone can be made by chemical analysis of the
soil. During the late
Type Trade Name
Seed Treatment Polyram, Mancozeb, Ease-out
Systemic Insecticides: Temik, DySyston, Thimet, Furadan
Pre-Emergent Herbicides: Premerge, Sinox PE, Linuron
Herbicides: Lasso, Roundup, Sencor, Lexone, Hoegrass
Insecticides: Belmark, Meta-Systox R, Monitor, Sevin
Fungicides: Bravo, Dithane M45, Polyram, Easout
Top-Killers: Reglone, Dytop, Sinox
Sprout Inhibitors:
Disinfectants: Kem-Germ, Kem-Clean, Cresanol, HY-X
Aerial spraying of potato crops came into use by large growers in the
Spraying potatoes on
The total acreage of seed potatoes grown on
These plants packaged Russett Burbank (Netted Gem) with a few Superiors. They account for about 15% or 10,000 acres of the provinces' potatoes.
It is thought that 2.5 million hundred-weight, 10,000 acres, of the potatoes grown on the Island in
Russett Burbank 29,686 43 4
Kennebec 16,419 24^0
Sebago 7/759 113
Superior 7,629 112
Shepody 2,892 4.2
417 06
405 0 6
Chieftain 231 03
Bintje 217 0
Corporate potato growers have increased in numbers in recent years. These companies are formed to pool resources, attract investors and to benefit from the tax advantages and job creation incentives available to larger companies.
A prime example of a corporate potato grower operating in the
Windrowers (5):
Tractors (11): Autocar
This equipment can harvest up to 100 acres per day provided there are few breakdowns.
The cost of growing potatoes in recent years is given on the following table which are based on figures
supplied by the potato operation of ,
Production costs per acre of Potatoes
Spray Material
Labor (includes owners wages)
Land rent
Repairs and small tools
There are several growers from other districts growing potatoes in
A list of Seed and Table potato growers in
220 ac
100 ac
Currently potatoes are shipped by rail, water and truck. The bags are loaded onto a truck by conveyor or escalator at the warehouse.
In some cases bags are packed on pallets and loaded on trucks with front end fork lifts. Shipment going by rail or water are transported within the maritimes mainly, in three ton trucks with insulated frost proof covered boxes. Shipments going directly by truck to market outside the maritimes are loaded into twenty five ton tractor trailers.
Potatoes have emerged over the years to be the main cash crop on PE.
Sources of Information
Daily Examiner - Various issues
A Faithful Friend - The
File Reports -
Handbook of
Article by
A few years ago, the way of life was the small family farm with almost everyone having a few hens, the
care of which was delegated to the women on the farm. Eggs were set under a broody hen for hatching to
increase the flock. The poultry products in
Kerosene incubators were in use before the electric ones now available. In
However, we must think more positively. I understand how the farmer in the poem appearing in the beginning of the article on potatoes felt about his land. 1 too, feel every acre is precious. I feel the same about the old farm house in which we live because three generations have lived in it and their babies were born and brought up in it. It gives you a sense of something permanent. This is what life is all about. This is what we should like our children and grandchildren to have.
Farming in the past - 1934.
Barn built in
Woodlot supplied all fuel needed.
Farming in the present - 1983.
Barn - $25,000.00 (a low estimate)
Cost Difference
333,600.00 (about a forty fold increase)
In closing, this attempt to compare farming costs yesteryear and
There used to be a lime kiln on the farm of
In the description of the natural features in Chapter 1, you will note that the composition of some of the bed rock in this area is calcareous breccia (limestone) and has a good percentage of lime. This rock was blasted out of the ground for a depth of ten feet or more and then burned in the kiln. To operate the kiln, coal was brought in at a cost of about $1.00 per ton and this farm was cleared of practically all the wood on it. The kiln was built of three layers of grates. The bottom layer was the one on which the wood was burned, the middle layer was the one on which the rock was placed and the top layer was the one on which the coal was burned. When the rock was heated it would crumble and the lime would fall through the grates to the pit below. It is known that the Clows would have up to 300 barrells of lime, on hand, to sell to farmers. It
was also known that the Clows used so much lime on their farm that it was too strong in calcium to grow good grain but would grow excellent hay, silage and scabby potatoes.
These beds of calcareous breccia strata continue through and beyond
It is interesting to note that lime kilns in other areas of the province,
A report on Fur Farming in
A reliable source reports that the first Fox Ranch in
Unfortunately a combination of overproduction, changes in fashions, and the depression of the nineteen
thirties spelled the end of the fox industry. In recent years though, there has been a modest revival and a
renewed interest in the fur business. A few ranches are now in operation in the
In Belgium,
The oil is used for paints, printers ink, and in making cotton. The flax fibre is used in making linen thread from which is made everything from fine linen lace, handkerchiefs, table cloths, to sails, mail bags and, in Europe, "Horse Covers", or large canvasses to cover trucks. It is much stronger and more durable than cotton canvas.
The Acadians were the first people to grow flax in this province. The
Public meetings were held at the
Thus was formed the
■■■■■■■-.mmmm w §
:>""■■'■:'':' :P'~~ d--',f ': ■aSm,'■■■ II illP::. :;
All growers were required to be shareholders and included farmers from the
The first flax crop was planted in the
The company purchased land and buildings in
Because fibre flax had to be inspected before shipping for export, the Plant Products
Several carloads of fibre were shipped to
A flax growing expert,
The correspondence in the files of
With the advent of more synthetics the fibre market has gone down considerably since
Some farmers dared to be different - they lost financially but no doubt there were some gains as well.
Information has been supplied by
The plant created fourteen jobs in the growing, picking and shipping of the mushrooms. The mushrooms are grown in large, dark, climate-controlled bins somewhat similar in size to bins in a potato warehouse.
The plant was taken over by a private company in
As far as is known the first attempt to grow soya beans in
*part time farmer
The first mill site established on the
"And it is further covenated and agreed by and between the parties aforesaid that in consideration
of the building of a mill and the great utility it would be of to the tenantry of the said
It is fairly clear from this quotation, which was part of the printed deed used by the co-proprietors, that a mill would soon be constructed. Further evidence of the swift construction of the mill comes with the following memorandum, hand written at the end of each of the above conveyances.
"It is understood and mutually agreed upon between the within mentioned parties that in
consideration of the present scarcity of cash or current coin throughout the Island of Saint
The first hard evidence of mills at the site is provided by a map of
The census of
The saw mill in
The mill changed hands in
It is believed that
Many people from the
The floods of fifty years have swept
The last sad remnants far away;
The broken dam alone hath kept
Its crumbling line of green and gray.
Yon lusty willow swells its trunk
Where stood the old mill on the
Yon ancient bush! whose roots are mined
Around whose gnarled trunk are twined
The peavine wild and rose in bud:
Was youngest, greenest in the glade,
When here the miller's children played.
Beside the stream the alders spring
And water-grasses, bending low, -
And swallows skim, with careless wing,
Down where the gentle cow-slips grow:
While lingering
I came one day, when days were long,
To dream an idle hour away:
And lo! the rythmic river's song
Was of that distant, earlier day
When, captive to the master's will,
The harnessed waters turned the mill.
It sang to me of bygone days; Of men, long dead, who came to mill; Of homespun coats and homely ways; Of simple cheer and right good will; Of labours sad and blithesome moods, When battling with the ancient woods.
It told of days of weary toil, And nights with small surcease of care,
Where grew the delvers of the soil -
The farmer's children strong and fair;
Of every household's frugal board
Replenished from the miller's hoard.
It sang of two who walked upon Its banks, when Love's young pulse beat fast.
But many a spring have come and gone,
And many a summer's bloom hath passed,
Since, side by side, in earth's cold breast
Their wintery heads were laid to rest.
All, all are gone, and, like the mill. Are drifted down the stream of Time.
But here the river murmurs still
Its ever changing, changeless rhyme
In music-mingled mirth and tears -
The story of our pioneers.
Many of his poems were printed in the
The body of water known
One source suggests that the first mill was constructed in
The property on which the mill was located was purchased by
The mills stood side by side somewhat perpendicular to the stream and may have been connected. A small separate building abutted the grist mill and contained machinery to process oatmeal as well as space in which to store it.
The dam was probably constructed of cribwork, filled with rocks and stones, and was not of any significant height, as the early overshot wheel derives most of its power from the rate of flow and weight of the water held in each bucket on the downward turn. These low dams did not succumb to holding back a large pond volume, as was experienced with the higher dams of later years when more volume was required to operate powerful turbines at a high rate of revolutions per minute.
The Grist Mill
The wheel shaft enters horizontally through the lower section of the mill building producing power by engaging two bevelled wooden cog gears, which turned a second vertical shaft. This was engaged to a large nine inch circular granite or burrstone four feet and eight inches in diameter, which had semi-circular grooves to channel the grain over the flat surface, and revolved slowly over a second but stationary stone of the same size which crushed the grain or corn kernels into flour.
The whipsaw was a saw usually set in a frame, for cutting timber lengthwise and was commonly worked
by two people. A later modification enabled the whipsaw to be operated by mechanical means, and these
were used in the early saw mills. This was explained by
Carding Mill
A wool carding mill was added to the grist and saw mill by
The Coming of Electricity
After a life time of increasing his property,
Several years later, during some dam repairs, the partners decided to construct a new saw mill building and install a second wood cylinder tank to contain a second water wheel, with two wheels and a tail race.
These steps failed to save the mill as a timber operation and in
With the assistance of
Some changes were required to the grist or roller mill building so that the mill machinery and generator would be in separate rooms under the same roof. The old saw mill building was torn down, and re-built at a new location approximately seventy five feet from the grist mill building, parallel to the river. The saw mill was then operated by a 25 horse power electric motor.
The existing power house building as it stands
Dam Destroyed
It was not long after the generating station began that the dam was washed out.
Through this setback,
2. No payments to be made except by cheque by
3. And as soon as all the liabilities are paid, they shall enter into partnership, where each of the partners shall draw one half of the net proceeds each year.
With his finances assured,
The grist mill also underwent modernization with the installation of a roller mill to replace the granite
stones, which cost in vicinity of $6,000. When this modernization took place is not definitely known, but
it was soon found unprofitable, and the partners began to lose money in the venture. The grist mill was the
responsibility of
It had been stated by many people that
Rebuilding and enlarging the Dam
The dam was ingeniously rebuilt with a concrete footing embedded in bedrock all along the middle
and the full length of the dam and spillway. Then a solid wall of hemlock, eighteen feet long, thirteen inches
high and one inch thick was constructed on the footing. At the middle of the dam, a concrete culvert was
constructed and a gate valve installed. This tube and gate valve were designed to control, or run off excessive
pond water, and thus maintain a constant pond level during heavy spring run off. The old wooden spillway
was replaced by one of reinforced concrete. A new concrete flume and a two-in-one water wheel tank were
also constructed. This was then completely covered with rock and earth to its present height, an increase
of approximately six feet over the old dam. As it stands
The two wooden cylinder tanks containing the turbines were dismantled to make room for the new all-
concrete two wheel tank. The original Canadian 42" turbine, with a fifteen foot head geared for 100 to 200
horsepower, was retained to furnish motive power for the original Westinghouse 150 KVA generator. This
is presently in the power house in excellent condition.
Soon the power load began to grow endlessly. It was evident that something had to be done to increase
the generating output. Every avenue was explored as the existing water flow could not possibly handle another
generator and still maintain sufficient continuous flow.
Cutting the wire to officially open the museum was
Since that time a great deal of work has been done to restore the plant to its original state as a tribute
to the early days of electricity on
The valley was at one time, full of the hum of industry with its woolen and cloth mills. It was part of
The Johnstones owned about 400 acres in
After a few years, lumber and grist mills arose on the site.
The generator was one purchased from the Town of
The management of the plant was then taken over by
During the height of mill activities at
The land for Burns' Mill was first purchased by
It has not been established when the mills were built, but it was probably around the mid nineteenth
century. In
The first evidence of the mill is provided by
Maps in
Both mills were probably of ordinary dimensions, that is to say twenty-five by fifty feet, and functioned
well during the settlement and building boom.
This millsite was situated approximately five miles southeast of
Meachan's Atlas of
j -<M|
Early scene at . In background -
Your architecture may be plain, Your windows may not appertain Or vie with shops, their fonts agleam In simulated marble theme. The streamlined world, perhaps, contends You're out of pace with modern trends, But we who oft unlatch your door, Cherish and love you, Village store.
The years removed your hitching post, Your buggy whips, but not your host. Though you be tired from weight of time, His goodwill still works overtime. With gratitude we lift our hat To one whose practice has been that Short weight is an abomination - And honesty needs application.
Your cracker barrel has given way To a more colourful purvey; Your stove, with its potbellied maw, Where cronies met to smoke and chaw, Passed with the oil lamp and the scythe, The herring keg, yet you are blithe. You've lost none of the atmosphere That closely knit your long career.
How well you know the depth, the scale
Of all who come to you for mail -
Letters from friends near and afar -
How hopeful and intent we are.
But Oh, how you must get the cramps
When we drop coins instead of stamps!
Surprise would turn our
Let others seek the super
We favour you , a staunch rampart
Against the tide of rush, unrest,
And the forever frenzied quest
For something new - we know not what,
Your master is a patriot,
A neighbour and a
And keeper of you, Village
Houses, schools, churches, halls, stores and other buildings, which through the years become focal points
in the life of a community, develop a history and take on a personality. Such a one was the store in
The clock was big and it was wound every
Like all rural stores of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this was a general store. It consisted of three separate but adjoining buildings, the center one being the main store. Some five or six years after my father became the owner of the property he was appointed Postmaster, and one section of the main building was partitioned off for use as a post office.
On the left, as one entered and beyond the post office, was a long heavy, sectional counter behind which
were kept groceries, tobacco, candy and school supplies, and in front of which the customers were served.
On the right hand side was the dry-goods section, and on the shelves behind this counter were bolts of cotton,
rayon, silk, velvet, lace, etc. In boxes were ladies' and gentlemen's underwear, stockings, socks and gloves.
In the various glass showcases on the counter were spools of thread, needles, pins, ribbons, buttons, bindings
and other necessities for the dressmaker. I can remember, too, a case containing hatpins, fancy hairpins,
jewelry and other knickknacks. At the back of the store there were dishes and various other items for use
in the kitchen. At
Upstairs there were four rooms, two of which had closets under the eaves. One room was a storage place for unpacked goods, and another contained hats and articles of clothing which had gone out of style. One of the closets was filled with boxes of out-of-date school books, and for me this was a treasure house, and many of the treasures were carried home to be read aloud by an ever-willing grandmother.
The building to the left of the main store was called
The third building, to the right of the main store, was divided into two parts by a partition extending
its whole length from north to south. The part nearer the main building was called
Besides bringing in eggs, customers brought in the butter, chickens, geese, ducks, turnips, grain, hay,
pork and beef. For the storage of these commodities before shipment, it was necessary to build a warehouse
beside the railway tracks. In a letter written by
During the
In the early
Keeping a country store in the first half of the twentieth century was a full time job. The day began
Also, there was the evening mail to be received. The train bringing the mail from
And as they waited they talked; and the clock ticking away the minutes and the hours listened and understood it all.
I do not know who built the buildings that became the store, but the owner immediately before my
father was
My father,
It was in
By the mid-thirties there was some indication of recovery in the economic world, and this was accelerated
by the outbreak of the
The men in the store in the evenings were talking of new, more efficient cars, and the possibility for roads being open for automobiles all the year round; of supermarkets, and self-service stores, and other modern techniques of selling. They talked, too, of television bringing into their living-rooms pictures of places and of events all over the world, and they wanted what they saw advertised, even though many of these things had little to do with their needs.
The clock listened but it could not understand, for this world, of which the men talked, had no place in it for the old store. And the store, which had weathered two World Wars and the Great Depression, could not understand it either. The Space Age had dawned, and this was something with which it could not cope.
Only the main building now remains, and it has changed into a dwelling house, but I hope that inside it, somewhere, is the clock, aging, and full of memories.
He was the keeper of the
His hello was always cheerful As we gave him our list of needs. We'd often be short on ready cash He was never known to heed.
He never favoured anyone
He used us all the same
He'd hear the gossip on some poor soul
But never hear the name
I used to wonder at this gentle man When amidst the clamour and din. He'd stop and wait on a ragged child And be cheered by the happy grin.
He reserved the odd and endless jobs For those who needed there He'd pay them all with a cheerful heart And give them the fairest share.
He was never one for the lively life
He walked the narrow line
You'd see him at church on a
But all of us must go to sleep
For he was the kindest among the kind
The best among the best.
It may be of some interest to note the prices of some items for sale in
To make ends meet
The operation of a general store required a large quantity of merchandise; groceries, hardware, clothing,
drugs, meats, etc. He installed gas pumps. First selling
At one time a grocery truck operated in the back roads of
A general store is a great meeting place and this one was no exception. For many years it remained open
for business every weekday evening.
Some of the valued clerks who assisted through the years were
The earliest recorded store at
In the early
mentioned. After
A lady from , Ont.,
Shoemaking in the olden days was carried on in the home. The shoemakers were itinerant and would
travel to families to make and repair shoes. Shoemakers carried different kinds of leather and other accessories
required in making shoes. Among the shoemakers who carried on their trade in the
It is not possible to say who was the first tailor in
Since that time the Beairsto Tailor
In addition to these shops,
' ifflM
Dressed island stone was used in the early days to build foundations under houses, other farm buildings, and chimneys. The stones were squared in various sizes to suit the need. The stones could then be placed in tier's or layers until the desired heights were reached.
These square stones were made from large stones found on farm fields or from stone that was blasted out of rock beds that were found in quarry fields.
Quarry fields were located on the , and
Stone masons used chisels, hammers, adzes and picks to square the stones. These chisel, adzes, and picks had to be tempered for the purpose. They were heated to a cherry red then cooled in water to pigeon purple blue before being put out to cool, some blacksmiths were efficient at tempering tools for this purpose.
This was a busy trade in the days when wagons were used by everyone to move themselves and their produce from place to place.
Some men were both blacksmiths and wheelrights.
A brickyard was located in
The clay for making the brick mixture (pug) was hauled from and
tu Jheub"cks,w(;re left several days to dry, then were placed in the kiln and fired for three days and nights
The tire had to be kept burning continuously. The bricks closest to the fire were the hardest "Big
^ u" Kig^ue'S", br'CkS W6re USed in the construction of Smallman's
This service station is located on the
This station was opened for business on 19th
Shipbuilding boomed on
Around the turn of the century,
As one can see, there were seven shipyards within ten miles of
The first settlers along the
The Salmon (Salmo Salar) is a native fish of America and has been identified
in a number of Island rivers. Adult salmon migrate up Island rivers in
In the early nineteenth century there were no laws or regulations to restrict the taking of salmon in Island
rivers. In
The buildings for the hatchery were constructed by
Salmon swimming upstream were trapped in the hatchery, and transferred to a breeding room which
contained one large and several small troughs. The eggs were scraped by hand from the belly of the females
and placed on a small shelf near the bottom of the troughs. The bottom of the troughs were covered with
perforated sheet metal pans. Each pan could hold
The first operator of the
The salmon fry would hatch in spring and after they grew to two inches in length, were transferred to
a fresh water stream. In
Over its eight years of operation, the
The hatchery was severely damaged on
The two main reasons for not rebuilding the hatchery in
Poaching was a serious problem to the officials in charge of protecting the salmon. In
"Salmon are plentifully frequenting several of our rivers that have suitable spawning ground; but on account of the manner in which the inhabitants chase and destroy the salmon by setting'nets across rivers, and spearing them by torchlights at the time prohibited by law, they are destroyed and scattered, and therefore prevented from spawning and accumulating in our rivers".
In reference to the
In the
"A great deal of trouble with poachers this fall. Poachers were on the look out day and night. They came to the river disguised so you couldn't tell who they were. Several boats were captured, we destroyed two boats as they were of no value except for poaching. Several shots were fired from revolvers in the night to scare the wardens!'
"Since the salmon hatchery on the
One of the first, if not the first warden appointed to protect the
Many older residents of
Salmon still frequent the
The Salmon can now be legally caught from
Some of these may be mentioned
Painters & Carpenters
Welding Operator
Light Trucking
TV. Sales and Service
Plumbing and Heating Sales and Service
Electrical Contractor
Motel Rental
Dress Making
Dress Making
Dress Making
Dress Making
Dress Making
Dress Making
Pump Repairs, Sawyer, Horseshoer
Carpenter Services
She flits around from house to house
and holds courts in her own;
No lady caught in politics
Is quite so widely known.
Though her profession calls for tact
And diplomatic tongue,
The strain of years has left no mark
On one so slim and young.
The home-made permanent has borne
To fame and fortune fair,
This lady with the hobby pins
And lotions for the hair.
Each husband has now bowed to fate
And merely sighs and grins
When the next pillow holds a head
Bristling with bobby pins.
When neighbouring ladies quickly troop
To criticize results,
He keeps a neutral corner and
A normal, steady pluse.
Gone are the days when "fuzz" and "ends"
Have power to excite
His sympathies, for he has learned
No hair-do is "just right."
When locks are long and straight,
Except upon appointment or
A long, impatient wait.
She knows each whim and foible of
Her customers in turn
And understands each little fear
And eact extreme concern.
The home perm makers, they should spread
A fortune at her feet.
A worthy Senate seat.
The home of
'- t !*
Tiie home of
s% lit
■ ■+ ■■ ■■*,
T/je home of
Dearest teacher and best friend Once more I stand before you; And in my hand hold something That tells how we adore you.
We thank you for the work you've done And know you have done your best In striving to bring to the front The School of South Freetown
We all decreed that unto you
A present we would give
So we thought that an umbrella
To put over your head in rainy weather,
Would be just the gift
For a lady like thee.
So we gathered up our money Without more ado, And unto us the task has fallen To hand it over to you.
Signed on behalf of your
This poem was written by the students of
It is believed that a school was established in
The first school in
Teachers in those days taught a twelve month year for their board and twelve dollars a month. The teachers' contract generally called for half their salary to be paid in potatoes at one shilling a bushel with the remainder in oats, wheat and butter at market prices, and pork, beef and mutton at three cents a pound. Schools stayed open from nine to twelve in the morning, with a two hour dinner period in the summer, and an afternoon session from two to five. Heat in winter was provided by each scholar bringing a cord of wood per year. The school master moved from place to place in the district where he taught, and spent time at each home.
The first school in
It was located east of the village. In
It is interesting to read a report of the School Visitor for ,
In the lists of teachers employed in
Up to
All schools in the province were strictly non-sectarian. Teachers were directed to open each school day with the reading of the Scriptures, but they were not allowed to comment, and no student was to have this forced on him against his parents will.
The following table indicates the acreage, valuation and the rate of tax per $100.00 in each district.
It was on
All the local district schools were closed as of
The original description of
The description of the
Prize list is as follows:
Oats - 1.
Wheat -1.
Beans - 1.
Green Mountain Potatoes -1.
Turnips - 1.
Carrots -1.
Beets - 1.
Cucumbers - 1.
Tomatoes -1.
Pumpkins -1.
Cabbage - 1.
Sweet Peas -1.
Mixed Flowers - 1.
Raspberries - 1.
Beets - 1.
Loaf of White Bread - 1.
Brown Sugar Fudge -1.
School Lunch -1.
Apron - 1.
Knitted Mittens -1.
Hemstitched Towel - 1.
Milking Stool -1.
Mail Box -1.
Miscellaneous -1.
Heifer Calf,
Pigs - 1.
Map Drawing, Third Reader -1.
Map Drawing, Fourth Reader -1.
Penmanship, Second Reader -1.
Penmanship, Third Reader -1.
Penmanship, Fourth Reader - 1.
50 yd. dash for girls under 9 -1.
50 yd. dash for girls 9 to 12 -1.
75 yd. dash for girls over 12-1.
75 yd. dash for boys under 9-1.
100 yd. dash for boys 9 to 12 - 1.
100 yd. dash for boys over 12 - 1.
50 yd. sack race for boys under 10-1.
50 yd. sack race for boys over 10 -1.
Wheelbarrow race 50 yd. - 1.
50 yd. 3-legged race for boys - 1.
3-Iegged race for girls, 50 yd. - 1.
50 yd. jockey race for boys - 1.
Relay race for boys - 1.
Trustees race -1.
Free for all for boys -1.
Running Broad Jump -1.
Free for all -1.
■«fc'.-'.- : •
;;.'■■'.'■■;■ ■'■';:;..-
School Teachers
The following is a list of school teachers with some notes taken from
1871-72 1917
"First mention of
Storey Hynes
Storey Hynes
"This school participated in a School
Fair in
mention for improvements. The
its assistance!'
figmmmi KIIMIt;:
Upper Freetown School pupils,
Back row left to right:
Middle row:
Back row left to right:
Second row:
Third row: Corneilus
Fourth row:
Back row left to right:
Second row:
Rickey Reeves.
Third row: Donna
Fourth row:
Lower Freetown School (new)
School Teachers
"A well has been bored and a pump
"First school fair in
"The students were moved across the
road to a new school!' (Which is now a
Community Centre.)
Back row left to right:
Second row:
Back row left to right:


text:
Jason Campbell will be a free-agent quarterback who can sign with any NFL team in the middle of March. Last week, however, he was granted a different kind of unconditional release.
Campbell called off his would-be weekend wedding in the Dominican Republic, according to CSN Bay Area. Contrary to web rumors that he had left his fiancée, Jenny Montes, at the altar, Campbell told the network it was a "mutual decision" tied to "personal reasons."
Several of Campbell's former college and pro teammates — from Auburn University, the Washington Redskins and Oakland Raiders — were set to attend, including current San Francisco 49ers Pro Bowl cornerback Carlos Rogers. Rogers played with Campbell both at Auburn and with the Redskins.
Now that he's back on the market, you can expect Campbell, 30, a 2005 first-round pick of the Redskins, to focus on finding a home on the field for the 2012 season. Despite helping Oakland jump to a 4-2 start under now-fired coach Hue Jackson last season, Campbell was quickly jilted as the team's starting quarterback.
Campbell broke his collarbone in the Raiders' Oct. 16 home win over the Cleveland Browns, and that's likely to be his last game in Silver and Black. It took two days for Oakland to move forward from Campbell's injury, making a blockbuster trade to land quarterback Carson Palmer from the Cincinnati Bengals.
Before Jackson was let go by new general manager Reggie McKenzie on Jan. 10, he hinted that he would be open to bringing back Campbell. With Jackson joining the Bengals' staff, Campbell might have a shot at signing with Palmer's former team.
But the Bengals already have a backup behind second-year starter Andy Dalton in Bruce Gradkowski. In his first season with the Raiders in 2010, Campbell was benched in favor of Gradkowski.
At this point, Campbell is likely to rebound a lot easier from his breakup with Montes than from his split with the Raiders.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Fire damages Durham building for second time in last year
Posted March 31, 2015
Durham, N.C. — Fire caused extensive damage early Tuesday to a three-story commercial building in downtown Durham, authorities said.
Emergency crews were called to 118 W. Parrish St. at about 2 a.m., and it took about 50 firefighters 15-30 minutes to bring the blaze under control.
Investigators said the third floor of the building, which was unoccupied, was severely damaged by the fire. The first and second floors – only the second floor of the building is occupied – were damaged by water.
No injuries were reported in the fire, and authorities did not release information about a possible cause.
On May 14, 2014, about 45 firefighters were called to the same location after fire broke out in a photography studio on the third floor.


text: Why Distributors Sell to Off-The-Clockers John R. Hall March 24, 2008 No Comments Back in January The NEWS published an article on HVAC service techs and installers who work off the clock behind the bosses' back and earn extra money doing side jobs. The respondents remained anonymous as they described how and why they made a living out of working on their own, sometimes with or without their bosses' permission. Read More


text:
This post was written by Hatchet staff writer Matthew Kwiecinski.
The GW Law School's student senate opted to continue discussion on a proposed policy for adding safeguards against the appearance of hate groups on campus at the body's meeting Tuesday.
A motion to remove the Student Bar Association Senate's memo of support for the proposal, which was raised by third-year law student and SBA senator Mike Johnson, was amended to extend debate on the policy.
"I think that we can all benefit from learning more of what the student body thinks of the proposal," Johnson said. "I think we can take more time on something of this importance."
In the first meeting of the 2012-2013 SBA senate, the body voted unanimously in favor of two amendments to the memo, clarifying that while this year's senate voted in favor of the policy, next year's members refrained from taking a position until the fall, after further discussion between the student body and faculty regarding the policy. Two senators abstained from the vote.
Third-year law student Samantha Ames proposed the "hate speech" policy in March after an encounter with a representative from the Family Research Council that allegedly turned into verbal harassment.
The policy would alert event-goers when "hate groups" come to campus – as defined by two civil rights organizations – and call for increased security at these events.
A.J. Huber, a third-year law student and SBA senator, proposed the two amendments to Johnson's motion following a 30-minute debate among senators over the impact of stripping support completely.
"Tabling our position until the fall makes the most sense," third-year law student and SBA senator Sam Stone said before the vote. "If we let it sit for a few months and we think about it and we talk about it and we go through and really have a good discussion about it, I'd rather have the time to do that."
If the SBA approves the policy in the fall, a faculty committee then must sign off on the proposal before it could take effect.


text:
e-book pricing - why cant they get it right...
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In the 1920s publishers offered low cost books to increase demand. Books were cheap enough that people would buy their own copies rather than wait for a friend to loan them around. When the depression started book sales dropped and publishers raised prices in an effort to keep their profits up. They also started a campaign to keep people from lending their books to others and tried to popularize the term "book sneak" for a person who would loan their books to others or for a person who would borrow rather than buy a book.
What the publishers want is for everyone to buy their own copy of the book and not borrow (even from a library) a copy of the book. Depending upon the study the publishers estimate that without the passing on of books sales would be 2 to 5 times what they currently are. DRM restricts this ability to pass on the books. Therefore the correct response from publishers should be to encourage people to switch from paper based books to eBooks by lowering the prices on eBooks to less than one-half of the pBook price.
For example, if I think a certain book is great and tell Bob (to pick a name) and he wants to read it I could just loan him my copy of the pBook. However since we both have Readers he cannot read my copy and must buy and download his own copy.
The ultimate in DRM books (IMHO) was William Gibson's 1992 "Agrippa (A Book of the Dead)". The package was designed to degenerate upon exposure to air and visible light and the 3.5" disk included with the text allowed you to view each page once and then it deleted the text so you could not go back and reread any part of the book. Thankfully the practice did not catch on.
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text:
Compression of High-Dimensional Data Spaces Using Non-Differential Augmented Vector Quantization
Most data-intensive applications are confronted with the problems of I/O bottleneck, poor query processing times and space requirements. Database compression alleviates this bottleneck, reduces disk space usage, improves disk access speed, speeds up query response time, reduces overall retrieval time and increases the effective I/O bandwidth. However, random access to individual tuples in a compressed database is very difficult to achieve with most of the available compression techniques. This paper reports a lossless compression technique called non-differential augmented vector quantization. The technique is applicable to a collection of tuples and especially effective for tuples with numerous low to medium cardinality fields.


text:
Gun Biddler
View Single Post
October 19, 2012, 04:52 PM
Junior Member
Join Date: October 19, 2012
Posts: 2
First Question
Forgot to answer the original question.
The way it works is like this. You purchase or win a Bid Pack. We call them "rounds". You use the "rounds" to bid on auctions. When you place a bid, one bid will be deducted from your account and the auction price will raise by one penny. When the timer is below the 20 second mark, any bid placed will cause the time to reset to 20 seconds. Giving the effect of a live auction. When the timer is allowed to expire, meaning no one bids on top of you, the auction closes. The last person to bid can then purchase the item for the final price plus shipping. We charge a flat rate of $30 shipping for Firearms. It's much lower for everything else. It's pretty much that easy. The difficult part is no one knows how many other players are watching and waiting to bid. It's impossible to predict how much an auction will go for. We have had a 1911 go for $0.09 and a MSBRG 30-06 go for over $34.00. I've seen much higher prices on other sites, but you can never tell whether or not that site is cheating. I trust The Big Sites like QuiBids, Beezid, and Skoreit, but not many others. We have a pretty large number of our players who will back us up when we say we don't use any immoral measures to influence prices. But the fact of the matter is, any penny auction can cheat at anytime. It all boils down to whether or not you trust the site you play on is being fair.
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text:
Just what exactly is going on here? The cardboard sign out front said "Garage Sale," so when I pulled up and parked, I naturally assumed that I would be attending a garage sale. But what I see in front of me is more like some kind of sick joke.
For starters, the children's clothing isn't even separated from the adult clothing. It's all jumbled together on the same rickety card table. What's more, the baby jumpers aren't even folded! This is absolutely obscene. Large items like exercise equipment, stop signs, and crutches are stacked against the wall in such a way that it's hard to tell what's for sale and what's simply being stored in the garage!
Then there's the utter lack of rhyme or reason to the display of smaller goods: Fisher Price playsets next to Sweet Valley High books, Water Piks next to latch-hook rugs, cast-iron cookware next to Herb Alpert records. Who would have the audacity to call this labyrinth of stained pot-holders, plastic Christmas-tree-shaped snack trays, and Betamax tapes a garage sale?
Is this poor excuse for a garage sale even real? My God, three dollars for this hot-air popcorn popper? The butter-melting cup isn't even attached anymore. Fifteen dollars for this rusted electric typewriter? Excuse my laughing fit. And this water-purifying system: Are you aware that the replacement filter cartridges are missing? If you are, there certainly is no masking-tape tag on the box indicating as much to a potential buyer.
I should have immediately been tipped off by the crudely hand-lettered "Garage Sale Today" signs all down Tokay Boulevard. They were needlessly decorated with balloons, as if anyone would be foolish enough to mistake that for a hallmark of a quality garage sale.
These people must have had some reason for luring unsuspecting motorists off Maple Street to come in and sift through this overpriced garbage. I can only imagine what evil scheme lies behind these wooden salad-bowl sets, hair crimpers, and GE tape recorders. Can you believe there's not even a "free" box? Old plastic yogurt containers and glass jars without lids–obvious candidates for such a box–are marked five or even ten cents. Am I hallucinating, or is that a stringless yo-yo for sale over there?
In my 44 years on this Earth, I've never seen such a vulgar display. It might be conceivable that someone would consider this picked-over selection of damaged goods acceptable for public display, had this so-called garage sale been in its final hours. But to find out that today was the first day, well, I don't know if I'm more shocked or saddened.
Finally, there's the small matter of your display of Avon Skin-So-Soft hand lotion next to the cash box. Were this garage sale just a ruse to lure customers in to buy beauty products at retail price, that's more than a mere breach of garage-sale etiquette. That's downright evil.


text:
Study of Oral Anthocyanins on Insulin Resistance
This study is currently recruiting participants.
Verified December 2016 by University of Aberdeen
University of Aberdeen
Information provided by (Responsible Party):
University of Aberdeen
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First received: August 11, 2010
Last updated: May 22, 2017
Last verified: December 2016
- Full Text View
- Tabular View
- No Study Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
No Study Results Posted on ClinicalTrials.gov for this Study
|Study Status:
|This study is currently recruiting participants.
|Estimated Study Completion Date:
|August 2017
|Estimated Primary Completion Date:
|July 2017 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)


text:
BARRE, Vt. — Stephen Cutlip had only been living in Mendon for several weeks when he was displaced last summer by flooding from Tropical Storm Irene.
Following the August flood, he lived in a series of motels then spent three months in transitional housing in Northfield for military veterans.
"My place was trashed," Cutlip said of his home along U.S. Route 4 in Mendon.
Now, Cutlip has a newly renovated apartment where he can live for the next 11 months rent-free while he seeks permanent housing. For the 67-year-old Navy veteran and retired teacher, the second-floor apartment above Barre's Main Street is ideal.
One of his new neighbors is Ann Marie Bolton, who was displaced from a mobile home park in Berlin when the flood destroyed their home. Bolton said she and her middle-school-aged daughter lived in Montpelier for a time but now they can look for a permanent home without worrying.
Cutlip and Bolton are two of five families taking advantage of a program by the Federal Emergency Management Agency that paid about $69,000 to bring the old building up to code so it could serve as temporary housing for Vermonters displaced by the storm.
It is the first time in New England where FEMA has paid to renovate rental housing so it could provide a temporary home for people displaced by flooding.
Most people have since found permanent places to live; others are living in rental housing paid for by FEMA until they can return to their homes. But FEMA's Albert Ferri said that Washington County, where more than 220 homeowners were displaced, had a shortage of rental housing.
"For some, we needed an alternative," Ferri said Wednesday. "This was an excellent program and an excellent alternative to try here in New England where at many times the traditional trailer program that we have ... doesn't work very well in this climate or in the communities that we have here."
Thousands of homes across Vermont were damaged or destroyed by flooding from Irene and thousands of people were forced from their homes. In Washington County alone, 154 mobile homes and almost 400 stick-built homes were severely damaged or destroyed by the flooding.
Photos of the Main Street building showed parts of it needed renovation before it could be made habitable for those being helped by FEMA. The Barre project is considered a pilot project for the New England region. There are no similar projects in the works.
"We had to search pretty hard to find this property," Ferri said.
The owners of the building agreed to make the repaired rental units solely available to disaster survivors for up to 18 months from the date of the disaster declaration that followed the storm.
While five families are living in the building now, other families displaced by Irene will be able to move in after those there now find permanent housing. Ultimately, it's expected the building will serve as temporary housing for about 15 families.
Cutlip said he moved into the one-bedroom apartment last week. "It's a place to come to, to get back on my feet," he said.


text:
It all happened in a moment - a most remarkable moment. God came near. He came not as a flash of light or as an unapproachable conqueror, but as one whose first cries were heard by a peasant girl and a sleepy carpenter. The hands that held him were not manicured, but callused and dirty. No silk. No ivory. No hype. No party. No hoopla. God had come near...for you.
Travel back in time and relive Christ the Son of God becoming man. Come with Max as he brings to life the most important event in history...when God came near. And as you catch a vision of this incredible moment, let it mark the beginning of a new life for yourself. God came near. If he is who he says he is, there is no truth more worthy of your time.
©2004 Max Lucado (P)2004 Thomas Nelson Publishers
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text:
Managing-Director of Pars Oil and Gas Company Mousa Souri announced that Iran will increase gas production [2] in the giant South Pars gas field, adding that the country will surpass Qatar's gas production in the shared field. Speaking on Sunday, Souri said Iran's gas recovery [3] from South Pars would equal Qatar's after five new phases of the giant field come on stream. He added that the development of phases 12, 15, 16, 17 and 18 of South Pars would add nearly 200 million cubic meters per day (mcmpd) of sour gas to the shared field's output on the Iranian side. Iran is currently producing 300 mcmpd of gas from South Pars. [4] Earlier this month, an Iranian deputy oil minister said a sum of 80 billion dollars will be invested in the development and completion of South Pars gas field phases. The South Pars gas field covers an area of 9,700 square kilometers, 3,700 square kilometers of which are in Iran's territorial waters in the Persian Gulf. The remaining 6,000 square kilometers, i.e. the North Dome, are in Qatar's territorial waters. The South Pars gas field holds 8 percent of total gas reserves of the world and half of the country's proven gas reserves as well as is the host of the most important industrial complexes of the country and the most important part of oil industry's value chain.
[1] http://www.syndigate.info
[2] http://www.albawaba.com/business/iran-natural-gas-438324
[3] http://www.albawaba.com/business/iran-gas-export-450522
[4] http://www.albawaba.com/business/iran-turkey-gas-explosion-447717
[5] http://www.gulfoilandgas.com


text: On behalf of MD Resort Bed and Breakfast I give you our famous… PUMPKIN APPLE STREUSEL MUFFINS 2-1/2 Cups all-purpose flour 2 Cups white sugar 1 T pumpkin pie spice 1 tsp. baking soda ½ tsp. salt 2 eggs, lightly beaten 1 Cup canned pumpkin puree ½ Cup vegetable oil 2 Cups peeled, cored and chopped apple Preheat oven to 350 degrees F. Lightly grease 18 muffin cups or use paper liners. In a large bowl, sift together 2-1/2 cups all-purpose flour, 2 cups sugar, pumpkin pie spice, baking soda and salt. In a separate bowl, mix together eggs, pumpkin, and oil. Add pumpkin mixture to flour mixture; stirring just to moisten. Fold in apples. Spoon batter into prepared muffin cups. In a small bowl, mix together 2 T. flour, ¼ Cup sugar and ½ tsp. cinnamon. Cut in butter until mixture resembles course crumbs. Sprinkle topping evenly over muffin batter. Bake in preheated over for 35 to 40 minutes, or until a toothpick inserted into a muffin comes out clean.


text:
This game was classified by the community with the following category scores - Violence=0/3, Sex=0/3, Mature Content=0/3. 4 different modes to battle with friends. Sink, loot and beat them to see who is the real pirate! BattleShip Arcade is for playing with friends and family up to 4 on the same screen!
Buy Xbox content on Xbox.com. Your Xbox 360 console will automatically download the content next time you turn it on and connect to Xbox Live.Learn More


text:
Josh, Thanks! Glad to know that's there for the next time we do a special event. > * There is only 1000.00 USD available in total per calendar month. > First come, first serve. $12,000 per year? That's quite a bit. I have some suggestions on what this could be spent on: a) meetup.com memberships for any PUG which wants them, since we don't have another solution for calendaring/RSVPs. b) PUG "getting started" money which pays for food etc. for new PUGs. In general, I think your emphasis should be on supporting new/struggling PUGs rather than well-established ones like SFPUG which can look after themselves. c) Special events, like once-a-year PGDays. -- -- Josh Berkus PostgreSQL Experts Inc. http://www.pgexperts.com
Next: From: Joshua D. Drake Date: 2010-08-10 05:10:42 Subject: Re: Financial Support for US PostgreSQL Groups Previous: From: Joshua D. Drake Date: 2010-08-09 18:20:59 Subject: Financial Support for US PostgreSQL Groups


text:
Baldwin Primary School was an elementery school established in 1922, 4 miles west of Milledgeville on Hwy 22. It was combined of students from Proctor, Watson and Pleasant Grove. The high school students were sent to G.M.C in Milledgeville. Teac hers here were Miss Ruth King, Miss Lois King and Mrs. Frank Watson up to 1925.
Proctor School
was built by and located on Peter Proctor's land in the Brown's Crossing
community in 1897. It was a 14x16 one room frame building with a chimney
at one end, glass windows on both sides and a door in front. He also made
all the desks, which were all the same size, and recitation benches. Students
kept warm by taking turns sitting by the fire.
The first teacher was Mrs. Frances Moore Bealls who taught here 7 years. She walked 2 miles to school and back daily, taught from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. Her salary was $35 per month, waiting until the taxes were paid to collect her salary. All grades were taught here. All grades were taught here as was the custom in rural schools in Baldwin County.
After 7 years the school moved up into St. John's Primitive Baptist church and Miss Maggie Humphreys taught one years. Some of the members objected so the school was moved across the road in front of the church to a little one-room house that had been occupied by a woman named Harriett. The children called their school "Harriett's College. The official school on record was Clinton Road School. Miss Bertha Gilman taught here until the school was discontinued.
Pleasant Grove School Lawrence Rd., off Hwy 22, West. School was located across the road from church at intersection. was established in 1860. Trustees: David P. Brown, Oliver P. Bonner, Thomas Morris, Thomas Horne, and Oscar V. Brown Church & School incorporated together. In 1895 the teacher was Miss Mabel Hodges. Some other teachers were Clifford Speight, Berta Williamson, Laura Horne. The school building was destroyed by fire when Laura Horne was teaching here and was rebuilt in the same place. The new building was opened with Mary Lizzie Ivey as the teacher. Not having any furniture she borrowed chairs, church benches and other homemade items until she got her school furniture. Miss Ivey taught through the 8th grade and introduced Domestic Science to the school. Mrs Dollie Horne Lawrence had charge of the school when it closed in 1921 and the children were transported to Watson School.
Watson School
established in 1907. Mr. J. F. Miller, who was instrumental in establishing
the school, moving to Milledgeville from Sanford, Florida. Robert
and Frank Watson hauled the lumber for the one-room school which was built
by Mr. Bungertell on Watson property. The school operated for the
first 5 years with Mrs. F. M. Bealls as teacher. Mrs Frank Watson taught
from 1913-1914. Other teachers were Louise Quarterman
Blanks (1914-1915). Mrs. F. E. Watson (1915-1916), Miss Mary Blitch (1916-1917),
Miss Viola Hill (1917-1918). Miss Fannie Lane (1918-1919), Miss Bertha
Holt (1919-1920) and Mrs C. S Cowan (1920-1921). In 1921, children
from Pleasant Grove and Meriwether schools which increased the enrollment
to 16. The schools was then consolidated in 1922, by a suggestion
of J. A. Stiles, during a meeting with the Board of Education. Dr. Dawson
Allen suggested calling the school Baldwin Primary School. The high
school students were trucked to G.M.C.
Source:Union-Recorder Nov. 26,


text: I watched much of the Saints/Eagles game and was most interested to see how one of the best QBs and one of the highly touted up-and-coming QBs performed. Here are some observations: 1- BOTH struggled mightily when they were under heavy pressure. 2- Both did well when they weren't under heavy pressure. 3- It was obvious that both teams' good running games helped the passing games and made the QBs lives easier. 4- Foles tends to hold the ball LONGER than Keenum and takes sacks instead of committing turnovers. This was discussed as a GOOD trait. 5- Highly mobile Brees was also sacked under heavy pressure ... his fault??? 6- BOTH made several errant passes. 7- Brees threw more int's than TDs ... if Keenum had done that every one here would be saying he's terrible. 8- Both QBs obviously have playoff caliber teams around them. I have said all along that the injuries the Texans suffered along with lack of oline talent on the right side combined with INCOMPETENT coaching were the BIGGEST problems Keenum had last year. I hope we get some excellent coaching and healthy players and improved oline and that Keenum gets another chance under those conditions.


text:
Veterans Affairs Minister has to listen and care: PR expert
WATCH ABOVE: Crisis communications expert Barry McLoughlin talks to Tom Clark about the strained relationship between the Conservative government and the country's veterans.
OTTAWA – After a series of ugly confrontations over the last six months, the relationship between Canada's veterans and Veterans Affairs Minister Julian Fantino seems to be at the point of no return.
READ MORE: Vote to keep Veterans Affairs offices open fails in Ottawa
Barry McLoughlin, an expert in crisis communications, spoke to Tom Clark on The West Block about how the situation could be remedied.
"It's certainly a crisis of perception," said McLoughlin. "They don't seem to care about veterans, which are seen as the most vulnerable and deserving of all groups in this country."
"When you have another incident like this occur … that perception is very damaging," he added.
READ MORE: Invisible wounds
McLoughlin has several recommendations in order for Fantino to make amends. First on the order of business?
"The minister has to get out there and speak to veterans directly."
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