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AAUW Alumnae Exchange: Connecting Alumnae One Click at a TimeNovember 20, 2009
Since I started working with the AAUW alumnae initiative in 2008, I have had the pleasure of telling the stories of more than 50 fellowships and grants alumnae who have been doing amazing work since their fellowship year. The exciting part is that, because AAUW has funded more than 10,000 women since the first fellowship in 1888, there are so many more stories yet to be told.
In researching stories, I have called everywhere from Pakistan to Brazil and met women from Moldova to Zimbabwe. I have chatted with a NASA scientist and a United Nations volunteer coordinator. I have heard the stories of women who have surmounted unbelievable hardships to reach their dreams, and I have collected invaluable advice about how they did it. A common theme among the alumnae is that they are looking for ways to give back and to help those who are following in their footsteps.
AAUW is proud to present the newest tool for connecting these incredible women: a social networking community called AAUW Alumnae Exchange. This online community is a place for fellowships and grants alumnae to exchange ideas, stories, resources, and more. To stay up to date with AAUW's fellowships and grant alumnae, stay tuned to www.aauw.org/alumnae.
7 Comments
This looks like a great opportunity for alumnae to connect! I am looking forward to hearing more about the incredible women that AAUW has supported. Great work Mandy.
Our Community Action grant was for, Latinas al Éxito, a project initiated by AAUW-Iowa with the vision of eliminating barriers that keep young Latinas from college and, in turn, motivating students for educational achievement and equipping a more educated workforce. We (1) encourage Latinas at the 8th grade level to consider education beyond high school and (2) empower Latinas who have college experience in leadership roles as important steps toward economic equity for Latino families and stability for their communities.
We are currently in the process of transitioning to Latinas/Latinos al Éxito with a Board of Directors and are ready to file Articles of Incorporation as a 501(3)c so we can secure funding to sustain the current projects and expand to additional locations in Iowa. We currently have Latinas projects in five school districts and are piloting a Latinos project as a response to requests from Latino families involved in our projects. We hope to secure enough funding to support a couple more projects by next year and to hire a part-time executive director.
AAUW's founders initiated a cultural shift that recognized women's ability to succeed through higher education and assume productive roles in society. In this century, in this and the next decade, immigrant Latinas are our disenfranchised sisters, whose access to higher education is limited by culturally-shaped educational and economic barriers. Latinas al Éxito works within the culture to break through the barriers and encourage Latinas to pursue higher education and assume productive roles in society. By adding Latinos in parallel projects, we believe we will broaden advocacy for expanded roles for both Latinas and Latinos.
I am interested in hearing about other projects that have similar goals.
PLEASE have Jan contact me so we can continue the Latina al exito program in our community!
Hi Tana, I would like to know about your program. Please tell me where you are and what you are doing/have done.
Another interesting project you might want to look into is the Frida Kahlo Institute founded by former AAUW grant recipient Marie-Elena Reyes. She is interested in working with Latinas in transition periods. You can read her profile at http://blog-aauw.org/2009/09/11/meet-marie-elena-reyes-founder-of-the-frida-kahlo-institute/.
Hi, Jan. Thanks for your response. Could you contact me via my personal e-mail, since there is much I'd like to discuss with you? ~TB
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Standard guitar tuning:EADGBENo capo
G D G D G D C DGturn the ugly liDght off god Gwanna feel the nDight Geveryday it shiDnes down on me Cdon't you think that Di see Gdon't you think that Di see wChat it's all aDbout Emhard to look the oFther way while the wCorld passes me Gby and everEmyone is Ctrying to Dbum me Gout
G D G DGit's a pretty big wDorld god Gand i am awful sDmall Geveryday they rDain down on me Cflower in a Dhailstorm Gflower in a Dhailstorm Ci'm living for the Ddrought Emi could throw it Fback at them but Cthen i play their Ggame Emeveryone is Ctrying to Dbum me Gout Amwhen i came into this world they Gslapped me Amand everyday since then i'm slapped Gagain E♭tomorrow's king: an unsightly B♭coward E♭you see, i know i'm gonna Gwin GasD iGntDroG) D C D Gturn the ugly liDght off god Gdon't wanna see my Dface Geveryday it Dwill betray me Cdon't you think that i Dknow Gdon't you think that i Dknow Cwhat they're talking Dabout Emif they step on meF tonight they're Cgonna pay someGday Emeveryone is trCying to Dbum me Gout Listen to the song for better timing.
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subset: commoncrawl


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A Fairfax man was arrested yesterday for allegedly stealing three bottles of a natural food store's custom green juice blend. It's a stupid and embarrassing thing to go to jail for, sure, but I can relate. Nothing quite hits the spot when I've over-indulged like a green juice packed with vitamins and other things that are supposed to make me healthy, but that shit's expensive.
When I do pony up the cash, I've lately been really enjoying the Native Juice Co., the new Financial District storefront from a formerly farmers' market-only juicery. Despite cringe-worthy punny juice names like You've Got Kale and Smooth Lavenderator, the blends often have interesting flavor combinations and taste like something besides lemon or the bitter, I'm-only-drinking-this-because-it's-good-for-me flavor of your typical kale situation.
See also: Best Practices for Cleansing Yourself Like Gwyneth Paltrow Would Want You To
My favorite blend, Popeye on Vacation in Thailand, is a lively mix of spinach, mango, coconut juice, mint, and ginger. The ginger adds a bit of heat, the mint cools it back down, the mango gives a hit of tropical fruit, the spinach makes it green and makes me feel like I'm drinking something good for me. At $5 for 12 ounces and $6.50 for 16 ounces, it's definitely a once-in-a-while indulgence -- the nice thing is that it actually tastes like a treat.
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Far Cry 3 was released by Ubisoft on December 4 in North America, and a few days earlier in Europe and Australia for the PC, Xbox 360 and PS3. The game features not only a massive player map but also an online Co Op mode and multiplayer, although the Single Player Campaign is the true gem here.
At its heart, Far Cry 3 is a first person shooter, revolving around the story of Jason Brody, as he, two brothers and friends are on vacation somewhere in the South Pacific. The group decides to go on a skydiving excursion, and run afoul of modern day pirates and drug smugglers that control a group of islands, enslaving the population.
Far Cry 3 is by no means a game for the kiddies. As Brody wakes to find himself and his eldest brother captive, they begin to learn first hand of the horrors of modern day slavery. Brody and his brother escape, and the game takes this opportunity to familiarize you with the controls. But, tragedy soon starts to set in as the eldest brother is killed during the escape, and Brody nearly dies himself.
From there, the story takes you on a wild ride of drugs, hallucinations, sex, mysticism, and violence as Brody fights not only to free his captive friends and surviving brother, but struggles with the realities of what he is facing, and doing in response while finding himself embroiled in an undercover CIA operation to topple a human and drug trafficking warlord.
In the original concept, the creator of the game sought to explore violence and the toll it takes on humanity. Personally, I think the message is rather lost in the jumble of third world drug empires, depravity, and the sheer fun of blowing shit up; moral choices come into play only at the very end but still, it's a game.
The original Far Cry was a child of Crytek and featured the original CryEngine. This latest installment features the Dunia 2 with Havok Physics. Dunia is something of an offshoot of CryEngine, with the designer originally working for CryTek, and you can definitely see some parallels here.
The graphics detail is friggin nice, with all the beauty that I remembered when I first looked at a CryEngine game, but less of the glitches, although still not entirely free of them. Certain points, like sun rays and the effect of water where especially appealing. It's important to note that there are some points where the graphics might seem to glitch a bit, but by and large it was not as much as some titles I have seen.
The music score is nice, and the voice acting pretty decent too. For the most part, the sound effects sounded spot on, but I noticed that a lot of the weapon sounds seemed repetitive. There was very little sound difference between AK model assault rifles, and other models for instance. While the look, and even the "feel" of the weapons seemed reasonable, it was the sound that stuck out in my mind the most.
Shoot and Loot. That is what it is all about. As you move from location to location on the map, certain points reveal hidden treasures, money, first aid kits or craftable items. Crafting is a major point of the game, as you will only be able to carry more gear, weapons and ammo by crafting the appropriate item. You need a wallet to carry cash, and the better the material, the more stuff you can put in it. Same thing with ammo pouches, slings, ruck sacks and everything else. You need to craft it, and then continuously upgrade it. You do that by hunting.
Hunting is not as simple as it seems. Sure, you can run over a feral pig with a car rather easily, but as you start to skin that bastard you might find yourself getting bitch slapped by a tiger, leopard, rabid dog or a damn bear. Swimming is no walk in the park as a crocodile can jump out at you any minute or you find yourself a chew toy for a shark. Komodo Dragons, wild boars, stinging jellyfish and snakes all conspire with every damn thing else on the island to kill you. Not only do you have to contend with pirates trying to hunt you down and kill you, but you have to make certain that the area of cover you dive into does not have a frigging snake in it.
Besides crafting, there are a number of side missions and mini games to take part in. Trials of the Rakyat involve going to one of several locations on the player map, and competing in a single player challenge for score. The top score in those challenges finds their name on the landmark for the challenge. These challenges involve killing as many pirates with grenades as possible, running them down with a car, shooting them or facing ever increasing waves of enemies. But you can also play poker, toss knives, race for time, and various others.
There is so much in the Single Player campaign that you simply cannot cover all of it adequetely in a review. Besides freeing areas from pirate control, you also work to restore communications to the island by deactivating pirate control scramblers (thereby gaining the ability to see the region on the map), and sell recovered items to replenish or upgrade your stock of ammunition and weapons.
You will literally spend hours upon hours in the Single Player Campaign. With all the side missions, it is easy to get lost in simply trying to liberate the island, while the Trials offers each of us with a competitive edge a chance to get their name up for others to see. Hunting challenges yield better crafting items, and these are all outside the main story.
Far Cry 3 takes you on one hell of a trip down the rabbit hole, and once you are there, you will want to stay.
As far as the other aspects, Co Op is an interesting twist on the story, featuring 4 characters outside the main storyline, each with goals of their own. In Co Op you compete alongside the other players against varying waves of pirates, in an attempt to gain revenge on a mutual acquaintance who sold you all upriver. Co Op achievements, scores and unlocks also carry over into Multiplayer.
Multiplayer is something of a disappointment for me. Finding a game is a pain in the butt, and you are stuck with multiplayer lobbies and host migration. The scheme is one of classic Red vs Blue, with Rakyat warriors on one side and Pirates on the other. The one game I was able to connect to consisted of you classic Conquest type game, with each team competing for control of several key points. The maps were cramped, and offered very little gameplay beyond shoot and scoot. I would have liked to see different factions or characters, perhaps drawing from the mercenaries found later in the game.
All in all, Single Player will keep you busy for quite some time, with the Co Op offering up more content once you have completed it. Multiplayer feels unnecessary and honestly takes away from this otherwise awesome game.
Far Cry 3 offered me well in excess of 80 hours of play before I completed the Single Player mission and delved into the Co Op. I hope there is some DLC in the future, but would honestly love the see the Multiplayer tweaked more. The game is challenging and fun, so I would have to say you get your money's worth here.
While not necessarily a home run, Ubisoft hit one deep in the field and put a man on every base with this title. Far Cry 3 is addictive, fun, fast paced and evolves as you develop the characters abilities. It is damn fun to put an explosive round through an engine block of a technical and watch it blow straight to hell with all the bad guys on it, or go knife only against a target. The mini games and side missions keep you on your toes, and always looking for more to do.


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Motivational Speech in Remember the Titans Speech by Coach Boone and Yoast This is where they fought the battle of Gettysburg. Fifty thousand men died right here on this field, fighting the same fight that we are still fighting among ourselves today. This green field right here, painted red, bubblin' with the blood of young boys. Smoke and hot lead …Read More »
Home > Tag Archives: coach boone speech in remember the titans


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We've found 4 used Saab 9-5 starting at only $1500, listed by owners, dealers, and some more at auction. Some of these deals may be already gone. Most of these vehicles were manually chosen specially for those people with low budget searching for where to buy an affordable Saab 9-5 priced under $1000, $2000 or for less than $5000. These vehicles weren't automatically fetched from data feeds scattered through the web. If you own a Saab 9-5 and would like to sell it, or you own a car dealer where you have on inventory several 9-5 at lower prices than other dealers in the area, and you would like we promote them here for free, please join us. At Autopten, we are constantly seeking who's selling the cheapest Saab 9-5 in USA to connect them with buyers interested or looking for pre-owned cars at prices they can afford.
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London – Samir Nasri faces a struggle to play any part in Manchester City's festive programme after injuring his groin.
The France forward, 25, looked back to his best against Newcastle last weekend but had to come off in the first half.
Now he has been told he cannot play for two weeks, a prognosis that rules him out of games against Reading, Sunderland and Norwich and leaves him very doubtful for the meeting with Stoke on New Year's Day.
City have four games in 11 days over Christmas and the new year, meaning that Nasri's injury comes at the worst possible time for a team looking at a six-point gap between themselves and Manchester United at the top of the league. – Daily Mail


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Anne Kingsmill Finch
Anne Kingsmill Finch (April 1661 - 5 August 1720 / Sydmonton, Hampshire)
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The Bird And The Arras
By neer resemblance see that Bird betray'd
Who takes the well wrought Arras for a shade
There hopes to pearch and with a chearfull Tune
O're-passe the scortchings of the sultry Noon.
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Currently viewing the tag: "Mowaffak al-Rubaie"
Iraq at a Crossroads: My Conversation with Dr. Mowaffak al Rubaie
By James Stavridis On March 21, 2014 · Leave a Comment
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As I've discussed previously on this blog, this winter The Fletcher School was pleased to welcome distinguished policymaker and former National Security Advisor of Iraq Dr. Mowaffak Baker al Rubaie for a six-week term as the school's Senior Statesman in Residence. Last week, I had the opportunity to sit down with my good friend […]
Video Update: January 2014
By James Stavridis On January 9, 2014 · 1 Comment
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Happy New Year to everyone in the Fletcher community!
On this icy cold day here in Boston, I'm speaking to you from the Hall of Flags. I hope that our Fletcher alumni community is watching this video from someplace warmer! As we start off the new semester, I'm pleased to be able to tell you […]
Dean Stavridis with his basset hound, Lilly.
Dean James Stavridis is the 12th leader of The Fletcher School since its founding in 1933. A retired Admiral in the U.S. Navy, he led the NATO Alliance in global operations from 2009 to 2013 as Supreme Allied Commander.
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- Afghanistan Announcements, Naval Collisions, and Divisive Presidential Remarks: A Week of All-Too-Familiar Events August 25, 2017
- Charting a Course August 18, 2017
- My (Unsolicited) Advice for the President: How to Handle the North Korean Crisis August 11, 2017
- Sit back, relax, and catch up on the week's news August 4, 2017
- Tyrants of the East July 31, 2017
- From Counterterrorism to the Classroom: A Chat with Professor Michele L. Malvesti July 20, 2017


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Tom over at The Media Drop checked in with Reuters today in regards to their announcement at p2pnet.net that Reuters will employ their new toy FAST (Fast Search & Transfer) technology to "go after sites that post whole articles, or portions or paragraphs, without specific permission."
Wondering how this applies to bloggers, Tom asked Reuters straight out and got an equally straight reply
"The tool has been designed to identify where a party goes beyond fair use of our stories - where they copy a full story and post it without license or they derive a story from our content without sourcing it."
Somewhat related - previously on MeFi "A good amount of bloggers are outright thieves. Researchers at Hewlett-Packard Labs found that a vast amount of popular bloggers stole ideas, topics, and content from lesser-known weblogs without any sort of attribution or crediting."
From this Wired news Warning: Blogs Can Be Infectious , the researchers have created iRank here where you can watch the memes spread around the worlds blogs. Very interesting toy.


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|Dimensions & Weight
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|0.42 oz (12 g)
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|1 x G-string
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its perfect and most sexy pants i ever know but its better fit on skinny
I'm waiting the order for more ten one month but still waiting. I paid but never receive it. :/
Interesante producto, me gusto bastante como se veía... Sin embargo no es para traseros muy grandes (aunque si el cuerpo de la chica es curvilineo, la confección del calzón acentuará más esa forma. Puede ser incluso algo y... Read more
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its perfect and most sexy pants i ever know but its better fit on skinny
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Mail: Southern statues symbolize suppession
Mail: Thanks for helping Aiden
More opinion
Fall: Good time to spray musk thistle in rosette stage
Robertson and Delsing re-elected chair, vice chair of NWB
More Ag News
The U.S. Department of Agriculture has suggested it will shut down meat and poultry plants for as many as 15 days to comply with sequestration cuts.
Fischer and Sen. Mike Johanns have co-signed a letter to USDA Sec. Tom Vilsack requesting more information.
The sequestration law requires the federal government to cut $85 billion through a budget-cutting process by the end of the fiscal year.
Fischer's letter, co-signed by seven other Republican senators, calls into question recent comments by Vilsack suggesting that USDA must furlough inspectors regardless of legal duties to provide health and safety inspections.
The letter asks Vilsack to justify his plans.
Nebraskans expect their leaders in Washington to cut out-of-control spending, line-by-line," Fischer said. "Yet they also know government has core duties to fulfill, such as ensuring the health of consumers."
The letter asks Vilsack what the USDA is doing to reduce spending in the areas of travel, seminars, conferences and operating expenses in light of sequestration.
"USDA should focus on finding ways to implement the required cuts that minimize their negative impact on our food supply, Fischer said. Budget cuts should happen, and they will happen its just a matter of making priorities.
The letter, which is signed by seven other Republican senators including Mike Johanns and Chuck Grassley, asks Vilsack for a response no later than March 4.
The text of the letter:
February 26, 2012
Secretary Tom Vilsack
U.S. Department of Agriculture
1400 Independence Ave., SW
Washington, D.C. 20250
Dear Secretary Vilsack:
You have recently discussed with farm groups and media outlets the impact of sequestration, as mandated by the Budget Control Act of 2011, will have on the Department of Agriculture (USDA). In particular, you have mentioned on numerous occasions the likely furlough of meat and poultry product inspectors. Of course, USDA is required to perform these inspections under the Federal Meat Inspection Act (FMIA) and the Poultry Products Inspections Act (PPIA). The health, safety, affordability, and availability of meat and poultry products are of the utmost importance for all Americans. Without inspectors, meat and poultry product production facilities will be shut down, and products will stop flowing to grocery store shelves.
Farmers, meat processors, poultry product processors, and consumers will all be severely hurt if USDA fails to have inspectors on the ground performing their required duties in accordance with FMIA and PPIA. The comments you have made in the press, to farm groups, and at the recent USDA Outlook Forum, suggest you view there is a rigid legal duty to furlough all employees at USDA without concern for USDAs statutory duties, or for the health and safety of consumers. Since that is apparently your view, please respond to the following questions and requests for further information:
1) What is USDA doing to reduce spending in the areas of travel, seminars, conferences, and operating expenses in light of sequestration? Please provide an accounting of the savings USDA expects to save from these areas.
2) Please provide any written legal opinions you have been provided by USDA attorneys, the White House, or the Office of Management and Budget, indicating you have the ability to disregard the requirements under FMIA and PPIA and furlough inspectors.
3) Please provide your plan for furloughs in the office of the USDA Secretary due to the requirements of the Budget Control Act of 2011.
4) In a letter you sent in mid-February to the American Meat Institute, National Cattlemens Beef Association, National Pork Producers Council, National Chicken Council, and the National Turkey Federation, you stated, [W]ere sequestration to become reality, it simply would not be possible for FSIS to achieve the requisite level of savings by furloughing non-front line staff alone. Please explain this assertion. In addition, please explain why USDA cannot use furloughs in other mission areas in order to keep FSIS inspectors on the job. If you have received written legal opinions pertaining to sparing FSIS inspectors and furloughing other USDA employees instead, please provide a copy.
We are confident you have the ability to implement sequestration at USDA without jeopardizing the ability of Americans to feed their families and seriously hurting U.S. farmers, meat and poultry production facilities, and workers in those facilities. We look forward to receiving a response to the above questions and information requests. Due to the time sensitivity of this matter, we would appreciate receiving your response by no later than March 4, 2013.
Flatrock Publishing, Inc.
1300 E 4th St., Suite F
North Platte, NE 69101


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PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds not impressed with Epic's Fortnite battle royale similarities
Has Epic gone too far with their free battle royale mode in Fortnite? The PUBG certainly thinks so.
Hyper Universe is currently in Early Access so grab a freebie now and join the action.
Has Epic gone too far with their free battle royale mode in Fortnite? The PUBG certainly thinks so.
A smallish patch has been released to fix some issues with the v.43 Paragon update.
As they did with the first game, Obsidian have hooked up with a publishing partner for Pillars of Eternity 2.
You won't get very far in Project Cars 2 without a driver, so it's fortunate that Nvidia's latest GeForce release (385.69) covers that game.
The mechanics of multiclassing in Pillars of Eternity 2 have undergone a rethink, and Obsidian would like to tell you why and how.
Medieval PvP combat with relics is scheduled for release in 2018 courtest of Snowpeak Studio.
It's coming out of testing very soon and you can try it free next week.
Everybody wants a piece of the Battle Royale action these days, and Epic's Fortnite is no exception. The mode will be free on 26 Sept.
Nvidia have put together a set of minimum and recommended system specs for Need for Speed Payback on PC.
Stellaris will be getting a free update (1.8 Capek) tomorrow, alongside the release of paid DLC Synthetic Dawn.
Creative Assembly have outlined a bit more about the 'combined map' campaign and other free DLC for Total War: Warhammer 2.
Valve have opted to address Steam review bombing in a very Valve way; with visual data.
Choke-point battlefields are returning to Creative Assembly's series in Total War: Warhammer 2, as featured in this new video.
There's a certain consistency to these Wolfenstein 2 gameplay trailers; it's a game about killing lots and lots of Nazis.
The promised Forza 7 PC demo has been released today through the Microsoft store. It's 22GB in size.
Puzzle-platformer Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee is being given away for free as part of GOG's ongoing sale.
Bossa Studios, developers of Surgeon Simulator, have hired former Valve employee Chet Faliszek to direct an upcoming PC co-op title.


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Justin Bieber
|This biographical article needs more citations for verification. (June 2016)
|The English used in this article or section may not be easy for everybody to understand. (March 2015)
|This article's tone or style may not be appropriate for Wikipedia. Specific concerns may be found on the talk page. (March 2015)
|Justin Drew Bieber
Bieber during his Purpose World Tour in 2015.
|Background information
|Birth name
|Justin Drew Bieber
|March 1, 1994
London, Ontario, Canada
|Stratford, Ontario, Canada
|Pop, R&B, teen pop[1][2][3]
|Singer-songwriter, musician, record producer, actor, dancer, investor
|Vocals, guitar, piano, drums,[4] trumpet[5]
|Years active
Island, Teen Island, RBMG, School Boy
Justin Drew Bieber (born March 1, 1994 in Stratford, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian pop singer and actor. He was discovered on YouTube in 2008. He grew up in Ontario. When he was 12, he went into a local singing contest. He came in third place.
In 2009, Bieber toured with Iyaz and Taylor Swift, and travelled in the United States. His first album, My World, features four singles, "One Time", "One Less Lonely Girl", "Favorite Girl", and "Love Me". "Baby" is his most popular song. He signed to a record deal with Usher. He released My World, Part 2 in March 2010 as his second album,[6] as well as going on a world tour. He has a younger brother and sister. His parents never married each other. They are both single.[source?]
Bieber has released a book titled Justin Bieber: First Step 2 Forever: My Story.[7]
On December 23, 2013, the album Journals was released. It has fifteen songs. Ten have been released as singles.
The album Purpose came out in late 2015. It includes the singles "Sorry", "Love Yourself", and "Company". Earlier in the year, he was arrested for being reckless.
Personal life[change | change source]
Bieber is a Christian.[8] He lives in the United States.[9]
On January 23, 2014, Bieber was arrested in Miami, Florida, for drunk driving, resisting arrest and driving with an expired drivers license.
Bieber dated singer/songwriter Selena Gomez from 2011 to 2012, and on and off from 2013 to 2014. Even though he said in an interview in 2014 that he and Gomez were officially together once again, they broke up again.[source?]
History[change | change source]
Born on March 1, 1994, in Stratford, Ontario, Canada, Justin Bieber was raised by a single mom in the small town of Stratford. Bieber, whose debut album, My World, hit stores in November 2009, is a true overnight success, having gone from an unknown, untrained singer whose mother posted YouTube clips of her boy performing, to a budding superstar with a big-time record deal, all in just two years.
Bieber always had an interest in music. His mother gave him a drum kit for his second birthday and, as he tells it, he was "basically banging on everything I could get my hands on." But it was an obscure talent contest in his hometown, in which the 12-year-old Bieber finished second that put him on the road to superstardom. As a way to share his singing with family, Justin and his mom began posting clips of Bieber performing covers of Stevie Wonder, Michael Jackson and Ne-Yo on YouTube. Within months, Justin was an Internet sensation, with a large following of fans and an eager manager arranging for the teenager to fly to Atlanta to consider a record deal. There, Bieber had a chance meeting with Usher, who eventually signed the young singer to a contract.
Discography[change | change source]
Albums[change | change source]
- My World (2009)
- My World 2.0 (2010)
- My Worlds Acoustic (2010)
- Never Say Never: The Remixes (2011)
- Under the Mistletoe (2011)
- Believe (2012)
- Believe Acoustic (2013)
- Journals (2013)
- Purpose (2015)
Singles[change | change source]
- "One Time" (2009)
- "One Less Lonely Girl" (2009)
- "Baby" (2010); featuring Ludacris
- "Somebody to Love" (2010); featuring Usher
- "Never Say Never" (2010)
- "U Smile" (2010)
- "Pray" (2010)
- "Never Say Never" (2010); featuring Jaden Smith
- "Next to You" (2011); featuring Chris Brown
- "Mistletoe" (2011)
- "Fa La La" (2011); featuring Boys II
- "Boyfriend"(2012);
- "As Long As You Love Me" (2012); featuring Big Sean
- "Beauty And A Beat" (2012); featuring Nicki Minaj
- "All That Matters" (2013)
- "Confident" (2013); featuring Chance the Rapper
Filmography[change | change source]
Movies[change | change source]
- Justin Bieber: Never Say Never - Himself (2011)
- Believe The Movie - Himself (2013)
Television[change | change source]
2009[change | change source]
- True Jackson, VP - Himself
- My Date With... - Himself
2010[change | change source]
- Silent Library - Himself
- School Gyrls - Himself
- Saturday Night Live - Guest star and performer
- CSI: Crime Scene Investigation - Jason McCann (two episodes)
- Hubworld - Guest star
- The X Factor (UK) - Performer
2011[change | change source]
- Extreme Makeover: Home Edition - Guest star
2012[change | change source]
2013[change | change source]
2015[change | change source]
References[change | change source]
- ↑ "Justin Bieber Biography & Awards". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/artist/280717/barry+jones/biography. Retrieved June 15, 2010.
- ↑ Farber, Jim (March 23, 2010). "Justin Bieber, 'My World 2.0'". New York Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music/2010/03/23/2010-03-23_rbpop_mix_on_my_world_20_cant_beef_up_justin_biebers_young_tone.html. Retrieved June 14, 2010.
- ↑ Collar, Matt; Leahey, Andrew. "Justin Bieber: Overview". All music. Macrovision Corporation. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p1152032. Retrieved October 21, 2009.
- ↑ Mitchell, Gail (April 28, 2009). "Usher Introduces Teen Singer Justin Bieber". Billboard. e5 Global Media. http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/268791/usher-introduces-teen-singer-justin-bieber. Retrieved July 23, 2009.
- ↑ "Justin Bieber artist profile". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/music/artist/bieber_justin/artist.jhtml. Retrieved December 22, 2009.
- ↑ "Justin Bieber "My World" Part 2 On iTunes Soon!". Disney Dreaming. http://www.disneydreaming.com/2010/01/09/justin-bieber-my-world-part-2-on-itunes-soon/. Retrieved 2010-02-25.
- ↑ http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2010/08/03/2010-08-03_justin_bieber_to_release_illustrated_book_not_memoir_im_a_little_too_young_to_wr.html
- ↑ http://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/nov/13/justin-bieber-interview
- ↑ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/justin-bieber-arrested-dui-673440


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Three of four defendants to face trial in Grand Forks County murder case
GRAND FORKS - One of four people charged with murder in a Grand Forks County man's stabbing death will likely take a plea deal while the other three will likely face a trial.
Joe Ramone Saucedo, 22, is accused of pulling a knife on Ruben Cisneros Jr. and stabbing him to death in November, according to court records. In a pretrial conference Thursday, his attorney said he has tentatively entered into a plea agreement.
Saucedo is charged with murder and conspiracy to commit burglary.
The three other defendants plan to go to trial, which is scheduled for Sept. 16. Thomas Robert Begg, 23, Jennifer Leilani Blue, 23, and Vincent Gladue, 25, are also charged with murder and conspiracy to commit burglary.
The killing occurred after the four defendants and Blue's younger sister drove to Cisneros' home northwest of Grand Forks to pick up the elder Blue's belongings. Cisneros was her ex-boyfriend, and until a few days before the killing, she had lived with him, according to a previous report.
The three men broke into Cisneros' home to retrieve Blue's belongings and confront Cisneros, according to court documents. Saucedo allegedly stabbed Cisneros multiple times.


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Selling Property Overseas
Tuesday, 5 February 2008
Overseas property is always a hot topic especially as the weather at home get's increasingly worse and people look to make a break to the sun so Liz is here with her guide to selling property overseas.
Selling Property Overseas
So you've decided to off load the overseas property and probably don't really know where to start or how long should you expect for your overseas property to go over the line in terms of it being a 'done deal'?
Well, on a positive note, if you've managed to buy a property successfully and you were happy with the agent you bought it from, that agent will probably be your first port of call again. But don't just rely on one agent for a valuation. Get a least three valuations, (as you would at home!) they should all generally be within the same price range (within reason!) and taking the average of the three should give you a fair price/valuation for your property.
Multiple listings
The good thing about selling overseas is that unlike at home we do not have multiple listings whereas in most other countries they do. (Another days discussion!) In Ireland most agents want exclusivity on the sale of a house. Whereas on the Continent of Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand, multiple listing are common place. This simply means that your property will be listed with as many agents you can get your hands on and whoever sells the property, gets the commission! Simple!
Expect the sale to take 'Time'
Do not expect your property to be sold overnight (although that can happen, but rarely!), We've recently seen a global slow down and this has resulted in overseas second hand holiday home properties taking longer to sell. Perhaps up to a year and more. There's always the competition of new developments that are just around the corner but in most cases there's a two year completion time and if you find someone who just doesn't want to wait that long and wants to be in their holiday home immediately..then you could be lucky!
Tax and legal
Your property when it's sold will be subject to capital gains. This is applicable in both countries e.g. Spain and Ireland (if you are bringing the money back into the country)
Capital gains is paid only on the profits achieved on the sale of the property.
For example: If you bought the house for €100k and sold it for €120k then your capital gains is paid on the €20k profit. As an Irish resident you must pay the total amount of 20% capital gains.
How this works is as follows: Capital gains for non residents in Spain in 18% and in Ireland its 20%. So, you will pay 18% capital gains to the Spanish revenue which is €1800 and 2% to the Irish revenue of €200.
You will need a Spanish tax certificate to prove that you've paid your gain in Spain, so a good English speaking Spanish Lawyer is required to make sure the job is done!
If you've been renting your overseas holiday home, Any rental income is liable for tax, so you need a good accountant to talk you through that.
You can also reduce your tax and capital gains as long as you have receipts to prove that you have improved the property during the time of owning it.
For example: if you put in a new kitchen, repainted or added air conditioning all these can be used towards a reduction in your tax bill.
Buying and selling
The traditional markets of Spain, France, Italy and Portugal are always markets that will remain in the long term both politically and economically stable. Emerging markets in Eastern Europe will be more of a risk and this is proven when we look at the amount of Irish investors who are having difficulty selling property in Turkey for example.
Spain is still the top country for both holidays and overseas holiday homes for the Irish.
In my own overseas research business I'm seeing that there is still a healthy appetite for overseas purchasing and Spain is still top of the bunch.
However, there are still lots of people who want to sell especially on the Costa del Sol.
Anyone who is looking for a reasonably quick sale in Spain, should check out www.direct-auctions.com who are the only auction house on the Costa del Sol and have auctions on the first Thursday of every month.
They usually sell for anyone who is looking to get out of the market quickly, they value their properties to 'sell' and therefore there are bargains to be had. This agent is all about a 'quick turn around', which suits many people in a slow market.


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Connecticut Governor: Ban Weapons That are Just for Assaults
The governor of Connecticut said no weapons should be sold "that have no other use than -- potential use or are designed for anything but an assault."
Democrat Dan Malloy advocated gun-control measures this morning on MSNBC including making the rules for purchases uniform across the country.
"We have different laws that make it substantially easier to buy weapons without sufficient background checks in states like Virginia, and Florida, because we're on I-95, the road system that runs from Florida through -- through Maine, we're going to see those weapons come into our state. Let's close those loopholes," he said.
"I mean, they're just practical things that we need to do. The interest of people who go to these gun shows shouldn't supersede the interest that I have in protecting my children, and my citizens in my state," Malloy added.
The governor also charged that the argument with pro-2nd Amendment forces "has gotten crazy."
"These high-capacity magazines, it -- they don't make any sense in our country. We don't need those things. Nobody's going deer hunting with them. You don't use that to protect your house," he said.
Malloy also advocated "an honest debate about our glorification of violence."
"I mean this -- you know there were games on the market that actually talked about shooting in high schools. It doesn't make any sense. Can't we just do the things that simply make some sense, that we -- we could have reasonable agreement on?" he said.
The governor spoke yesterday with Vice President Joe Biden, who's leading discussions with gun-rights groups today.
"And I know he is preparing his recommendations to the president. And I don't want to get into the details of the discussion, but he's got this down pretty well," Malloy said. "He understands what we need to do to make it less likely that these things are going to happen in our cities and towns."
"And these mass murders could be limited, at least going into the future if some common-sense things are taken. The magazine thing is very big."


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It's a scene we've seen in so many other movies: Two soldiers, in full dress uniform, arrive on some leafy suburban street and knock on a door. "We regret to inform you ma'am" is usually about how far they get into their message before the dead soldier's loved ones collapse into sobbing heaps. "The Messenger" shows us just how much that job must suck.
Ben Foster plays Staff Sgt. Will Montgomery, a decorated Iraq War veteran who's still recovering from injuries when he's assigned to work with hard-ass Capt. Tony Stone (Woody Harrelson) on a Casualty Notification Team. Will isn't happy about it, and he has enough problems of his own without dealing with other people's pain, but he learns the ropes from Stone, and the two start to bond after hours in bars. (And Harrelson, with his trash talk and swagger, brings a great dash of humor to what could have been an entirely depressing film.)
|out of 5
|Oren Moverman
|March 9, 2013
This 2009 film died at the U.S. box office — as most Iraq War-related films have — despite a couple of Oscar nominations, but don't let the belated local release put you off: Director/screenwriter Oren Moverman (writer on "Jesus' Son") moves this episodic tale briskly along, exploring issues of duty, guilt and trust without ever becoming preachy. Also featuring Samantha Morton, Steve Buscemi and Jena Malone.


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Jarell Perry - Black Valentine
Next month at SXSW, indie R&B singer Jarell Perry will be unleashing his latest EP, White. A multifaceted project encompassing "stunning visuals and a live show" as well as seven tracks' worth of new music, the set is being funded through an ongoing Kickstarter campaign. While new single Black Valentine showcases only the audio side, its irresistibly smooth vibe should be all the convincing you need to cop the set once it arrives—and perhaps even pledge a few dollars in advance. Over constant collaborator HSVN's simmering synths and fingersnaps, the singer makes a passionate plea for a special girl's affection: "Give me something I can work with and I'll give you my life. / Just say that you'll be mine before I die." The cut culminates in a driving, double-time chorus laced with cascading vocal harmonies. In addition to watching our pages for further singles off White, fans can currently catch Perry and HSVN opening for YUNA on the latter's North American tour. Visit the Kickstarter link above to learn when they'll be visiting a city near you.


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Ross Seagram
Men's Soccer Receives Year-End Academic Honors
Herd Has 11 Players Earn C-USA Academic Recognition
Herd Student-Athletes' Academics Recognized by C-USA
165 Marshall student-athletes were named to the C-USA Commissioner's Honor Roll
2011 (Junior):Games Played/Started: 6/1... Appeared in six games while starting one for Marshall... Took two shots for the season... C-USA Commissioner's Honor Roll.
Prior to Marshall: Joins Marshall after a year at the University of Maine and a year at the University of Wisconsin...Was a First-Team All-State selection in 2007...holds the Dexter High School reccord in goals (73) and assists (32)...made the winning PK in the state finals...Player of the Year award in 2006...netted 32 goals his senior year.
Personal: Son of Michael and Laura Seagram...has one older brother, Ryan...majoring in business.


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What will The Simpsons look like after the apocalypse?
Plenty of science fiction shows us the political and social fallout of an apocalypse. But what will the end times do to our pop culture? Mr. Burns, a play opening this month in New York, does a magnificent job plunging us into a post-pandemic future — by exploring how people will remember The Simpsons.


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Another season now enters our rearview mirror and prepares to take its place in the hazy memories of times gone by. However, as we prepare for the clash between the Giants and Patriots to put a final nail in the 2011 fantasy coffin, as it were, we here at ESPN.com wanted to take one last look back to see which players had performances that may well stand the test of time.
To put it another way, we're here to hand out our annual ESPN.com All-Pro honors to those deserving individuals who had the most fantasy impact this season.
Remember, we're not talking about "value" in the sense of players who might have been selected late in drafts and somehow rose to the top of the charts through week after week of stellar scoring. No, in this case, we're simply recognizing those players who put up the cumulative stats that merit their inclusion on the following list of the "best of the best" for 2011 as determined by ESPN standard scoring.
So let's dispense with the witty banter, rip open the envelope and reveal the list of what would have made up the elusive "perfect" fantasy lineup in 2011.Congratulations to all of our winners!
First team
Aaron Rodgers, Green Bay Packers (ADP: 6.1): Even with a week off to prepare for the playoffs, Rodgers was the top quarterback for 2011, claiming the top quarterback spot after last season's second-team honors. Rodgers avoided committing turnovers in six of his 15 starts and, with the exception of the Packers' only regular-season loss, he threw for at least two scores in every game in which he took the field.
Running backs
Ray Rice, Baltimore Ravens (ADP: 7.1): Just by virtue of his rushing numbers, which finished second in the league, he'd be worthy of first-team honors. Throw in his 76 catches for another 704 yards on top of his ground success, and you've got a clear leader in the clubhouse who failed to reach double-digit scoring only twice all season.
LeSean McCoy, Philadelphia Eagles (ADP: 10.1): An ankle injury forced him to end the season on a sour note, but until he got hurt, there was no equal to Shady's 2011 performance. His 17 rushing scores were five better than any other back in the league, and in PPR leagues, his 48 receptions further added to his already hefty résumé.
Wide receivers
Calvin Johnson, Detroit Lions (ADP: 18.6): Megatron ruled early, with eight touchdown grabs in the first four games of the season. He ruled late, with four scores and 560 yards receiving in the final three games of the regular season. Johnson simply ruled all wide receivers, outdistancing his nearest rival by 44 fantasy points on the season.
Jordy Nelson, Green Bay Packers (ADP: 111.1): Nelson had only 96 targets on the season, but he held on to better than 70 percent of those passes, and turned them into 1,263 yards and 15 touchdowns. He had catches of at least 40 yards in seven games, making him a home run threat who actually made contact far more often than he struck out.
Flex position (next best running back or wide receiver)
Maurice Jones-Drew, Jacksonville Jaguars (ADP: 8.7): The amazing thing about Jones-Drew's season isn't that he had at least 80 yards rushing in all but one game of the season. It isn't that he won the rushing title by more than 200 yards. It's that he managed to do all this as pretty much the only offensive weapon on his team. If the Jaguars draft him some help, watch out!
Tight end
Rob Gronkowski, New England Patriots (ADP: 122.8): Tight ends are not supposed to finish in the top 15 overall in terms of fantasy scoring, but there are few tight ends like Gronkowski. With a record-setting 17 receiving scores and 1,327 yards in the air, the New England standout came from nowhere into someone who is going to get serious first-round consideration in next season's fantasy drafts.
David Akers, San Francisco 49ers (ADP: 145.3): No kicker had ever successfully made as many field goals as Akers did in 2011, and though he did actually miss eight of his 52 attempts on the year, when it came to the long ones, he was incredibly accurate. Akers went 7-for-9 from 50 yards out or farther, not bad for a guy the Philadelphia Eagles cast off for being too old.
Defense/Special teams
San Francisco 49ers (ADP: undrafted): A hellacious run defense that held the opposition to only 77.3 yards per game on the ground, the 49ers also dominated their foes with 42 sacks and 38 forced turnovers. Thanks to seven games in which they kept their opponents to fewer than 12 points, this was definitely a defense to be feared.
Second team
Drew Brees, New Orleans Saints (ADP: 14.7): Brees came on strong when his fantasy owners needed him the most, with 14 touchdown passes in the final three weeks of the NFL's regular season. That aligned quite nicely with most fantasy playoffs, and more than made up for a rocky stretch of games from Weeks 3 through 6 when he threw eight interceptions. If not for that brief cold spell, he might have easily made up the difference between himself and Aaron Rodgers.
Running backs
Arian Foster, Houston Texans (ADP: 3.6): Foster's injury woes kept him sidelined for most of the first three weeks of the season, and he was kept out of Week 17's action in advance of the playoffs. Still, with scores in eight of his final nine games and a 19.6 scoring average from Week 4 on, imagine how high his ceiling would have been if he'd been healthy for the whole campaign!
Michael Turner, Atlanta Falcons (ADP: 15.2): Turner was a bit hit or miss this season, with six games of more than 100 yards on the ground, and five games with 60 yards or fewer. If you managed to play him on the right weeks, there was no better back in all of football, but certainly the glass was half-empty a good portion of the time as well, hence his "demotion" to second-team status despite the gaudy rushing numbers.
Wide receivers
Wes Welker, New England Patriots (ADP: 55.8): Because he was teammates with Rob Gronkowski, his touchdown total was not that impressive. Having said that, few receivers are used as consistently as Welker, and his 122 receptions made him the only wide receiver with more than 100 catches on the season.
Victor Cruz, New York Giants (ADP: undrafted): Hakeem Nicks and Mario Manningham were supposed to be the stars in the Giants' receiving game, but when the season came to an end, it was Cruz who stood tallest. Not only did he have 90 or more receiving yards in 10 games, but he surpassed 110 yards seven times. He may have been an unknown on draft day 2011, but he'll be off the board quickly in 2012.
Flex position (next best running back or wide receiver)
Marshawn Lynch, Seattle Seahawks (ADP: 79.2): Lynch was a non-entity in the first half of the season, but he went into full "Beast Mode" from Week 9 on, topping the century mark six times in nine games with nine scores. If he can somehow tap into this energy right out of the gate in 2012 and keep it going for a full season, a 1,700-yard season is not a crazy thought to entertain.
Tight end
Jimmy Graham, New Orleans Saints (ADP: 116.7): Only by comparison to Rob Gronkowski does Graham's season come up short. He outdistanced the third-best tight end by an average of five points per game and also broke the pre-existing record for receiving yards at his position, though his name now sits in second place on the all-time list. If nothing else, his owners can brag that his 99 catches were the most of any tight end, and third best in the whole NFL.
John Kasay, New Orleans Saints (ADP: 167.6): Just by virtue of his offense's volume of touchdowns, Kasay had enormous value. With five games on the season in which he had six or more extra points, his fantasy owners hardly cared that he managed only one game with more than a single field goal from Week 12 on.
Defense/Special teams
Chicago Bears (ADP: 113.3): With the Bears, it was all about the big play. Devin Hester's return scores, along with six defensive players making trips to the end zone during the season, were more than enough to boost the Bears into second place on the D/ST scoring lists. Of course, that comes as little solace for those who were counting on a big Week 16 outing against the Green Bay Packers. Those owners were let down with a sad negative number from the Bears when it counted the most.
AJ Mass is a fantasy baseball, football and college basketball analyst for ESPN.com. His book, "How Fantasy Sports Explains the World" is available for purchase here. You can e-mail him here.
Follow AJ Mass on Twitter: @AJMass


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Thu., Jan. 5, 2006, 10:28 a.m.
SR Editorial of the Day — 1/5/06
No one can stop another driver from behaving poorly. But a cool head can often prevent, for example, a near accident or a tailgating incident from escalating into road rage with serious consequences. The needless death of Vonette L. Larsen, 41, is a reminder that authorities are better trained and equipped to handle errant drivers than the average citizen – and that staying calm at the wheel during the current epidemic of road rage can save your life
For the rest of my editorial re: the tragic road-rage death of Scarcello Road, click here.
You must be logged in to post comments. Please log in here or click the comment box below for options.comments powered by Disqus


text:
Effects of Uridine Supplementation on Metabolic Side Effects of Stavudine and Zidovudine
This study has been completed.
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH)
Information provided by (Responsible Party):
Morris Schambelan, National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM)
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First received: May 8, 2007
Last updated: May 15, 2012
Last verified: May 2012
- Full Text View
- Tabular View
- No Study Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
No Study Results Posted on ClinicalTrials.gov for this Study
|Study Status:
|This study has been completed.
|Study Completion Date:
|January 2012
|Primary Completion Date:
|January 2012 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)


text: $12 to write 5k on the little sticker. At least at my dealership they put the accurate mileage on and don't even fill out the date. The old 3 months, 3,000 miles thing has been out of date for years. Heck, my 2002 Ford Ranger was 6mo/5k and the entire maintenance schedule was around 5k intervals (5,15,25,50, etc.).


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John Frieda Sheer Blonde Glistening Perfection Conditioner
John Frieda Sheer Blonde Glistening Perfection Conditioner Reviews
It's okI used this after the full repair and my hair went back to they way it was, although it might work for you. — 3 years, 6 months agolovemirmirlovefashion | 6 reviews
Great!When I used to dye my hair blonde this was the one product that kept my hair looking natural (let's say less artificial) I used it for a whole year and I think is the best product out there to dyed blonde hair. — 3 years, 7 months agoRaonei | 44 reviews
Works wondersI have been trying to find a blonde conditioner to use on my naturally blonde hair. I get highlights 2 or 3 times a year so I need something in between to keep it looking great. This scent is different but is one of my favorite smelling hair products. My hair instantly got blonder and was so soft and shiny. What I do to for really blonde highlights is I use this conditioner then use the heat prote...read morection from this line before I blow dry my hair then when my hair is completely dry I straightening my hair. — 4 years, 6 months agomakeupfreak30 | 6 reviews
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My Reasons for Reporting This


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Chromosomal PoliticsSep. 4th, 2010 02:22 pm
"But you can't change your chromosomes."
Every Person of Gender [*] has probably heard somebody say this. "You can't change your chromosomes," says the paragon of the respectful, tolerant, liberal cis[**] person -- let's call them "Casey" for gender-neutrality, though I've noticed this person is more likely to be a man than a woman -- plaintively. "No matter what you change in your body, you'll always have XX chromosomes if you're a trans man, or XY chromosomes if you're a trans woman."
One might wonder just how it is that Casey has such an intimate knowledge of the contents of one's genome when they were actually only introduced to one perhaps 15 minutes ago. Let's suppose for the moment, though, that one is a person for whom the hegemonically-presumed relationship between external genitalia and genetics holds. Again, one may wonder why Casey is declaiming on either when they have seen neither. Putting that aside; if pressed further, Casey likely protests further that they're not a transphobe. No, of course not. How could you accuse them of being transphobic? (How could you accuse anyone of being transphobic?) They're not trying to deny that you can present as the gender you identify as (and they are wont to choose words like "present as" and "identify as" in order to avoid acknowledging that you, in fact, are the gender you say you are). No, not at all! They're simply concerned that you might forget that chromosomes can't be changed, and out of her concern for your welfare, wants to save you all the time you might spend at bogus chromosome repair clinics otherwise.
If asked why any of this is germane, Casey might say that they're trying to elucidate the relationship between sex and gender. Sex, one may have been told in one's Introduction to Women's Studies class, refers to the "biological aspects of being male or female" (quotation marks placed in order to draw attention to the ambiguous meaning of most of those individual words as well as their combination), while gender refers to the "social aspects of being a man or a woman". While the sex/gender dichotomy is oversimplified (do you really believe that biology doesn't affect behavior, or vice versa?), it's also beside the point.
I'm not an expert on human biology, which is actually just fine for the purposes of this essay, because statements like "But you can't change your chromosomes" are grounded in a political position, not a scientific one. Such a statement may appear to be about science, and Casey may sincerely believe they're only citing the simple scientific facts that everyone learns in sixth grade. But the context in which the statement frequently appears grants it the ability to do political work: specifically, to lend an aura of scientific legitimacy to power structures, and to rhetorically shore up the superior political position enjoyed by those who bear identity documents that match the gender inside their heads.
For one thing, when someone reduces sex differentiation in humans to a claim that everyone is born with either XX chromosomes and ovaries or with XY chromosomes and testicles, you can tell they haven't learned much since sixth-grade science class. While it is fine to be ignorant of a particular topic, scientific honesty requires admitting exactly when you are and aren't certain, and the excessive certainty inherent in attributing undue weight to chromosomes is a sure sign that somebody is disguising a political assertion as a scientific one. In fact, not every human has a karyotype that falls into the category of XX or XY; not everyone who appears to have a penis and testicles is XY; not everyone who appears to have a vulva and clitoris is XX; and all of these variations (many of which are grouped under the label "intersex") are more common than you think (unless, of course, you're already well-versed in human diversity). The XY woman who gave birth to an XY daughter is just one example out of many. (This particular woman had mosaicism -- a combination of XX and XY cells -- but her existence still points to the fact that dividing humans into objectively-defined classes of "biological males" and "biological females" isn't as simple as you think.) If you want to know what it looks like when a scientifically informed person responds to the "XX=girl, XY=boy" trope, this post from a biologist friend of mine is an example. You know you're not reading the words of an informed and scientifically honest person when you see oversimplifications and excessive certainty, and attribution to "nature" of human norms and intentionality (the notions of "normal" and "disordered" people).
You might protest that you ought not to be asked to discard a cherished rule (the rule that there are people called 'biological males' and 'biological females', and that they can be identified based on karyotype, which is always either XX or XY) in order to acknowledge the existence of a few people who diverge from it. But if you take the view that every human is just as good, just as normal, and just as typical an example of a human being as any other human is, then you can't countenance a rule that says that there is a default human state -- having a binary sex -- and that humans who are intersex can only be explained as subordinate people, in terms of their divergence from the norm. While I would be going beyond my expertise if I said much more on this point, I recommend _Fixing Sex_ by Katrina Karzakis and _Evolution's Rainbow_ by Joan Roughgarden if you want to know about diversity that goes beyond the sex binary.
So, as a thought experiment, I'll pretend that there really are only two chromosomal sexes and that it's always obvious from examining the outside of an infant at birth what set of chromosomes it came with. What I really want to ask in the rest of this essay is why cis people bring up chromosomes when the subject of trans people comes up, especially when talking about what it means for a trans person to transition.
Everybody -- we'll pretend -- has either XX or XY chromosomes. You can't see chromosomes directly, but rather, you have to take a blood sample from the person whose chromosomes you want to test, and analyze it in a lab (or have someone else do the same). Everybody has reproductive organs, some of which can be seen directly and some of which can't. And everybody has a set of genitalia, which can be seen directly (if you ask nicely). Finally, everybody has a mental map of their body: it's what tells you how far you need to move your hand to get to the bag of chips next to the computer, or how hard you need to kick someone who says they know what your gender is better than you do. That mental map also represents your genitals, usually as either a penis and testicles or a vulva and clitoris; perhaps some people also have mental maps that are flexible enough to adapt to whatever set of genitalia your body actually has, and others have maps that don't correspond to either. When you get turned on, if you're not asexual, your brain uses the mental map to figure out what you might like to do in order to relieve that situation. You can't see or measure this mental map (or, at least we don't know how to do that yet), and most people probably never stop to contemplate that they have one. There's no reason to stop and contemplate your mental map unless you have one that doesn't match the rest of your body. In the same way in which you imagine that you see the world directly rather than in a way that's mediated through a tangle of optical and neural processing mechanisms, you imagine that you experience your body directly and not in a way that's mediated by your brain's mental map of it (analogously to the way that device drivers mediate between a CPU and a hardware peripheral, if you're a nerd). Needless to say, like any mental event or state, the map has a physical representation in your brain (though as far as I know, it's not well-understood just how that representation works), and so is part of your body in the same way that your toes, heart, or genitals are. When we talk about someone's gender identity, their internal body map seems to be part of that, although identity may not match mental map either, in the same way it may not match the externally observable qualities of one's body. But there does seem to be a correlation, if not a causal relationship, between having a brain that tells you that you ought to have boy bits and needing to be able to recognize yourself as a man when you look in the mirror and to be recognized that way by others.
When well-meaning Casey tells us that it's important to distinguish the category of people who identify as women, and the category of "biological females", what they mean is that for any given person "Jamie", Jamie's identity (which they cast as subjective, non-biological, non-physical, and unreliable) may correlate with a different gender than Jamie's body (objective, biological, physical, unambiguous); so, therefore, a person can have a different "biological sex" than the one that's commonly associated with their gender. Perhaps this is exactly Casey's definition of what it means to be a "transgender" person. Casey goes on to reassure us that they respect how transgender people self-identify and are even magnanimous enough to use the right pronouns (53% of the time, anyway), but it's still always important to remember that a transgender person has a biological sex, which is different from their gender.
If we take this last belief of Casey's as a given, and recall that they were talking about chromosomes a lot, note the choice that these two facts, taken together, reveal. If you believe in a "biological sex", a function from person to sex category that you can compute without asking the input person, what physical evidence do you use to make the determination? (We haven't yet defined what "biological sex" is, but Casey usually doesn't, either.) We could choose evidence that's observable to anyone, without invasive procedures or special equipment (but possibly with a request to doff one's clothes): examining someone's genitals, chest, location and amount of body hair, and so on. The problem for people like Casey, who are invested in the idea of an immutable mapping from person to "biological sex", is that almost all of a person's observable sexed (or gendered) characteristics are mutable. (There are exceptions, like height, but in that case, there is so much variation within sexes that knowing someone's height doesn't contribute much data if you're trying to guess their gender with high accuracy.)
If Casey has to admit that all of the criteria they can use to determine someone's biological sex are mutable, they would have to admit that there is no such thing as a biological sex that someone is born with and that never changes. Oh, no! This won't do. So Casey has to look for something else. Chromosomes are what they find. Chromosomes are such a useful device for maintaining the discourse of objective sex categories that if they didn't exist, we would have to invent them.
But why differentiate based on chromosomes? If you're moving on to unobservable characteristics (strange territory already, since people usually consider themselves to be good at attributing sex based solely on observable characteristics -- characteristics that can be seen in a fully dressed person, even), why not use the mental maps I was talking about earlier? Defining sex in terms of the map your brain maintains of the rest of your body would fit one of Casey's needs, insofar as the mental map is, or seems to be, immutable; if there were a way to change it, people whose mental maps differ from their bodies would surely seize the opportunity to change their minds rather than pursuing the expensive and socially stigmatized procedures that change the body to match the map.
I'll let you ponder that question for a bit; once you've pondered it, we can consider another facet of the mystery of why people like to talk about chromosomes while knowing so little about them. Consider, again, the statement "You can't change your chromosomes." Is it possible Casey has a misconception about just what it is that a trans person sets out to change?
Susan Stryker defined "transgender" as follows: you're transgender if, at any time, you depart from or challenge the assessment of your gender that an observer made when you were born. Nothing about this definition implies that anyone changes their gender, whether they're trans or not. But trans people sometimes describe themselves as "transitioning": if they don't change their gender (or sex), then what do they transition from and what do they transition to? I don't speak for all trans people, but to me, it seems like a trans person who modifies their body chemically (and not all do) typically does so in order to provide their brain with the mixture of hormones that's best suited to the person's individual psychological well-being, or to bring the rest of their body closer to what their mental map says it is, or both. And a trans person who modifies their body with a scalpel (and not all do) does that for the latter purpose, as well. The reason why a person would do all this is the gender that's in their brain. And please understand: I'm not talking about "brain sex" or "brain gender" in the way that people like Larry Summers do, to provide pseudo-scientific justifications for social inequalities that limit certain opportunities to people depending on perceived gender. Rather, I'm simply referring to the idea that some people's brains seem wired to expect a particular hormone mixture and body shape. Is it wrong to use the word "wired"? Is it possible that you could learn to have a brain that expects to be estrogen-based, or a brain that gets excited about sexual situations in which you're doing things with your (possibly nonexistent) penis, or acquire such a brain due to early childhood events? Maybe, but given that nobody is out there trying to create little trans children, it seems unlikely; it wouldn't serve anyone's interests to create conditions that encourage people's brain maps of the rest of their bodies to diverge from the body itself. And it seems exceedingly uncommon for a person's brain sex, in the way I'm using the term, to change over the course of their life. It also seems difficult to impossible for a person to change their brain sex -- and for some people, that's not for lack of trying.
I'm arguing that gender and sex are most sensibly calculated from the state of your brain rather than the shape of your genitals or reproductive organs. Why? For one thing, we know that if a cis person has to lose their breasts or testicles due to cancer, or gets their penis shot off in a war, they don't typically decide to start expressing a different gender as a result. As for chromosomes, while there certainly seems to be a statistical correlation between being XX and having a "female" body and mental map, and between being XY and having a "male" body and mental map, clearly chromosomes do not determine the sex of the body mapped out inside one's head, because there are so many examples of people for whom the chromosomes don't match the map. A person whose chromosomes don't match their map is far more likely to be happy living in a way that manifests the sex or gender that their mental map dictates than in a way that reflects the sex that their chromosomes are usually thought to suggest. So, if you're such a person, what are chromosomes to you besides a biological accident that -- if you're a person who wants to reproduce -- could make it harder for you to reproduce in a way that would feel right for you? Chromosomes are a red herring. A red herring, that is, in discussions of how we ought to talk and think about sex and gender categories in regular social life. They're certainly not a red herring for people who seriously study genetics and sex differentation, and I'm certainly not suggesting that scientific researchers ought not to discuss their work.
So the statement "you can't change your chromosomes" is irrelevant in most contexts in which Casey would offer it, because a trans person like Jamie seeks to change neither their gender nor their sex. Rather, Jamie strives to change some of their sexed physical characteristics in order to increase their subjective level of psychological stability and well-being, because being a woman who developed with a lot of typically-male characteristics can be an uncomfortable state to be in, and the same is true for a man who developed with a lot of typically-female characteristics. Medical interventions are a set of coping strategies, not a way to change yourself into something different from the person you were born as.
I hope this suggests why undue attention to supposedly-objective sex differentiators, as well as terms like "biologically male" and "born female", are problematic: their meaning is unclear, they are predicated on the unreality of other people's subjective experience, and they help reinforce the social norm that it's OK to deny the reality of someone else's subjective experience when they're a member of a subordinate social group. It is apparently very important to some people that there be a distinct notion of biological sex, which they can measure objectively without having to trust the self-reporting of the person whose sex needs (why?) to be determined, and which never changes from the time a person is born. For some people, maybe it is important because they were taught in school that male humans invariably have XY chromosomes and female humans have XX chromosomes, and they simply don't want to admit to believing something that is wrong or incomplete. For other people, perhaps it's just very important to believe in their own assessments of strangers' genders, and locating these assessments in biology rather than in their own set of personal, subjective, psychological beliefs lends some cognitive authority to what would otherwise seem like a capricious set of prejudices. What for cis people is a matter of not having to admit mistakes can be for trans people a matter of life and death; when you're seen as a person "lying" or "pretending" to be a different gender, the consequences can be deadly. And the whole idea that having a brain sex that differs from other sexed or gendered characteristics in your body could be a form of "deception" is rooted in the idea of an objective, observable biological sex.
I hope I've shown that the rhetoric of chromosomes is an appropriation of scientific language to reinforce a particular ideology, not a manifestation of scientific thinking -- that is, the kind of thinking based on examining evidence and drawing logical conclusions from it. Anyone who does science will tell you that part of the job is to make models: abstractions that explain natural phenomena while inevitably leaving out some details. All sex and gender categories are models. This is why we say that sex is a social construct, not just gender: while individuals in all their natural splendor are observable phenomena, the idea of sex -- an abstraction that clusters concrete individuals into one of two absract categories -- is a human creation that exists only inside the minds of people who know about it. While sex and gender classification systems, like any other models, are useful tools, they are only useful when we remember that they exist to help us understand the world in all its complexity, not to hinder us in that understanding. Models make the world harder to understand when we discard or deny data that doesn't fit the model, rather than extending the model. To argue that a person with XY chromosomes can't really be female because your model says that people with XY chromosomes are always male is to confuse the map with the territory.
Like the XX/XY classification system, the notions of "man" and "woman" also constitute a model -- a social-scientific one rather than a biological one. When you get right down to it, there is, in fact, no such thing as a walking, flesh-and-blood man or woman; to say that any individual dude coincides with the abstract notion of a person with some qualities we associate with manhood, or that any individual chick is an exemplar of the abstract notion of a person with some qualities we associate with womanhood, is also to confuse the map with the territory. Calling people "men" and "women" is a convenient abuse of notation, in the mathematical sense. I'm not an essentialist, though, even if what I've written so far sounds essentialist at first blush. For every person, either "man" or "woman" is an imperfect approximation to the impossible task of characterizing their gendered (or un-gendered) identity in words. (And for some people, neither "man" or "woman" is enough.) Rather than making an essentializing statement that people are born in either the "man" or "woman" box, I'm simply arguing that female-assigned-at-birth (FAAB) women deserve no special access to the tool of labelling oneself as "woman" that male-assigned-at-birth (MAAB) women lack, and that MAAB men have neither more nor less of a right to appropriate the label "man" for themselves than do FAAB men.
Ultimately, people who cling to imperfect models rather than extending them aren't full of desire to obtain more perfect scientific knowledge. Rather, they wish to retain privilege: the higher status associated with being a person whose subjective gender matches the objective sex that results from the sex deterministic criteria they're positing. But being a particular gender doesn't require one to pass a test or be certified by an external authority. The only division of people into male or female that matters in everyday social life is the division arising from each person's conception of themselves as male or female (or neither, or both); think about how even when no trans people are involved, cis people interact with each other based on the gendered cues most people present (like clothes, makeup or lack thereof, or hair) in order to communicate their internal gender identities. Nobody demands proof; the only time when objective standards of gender generally get brought up is when trans people ask for the same privileges that cis people take for granted (mostly, the privilege of being trusted when you say what your own gender is). Even when Casey isn't claiming that trans people should be denied any specific privileges, reminding any nearby trans person that "you can't change their chromosomes" really just means reminding that person that they are subordinate.
To remind me that you believe that my chromosomes suggest my sex is different than what my subjective experience indicates is to privilege knowledge you (theoretically) have access to -- "objective" measurements like blood tests -- over knowledge I have access to -- my own experience. Yet the data that tell me that my mental map is of a male body are no less real for the mode in which I've collected them. Perhaps more to the point, when you remind me of that, you're applying a different standard to me because you know that I'm trans than you would apply to a person who you believe is cis. Normally, we trust that a given person's gender presentation, which is an expression of their subjective sex (except, of course, in situations where someone doesn't feel safe contradicting others' beliefs about their sex), reflects their actual sex or gender. It's only when we believe someone is trans that we have a reason to enumerate different ways to determine their gender (chromosomes, genitalia, and so on; everything but the brain). The rhetoric of chromosomes implies that there is a higher standard of evidence for gender when it comes to a person believed to be trans; that there ought to be any standard of evidence for gender at all. It's both reflective of bad science and of a desire to evade the imperative to respect each individual's subjective experience of being a member of a particular gender. (By the way, why would someone lie about their subjective sex? There are zero social privileges to be gained by voluntarily assuming the social position of a person who's perceived as being trans.) So it's time to relegate chromosomes to the same bin as blood types and cholesterol levels: data that are interesting to specialists and relevant in some particular medical contexts, but irrelevant to determining whether someone has the right to be treated in a manner consistent with their needs.
[*] (a phrase coined by imfallingup, meaning anybody who regularly has to explain what their gender is)
[**] A cis (short for cisgender) person is a person whose gender as assessed by others consistently matches the gender they feel themselves to be; you'll also see the more specific word "cissexual", referring to a person whose brain is well-tuned for the rest of their body, without requiring bodily adjustments to live comfortably.


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Sunil Gavaskar has played many diverse roles in his long and illustrious career; but he somehow sounded much more thrilled to be offered the BCCI president's hat, even if it's just an interim one.
He promptly began his stint on the front foot, ensuring that he would be compensated for services rendered; the question is: will he be a true professional and focus on conducting the IPL in the best way possible, making sure that there is no scope for foul play at any level; or will he use the opportunity to clean up the Board and bring in a more transparent and accountable system.
True, he may be only an interim president, that too with the mandate to steer just the IPL; but he can achieve this target by bouncing out all those who are in important positions mainly because N Srinivasan is comfortable with them.
It would become a precedent, thereby making it difficult for them to come back once Gavaskar is gone, or even when all the inquiries into the betting and match-fixing allegations are over. But then, he may not have the expertise to run the show as the event is not being held in India; there isn't enough time to build a new team anyway.
The little master hasn't given any indication of his line of thought yet; he did, however, proclaim that he would try and play his best shot, just like he used to do during his playing days.
Some may see this as a trick answer, especially as he is quite capable of being facetious. After all, even though he had every stroke at his command, wasn't he renowned for leaving the ball outside the off stump? So will he stick to the same philosophy, or will he actually pull out his more aggressive mien and go on the offensive?
The doubts arise mainly because Gavaskar is not seen as an anti-establishment man anymore; over the years, he has become very choosy about the issues that he espouses, preferring not to stir the hornet's nest.
Also, there is way too much at stake for him to make radical changes, especially as he will be at the helm for a very brief while, with very limited power at that; in the end, more importantly, he will be at the same Board's mercy when he has to resume his career as commentator. Why will he derail his gravy train in such a scenario? Especially when nothing really has changed in the BCCI?
True, Srinivasan has stepped aside but that doesn't mean his position has been undermined; he will still be an important and integral part of the Board, even if he can't be seen as the man calling the shots. He has kept the Board in his firm grip, and it is probably difficult for an outsider to understand its nitty-gritties. Moreover, he has not been barred, or so it seems, from taking over as ICC chairman; which means he will only become even more powerful in the long run.
The cosy club too will be relieved that the IPL will continue, with both CSK and RR in it; at one stage it looked like the days of easy money and dole would come to an end.
It will be interesting to see how the opening batsman will slip into the role of night-watchman, as a good friend of his quipped.


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Driver's Seat
The rewards of not taking offense
By BOB DRIVER
Article published on
Tuesday, June 24, 2014
A wise woman named Jill once said, Persons who take offense do much more harm than those who give offense. To which we can all say Attagirl, Jill. Youre absolutely right.
Just think about it. Count the number of persons you know who are real stinkers. We all have a few offense-givers in mind, but they are vastly out-numbered by those tender souls who take offense because of real or imagined slights, insults, and other actions.
Each day, thousands (perhaps millions) of persons take offense at God. Their common cry: Why me, Lord? When something large or small goes wrong in their lives, these pitiful creatures seem incapable of realizing that God did not deliberately choose them as an objective of His or Her wrath. Havent these folks ever heard of fate, luck and happenstance?
You will note that persons who blame God for their troubles seldom credit God for the good fortune that comes their way. Its been quite awhile since Ive heard of someone shouting Why me, Lord? after winning the lottery or being the sole survivor of a traffic accident.
Many of todays TV programs could not exist without people who have taken offense. Judge Judy and the other courtroom shows are flooded with persons who have been offended by someones dog, or their driving, infidelity, failure to pay, lying and other evil acts. The same goes for Dr. Phil and Jerry Springer. For their guests, they must rely on offended persons looking for justice, i.e., revenge.
Taking offense is getting more dangerous with each passing day. Thats because of our national gun culture. Before long, if we believe that the checkout clerk at the grocery store has made an 8-cent error in our bill, well be well-advised not to take offense and question the clerk. Chances are shell have a .38 caliber pistol tucked inside her blouse, and would love to wave it at us. (The pistol, not her blouse.)
Back in Toledo in 1962 I was given a frightening lesson in the risk of taking offense and then showing it. I was driving to work when a big old Cadillac pulled out of a side street and cut me off. I took immediate offense and gave a blast on my horn. I caught up with the Caddy at the next red light. I made the mistake of pulling alongside him. I was suddenly face to face with the toughest, meanest-looking dude in the city. He snarled at me, Why dont you go BLEEP yourself?!! He seemed ready to exit his car and climb into mine. From that day forward I have refrained from taking offense at other motorists. Or at least exhibiting it.
Taking offense is usually a manifestation of ego. How dare you do or say such a thing to me? Dont you know how important or special I am? The answer to that question is usually No. How special are you? Life becomes simpler and more enjoyable when we put our egos on the back shelf, where they wont be easily hurt.
For offenses that simply cant be forgotten or ignored, its wise to make no response at the time the insult or grievance is rendered. Just be patient. This was beautifully exhibited in the film Godfather I by Robert Duvall, legal counselor to Don Corleone. Duvall was sent to Hollywood to ask a bigtime producer to grant Corleone a personal favor. The producer flew into a rage. He stood above Duvall and cursed him, Corleone, the Mob and Italians in general. Instead of reacting to the insults, Duvall quietly finished his meal, thanked the producer, and left for the airport. Several days later, the producer awoke to find the head of his favorite prized race horse lying in his bed. This was a classic illustration of the adage, Revenge is a dish that is best served cold. Or another useful piece of advice, Dont get mad. Get even.
On a less vindictive note, let me refer you to a best-selling author whose writings my son Jim recently introduced me to. He is Don Miguel Luis, a 62-year-old Mexican known for his life-affirming teachings. One of his books is called The Four Agreements, a group of principles for daily life. One of them goes like this:
Dont take anything personally. Nothing others do is because of you. What others say and do is a projection of their own reality, their own dream. When you are immune to the opinions and actions of others, you wont be the victim of needless suffering. I like that. It sounds much like Stoicism. Refusing to take offense is not easy, and never will be. But when achieved, the payoffs are enormous.
Bob Driver is a former columnist for the Clearwater Sun. His email address is
Article published on
Tuesday, June 24, 2014
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