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Brooking No Argument that we'll get BFPs from our Easter Eggs(996 Posts)
Well done keep I hope its the first of many
Right who's next with the BFP???
beedle thanks for the info on LP v SP, that makes sense. Could you not just tell your boss that you have a medical procedure coming up but not say what it is? In the UK you're not obliged to tell work the details of anything medical as it's considered confidential to you as a patient, but I don't know if Sweden has the same rules.
kitty well done on getting through a month just with bbt. I think that would drive me crazy. Are your opks normally clear about ov time?
keep Ha! Crappy doesn't even begin to cover it! I sat down last night and seriously thought about my job and truly, the only thing keeping me there right now is the money and the fact that I'd not be able to get anything even remotely similar near here. Certainly not at a similar wage. It's starting to knock my confidence though. I've been through that many role changes due to restructures, sideways movements etc that I really don't feel I'm 'expert' in anything, more of a jack of all trades flying by the seat of my pants. Wow, sorry, didn't mean to start whining so early in the morning
Right, got to get on with getting ready for work. <waves to maybe solars boo sparks scarlet and everyone else>
Sorry no name checks, just got to work, had day 5 scan this morning and there is a follie on each side which is good as I'd convinced myself there would be nothing on the L and we would have to abandon. Start jabs again tonight then back next Weds to see how they are getting on...
brooking for the L follie ladies!
Scarlett great news on the follies, Brooking my socks off for the L Follie.
Solars that is a really good AMH result, you must be well pleased. Sounds like they are really looking after you. I was quite surprised
pissed off at some of the things that had been written in my previous notes when I actually got a copy. It is good that they let you see them up front.
Beedle you must spin those stats the other way and think of the positives. Of course if he does booked skiing you are guaranteed ironic BFP. We all know how these forces work. I think it is difficult to have to tell bosses about our treatment but men are even harder. I would try to keep it as generic as you can. Let us know how you get on.
Geek your job always sounds so manic I am not surprised it gets to you, especially with dink boss added to the mix too. But just think you must be very valuable now with such a breadth of experience.
scarlett Brilliant news on the follies! Brooking for your left one as I think I did my back in when we had to do the waft-tube-waft dance
sweetie How are you feeling now? When is your scan? I had a dream about you last night and that two blobs/yolk sacs were seen.
My laptop is officially dead It was only 3 years old but unfortunately no longer within warranty. I'll have to use some of my mat leave savings to get another now, as it would apparently cost almost as much as a new laptop to get my old one repaired. <needs a [wailing] emoticon>
Oh no geek... Can you do without as assume you have a work one?
beedle MrK is currently in the UK and had an interview yesterday, we should find out in a few weeks. Brooking please, as jobs are few, and you know we have a baby on the way!!...
Scarlett I'm brooking for the left follie to win!
Geek no unfortunately I wasn't seen by Mr T but he walked past me as I was waiting for my scan. I was kind of awestruck when i saw him and immediately text DH and wrote Mr T in the text too, who wrote back "I pity da' fool" so you're not the only one who thinks of the A-Team Whenever the clinic calls to give my blood results they always say Mr T has seen you're results and advises.... apparently he personally goes through everybody's results everyday 7 days a week, now that's dedication! Sorry about your laptop, there should hopefully be some good deals out there at the moment. It's always worth looking out for jobs too, you never know what's out there. If you've got lots of different experiences it means you can turn your hand to anything so potentially opening up a lot more roles for you.
Great scan news Scarlett Go Left Follie, Go!
Beedle I hope I do get to start next month but it also depends on my immune results. They took 10(!!) vials of blood for them yesterday and should be back before the end of this cycle, so I'll know in a couple of weeks what will happen next.
Sweetie hope you're doing well
Keep Good luck to MrK, we also had to do exactly the same, MrS came back for a job interview half way through our year away, it's nerve wracking to think neither of you has a job to come back to. Brooking!
No keep I have a
seriously old manky laptop from work but can only use it in my office due to the restrictions and clamp-downs that work put on it. Good luck for MrK's interview, it's brilliant that he's been able to get one. Is it in an area you've lived/worked in before, or would it be brand new to you? And more importantly, would you be near any brookers?
x-post solars good luck with your immunes, brooking they come back negative and you are able to go full steam ahead. Loving that MrS also thought of the A Team when you said Mr T He certainly sounds dedicated and thorough, you are in very good hands.
Question for all of you experienced assisted brookers - have you all had your immunes tested prior to IVF? You know I'm not happy unless I've got something to worry about so my latest concern is that it hasn't happened for us because I have immune issues. When I was first seen for IVF last year I had an appointment with the embryologist, a dildocam and a trial transfer but nobody mentioned any further blood tests so is the case that not all clinics test for it?
You're right Geek not all clinics test or even believe immunes can be an issue, and some of the treatment for it can be quite controversial. I was certainly never offered it on the NHS and only recommended it now with the new clinic. We could have said no (as it is expensive) but they said for me with the endometrioma they thought there is more likely an issue with immunes so we went for it. It is worth chatting to your consultant about. Do you have a follow-up booked?
solars I've just taken the coward's way out and texted my consultant to see if I can expect a recall letter soon. I will make a note in my little notebook to ask about immune testing when I do go. Perhaps they will let me pay privately for the test to put my mind at ease. I imagine it's likely that my NHS funding won't cover it.
<squeeeeeeee> I have an appointment at midday this saturday to kick things off again
ps thank you solars and keep for nagging, I don't think I would have automatically got a letter judging by the text I had back!
Geek that is fantastic!!!!!!!!!
Oh Geek I'm so bloody pleased for you!! Brooking like crazy you get to start ASAP!!
Ooh yay geek!!! No, I never had immune done. I think I would have considered if we had a couple of ivf implantation fails though.
solars I'm not too worried as MrK can always locum.
We have not lived anywhere near this potential job... But it is near the esteemed, very pregnant Sparks!!
Ahem, say what now Keep?? I couldn't convince you to the Peaks???
Well, its not far either, is it. And where's the hospital in the peaks, huh?
We've got hospitals
around the edge of the peaks which hospital has he interviewed for?
Fab news geek though I'm a bit shocked about the sat appointment. And no I haven't had immunes tested but then we have got a fairly clear diagnosis of crap sperm. I know that doesn't mean I'm 100% fit and healthy but we're not unexplained, I think I'd worry more about immunes if we were.
scarlett fab follicle growing
Oh and sorry about the dead laptop geek have you thought about getting an ipad or similar instead? If mrgeek has a proper computer at home that you can use for say printing etc and all you want to do is surf it could work quite well. Though possibly not much price difference to a laptop but much easier to surf in bed with. I love my Samsung tablet.
solars 10 vials of blood, are they vampires?
Oh and I didn't travel with my boss so I haven't spoken to him yet, probably won't get a chance until the end of next week now. By which time I'll probably be a sweating, crying hormonal mess from the downregging and I'll tell him everything before collapsing in a corner
Good luck to Mrkeep on the job search.
keep how exciting!!! (you would also be near me if you would be near sparks )
boo I think you and your little tribe need to take a Midlands holiday after booby has been born!
Ooh geek you could do my finances!!
Not that that's all you're good for... I would love to meet you.
Shuffles off to bed
I would love to Geek
geek I had a sticky blood wobble some time ago and convinced gp to run basic teats for me as the clinic charged an eye watering £2500 for all their tests. It is worth asking when you go on Saturday, eekkkk Saturday. goodness that is really quick but at least not too lonf to worry abour it.
Hello, sorry for being a bad brooker. Work has been so busy I've just been coming home & sleeping
I've missed so much. Solars thats such good news from your appointment. Your AMH levels are great. I'm brooking that the immune stuff will all be fine. We haven't had immune testing, I would like to have it though. I think our problems must be antibody related, unexplained is so frustrating.
Beedle I'm so excited for you, so it all starts on Wednesday then?
Geek how did you get an NHS appointment on a Saturday? Well done on contacting the consultant.
Sweetie how are you? Is tomorrow your official test date?
Good luck MrKeep with the job hunt.
I've only got 7 more shifts at work
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NewswireToday - /newswire/ -
San Diego, CA, United States, 2015/09/22 - Turtle Beach Corporation announced the Company has entered into a strategic partnership with Kuehne + Nagel, one of the worlds leading integrated logistics providers - TurtleBeachCorp.com / Kuehne-Nagel.com.
Turtle Beach Corporation, the leading-edge audio technology company and #1 in gaming audio, today announced the Company has entered into a strategic partnership with Kuehne + Nagel, one of the worlds leading integrated logistics providers.
"Partnering with Kuehne + Nagel is a key step in the globalization, standardization and simplification of our supply chain partner network, said Robert Andris, Senior Vice President of Global Supply Chain Operations, Turtle Beach Corporation. "Leveraging Kuehne + Nagels scale, operational prowess and visibility increases our agility as we revamp the cost, quality and delivery aspects of Turtle Beachs operation. This is a significant advancement in our supply chain transformation as we continue the globalization of our operations and expand into new territories.
Finding a logistics provider that supports our strategic global direction was a critical factor in partnering with Kuehne + Nagel, said Juergen Stark, CEO, Turtle Beach Corporation. Kuehne + Nagels global reach is key to supporting our market expansion and financial objectives for both gaming headsets and hearing healthcare solutions.
We are excited to enter into this new partnership to support Turtle Beachs continued growth, said John Hextall, President and CEO, Kuehne + Nagel North America. We are committed to deeply integrating our supply chain expertise and providing Turtle Beach a competitive edge through our global network and integrated logistics solutions, thereby facilitating the expansion of Turtle Beachs gaming headset and HyperSound businesses.
Celebrating 40 years of business this year, Turtle Beach continues to deliver its patented, innovative audio products to market. In July 2015 the Company launched its third 100% fully wireless Xbox One gaming headset the Ear Force® Stealth 420X one of Amazons highest consumer rated gaming headsets, and has plans to launch several more new products, including HyperSound Clear the Companys groundbreaking hearing healthcare device which has been shown to improve sound clarity and speech intelligibility for people with hearing loss for a crisp, clear home entertainment listening experience, by the end of the year.
About Turtle Beach Corporation
Turtle Beach Corporation (turtlebeachcorp.com) designs leading-edge audio products for the consumer, commercial and healthcare markets. Under the Turtle Beach brand (turtlebeach.com), the Company markets a wide selection of quality gaming headsets catering to a variety of gamers' needs and budgets, for use with video game consoles, including officially-licensed headsets for the Xbox One and PlayStation®4, as well as for personal computers and mobile/tablet devices. Under the HyperSound brand (hypersound.com), the Company markets pioneering directed audio solutions that have applications in digital signage and kiosks, consumer electronics and healthcare.
About Kuehne + Nagel
With over 64,000 employees at more than 1000 locations in over 100 countries, the Kuehne + Nagel Group (kuehne-nagel.com) is one of the world's leading logistics companies. Its strong market position lies in the seafreight, airfreight, contract logistics and overland businesses, with a clear focus on providing IT-based integrated logistics solutions.
Written by / Agency / Source: Kuehne + Nagel, Inc.
Availability: All Regions (Including Int'l)
Traffic Booster: [/] Quick Newswire Today Visibility Checker
Distribution / Indexing: [+] / [Company listed above is a registered member of our network. Content made possible by PRZOOM / PRTODAY indexing services]

subset: commoncrawl


text:
It's been months since I've last written for the sake of 'blood and ink'; that is, for mere sporadic literature zealotry.
Also, I haven't heard streaks of boisterous thunders in a long time. Sitting here in this humble tiny dorm room, mental pictures of how protagonists who live in those "predictable" old, solitary, wooden cabins in Thriller movies run amok as my musings go wild. We, however, share the same sentiments where the climax comes at the peak of thunder and uncertainty, probably because we're too engrossed by the walls we call "the world". Likewise, I haven't experienced the abuse of thunderstorm's raindrops akin to those once-in-a-while yet mortifying spanks of embarrassment from the parents. By this I mean real and raw pain, not some occasional "feeling blue" dispositions in which all you need is an amalgamation of a pint of Mint Chocolate Ice Cream, a damp, silky blanket, and a favourite movie you've probably watched millions of times.
Now, the thunderstorm has subsided like the uncertainty of a calm human being on a 24/7 PMS spree. What fear has intruded my thoughts has left with the sound of birds rejoicing the end of a storm. Yet, it is this fear, the crimson in our burning hearts, the platonic relationship between non-living and living, that makes us feel much alive. Additionally, it will never be sunny nor stormy forever, especially not both. Mathematically, this translates into a conditional probability of P(sunny | stormy) that yields zero causation. The mutually exclusiveness here lies in the fact that life, like nature, has deceptive ways to make you blame one mishap or opportunity for the other. Guess it's time to learn how each thing speaks for itself: today isn't a reason for yesterday, nor will tomorrow be a cause for the next.
I miss feeling alive. Yet, I should probably just go back to being "lifeless" and revise for my Statistics final exam. (Not that I have started anything productive today.) And although I'm very inclined to blaming this post for giving me less time to study, I guess I shouldn't. Not exemplifying the "zero causation" rule I mentioned would make me much more of a hypocrite than I already am.
Tuesday, April 9, 2013
Sunday, February 10, 2013
Fast Food and Solitude
It's the eve of Chinese New Year; the streets - excluding Chinatown perhaps - are scarily emptier than usual, dark alleys are quite aplenty for once, a couple of 7/11s are closed, and kids all over Singapore are getting angpaos from their families and loved ones. Against that imagery are people who don't have anything but themselves. Case in example: myself, admittedly.
On the contrary to what we are exposed to in movies, spending your day alone isn't that bad. It's quite lonely, but that doesn't necessarily equate to a negative thing. Maybe you just need a break from everything, maybe you just need a therapeutic solitary walk, or maybe you just need to be by yourself sometimes. It's self-relieving, but not when it becomes routinic. And that's where my problem is probably rooted in. I would have chronicled what I did during the day to illustrate why I'm [back to] writing yet another melancholic blog post, but as the preceding paragraph has hinted I spent my day alone. It's just rather sad how I chose to spend this day eating fast food all by myself. Like yesterday, and the other day as well. I had no choice, really, because it was either that or to starve, so obviously I chose the former.
My point is that too much of something is never good; too much of spending quality me time, or sleeping, or mugging for school, or anything really is never good. But sometimes, you have no better choice but to suck it up. I guess I just need to stop wasting too much of my time waiting for things to happen in my life. It will undoubtedly take time to wait for that one day when I could stop being so bottled-up and lonely. After all, no one but yourself can define what a sense of "loneliness" or "belongingness" means. In the end, you are always dwindled with a choice in everything you do.
Similarly, you need to accept how life will always be throwing a cow at you. But that doesn't mean you can't reciprocate it with a thank-you card and a complimentary milk drink. What I'm saying is that you shouldn't just accept things to happen, and then do nothing. Be radical, do something different, live. Because unless you're home, or unless you accept that your current city is your home, you're not going to feel "home". Likewise, unless you accept that the world needs people who can step up and survive, you're really just a fickle of unwanted dust... which would seem much worse if you think of it in the Singapore context. (Curse you, clean streets.)
Anyway, since it's supposedly the 'New Year' by the time of posting, I guess I should try. Just try -- because I don't want to be bound by a finite number of action verbs and sh*t. To "just try" will probably help me break this routinic fast food and solitude combo of mine, which by the way is actually a lazy man's dream life. But yeah, I guess I can't just let things pass and do nothing else with my life especially since my life's not kaleidoscopic enough to begin with.
In lieu to this quite depressing post, I'd like to end this post with an off-topic, abrupt sign of happiness. So don't judge me for sounding bipolar because I just really want to take this opportunity to greet y'all a Gong Xi Fa Cai!
Here's to a chance for me to have a new year, a new perspective to life, and a new attempt to make my life much colourful. Again.
Tuesday, January 29, 2013
Potential Viral Video: A Creative Gangnam Style Cover
(Source: http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?v=209482105862373)
Before you judge the title of this post, and before you tell me that it's 2013 and that I should get over Gangnam Style, I just wanna share to you all this really creative cover of the said song/music video. It's refreshing to see so much talent all over the world, even if the creative minds behind stuff like this are too shy to give themselves credit whether in form of a watermark or ownership. Nevertheless, I guess they're not in it for the fame, and really just want people to be happy about life in general. And for that, here's me giving you a virtual high-five! Thanks, Mr./Ms. Anonymous!
So yeah, gonna keep this short as I go back to mugging for my lessons. Lol, enjoy the video!
P.S. This is not mine, and credit goes to the owner whoever he/she may be.
Monday, January 14, 2013
|Lunch with Project Buhi OCSP friends (Jan. 13, 2013)
Since it's my last year of being a teen, I guess a simple post of appreciation would be the least I can do. And because this is the first time I have ever celebrated my birthday away from home, family, and friends (back in the Philippines/around the world), I can't thank everyone for how much I have enjoyed the 19 years that have led me to where I am today.
I honestly didn't plan to do anything for my birthday this year. As a matter of fact, I sorta forgot I had a birthday, and that it was coming so soon. But to my SMU Barkada family, Project Buhi OCSP family, and the Sypongco family, and Nicole, Izzie and Jenny, thanks for giving me a reason to look forward to 2013. And thanks, too, for making my stay here in Singapore the best I could have possibly asked for.
Personally, I think that birthdays are a reminder that we have already lived so much, yet will still have the opportunity to live much more. They're there to show us a chronicle of the journey we all have, to give us a reason why life is so much better when we remember what we're thankful for. And whether I'll be 19, or 50, or 87, I'm just really grateful to everyone who has been, and still is, a part of my life.
|Buffet dinner with the Sypongco family (Jan. 13, 2013)
|Surprise from my SMU Barkada family (Jan. 12, 2013)
|With Izzie, Nicole, and Jenny (Jan. 14, 2013)
There's not much concrete things to say left, really. So I'll just keep it somehow short and simple: thanks, everyone, for making my 19th birthday very memorable. Rather, for making my life very awesome thus far. However, I don't want to feel or be treated extra special today. Why? Because I want to believe that each day can special no matter if it's your birthday or not. Nevertheless, I feel so blessed for the gift of life that God has bestowed upon me today. LOL, sabaw! But really, thank you guys for everything!
As this day is coming to an end, I really, really, really can't ask for more than what or who I already have in my life. Love y'all. #Peaceout#Swag #Hipster #Bored #OkayIllStop #DontKillMeFriends #Hashtag #ThisAintTwitter
Saturday, January 12, 2013
Fickleness. A post dedicated to those who took the ACET.
Fickleness. It isn't really my greatest asset, but it has always kept me at pace with my ever-changing mind. Likewise, it's probably my way of surviving the rapidness of globalization and world change, an allude to constant developments of about anything. And especially myself too.
In context with today's release of results for the ACET, I'd like to say a few things to those who got accepted and to those who didn't. While I can't feel for the latter as I got accepted to ADMU, I can attest to the "God has better plans for me" thinking y'all have right now. Because mind you, ADMU was my dream school. Heck, it may even still be. But even if our situations are different, I believe that sometimes dreams aren't always supposed to happen. Dreams will be crushed, but also, dreams will change. Truth of the matter is, it isn't really getting there - the destination and end - that makes it feel like a dream. Trust me, I still have never stepped inside the riveted campus grounds of ADMU myself. And I too had to "change" my dream plans.
In retrospect around the same time two years ago, I was like one of you soon-to-be Freshies, waiting anxiously for the results. I remember that day so well; I was in school practicing for our upcoming play with the Theatre Arts Guild when my friends said that the results were posted at the ADMU gym. I panicked. I had not really done well in the exam, which I'm sure most of us felt as well. Also, like this year's batch, the online results only went up at noon and the posting at the ADMU gym was already done. So I got overly anxious and texted all my friends who had friends in that school to check for me.
I remember so well I jumped off the stage when my friend finally replied to my text. It was one of the most agonizing few-minute waits in my whole life, to be frankly. It was that euphoric kick in me that was never there, smacking my face with a rare genuine smile that lasted the whole day.
But I guess God had other plans for me. Rather, I'd like to frame it this way: "I had other plans for me." In the end, I didn't get to go to ADMU because of certain restrictions I had no control over. But was it unfortunate? Was it really the end of things? No, because life doesn't stop just because the door has closed.
For those who got in, awesome job! But know that university isn't just about getting accepted. If we're being honest, it goes downhill from there. Sure you'll make many new friends, go to awesome parties, and probably live the college life you see in movies. But this isn't like the movies. You'll also have a plethora of research to do and papers to write, demonic professors who will make your life a living hell, and the hardest yet most useless subjects to endure and study about. You'll see that college is more than just the positives and that some may have it better, and some may not. But if you learn from all the in-betweens, I guess that's what makes that journey worth it.
For those who didn't, I say this again. It is not unfortunate. Because it doesn't matter where you go for your studies, really. University is about finding yourself in the process of the 3, 4, or 5-year undergraduate course; it's about the overall experience and in-betweens. Rejoice should be set in stone for those who got in on this day, but know that life will not be easier just because you achieved your dream. That's mainly the reason why I wrote this: because achieving your dream is not the same as living the dream.
Living the dream requires a matured appreciation of the road to it, not merely the end. Because at the end of the day, with all your accomplishments or the lack thereof, are the ends all you live for? Treat dreams like life and death, with getting the dream paralleled to dying. It's an end point of a line, and when you're there, what's next? Nothing, really. I have since altered the crushed "ADMU" dreams I sometimes still think about. I have moved on, and actually, it feels good having to not get there in the end. The road to my new dream has changed its course, but again, I don't do it to achieve the dream. I do it because I want to live. To have something to tell my future children about. To live a life without always thinking about the end.
So I hope this post enlightens everyone. I know some may agree or disagree with whatever I have just said, but who cares? You don't circumscribe yourself to an acceptance or rejection, that's not how life works.
My many acceptances and rejections did come at a price that I like to call "reality". And I'm glad to have been able to see a more balance view of reality, because who doesn't want to live for the moments?
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 29, 1986
|Filing date
|Mar 7, 1983
|Priority date
|Mar 7, 1983
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Harvey J. Rosener, David L. Knierim, John C. Dalrymple
|Original Assignee
|Tektronix, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (16), Referenced by (54), Classifications (16), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to the generation of smooth lines or edges of images in raster-scan type displays, and more particularly to line generating apparatus for displaying smooth lines with intensity and color modulated picture elements (pixels). As used herein, the word "line" shall generally be deemed to include and cover edges of characters or other images.
To reconstruct a line in raster format, digital differential analyzer (DDA) may be used. For each incremental step of the DDA, say on the X axis, Y-position information will be generated for every pixel in the line. This is true, of course, for lines closer to the X axis (less than 45 degrees from horizontal). For lines closer to vertical (Y axis), the DDA will generate X-position information for steps along the Y axis. Accordingly, in the former case the so-called large axis would be the X axis and in the latter case the large axis would be the Y axis, and in each case the so-called small axis would be the axis perpendicular thereto. Thus, the DDA steps along the large axis, generating small axis position information.
Due to the fixed location of the raster pixels, the equivalent line usually has a staircase structure or is jagged. If the DDA is allowed to operate at a higher resolution than the raster screen resolution, the distance between the true or theoretical line and the individual pixel position (a function of the small axis distance) can be resolved and utilized in terms of modulating pixel intensity to create the appearance of a smooth line.
This technique has been successfully implemented in so-called purely software arrangements involving complex and very precise algorithms, and in hardware arrangements as may be represented, for example, by the disclosure in Japanese Patent Application No. 2626/79, filed on Jan. 12, 1979 to Daini Seikosha (Disclosure No. 95986/80, July 21, 1980; inventor Masayuki Matsumoto). A basic objection of the purely software arrangements is the relative slowness with which the lines are recreated accurately in display (i.e. graphics drawing speed), which is a principal result of the sequential nature of internal operation of such an arrangement.
Known hardware systems, while generally being able to substantially improve upon the speed of operation, nevertheless significantly suffer in terms of the actual displayed image by virtue of inadequate intensity (and color) modulation regarding the full compliment of pixels relevantly associated by position to the true or theoretical line intended to be recreated. Moreover, such systems tend to produce images in which readily apparent changes in line thickness occur as a function of the slope of the line. That is, lines other than vertical (Y axis) or horizontal (X axis) will varyingly (with slope) appear thinner, with lines having a 45 degree slope orientation appearing thinnest of all.
Additionally, these systems do not resolve the line end points to fractional pixel precision, and the lines must begin and end centered on a pixel position. Thus, although an advance may be provided with respect to line smoothing per se, none is provided with regard to precise line positioning. This effect is particularly undesirable in the case of approximately smooth curves comprised of many short vectors or line segments.
Even if such systems did resolve the end points to fractional pixel accuracy, there would still be needed special end point treatment to eliminate or prevent the appearance of angular slicing of the ends of the lines. This angular slicing effect stems from terminating the lines horizontally or vertically even when the lines are oriented other than vertically or horizontally.
In the arrangement depicted in the above-mentioned patent application, as example, intensity information may be said to be generated for two pixels on the small axis (e.g. Y axis) for each step along the large axis (X axis), i.e. the pixel on the line (or closest to it) and the adjacent pixel next closest to the line, with the total (fully-on) intensity of a single pixel being apportioned between them. Such line coverage is insufficiently selective to provide a highly accurate representation of the true line, particularly in view of those situations where all relevant pixels in the small axis for a given large axis increment would include not only the pixel on the line itself but the adjacent pixels on each side of the line. Moreover, this previously disclosed system does not solve the problem of varying line thickness with slope. It is thus deemed incapable of suggesting an efficient and high speed approach for full and consistent line coverage, i.e. providing small axis position information with regard to each pixel of a 3 (or more)-pixel array encompassing the line for a step along the large axis, and slope independence.
Reconstruction of a near-perfect anti-aliased or smooth image requires knowledge of every line crossing a given pixel before determining its intensity (or indeed its color in polychromatic systems), and utilization of this information to achieve an appropriate balance between the intensity values and/or colors associated to respective lines. A system attempting to carry this out would, however, be unacceptably slow.
Previous systems have either ignored the so-called old pixel value (e.g. the value already stored in the frame buffer system for a first line to be drawn), or used it in a so-called maximum value operation, with alpha (in its simplest form the fractional coverage of a pixel by the line to be drawn) times the line intensity. In the latter case, which is monochrome only, the effect is to write the new pixel value only if it is larger than the old value. In either case, the average errors are greater than say for proportional weighting when compared to the above-mentioned ideal case.
The above drawbacks are overcome according to the present invention, wherein a high speed system is provided for generating smooth lines to n bits (typically up to 6) of fractional pixel accuracy, both as to the line mid-section and its end points, and which provides special end points treatment which assures a true representation of the line, properly positioned, in display. The small axis distance information and slope information are utilized to assign alpha values (e.g. gray scale or intensity values in a monochrome system) to a set of pixels (at least 3) in an array providing a highly representative cross-section of the theoretical line for the incremental portions (large axis) of a DDA with consistency of line thickness regardless of line slope. Successive arrays of relevant pixels are sequentially treated efficiently in a zig-zag coverage of the line in conjunction with the special end points treatment. The small axis positional information for each array of pixels is generated within a single clock cycle. The alpha values generated are utilized, when appropriate, to provide proportional weighting between old pixel values and the desired line color, with alpha being the proportionality constant.
In a system according to the invention, sequencing of the pixels is such as to require only X and Y increment/decrement commands along with alpha values to be supplied to the frame buffer system. Since smoothing is accomplished during the building of the raster image, no after-filtering is required. Moreover, an operative mode of selective erase can be readily effected.
The above-mentioned and other features and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with reference to the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates in block form a typical global architecture of a raster scan display system;
FIG. 2 illustrates in a block diagram the global architecture of line smoothing improvements to a raster scan system such as is depicted in FIG. 1, in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 2A is a graphic illustration of line smoothing in accordance with the invention by varying the intensity of each pixel of each 3-pixel array encompassing the center portion of the line to be drawn;
FIG. 2B is a blow up of one such array taken at B--B of FIG. 2A and illustrating the geometric relationship between the line to be drawn and the fixed pixel positions;
FIG. 3A illustrates in block diagram form, interfacing between the micro-coded engine portion of the system depicted in FIG. 1 on the one hand and the central processing unit (CPU), line smoothing hardware, and frame buffer thereof on the other hand;
FIG. 3B is a block diagram of a micro-coded engine useful in the system of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating a digital differential analyzer arrangement of the raster scan system of FIG. 2, in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 5 illustrates in block form an anti-aliasing value generator arrangement for the system of FIG. 2, in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 6 is a graphical representation of a pixel intensity gray scale employable in the system of FIGS. 2 and 5;
FIG. 7 is a schematic block diagram illustrating in greater detail the system of FIG. 5;
FIGS. 7A-7C illustrate the operation of the octant register 164 and adder/substracter 165 of FIG. 7;
FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating a proportional weighting function operable in the system of FIG. 2; and
FIGS. 9A-9E are graphic illustrations of various generations being performed by the line smoothing arrangement of the present invention in recreating a line in raster format, wherein for ease of illustration, pixels are shown centered in the grid squares, rather than at the vertices as in FIGS. 2A and 2B.
In the raster scan display system illustrated in FIG. 1, for example a color-video system with optional hard-copy capability (the system in practice may take the form of a raster computer terminal or a stand-alone computer graphics system), a display processor 100 is interconnected to and controlled by a central processor unit (CPU) and its interfacing 60,65. In particular, CPU block 60 may be thought of as including one or more data sources connected to a CPU (e.g. an 8086 commercially available from Intel Corporation) via a host interface, with the CPU in turn being operatively connected to the display processor via a display list memory and a memory (or CPU) interface.
The display processor is operatively linked by lines 105 to a frame buffer unit 200 of conventional construction. The frame buffer stage in turn is coupled to a monitor, e.g. a video display, by video and sync lines 215 and may also be coupled by lines 203 to a hard copy unit such as a printer 110. The latter would also be controllably connected to the display processor 100 via line 115.
The frame buffer 200 of FIG. 2, along with counters 205 and 210, may have the following capabilities. The counters can be individually loaded with any value from the microcoded engine. Further, they can be incremented and decremented under control of say a 3-bit step command carried by connection 178. The Y counter 205 will increment on the step commands 1, 2 and 3, decrement on commands 5, 6 and 7, and hold (do neither) on commands 0 and 4. The X counter 210 will increment on step commands 7, 0 and 1, decrement on commands 3, 4, and 5, and hold on commands 2 and 6. These step commands are graphically illustrated in FIG. 7B. The values in counters 205 and 210 at any one instant address storage for a single pixel of say 8 bits. This pixel data can be read over line 195, or written to a new value from line 194. By changing the values in the counters, every pixel on the screen can be addressed.
Transparent to the accesses over lines 194 and 195, the frame buffer memory may be read out 60 times a second in raster scan order, with this data being sent to the display over the 215. The frame buffer addressing for this display output is generated by a separate counter, which also generates horizontal and vertical sync signals for the display monitor. This counter is not shown, as it is a standard part of raster scan frame buffer systems. Transparency between the two frame buffer access mechanisms may be obtained in this system by alternating memory cycles between this screen refresh task and the accesses over lines 194 and 195 using counters 205 and 210. The other common method is to allow access over lines 194 and 195 only during horizontal and vertical retrace times. The latter option decreases performance, but otherwise has no effect on a system with this invention.
FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate an implementation of a micro-coded engine utilizable in the raster system of FIG. 2. For ease of understanding, the following table of abbreviations is provided.
______________________________________Abbreviation Explanation______________________________________Reg. Registerμ pipe pipeline register 73 or its outputPP Wait Picture (Display) Processor WaitMUX MultiplexerNZVC Negative; Zero; Overflow; and CarryHRA Holding Register AHRB Holding Register Bμ ROM Micro ROM, referring to where the micro code is stored.ALUOUT BUS The output bus of arithmetic logic unit 74.______________________________________
It will be appreciated that the coding of the micro-coded engine to perform the various functions depicted herein is well within the skills of the average practioner in this art, and such an exercise thus is not detailed herein. For a more complete understanding of micro-coded engines and implementing same, see, for example, the following publication: Build a Microcomputer, Chapter II, Microprogrammed Design, Advanced Micro Devices, 1978, AM-Pub 073-2.
The micro-coded engine of FIGS. 2 and 3B is comprised of micro-sequencer stage 71 (e.g. a 2910 of Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.), connected to both pipeline bus 150 and primary bus 140 on the one hand, and to an instruction ROM 77 (eg 4K�48) on the other hand, with the latter being coupled to pipeline register 73. Included also are an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) 74, eg six 2901's commercially available from Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. input connected to both the primary and pipeline buses, an auxiliary RAM 78 (e.g. 4K�24) with address block 78a, input coupled to the pipeline bus 150 and connected to the primary bus 140, an immediate data buffer 79 similarly connected to the pipeline and primary buses, and holding registers 75. The holding registers 75a and b communicate with the primary bus and in addition are in communication with the ALU 74 via ALU output bus 170. Although not specifically illustrated, the registers 75, as is the case with regard to most of the other blocks in FIG. 3B, receive control signals in conventional manner from control decoding block 77.
With reference again to FIG. 2, there is illustrated in block diagram form the display system line smoothing capability 80 interconnected with the system's micro-coded engine 70 on the one hand (to comprise the display processor 100) and the frame buffer 200 on the other hand. As shown, move and draw commands from the CPU memory interface are coupled to the micro-coded engine 70. Initial X-position information is sent to the X counter portion 210 of the frame buffer stage 200 over line 111, and initial Y-position information is sent to Y-position counter 205 over line 112. As stated before, the frame buffer stage 200 outputs to the display over lines 215.
The microcoded engine orchestrates the smooth line drawing task, along with performing miscellaneous other duties such as erasing the screen. It reads MOVE, DRAW, and SET LINE COLOR commands from a display list stored in the CPU's memory. On a SET LINE COLOR command, for example, it loads the new line color value into register 181 of the proportional weighting block 180, shown in FIGS. 2 and 8. On a MOVE command, the microcoded engine loads the new coordinates (starting position of the next line) into the X and Y counters 205 and 210 of the Frame Buffer 200. On a DRAW command, it performs setup operations including calculation of delta X (DX), delta Y (DY), slope, and octant values, and loading of registers inside the line smoothing block 80. These operations are defined in greater detail later.
The line smoothing section 80 is comprised of a digital differential analyzer stage 130, connected to micro-coded engine 70 via line 113, an anti-aliasing value generator 160 connected to analyzer stage 130 via line 154 and to the micro-coded engine 70 via line 114, and a proportional weighting stage 180. Generator 160 outputs alpha (α) value information on line 177 to the proportional weighting stage 180 and step control information on lines 178 to the X and Y counters 205,210 of the frame buffer (lines 178b and 178a respectively). Proportional weighting stage 180 is connected to the micro-coded engine by line 117 and has its output coupled to the frame buffer 200 via line 194.
In the operative scheme depicted in FIG. 2, in order to reconstruct a line in raster format, a digital differential analyzer (DDA) is utilized, in this case DDA unit 130. For each incremental step of the DDA along the large axis, small axis position information is generated for every pixel in the line. Because of the fixed location of the raster pixels, the equivalant line would have a jagged or stairstep structure in most orientations in the absence of a suitable and effective line smoothing or anti-aliasing capability. With the DDA 130 operating at a higher resolution than the raster screen resolution, the distance between the theoretical line and the individual pixel positions of relevant pixels can be resolved. This so-called small axis distance information associated to each relevant pixel, together with information in binary form representing the slope of the line to be recreated, can be utilized in generator 160 to generate a "gray scale" value to be assigned to each relevant pixel. The value generator is provided with the capability of assigning gray scale values to sets of pixels, each set comprising a single dimension array, when the array gives representative cross-section of the theoretical line for the incremental position of the DDA 130 regardless of the orientation of the line to be recreated relative to the horizontal (X) and vertical (Y) axes. The arrays of pixels thus comprising the center portion of the given line make the line appear to pass between screen pixels, with the result that the stair-step appearance is minimized.
In this way smoothing is accomplished perhaps 1000 times faster than in a pure software arrangement and during the building of the raster image itself, thus requiring no after-filtering. The use of the slope information in the generation of the gray scale values, on a pixel-by-pixel basis, enables effective minimization of changing line thickness appearances with different line orientations.
The unique arrangement of DDA 130 enables the calculation of small axis positions to n bits of fraction, for integral steps along the large axis, while using only a single clock cycle per step. As such it can be thought of as an advance over say Bresenham's DDA Algorithm (found in "Principles of Interactive Computer Graphics", by William Newman and Robert Sproull, Second Edition, pp. 25-27, McGraw-Hill, 1979) on a fractional pixel grid, which requires 2n cycles to move one pixel in X.
The pixel-by-pixel values generated by unit 160 for the fractional coverage of each pixel by the line being drawn, i.e. the alpha values, may be used to calculate new values for the display pixels via proportional weighting unit 180. The function of unit 180 is particularly effective in handling situations where lines cross and are sequentially drawn, and some intelligent balancing of intensities, and color for color systems, is desirable at the point of intersection. Where such a balancing function is considered dispensible, the alpha values from generator 160 can be input directly to the frame buffer stage.
The technique of proportional weighting in accordance with the present invention, involves utilization of the alpha value generated, the old or present pixel value as found in the frame buffer stage and the desired color for the line being drawn, at say the point of intersection with another line. For monochrome systems, this latter aspect is not considered. This technique is in contrast to present known systems and algorithms wherein the old pixel value is simply ignored, or is used in a maximum value operation with the alpha value times the line intensity. This maximum value operation is known only for a monochrome arrangement, wherein the effect is to write the new pixel only if it is larger than the old value. In the known prior arrangements, the average errors are greater than proportional weighting, as viewed against the ideal case.
Referring to FIG. 4, there is illustrated a hardware implementation of a digital differential analyzer in accordance with the invention for reconstructing a line in raster format. For ease of description, the generation of a line in the first octant (0 to 45 degrees) will be discussed here (where the X axis represents 0 degrees and the Y axis 90 degrees). The octants other than the first are obtainable through 90-degree rotations and reflections, as is demonstrated herein. Basically, with reference to FIGS. 2A and 2B, on lines of 45 degrees or less (i.e., first octant) from the horizontal (X axis), a set of three pixels in a vertical (small axis) array will be issued for every X (large axis) position of the processor along the center portion of the line. The gray scale (see FIG. 6) to be assigned to each individual pixel within each array is a function of the small axis distance from the actual line.
With reference to FIG. 2B, the true distance from pixel S is the small axis distance (in this case of a first octant line orientation, the Y-axis distance between the particular pixel position and the line to be drawn) times the cosine of the angle the line makes with the large (X)axis. Thus, with a first octant line orientation the small angle between the line and the horizontal is used, and the arrays of pixels will be vertical. If the line to be drawn was to have a second octant orientation, the angle to be used would be the small angle between the line and the vertical axis, and the array of pixels for each DDA increment will be horizontal.
The arrangement of FIG. 4 is designated for rapid smooth line generation involving the calculation of the small axis positions of a line to fractional pixel precision for integral steps in the large axis position. In this arrangement DX and DY are defined to be the difference between the ending and starting X and Y coordinates for the line to be drawn. Of course, by assuming the line to be in the first octant orientation, DX≧DY≧0. Slope is defined herein to be the greatest integer less than 2n times DY/DX (or zero if DY=0), with the number of bits of fractional pixel small axis (Y) precision being n. Thus, Y can, for example, be expressed in terms of sixty-fourths of the actual distance between the fixed pixel locations.
In FIGS. 4, A and B registers 131, 132 are input coupled to the micro-coded engine via lines 113a and 113b respectively. The outputs of the A and B registers, on lines 139, 141 lead to the A and B inputs of a multiplexer 133. The output of multiplexer 133, on line 142, is connected to adder stage 134. Adder 134 in turn is connected to an accumulator 135 via line 143.
The output of the accumulator is routed back as an input to adder 134 via line 144. The sign bit of the accumulator is coupled to the select control of multiplexer 133 and the carry in bit of a second adder stage 137 via line 147. Adder stage 137 receives one input from slope register 136 via line 148. The slope information has already been calculated by and is received from the micro-coded engine, over line 113c.
Adders 134 and 137 may in practice be combined into a single adder stage with the respective adding operations sequenced.
The output of adder 137 on line 149 is input to small axis position register 138 via multiplexer 152 and line 153. Small axis position register 138 receives the initial Y position information from the micro-coded engine via line 113d, multiplexer 152 and line 153. Register 161 of FIG. 5 also receives the initial small axis position of the line to be drawn, from the micro-coded engine 70 over line 114. The output of small axis position register 138 on lines 15, is in a binary form, a portion of which constitutes the n-bit fraction and the remainder the integer position. This information is fed to the alpha value generating arrangement of FIG. 5, and routed back as the second input to adder stage 137. It is noted that the integer position of the output of small axis position register 138 could be directly input to the appropriate frame buffer counter (see FIG. 2).
To start a line, the five registers 131, 132, 135, 136 and 138 can be loaded as follows for a first octant situation:
Slope Register: The slope as calculated hereinabove
Y (small axis)-Position Register: Initial Y (small axis) position
Register A: (Slope times DX)-(2n times DY)
Register B: Register A+DX
Accumulator: Register A=DX/2 Truncated
The accumulator 135 and the small axis position register 138 are then clocked synchronously for as many cycles as there are pixel steps in the large axis (X) direction for the first-octant orientation line to be drawn. DX and DY may include fractional pixel precision in a fixed point format, since this may be thought of as being identical here to integers with more bits.
The resultant of the arrangement of FIG. 4 is the calculation of small axis positions to n bits of fraction, for integral steps in large axis position. This is accomplished via only a single clock cycle per step, with the only active elements in this operation being adders and multiplexers (i.e. no multiplication or division etc. steps or other more complex operations being performed). Alternatively, one would have to perform, for example, Bresenham's DDA algorithm on a fractional pixel grid, which would result in 2n cycles to move one pixel along the large axis.
Referring now to FIG. 5 there is illustrated a hardware arrangement for generating the alpha values, i.e. the pixel-by-pixel values representing the fractional coverage of each pixel by the line being drawn, and step control commands for effecting the 3-pixel array coverage of the center portion of the line to be drawn for each position along the large axis.
The fractional portion and the LSB of the integer portion of the output of small axis position register 138 in FIG. 4 are received by register 161 on line 154. They are fed as address inputs over line 167 to a ROM 163 housing a suitably generated look-up table, with the alpha information being output over line 172 to a FIFO (first-in, first-out) buffer 166. The remaining data output, i.e., line 173, is connected to adder/subtracter stage 165, whose output in the form of step control commands is in turn coupled via line 176 to the FIFO buffer 166. The respective alpha and step control outputs of FIFO buffer 166 are presented on lines 177 and 178.
Information with reference to the octant orientation of the line to be drawn is received from the micro-coded engine over line 114 by octant register 164, with the LSB (least significant bit) of the register contents being applied to adder/subtractor 165 via line 175 as a control dictating whether stage 165 is to add or subtract the two inputs thereto on line 173 and 174.
The essence of the arrangment of FIG. 5 comprises the ROM 163 look-up table, with autosequencing capability. For a better understanding of the process for determining table values for high resolution smooth image (in the instant case "lines") generation, see e.g. the article by John E. Warnock entitled "The Display of Characters Using Gray Level Sample Arrays", found in SIGGRAPH Conference Proceedings, Association for Computing Machinery, Inc., 1980, pp 302-307.
The ROM provides the alpha values as well as the direction to step to reach this pixel from the last one. There are three bits of step control to allow moving to any of the eight possible adjacent pixels. Before drawing a line, the coordinates (rounded to the nearest pixel) of the starting position are loaded by the micro-coded engine into the X and Y counters 210, 205 of the Frame Buffer System 200 (FIG. 2). After that, only increment and decrement commands to these counters are used to step through the line. All pixels touched by a line (those with non-zero alpha) can be traversed in a continuous chain of adjacent pixels. When it is more convenient for building tables to skip over some pixels, an alpha value of zero can be used to avoid modifying the pixels.
To save on table size, in the depicted embodiment the ROM always works in the first octant (0 to 45 degrees). The octant register 164 and adder/substracter 165 take care of the 90-degree rotations and reflections necessary to draw in the other 7 octants. This is accomplished by modifying the step commands on line 173. A table of octant register values and associated adder/subtracter operations are shown in FIGS. 7A-7C.
The first operation that the micro-coded engine performs in effecting the drawing of a smooth line is to determine the octant orientation of the line (i.e. the octant in which the line lies) and to load the value of that octant into the octant register 164.
As mentioned, the inputs to the ROM 163 are register 161 over line 167 and counter 162 over line 171. In the simplest version, the register is loaded from the picture or display processor (PP) and the counter is cleared at the beginning of each section of the line to be drawn. In general, each line section (defined below) will write from three to sixteen pixels, and it normally requires several sections to draw one line.
The sections are divided into three classes: Short vectors (less than say two pixels long), end points of longer vectors, and the middle pieces of longer vectors. For each of the three classes, the value loaded by the micro-coded engine into the register 161 is treated as group of smaller fields, each of several bits. The fields are different for the three classes, but are defined so that the register contents for the three classes are always distinguishable (do not overlap).
Short vectors are written as one section. The register 161 is split into 4 fields defined as: Fractional pixel bits (two in this version) of the X starting position (first octant assumption), same for Y starting position, delta X (difference between starting and ending X coordinates to two bits of fraction and one integer bit), and delta Y. These values are calculated by the processor, combined into one word and loaded into the register 161. The counter 162 is then used to sequence the ROM through enough steps to cover all pixels touched by this short vector. As mentioned above, the starting X and Y coordinates are rounded to integers (pixel locations) and loaded into the position counters on the frame buffer system before drawing the line.
Long vector end points are also written as one section. Here there are three fields in the register 161. Fractional pixel bits of the X and Y starting position as above, and the slope of the line (delta Y divided by delta X). It is between 0 and 1 because all work on the input side of the ROM is done in the first octant. It is truncated to say 5 or 6 fraction bits depending upon available ROM table size. With this information, the ROM is stepped enough times to cover all pixels proximate to this end of the line. Long lines are drawn in the natural order, starting with one end point, proceeding through the center portion, and finishing with the other end point. The procedure for the final end point is essentially identical to that of the first, except the opposite octant (180 degrees from the one used by the first end point and center portion) is loaded into the octant register 164.
The center portion of a long line is drawn as many sections, each a cross-section of the line consisting of a vertical column of pixels. (The word "vertical" is used in reference to the input side of the ROM where lines are always in the first octant). The processor steps one vertical column to the next along the line from one point to the other. For each step, the processor (i.e. FIG. 4 arrangement) calculates the vertical (Y) position of the line to fractional pixel accuracy (6 bits in the example case). The register is split into four fields: The slope as above, but truncated to say three bits; the fractional pixel portion of the Y (small axis) position; a one bit value indicating whether the integer portion of the Y position has incremented between the last step and this one; and another one bit value that toggles for each new section. The slope and fractional Y position provide the information necessary to determine the alpha values for the pixels in the current column touched by the line. The Y (small axis) increment bit determines whether a step right or a step up and right (step 0 or step 1) command is needed at the beginning of the current section. The toggle bit controls whether this section steps from bottom up or top down along its column of pixels. In this manner, the pixel address zig-zags along a line stepping up one column and down the next. See FIGS. 9A-9E and in particular FIGS. 9A and 9B, though these figures depict a line in the second octant.
The 5 bits of alpha and 3 bits of step control are buffered in the 8-bit FIFO (first-in, first-out) buffer 166. This allows the line smoothing arrangement to generate commands at its maximum rate, which is faster than the frame buffer system 200 can execute them. The frame buffer system can then continue to empty the FIFO buffer while the processor is fetching and setting up the next line.
The values in the ROM 163 look-up table may be generated by a general purpose computer. Any desired accurate software algorithm for generating smooth lines may be used. Several have been published, as referenced hereinbefore. For each class of sections, and for each possible register value within that class, an appropriate line may be generated by the chosen algorithm.
In the present invention, the alpha values for the appropriate section of the line are written into the ROM, along with a sequence of step commands to traverse the proper pixels. With this procedure, the system will generate virtually identical line profiles as the general purpose computer algorithm chosen, except at much higher speeds.
FIG. 7 illustrates in a schematic block diagram the arrangement depicted in FIG. 5 in a more specific form. In the embodiment of FIG. 7 blocks 161a and 161b comprise the register 161 of FIG. 5 and blocks 163, 163a comprise the ROM. Additional components are provided in the form of gates 202, 206, 208 and 286, flip-flop 225 and inverter 204.
In the arrangement of FIG. 7, though not particularly shown, suitable logic can be constructed to operate between register 163a and adder/subtractor 165 to provide the user with a capability for selecting any desired number of 3 or more pixels to comprise each array making up the center portion of the line to be drawn.
The following table more specifically identifies the various blocks of the arrangement of FIG. 7.
______________________________________ CommercialBlock Identification Function Identific.______________________________________ 161a 6-bit register with clock LS378- enable TI 161b 8-bit register with clock LS377-TI enable162 4-bit counter with LS169-TI parallel load & count enable163 32K by 8 ROM 27256- INTEL 163a 8-bit register LS374-TI164 4-bit register with clock LS379-TI enable165 4-bit ALU LS382-TI166 FIFO memory LS224(2)-TI225 D Flip-flop LS74-TI251 Quad 2 1 multiplexer LS157-TI______________________________________
In the construction of a near perfect smooth lined image on a display of the raster type, knowledge of each line crossing a given pixel is necessary before determining that pixel's intensity, or its color in a color system. Such a system would, however, be unacceptably slow. The proportional weighting arrangement of FIG. 8 depicts an approximation process that allows sequential (and therefore high speed) traversing of the lines (as is usually the case in connection with jaggy displays). By this approximation process, pixels covered by only one line to be drawn, or by two lines which have edges at 90 degrees to each other, would be set precisely to the proper value of intensity, and color, although pixels partially covered by lines at more or less than 90 degrees will tend to appear to be covered more or less, respectively, than they should be. This latter consideration is, however, to be viewed in comparison to state-of-the-art maximum value or so-called unconditional replace arrangements which provide at least twice the average error of the present invention.
The arrangement of FIG. 8 is a color system implementation comprising three ROM's 182-184 and a line color register 181. The alpha values as generated by the arrangement of FIGS. 5 and 7 are input to FIG. 8 on line 177, specifically to ROM's 182-184. Each ROM is dedicated to one of the three primary colors of red, green and blue. The old pixel value (8 bits in this example) for the pixel at the location to be written is provided over line 195 from the frame buffer as a second input to each of the ROM's 182-184, specifically via leads 195a-195c. Finally, information (8 bits) regarding the desired color of the new line being drawn is provided from the micro-coded engine 70 (FIG. 2) to the line color register 181 via lead 117. The line color register output 188 represents (as is the case with the old pixel value input on line 195) the 8-bit input split into 3 bits of red, 3 bits of green and 2 bits of blue, which are forwarded to the respective-color ROM's 182-184 via lines 188a-c.
The combined outputs 194 of ROM's 182-184 constitute the new pixel value that is forwarded to the frame buffer.
In the case of a monochrome system, the line color register 181 and its input lead and outputs to the ROM's 182-184 are omitted. If it is desired to write monochrome lines of different line intensities, the line color register 181 is retained and is utilized as a line intensity register. Only one of the three ROM's 182-184 would be needed in the monochrome arrangements.
In the example system, smooth lines are drawn sequentially, i.e., one at a time, by the display processor. For each pixel touched by the line, there is calculated the alpha value, i.e., in its simplest form the fractional coverage of that pixel by the line. (It is noted that the alpha value can contain the effects of for example a special weighting function if such was part of the software algorithm used in generating the table values.) By the arrangement of FIG. 8, a new pixel value, both as to intensity and color, is generated, based on the old pixel value, alpha and the desired color of the line. This new generated pixel value is a proportional average of the old value and the line color, with alpha as the proportionality constant.
If IRO, IRN and IRL are allowed to be the "red gun intensities" for the old pixel value (line 195), the new pixel value (line 189), and the line color (line 117) respectively, then the following relationship can be carried out:
IRN=(alpha times IRL)+[(1-alpha) times IRO].
In practice, various values of alpha, IRO and IRL can be used to generate a look-up table which is loaded into red gun ROM 182, such that a 3-bit new pixel red intensity 189 is output as selected by the 3-bit value on lines 195 and 188a, and proportioned by the 5-bit alpha value on line 177.
The same procedure would, of course, hold for the green and blue colors and their respective ROM's 183 and 184.
The following is an operational description of the system herein depicted.
The user of the system decides to draw a smooth line from 50.5,10 to 60,30 (coordinates are given as X,Y). This command is sent from the host through the terminal CPU to the microcoded engine 70 (FIGS. 1 and 2). The microcoded engine calculates delta X (DX) to be 60-50.5=9.5, and delta Y (DY) to be 30-10=20. It further tests DX and DY to find DY>DX>0, implying a line in the second octant. A value of 2 (010 in binary) is, therefore, loaded into the octant register 164 of FIG. 7. This causes the adder/subtractor 165 to perform the operation: Step Control=2-ROM(163) Step Output, as listed in the table of FIG. 7C. The LSB of the binary 010 causes the subtraction; the top two bits specify the value to substract from, 2 in this case.
The microcoded engine 70 calculates the Slope according to the formula given hereinbefore in connection with the description of FIG. 4. The number of fraction bits (n) is 6, so 2n is 64. Slope, as defined here, is the greatest integer less than 2n time DX/DY. (Note that here the term DX/DY is used rather than DY/DX as in the discussion of FIG. 4 because this line is in the second octant). This becomes the greatest integer less than 64 times 9.5/20=greatest integer less than 30.4=30 (011110 in binary).
The first pixels written to the screen will be for the starting endpoint. Note that endpoint positions may be specified to quarter pixel positions (two bits of fraction in X and Y) in this example of implementation. The integer rounding of the starting X position (51) is loaded into the X-address counter 210 (FIG. 2) on the Frame Buffer (FB), and the integer rounding of the starting Y position (10) into the Y-address counter 205. The two fraction bits of X and Y (binary 0.10 for X and 0.00 for Y) are appended to the five MSB's of the slope (binary 01111) to form a 9-bit word (01111 00 10). Two 1's are appended to the top end of this word to form an eleven-bit value (11011110010), which is loaded into the ROM input register 161 of FIGS. 5 and 7. The two 1's at the top of the word address the section of the ROM table used for line endpoints, which could have been assigned any 2-bit number. The counter 162 of FIGS. 5 and 7 (4 bits in this implementation) is loaded with 0, and then incremented once for every pixel touched by this endpoint of the line. (See next paragraph regarding determining when enough increments have occurred.) The FIFO 166 is loaded with a step and alpha value before each increment of the counter 162. The FB's interpretation of each step and alpha command is to first step the X and Y counters appropriately, and then store a new pixel value at the location addressed by the counters using the "update" arrangement of FIG. 8. Thus the step happens first, then the pixel read-modify-write. (The tables could readily be modified to handle the opposite order.)
Refer now to FIGS. 9A-9E. For the purpose of this discussion, assume the FIG. 7 implementation. Five bits of alpha are generated, where 0 through 29 (binary 00000 through 11101) are divided evenly to represent alpha values between 0 and 1. Values 30 and 31 (binary 11110 and 11111) are reserved to indicate the end of a section. In the case of this first endpoint, where 5 pixels need to be drawn (FIGS. 9A and 9B), the alpha value will become 31 on the fifth step of the counter 162. This disables further stepping of the counter 162 and FIFO 166, and sets a flag indicating the end of this section, which the microcoded engine 70 can read and test. At the conclusion of drawing the first endpoint, the step commands leave the FB counters 205, 210 (FIG. 2 and FIG. 9A) one pixel to the left of (below for the first octant) the rounded starting position of the line, ready for the zigzag path along the center sections of the line.
A value of binary 10 is appended with the 3 MSB's of the slope (binary 011) to form the 5-bit value (binary 10011) which the microcoded engine 70 loads into the upper 5 bits of the ROM input register (i.e. 161a). This value remains constant for the entire center portion of the line. The initial X position (instead of Y since in the second octant) is incremented by one half (add binary 0.100000, as if it were going to be rounded, but without performing the truncation) and loaded into the small axis position register 138 in FIG. 4. This X position is aligned so as to have 6 fraction bits, of which 4 are always initially zero because endpoints are specified to only quarter pixel precision. For this example the value will be 50.5+0.5=51 (binary 110011.000000). One half is added to the value being loaded into the small axis Position Register in order to make the integer portion of that register always contain the rounded position to the nearest pixel. The fractional portion of the small axis position register 138 is loaded into the lower 6 bits of the ROM imput register (i.e. 161b) of FIG. 7 via a multiplexer. The seventh bit of the register 161b, which does not go directly to the ROM 163, is loaded with the bottom integer bit of the small axis position register 138.
If the Y starting position (X for the first octant) had not been an integer, it would have been moved up to the next integer value before starting the center piece of the line. The X starting position would also be adjusted appropriately, by adding (the amount added to Y) times the SLOPE/64.
The arrangement of FIG. 4 is now clocked once, and the new X position written into Register 161 of FIG. 7. Simultaneously, counter 162 is loaded. (In this example, the new X position is binary 110011.011110, which has the same bottom integer bit as the previous X position.) The bottom two bits of the counter 162 are always loaded with zero. The third bit is loaded with a 0 if the bottom integer bit of the small axis position register 138 has changed since the last loading (implemented by gates 286 and 208), and 1 if it has not changed. The fourth counter bit is alternatively loaded with 0 and 1 directly by the microcode to indicate the current direction of the zigzag across the center piece of the line (FIG. 9B). It is loaded with 0 this initial time, giving a total counter 162 value of 4 (binary 0100).
At this point, the counter is incremented three times to write the first 3-pixel cross-section of the line. The first step will be up, and the other two to the right. The arrangement of FIG. 4 is clocked a second time, and another new X position written into the register 161 (binary 110011.111101, of which only 1.111101 is loaded into the register). Again, the bottom integer bit of the small axis position register 138 (X position) has not changed, so the third bit of the counter 162 is loaded with 1. The fourth bit is toggled to a 1, resulting in a value of 12 (hex C or binary 1100) being loaded into counter. The counter 162 is again incremented three times, stepping up once and then to the left twice, writing the second 3-pixel section of the vector.
On the third iteration of this, the X position becomes binary 110100.011011, which has incremented the integer portion since the previous step. Thus, the third bit of the counter 162 will be loaded with a 0, and the fourth bit toggled back to a 0, giving a final counter value of 0 (binary 0000). As the counter is clocked the three times, the first step will be diagonally up and right, followed by two steps to the right.
This process is continued through the nineteenth 3-pixel section. The microcoded engine 70 then directly (through the multiplexer 251 of FIG. 7) issues the required step (diagonally up and left in this case) to position the FB counters 205, 210 at the final endpoint position (rounded to the nearest pixel) ready for drawing this endpoint.
Because this endpoint faces in the opposite direction from the starting one, the microcoded engine loads the opposite octant value (6 in this case) into the octant register 164 of FIG. 7. It then proceeds exactly as for the first endpoint of a line in the sixth octant, incrementing the counter 162 six times to cover the pixels touched by this final endpoint.
To aid the implementor of a system such as is herein described, in generating the needed line smoothing table values for the ROM 163 of FIGS. 5 and 7, the following description of an example procedure is provided. It assumes the availability of any one of the known and available accurate (and presumably relatively slow) algorithms for generating smooth lines of arbitrary length and orientation. The algorithm should set intensities between 0 and 1 (represented to high accuracy) into pixel locations of a monochrome frame buffer. All lines drawn with this algorithm should be onto a blank frame buffer, so line crossing need not be handled by it.
Consider the example line used in the above operational description (as illustrated in FIGS. 9A-9E) drawn from 50.5,10 to 60,30. Generate this line using the accurate algorithm. Then proceed through the above operational description as if the line were to be drawn by the system, but interrupt the operation when the first step and alpha values are to be output from the ROM 163 (FIG. 7). The current position (the one addressed by the X and Y counters 205,210 in the frame buffer 200) is at 51,10.
Calculate the step values first. Remembering that steps happen before pixel writes, devise a path of adjacent pixels, starting at the current position and ending one to the left (below if in the first octant). The path must cover all pixels at this end of the line that were set to non-zero intensities by the accurate algorithm. Store the step values required to traverse this path into sequential locations in the ROM 163, starting at the address currently in the ROM input registers 161a & b and counter 162.
Now start through the same set of ROM locations again. Starting with the first, look at which pixel its step command will position the frame buffer. Read the intensity value from the accurate (heretofore "blank") frame buffer; scale it to be in the range of 0 to 29; and store it in the alpha portion of the ROM 163. Continue through the entire path generated above. After the last location used, store an alpha value of 31 to indicate the end of this section.
Tables for the center section of the line can be filled in a similar manner. The only change in procedure is that the three pixels in each section closest to the line are to be covered by the path, even if some of the intensities are zero. These pixels will simply generate zero values for alpha which, of course, would have no effect on the line drawn.
When enough lines have been generated with the accurate algorithm, and loaded into the ROM using the above procedure, the entire table will be filled. Of course, only lines in the one octant are required to fill the table, as hardware after the ROM 163 translates from the one octant to the others. Although a random selection of lines would certainly suffice to fill the table eventually, careful selection of the trial lines can avoid redundant calculations of table entries and speed the process.
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|U.S. Classification
|345/418, 708/102
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 13, 1986
Owner name: TEKTRONIX, INC., 4900 S.W. GRIFFITH DRIVE, P.O. BO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:ROSENER, HARVEY J.;KNIERIM, DAVID L.;DALRYMPLE, JOHN C.;REEL/FRAME:004499/0195
Effective date: 19830303
|Jul 21, 1989
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 15, 1993
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Feb 13, 1998
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Apr 26, 1998
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jul 7, 1998
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19980429


text:
Wallabies 'don't really care' about ABs' streak
The All Blacks are potentially 80 minutes away from claiming the longest ever Test-match winning streak among tier-one nations, but the Wallabies "don't really care".
Australia's vice captain James Slipper said he was completely focused on his team's preparations for the Rugby Championship and was paying no attention to New Zealand's quest to claim 18 straight wins in the first Bledisloe Cup Test at ANZ Stadium next weekend.
"I don't really care [about the record], we've been focusing on ourselves," Slipper said.
"If we get ahead of ourselves and talk about how we're going to end their world record winning streak, we're doing what we do every year, which is talk them up.
"The cue for us is just to train hard. They are the best team in the world and we're going to have to be at our best, so all our energy is going into training."
The Wallabies prop was more worried about readying Australia's scrum for a brutal seven-Test campaign over the next few weeks.
After strong performances across three Tests against France in June, Slipper said set-piece dominance was crucial to success against New Zealand, South Africa and Argentina.
"The scrum is going to be a big part of the Rugby Championship, set-piece seems to be the talking point of these Test matches," he said.
"We've been working pretty hard throughout the French series and into this week."
He also backed his front-row teammate in that series, Sekope Kepu, who will retain his starting spot at tighthead despite the return of experience Brumbies prop Ben Alexander.
Kepu produced excellent performances for NSW at the back end of their title-winning season but was the subject of some undignified criticism from referee Craig Joubert early in the second half of the Waratahs' grand final battle with the Crusaders.
"Keps is a great Wallaby so he'll bounce back from whatever happened," Slipper said.
"One referee's opinion can always change going into a Test match, I think the Waratahs scrum has done pretty well all year so I wouldn't be too worried about that.
"And same with [rookie hooker Nathan Charles]. The Western Force scrum has been really strong this year, so with those two players in mind, I'm not worried about our scrum at all.
"If we do the work at training, we'll be fine in the game."
Kepu arrived in camp in Bathurst on Wednesday along with 10 of his teammates, who all celebrated hard after their 33-32 win last weekend.
Wallabies captain Michael Hooper was among the group, as was fullback Israel Folau and five-eighth Bernard Foley.
Slipper said he hadn't detected any visible damage to the players from their Mad Monday - and beyond - celebrations but said he would forgive any tattoos or bizarre haircuts.
"When you win those milestones in your career, you've got to celebrate them, it's very important to make the most of the occasion," he said.
"The Waratahs have done an absolutely great job this year, they've really played good-looking rugby, and they've done it well.
"So they deserve the win, and I'm sure they've had a few beers over the weekend ... and early week."
Sydney Morning Herald


text:
Network Premieres New Series "Bubba's World" and Season Four of "New Pollution" March 28, 2010
Busy month of programming includes new specials like "Blue Carpet Special: Ultimate Wave Tahiti 3D" featuring Nine-Time World Champ Kelly Slater, "Insane Cinema: Shaun White Project X," "Vans Triple Crown of Surfing 2009" and "Gatorade Free Flow Tour Winter 2009."
Los Angeles, CA (March 2, 2010) — FUEL TV, the only network dedicated to the lifestyle of action sports, announces the premiere of its newest series "Bubba's World" on March 28, 2010 at 10:00pm ET/PT. This 10-episode series follows motocross champ James "Bubba" Stewart as he takes a break from his vigorous training and racing schedule and explores life as a "normal" 23 year old. The series, starring James and his family, also features his famous friends from the motocross world including freestyle pros Todd Potter and Nate Adams.
FUEL TV will also be premiering the fourth season of "New Pollution" on March 28, 2010 at 8:00pm ET/PT featuring more up and coming talent than ever before. A number of specials will also be premiering throughout the month of March, including the "Blue Carpet Special: Ultimate Wave Tahiti 3D" featuring nine-time World Surf Champ Kelly Slater; "Insane Cinema: Shaun White Project X;" "Volcolm's Blizzard Bizarre Tour;" "US Snowboarding Grand Prix" featuring Olympic athletes Shaun White, Kelly Clark, Gretchen Bleiler, Hannah Teter and Scotty Lago; "Gatorade Free Flow Tour Winter 2009;" "SPoT's Tampa Am 2009;" and "Vans Triple Crown of Surfing 2009."
Series Premieres
Sunday, 3/28/2010
New Pollution Season 4 8:00pm ET/PT
Host and pro surfer Matt Beacham introduces viewers to the next generation of action sports heroes. The young guns, who are no older than 16, prove their skills on the hills, waves, and streets across the world. "New Pollution" has made history featuring riders who've landed endorsement deals and superstardom, ripping against pros two to three times their age including skateboarder Chaz Ortiz who won the 2008 overall title in the Dew Tour Street Skate division at age of 14; surfer Alana Blanchard who won the women's Pipeline Pro twice and the Vans Hawaiian Pro in 2009; snowboarder Ellery Hollingsworth who got a third at this year's Sprint U.S. Snowboarding Grand Prix in Park City; and snowboarder Maddy Schaffrick who took first in both halfpipe and slopestyle at the USSA Revolution Tour Boreal stop in 2009.
Sunday, 3/28/2010
Bubba's World – 10:00pm ET/PT
"Bubba's World" is a ten-episode docu-reality series about the number-one motocross racer in the world, James "Bubba" Stewart. At age 23, he is not only the highest paid rider pulling in more than $10 million a year, but also the only African American to dominate in an all-white sport. The show premieres on Sunday night, March 28, at 10:00pm ET/PT and remaining episodes will air Sunday nights at 9:00pm ET/PT.
March Films, Events and Specials
Monday, 3/1/2010
Blue Carpet Special: Ultimate Wave Tahiti 3D 8:00pm ET/PT in Meet & Brotatoes
Join FUEL TV as we cover the premiere of "The Ultimate Wave Tahiti;" the first ever IMAX 3D surf film. Featuring nine-time world champion Kelly Slater, "The Ultimate Wave Tahiti" follows a quest to find the perfect wave-riding experience. Filmed in Tahiti and among the islands of French Polynesia, the film showcases dramatic giant screen surfing action in a unique Pacific paradise. Come join t


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Help a new curly teen out?
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Sunday, November 11, 2012 at 04:25AM
Maddy - I'll look at those sites right now!
and ms.poema
I actually have no experience dealing with curly hair at all. My hair was permed when I was 8 years old and I'm 18 now. I stopped perming my hair about 2 years ago. I have been slowly cutting of the damaged relaxed hair because I was afraid to undergo a full on chop. So now I have a head filled with un-normal curly hair that I do not understand. Literally; who's hair goes from curly, to a broom in the course of maybe 3 hours. It doesn't dry into curls it dries into strands of hay (as my pictures demonstrate)
I have to do so much research about what type of hair I have.
But actually speaking to people about this is making me feel like I am getting some support so thanks guys.


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Duck out your locker with crafty Duck Tape DIYs
Duck Tape has you (and your locker) covered. With over 200 colors and designs to choose from, these rad rolls make it a breeze to add a touch of personal style to your fave schooltime space. Read on for our awesome Duck Tape DIYs.
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Location: Austin, TX
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I Had Restylane Under Eyes Today, But was Vascular and my MD Wants to Use Hyaloronidase. Will I Be Uneven?
My md said ,it is case of vascular injection and gave me nitroglycerin and advised hot compress .wants inject hyaloronidase tomorrow.since problem is just one side ,i am afraid... READ MORE