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Spacing Magazine is pleased to announce the commencement of this season's Heritage Toronto walking tours. The first tour begins this Saturday, April 19, in Rosedale, and kicks off the 14th year of these free tours.
Have you ever wondered about the story behind that building on the corner, the creek that used to run through that ravine, or your neighbourhood's most infamous resident? Heritage Toronto Walks take you to the streets to hear the stories our City can tell. The tours are researched, designed and led by local historians, community groups and professionals, who volunteer their time and energy. Covering all areas of the City, our walk leaders bring Toronto's past to life.
Spacing Magazine is the promoting partner for the walks, so we will announce each one as they come up, but you can take a peek at all the planned walks here. Put on your patrician pants and fancy walking shoes for Rosedale tomorrow, it looks like it will be a good one.
South Rosedale
This prestigious neighbourhood was named after the estate of Sheriff William Botsford Jarvis and his wife Mary Powell, members of Toronto's early 19th century elite. Set amongst wooded ravines, the area developed slowly due to its isolation from the city and to various economic downturns. As a result, it boasts buildings representing a variety of 19th and 20th century architectural styles.
LEADERS: Janet Langdon and Elaine Campbell (in English); La Société d'histoire de Toronto (in French)
START POINT: Parkette in front of Rosedale Subway Station, E side of Yonge St
FINISH POINT: Ancroft Pl (near Sherbourne and Bloor Streets)
LENGTH: Approx. 2 hours
FOCUS: Architectural, historical
DIFFICULTY: Long walk on sidewalks, some slopes
Photo by Nate Archer.


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Taxes and the Wealthy by Randy Smith
As we see and hear all of the political commercials, onething is abundantly clear: The message that is being sent by both sides is nota fair representation of the truth. Oneof the battle cries that I have heard so much for the past eight to 10 years,in fact, so much that I believe most of us have come to accept it as fact, isthat wealthy people are not paying their share of taxes.{} I believe it was as far back as the Clintoncampaign that we began hearing about "tax cuts for the wealthy" that theRepublicans are now known for (whether true or not.)
It is a significant enough of an issue that I decided to doa little research on my own, and I was quite surprised by some of the thingsthat I found.{} I hope you will look atthis with a non-partisan mind and compare just the facts, not the hyperbole.
The first thing I wanted to find out is, how many of theserich fat cats are not paying any taxes?{}We all heard Warren Buffett tell the world that his secretary paid moretaxes than he did, so how many more wealthy tax-dead-beats are there outthere? I Googled it and was a littlesurprised at what I found. Here is theinformation from 2009 (the most recent I could find) as printed by CNNMoney. The title of the article is "47%will pay no federal income tax."{} I haveto tell you, I was more than a little startled by that headline. I was even more startled to find out whowasn't paying. To the left is a figure with the percentage ofthose households NOT paying ANY federal income tax, broken down by householdincome.
Wow! Nearly 70% ofhomes with incomes UNDER $50k pay NO FEDERAL INCOME TAX! Really!? I find that unimaginable, but that's what the report says.
It also states that only 1.5% of those makingover $1 million paid no taxes. Iwould have guessed much higher than that based on what I hear in campaigns, butthose appear to be the facts.
What aboutthe other thing that I hear all the time, you know, the "rich people don't paytheir fair share of taxes"{} OK, that'sbelievable, after all, they do have access to the best accountants to keeptheir taxes down. However, the articlealso states: "Akey reason why there is a zero-liability group at all is because the U.S. taxsystem is progressive. Those who bring in more money pay more than those lowerdown the income scale to support government functions such as national defenseand social safety nets like Medicaid for those in need. That progressivity canbe dialed up or down."
This article is published by CNN and sourced to the TaxPolicy Center, and I don't believe either of them have leanings in favor of thewealthy.{} Here's the entire article ifyou care to read it.{}
Ok, so I am also led to believe that the real tax burden inthe US is placed on the middle class.{} IGoogled that too and was once again, quite surprised at what I found. The higher the income levels, the share ofthe tax burden paid goes up dramatically. In fact, households in the bottom 50% of income paid only 2% of thefederal taxes. That means that 98% ofall of the federal income tax is derived from households that rank in the top50% by income. What is really eyeopening is those {}in the evil "1%" who have been vilified by those in the "99%" actually paid 37% of the US tax burden.{}In fact, those in the top 10 % are responsible for delivering 71% ofthe US taxes.{} Here's that taxchart.{}
OK, so what do they mean when they say "tax cuts for thewealthy?"{} Have the wealthy people inthe US gotten big tax cuts that the rest of us didn't get? Well, when I Googled that, I found that yes,they have gotten some nice tax cuts. In1979 under President Jimmy Carter, the top tax bracket was 70% on income over$1,000,000.{} In 2011, the maximum taxbracket is 35% on income over $379,000. When I hear someone say that people who make over $ 1 million should pay 35% in taxes, it appears to me that they already do.{} Maybe I'm not smart enough to understandthat, but that's what the facts seem to say. If you want to see that article,here it is.{}{}
One other thingthis is ONLY federal income tax.{} It does not take into account state,municipal, sales, property, automobile, capital gains, or any of the othercountless taxes that we all pay.
So, what's the point?{}The point is simple: Don't bepersuaded by all of the hyperbole that you hear during politicalcampaigns. The speech, by both parties,is carefully crafted and practiced to have just enough truth in it to not be acompletely false statement, but it is usually far from the actual truth.

subset: commoncrawl


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Fixture, Fluorescent, Hazardous, F32T8, 120v
KILLARK| Zoro #: G1144446| Mfr #: LZ2SE2-32230
Zoro #: G1144446Mfr. Part #: LZ2SE2-32230
$2131.02 /ea
This item ships free. DetailsStandard ground shipping
Technical Specifications
|Zoro #: G1144446 Mfr #: LZ2SE2-32230
|Lamp Quantity: 2
|Voltage: 120 to 277VAC
|Lamp Included: No
|Housing Material: Stainless Housing, Lexan Polycarbonate Lens
|Housing Finish: Natural 316 Specification Grade Stainless
|Standards: Class I, Div. 2 groups A, B, C, D Class I, Zone 2, Groups IIC, IIB, IIA Class II, Div. 1 & 2, group E, F, G Aex nAll, Ex nAll Wet locations NEMA 4X, IP66
|Item: Hazardous Location Lighting Fixtures
|Fixture Type: Linear Fluorescent
|Lamp Type: Linear Fluorescent
|Lamp Quantity: 2
|Bulb Designation: F32T8
|Lamp Watts: 120
|Suggested Lamp Item No.: 4PL16
|Fixture Wattage: 64
|Ambient Temp. Range: -18 to 40 Degrees F
|Mounting: Ceiling
|Length: 53-1/2"
|Height: 6-15/16"
|Width: 8-1/32"
|Country of Origin (subject to change): United States
Product Description
Hazardous Location Lighting Fixtures, Linear Fluorescent Fixture Type, Linear Fluorescent Lamp Type, Lamp Quantity 2, Bulb Designation F32T8, Lamp Watts 120, Suggested Lamp Item No. F32T8/SPP41/ECO, Fixture Wattage 64, Voltage 120 to 277VAC, No Lamp Included, Ambient Temp. Range -18 to 40 Degrees F, Housing Material Stainless Housing, Lexan Polycarbonate Lens, Natural 316 Specification Grade Stainless Housing Finish, Ceiling Mounting, Length 53-1/2 In., Height 6-15/16 In., Width 8-1/32 In.


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List-Making Ringer T-shirts are an Idakoos specialtiy! Idakoos has many things to offer. Whether you want to get a List-Making Ringer T-shirt for a special occasion, give a List-Making T-Shirt as a present or need to represent with a funny List-Making Ringer Tee during Holidays or Family and Friends get-togethers, Idakoos is sure to have the right List-Making Ringer T-shirt for you! Even if it turns out you can't find the right List-Making Ringer Shirt with the perfect design for your mother, father or children (or friends!); Idakoos offers all of its men's women's and children's List-Making Ringer T-shirts as Custom List-Making T-Shirts. Personalize any List-Making Ringer T-shirt the way you want to ensure the perfect gift.
Showing 1 - 24 of 45 Ringer T-Shirt


text: 1/26/12 12/27/11 POPSUGAR Celebrity Celebrity Kids Tom Brady & Gisele Bundchen With Sons on Christmas Pictures Tom and Gisele Take Their Boys For a Christmas Stroll in Boston December 27, 2011 by Molly Goodson 41 Shares Chat with us on Facebook Messenger. Learn what's trending across POPSUGAR. View On One Page Photo 3 of 5 ADVERTISEMENT () Start Slideshow Share This Link Copy ← Use Arrows Keys → 3 0 previous images -26 more images Previous Next Start Slideshow Benjamin BradyCelebrity KidsJack MoynahanCelebrity CouplesTom BradyGisele Bündchen


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Reader's comments »
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LOS ANGELES – During his first full practice in more than a month, Michael Cammalleri was unloading one-timers.
It was hard to tell from afar whether the Calgary Flames veteran, who has been out of action since suffering a hand or wrist injury in the first pre-season game, was unloading with the old R1 just hitting a hybrid-iron on those drives.
"What did it look like to you guys?" the Flames winger asked, which probably isn't the best idea since most sportswriters couldn't break a pane of glass with a slapper, if they could even hit it.
Cammalleri feels he's healthy enough to play, but he can only hope he'll receive the medical OK and coach's green light to get back into NHL action in Monday's clash against the Los Angeles Kings.
"I don't know what the coaches want to do and the trainers want to do as far as return to play, but it felt really good (Sunday) — as good as it can feel," Cammalleri said after the practice. "We'll see what they say."
As for the immediate assessment from the Flames head coach, Bob Hartley says he'll take a wait-and-see approach.
"Cammy did very well in practice. (Monday) morning, we're going to see again," Hartley said. "I think he should be a game-time decision."
The Flames have a few decisions to make.
Hartley did say goalie Karri Ramo will make his second consecutive start when they face the Kings, while Joey MacDonald will face the Phoenix Coyotes Tuesday night.
However, the bench boss has a couple of new faces in town at his disposal, with forward Roman Horak and Chris Breen having been summoned from the AHL Abbotsford Heat. Breen was with the Heat for a conditioning assignment after having off-season shoulder surgery and collected one assist and a plus-4 rating in four AHL games, while Horak netted one goal and three points in six games.
Forward Blair Jones and defenceman Derek Smith were sent to the Heat.
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Gelafix DarkItem #: 13218
8,90 €incl. VAT, plus shipping
Grundpreis: 17,80 €/100ml
Grundpreis: 17,80 €/100ml
Delivery until 23.09. possible**
Gelafix Dark
Gelafix Dark is a jelly-like substance in due form by heating and can be modeled.
Gelafix dark is used for the simulation of burns and large wounds.The theatrical makeup is in a water bath heated until it is viscous and is then applied with a spatula on the skin.Before cool, this is malleable oris modeled with the spatula.
Gelafix Dark is then melted in the corresponding colors, eg.B.With Film Blood / FX Blood 30ml or Blood Gel / Blood Gel 30ml from our shop.
Content: 50 ml.,


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Very Small Humidity Sensor HC109
Based on the high-end humidity sensor HC1000 and HC101, HC109 was developed to meet the demands of automatic assembly lines for mass production at a competitive price. Typical applications are automotive or home appliances. HC109 very small humidity sensors are positioned on the PCB at the same time as other SMD components and soldered using the reflow soldering method. Their small dimensions allow an easy and space saving design. The HC109 shows the same advantages as HC1000 and HC101, such as high reproducibility of the sensor data and outstanding linearity over the whole humidity range. The temperature dependence is also highly reproducible and allows software temperature compensation. This means high accuracy over a wide temperature range, which is essential for instance to calculate dew point temperatureContinue reading
- Technical Data
- Nominal Capacitance "C0" at 30 Deg C; 80+/-12 pF
- Nominal CApacitance "C76" at 30 Deg C; 100.8+/- 15.1 pF
- Dimensionss; 4.21 x 0.95 x 0.3 mm
- Sensitivity; 0.27pF / %RH
- Working Range; 0 to 100 % RH, -40 to +120 Deg C.
- Linearity error ( 0 to 98% RH) ; +/- 1.5% RH


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Another masterpiece by Srisailapu Chinnaiahchary - ABN
Sat, Apr 16, 2016, 11:09 AM
National Award winner and handicraft expert at Yetikopakka in Visakhapatnam district, Srisailapu Chinnaiahchary has created another masterpiece. He has crafted the idols of Hanuman, Lord Rama, Sita and Lakshmana on palm thorns. The miniature idols measure 0.5 mm in length. It took 12 days, working 12 hours a day, for Chinnaiahchary to craft the idols. Viewers are appreciating the fine art.


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The week of March 23-29, 2014, Iowa State University Extension and Outreach of Dallas County will celebrate the land-grant mission of putting the university's research and resources to work throughout the state of Iowa.
ISU Extension and Outreach is a statewide network supported by Iowa State University, local county governments and the United States Department of Agriculture. Every county in Iowa has an elected extension council that decides how to support ISU Extension and Outreach's educational programs at the county level. "We're focused on feeding people, keeping them healthy, helping their communities to prosper and thrive, and turning the world over to the next generation in better shape than we found it," said Extension and Outreach Vice President Cathann Kress. To kick-start the celebration, Dallas County Extension and Outreach would like to thank their volunteers, community leaders, organizations, agencies, partners, program participants and clients who have supported their educational mission. County staff also would like to invite the public to come visit their office located on the Dallas County Fairgrounds north of Adel during the work week from 8 a.m. until 4 p.m. for treats, giveaways and prize drawings. Visit their Facebook page for more information: www.facebook.com/ISUExtensionDallasCounty.


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If the Redskins can't find a safety they like in free agency or even in the college ranks, they can turn to another position to fill this need: corner. A handful of players each year make the transition from corner to safety. There will be several more who could do the same in 2013, according to ESPN draft analyst Mel Kiper.
David Amerson, N.C. State: Russ Lande talked about him in my email report last week and Amerson was the first name Kiper mentioned when asked about this topic. It'll be interesting to see what he runs in the 40-yard dash at the scouting combine – the knock on him is that he'll be too slow to play corner in the NFL. In the games I saw him play, Amerson often lined up eight or nine yards off his man; he could not get away with that in the NFL.
"He had a big year a couple years ago, but he struggled this year in coverage," Kiper said. "But he's certainly a guy at the top of that list because of what he brings to the table."
Micah Hyde, Iowa: Another guy Landed discussed. Hyde is a terrific athlete – a former high school quarterback who played corner in college. Check out his scouting report here.
Terry Hawthorne, Illinois: Here's a good scouting report on him. As a junior he intercepted three passes while defending 11. But he did not produce as a senior for a team that struggled. Because he runs well and is a taller corner (at 6-feet) I haven't seen many projections of him to safety. But Kiper put his name on this list. He said it will be "very interesting" to see what happens with him.
"He has a lot of talent and potential, but he struggled in coverage," Kiper said.
Melvin White, Louisiana Lafayette: Kiper likes his versatility and there's a definite mix of opinion on whether he'll be a safety or a zone corner in the NFL. With more teams fielding big receivers, a guy with White's length – he's 6-foot-1. Like Hyde, White is a former high school quarterback.
Sanders Commings, Georgia: Another big, physical corner (6-foot-2, 216 pounds) but one who scouts and evaluators question his speed and footwork. He played both corner and safety in college. Another elite athlete: The Arizona Diamondbacks drafted Commings, an outfielder, in the 2008 baseball draft.
"He could have multiple roles at the pro level with the way he performed at Georgia," Kiper said. "He showed talent."
Just know: Commings was arrested for a domestic violence charge in January 2012. It led to a two-game suspension at the start of last season as well as drug and alcohol testing and anger management counseling.


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"In its early days in the 1960s and '70s, Rolling Stone was a chronicle of the counterculture where a generation of young people came to find political coverage that spoke to their disaffection.
Then those baby boomers grew up, and Rolling Stone's voice seemed to fall flat.
But no more. Those same subversive tendencies that led Jann Wenner to help found the magazine in 1967 were reawakened under the presidency of George W. Bush. And now, rather unexpectedly, Mr. Wenner's magazine is hitting its journalistic stride — aggressively tackling the American government on financial regulation, the environment and the war in Afghanistan — with a Democrat in the White House, one that Mr. Wenner supported. "


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Bid Letting
Expedite™ & Bid Express™ Electronic Bidding
AASHTOWare Project Expedite™ Electronic Bidding System is a Windows application designed to work with AASHTOWare Project Preconstruction™, PES® and LAS®, or any similar proposal preparation and bid letting management system. AASHTOWare Project Expedite effectively streamlines the bidding process, providing transportation agencies with control over the bid letting process while facilitating bid submittal for contractors. In use in over 30 state transportation agencies, it allows bidders to receive proposal item schedules and submit and withdraw item bids in a secure, electronic environment. AASHTOWare Project Expedite also tracks Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DBE) commitments and automates calculations, applying amendments and other tasks. Electronic bidding greatly reduces the time and expenses associated with data entry, bid revisions, bid tabulations and finalization.
Bid Express™ Secure Internet Bidding
Many contractors who work with MDT already use Expedite to produce a bid with an electronic bid file. When your bid is prepared using Expedite, you can use the Bid Express™ Secure Internet Bidding service to submit it over the internet. This convenient service means that you no longer need to travel to submit bids—no more time away from the office, miles of travel, or expensive hotel stays just to deliver bids. Stay home and let the internet safely and securely deliver the bid for you.
Although Bid Express is not mandatory at this time, MDT strongly encourages that you give this service a try.
Download Expedite™ (it's free!)
Installation Instructions
Are you a new vendor?
If you are buying out an existing company or are establishing a new business, you must contact Contract Plans to be assigned a Contractor Identification number. If you are establishing a Bid Express account for Internet bidding please let Contract Plans know so they can insure Bid Express has the latest list of valid bidder ids.
Need Help?
Contract Plans can be reached at 406-444-6212 or 406-444-6215.


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Syrian scenario continues to be murky
With the Syrian revolution entering its third year, big transformations have taken place in the country, which will help end the struggle there. These major transformations took place after the failure of UN envoy Lakhdar Brahimi's efforts to solve the on-going political struggle and the attempts made by Muath Al Khatib, the Chairman of the Syrian National Coalition, to open a dialogue with the government. Meanwhile, the Syrian people's agonies have only increased and that is something that can no longer be ignored by the international community.
The transformations can be summed up in two parts. The first is the Free Syrian Army's successes, bringing it closer to victory. The second, and which is more important, entails the change that has taken place in the stance of the western world towards the conflict in Syria.
On the political side, an important development took place for the first time since the conflict started in Syria. Between March 23 and 24, the Syrian opposition held a conference in Cairo which was attended, for the first time, by 50 Alawites, who announced their solidarity with the opposition in bringing about the downfall of the regime. They also called upon other Alawites to join them in opposing the regime and calling for its downfall. In so doing, the Alawites have, in fact, sent more than one message to make sure that there is a distinction between the sect and Syrian President Bashar Al Assad.
One of its first messages was sent out to the Syrian regime itself — that has hijacked the sect and has taken its support for granted. The second message was directed at the Syrian people, making it clear that the Alawite sect's aspirations and ambitions were in line with those of the Syrian people, who are striving to get rid of the totalitarian and dictatorial regime. Hence, the sect is trying to distance itself from being linked to Al Assad's regime and does not want to be held responsible for its actions. The third message was directed at the international community, to highlight certain aspects of the Syrian conflict, which have often been misunderstood.
On the other hand, at the preparatory meeting for the Arab Foreign Ministers' summit on March 24, it was decided to give Syria's seat in the Arab League to the Syrian opposition — represented by the Coalition of the Revolutionary Forces, the opposition, and the interim government established by the coalition.
Yet, this political success achieved by the opposition was unable to hide its failures in other areas. The results of the Istanbul conference were not accepted by many active parties in the Syrian political arena. The manner in which Gassan Hitto was elected by the national coalition as head of the interim government was not welcomed by different blocs within the coalition and was not fully supported by the different factions of the Free Syrian Army.
The political scene has become even more murky with the initial resignation of Al Khatib, who has refused to follow the diktats of the Arab parties that are trying to contain the Syrian opposition. The international political atmosphere was electrified after chemical weapons entered the Syrian battlefield, with Khan Al Assal, in the rural areas of Hums, being hit by a missile which was believed to be carrying the Sarin nerve gas.
Internationally, there has been a change in the attitude of a number of western countries who decided to be actively involved in the Syrian conflict. After a period of hesitation and taking a negative stand on the Syrian crisis initially, these countries have now come closer to the option of direct intervention against the Syrian regime. The UK and France decided to arm the Syrian opposition despite the fact that this decision contradicted the European Union's (EU) stand. However, the EU itself does not have a unified vision regarding the ban on exporting weapons to any part of the conflict in Syria. The stance adopted by these two countries is not surprising since both have cultural and historical relations with Syria since the beginning of the 20th century and both have contributed towards laying down its geographical boundaries after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. As a result of this development, US President Barack Obama's administration has announced through Secretary of State John Kerry that the US does not object to the arming of the Syrian opposition by some EU countries.
Although the US does not want to arm the Syrian opposition, it does wish for a quick end of the Syrian regime because in its view, prolonging the struggle will strengthen the Islamist groups, thereby giving them the chance to become forces that will have an effective role in shaping the future of Syria and that is something the US does not want.
Accordingly, we find that the US is offering military assistance that is no less important than arming the opposition. It is actually training chosen factions from the Free Syrian Army in one of Syria's neighbouring countries and supplying them with precise and detailed intelligence inputs regarding the Syrian armed forces on the ground and their movements to give the opposition a better chance to take on these forces.
Finally, it is important to note that the Free Syrian Army's military success, no matter how major, will not bring stability to Syria after the downfall of the Al Assad regime as long as the opposition's political framework remains shabby and exposed to being ripped apart easily.
Dr Mohammad Akef Jamal is an Iraqi writer based in Dubai.


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John Gausss Genealogy
|Welcome to my family history!
Willkommen an der Geschichte meiner Familie!
In speculating as to where the name Gauss originated it is instructive to look at where the name exists now. The Burkes Peerage world book of Gausses 1994 contains The Gauss International Registrya list of Gauss households derived from electoral rolls, telephone directories and other similar listings, and as of that date including the following countries in Europe: United Kingdom, Ireland, Austria, former West Germany (and part of East), Switzerland, France and Netherlands. Prior to the 19th century the name Gauss, amongst my family, was sometimes spelt Gaus, so in 1996 I bought the equivalent book for this surname too. The countries included were the same, though the former East Germany seemed to be more completely covered.
Excluding the UK and Ireland the number of households[1] recorded were: Gauss 430, and Gaus 864, making a total of 1294.[2] These addresses were then plotted on maps according to their latitude and longitude. The striking feature of these maps is the way the names, particularly Gauss, are concentrated around Stuttgart and gradually dissipate outwards in all directions irrespective of national frontiers.
I then analysed the statistics in several ways. For each surname distribution, and for the two combined, I found: firstly the median centres, i.e. the intersection of the E-W and N-S lines splitting the group into two equal halves; secondly the shortest distance centres, namely the point from which the sum of the distances to all locations is a minimum; and thirdly the means, the sum of the latitudes/longitudes divided by the number of households. The mean is probably the crudest method of analysing these figures as it gives undue weight to extremes in the population, i.e. those living furthest away. The shortest distance centre is less distorted by long distances, and the median not at all.
Despite the fact that Gaus occurs in a large swathe across North Germany, the median centre lies only 31km north of the centre for Gauss. This strongly suggests that the two names, or variants of the same name, share a common origin, and almost certainly a common ancestor who presumably lived somewhere close to the combined centre, probably at the time when surnames began in the 14th or 15th century. The combined median centre lies 27km West of Stuttgart at the small village of Mühlhausen, so perhaps it was near here that the name had its origin.
Since conducting this exercise, there are now online maps showing the distributions of German surnames. Examples are shown below.
Map showing recent relative distribution of Gauss/Gauß in Germany. The peak region is Landkreis Calw. Mühlhausen, mentioned above, is 3.5km NE of the border of Landkreis Calw. [http://christoph.stoepel.net/geogen/en/Default.aspx. Accessed 2010]
Map showing recent absolute distribution of Gauss/Gauß in Europe. This clearly shows how the name spills over into France. [http://worldnames.publicprofiler.org. Accessed 2010]
The name Gauss, according to the Burkes Peerage world book of Gausses p2.3, means descendant of Gorzo. This sounds unconvincing, though Reaney[3] gives the English surname, Goss, as deriving from Old German Gozzo or Gauz, so perhaps Gorzo is a misprint for Gozzo. The Burkes Peerage volume for Gaus gives dweller at, or near the sign of the goose. Previously, the only explanation I had seen, claimed that Gauss was from the Low German word for goose. However as Low German is spoken in North Germany, this may not necessarily explain a name, which, it seems, originated in the South. However, Grimms German dictionary[4] cites examples of gaus meaning goose from Switzerland and Swabia, which could support this explanation. If the name does mean goose, from whichever dialect, then it could, as suggested, have applied to someone living at the sign of the goose i.e. at an inn presumably, or to a gooseherd, or perhaps it was a nickname for someone who honked or waddled!
As many surnames are derived from place names I also checked three gazetteers[5]. The element Gaus does occur on the modern map of Germany in at least twelve[6] place names. Of these twelve, only three are within 150km of the median centre, namely: Gauselfingen 64km from it; Gausmannsweiler 59km, and Gausbach, by Forbach, 37km, or, some 65km WSW of Stuttgart. At first glance this latter looks so close to the median centre that it could have been the origin. However the median centre has 50% of the population living to the West of a N-S line through it. If a N-S line is drawn through Gausbach, only about 37km further West, then the population is split 22%/78%. If we accept such a large margin of error then the centre has little meaning.
The above evidence all points to a single origin, which therefore implies that Carl Friedrich Gauss was also a descendant of the first Gaus(s). However his ancestors had the additional variant spellings of Goes(s), Goos(s), and Goss.
In 1998, a survey of these names in the German telephone directory[8] yielded rather different distributions. The median centre for Gauss lay in virtually the same place as found from the previous survey, but that for Gaus, without the non-German entries, moved further north, though leaving the centre for the two combined hardly changed (23km WNW of Stuttgart). Another apparent variant, Jaus(s), found in the oldest registers in Weilheim an der Teck, was very close by (4km S of Stuttgart). Moving north: Gos(s) lay 10km SE of Würzburg; Goes(s)/Gös(s) lay 61km NNE of Würzburg; and Goos(s) lay 36km NW of Kassel. Within each pair of names the single s variant always lay to the north of the ss variant, and within Goes(s)/Gös(s) the most common forms were Goes and Göß. Whether all these variants, whose median centre lies 36km N of Heilbronn, really have a common origin is debatable, and would probably require more research on earlier distributions. Names could have become confused with similar sounding ones if someone migrated into another dialect area.
If your surname is Gauss, Gaus or Gausz, and you are interested in helping establish whether the name does have a single origin, and therefore whether all Gausses are ultimately descended from a single individual, then please visit the Gauss Y-DNA Project on the FamilyTreeDNA website. From this page you can click on Request to join this group where you will find details on how to order a test.
To take the Y-DNA test you will need to be a male with a direct descent from someone with the surname Gauss, Gaus or Gausz. If you are a female, then please try to persuade a male Gauss relative to take the test. If you join the project you will be sent a small brush to take a scraping from the inside of your cheek which you then post to the laboratory for testing. A 37-marker test costs only US Dollars 169.00 (in 2010) and will provide enough evidence of a connection.
So far (in 2010), with seven members tested, none of us are related closely enough to any of the others to prove that the surname had a single origin. This is a curious result given the geographical distribution of the name and seems to imply multiple origins within a small area.
[1] The books estimate the total number of households from these figures by multiplying them by 1.4 (Netherlands 1.2), and then the total population by multiplying the households by 2.5.
[2] These figures exclude a total of 58 households with duplicate addresses. In these cases it appeared that either both spouses had been listed separately, or maybe fathers and sons, etc. It is of course possible that some really were two households living under one roof.
[3] Reaney, P. H. A dictionary of British surnames. 1976. p152.
[4] Grimm, Jakob und Wilhelm. Das Deutsche Wörterbuch at http://urts55.uni-trier.de:8080/Projekte/DWB.
[5] Petzolds Gemeinde- und Ortslexikon des Deutschen Reiches, Oktober 1911; NIS gazetteer: West Germany and NIS gazetteer: East Germany; Official standard names approved by the US Board on Geographic Names, Office of Geography, Dept. of the Interior, July 1960.
[6] Farms: Gausberg, Gausburg, Gausmann; Hills: Gaushöhe, Gauskopf; Villages etc.: Gausbach, Gaushorn, Gausmannsweiler, Gauselfingen, Gaussig, Gaustritz, Gaustadt. In the last four, Gaus may not be an element on its own, e.g. Gaustadt must be Gau-Stadt.
[7] The great German mathematician, 1777-1855.
[8] Entries were taken from the Internet site http://www.teleauskunft.de. As far as possible, business entries were ignored, as were entries for spouses etc. with identical phone numbers.
Contact: firstname.lastname@example.com
Revised 30 November 2010
Census Records | Vital Records | Family Trees & Communities | Immigration Records | Military Records Directories & Member Lists | Family & Local Histories | Newspapers & Periodicals | Court, Land & Probate | Finding Aids


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Powerband Films packed up the gear and head on out to Jacko's compound in his Aussie heartland of Australia. Check out this sick scene from the upcoming film On the Pipe 6!
Riding Jacko's Compound
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The Commissioner Review Thread
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Yuki Eiri
Sweet sweet Valentine
Join Date: Jan 2004
Posts: 874
I've got an update from ,my commission from Amethyst Angel. At long last, the costume was completed, in time for ohayocon no less! Regardless of it being 10 months late, she knocked off the second half of the payment of the costume and only charged me shipping.
The costume had a few issues which couldn't really have been properly expressed via email and was easilly fixed [used the wrong type of velcro, but in her defense she couldn't find the type I was looking for. I had some and replaced it no problem.]. Overall the costume turned out better than I had assumed it would. Perhaps because I was waiting so long and obviously quite upset by it..
I can't upgrade her grade TOO much but at the same time she went above and beyond with the quality of the costume, the communication since my last post had improved significantly, and here's the pictures of it if anyone is interested:
Overall, finally? I'll give her a C.
I cant upgrade her more because the project WAS 10 months late but the final outcome was more than acceptable, I'm going to wear and enjoy it at a con or three.. Or four.. Or.. For years to come... And of course, she was very, very fair about it considering the circumstances.
Yuki Eiri
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Patent application title: Roll Coater
Elmira Ryabova (Mountainview, CA, US)
IPC8 Class: AB05D128FI
USPC Class:
Class name: Roller applicator utilized (e.g., padding, etc.) and doctor or roller used to distribute coating material on roller applicator and using transfer roller to feed coating material to roller applicator
Publication date: 2011-10-06
Patent application number: 20110244136
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A roll coater with a recirculation loop is disclosed. Waste coating
material form the roll coater is treated in an agitator unit containing,
for example, one or more ultrasonic transducers, and optionally a
filtration unit and/or temperature control unit to produce reconditioned
coating solution, such as a reconditioned sol-gel precursor solution.
Also disclosed is preventative maintenance module comprising a cleaning
unit that is designed to engage and clean the applicator and/or metering
rolls in a roll coater.
1. A roll coater comprising: a metering roll and an applicator roll
wherein the rotational axis of said metering and applicator rolls are
parallel to each other and positioned to create a gap between said
metering roll and said applicator roll; a reservoir in fluid
communication with said gap; a waste receptacle positioned to receive
waste fluid generated during operation of said roll coater; a conduit for
transport of waste fluid from said waste receptacle; and one or more
transducers positioned to impart energy into said waste fluid.
2. The roll coater of claim 1 wherein said transducers are ultrasonic transducers.
3. The roll coater of claim 1 wherein said one or more transducers are positioned along a conduit in fluid communication with said waste receptacle and said reservoir.
4. The roll coater of claim 1 wherein two or more of said transducers produce a first frequency and are positioned to produce phase interference in said waste fluid.
5. The roll coater of claim 4, further comprising two or more additional transducers where said additional transducers produce a different second frequency and are positioned to produce phase interference in said waste fluid.
6. The roll coater of claim 2 wherein said ultrasonic transducers operate at a frequency between about 20 KHz and about 200 MHz.
7. A roll coater preventative maintenance module comprising a cleaning unit having an engagement surface that is shaped to engage substantially the entire length of the curved surface of a applicator, metering or drive roller of a roll coater, where said engagement surface comprises one or more rinsing orifices and one or more suction orifices.
8. The module of claim 7 wherein said engagement surface further comprises one or more brushes.
9. The module of claim 8 wherein said one or more brushes are stationary brushes positioned between said rinsing and suction orifices.
10. The module of claim 8 wherein said one or more brushes are rotary brushes that have a rotational axis that is parallel to the axis of the applicator, metering or drive rollers when said module engages said roller.
11. The module of claim 8 wherein comprising at least two brushes where said brushes are electrically conductive.
12. The module of claim 11 further comprising a DC voltage source where one of said brushes is electrically connected to the positive terminal of said DC voltage source and the other brush is electrically connected to the negative terminal of said DC voltage source.
13. A roll coater system comprising a chamber containing the roll coater of claim 1.
14. The system of claim 13 wherein at least one of temperature, pressure and gas content within said chamber is controlled.
15. The system of claim 13 wherein temperature, pressure and gas content within said chamber is controlled.
16. The system of claim 13 further comprising the preventative maintenance module of claim 7.
17. The system of claim 13 further comprising al least two preventative maintenance modules of claim 7.
18. The system of claim 17 wherein one of said preventative maintenance modules is positioned to engage said applicator roll and the other of said preventative maintenance modules is positioned to engage said metering roll.
19. A method of applying a thin film to a substrate comprising passing a substrate between the applicator and drive rolls of the roll coater of any of claims 1-6 wherein said reservoir contains a coating solution to be applied to said substrate.
20. A method of applying a thin film to a substrate comprising passing a substrate between the applicator and drive rolls of the roll coater system of claim 13-18 wherein said reservoir contains a coating solution to be applied to said substrate.
[0001] This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to
U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/320,634, filed Apr. 2, 2010 and
is expressly incorporated herein.
Field of the Invention
[0002] Disclosed are methods and roll coater systems for depositing nanocomposite films and coatings on a plurality of substrates including but not limited to glass, metal, plastic sheets or foils.
[0003] Binary and ternary metal-nonmetal compounds of various compositions are widely used as thin films for a variety of purposes. For example, binary and ternary metal-nonmetal compounds, including but not limited to Y2O3, ZrO2, YZO, HfO2, YHO, Al2O3, AlO2, ZnO, AZO, ITO, SiC, Si3N4, SixCyNz, SixOyNz, TiO2, CdS, ZnS, Zn2SnO4, SiO2, WO3, CeO3 and so on, have been deposited as thin film coatings or layers of multilayer film stacks serving to various purposes, such as transparent conductive oxide (TCO) electrodes, passivating films, back surface field layers, up- and down-converters, selective emitter masks, ion storage, solid electrolytes, moisture barriers, abrasion resistance layers, thermal barriers, impedance correction layers, surface modification and the like.
[0004] Many methods are known that provide for the deposition of these materials. Those methods can be divided into two categories: vacuum techniques such as PVD, CVD, ALD, MBE etc., and non-vacuum ones such as electroplating, CBD, screen printing, etc. The vacuum techniques have high capital expenses, cost of operation and cost of consumables. The non-vacuum techniques have high capital expense and waste treatment costs and are very limited in many ways.
[0005] The use of sol-gels provides an alternative to the foregoing. Sol-gel precursors have the unique ability to undergo polymerization to form ultrapure continuous films with exact stoichiometry and doping thereby providing means for microstructure and interface engineering. Currently sol-gels are used mainly for the small scale applications such as optical lenses or biomedical devices such as implants and vascular stents. Sol-gel precursor solutions are typically applied to the lens or biomedical device by dip, spin or spray coating. Roll coaters have not been used successfully in the deposition of large scale sol-gel based thin films because of the difficulties in forming and maintaining a dynamic wetting line using non-Newtonian fluids.
[0006] There are many roll coater designs know in the art. However, in large part, such designs do not enable the industrial deposition of many critical thin films using sol-gel precursors.
[0007] Accordingly, there is a need for systems and methods that can provide aforementioned binary, ternary and other compounds as a single layer or multilayer film stack member on large size flat substrates, both rigid and flexible without compromising the nanocomposite films' purity, stoichiometry, morphology and thickness uniformity.
[0008] There is an additional need to provide roll coaters that can efficiently use sol-gel precursors with minimal loss of material.
[0009] There is also a need for a means to provide preventative maintenance of roll coater components, such as applicator rolls used with sol-gel precursor solutions.
[0010] The disclosure is directed to methods and systems that substantially obviate one or more of the above and other problems associated with conventional methods for thin film deposition using roll coaters that are designed to employ sol-gel precursors and in particular non-Newtonian sol-gel precursors.
[0011] In one aspect the roll coater comprises: [0012] (1) a metering roll and an application roll where the rotational axis of the rolls are parallel to each other and positioned to create a gap between the metering roll and application roll; [0013] (2) a reservoir in fluid communication with the gap between the metering and application roll; [0014] (3) a receptacle positioned to receive waste fluid generated during operation of the roll coater; [0015] (4) a conduit for transport of waste fluid from said receptacle; and [0016] (5) one or more ultrasonic transducers positioned to impart ultrasonic energy into the waste fluid. In some cases, the waste fluid is converted by the transducers and an optional filtration unit and temperature control unit into a reconditioned coating solution, e.g. a reconditioned sol-gel precursor solution, which is substantially free of particulate matter and capable of being reused in the roll coater or other applications.
[0017] In yet another embodiment, the roll coater contains a preventative maintenance unit comprising a cleaning unit that reversibly engages the applicator and/or metering roll. The engagement surface of the cleaning unit has a shape that allows it to engage the surface of the applicator or metering roll. That surface preferably conforms to the inside of an angular portion of a cylinder that has an inside diameter that is the same or slightly larger than the outside diameter of the applicator or metering role. The engagement surface has one or more rinsing ports that are connected by a conduit to a solvent source and at least one suction port connected to a low pressure source to remove solvent and debris from the surface of the applicator roll. Brushes such s stationary and rotary brushes can also be used to facilitate removal of debris from the roll surface.
[0018] In another aspect, the roll coating chamber is a closed or semi-closed system wherein the roll coater environment, including temperature, exposure to outside contaminants and nature of the gases within the chamber are controlled. The roll coating chamber can be completely enclosed when the substrate can be contained within the coating chamber such as in a reel to reel application. When however, solid substrates larger than the coating chamber are used, provision must be made to provide for the entry and exit of the substrate into and out of the chamber. Entry and exit ports which are slightly larger than the cross section of the substrate can be used preferably in combination with a positive pressure within the coating chamber to minimize contamination from the outside.
[0019] The recirculation loop is also preferably a closed system wherein the temperature, pressure, filtration and laminar flow of the waste coating solution can be adjusted and/or maintained.
[0020] In a preferred embodiment, both the environment of the roll coating chamber and recirculation loop are controlled so as to maximize the use of coating solution and minimize the formation of defects within the deposited thin films.
[0021] FIG. 1 is a schematic of a fully enclosed roll coating system containing among other components a roll coating chamber with a thermo stabilization jacket, a recirculation loop with agitators, a filtration device and a temperature control zone and a preventative maintenance device.
[0022] FIG. 2 is a schematic of a roll coater, according to one of the disclosed embodiments, which utilizes a recirculation loop and ultrasonic transducers to treat waste sol-gel liquids.
[0023] FIG. 3 is a schematic showing the working components of the coating chamber in FIG. 2.
[0024] FIG. 4 is a three-dimensional view of the moving components of an alternate embodiment of a roll coating chamber where the outer wall of the coating chamber has been removed for clarity.
[0025] FIG. 5 depicts an alternate embodiment of that set forth in FIG. 4, wherein a thin layer is applied to the bottom side of the substrate.
[0026] FIG. 6 shows an additional embodiment that includes a preventative maintenance module.
[0027] FIG. 7 shows an alternate embodiment of the preventative maintenance unit as set forth in FIG. 6.
[0028] There are several disclosed embodiments that can be used separately or in combination with of the other embodiments. The first embodiment is sometimes referred to as a roll coater with a recirculation loop. Waste coating material form the roll coater is treated in an agitator unit containing, for example, one or more ultrasonic transducers, and optionally a filtration unit and/or temperature control unit to produce reconditioned coating solution, such as a reconditioned sol-gel precursor solution, that is substantially free of polymerization nuclei and particulate matter and which can be returned to the reservoir for reuse in the roll coater.
[0029] The second embodiment is a roll coater with a cleaning unit that is designed to clean the applicator roll and/ or metering roll (if used) in a roll coater.
I. Roll Coater System
[0030] FIG. 1 is a schematic of a fully enclosed roll coater system 2. The system includes coating chamber 4, thermo stabilization jacket 6, agitation devices 8, filtration device 10 and heat exchangers 12. The relationship of these devices to each other, some or all of which make up the recirculation loop, will be explained infra.
[0031] In addition, the system can include a module 14 positioned downstream from the coating chamber which can, for example be used to further process substrate coated with a thin film. Such processes include heat treatment and/or exposure to UV and/or IR radiation to initiate or further polymerization and drying of the thin film.
[0032] Another optional component of the system includes a preventative maintenance (PM) unit 16. This unit is designed to engage the applicator and/or metering in the coating chamber 4 to remove debris and other matter that builds up during operation and which can result if not removed in the formation of defects in the thin film. It will be discussed in more detail infra.
[0033] Other components of the system can include mixing chamber 18 and dosing chamber 20 where coating solutions can be prepared and metered to the roll coate, respectively.
[0034] The entire system is enclosed by walls 22 as well as bottom and top walls (not shown). Appropriate access ports (not shown) are positioned to allow access for operation and maintenance.
I. Roll Coater Recirculation Loop
[0035] Some coating solutions, such as sol-gel precursor solutions and, in particular, non-Newtonian sol-gel precursor solutions (e.g. dilatant solutions), commence polymerization as a result of being manipulated during the roll coating process. The waste fluid from the roll coater can therefore contain sol-gel precursors, polymerization nuclei and in some cases particulate matter. Such waste fluids are not useful in highly critical applications where defects need to be avoided and stoichiometry maintained. To avoid discarding such waste fluids, the disclosed roll coater utilizes electromagnetic transducers such as ultrasonic transducers to impart ultrasonic energy into the waste fluid to reverse the polymerization reactions. A filter can optionally be employed in the waste fluid stream downstream from the transducer assembly to remove any residual particulate material. In addition, a temperature control unit can optionally be positioned downstream from the transducers to lower the temperature of the fluid stream so as to prevent the onset of any additional polymerization. In essence, the waste fluid is converted to a reconditioned sol-gel precursor stream that can be reused by the roll coater in the same process via a recirculation loop. Alternatively, the reconditioned sol-gel precursors can be used in other applications.
[0036] FIG. 2 is a schematic of a roll coater according to one of the embodiments that utilizes a recirculation loop and ultrasonic transducers to treat waste sol-gel liquids. There are four main components: coating chamber 4, reservoir 24, agitation chamber 26, and an optional temperature control unit 28. Reservoir 24 is fluidly connected to coating chamber 4 via conduits 26 and peristaltic pump 28. Coating chamber 4 is fluidly connected to agitation chamber 26 via conduits 30 and peristaltic pump 32. Likewise, agitation device 26 is fluidly connected to optional temperature control device 28 and reservoir 24 via conduits 34 and peristaltic pump 36. The conduits are preferably made from or coated with Teflon® or other plastic which provides a smooth interior surface in the conduit so as to minimize turbulent flow. Peristaltic pumps are also used to minimize turbulence.
[0037] Agitation device 26 contains a plurality of agitation devices 38 supported by frame 40. In the preferred embodiments the agitators are transducers that convert electrical energy to pressure energy. Examples of such transducers include ultrasonic transducers that operate between about 20 KHz and about 200 MHz, more preferably between about 2 mega Hz and about 200 mega Hz. However, frequencies lower than 20 KHz can also be used. Accordingly, the range of frequency can be as low as any one of 1 Hz, 10 Hz, 100 Hz, 1 KHz, 10 KHz or 20 KHz and as high as any one of 100 KHz, 200 KHz, 500 KHz, 1 MHz, 10 MHz, 100 MHz and 200 MHz. Transducers can be obtained from any number of suppliers including Olympus (http://www.olympus-ims.com/en/probes/), Omega (http://wwwωcom) and UPCORP (http://www.upcorp.com).
[0038] The penetration of the transduced energy into the waste fluid will depend on the choice of frequency as well as the power produced by the transducer. The choice of frequency and power will depend on the physical dimensions of the conduit, including inside diameter, conduit wall thickness and composition as well as the viscosity and velocity of the waste coating solution in the conduit. In order to impart energy on the waste solution, in many cases two or more and as many as six or eight different frequencies may be needed to penetrate the entire volume of waste coating solution passing through agitation device 26. The transducers can be in direct contact with the surface of the conduit or positioned within several millimeters of the conduit's surface.
[0039] Accordingly, in some embodiments two or more transducers, e. g. ultrasonic transducers, are operated at a first frequency and are positioned to produce phase interference, e.g. ultrasonic phase interference in the waste fluid. In other embodiments, two or more additional ultrasonic transducers are used. The additional transducers operate at a different second frequency and are positioned to produce phase interference such as ultrasonic phase interference in the waste fluid.
[0040] In operation, a coating solution such as a sol-gel precursor solution is placed in reservoir 24. Peristaltic pump 28 then transfers the coating solution to coating chamber 4, whose function will be described in more detail hereinafter. Waste solution generated in coating chamber 4 is removed via conduit 30 and peristaltic pump 32 and transferred to agitation device 26. The ultrasonic transducers 38 in agitator device 8 impart ultrasonic energy to the waste fluid carried from conduit 30. This energy reverses polymerization induced during the coating process. The thus treated fluid is then transferred to optional temperature control unit 28 and via peristaltic pump 36 and conduits 34 to reservoir 24 in one embodiment.
[0041] The temperature control unit 28 is optional but is preferably present to control the temperature of the effluent from agitation device 26, which when exposed to ultrasonic or other electromechanical energy causes the temperature of the effluent to increase. Temperature control unit 28 preferably reduces the temperature so that the effluent returning to reservoir 24 is at or near the same temperature as the coating solution present in the reservoir.
[0042] A filter device (not shown) may also be used to remove particulate matter. The filter can be positioned between the agitation device 26 and temperature control unit 28, between temperature control devise 28 and reservoir 24 or at both positions.
[0043] Transducers 38 can operate at the same or different frequencies. For example, transducers 38A can be operated at a frequency of between 1 Hz-100 KHz, more preferably between 10 Hz and 100 KHz, and most preferably between 100 Hz and 100 KHz. Ultrasonic transducers 24B, on the other hand, can operate at a different frequency such as between 1 and 500 Hz, more preferably 10-500 Hz, and most preferably between 100 and 500 Hz. Although two different frequencies are demonstrated in FIG. 2, it should be appreciated that a multiplicity of different frequencies can be used in this embodiment.
[0044] In an alternate embodiment, the effluent from agitation device 28 and optional temperature control units 28 and particulate filtration device(s) can be diverted from the recirculation loop connecting coating chamber 4 and reservoir 24 and collected in a receptacle other than reservoir 24. When separately isolated, such reconditioned coating solutions can be used for the same or different applications.
[0045] FIG. 3 is a schematic showing the working components of coating chamber 4 in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. The working components consist of drive roll 50, applicator roll 52, metering roll 54, outer wall 56 of coating chamber 4, conduit 26, and substrate 58, when present. In practice, drive roll 50 rotates in a counterclockwise direction as shown to urge substrate 58 to the left. Applicator roll 52 and metering roll 54 also rotate in a counterclockwise direction to thereby operate as a reverse roll coater. Coating fluid (not shown) travels through conduit 26 from reservoir 24 via peristaltic pump 28. The coating fluid is deposited between applicator roll 52 and metering roll 54. The width of the gap G between applicator roll 52 and metering roll 54 (not shown), together with the sheer tensor (τi,j), rotational speed (V) and capillary number (Ca), determine the approximate film thickness (H) deposited on the application roll which is proportional to the thickness of the layer deposited on substrate 58. H is approximately equal to τi,j×G×Ca×V. The film thickness on the applicator roll (H) determines the thickness of the film deposited on substrate 58.
[0046] Although shown to operate as a reverse roll coater in FIG. 3, the direction of rotation of applicator roll 52 or metering roll 54 can be reversed to constitute a forward roll coater application.
[0047] FIG. 4 is a three-dimensional view of the moving components within the roll coating chamber. In FIG. 4 the outer wall of the coating chamber has been removed for clarity. Drive roll 50 is positioned below substrate 58 and acts to move substrate 58 in the direction shown. Also shown is applicator roll 52 and metering roll 54. The applicator roll rotates about longitudinal axis 60. The metering roll rotates about longitudinal axis 62.
[0048] FIG. 5 depicts an alternate embodiment of that set forth in FIG. 4, wherein a thin layer of coating material is applied to the bottom side of substrate 58. As indicated, drive roller 70 is positioned above substrate 58 and engages substrate 58 to move it in the direction shown. Applicator roll 72 and metering roll 74 are positioned below substrate 38 and applicator roller 72 is positioned to engage the lower surface of substrate 58 so as to apply a thin film of coating material. As with FIG. 4, a gap exists between applicator roll 72 and metering roll 74. Manifold 76 has a hollow interior, which is in fluid communication with reservoir 24. This manifold curves over metering roll 74 and terminates in orifice 78, which provides for the loading of a coating solution at the interface between applicator roller 72 and metering roll 74.
[0049] When coating solution is placed between the applicator roll and metering roll in FIGS. 4 and 5 it fills a gap between the rolls (not shown) and during operation the applicator role applies a thin film of the coating to the surface of substrate 58. However, the coating solution also flows to the edge of the rollers and then via gravity into a waste receptacle that is part of the recirculation loop.
III. Roll Coater with Preventative Maintenance Module
[0050] FIG. 6 shows an additional embodiment that includes a preventative maintenance module. The preventative maintenance module is needed in many embodiments, due to the fact that various coating solutions can sometimes precipitate and/or polymerize into particles that can contaminate the surface of applicator roll 82, and/or metering roll 84. The defects created on the surface of these rollers can have profound impact on the actual thin layer deposited on a substrate. Accordingly, periodic maintenance is necessary to treat the surfaces of primarily applicator roll 82 to facilitate the deposition of uniform and substantially defect-free thin films on substrate 38. To this end, the outer wall 86 of coating chamber 4 a chamber lid 88 which reversibly opens and closes to expose a portion of applicator roll 82 to cleaning unit 90. Cleaning unit 90 is shown in cross-section in FIG. 6 and is capable of translating (downward and upward as shown in this embodiment) so as to engage and disengage in this case the top of applicator roll 82. Cleaning unit 90 has an engagement surface that has dimensions that match the surface of application roll 82. Cleaning unit 90 contains plurality of rinse holes 92 and a plurality of section holes 94 located on the engagement surface. The rinsing and suction holes preferably alternate as shown in FIG. 6. In some embodiments, a plurality of stationary brushes 96 are positioned on the engagement surface of the cleaning unit 90 and positioned between the rinsing holes 92 and suction holes 94. Such brushes are made from plastic, preferably polytetratfluoroethylene (PTFE).
[0051] In practice, when applicator roll 82 requires preventative maintenance, chamber lid 88 is opened and cleaning unit 90 is translated to make contact with applicator roll 82. Prior to this engagement, dummy substrate 100 is inserted between drive roller 80 and applicator roll 82. Prior to or commencing with engagement of the rotation of the rollers, a solvent is forced through the rinsing holes 92 while rotation of the drive, applicator and metering rolls and translation of the dummy substrate proceeds. A negative pressure can be applied to the suction holes 94 either continuously or intermittently to remove solvent applied through the rinsing holes and any material removed from the surface of applicator roll 82 or metering roll 84. In the preferred embodiments, the preferred solvent used for carrying out preventative maintenance is the same solvent used in the coating solution used during the manufacture of thin film layers.
[0052] After maintenance, the cleaning unit 90 is removed, the chamber lid 88 is closed and dummy substrate 90 is removed.
[0053] In most embodiments, there are a multiplicity of rinsing ports and suction ports that preferably alternate on the engagement surface. When viewed in cross-section in the body of the cleaning unit, such ports can be circular in cross section or elongate having a rectangular or other elongate cross section. At the surface of the cleaning unit, the surfaces of the rinsing and suction ports will be modified so as to have the proper shape to engage the curvature of the applicator roll. When engaged with the applicator role surface, elongate ports can extend over the entire length of the engagement surface i.e. parallel to the rotational axis of the applicator role. When engaged, the entire surface of a portion of the applicator roll is rinsed with solvent from a single elongate port. As the applicator role rotates around its axis, additional portions of the surface are rinsed with solvent. During rotation, the brushes 96 help to disengage particulate matter.
[0054] FIG. 7 shows an alternate embodiment of the preventative maintenance module of FIG. 6. In this embodiment, the engagement surface of the cleaning unit preferably contains a plurality of rotational brushes 98, positioned between the rinsing and suction ports, which directly engage the surface of the applicator roll. These brushes are preferably electromechanical brushes. Such electromechanical brushes can be elongate brushes which have a rotational axis parallel to the rotational axis of the applicator roll. The brushes can be rotated in the same or opposite direction of the applicator roll rotation during engagement of the cleaning unit. When rotated in the same direction the brushes and applicator roll operate in a manner similar to a reverse roll coater thereby creating an abrasive environment at the surface of the applicator roll. When rotated in opposite directions, it is preferred that the brushes rotate at a speed that produces an abrasive environment at the applicator roll surface i.e. the linear velocity of the rotating applicator and brush rolls are different. Such brushes are preferably made from PTFE. In some embodiments, the brushes are movable which allows for the adjustment of the pressure applied by the brush on the surface of the roll.
[0055] In some embodiments an electrostatic charge can be applied to the brushes to attract debris of opposite charge. In such embodiments it is preferred that more than one brush is used where a positive or negative charge is applied to one brush while the opposite charge is applied to the other. In this embodiment the brushes are preferably made from electrically conductive composite PTFE.
[0056] Although the above description is directed to a preventative maintenance module designed to clean an applicator roll, such modules can be readily modified to engage other roll such as the metering and drive rolls.
[0057] In some embodiments, it is preferred that metering and applicator rolls be cleaned at the same time to prevent contaminating one roll with of debris of the other roll as it is being cleaned.
Patent applications by Elmira Ryabova, Mountainview, CA US
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text:
In our lives, there are times when we find ourselves in a situation where we've done our best to keep up, to do what's right and despite our most valiant efforts, our best just isn't good enough. Simply put, something goes wrong, or we wrong another and we have to face the consequences. Mistakes, accidents, lapses in judgement, call them what you will, but they happen to us all, and many times there isn't anything more we can do than just ask for some forgiveness.
As hard as it is to ask for forgiveness, sometimes I think it's even more difficult to dole it out. We all want forgiveness and, when we need it, we want it by the pound for the penny. However, when someone comes to ask for forgiveness, and we are asked to give it, the only pound we often think of is the pound of flesh we believe that we deserve.
I learned a great lesson about forgiveness early in my driving career.
I grew up in Boise, Idaho and for reasons that made a lot of sense to me then, but make very little sense to me now, we were able to be licensed to drive when we were 14. On the day I got the little piece of plastic that made it legal for me to drive, our family didn't have a "third car" or "kids car" so, much of my early driving happened in a big brown GMC van. It was often hard to see everything from every angle in the brown beast. But, ended up being a great learning environment for all of the vans I would have to drive later as a result of my injury.
In my teens, through all the foolishness, I worked hard to respect my parents property and did my best not to make a mistake. But, just like anyone driving a 1/2 ton van, it was often difficult to see everything from every angle.
One Saturday, I was backing my van out of the garage and sweating bullets because, as I looked out my rear view mirror, I saw my dad's brand-new BMW parked on the opposite side of the driveway. Carefully, slowly and working to anticipate every possible situation, I slowly moved my van through the driveway, and toward the street.
Just as I felt I was home free, I heard the sound nearly every teenager dreads–that horrible steel on steel sound that puts a hole where your stomach once was. My van had hit his pristine "Beemer" and I feared the worst. I quickly put the van in Park and hustled around to see how much damage had been done.
I was grateful to see that there were no dents, but ruined as I saw the scratch that went across both doors on the drivers side. My first thought was that hopefully I could just buff them out. Regardless which car product I used or how much elbow grease I applied, the scratch just simply wouldn't go away.
Finally, I knew what I had to do. I went into my dad and told him that I'd hit his car. He asked if I was okay, and I told him that it wasn't that kind of accident. We walked outside and for what seemed like hours, he quietly circled his "Not Just a Car but a Driving Machine" occasionally looking back at at the Van.
Over and over I kept telling him how sorry I was and how I'd work off every penny. I kept explaining how I'd been so careful, and how I was sure I was far enough away. Finally, he turned to me ready to speak and I prepared myself to never again see another penny and be grounded until I was 24 (basically life in my young eyes). It was then when he taught me a lesson of a lifetime.
He turned to me and said, "It's only a car, son." He put his arm around me and with my jaw dragging on the floor, we went back into the house.
I was blown away. Not because I felt like I had somehow gotten off easy. But, because of the words he said. I kept thinking about all the ways he could have handled the situation, all the punishments he could have offered up, and about his words, "It's only a car, son."
I know he was upset. I know he was disappointed that his car had been damaged. I know it was going to be an expense he didn't want to have to pay. There were many lessons he could've taught me that day. The value of a dollar, the importance of being a careful driver, the way you have to take responsibility for your actions, etc. But that day, he decided to teach me a lesson about forgiveness.
In my life today, when someone does me wrong I try to remember his message. I try to remember that, for the most part the things we get upset about, are just that, things. And, that what matters most are the people we interact with and the way they feel when our interaction is over.
There are many that will say he was too easy, there are many that will say he was too soft, and that that kind of parenting just doesn't work.
It wasn't the way he parented every day, but on that day his choice was the right one. For, the trade-off was worth it. That day, he taught me a lesson I have worked to never forget, one we would all do well to remember. He taught me that even when the stakes are high we can still forgive, we can still be kind, we can still work to be understanding of others.
The next time you are wronged and you begin to exact your pound of flesh remember that things can be replaced and people can't, Remember that in the end "It's only a car."
This summer has been crazy, and I haven't been blogging as regularly as I should have. I'm coming out with a little Mea Culpa and asking for a little understanding and forgiveness. I'm working to be more regular with my posts in order to keep you interested and coming back more frequently.


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Muneo Yoshikawa
Dr. Muneo Yoshikawa, a native of Japan, is a scholar specializing in intercultural communication with the Japanese. He is a professor in the University of Hawaii system, project director of the Global Partnership center at the Kanai Community College, lecturer at the Japan-American Institute of Management Science in Hawaii, director of the Holonic Paradigm Research Institute in Tokyo, associate of Blanchard Training and Development, Inc. in San Diego, associate of the House of Training in Copenhagen, visiting professor at the National University of Kyushu and the University of Ryukyus, and visiting researcher at Tokyo University and Kyoto University. He has conducted seminars and presented lectures worldwide for executives and middle management and authored several books, chapters, and articles that deal with the Japanese mindscape.


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Mike Banks of Samurai Comics in
Rory Root has passed away. What a sad day for the comic book industry. He was always a shining light in the retailing community that I tried to model my own efforts after. So many of the things we do in our stores were born out of simply watching what Rory was doing with Comic Relief, and trying our best to emulate them. One of things I looked forward to most at industry events was finding time to sit with Rory and talk shop. Wow. I'm stunned. What horribly sad news. He is going to be sorely missed.
The opinions expressed in this Talk Back article are solely those of the writer, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the editorial staff of ICv2.com.


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Remember what your mother told you? Drink your milk, eat your vegetables and get off the couch. Well, as hard as it might be for you to accept this – Mom was right, especially when it comes to preventing colon cancer. (We're focusing on that for tonight's story on Conquering Colon Cancer on the CBS Evening News.)
Some studies have shown that exercise – walking, jogging, whatever you like to do – can reduce your chances of getting colon cancer by as much as 50 percent.
Consider the case of 59-year-old John Knudson of Seattle who learned his colon was a "regular polyp farm" after his first colonoscopy.
Since his mother and sister also had polyps, he decided to put on his jogging shoes and take part in a study examining the impact of exercise on colon cancer risk. He jogged for about an hour six times a week for a year and has been running about four times a week ever since.
The result? "I've been back for a couple follow up colonoscopies and since then, I think the first one I had maybe one polyp and the last one I didn't have any polyps," John said in an interview. "So it's been much better."
Okay, so perhaps our story has you thinking you should make exercise a regular part of your life. That's good. Now think about eating your broccoli.
Some studies have shown that vegetables such as broccoli, broccoli sprouts, cabbage and cauliflower trigger a chemical process within our bodies that ultimately turns on an important gene which suppresses tumors.
"The food changes the mechanism, the mechanism protects the cell, your risk modulated or improved," said Dr. Joel Levine who runs an innovative colon cancer prevention program at the University of Connecticut Health Center.
This concept is "brand new," according to Dr. Levine. "Food becomes prevention."
There is one cautionary note – studies on the effects of dietary measures are on-going and sometimes the results are mixed. For instance, the jury is still out on whether folic acid and fiber actually lower the risk for the disease.
That all said, what else can you do? Dr. Levine says plenty. "Eat dairy products, but not too much, get your calcium up at the right level, get enough sunlight and Vitamin D," he told us.
Susan Tourtilotte, a mother of two in Simsbury, Connecticut, sought out Dr. Levine's advice shortly after her father died of colon cancer four years ago.
His death was devastating and also very scary for her family. "You know, after it is over, that's when the most frightening part sets in because you start looking into your medical past and seeing the skeletons in the closet," she said in an interview
Her uncle survived colon cancer, her aunt possibly had colon cancer, and another family member, a great uncle, had large bowel cancer.
"Just watch someone die of colon cancer and you'll be the first in line for a colonoscopy," she said.
Susan got her colonoscopy, but also decided to change her family's diet. She grew up in a big Irish family eating plenty of red meat -- roast beef dinners were served every Sunday. Now she serves her boys, William and Henry, fish, fruit and vegetables.
"I am going to set a different course and I think that's what my Dad would want," she said, holding back tears.
So what more proof do you need? I know it's not easy to get to the gym and scale back on the pizza, burgers and ice cream – I sure love all of those -- but isn't it a small sacrifice to prevent becoming another colon cancer statistic?
I'm going to try to make changes. Will you?


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Today, I want to share with you an interview I initiated last November with a fellow quilting enthusiast. Every once in a while you happen across a quilting blog that's so inspiring, you spend hours reading through the posts and can honestly walk away with a renewed vision of your craft. A few years ago I was introduced to teacher/designer Jeni Baker's blog, In Color Order. Contained it its posts, I found a healthy discussion of color theory, design and construction techniques. Jeni has a great knack for mixing fabrics, documenting her creative process and throwing in just the right balance of her every day activities; especially the antics of her adorable pet bunny George! Those of you who don't know Jeni are in for a treat. Those of you who do know her, well, I hope you enjoy my interview with our friend.
My correspondence with Jeni began in late 2011 when she debuted her first commercial pattern. Previously, we had traded comments on each other's blogs and passed one another in the hallways, so to speak. We've appeared in a few books together and have a great respect for each other's style. I was a regular at her vintage sheet etsy shop, Iron Sea and would check into her blog daily to catch a glimpse of her black Netherland Dwarf rabbit, George. By the way, did you know George has his own blog now, with videos? What a famous little bun he's turning out to be!
After Jeni posted her Lined Drawstring Bag tutorial in October 2011 I knew I wanted to feature her. Well, I guess I should say I knew I wanted to feature her ever since discovering her blog, but the Drawstring Bag tutorial is what really made me contact her and say, let's talk feature! I thought her pattern was genius and really easy to follow.
This interview has been a long time in the making and I'm happy to finally be able to share what Jeni had to say about her quilting and her first pattern:
RWQ: Hi Jeni! Thanks for being here today. Please introduce yourself to everyone, they'd love to know more about you!
Hi, I'm Jeni! I love to sew and am currently trying to find my niche in the world!
I blog at In Color Order about my sewing adventures, thrifting finds, and my pet bunny George!
I love sharing sewing tutorials with my readers and I am excited to be self-publising a few patterns!
RWQ: It's no secret you enjoy working with color. Do you have any wisdom to share about selecting fabrics for quilting projects?
I love putting together different fabric combinations, choosing the fabrics for a project is my favorite part of the process. I spend a lot of time talking about fabric and color on my blog, in my Art of Choosing series. Sometimes working with color and pattern can be a little scary, but I try to take the fear out of it and make it more accessible!
RWQ: I'm a big fan of your Art of Choosing series. From what I understand you taught a similar class at Sewing Summit last year and plan to return again this year?
Yes, this fall you'll find me teaching fabric and color selection at Sewing Summit, a conference for the modern sewer and blogger! I spoke at last year's inaugural event, and I'm honored to be returning! So if you're attending, make sure you say hi! I'll be teaching about fabric and color again, we'll be talking about color basics and how to choose fabrics for your various sewing and quilting projects!
RWQ: Let's talk about your Lined Drawstring Bag pattern. This fun pattern is the reason why I invited you here today. Please tell us all about it.
The Lined Drawstring Bag pattern is for a simple drawstring bag, easy enough for all sewers. The pattern includes 8 sizes, bag construction tutorial, detailed instructions on designing your own size, and a printable worksheet. These bags are great for just about anything! The sizes range from tiny (4″ tall!) to big (26″ tall!). They're great for storing your current hand sewing project, wrapping gifts, or as a gift itself!


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found a new home!
Plenty of my friends are looking
for one too. Find a pet to adopt.
I am already spayed, housetrained, up to date with shots, good with kids, good with dogs, and good with cats.
Nika is a 1-year-old Labrador / Aus Shep mix. This beautiful sweetheart was found in a coyote infested canyon in California. The officer that found her begged rescue to take her because she's so sweet. Her previous temporary foster home prior to coming to Canada had nothing but wonderful things to say about her!
She's a great girl and is wonderful with all family members, though due to her size and activity level, very young children may not be best. She gets along well with other dogs and is friendly with cats. Nika is super eager to please and is a very active, happy girl.
Nika is in the process of learning her basic obedience but she's a very smart girl and will learn quickly. She's super curious about the world and would like you to show it to her :)
Nika has a propensity for escaping yards so she might see the world on her own, so supervision and lots of stimulation and exercise are a must. A really tall fence doesn't hurt either. This girl will need plenty of activity, so if you're looking for a jogging or hiking partner, or a dog to put into dog-sports, Nika would be perfect.
Would you like to give Nika her new LEASH on life? Let us know! Please fill out an adoption application at http://www.leashsavinglives.com/adoption-application/
She is currently fostered in Maple Ridge but can be taken anywhere in the Lower Mainland for a meet.
Nika, a Pitt Meadows Labrador Retriever/Australian Shepherd dog was adopted! Here's how you can benefit by looking at adoption as an option to buying a Labrador Retriever/Australian Shepherd for sale in Pitt Meadows, or seeking a Labrador Retriever/Australian Shepherd dog from a breeder in Pitt Meadows.


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In Today's Issue
News and Announcements
Eastman Dental Board Chair is ADA President-Elect
William Calnon, Eastman Dental Center Foundation Board chairman and local dentist, has been named president-elect of the American Dental Association.
Read more...
Amazon to Underwrite Best Translated Book Awards
Amazon.com has awarded the
University/Three Percent Web site a $25,000 grant in support of the 2011
Best Translated Book Awards. This grant will support cash prizes for
the winning translators and authors.
Read more...
Woman's Ordeal Illuminates Rare Form of Seizures
The story of a Canandaigua woman who emerged from a coma is now being
used to educate physicians about how to recognize and treat her
extremely rare condition. The elusive source of her uncontrolled
seizures, which Medical Center physicians ultimately traced to ovarian
cancer, and her subsequent recovery are the subject of a paper in the
journal Neurology.
Read more...
Brass Choir Presents 'Spooktacular' Concert
The University's Brass Choir will perform the second annual "spooktacular" concert at 8 p.m. on Friday, Oct. 29, in Strong Auditorium. This year's theme is METALWORKS—a concert of classic hard rock and heavy metal songs re-purposed for trumpets, horns, trombones, euphoniums, and tubas.
Read more...
Put Yourself in Pink and Support Breast Care Center
Wear pink on Tuesday, Oct. 26, and help people with breast cancer at the Wilmot Cancer Center's Comprehensive Breast Care Center. Wear Pink Day participants can join for $3 and get a sticker to show support for women with breast cancer. Stickers are available at the Wilmot Cancer Center information desk.
Read more...
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found a new home!
Plenty of my friends are looking
for one too. Find a pet to adopt.
I am up to date with shots.
To view other pets available for adoption, please visit FOBA's webpage at http://www.friendsofbeverlyanimals.org and our Facebook page at https://www.facebook.com/pages/Friends-of-Beverly-Animals-FOBA/163446140333225.
SPARKY, a Beverly Domestic Shorthair cat was adopted! Here's how you can benefit by looking at adoption as an option to buying a Domestic Shorthair for sale in Beverly, or seeking a Domestic Shorthair cat from a breeder in Beverly.