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Ask-the-Expert Online Conference: Chemotherapy Updates
Ask-the-Expert Online Conference
The Ask-the-Expert Online Conference called Chemotherapy Updates featured Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H. and Marisa Weiss, M.D. answering your questions about advances in chemotherapy treatment: different types of drugs and regimens, how to reduce or eliminate unpleasant side effects, and more.
Editor's Note: This conference took place in February 2002.
Questions from this conference
- Chemo advances for triple-negatives?
- How to prepare for chemotherapy?
- No nausea after first chemo?
- How long do Taxol pains last?
- Advantage to dose-dense Taxol?
- Does chemo cause cognitive impairment?
- How to minimize cognitive effects?
- What's the "gold standard" chemo?
- Cytoxan necessary in dose-dense regimen?
- Pneumonia vaccine before chemo?
- Irritated sinuses with chemo?
- Doing alright with chemo until end?
- Special chemo for liver metastasis?
- Genetic test for giving chemo?
- Taxol increases toxicity of radiation?
- Are blackened nails normal?
- More chemo after 6x CMF?
- Chances of Xeloda working?
- Pain in feet after chemo?
- Options if can't metabolize chemo?
- Alright to work while getting chemo?
- Criteria for reducing chemo doses?
- How often are blood counts done?
- Cut hair before chemo?
- How much chemo can a body take?
- Difference between Adriamycin and Cytoxan?
- Switching chemo regimens?
- Rebuilding veins after chemo?
- Recovering energy after chemo?
- What is "comfort chemo?"
Chemo advances for triple-negatives?
- Question from Teeny: Are there any advances in chemo treatments for women who are ER/PR (estrogen/progesterone) negative and HER-2 negative? There seems to be so much hope for women with positive receptors, but we get very little info regarding cutting-edge treatments for those with negative receptors.
Answers -
Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H.
It's a very common concern for women who have estrogen-receptor-negative tumors. Some of my patients struggle with this from the day of diagnosis, as soon as they understand the implications of having or not having the hormone receptors.
It's important to remember that chemotherapy - both the older and the newer drugs - are very effective in estrogen-receptor-negative cells. In fact, the benefit of chemotherapy has often been shown to be greater in tumors that don't have hormone receptors. Nonetheless, we share your frustration with the rate of progress in breast cancer care.
- Marisa Weiss, M.D. The amount of information on breast cancer has doubled in the last 10 years. It's expected to double again in the next 5 years. This means the rate of discovery of new treatment options is picking up its pace. This is hopeful.
How to prepare for chemotherapy?
- Question from LenaV: I start my first chemo next week. Is there anything I should be doing mentally/physically to prepare, e.g. diet, etc.?
Answers -
Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H.
Breastcancer.org has a number of helpful suggestions to help you in preparing for chemotherapy. What my patients find most helpful is learning as much about the experience as they can. Information from other patients can be helpful, but remember that each woman's story will be different from yours.
Your treatment nurses will give you information that will help you prepare. One thing that a lot of women are not aware of is that chemotherapy in breast cancer patients, for multiple reasons, can be associated with weight gain. This is one thing patients are often not told. In an attempt to help you, your friends may be bringing over lots of lovely nourishing meals, but this may not be the most helpful thing to you. Your goal is to survive this cancer. Maintaining a healthy diet and a stable weight is the best way to handle your nutritional needs.
The other thing that you may find helpful is to tell your friends and family explicitly, in great detail, what you need from them. You will find that it's more helpful to hear about people who were treated a while ago for cancer and are doing well. Surrounding yourself with well-informed people will be very helpful to you, but don't forget there's a possibility of information overload. The breastcancer.org website has a great deal of balance.
Marisa Weiss, M.D.
One thing that's very helpful to do before and during, as well as after chemotherapy, is to keep up your fluid balance. Make sure you keep drinking before and after your treatment. Keep a lot of drinks around that you enjoy, but not ones that are full of sugar. There are some nice flavored club sodas. You might enjoy chicken broth as a hot drink.
Women who forget to drink and get nervous and maybe neglect that part of their daily intake may be more likely to experience nausea. And drinking non-caloric drinks throughout treatment instead of eating can help control your weight gain a little bit.
- Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H. Trying to stay active and getting outside every day will help prevent some of the fatigue some women experience on chemotherapy.
- Marisa Weiss, M.D. As well as the tendency to feel down. Check out books on tape. Try meditation for the first time. Make sure to pamper yourself. Get that massage, sleep in late here and there, buy yourself a treat, and remind those people around you that you love presents.
No nausea after first chemo?
- Question from sarahG: Does the absence of nausea and vomiting after chemo session #1 (TAC) mean that subsequent chemo sessions will have the same probability of limited nausea side effects?
- Answers - Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H. I'm pleased to hear what sounds like a fairly reasonable level of side effects with your first treatment. In general, nausea is worst with the first cycle of chemotherapy. So if you did well with cycle #1, you can probably expect to feel the same good control/ prevention of nausea with your next cycle.
- Marisa Weiss, M.D. Dr. Griggs, do you ever find that patients get worried if they experience few or no side effects because they are concerned that the treatment might not be working? Many people believe that chemotherapy has to be painful and punishing in order for it to be effective.
- Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H. I see that all the time. People want to know that the treatment they're getting is effective. I'm happy to say, quite confidently, that the absence of side effects does not indicate the absence of benefit.
How long do Taxol pains last?
- Question from Renee: On average, how long should the aches and pains associated with Taxol last after each treatment? Are some of these side effects permanent?
Answers -
Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H.
The muscle pain and joint pain that people have with Taxol (chemical name: paclitaxel) are generally nearly gone within 4 to 5 days. If you are receiving this drug once a week, this is not likely to be acceptable to you. Most physicians will help you aggressively manage this pain. Sometimes, the dose may need to be slightly adjusted to make the medication tolerable.
Although the muscle and joint pains are not permanent, the nerve tingling or numbness in the fingers and toes may be permanent. Early onset of nerve-type symptoms may indicate more long-lasting effects.
Do not hesitate to tell your doctors and nurses if you are experiencing either muscle aches or nerve problems, particularly if you are having problems picking things up or buttoning a blouse, for example.
- Marisa Weiss, M.D. The good news is that most of the numbness and tingling will eventually go away for most women. But these sensations can certainly last for an extended period of time after all your treatment is finished. If you are experiencing this type of discomfort, Dr. Griggs, what are some of the remedies and medications that you recommend for your patients to try?
Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H.
There are some people who report improvement with B-complex vitamins. I have not been impressed with resolution of symptoms with vitamin supplements, but it is certainly worth a try.
Other medications can help if you are having symptoms of pain or numbness from Taxol. There are many drugs that have been around for a decade, but these require close monitoring of blood levels. For example, Tegretol (chemical name: carbamazepine). A newer drug called gabapentin is very well tolerated by most patients. The doses can be tweaked to achieve the most benefit with the fewest side effects. It sounds as though you are experiencing short-term muscle pains, however, and your doctor can help you manage these after each cycle.
Advantage to dose-dense Taxol?
- Question from Sprph: Is there any advantage to 12 weeks of Taxol vs. 4 weeks of dose-dense Taxol?
Answers -
Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H.
There are studies investigating the best way of giving Taxol and the related drug Taxotere. For now, we know that these drugs are very important in women at high risk of recurrent disease.
On the other hand, for many patients, these drugs are not necessary. We are always trying to improve treatment of breast cancer, and it seems as though the progress is occurring at a faster and faster pace. Again, clinical trials are underway to answer your question.
- Marisa Weiss, M.D. Stay tuned!
Does chemo cause cognitive impairment?
- Question from Rbrent: Does 4 doses of AC (Adriamycin/Cytoxan) chemotherapy cause any long-term cognitive impairment?
Answers -
Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H.
This is a good question. Many women describe problems with short-term memory and with concentration when receiving really any chemotherapy. Some of the changes in cognitive function (thinking and concentration) can be due to a variety of problems, such as sleep disturbance, fatigue, information overload, a busy lifestyle, and depression and anxiety.
I would say that long-term memory problems (persisting or lasting more than one to two years) are uncommon. If you are affected, however, this can be a very troubling, annoying, and frustrating effect of chemotherapy. The hormonal changes that chemotherapy can cause, such as "chemopause," may be responsible in large part for the memory and concentration problems.
- Marisa Weiss, M.D. For many women, on the heels of chemotherapy as well as the abrupt onset of menopause as Dr. Griggs has described, they may go on to take anti-estrogen therapy. This hormonal therapy may also have an impact on thinking and remembering. And, of course, as we all know well, growing older does gradually reduce your ability to think as clearly as you did when you were younger. This also factors in.
- Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H. It's important when you're undergoing chemotherapy to cut out any stress that you can and to recruit all the support that you can. This may help you get through such a stressful time more smoothly.
- Marisa Weiss, M.D. And watch out for all those damned expectations you put on yourself! As Dr. Griggs is saying, you have to give yourself the space and kindness that you need to get through and beyond this.
How to minimize cognitive effects?
- Question from Rbrent: What strategies can you use to minimize any cognitive effects of chemo while you are going through it?
- Answers - Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H. In addition to the hints and tips on Breastcancer.org, maintaining good sleep habits, and getting fresh air—as much as possible.
- Marisa Weiss, M.D. Maintaining as many of the rhythms in your life can be useful. Keep a fairly regular schedule so your body can adjust and know what to expect from day to day. Figure out a system that helps you remember the important things. Writing a list can be very helpful. Putting your keys in one place. Hey, even ask kids to wear name tags if necessary!
What's the "gold standard" chemo?
- Question from Annie: What is the "gold standard treatment" to have for chemo? I live in England and there are two trials for me to think about before I start next week.
Answers -
Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H.
I always tell my patients that the gold standard is both personalized and ever-changing. So what we considered the gold standard two years ago may change today because of clinical trial. If a clinical trial is offered to you, you can trust that your physician does not actually know which is the best treatment—thus the need for the clinical trial.
In terms of deciding between the two trials, some of this may depend upon your approach to your treatment. Some women will choose a trial comparing two "aggressive" treatment strategies. Other women want to have as little treatment as possible. Make sure that you are comfortable before you participate in a clinical study. Sometimes obtaining a second opinion can help you make a decision as well.
- Marisa Weiss, M.D. It's reassuring to know that there are many different options that represent today's "gold standard." But it's also true that having a lot of options can feel overwhelming and confusing.
- Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H. You should make sure that you spend time with your physicians understanding the purpose of the trials, the goals of therapy, and what about your particular situation makes the trial right for you.
Cytoxan necessary in dose-dense regimen?
- Question from Sprph: How necessary is Cytoxan in the sequential dose-dense regimen?
Answers -
Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H.
Cytoxan (chemical name: cyclophosphamide) is one of the oldest drugs known to be effective against breast cancer. It would probably be going too far, however, to say that this will always be considered necessary.
We have trials in women with negative lymph nodes that are attempting to answer this question. Until we have studies saying that it is OK to skip this drug, I would recommend it as standard of care. If there is a reason that you cannot have this drug, your physician will discuss other options with you. Many women read about Cytoxan and are concerned about the risk of long-term effects. At the doses used in treating breast cancer, however, such long-term effects are very rare.
Pneumonia vaccine before chemo?
- Question from KySandy: I started my chemo two weeks ago. It seems of all the surgeons and doctors I've been to, no one suggested a pneumonia vaccination. I was diagnosed with bacterial pneumonia just 10 days after my first treatment.
- Answers - Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H. It is very much a possibility that even if you'd received the shot, you may still have had this complication. The pneumonia vaccine is effective in many patients against one type of bacterial infection. Receiving an immunization and then starting chemotherapy may lower the effectiveness of the immunization. It is not my standard practice, therefore, to recommend the pneumonia vaccine before starting chemotherapy.
Irritated sinuses with chemo?
- Question from Patti: I have advanced breast cancer in bones for three years, liver for one year. After AC chemo I had to switch to Taxol, now Taxotere. With Taxol and Taxotere, my sinuses have become dry, irritated, and swollen. My doctor says it's not the chemo. What to do?
Answers -
Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H.
I have seen problems with Taxotere with sinuses, but patients usually describe small amounts of blood upon blowing their nose. Your doctor may be agreeable with you trying a saline nose spray, particularly one made for children.
A brief break from chemotherapy, if your doctor is agreeable, may help you determine the relationship between the chemotherapy and what sounds like a very troubling symptom.
Marisa Weiss, M.D.
During the wintertime, the air in most people's homes becomes very dry. You may notice a dryness of your mouth, your nose, your skin, etc. If you have irritation of your nose and a cold, you might find that you have a little bleeding when dry tissues are irritated further.
Sometimes, these symptoms can be improved by using a humidifier or by simply putting trays of water on top of your radiator. You can also use Vaseline or a petroleum jelly on your lips and nostrils when you get a cold. Sometimes, certain chemotherapies can also irritate the mucous membrane inside your nose, mouth, vagina, etc. Ask your doctor about this.
Doing alright with chemo until end?
- Question from Flyby: I did so well throughout chemotherapy, 4 AC and 4 Taxotere, every 3 weeks. Why did I do so badly after the last Taxotere? Is it the lack of steroids?
Answers -
Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H.
Unless you were on steroids every day, which would be uncommon, you are most likely experiencing the cumulative effects of eight treatments. It is common for healthy women to feel as if they are "sailing" through chemotherapy until the very end.
There is also sometimes a "let down" after chemotherapy is over. Just when you think you should be celebrating, you find yourself feeling very vulnerable. This can lead to depression, anxiety, and a sense of isolation. In addition, you may be developing anemia after two types of chemotherapy.
Now that you are off the chemotherapy, this should start to get better over the next few months. It's important to remember that it can take up to 12 months to feel your "normal" self after all that chemotherapy. Breastcancer.org has a lot of information on how to live day-to-day life during and after breast cancer.
Special chemo for liver metastasis?
- Question from Janie: What special chemotherapy is there for women with liver metastases?
Answers -
Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H.
Treatment decisions for any type of metastases (tumor that has spread away from the breast and the nodes) are based on several factors. Those are: previous treatment, your liver function (which can be determined with routine blood tests), whether the tumor is hormone-receptor-positive, and your overall health. These all play a role in a choice of chemotherapy. Hormone therapy is not necessarily eliminated as an option if your tumor has the hormone receptors.
In general, chemotherapy for liver involvement from breast cancer is given like the chapters of a book. In other words, we use one drug as long as it works and as long as you're tolerating it. If or when that drug stops working, we try another drug. The goal overall, however, is to make you feel as good as possible. New drugs are being developed all the time. A drug that was not available to you six months ago may be available now.
Genetic test for giving chemo?
- Question from MaryR: Regarding the new genetic test that will help predict whether cancer will recur and whether chemotherapy should be given: Is there any reason for someone who has been through chemo [1.2 tumor, node negative, ER+], 4 rounds of AC, and is on tamoxifen to be tested under the theory that if the test indicates higher probability of recurrence, additional chemo [Taxol, etc.] should be administered?
Answers -
Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H.
This is one of the most exciting and hottest areas in breast cancer care. It will be wonderful to know who really does and does not need chemotherapy. It is probably premature to say that these genetic tests will help us pick the best chemotherapy. Most promising with this technology is the thought that we can avoid chemotherapy altogether in women who don't need it. I would not recommend at this point that your tumor be tested for the genetic profile, particularly as you have completed very good chemotherapy.
Marisa Weiss, M.D.
This new test was just FDA-approved. It looks at many different genes together to look at the pattern of which ones are normal and abnormal. It tries to get a "big picture" of which cancers are favorable and which ones are more likely to act in an aggressive manner. All of us are watching this new test closely. As soon as more solid information is available, we will let you know.
Editor's note: Since this research was published, new genomic tests have come to market. For the most up-to-date information, visit the Breastcancer.org Breast Cancer Tests page.
Taxol increases toxicity of radiation?
- Question from PlainJane: Does Taxol increase the toxicity of radiation?
Answers -
Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H.
The taxanes (both Taxol and Taxotere) are radiosensitizers. This means that they give sort of a one-two punch to cancer cells. We may eventually use the combination to increase response rates to radiation therapy.
Giving a taxane with radiation at the present time is, however, investigational. Another thing you can see is that giving a taxane after radiation therapy can lead to something called "radiation recall." Areas that received radiation before can become red, as if you just completed radiation therapy, even if it's many months or even years later.
- Marisa Weiss, M.D. You can also get radiation recall from Adriamycin (chemical name: doxorubicin) chemotherapy. In general, it's a good idea to avoid giving radiation at the same time as some of these powerful chemotherapy drugs, unless there is definite proof that giving them at the same time is likely to add substantial benefit. At this point, that benefit is unproven and the side effects are higher.
Are blackened nails normal?
- Question from RK: My mother is going through six doses of chemo. After the third dose, besides losing all her hair just after the first dose, her nails have blackened. Is this a normal side effect? Will her nails return to their normal color?
Answers -
Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H.
Skin and nail changes can be seen with several different types of chemotherapy. Women with darker complexions notice this more. You can even see dark pigmentation in the mouth.
All of these changes are reversible and will go away. Toenails can take a long time to grow back to normal. Fingernails tend to grow more quickly. If your mother is receiving Taxotere and develops pain or drainage in the fingernails, she should see her doctor and possibly be treated for an infection if one is shown to be present. If she is just having darkening of the nails with no pain or drainage, there is no need for concern. Some women can feel very self-conscious about this effect, however, and telling her that these are normal side effects may help her feel better.
- Marisa Weiss, M.D. Is it OK to wear dark nail polish on your toenails to hide some of these changes?
- Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H. You can wear nail polish on both toenails and fingernails unless you have pain or drainage. In that case, nail polish could hide an infection.
- Marisa Weiss, M.D. What about those glue-on nails?
- Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H. Many women with acrylic or other false nails choose to remove them. Ask your doctor whether it is OK for you to keep them on. Some women notice during chemotherapy that their nails grow quickly and are strong, making the artificial nails more of a pain in the neck than a help.
More chemo after 6x CMF?
- Question from Tonio: Hello from Spain. My wife, 37 years old, was diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma (T1N0M0), 2 cm., ER+, PR+, c-erbB-2- (HER-2/neu negative). She has been treated with 6 x CMF, finishing last week, but we believe that it is not the optimum treatment. Would it be possible to add any anthracycline or taxane regimen now?
Answers -
Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H.
Actually, the treatment you've outlined is excellent. Although very large studies suggest a possible benefit to regimens that contain an anthracycline, there are no features of your wife's tumor that make me think this class of drug would be necessary. I am assuming that she will also go on a hormonal-acting agent, such as tamoxifen.
Tumors that have the c-erbB-2- (in other words, are negative for HER-2/neu) can get a good response to CMF chemotherapy as well as to Adriamycin chemotherapy, but tumors that are HER-2 positive may respond better to an Adriamycin-based or a taxane-based chemotherapy.
Chances of Xeloda working?
- Question from Susie: What are the chances that Xeloda will work? My mom has Stage IV metastatic breast cancer, which has spread to her bones and lungs. She was in remission on Femara for 18 months and tamoxifen did not work. She started on 500 mg 2 x day Xeloda two weeks ago.
Answers -
Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H.
I wish your mother weren't going through this. The drug that she is starting on, which is an oral drug as you know, is one of our most effective drugs in breast cancer.
It's hard to wait to see if the drug is working, but if she is tolerating it, she should stay on the medication for approximately three months before her doctor will redo her scans. Although, obviously, not all women have a response to this drug, we have been impressed with the number of women who do benefit.
Marisa Weiss, M.D.
If the chemotherapy worked, then it worked. It really can be that simple. Dr. Griggs and I have many patients who are able to take this chemotherapy by pill and keep things under control for an extended period of time. You don't know until you try it.
It sounds like, for your Mom, it's worth trying. Be reassured that with any treatment that you are placed on, your doctors will be there to re-evaluate all along the way to make sure that the benefits are outweighing the side effects. If the benefit isn't there, something else can be tried.
Pain in feet after chemo?
- Question from Lpfiner: My husband had chemo last year and he still has pain in his feet caused by it. Is there anything that can help him? Pain medicine doesn't seem to be enough.
Answers -
Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H.
Depending upon the type of treatment he received, the long-term effects are different in each person. The doses of chemotherapy that we give are chosen because they were shown to be the most effective and the safest doses for breast cancer treatment. Some of the best drugs, the taxanes (such as paclitaxel and docetaxel) can affect the small nerve fibers in the hands and feet. The pain that you describe in your husband's feet may respond best to drugs that work on nerve pain. Examples include carbamazepime and gabapentin. The pain medicines we usually think of probably won't work on this type of pain.
In my opinion, the most serious and common long-term side effects are those in women who go through menopause related to chemotherapy. We are learning more and more about the effects of chemotherapy on bone density, for example. But we have very little research on this in men. It would be important that your husband speak with his doctor, not necessarily his cancer doctor, about checking out his bone density. This is done with a non-invasive test that his primary doctor can order.
- Marisa Weiss, M.D. As time goes by, after treatment's finished, all the regular and ordinary stresses of life also continue. Life these days is a real challenge -- even without breast cancer. As we move through our lives, these stresses can add up. Plus, there are just the effects of aging, growing older, over time. We need to be aware of this.
Options if can't metabolize chemo?
- Question from Kathy: I received my first dose of AC 6 weeks ago and have not been able to continue with the next three doses due to an extreme reaction to the chemo. My oncologist said my body did not metabolize the drugs and he is not sure I can tolerate chemo in the future. I was being treated for Stage II breast cancer after a mastectomy and am Her2neu+. I am concerned about what options are open to me without chemo.
Answers -
Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H.
It sounds as if you certainly had a difficult time with your first treatment. I would speak very candidly with your physician about your concerns. I have had two or three patients who were not able to stay on AC chemotherapy. I treated all of these patients with single-agent taxane (Taxol or Taxotere). This would be a very reasonable option in your case given that you are motivated to do all that you can against the breast cancer.
You may find it helpful to seek a second opinion, particularly as your situation is uncommon. Although it can be stressful to change doctors in the middle of your treatment, you need to feel confident that you are receiving the best care. This is not to say that you are not with the best doctor right now. You can ask your primary physician for help in navigating such a change if you think this might be helpful to you.
Alright to work while getting chemo?
- Question from Janice: I am an RN working in a walk-in treatment center. I will be starting chemo next week. If my counts remain OK, should it be OK for me to work?
Answers -
Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H.
Working is important to many women for several reasons, such as finances, maintaining a normal routine, and maintaining your sense of who you are as a person. Unless your doctor tells you otherwise, working should be fine and perhaps very helpful to you.
If you are working with people who have highly contagious diseases such as tuberculosis, however, a change in your job description may be appropriate. Your doctor, who knows your situation the best, can help advise you in this decision.
Working during chemotherapy does not make you a better person. There is no need to be "superwoman." Nonetheless, if working is important to you, explore this with your doctor.
I can usually tell which patients will keep working based on how they ask the question. For example, if a woman says, "Is it possible for me to hook onto the Internet while I'm getting my chemotherapy so I can stay in touch with work," working will be very important to her. Another woman might ask, "I don't have to work during this, do I?" Work will be much more troublesome to her as she already has mixed feelings about her job. You may be somewhere in the middle.
Marisa Weiss, M.D.
If you are worried about taking time off from work, ask your doctor to help you. A very simple note from your doctor to your employer can ease the way and take the pressure off you. Even taking a few days to a few weeks off can make an enormous difference to you and your recovery.
Editor's Note: For more information on working during treatment, see Breastcancer.org's section on Breast Cancer and Your Job.
Criteria for reducing chemo doses?
- Question from Applepie: What criteria do you use to decide whether the patient cannot tolerate AC chemo treatment side effects any more?
Answers -
Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H.
It sounds as if you or somebody you know is having a tough time with treatment. Some people are sensitive to the drugs and cannot receive the full doses. Although we do not generally recommend reducing doses, sometimes a "slight" reduction in the dose can work wonders.
In general, side effects that resolve by the next treatment cycle do not mandate a change in either the drugs or the dose. If you don't bounce back or almost bounce back, you may need to consider an alternative approach with your doctor.
How often are blood counts done?
- Question from Abdul: How often should blood cell counts be done during four cycles of chemo?
- Answers - Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H. In general, we check blood counts the day of chemotherapy or the day before chemotherapy. Unless you are feeling ill, having a fever, or having other severe side effects—such as a drop in blood pressure—there is probably no need to check your blood counts more often than that. If you are on a clinical trial, the study may ask you to have your blood work done more often, but this is not usually the case anymore.
Cut hair before chemo?
- Question from Donna: I'm starting chemo next week. I know I will lose my hair. My hair is long; should I cut it now and can I use my own hair for a wig? If so, who can help?
Answers -
Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H.
If you cut your hair before it falls out, many professional wig makers will be able to style you a natural-looking wig with your own hair. You can also have a ponytail or bangs made from your own hair to wear under a hat or scarf.
You might be amazed at the quality of the wigs you can get without using your own hair. This can save you hundreds and hundreds of dollars. I would recommend that you speak with a nurse at your treatment center about people s/he may have worked with in the past. Women with very long hair have also donated their hair before it falls out to an organization that makes wigs for children. The organization is called Locks of Love.
How much chemo can a body take?
- Question from Chat: How much chemo can a body take? I did 6 treatments of Taxol/carboplatin/CMF adjuvant (every 21 days) and was on Herceptin every week. I also do Aredia monthly. I went into remission for 90 days and the cancer acted up again, so now I was put on Adriamycin only. Next my doctor is talking about Taxotere and Herceptin again. I feel my body is getting beat up from all this chemo. I just want to know how much can a body take?
Answers -
Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H.
You have been down a long road. Your question is a very common one we face. You are in a position where you are now balancing side effects, both long- and short-term, and your desire to continue to be treated.
In general, most drugs can be used until you develop a side effect that you actually know about; for example, numbness from Taxol. Adriamycin can cause heart problems as you get more and more of the drug. So, in this case, as you get more and more Adriamycin, you may need to stop receiving the drug. You may want to talk to your doctor about a break from chemotherapy if you are experiencing bad side effects.
Difference between Adriamycin and Cytoxan?
- Question from Sprph: What is the difference in mechanism of action of Adriamycin vs. Cytoxan? Both act on cell-wall replication, so why both?
- Answers - Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H. Both drugs actually work on DNA, rather than cell walls, but the drugs actually work in different ways. For example, Adriamycin has several ways in which it works. There is no reason to think that receiving both drugs is redundant.
Switching chemo regimens?
- Question from KySandy: I just had one session of FAC 100. Now I see studies indicating a much better response to TAC. Once you begin a therapy, is it ever switched?
Answers -
Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H.
Your question is a good one and you have seen first-hand how quickly breast cancer care changes. FAC certainly is one of the "tried-and-true" recipes. There is one study that has suggested that a Taxotere-containing regimen may provide a benefit in some women.
It would be worth talking to your doctor about whether receiving a taxane after your FAC would give you additional benefit. It is so hard to know how to interpret the results of a study for your individual case. This may be another situation where a second opinion might help.
Rebuilding veins after chemo?
- Question from Dragonfli: Is there any way to help rebuild your veins after receiving harsh chemotherapy that has hardened and damaged the veins?
Answers -
Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H.
These changes in the veins usually go away within a few months after completing chemotherapy. If you are having repeated problems with your veins, you may want to talk to your doctor about having a port. Breastcancer.org has a lot of information about ports.
If you are done with your chemotherapy, however, just be patient. If you are having pain at the site of a previous IV, ask your doctor if you can take an anti-inflammatory drug and if ice might help if applied to that area on your arm.
- Marisa Weiss, M.D. Heat may also be helpful.
Recovering energy after chemo?
- Question from Marsha: Is there a harmless drug that can bring back my energy level? I had AC with Taxol, then radiation, over two years ago. I still find myself almost falling asleep at the wheel during my 45-minute trip to and from work. I have a great diet, and exercise now and then. Thanks in advance.
Answers -
Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H.
It sounds as if you are one of the people who continues to experience fatigue a long time after your treatment is over. You are also aware of your body, maybe more than you were before.
It would be important to make sure you are not experiencing other possible causes of fatigue, such as thyroid problems, sleep problems, or anemia. These may have nothing to do with your breast cancer treatment. If no physical cause can be found for your fatigue, exercising more often may help you regain your energy.
It is also possible that you are experiencing a neurological problem that we call depression. One of the most common effects of depression is a lack of energy. Depression occurs in 1 in 6 people, regardless of breast cancer history.
Marisa Weiss, M.D.
Sometimes, also, medications that treat depression can add to fatigue. Work closely with your doctor to find the best medications for you.
If you find yourself falling asleep at the wheel, then it's unsafe for you to be driving in that condition. Can you take the train, or a bus? Can you carpool with a friend until you figure things out? Will a cup of coffee do the trick? Make sure you wear your safety belt. A stop along the way to work, with a good stretch, may make a difference, too.
- Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H. I can't emphasize enough how helpful exercise can be. Despite the fact that you don't feel like it, exercising in the morning is more likely to help your energy level than exercising at night, when it can interfere with your sleep.
- Marisa Weiss, M.D. You can read more about this in our section Managing Fatigue.
What is "comfort chemo?"
- Question from Carrie: I have breast cancer, and I am in Stage IV. I have had 5 rounds of chemo and am finishing up on radiation of 7 weeks. They say I will be on comfort chemo after this—just what is that?
- Answers - Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H. Your doctors are using the term "comfort chemo" to emphasize that the purpose of treatment is to make you feel better. In other words, if you feel worse on treatment than you did off of treatment, you need to work with your doctor to achieve the best quality of life possible.
- Marisa Weiss, M.D. You might want to visit the Breastcancer.org discussion boards and chat rooms where you can connect with other women who can support you through your on-going therapy.
- Jennifer Griggs, M.D., M.P.H. Having Stage IV breast cancer can feel very lonely, and it doesn't need to.


text:
Is your backyard stream washing away?
Here's your chance to learn more about sustainable backyard stream-repair solutions to reduce erosion and return stream banks to a healthy, attractive state.
Attendees will have the opportunity to watch, ask questions, and even install plants that stabilize and beautify a stream bank.
When: 9 a.m.-3:30 p.m. March 27 (Snow date: April 3)
Where: Newland Volunteer Fire Department, 342 Estatoa Ave.
Cost: $25, includes lunch
Register: Click here
Who Should Attend: Homeowners, local government personnel, Criteria 2 or 3 EE Certification, landscapers, utility workers, park managers
Questions? Contact Wendy Patoprsty at 828-264-3061 or email email@example.com
9 a.m. – Registration
9:30 a.m. – Classroom discussion of problems and solutions
Noon – Lunch provided
1 p.m. – Field demonstrations of stream bank repair
3:30 p.m. – Adjourn
This workshop is sponsored by the NC Cooperative Extension, NCSU Biological and Agricultural Engineering Dept, the Town of Newland, and Avery County.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
After a couple of performances he rated as subpar during the holiday season, Nordonia wrestling coach Audie Atienza was happy to see school start again last week.
"Not to make excuses for anything, but I think the holiday break threw our guys off a bit," Atienza said. "Once we got back into school and back into our routine, things kind of self-corrected."
That routine so far this season included the following: Work hard during the week, beat the opposition silly on Thursday and repeat.
The pattern resumed Jan. 10 as Nordonia dominated Copley 60-15 and Green 41-21 in a tri-meet at Copley.
Nordonia improved to 15-1 in dual meets, 6-0 in the Suburban League.
Atienza said his team put in a workmanlike effort at Copley, despite not having a complete lineup.
"We came out and took care of business," Atienza said. "We had a couple holes, but the guys that we kind of expected to win did what they needed to do."
Against the Indians, Nordonia won 11-of-14 matches and one of those losses was by forfeit at heavyweight.
Nordonia got pins from 106-pounder Tony Decesare, 120-pounder Nick Collica, 126-pounder Trevon Berry, 132-pounder Heath Phillibert, 152-pounder Jacob Dejesus, 160-pounder Ryan Taylor and 182-pounder Eric Claren.
At 138 pounds, junior Mike Decesare scored a 13-4 win, while 170-pounder David Rodriguez pulled out an 8-7 win.
Junior 113-pounder Anthony Coghill won by forfeit.
Atienza said he knew Green would present a stiffer challenge, but the Knights still won 10-of-14 matches.
"We knew coming in that we had some holes, but we were pretty confident that we could get the job done," Atienza said. "We were pretty happy with how we wrestled."
After a forfeit win by Tony Decesare, Collica squeezed out a 3-2 win at 120.
After losing at 126, Nordonia then won the match by winning the next eight bouts.
Phillibert started the charge with an 18-9 major-decision win, followed by a pin from Mike Decesare.
Nordonia 145-pounder Jake Urich squeezed out a 2-1 win, followed by an 18-5 major decision from Dejesus.
Taylor then avenged a loss from last season by squeezing out at 2-1 win, followed by a 12-6 win by Rodriguez.
Claren then scored a 6-2 win and 195-pounder Nick Bina completed the run with a pin.
The victories for the Knights set up a showdown with perennial Suburban League champion Wadsworth Jan. 17. Varsity start time is set for 7 p.m.
The winner of this contest will claim the outright dual meet championship in the Suburban League, which counts for half of the overall title.
Despite the stakes and the stature of the Grizzlies, Atienza downplayed the importance of the dual.
"We are aware of who's coming to town Thursday," Atienza said. "That said, it's just another match. We're going to be ready."
Nordonia will also begin the state duals Jan. 23, but location and opponent were not announced at press time.
The Knights will participate in annual Cable 9 tri-meet Jan. 26 at Aurora. First match is set for noon.
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 330-541-9442


text:
Enron, Tyco and Andersen were all back in the news again this spring. Kozlowski was on the stand professing his innocence; the Supreme Court heard Andersen's appeal; and Magnolia Pictures released a big-screen documentary about the Enron scandal. The public and the media seem to have an unquenchable appetite for these scandals. And that isn't good news for the former in-house lawyers of these scandal-plagued companies.
As this month's cover story reveals, the lawyers who worked at these companies have had a tough time getting their careers back on track. Few major firms or large public companies will go near them.
Most of these folks will tell you that they've bounced back. However, you can't help but wonder what could have been had these talented lawyers not been at the wrong company at the wrong time. There is little doubt that their careers were damaged, and that the taint of these scandals will linger with them for years to come. The sad part of the story is that these lawyers weren't anywhere near the action. They were just doing their jobs.
Lawyers also were doing their job at Andersen, though government prosecutors didn't see it that way. Prosecutors crucified the once-powerful accounting firm because in-house lawyers handed out routine legal advice. The Supreme Court is currently deciding whether or not to overturn the conviction. If it doesn't, it could have a chilling effect on how in-house lawyers dispatch advice and manage document-retention programs.
It is amazing that the deeds of just a few greedy executives could have such a lasting impact on one profession.


text:
Barrie: (705) 727-4242
Newmarket: (289) 319-0634
Common Law
Many couples are choosing to live together without getting married. They want to avoid divorce but ironically, the rate of separation among common law partners is much higher than married couples.
Sorting out the issues is a lot more complicated with common law relationships. There is no formula for property division like in marriage.
Whether you have any right to a share of property owned by your partner depends on your circumstances, your contributions to the relationship and item, your parenting role, whether your income was integrated and the length of your relationship. Every case is different.
From the blog:
We have helped hundreds of a common law couples work out their separation issues. We can help you too. Please call us in Barrie at 705-727-4242 or Newmarket at 289-319-0634 or complete the Request Consultation form if you would like help with your property division issues.
Request Consultation
Galbraith Family Law was very compassionate, friendly and efficient in processing my divorce. They let me know up front what might happen and kept me informed at every step. Great people to work with.
- Cynthia Benoit, Barrie
Brian really worked for the best interests of not only me but my children as well, to help us all cope with the separation and divorce.
- Angelique Stewart, Orillia
Contact Us
Barrie, ON L4N 1B1
Newmarket, ON L3Y 7B8


text:
The rage of the slums - Miguel Amorós
Miguel Amorós discusses the French riots of 2005, which he considers in the context of deindustrialization and the permanent exclusion of the underclass from the labor market, who were then stigmatized as a "public enemy" "in order to obtain the absolute submission" of the rest of the population, observing that the slums are "the laboratory for spectacular domination where the social management of the future was tested" and "political experiments were carried out in vivo that were later applied to all domains of society, when all of society had been transformed into a slum" and "the cities were being evacuated to provide accommodations only to tourists and elites".
Reflections On The 4th September Demos in France Against The Expulsions
This is my translation of a text that appeared on the internet on September 2nd, before the demonstrations on September 4th (which were not much to write home about). It's more like a discussion document than strictly news, and has probably looked at much of the same sources as my articles here. Everything in square brackets is an explanatory note, not in the original French. Apologies if this is, at times, "translatese" - i.e. clumsily and over-literally translated: it was done pretty quickly.
Behind the unrest in France, 2007
France: university strikes and occupations against Sarkozy
Silent protest held for two victims of French police
This Friday marked the first anniversary of the deaths of Zyed Benna and Bouna Traoré, who were electrocuted in an electricity substation while hiding from the police. Their deaths sparked off a wave of rioting across the French suburbs which left over 10000 vehicles burnt, 300 buildings destroyed, over 6000 arrests, 1328 imprisoned, 224 police/firefighters injured.
Announcements to be made Monday as the right seek to end crisis
The government should outline an exit with the crisis of the CPE tomorrow (Monday).
Poll: Villepin and Chirac share loss of face as CPE reinforces trade unions
Chirac speaks as students gather across France
Manoeuvring Sarkozy floats compromise over CPE
Sarkozy blames riots on suburban "delinquents"
Sarkozy has spoken, and again he's living up to his reputation.


text: Daddy Mummy & Baby ccino Mug SetBringing together our Daddy ccino Large Mug, Mummy ccino Mug and Baby ccino Mug, this lovely set will make a great Family present, perfect for Christmas or any occasion.Hand finished and fired with a shiny glaze, all in the UK, each mug has a coloured decal with either the words DADDY, MUMMY or BABY ccino printed on it.Just like the fairy tale of the Three Bears, the mugs range in size from large, medium and small.The three mugs are also available singly.Product Details:Size & Volume:Daddy: Holds around 400ml (15 fl oz).Mummy: Holds around 300ml (10fl oz).Baby: Holds around ??ml (??fl oz).Materials:China mugs.Extra Information: All mugs in this set are Dishwasher and Microwave safe.Check stock and price


text:
Kahn Design takes on the Bentley Bentayga Modified
3 hours ago
3 hours ago
First Drives
Auto Shows
Spy Shots
Car Tech
Small, lightweight sports cars are unsafe, right? Not necessarily -- proving the right design can be safe whatever the size, the Subaru BRZ and Scion FR-S sports cars have just been awarded a 'Top Safety Pick' rating by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS). MUST WATCH: Bugatti Veyron... read more
Have you ever wondered how the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety goes about its crash-testing process, naming Top Safety Picks or crash-test losers? Do you just love to... read more May 21, 2013 by Nelson Ireson
The 2013 Infiniti M is an impressive vehicle in many respects, with a well-styled interior, curvaceous exterior, and brisk performance. It turns out it's also quite safe as... read more April 25, 2013 by Nelson Ireson
Americans, right or wrong, tend to equate the size of a vehicle with its safety. While you can't get around the laws of physics, the latest testing from the Insurance... read more September 6, 2012 by Kurt Ernst
Getting a perfect score in the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety's (IIHS) round of crash tests just got that much harder, with the agency introducing a tough new... read more August 14, 2012 by Viknesh Vijayenthiran
One of the strongest arguments for the introduction of autonomous cars is the increased safety brought about by eliminating the possibility of human error, believed to be the... read more July 16, 2012 by Viknesh Vijayenthiran
If you're looking for an Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) "Top Safety Pick" compact sedan or compact crossover, your shopping list just grew by... read more May 21, 2012 by Kurt Ernst
The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) has named the 2013 Lexus GS as a Top Safety Pick, making it the third Lexus model to qualify under the IIHS's stricter... read more April 6, 2012 by Kurt Ernst
To Buick, size should have little to do with vehicle safety. Its smallest sedan, the Verano, recently earned a Top Safety Pick award from the Insurance Institute for Highway... read more March 30, 2012 by Kurt Ernst
According to the Insurance Institute For Highway Safety (IIHS), 2012 Fiat 500 models built after July of 2011 earn a "Top Safety Pick" designation, indicating... read more December 12, 2011 by Kurt Ernst
The 2012 Fiat 500 has won the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety's (IIHS) Top Safety Pick award in the Institute's latest round of testing. Note, the award only applies... read more October 19, 2011 by Viknesh Vijayenthiran
The 2012 Audi A6 luxury sedan has won the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety's (IIHS) Top Safety Pick award in the Institute's latest round of testing. To qualify, a... read more September 28, 2011 by Viknesh Vijayenthiran
For many, Saab is still teetering on the brink despite a recent shot in the arm from Pang Da and Youngman, but its cars are certainly doing well in safety tests, if not in... read more July 5, 2011 by Nelson Ireson
There are a lot more cars at the top of the test ranks at both the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) and the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration... read more June 16, 2011 by Nelson Ireson
SUVs, once notoriously dangerous due to their tendency to rollover at high speeds, are now among the safest vehicles to travel in when fitted with the latest generation of... read more June 9, 2011 by Viknesh Vijayenthiran
The high-mileage Lexus CT 200h hybrid has been named an Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) Top Safety Pick. The CT 200h was among a group of 13 small cars the... read more May 26, 2011 by Bengt Halvorson


text:
MSc Communication Studies
All over the world, both large and small organisations actively work round the clock to facilitate communication. This is fuelled not only by the insatiable demand for information which is used for an infinite number of purposes, but also by the fact that expertise and skills will always have to be communicated to target audiences. Whether it involves saving lives or supplying a new product, communication processes are keys to success.
Accordingly, there is a growing demand for communication specialists and individuals with a broad view of the world of communication. More importantly, these individuals must be able to offer practical solutions to all manner of communication problems and dare to explore uncharted territory.
This master's programme is accredited by NVAO, the internationally recognized accreditation organization for the Netherlands and Flanders. The University of Twente is a co-signatory of the Code of Conduct for the recruitment of foreign students.
Program Specializations
- Corporate Communication
- Marketing Communication
- New Media and Communication
The one-year Master of Science in Communication Studies provides a solid theoretical base for practical work in analysis, design, implementation and research. Four specializations are available in the Dutch language, and one is currently available in English, i.e. New Media and Communication.
Program Overview
Program forms
- full-time
- part-time
Education forms
- 50% self study
- 25% theory
- 25% practice
- 80% Dutch
Size of working groups
- 4 students per group
- 20% English
Admission Criteria
To be considered for admission, an applicant first of all has to prove that:
He or she has a relevant bachelor degree in Social Sciences. This means certified copies of transcripts, marks, diplomas and certificates that prove the required entry level for the programme (minimal bachelor's university degree or equivalent in an academic field demonstrating proficiency in abstract thinking, written and verbal communication and in problem analysis). Besides that we need all the descriptions of the courses you followed in your bachelor degree programme to see if your education is sufficient enough to start in our (pre-)master Communication Studies.
Knowledge of the Dutch language
* not required for the specialisation 'New Media and Communication'
For the specialisation 'New Media and Communication' knowledge of the Dutch language is not required, because this specialisation is completely taught in English.
If you choose one of the other specisalisations which are taught in Dutch, you need to prove sufficient knowledge of the Dutch language. We expect a certificate of Dutch as a second language on the level NT2 Programme 2, level 5.
This school offers programs in:
- English


text:
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Nearly Every Weekend
This tutorial will show you how to add a button to your TurtleBot.
This tutorial shows how to connect a button to the TurtleBot power and gyro board.
Solder one end of the 10K resistor to Pin 8 (5V) on the DB-25 connector of the TurtleBot power board.
Solder the two wires onto the switch.
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text:
What are the 10 most collectible playboy magazines? These would be the special editions that people were able to purchase that featured special models, interviews or celebrities. Of course, the first issue of Playboy that was published in 1953 for fifty cents would be a collectible edition now. It would also be worth about $5,000. However, this would not be an issue most people would be able to get their hands on now. What issues would not be easier to collect and obtain now?
- January, 2000. The theme for this issue was 100 most beautiful women of the 20th Century. This made this issue a true collector's item.
- January, 1979. This was Playboy's 25th Anniversary issue. Candy Loving was featured as their centerfold. This can be a hard issue to find in mint condition.
- January, 1981. This is a special issue because it is rich in content. The cover features model Barbara Bach. There is an interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono and a fictional piece by Stephen King inside this issue.
- June, 1957. This issue was known as Playboy's cufflinks cover. It was all white, except for a pair of bunny cufflinks that sat in the right hand corner.
- March, 1964. This issue was special because of the interview with philosopher Ayn Rano.
- October, 1977. Barbara Streisand graced the cover and gave the magazine an interview.
- December, 1968. Actress Cyntahia Myers graced the cover and was also Playmate of the Month.
- March, 1968. Jane Fonda was featured in pictures within this issue.
- January, 1986. This issue was known was Andy's Warhol's cover.
- July, 1988. Cindy Crawford graced the cover of this issue.
Many of the above issues of Playboy can still be purchased from $3.00 to $5.00. Many people who specialize in collectibles think these issues could jump as much $30 to $40 an issue, if they are kept in mint condition.
What Others Are Reading Right Now.
What You Can Learn From Your Date's Outfit—Including How Luc...
From the daddy's girl to the free spirit to the trendsetter, we've got you covered.
Meet Amber Heard, Billion-Dollar Girlfriend
Girl picks herself some winners, wallet-wise.
10 Reasons Your Wife Is Unhappy in Your Marriage
Don't shoot the messenger. This is what science says.


text:
WarmlyYours is proud to offer all NARI members a 25% discount on our
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Dr. Epstein was recommended by a practice of highly established physicians.
I am 18 and an actress - Excellent - Stony Brook, NY
Dr. Epstein was recommended by a practice of...
I highly recommend Dr. Epstein and have full trust that anyone who is treated by him will be more than happy. I am 18, and an actress and had to get 2 incisions, one being in the center of my face, to remove pre-melanoma. I was extremely concerned because any noticeable scars on my face could drastically affect my career. Not only was my procedure pain-free but Dr. Epstein made me feel extremely comfortable. I have been regularly visiting Dr. Epstein for almost 3 years now and haven't been able to visit another plastic surgeon since. My mother, who works in the medical field as an administrator for a large family practice has been recommending Dr. Epstein and receives nothing but positive feedback from those who know him. Its one thing to know you are being taken care of by an extremely intelligent and highly recommended doctor, it's another thing to know that he truly cares for your well being. It is a feeling you cannot understand until you visit his office.


text:
This property has been removed by the agent. It may be sold or temporarily removed from the market
1 bedroom flat for saleSt Pauls Road, Islington, N1
Property Description
Full description
This fabulous one bedroomed flat boasts well proportioned interiors and modern décor throughout, while being in a sought-after location in the heart of Islington. Located on the first floor it also comprises a large reception room open-plan kitchen, bedroom with French doors leading to the balcony, smart bathroom and pretty decked balcony. The property is moments from Islington's well known Upper Street offering a large selection of shops, boutiques, bars and restaurants. The nearest underground station is Highbury & Islington (Victoria Line and National Rail). Motorists benefit from easy access to the A1 and A40 (M) road links to the North and the West.
More information from this agent
To view this media, please visit the on-line version of this page at www.rightmove.co.uk/property-for-sale/property-34211615.html
Listing History
Externally hosted floorplan
To view this media, please visit the on-line version of this page at www.rightmove.co.uk/property-for-sale/property-34211615.html
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Market Info
Disclaimer - Property reference SS_chpk3641949. The information displayed about this property comprises a property advertisement. Rightmove.co.uk makes no warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of the advertisement or any linked or associated information, and Rightmove has no control over the content. This property advertisement does not constitute property particulars. The information is provided and maintained by Foxtons, Islington. Please contact the selling agent or developer directly to obtain any information which may be available under the terms of The Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates and Inspections) (England and Wales) Regulations 2007 or the Home Report if in relation to a residential property in Scotland.
Map data ©OpenStreetMap contributors.


text:
Hard to believe, but Michael Caine at one point was going to turn down Christopher Nolan's offer to co-star as Alfred in 2005's "Batman Begins". Turns out he didn't, and as they say, the rest is history.
Speaking to the LATimes about his experience working on Nolan's three Batman films, Caine was asked about the final installment's ending, which found Alfred going back to his favorite European cafe and spotting, across the room, Bruce Wayne (Christian Bale) having an afternoon lunch with a lady companion who happened to be Selina Kyle (Anne Hathaway). This, after Batman was supposedly killed in a nuclear blast, having risked his life to save his beloved Gotham City.
There have been a lot of speculation about that scene — was it all in Aflred's head? The wishful thinking of an old man who has just lost, in essence, a son? Or was it real?
For Caine, there is no ambiguity to the scene:
They were there. They were real. There was no imagination. They were real and he was with Anne, the cat lady, and I was happy ever after for him as I told him during the picture.
Haha, he calls Hathaway's character "the cat lady". That's such an old guy thing of Caine to say.
In any case, there you have it, what Caine thought of the ending. I get the feeling Nolan isn't so certain, and as with his ending for "Inception", would rather leave it up to you. That is, until Warner Bros. reboots or continues the franchise a few years from now. I guess we'd have to know for sure one way or another then, right?


text:
ICRC Repatriates Body of Lebanese Woman who Died in Israel
The International Committee of the Red Cross repatriated Monday the body of a Lebanese woman who died in Israel, where she was receiving medical care after being shot by the Israeli army during its withdrawal from south Lebanon, police here said.
Raymonda Rizk, 28, was hit in the back by a stray bullet May 24 when Israeli troops fired in the air to disperse a crowd of terrified Lebanese who were hoping to flee to Israel during the army's hurried withdrawal.
Rizk, who was from Marjayoun, where the Israeli army had its headquarters during its 22-year occupation of south Lebanon, was treated at a hospital in Haifa, where she died, the Lebanese police said.
The woman's parents, brother, sister and daughter, who had all fled to Israel, accompanied her body to Lebanon. Rizk's husband, however, remains in Switzerland, where he is seeking political asylum for his family, the police said.
More than 6,000 Lebanese fled to Israel during the army's withdrawal, most fearing reprisals from Hizbollah.
Lebanese police say 1,050 of the refugees have since returned from Israel -- TYRE, Lebanon (AFP)
© 2000 Al Bawaba (www.albawaba.com)
Top Headlines
- ICRC Mediates with Israel on Returning Pilot's Body to Lebanon
- UN Blasts Israel Violations of Lebanese Airspace
- Four Palestinians Killed in Friday\'s Day of Rage, Israeli Woman Seriously Injured in Bomb Attack
- The coup attempt that started a war: Israel's invasion of Lebanon, its causes and consequences


text:
Karl Lagerfeld Calls Adele 'Too Fat,' Noel Gallagher Says Her Success Won't Last
Britney Spears to Release Twister Dance Game
Katy Perry's not the only dance-pop diva getting involved in the gaming world. Britney Spears announced today that she and Hasbro are releasing Twister Dance, a game for kids that seeks to merge the classic Twister look with the interactive quality of modern dancing video games.
Rihanna to Co-Produce and Star in Fashion TV Show
Fashionable superstar Rihanna is about to take over a new television series. Sky Living, a U.K. TV network, has announced that RiRi will executive produce a competition show that promises to find the next big thing in British fashion design.
Blue Ivy Gets Her Own Lullaby
An outfit called the Jingle Punks Hipster Orchestra has recorded a sweet lullaby for Blue Ivy Carter that creatively weaves together relaxing, instrumental string arrangements of several hit songs by the baby's parents, Beyonce and Jay-Z.
Vanilla Ice Convinces Hipsters to Be His New Fans
For a guy who has often been mocked in the 20-plus years since 'Ice Ice Baby,' Vanilla Ice has a good sense of humor. Ice stars in a new comedic video in which he pretends to move to the L.A. neighborhood of Echo Park to try to win over hipsters with his reinvented indie rock sound.
Madonna Says Super Bowl Performance Will Have 'Pom Poms'
Madonna is keeping the details about her Super Bowl performance under wraps, even refusing to confirm that Nicki Minaj and M.I.A. will join her on stage, but she did tell MTV one secret: There will be pom poms.
Wiz Khalifa's 'Boarding Pass' Featured in Bing Ad
'Boarding Pass,' a track from Wiz Khalifa's archives, is featured in a new Bing commercial that stars Bobby Brown — the freestyle skier, not the R&B singer.
Watch Nick Jonas in Latest Broadway Appearance
Nick Jonas hits the stage tonight (Jan. 24) in his latest Broadway role, playing J. Pierrepont Finch in 'How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying.' This is Nick's fourth appearance on Broadway and his first in a starring role.
Miley Cyrus Offers Mournful 'You're Gonna Make Me Lonesome When You Go' Video
Miley Cyrus has released a video for 'You're Gonna Make Me Lonesome When You Go,' her contribution to the Bob Dylan tribute album 'Chimes of Freedom.' The simple video features nothing more than shots of the singer, her band and their instruments, putting the focus right where Dylan would want it — on the song itself.
Roseanne Barr Rips Jay-Z + Beyonce
Rihanna Holds Down No. 1 Spot on Billboard 100 for 10th Week
'We Found Love,' the longest-reigning No. 1 single of Rihanna's career, rules the Billboard Hot 100 for the second consecutive week and 10th week overall.
Avril Lavigne and Brody Jenner Dismiss Break Up Rumors
Those reports about Avril Lavigne splitting with Brody Jenner, her boyfriend of two years, may have been premature. Both expressed their love for each other yesterday via Twitter, with Jenner in particular taking offense at the breakup rumors.


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Barry's Bootcamp fitness equipment is every bit as important as the DVDs. The transformer, for example, is a revolutionary combination of a workout bench and an ultra-stable core exercise ball. You can lay on it, lean on it, and even lift it--it truly does it all. The package also includes Barry's patented Power Handles, which flex and rotate through each bootcamp exercise to focus the resistance on your entire muscle. The handles work in conjunction with two sets of resistance bands, which let you choose the best resistance level for each exercise.
Finally, the Barry's Bootcamp bundle comes with a 15-day free trial for Barry's exclusive VIP Online Bootcamp, which gives you access to the Don't Think, Just Shrink 30-day transformation guide and calendar, Dr. Gourmet's list of customized meals, recipes, and shopping lists, a FatBurn personal calorie coach, and one-on-one advice from Barry and other fitness and nutrition experts.
What's in the Box? Three DVDs with nine workouts, a transformer, power handles, two sets of resistance bands, and Hollywood Code Red: 6-Day Rapid-Fire Weight Loss Workout and Eating Plan


text: Alshaya Gulf Latest Jobs has been announced by the Private Sector in Alshaya Group Jobs Official Website www.alshaya.com. Jobs Announced by The Alshaya Gulf. Applications from candidates are invited for recruitment against the vacant posts having me prescribed qualification mentioned below Jobs is looking for suitably qualified & experienced Pakistani to fill the following position, under the post title of Buyer – Boots, …Read More »


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Seagreens Ltd is a British company whose founding idea was to make it easy for anyone to include at least a gram a day of the most nutritious seaweed in their daily diet. As it says on the iconic green Seagreens jars, to: "Feed the Foundation of Health".
The business model is unique - an international partnership in which the business is conducted by Partners and Partner companies in a global consortium.
Click here for an interview with the founder in the July 2017 issue of Walnut Magazine.
Seagreens is "the UK's leading seaweed supplier" (Organic & Natural Business magazine, 2009).
Since start up in 1998 the brand has gained the respect of food manufacturers, consumers, retailers, medical practitioners and the media.
It has gained recognition for its production standards, food and health research, its ingredients for manufacturing, and its iconic consumer products.
With many years' experience in this unusual field, Seagreens has set a standard for sustainable wild seaweed harvesting and production which far exceeds EU and US Organic Standards.
The head office is based near London's Gatwick Airport in West Sussex and production is licenced through Production Partnerhips in the British Isles and elsewhere in the Nordic region.
Distribution Partnerships provide local sales and technical support for Seagreens certified ingredients throughout Europe, North America and Australasia, and Retail Partners in health stores and online sell Seagreens consumer products helping people of all ages and in all health conditions.
In 2010 Seagreens' founder also set up the Seaweed Health Foundation as an independent, not-for-profit forum for seaweed research, standards and information, and to support the growth of a sustainable human food seaweed industry in and around the British Isles.
The Foundation holds public events each year in London and Edinburgh and is represented overseas, its aim to engender and support the development of a sustainable European industry producing nutritious food seaweed of genuine benefit to the population.
1998 Small scale harvesting begins on the remote Norwegian island of Frøya. Seagreens is certified Organic by the Soil Association in Britain and Probio in Norway. In London, in an independent taste test against table and 'low sodium' salts in oatcakes, Seagreens is voted the 'best tasting oatcake'. Featured in 'The Low Salt Cookbook'.
2000 Food quality production continues at a second facility still further north in Arctic Lapland. In England, Artisan Bread, an independent baker with nationwide distribution, becomes Seagreens' first branded ingredient customer.
2007 Government funding enables Seagreens to participate in the new Centre for Food Innovation's research project at Sheffield Hallam University, to identify natural alternatives for fats, sugars and salt. The search begins for suitable harvesting and production in Scotland.
2008 Initial research in meat products shows Seagreens to be an effective bacteriostat prolonging shelf life as effectively as salt, stabilising water quality and buffering pH balance. Research continues in bread and baked goods and on Seagreens' powerful antioxidants. A independent analytical study confirms Seagreens uniquely safe for human consumption.
2009 A new harvesting joint venture, Hebridean Seagreens Ltd, is concluded in Scotland, producing the first mechanically harvested wild species for human consumption in the British Isles.
2010 Seagreens' founder sets up the independent non-profit Seaweed Health Foundation holding its first meeting at the Natural History Museum, also home of the British Phycological Society.
Further research is conducted through the Foundation - a series of baking trials and organoleptic studies. 75% of consumer panels prefer plain white bread in which 50% of the salt has been replaced by Seagreens, 67% in wholemeal bread, 100% in sundried tomato and basil bread with 100% Seagreens and no salt and no negative effect on bake and sensory quality.
The factory is honoured with the Crown Estate Business Award for Marine Enterprise. Seagreens' first research in obesity wins the Alpro Foundation Masters Award. It is the first study in the world of whole food seaweed for satiety.
2011 Seagreens® Certified Ingredients are increasingly to be found in the products of other food and healthcare manufacturers. Seagreens introduces its first new consumer product for 4 years - The Mineral Salt, voted 'Best New Product' by consumers and practitioners (CAM Lifestyle magazine) and is 'Highly Commended' in the Free From Food Awards in London.
2012 The most comprehensive analytical study of Seagreens' wild seaweeds ever undertaken is conducted by independent, accredited laboratories, comparing the same species produced at different European factories. Seagreens is shown to have higher nutritional values on all key markers. UK Research Councils recognises Seagreens' salt replacement research as 'A Big Idea For The Future'.
2013-16 A series of applied research studies reveal important new data about Seagreens' potential role in nutrition, especially in relation to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes and in digestion. Three scientific papers are published in the Journal of Appetite, the British Journal of Nutrition, and the Journal of Applied Phycology.
2016 Seagreens becomes the first producer to be Certofied to the new Nutritious Food Seaweed standard introduced by the Biodynamic Association in 2015. In the past few years new production partnerships are established in the Outer Hebrides, Iceland, Ireland and Norway, further developing quality and the range of species and hence, applications and world markets.
Behind all this is a corporate determination to produce a healthier kind of business.
Founder S. B. Ranger believes that like good wholesome food, work is a basic human need which should contribute to a balanced, stable and safe society.
"I see a unity of purpose in all we do which no longer separates the means of production from the product, or the whole human being from his means of survival.
Our products can help restore and maintain the health of the whole person; our corporate mission is to nurture the whole person in and through our business.
The illusion that the values we uphold in business and personal life are incompatible - or that there is one time and place for the sacred and another for the profane - is not for me.
Beyond the illusion of separation I perceive a more joyous reality in which the relationship between all things is apparent."
Please click here to hear Simon Ranger on Radio 4, September 2016.


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Contact InformationPioneer Valley Sheep Breeders Association Inc
P O Box #22295 Old Main St
Deerfield, MA 01342
Other InformationEntity Status: Active
Type of Entity: Nonprofit Corporation
Entity Creation Date: May 15, 1964
Days in Business: 19488 days
Company Description
Pioneer Valley Sheep Breeders Association Inc is located in Deerfield, Massachusetts and is listed as an active Nonprofit Corporation. Pioneer Valley Sheep Breeders Association Inc was started on May 15, 1964 which was 19488 days ago.
EmployeesDave Gokey: President
Emily Yazwinski: Treasurer
Janet Hukowicz: Clerk
Edit ProfileEdited: 12/1/2011
To edit this profile, please click here. You will be able to add a custom description, social networks, website, phone number, and many more features to your ISHCC.org profile.
Reviews0 Reviews
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=== About the Heavy Rain Disaster on September 10, 2015 ====
We would like to express our sincere sympathy for the people suffered from the heavy rain disaster occurred along Northern Kanto and Tohoku areas.
In Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan Meteorological Agency announced " Emergency Warning for Heavy Rainfall" on September 10, 2015, and Johso City suffered a great deal of damage from serious flooding.
Mitsukaido Church is located in this city and its chapel, parsonage and kindergarten also suffered from flooding. Rev. Hisayuki Kato and his family have been evacuated to an emergency evacuation area. We pray for their safety and early recovery.
As for Hitachi Church, fortunately, we are safe. We really appreciate your kind concern.
|2017年度教会標語『主の証人となろう』 2012年6月3日~


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Located someone who meets your criteria? Send them a few words or just a wink and see if anything develops. With a little luck you'll be on your way to uncover your ideal partner.
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NewswireToday - /newswire/ -
Groveland, FL, United States, 2009/09/14 - ClipTraining announced its complete training management solutions to anyone from the individual to employees at large, diverse corporations.
ClipTrainings Video-on-Tap Programs, Testing and Central Management Provides Managers and their Employees with Fast Issue-Specific Training Platform.
ClipTraining, an innovator in computer-based training, today announced its complete training management solutions to anyone from the individual to employees at large, diverse corporations. ClipTraining has adapted education to the way todays generation receives knowledge by developing a Web-based Issue-Solution on-demand Learning Management System (LMS) that is intuitive, affordable and cost-effective. The new system brings a portfolio of application training videos edited into Training Clips that serve on-call support for software issues. ClipTraining now offers an online testing interface that reduces manual staff training procedures and significantly improves employee productivity.
Todays administrator faces a multitude of instructional challenges, such as keeping employees current with both critical and new applications, providing their organization with affordable and cost-effective employee training, and freeing administrators from support and help desk resource drain. Where classroom and computer based training (CBT) sought to address these issues, they are both expensive and time-consuming. ClipTrainings issue-based training system significantly reduces time requirements by answering questions with concise 3-5 minute on-demand training overviews. The ClipTraining library hosts some of the most commonly used business applications and proprietary software to answer these challenges through its automated learning systems.
An administrator dashboard, self-signup, and customizable account manager qualifies ClipTraining as a true LMS that companies can leverage to support their end-to-end training needs. The service allows employees to use a self-signup tool, freeing up administrators from creating and managing hundreds of user accounts. The administrator dashboard enables supervisor access to monitor user activity, employee exam results and create customizable accounts displaying only video training to user-specific employees.
Weve had great success with our employees being able to choose the training program relevant to their job requirements, said Sharon Brubaker, System Support Coordinator, ISMIE Mutual Insurance Company. When an employee has difficulty attempting to accomplish a task, they can simply replay the program at any time. This on-demand availability is very helpful and time saving.
Key Features
Company Portal private, self-service access to the ClipTraining Library and hosted educational programs developed by ClipTraining for worldwide organizations;
ClipTraining Library contains the most in-demand business applications, including Microsoft Office 2007 and 2003, Windows Vista, XP, and Windows 7, SharePoint, Adobe Acrobat, and Identity Theft Prevention;
Custom training programs - designed to help supervisors train individuals and employees from small to large organizations alike, and
Low cost of training available today.
Single Users at $75 per user for 12 month access, and
Company portals start at $72 per user for 12 month access, with significant bulk discounts.
The gap we fill is to provide business software training in a simple, on-demand format that eliminates employee wait time while providing automated management of the entire process, said Timothy Duggan, co-founder and CEO of ClipTraining. For employers and their workforce this streamlines software training to improve business operations and reduce the employee learning curve.
ClipTraining LMS is available to single users and corporations of every size. To sample a free training program, please visit the website.
About ClipTraining
ClipTraining (cliptraining.com), founded in 2006 by Timothy Duggan and J. Peter Bruzzese, redefines traditional, outdated methods of computer-based training with the industrys best screen cast lessons. ClipTraining has adapted education to the way todays generation takes in knowledge by developing a complete Learning Management Systems (LMS) that is intuitive and affordable for employee training and support.
Written by / Agency / Source: Ventana Public Relations
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From Exalted - Unofficial Wiki
This page is devoted to ideas for one (or two, or even more) game sessions. Many of these ideas were not originally mine, note.
BrokenShade/NonFightChallenges BrokenShade/FightChallenges
The page is a subpage of myBrokenShade/CampaignIdeas section ...
Ideas Still to Detail
- Natural (or Wyld) disasters affecting mortals (volcano etc)
- As they are taking the mortals to freedom, they realise one has been left behind. When they get back, they see she is trapped by a fire spirit etc! (time for heroics ^_^)
- Fair Folk incursions affecting mortals (listless mortals appear in the village)
- The guild, using (a network of indirect) economic pressure on their relatives etc
- To force the PCs to work for them? On a specific job, or permanently?
- Foes that materialise and dematerialise
- Social Charms
- ... all the PCs allies turn on them
- Everyone starts worshipping their ancestors (Abyssal preacher)
- Fair folk ninjas with glass shuriken that dissolve into essence stealing spiders
- Meet someone in disguise who appears friendly, but is later revealed as a (known) enemy
- Barbarian raiders have kidnapped the sister of a PC
- The local god is threatening to cause a famine if he is not given outrageous new offerings
- Faeries have been stealing red-headed children out of their beds and spiriting them off
- Quest to obtain scarce resources
- Mine collapse ... people stuck beneath the earth
- In the dark and pouring rain on a bamboo floating redoubt
- Free the Amber Post Slaves- Attack the Amber Post and free its current slave population. The Guild will pay a bounty for Arguin Cesta, minus the cost of the escaped slaves of course.
- Escape From the Samikal Fens- Fast paced escape through noxious northern swamp inhabited by fell beasts. Very dark and moody.
- Rescue a Realm Prisoner from the Imperial City- A mortal ally has been imprisoned by the Wyld Hunt within the Imperial City. The circle must rescue their ally without bringing down the wrath of the Dragon-blooded
- Ambush a Guild Slave Caravan- Word has reached the circle of a guild caravan en route to a Fair Folk citadel. They must ambush the caravan and free the slaves before the Fair Folk claim them.
- Destroy a Yozi Cult- A deep cavern in the Southern desert has become home to a festering cult of demon worshippers who are attempting to birth a Malfean lord into creation. The cult must be annihilated to a man.
- The Nexus Ripper Murders- Horrendous killings have started to take place in Nexus. The circle must find the killer before more innocents die.
- Night of the Undead- The circle must take shelter for the night in an abandoned wilderness fortress. Unfortunately the castle is already infested with hungry ghosts.
- Find the Ice Prison- A Lunar ally seeks aid in uncovering his fragmented past. The circle must find a ruined Fair Folk prison deep in the northern mountains.
- A large bandit army has been marauding through the Hundred Kingdoms. The army is now camped in a mountain pass on the border between two kingdoms. The circle must do serious damage to the army
- The Infested Manse- The circle receives urgent word from a sorcerous colleague. A demonic summoning performed by an overeager apprentice has gone awry and infested a powerful manse with demons. The demons must be destroyed before they spread to the countryside.
- Envoy to the Wagon Folk- The circle is sent to recruit a recently reborn Exalt from the nomadic Wagon Folk of the Scavenger Lands. They must gain the tribes' trust before the young nomad will leave with them.
General Encounter Reminders
- Too many fights are about survival
- Rather than have people try to kill characters, have them instead try to steal items (not the PCs, other items) or kidnap people, or conquer kingdoms
- Work your story in such ways that there are more ways to achieve victory than just killing their foe
- Toss an emotional high onto that ("Save the girl!"), then it becomes even more exciting
Try to work out interesting events that alter the dynamics of the fight
- Fires can erupt
- Buildings can collapse
- Reinforcements can arrive
- Someone can be betrayed
Give the players props to play with
- Empasize the array of tables and the broken glass of the bar room
- Remember: COLLATERAL DAMAGE!


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Jennifer Guinness, who was kidnapped and held captive by an armed gang for eight days in 1986, has died following an illness.
She was abducted by masked gunmen from her home in Howth in April 1986, and held at ransom in various locations, before being rescued by gardaí following a stand-off at a house in Ballsbridge.
Ms Guinness' death was announced by Howth Yacht Club.
She was predeceased by her husband, John - a banker and member of the Guinness brewing family and is survived by three children.
Jennifer Guinness, who was kidnapped and held captive for eight days in 1986, has died https://t.co/yDSQy7Grrv https://t.co/xZm3GvyJFF— RTÉ News (@rtenews) January 24, 2016


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Contained Places
Évora is a city and a municipality in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 56,596, in an area of 1307.08 km². It is the seat of the Évora District and capital of the Alentejo region. The present Mayor is Carlos Pinto de Sá of the CDU coalition. The municipal holiday is 29 June.
Due to its well-preserved old town centre, still partially enclosed by medieval walls, and a large number of monuments dating from various historical periods, including a Roman Temple, Évora is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is also a member of the Most Ancient European Towns Network.
Évora is ranked number two in the Portuguese most livable cities survey of living conditions published yearly by Expresso. It was ranked first in a study concerning competitiveness of the 18 Portuguese district capitals, according to a 2006 study made by Minho University economic researchers.
Early History
Évora has a history dating back more than two millennia.
It was known as Ebora by the Celts, a tribal confederacy, south of the Lusitanians (and of Tagus river), who made the town their regional capital.
The etymological origin of the name Ebora is from the ancient Celtic word ebora/ebura, plural genitive of the word eburos (yew), name of a species of tree, so its name means "of yew tree." The city of York, in northern England, at the time of the Roman Empire, was called Eboracum/Eburacum, named after the ancient Celtic place name Ebora Kon (Place of Yew Trees), so the old name of York is etymologically related to the city of Évora. Other two hypothesis of the origin of the name Évora is that the Romans had extensive gold mining in Portugal, and the name may be derived from that oro, aurum, (gold) and also may be named after ivory workers, but these two hypothesis are much less likely than the first one, because the name Évora has no relation with gold or with ivory in ancient Celtic, latin or Portuguese languages or other languages, there is no etymological ground for these two hypotheses. It may have been capital of the kingdom of Astolpas.
Roman Rule
The Romans conquered the town in 57 BC and expanded it into a walled town. Vestiges from this period (city walls and ruins of Roman baths) still remain. Julius Caesar called it Liberalitas Julia (Julian generosity). The city grew in importance because it lay at the junction of several important routes. During his travels through Gaul and Lusitania, Pliny the Elder also visited this town and mentioned it in his book Naturalis Historia as Ebora Cerealis, because of its many surrounding wheat fields. In those days, Évora became a flourishing city. Its high rank among municipalities in Roman Hispania is clearly shown by many inscriptions and coins. The monumental Corinthian temple in the centre of the town dates from the first century and was probably erected in honour of emperor Augustus. In the fourth century, the town had already a bishop, named Quintianus.
During the barbarian invasions, Évora came under the rule of the Visigothic king Leovirgild in 584. The town was later raised to the status of a cathedral city. Nevertheless, this was a time of decline and very few artifacts from this period remain.
Moorish Rule
In 715, the city was conquered by the Moors under Tariq ibn-Ziyad who called it Yaburah يابرة. During the Moorish rule (715–1165), the town, part of the Taifa of Badajoz, slowly began to prosper again and developed into an agricultural center with a fortress and a mosque. The present character of the city is evidence of the Moorish influence. During that time, several notables hailed from Evora, including Abd al-Majid ibn Abdun Al-Yaburi عبد المجيد بن عبدون اليابري, a poet whose diwan still survives to this day.
Évora was wrested from the Moors through a surprise attack by Gerald the Fearless (Geraldo Sem Pavor) in September 1165. The town came under the rule of the Portuguese king Afonso I in 1166. It then flourished as one of the most dynamic cities in the Kingdom of Portugal during the Middle Ages, especially in the 15th century. The court of the first and second dynasties resided here for long periods, constructing palaces, monuments and religious buildings. Évora became the scene for many royal weddings and a site where many important decisions were made.
Manueline Favour
Particularly thriving during the Avis Dynasty (1385–1580), especially under the reign of Manuel I and John III, Évora became a major centre for the humanities (André de Resende - buried in the cathedral) and artists, such as the sculptor Nicolau Chanterene; the painters Cristóvão de Figueiredo and Gregório Lopes; the composers Manuel Cardoso and Duarte Lobo; the chronicler Duarte Galvão; and the father of Portuguese drama, Gil Vicente.
Évora also held a large part of the slave population of Portugal. Nicolas Clenard, a Flemish tutor at the Portuguese court, exclaimed in 1535 that "In Evora, it was as if i had been carried off to a city in hell:everywhere I only meet blacks." A testament from 23 October 1562 shows that D. Maria de Vilhena, a Portuguese noblewoman, was a major slave owner, possessing the most slaves in Évora, with her testament recording fifteen slaves. D. Maria's owning a Chinese, 3 Indians, and 3 Mouriscos among her fifteen slaves reflected on her high social status, since Chinese, Mouriscos, and Indians were among the ethnicities of prized slaves and were very expensive compared to blacks, and it was because her husband Simão was involved in the slave trade in the east that she owned slaves of many different ethnicities. She freed twelve of her slaves in her 23 October 1562 testament who were recorded as: a Chinese man named António, three Indian women named Maria Fialha, Genebra, and Catarina, a white woman named Mécia de Abreu, a mulato man named Miguel, a parda woman named Guiomar, a black woman named Margarida, a mourisco woman named Isabel, a mourisco man named Salvador, and the testament does not mention the ethnicities of the men Diogo and Heitor. Her sister D. Leonor was given two of the remaining slaves, Maria and Luís, while the Priests of Our Lady of Mount Carmel (Nossa Senhora do Carmo) were given the slave André. She left the freed slaves sums from 20,000 to 10,000 réis in money. D. Maria owned one of the only two Chinese slaves in Evora, and specifically selected and used him from among the slaves she owned to perform demanding tasks for her because he was Chinese. D. Maria de Vilhena was the daughter of the nobleman and explorer Sancho de Tovar, the capitão of Sofala, and she was married twice, the first marriage to the explorer Cristóvão de Mendonça, and her second marriage was to Simão da Silveira, capitão of Diu.
The city became the seat of an archbishopric in 1540. The university was founded by the Jesuits in 1559, and it was here that great European Masters such as the Flemish humanists Nicolaus Clenardus (Nicolaas Cleynaerts) (1493–1542), Johannes Vasaeus (Jan Was) (1511–1561) and the theologian Luis de Molina passed on their knowledge. In the 18th century, the Jesuits, who had spread intellectual and religious enlightenment since the 16th century, were expelled from Portugal, the university was closed in 1759 by the Marquis of Pombal, and Évora went into decline. The university was only reopened in 1973.
Recent History
The Battle of Évora was fought on 29 July 1808 during the Peninsular War. An outnumbered Portuguese force tried to stop a French-Spanish division commanded by Louis Henri Loison but it was routed. Led by the hated Loison, known as Maneta or One-Hand, the French went on to storm the town which was defended by soldiers, militiamen and armed townsmen. Breaking into the town, the attackers slaughtered combatants and non-combatants alike before thoroughly pillaging the place.
In 1834, Évora was the site of the surrender of the forces of King Miguel I, which marked the end of the Liberal Wars. The many monuments erected by major artists of each period now testify to Évora's lively cultural and rich artistic and historical heritage. The variety of architectural styles (Romanesque, Gothic, Manueline, Renaissance, Baroque), the palaces and the picturesque labyrinth of squares and narrow streets of the city centre are all part of the rich heritage of this museum-city.
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