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THE first family of Australian motorsport - Jack Brabham and sons David, Geoff and Gary - has won the right to protect its name from the use of others, after a lengthy battle in German courts.
David Brabham, the youngest son of three-time Formula One world champion and team founder Jack Brabham, the first Australian to win an F1 title, had sued Michael Trick for using the Brabham name on a series of specially-made road cars that the Brabham family had no involvement in.
"I'm delighted that this situation has finally come to an end," David Brabham told Autosport UK magazine. "It's been a long and tiring battle, but this was something I felt we needed to do to protect the Brabham name.
"The global brand stands for success and innovation bolstered from 60 years of racing heritage, and deserves to be protected. This ruling will not only help future plans for the Brabham brand, but also protect the third generation of drivers, in Sam and Matthew, coming up through the ranks."
David Brabham told the motorsport magazine that the Brabham trademark registration had now reverted to the family's ownership.
Others have tried to use the Brabham name in motor racing but were unsuccessful. In 2009, a group set up by Formtech founder Franz Hilmer lodged an entry for the 2010 F1 championship using the Brabham Grand Prix name but the application was unsuccessful.
Jack Brabham won F1 championships in 1959, 1960 and 1966 with his own team and car, the first driver to do so.
David Brabham is a successful sports-car racer and won the famous LeMans 24-hour race in 2009, one of only four Australians to win the enduro.
Originally published as Brabham pedigree protected by law


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Pastor Kwabena Donkor
The Deputy Director of Biblical Research Institute of the Seventh Day Adventist (SDA) Church worldwide, Pastor Kwabena Donkor, has advised Christians to stop chasing signs and wonders but allow signs and wonders follow them to bring harmony into the country.
According to him, 'Currently, there are a lot of revival and prophesies going on in the world, but it must be noted that the true revival comes from the word of God.'
He pointed out that Christians have to be told the truth that they have a responsibility to live a life that will highlight Jesus Christ, since 'righteousness exalts a nation.'
Pastor Kwabena Donkor made these remarks when delivering a sermon during this year's South Ghana Conference of the SDA which was attended by members from Tema Central, East and North Districts as well as Doryumu in the Shai-Osudoku District of Accra.
The six-day conference, themed 'Revival and the prophetic truth,' held at Doryumu, drew Adventists from various parts of the Tema region. It was aimed at helping members of the church to renew their spiritual lives.
According to Pastor Kwabena Donkor, 'Revival does not always come in a spectacular form. Christians must desist from chasing miracles and rather concentrate on how to cause positive change in their own small ways to bring harmony into the country.'
He emphasised that Christians must seek Christ in all their endeavours and they would get the answers to all the challenges confronting them.
The Deputy Director of Biblical Research Institute admonished Christians to champion what are virtuous to serve as a motivation to others to follow.
He said although seeking miracles is not a bad thing, 'the miracles should come as a result of hearing and believing the word of God.'
The Deputy Director wondered why some Christians spend time in churches to have an encounter with God and after that go to engage in anti-social behaviours like bribery, corruption, stealing, littering the environment, among others.
Pastor Kerphas Gyamfi of the Tema Central District of the SDA, who spoke about searching for the root cause of a problem – relating it to the situation in Ghana – noted that there was too much bitterness, disunity, tribalism and disrespect for the elderly in most Ghanaian societies.
He called for a change of attitude, adding that 'People could conveniently call into radio stations and insult elderly people without any feeling of guilt, all in the name of politics.'
Pastor Gyamfi cautioned the media not to allow their platforms to be used to promote indiscipline so that the country is not plunged into chaos.
Form Vincent Kubi, Doryumu
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subset: commoncrawl


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A court in France ruled today that Monsanto is responsible for the chemical poisoning of a French farmer. The ruling may lead to increased litigation over claims of chemical poisoning against the agricultural giant.
The farmer, 47-year-old Paul Francois, said he suffered various symptoms—including memory loss, headaches and stammering—after he accidentally inhaled Lasso weed killer, a Monsanto product, in 2004. He said in his suit that Monsanto did not adequately warn about the health dangers of Lasso.
Other farmers have tried to file health claims against Monsanto for similar reactions to the product, but because of their exposures to other pesticides, proving Lasso was the cause was too difficult.
"It is a historic decision in so far as it is the first time that a (pesticide) maker is found guilty of such a poisoning," François Lafforgue, Francois' lawyer, told Reuters.
Monsanto said it is disappointed in the ruling and is considering an appeal. "Monsanto always considered that there were not sufficient elements to establish a causal relationship between Paul Francois's symptoms and a potential poisoning," the company's lawyer, Jean-Philippe Delsart, said.


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many thanks!
ModelAdmin automatically creates the Contact GridField for the LeadsAdmin. Your codes overwrite that gridfield.
I think it is a 'bug' that GridFieldAutocompleter doesn't look into the $searchable_fields of the Contact object to find out what searchable_fields are. It only checks if the Contact object has a 'Name' field or not to decide whether the Contact object is searchable or not.
Although your solution works but i think the perfect solution is to update The GridFieldAutoCompleter. Hope the SS team can look into this?


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Does Anybody Own A Chocolate Tempering Machine?
Decorating By gma1956 Updated 26 Jul 2005 , 1:11am by gma1956
Does anybody own a tempering machine? If you do what brand and are you happy with it. I am in the market for one and want to start researching them so I can get the best deal my money can buy.
I have a small one that I got out of a catalog..Brylane home, and it works so well..I just wish it was larger. I feel that it was worth the money.
How much tempered chocolate does it hold? I want to get one that will suit my purpose.
I'd say maybe between a 1/2 pound to 3/4 maybe even a full pound. It still works great for its size and man it makes working with chocolate so so much easier!!
I'm still looking for information on a tempering machine. Just wanting to move this to the top again.


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- Ranked #8 among online Information Technology programs by U.S. News & World Report
- Ranked by Newsweek as one of the top 25 universities for producing CEOs of Fortune 100 companies
- Great school for military personnel
- Distance education students have access to same material as campus students
Drexel's primary mission is to provide students with practical knowledge for professional success. Employers consistently praise Drexel's interdisciplinary approach to applied education. Learn from the same internationally recognized scholars who teach at Drexel's campus without having to commit to a rigid class schedule.
Drexel's "Digital Dragon" community offers an impressive network of scholars and professionals from which you will continue to benefit long after you complete your degree. Unlike most online programs, Drexel also provides life-changing opportunities to study abroad.
Drexel University Online Degree Programs
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- Business Administration
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Master's Degree Programs:
- Arts Administration
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- Learning Technologies
- Mathematics Learning and Teaching
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- Teaching, Learning, and Curriculum
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- Software Engineering, Computer Science
- Hospitality Management
- Legal Studies
- Health Administration
- Physician Assistant Post-Professional Master's Program
- Adult Gerontology
- Clinical Nurse Leader
- Clinical Trials Research
- Family Nurse Practitioner
- Nursing Innovation
- Leadership in Health Systems Management
- Nursing Education
- Pediatric Acute Care Nurse Practitioner
- Pediatric Primary Care Nurse Practitioner
- Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner
- Women's Health, Gender-Related Nurse Practitioner
- Professional Studies
Online Doctorate Programs:
- Education Leadership and Management
- Health Science in Rehabilitation Sciences
- Nursing Practice
Drexel University Online Accreditation, Tuition, and Admissions Info
Drexel University Online is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education
School of Business: Additional accreditation provided by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business
School of Nursing: Additional accreditation provided by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education
School of Education: Additional accreditation provided by the National Counsel for Accreditation of Teacher Education
Undergraduate = $547 per credit hour Graduate = $868-$1,255 per credit hour
Secondary school GPA and records are required. GRE or GMAT required for graduate admissions.
Admissions Deadline: August 12
Acceptance Rate: 74%
Other Statistics
- Full Time Faculty: 365
- Student Body: 4,477
- Gender: 49% female
- 57% of undergraduates receive some kind of financial aid
- Freshman Retention Rate: 85%
- Four-Year Graduation Rate: 24%


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BRADFORD coach Dave George agrees that his side's league trip to Supermarine a week tomorrow is likely to prove a pivotal afternoon for their title ambitions.
The Ashley Lane side claimed a bonus-point triumph over improving basement boys Pewsey to reclaim pole position in Dorset & Wilts One North as previous leaders Minety lost at Combe Down.
South Marston side Marine are two points adrift of the top two in third but, with two games in hand – the first of them at home to Melksham tomorrow – the destiny of the crown remains in their hands.
Bradford though can boost their own fortunes by lowering their rivals' colours next weekend and George admitted: "Marine away, that could be the one.
"We've got back on top, but there are some tough fixtures to finish, like Marine, Swindon 2nd at home and then you don't know what you'll get when you play against Chippenham 2nd.
"I said it would be a tougher game (against Pewsey) than last time (a 56-14 win in November) and it was. From the kick-off, we got turned over and they scored straight from that.
"But it was one of our best performances of the season and I liked the pace and intensity we had. There were a few defensive lapses, but we went through the phases well.''
Bradford responded to their early setback as number eight Ed Dawson pushed his way over and Dan Bright converted, as he did when centre Charlie Holton ghosted through the defence.
Pewsey scored a second try, but Ben Sheppard added a third for the home side before half time.
Dawson and Holton were on the scoresheet again in the second half, sandwiching a try from centre Nick Abbott, Bright adding a further conversion.
- MELKSHAM captain Callum Hurn praised his side despite their 54-7 defeat to a strengthened Trowbridge second string.
The visitors grabbed the first points of the game when Simon Foster intercepted to dot down and convert his own score.
But they lost centre Phil Stone to injury and, after Trowbridge, who fielded several first team players, had levelled through scrum-half Kyle Knight, they added seven more scores.
Hurn said: "We knew the challenge that faced us and were determined to meet it.
"We had good periods in the first half and Trowbridge showed the levels we need to achieve in the second.''
FOR MORE SPORTS NEWS, REPORTS & PICTURES SEE FRIDAY'S WILTSHIRE TIMES AND FOLLOW US ON TWITTER @WTSport


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Superyacht CANER III is able to accommodate up to 12 guests with 4 crew. She is a recent turkish gulet (gullet). She can attain a high speed of 13 knots.
With a width of 7.4 metres or 24 feet CANER III has reasonable size.
The engine of the yacht generates 400 horse power (or 298 kilowatts). She is fitted with 2 engines. The total output for the yacht is 800 HP or 596 KW.
Providing space for a maximum of 12 welcome guests spending the night, the CANER III accommodates everyone comfortably. She also utilises circa 4 expert crew to operate.
The propulsion comes from two 400 Horse Power or 298 kW MAN. - Giving the combined power of 800 HP /596 KW. - Her top Speed is around 13 knots. - Water: unknown. - Generators: Onan 2 times 25 kilowatts. - Beam: 7.4m/24ft. Yacht Type: turkish gulet (gullet).
The luxury yacht CANER III displayed on this page is merely informational and she is not necessarily available for yacht charter or for sale, nor is she represented or marketed in anyway by CharterWorld. This web page and the superyacht information contained herein is not contractual. All yacht specifications and informations are displayed in good faith but CharterWorld does not warrant or assume any legal liability or responsibility for the current accuracy, completeness, validity, or usefulness of any superyacht information and/or images displayed. All boat information is subject to change without prior notice and may not be current.
33m (108'), 2002, , Blue-Trend,
Sailing Yacht Swan 95 S, OCTOPUS, HARMONY, Motor Yacht REVE D'OR, MOSTRO


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(CBS News) Forbes released its 32nd annual list of the 400 wealthiest Americans on Monday. The list ranks the nation's wealthiest billionaires and for the first time, the combined net worth of those listed exceeds $2 trillion. Microsoft's Bill Gates tops the list and Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg is back in the top 20 portion of the list after a 2-year hiatus.
Go to Forbes for the full list along with infographics and how these top-earners are putting their money to work to improve society.
- Bill Gates
- Warren Buffett
- Larry Ellison
- Charles Koch
- David Koch
- Christy Walton
- Jim Walton
- Alice Walton
- S. Robson Walton
- Michael Bloomberg
For the full list and a look at the 2012 Forbes 400 list, visit Forbes.


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Contributed/ The Lincolnton-Lincoln County Chamber of Commerce conducted a Grand Opening and Ribbon Cutting for Lake Auto Sales in Denver on Feb. 6. Lake Auto Sales is located at 1515 North Highway 16. Participating in the ceremony from the Chamber included Anngela Williams, Ambassadors Committee Chair, Hospice of Lincoln County, Melisa Harrison, Immediate Past Chair of the Chamber's Board of Directors, 1st Advantage Insurance Group, and Ken Kindley, Chamber President. Pictured preparing to cut the ribbon are Lake Auto Sales owners Joe Acouski (left) and Matthew Welch. Chamber members attending the grand opening were treated to a reception following the ribbon cutting.
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Check this link right here https://sites.google.com/site/gulfshoresfishingtrip/ for more information on Tampa Deep Sea Fishing. Except few lucky most of us can't afford those high value fishing or party boats but you can enjoy a fabulous fishing vacation within your budget by taking charter fishing service. Most fishermen preferred to take this service for Tampa Deep Sea Fishing. With the beautiful scenery of the Tampa tropical sunset or sunrise and you got the makings of the best charter fishing in Tampa.
Follow us : http://gulfshoresfishingcharters.bravesites.com/
Licence : All Rights Reserved


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The Gunner Waterproof Jacket is constructed from a polymer reinforced textile durable outer shell and incorporates a 100% waterproof inner lining tensure maximum riding comfort. With its removable thermal lining and CE certified protection this jacket is ideal for the rigors of sport touring - whatever the weather.
Durable polymer-coated 600 Dernier textile for superb water-repelling performance.
100% waterproof and breathable lining for high levels of comfort and weather protection.
Featuring Alpinestars Climate Control System: strategically positioned zippered front air intakes and rear exhaust thelp regulate internal body temperature.
Removable long-sleeve thermal liner with poly-fabric collar ensures jacket versatility and comfort in cold and hot conditions.
Class-leading, CE-certified elbow and shoulder protectors for added impact protection.
Chest and Back protector compartments with advanced poly-foam comfort padding (CE-certified Bio-Armor back protector insert available as accessory).
Soft poly-fabric comfort edge around collar.
Velcrsleeve volume adjustment system and gusseted Velcrcuff adjustment for improved riding fit.
Velcrwaistband and collar allows for highly personalized and secure fit while in various riding positions.
Extended and reinforced lower back for riding comfort.
Pre-curved sleeves for improved comfort and performance in the riding position.
External hand pockets, plus internal pockets and waterproof wallet pocket; pockets are zipped for peace-of-mind closure.


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JER Lane have retained the Foster's Halifax League Premier Division title.
Their four-wicket victory at Mytholmroyd took them to 178 points, which means that even if they fail to gain another point in their two remaining matches, Booth, who are second on 154, can only equal their tally.
And Booth would lose out on the tie-break if they match Jer's points total as Lane have bowled their opposition out ten times, whereas Booth can only do that nine times even if they add two to that column over the next two weekends.
Mytholmroyd's 232-9 was reduced to 206 because of rain, Nasir Chowdrey taking 4-100 and Sam Wilson 4-61, before Jer replied with 208-6, Jonny Lister scoring 75 and Dan Laban 68 in a stand of 107 for the third wicket.
Oxenhope have secured their place in the Roy Smith First Division after defeating visitors Outlane by 40 runs.
Liam Dyson (35) and Graham Ellis (20) added 54 for Oxenhope's second wicket before Duncan Tetley (22no) and the returning Adam Bailey (14) boosted Oxenhope them to 160.
Bailey (4-35) and Tetley (3-23) then starred with the ball as Outlane were dismissed for 120.
Cullingworth suffered an agonising one-wicket at Stones, despite Graham Rankin's 6-45, to end their promotion hopes from the Terry Wynne Second Division.
The newcomers are third with 116 points but have no matches left as they finish the campaign with two byes.


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Reviews - Romantic Holiday Rome B&B
Via Girolamo Vitelli 10, Roma, 00167
Customer Reviews
Our reviews are from genuine LateRooms.com customers. We verify that the customer has stayed before leaving a review.
100% would recommend it to a friend
Customer service
Food quality
Room quality
Best way to enjoy Rome
Nice place just outside the city centre.
Peaceful at night and away from the hustle and bustle of the city.
Read More Less
This is a Family of four in Rome
This is a great B&B with friendly but unobtrusive hosts.
The Room was pleasant, clean and cool. The host brought breakfast forward to fit with our plans. The location allowed us and our children a chance to see a little bit of everyday life in Rome, which was great. All major sites were within easy access by metro. We all enjoyed our stay.
Read More Less
Perfect B&B!
Definitely worth a stay if you are visiting Rome as a couple.
You get a whole B&B to yourself with a large room and en suite, felt like we were being very spoilt. Everything was really clean and cosy, and Henry cooked us a lovely breakfast each morning. It is probably a 20-30 minute metro ride into town as the metro in Rome is pretty slow, and about 10 minutes to get to the Vatican. Henry and his wife were really helpful and made sure there were no problems with our stay.
Read More Less
Great accommodation, friendly and helpful owners
Great place, ideally located on 2 mins walk from metro station and 20 min in to Centre.
Henry and Monica very helpful and went out of their way to be accommodating. Room clean and comfortable, we were there 5 days and bedding was changed on 3rd day and 2 changes of towels. If you do not want to travel to the centre for evening meal there are plenty of restaurants nearby. Great place to stay.
Read More Less
rome holiday
This is an excellent place to stay.
A warm welcome on arrival and a good breakfast offered every day including scrambled egg on toast if you wish. The room had a really comfy bed and a comfy sofa plus a single bed and table and chairs. TV, kettle and teas and coffee supplied and extra drinks in a well stocked fridge [price list for fridge drinks on top of fridge]. There is a lift for those who can't manage the stairs. The Metro [underground] is close by and only a couple of stops to the centre of Rome. Close to the accommodation is a good restaurant and a couple of take aways. This is by far the best accommodation we have stayed in whilst in Italy, the couple who run it are extremely warm and friendly whilst not being intrusive. We would really reccomend this accommodation.
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Re: Feature Request: remove file extensions when autocompleting in comments
From: Alexander Klenin <klenin_at_gmail.com>
Date: 2007-09-29 03:33:53 CEST
On 9/29/07, Simon Large <email@example.com> wrote:
> BTW if I may comment on the coding style there:
However, there is actually a problem here I forgot to write about.
The problem is -- TortoiseSVN actually crashed with old code in debug mode.
-- Alexander S. Klenin Insight Experts Ltd. --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: email@example.com For additional commands, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com on Sat Sep 29 03:34:05 2007
This is an archived mail posted to the TortoiseSVN Dev mailing list.


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To figure that out, one must understand the concept of hosting as well as PBX. PBX stands for private branch exchange. Private bank exchange refers to a telephone exchange of a specific office, as opposed to a telephone company that operates for the general public. PBX allows for connection within a specific office while linking them to outside communications (the public switched telephone lines) with the use of trunk lines. A PBX usually includes an internal switching network, micro-controller for data processing, logic cards, telephone sets, switchboard, interconnecting wiring, uninterruptible power supply, and outside telco trunks.
In recent years, VoIP PBX has become popular, which uses internet protocol to complete communications. Additionally, PBX now has a range of functions including auto attendant, auto dialing, automatic call distributor, autodialing, call accounting, call blocking/forwarding/pick-up/transfer/waiting, conference calls, music on hold, interactive voice response, and a range of other features.
So what about hosting? A hosted PBX allows for PBX function without as much hassle. The Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) delivers PBX by utilizing the equipment within the telephone company's exchange. This saves the customers money as they do not have to purchase and install hardware/software. Either the customer can lease the equipment or the telephone company can use existing equipment. Thus, customers contract out PBX functionality to the telephone company. Hosted-PBX systems offer the added features of allowing a single number to be used for the entire company, allows multimodal access, reduces need for on-site hardware maintenance and allows flexibility in scale.
Hosted PBX is particularly helpful for small businesses, who may be limited by costs. It requires very little time to set-up and to start working. It can streamline communication while saving money.


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Did You Know?
Meerkats eat almost anything. They love bugs, watermelon, cat food treats, bones, and frozen fruit.
The largest of forest antelopes, bongos have a stunning chestnut-color coat with an average of 12-14 narrow white stripes. The animal has two heavy, slightly-spiraled horns that are hollow and made of keratin. Bongos can run quickly and gracefully through thick forest cover. They tilt their head up, which causes their horns to lie flat along their back so that brush doesn't impede their flight. While western bongos are more common, eastern (or mountain) bongos are critically endangered and only found in one remote region of central Kenya. Bongos require a large amount of fresh food year-round, so they are usually found in forests that provide low-level green vegetation.
Bongos are shy animals and are easily frightened. Adult males usually live alone, while mothers and their young may form small groups. Bongos are mostly nocturnal, but are sometimes active during the day, too.
We have 3 bongos at PPZ; a male named Bock who was born in 2003 at Busch Gardens in Florida, Bella, a female who was born in 2008 at Virginia Zoological Park, and Penny, who was born right here at the zoo in 2014.
There are no photos available for this animal.


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The CSS/JS pages are being included with a full url (not a relative path). The issue is that the CDN reads the content from a different url. Thus when pages are cached in the CDN the CSS location is off the cdn. How can I specify the base_url for the css documents?
I am including css and js pages using the old method:


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Go to Admin » Appearance » Widgets » and move Gabfire Widget: Social into that MastheadOverlay zone
The snow is gone and we are in for a few days of beautiful sunshine; however, we have one more weather-related hurdle to cross. Black ice is possible across Northern Alabama tonight.
Lingering moisture from the recent precipitation combined with cold air moving into the region will create black ice on many area roadways, including some major highways during the overnight. Bridges and overpasses are especially at risk. If traveling tonight or in the morning, use extreme caution.
© 2013, ↑ Madison Weekly News
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This is my first photo layout of a shoe catalog ever. So you can see my little mistakes on this.I love my colors and this was a fall catalog. The lady that works with the company came in with the teacher it was his sister. That is a nice thing she did for her brother. Learning to put layout together is a great way to learn. Went to Kinkos to have this printed. This felt like a job being done.
Thank You!


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GE Creates 500GB Optical Disc Page: 1
GE Creates 500GB Optical Disc
General Electric (GE) has developed an optical disc that it claims can store 500GB of data – the highest capacity optical storage option currently available. The disc has the ability to store data equivalent to 100 DVDs.
Currently, Blu-ray discs provide the highest storage capacity among optical discs at 25GB to 50GB. But the new micro-holographic disc stores data in three dimensional holographs rather than pits on the surface as in traditional DVDs and Blu-ray discs, which gives it amazing storage capacity.
Micro-holographic discs work on a simple principle – higher the reflectivity, more the storage capacity. By developing this disc, the company has managed to resolve the biggest challenge in the development of this disc, namely increasing the reflectivity of the holograms stored on the discs to the extent where players can both read and write to the discs.
While the new disc will initially be targeted at the archive industry, GE believes it will eventually find use in the consumer market place and home use industry. The technology is still in a laboratory testing phase, but GE is confident of its success as it is possible to develop players and writers for the discs that can also play DVDs and Blu-ray discs.
In an official statement, the company stated, "The hardware and formats are so similar to current optical storage technology that the micro-holographic players will enable consumers to play back their CDs, DVDs and Blu-ray discs."
"GE's breakthrough is a huge step toward bringing our next generation holographic storage technology to the everyday consumer," Brian Lawrence, head of GE's Holographic Storage division added. "The day when you can store your entire high definition movie collection on one disc and support high resolution formats like 3D television is closer than you think."
While researchers have been working on micro-holographic technology for decades and believe it to be the future of optical storage, the discs are far from mass-acceptance. GE will have to take into account the not-so-enthusiastic response received by Blu-ray discs; and the competition offered by digital distribution and cloud computing, which many experts believe are the long-term answer to content delivery and storage.
Discus in our


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Staff blogs
James Love
Manon Ress
Thiru Balasubramaniam
Andrew Goldman
Claire Cassedy
Diane Singhroy
Kim Treanor
KEI Staff
Federal Circuit decision again results in three-way split in reasoning in AMP v. USPTO; 2-1 ruling upholds DNA patents
On Thursday, 16 August 2012, the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit issued its opinion in the case Association for Molecular Pathology v. US Patent and Trademark Office, again rejecting the plaintiffs' contentions that isolated DNA is not eligible for patent protection. This case surrounds the patent eligibility of isolated DNA, particularly the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes known to be associated with an individual's susceptibility to breast and ovarian cancer.
Although a longer summary and analysis of each of the three opinions is provided below, the short version is that the Federal Circuit decided the case the same way it did last year. Judge Lourie authored the majority opinion finding that isolated DNA is markedly different from native DNA and therefore eligible for patent protection. Judge Moore found that the markedly different characteristic plus its utility in its isolated form renders the claims eligible for patent protection. Again, though, Moore cautioned that if the case were being decided on a blank canvas, she may not have decided the case the same way. Because it was not a blank canvas, though, she deferred to the USPTO practice of granting the patents. Judge Bryson dissented in the case with respect to the issue of eligibility of isolated DNA, finding the isolation analogous to the isolation of an element such as lithium or an organ such as a kidney, both of which would be unpatentable. Only Bryson appeared to afford the Mayo opinion with much weight or relevance to the present case. Lourie and Moore both gave substantial deference to USPTO whereas Bryson again declined to do so citing "no collective right of adverse possession to intellectual property."
Case Background
The case was originally decided in the district court for the Southern District of New York in 2010. On appeal in 2011, the Federal Circuit determined by a 2-1 vote that isolated DNA was eligible for patent protection. However, that opinion was a fragmented one and a three-way split in reasoning resulted. Notably, those three lines of legal reasoning were different from that of district court Judge Sweet. In early 2012, the plaintiffs in the case filed a petition for writ of certiorari to the Supreme Court of the United States. After the Supreme Court unanimously rejected the patents-at-issue in Mayo v. Prometheus, the Court granted writ, vacated the Federal Circuit decision and remanded the case back to the circuit court. On 20 July 2012, the Federal Circuit re-heard oral arguments in the case; Chris Hansen of the ACLU argued for plaintiffs, Melissa Patterson argued on behalf of the US and Gregory Castanias of Jones Day argued for the defendants. Additional background/coverage on the case is available here. The ACLU page for the case is available here.
Ultimately, the case will almost certainly be appealed to the Supreme Court again. Interestingly, the Mayo v. Prometheus case took a similar pathway before being unanimously decided by the Court earlier this year. The procedural history of Mayo v. Prometheus also involved the petition for writ of certiorari being granted, the case vacated and then remanded back to the Federal Circuit to be re-heard in light of the Supreme Court's decision in the Bilski case. The Federal Circuit in Mayo upon re-hearing reached the same holding it did the first time around and the case was then appealed to the Supreme Court again, where the decision was ultimately reversed. There are now essentially four different lines of reasoning (District Court Judge Sweet and Federal Circuit Judges Lourie, Moore and Bryson each wrote his or her own opinion, each relying on different reasoning) with respect to patent eligibility of DNA and genes and when this case was previously appealed to the Supreme Court, plaintiffs and amici noted that guidance is needed due to the clearly diverging legal opinions and reasoning in the case.
Lourie Majority Opinion: Isolated DNA patent eligible because markedly different from native DNA
With respect to the Federal Circuit opinion, as in the previous round, Judge Lourie, appointed by George H. W. Bush, authored the majority opinion. Judge Moore, appointed by George W. Bush, joined the majority opinion on the issues of standing, method claims, and cDNA, but wrote her own concurring opinion (as she did in the previous round) on the issue of isolated DNA. Although the defendant-appellants in the case again raised the issue of standing, the court declined the "suggestion of mootness" filed by counsel for Myriad Genetics. The court again relied on the standing of Dr. Ostrer.
In the majority opinion, Lourie first clarfies what the "appeal is not about." He notes that the question to be answered solely whether the patents-at-issue are eligible for patent protection under 35 USC 101. He further notes that the policy questions at issue in the case are better left to be determined by Congress. Interestingly, Lourie cites high amounts of investment in this field as supporting a system of incentive of exclusive rights; in doing so, Lourie seemingly ignores the evidence that much of the isolation and discovery of DNA is done through federal funds at public research institutions or universities and that the costs for developing diagnostic tests are several orders of magnitude lower than the costs for developing new drugs or other medical technologies.
Before reviewing the applicability of the Supreme Court's Mayo holding to the claims of the Myriad patents, however, it is important to state what this appeal is not about. It is not about whether individuals suspected of having an increased risk of developing breast cancer are entitled to second opinion. Nor is it about whether the University of Utah, the owner of the instant patents, or Myriad, the exclusive licensee, has acted improperly in its licensing or enforcement policies with respect to the patents. The question is also not whether is it desirable for one company to hold a patent or license covering a test that may save people's lives,e or for other companies to be excluded from the market encompassed by such a patent--that is the basic right provided by a patent, i.e., to exclude others from practicing the patented subject matter. It is also not whether the claims at issue are novel or nonobvious or too broad. Those questions are not before us. It is solely whether the claims to isolated BRCA DNA, to methods for comparing DNA sequences, and to a process for screening potential cancer therapeutics meet the threshold test for patent-eligible subject matter under 35 USC 101 in light of various Supreme Court holdings, particularly including Mayo. The issue is patent eligibility, not patentability.
We would further note, in the context of discussing what this case is not about, that patents on life-saving material and processes, involving large amounts of risky investment, would seem to be precisely the types of subject matter that should be subject to the incentives of exclusive rights. But disapproving of patents on medical methods and novel biological molecule are policy questions best left to Congress, and other general questions relating to patentability and use of patents are issues not before us.
Lourie's opinion essentially asserts that Mayo has no bearing on the question of whether isolated DNA molecules are eligible for patent protection. The majority opinion finds that "the isolated DNA molecules before us are not found in nature. They are obtained in the laboratory and are man-made, the product of human ingenuity. While they are prepared from products of nature, so is every other composition of matter."
In finding Myriad's patents eligible for protection, Lourie relies on what he believes is a "markedly different" characteristic between isolated DNA and that which is found in nature, a requirement for eligibility under Supreme Court jurisprudence. As in his prior decision, Lourie asserts that the breaking of covalent bonds in order to isolate the DNA and the shorter portion of the naturally occurring molecule render the BRCA1 and BRCA2 sequences different and therefore eligible for patent protection. He asserts that "isolated DNA is not just purified DNA" because it has been "manipulated chemically so as to produce a molecule that is markedly different from that which exists in the body." Lourie thus distinguishes the Myriad claims from cases such as Parke-Davis and In re Marden which involved purification of molecules or elements.
Lourie did not find persuasive the arguments by the plaintiffs that the isolated DNA has the same nucleuoutide sequence as native DNA. The majority opinion also found that the "physiological use or benefit" does not determine patent eligibility, though they may be relevant to cases of nonobviousness.
The majority opinion suggests that Congress is in a better position to determine whether the claims are deserving of patent protection, but that under the current patent laws, isolated DNA is eligible for patent protection:
Under the statutory rubric of 101, isolated DNA is a tangible, man-made composition of matter defined and distinguished by its objectively discernible chemical structure. Whether its unusual status as a chemical entity that conveys genetic information warrants singular treatment under the patent laws as the district court did is a policy question that we are not entitled to address. Cf. Nat'l Fed'n of Indep. Bus. v. Sebelius, 132 S. Ct. 2566, slip op. at 6 (2012) ("[W]e possess neither the expertise nor the prerogative to make policy judgments. Those decisons are entrusted to our Nation's elected leaders, who can be thrown out of office if the people disagree with them."). Congress is presumed to have been aware of the issue, having enacted a comprehensive patent reform act during the pendency of this case, and it is ultimately for Congress if it wishes to overturn case law and the long practice of the PTO to determine that isolated DNA must be treated differently from other compositons of matter to account for the perceived special function. We therefore reject the district court's unwarranted categorical exclusion of isolated DNA molecules.
Despite the fact that the US government did not resurrect its "magic microscope test" at oral arguments (noting only that they found it a helpful analogy in thinking about the case when directly questioned on this point by Judge Moore), the majority opinion heavily criticizes the test asserting that it "misunderstands the difference between science and invention and fails to take into account the existence of molecules as separate chemical entities."
The majority seems to find unpersuasive the preemption arguments made by the plaintiffs and amici (including those arguments made based on the Supreme Court's holding and dicta in Mayo). Additionally, Lourie's opinion found significant that the claims-at-issue will expire by December 2015 and "[a]ny preemption thus is limited, very limited in the case of the present patents. Moreover, patents are rarely enforced against scientific research, even during their terms."
Additionally, both the majority opinion and Moore's concurrence relies on the long-standing practice by USPTO of granting patents on DNA as a reason to uphold the patents. The majority suggests that because USPTO has a long history of granting these patents, Congress, and not the courts, should be the one to determine otherwise.
With respect to the method claims, the majority opinion again came to the same decisions, rejecting the majority of Myriad's method claims but upholding one which required the comparison of cell growth rates. Even in light of Mayo, the opinion came out the same way, upholding one method claim.
Moore Concurrence: Isolated DNA patent eligible because of markedly different characteristics and new utility
Judge Moore wrote a concurring opinion on the issue of isolated DNA. Although she agreed that isolated DNA is eligible for patent protection, her line of reasoning differs from Lourie's. Unlike Lourie, Moore would require more than merely "markedly different" characteristics, but whether these characteristics would lead to utility. She finds that they do and therefore upholds Myriad's patents-at-issue:
The shorter isolated DNA sequences have a variety of applications and uses in isolation that are new and distinct as compared to the sequence as it occurs in nature. For example, these sequences can be used as primers in a diagnostic screening process to detect gene mutations. These smaller isolated DNA sequences--including isolated radiolabeled sequences mirroring those on the chromosome--can also be used as the basis for probes. Naturally occurring DNA cannot do this. Unlike the isolated DNA, naturally occurring DNA simply does not have the requisite chemical and physical properties needed to perform these functions.
The ability to use isolated DNA molecules as the basis for diagnostic genetic testing is clearly an "enlargement of the range of . . . utility" as compared to nature . . .
[. . .]
The short isolated DNA sequences have markedly different properties which are directly responsible for their new and significant utility. It is not the chemical change alone, but that change combined with the different and beneficial utility that leads me to conclude that small isolated DNA fragments are patentable subject matter. (internal citations omitted).
With respect to the claims involving longer strands of isolated DNA that "include most or all of the gene," Judge Moore admittedly finds to be a "more difficult case" but nevertheless finds these claims patent eligible.
As she did in her opinion last year, Moore does caution that:
If I were deciding this case on a blank canvas, I might conclude that an isolated DNA sequence that includes most or all of a gene is not patentable subject matter. The scope of the law of nature/manifestation of nature exception was enlarged in Prometheus. But we do not decide this case on a blank canvas. Congress has, for centuries, authorized an expansive scope of patentable subject matter. Likewise, the United States Patent Office has allowed patents on isolated DNA sequences for decades, and, more generally, has allowed patents on purified natural products for centuries. There are now thousands of patents with claims to isolated DNA, and some unknown (but certainly large) number of patents to purified natural products or fragments thereof. As I explain below, I believe we must be particularly wary of expanding the judicial exception to patentable subject matter where both settled expectation and extensive property rights are involved.
Due to the long-standing practice of the USPTO in granting these patents, Moore felt that the "settled expectations of the biotechnology industry--not to mention the thousands of issued patents--cannot be taken lightly and deserve deference." However, Moore appeared more sympathetic to the policy concerns at issue. Although she ultimately upheld the claims and seemed to rely heavily on the history of USPTO granting these patents, she concludes:
It is tempting to use our judicial power in this fashion, especially when the patents in question raise substantial moral and ethical issues related to awarding a property right to isolated portions of human DNA--the very thing that makes us humans, and not chimpanzees.
The invitation is tempting, but I decline the opportunity to act where Congress has chosen not to.
The patents in this case might well deserve to be excluded from the patent system, but that is a debate for Congress to resolve. I will not strip an entire industry of the property rights it has invested in, earned, and owned for decades unchallenged under the facts of this case.
Bryson Dissent: Isolated DNA not markedly different and patent eligible
Judge Bryson, appointed by Bill Clinton, concurred in the majority opinion with respect to standing, patentability of cDNA and method claims. However, Bryson dissented with respect to isolated DNA and would have rejected these patent claims. In coming to his conclusion, Bryson cites the "broad consequences" and preemption concerns if patents on isolated DNA are permitted to stand. Although Bryson agrees with Moore that the test required by Supreme Court precedent involves two steps (first, whether the structure is markedly different from that found in nature and secondly, whether there is a difference in utility), he holds that there is not a markedly different structure between isolated DNA and native DNA.
Bryson begins his opinion by simplifying the question:
In its simplest form, the question in this case is whether an individual can obtain patent rights to a human gene. From a common-sense point of view, most observers would answer, "Of course not. Patents are for inventions. A human gene is not an invention."
Although Myriad argued, and the majority agreed, that isolated DNA differs from its native gene, Bryson found that the isolation does not render DNA patent eligible. Unlike Lourie, Bryson found significant the history of investment and contributions to the identification and isolation of the claims-at-issue. Bryson noted that a team of researchers, not Myriad, was the first to map the BRCA gene and that Myriad merely applied a known sequencing technique and did not invent a new method of nucleotide sequencing. Although Bryson recognizes that Myriad's discovery of the sequences involved work and had important applications,
the discovery of the sequences is unprotectable fact . . . Of course, Myriad is free to patent applications of its discovery. As the first party with knowledge of the sequences, Myriad was in an excellent position to claim applications of that knowledge. Many of its unchallenged claims are limited to such applications.
In rejecting Mryiad's claims, Bryson finds that the isolated DNA s not markedly different from that found in nature. Though extraction may involve work, this work does not change the characteristic of the DNA from its natural state. He analogizes isolation of DNA to isolation of minerals from the earth, which are not eligible from patent protection. Bryson rejects Lourie's emphasis on the breaking of covalent bonds:
Because the native BRCA genes are chemically bonded to other genes and histone proteins, the majority concludes that cleaving those bonds to isolate the BRCA genes turns the isolated genes into "different materials." Yet there is no magic to a chemical bond that requires us to recognize a new product when a chemical bond is crated or broken, but not when other atomic or molecular forces are altered. A chemical bond is merely a force between two atoms or groups of atoms strong enough "to make it convenient for the chemist to consider [the aggregate] as an independent molecular species." Weaker interatomic forces will be broken when, for example, a dirty diamond is cleaned with water or another solvent, but that does not make the clean diamond a human-made invention. . . .
If the changes in the DNA molecule that occur as part of the process of isolation render the gene claims patentable, the same analysis woud seem to apply to chemical elements that do not appear in their atomic form in nature. For example, isolated lithium does not occur naturally because it reacts with air and water and thus is found in nature only as part of a chemical compound ionically bound to other elements. Once isolated, lithium has many industrial applications, and in order to isolate lithium, it is necessary to break ionic bonds in the lithium compounds that are found in nature. But its seems plain that elemental lithium (like other elements) would not be patenable subject matter, even if it could only be extracte from nature through an isolation process.
The principles underlying that analysis apply to genetic material as well. (internal citations omitted)
Bryson notes several examples that could be analogous to the present case where the isolation of a product of nature would not be eligible for patent protection. Bryson uses the examples of "snapping a leaf from a tree" or kidney extraction to illustrate that mere isolation or separation from its native form is not enough to render something patent eligible. He states:
A human kidney is a product of nature; it does not become a patentable invention when it is removed from the body, even if the patentee has developed an improved procedure for extracting the kidney, and even if the improved procedure results in some physical or chemical changes to the kidney at the points where the kidney was attached to the host body. But if that is so, then why should an isolated gene be treated differently for purposes of section 101? While the isolation of a gene involves the alteration of a single molecule, it is difficult to accept that it should make a difference, for purposes of patentability, whether the isolated substance is part of a single molecule, as in the case of other BRCA genes, or part of a very large aggregation of molecules, as in the case of a kidney.
In concluding that mere isolation in these cases is not enough to earn patent protection, though, Bryson cautions that "it is oversimplification to say that something that can be characterized as 'isolated' or 'extracted' from its natural setting always remains a natural product and is not patentable." Taking the example of a baseball bat made from a tree, he distinguishes such a case by noting that the creation of a baseball bat requires man to define the parts to be retained and discarded, to mold the remaining portions and the resulting product "bears little resemblance to that which occurs naturally." By contrast, in the isolation or extraction of the BRCA genes, scientists are careful to preserve the structure and function of the genes as they occur in nature.
Bryson points out that the identity of the isolated DNA necessarily must be the same or very similar to that found in nature, otherwise it would lose its utility. He notes that "Indeed, that identity of function in the isolated gene is the key to its value. The naturally occurring genetic material thus has not been altered."
Unlike Judge Lourie and Judge Moore, Bryson places a heavier weight on the Supreme Court's decision in Mayo. Although he concedes that Mayo does not decide the present case, it is nonetheless "instructive." Citing the Supreme Court's opinion that the claims in Mayo did not do "enough" to natural laws, Bryson similarly finds that isolation of DNA was not "enough" to distinguish the BRCA genes from a product of nature. He also states that focusing on the similarity between isolated DNA and native DNA, that is, focusing on the fact that both exist as "informational content" is "appropriate" given the Mayo ruling because such content "is the critical aspect of these molecules." The differences in their structure are "merel ancillary to the breaking of covalent bonds, a process that is itself not inventive."
Finally, turning to the weight the other two judges gave to the practice of USPTO granting patents on isolated DNA, Bryson lists several reasons that he does not share the deference his colleagues give to USPTO. First, he notes that "PTO lacks substantial rulemaking authority" and is only entitled to deference "commensurate with 'the thoroughness of its consideration and validity of its reasoning.'" Second, Bryson states that the PTO's views were "substantially undermined" by the DOJ briefs in the case. While he acknowledges that the PTO did not sign on to the DOJ briefs, the DOJ "speaks for the Executive Branch, and the PTO is part of the Executive Branch." Finally, Bryson notes that prior to Chakrabarty, the PTO did not award patents to microorganisms but the Supreme Court gave "short shrift" to the Commissioner's position. He urges his colleagues "not to shy away from deciding the issues of law." Additionally, Bryson points out:
Although my colleagues believe our analysis of the legal question in this case should be influenced by purported expectations of the inventing community based on the PTO's past practice of issuing patents on human genes, that is in effect to give the PTO lawmaking authority that Congress has not accorded it. There is no collective right of adverse possession to intellectual property and we should not create one. Our role is to interpet the law that Congress has written in accordance with the governing precedents.
The full opinion can be downloaded here.
ACLU's press release on the opinion is available here.


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Found a deal? Here's the place to share it!
Have a wacky Wednesday everyone!
Please sign in with your WRAL.com account to comment on this story. You also will need a Facebook account to comment.
Went to CVS yesterday. Coupon center printed me a 5.00 off an order of 25.00 or more. I was able to use that BUT, the register printed me another one on my receipt! Score! I have found that while my local HT will not take the ones I get in my email anymore, they WILL take these if they are printed out in the store. Yeah!
tldaids - I'm sorry you had one of "those" trips. You definately saved ALOT however and I'm impressed whenever anyone can save nearly $100 at WM!! I hate when I have trips where I miss something! Sometimes I try to plan so well and then wonder what in the world happened?!?! We are learning, though, just like you said and each time will get better! It does help me to know I'm not the only one who has these experiences and I hope you feel some consolation knowing you're not alone! Someday we'll grow up to be just like Faye or Nancy or the other pros!! :))
just got back from walmart and found a peelie for a $1 off 12pk & 24pk of pepsi products. a save now type coupon. Sweet! Was not on my game tonight though and my M&Ms rung up at $3.97 instead of $2.50 and I didn't catch that so I paid double what I should have even after the coupon X 5 = $15 instead of $7.50. Arrghh! Then 3 curad coupons and 3 ivory soap coupons wouldn't scan for some reason. cashier said it was because I had too many 'like' coupons but the ivory coupon had no limitation on it and the curad did say limit of 4 like items but I only got 4 of them so why did it fail? I did buy some other brand of bandages, is that why it failed to scan them? So confused today. Anyhow, subttl was $206 and after coupons and with no sales it came down to $134 before taxes and I still have two $2 rebates to send off for so that's another $4 in savings. Can't help but wish I hadn't screwed up on the others though. *still learning*
At the Kangaroo gas station on Business 70 between Clayton and Garner, an employee was handing out reusable coffee cups containing a coupon for free coffee. After that I think the coffee in 99 cents when you use the cup. I love "free" and love coupons but my favorite part of this was how sweet the attendant was. she was so happy to give me the cup and told me how much she loves working there! And this was in the 100 degree heat!
CVS,4 orbit gums,bogo.2 $1.00 off 2 coupons.A total of .92.Checked out and received a .50 extra bucks.
iwannasave - you know, every time I see a Great Clips coupon I'll think of you two :) Just like every time I see certain coupons I think of certain swap members.
Now, if only I had such good recall on where I put this or that around the house I'd be golden LOL
@eje1015-No problem. I don't have kids yet, so glad to keep an eye out for our fellow couponers.
@Nancy-I have taught him well...And you should have seen him after the hair cut. Next time, I will totally be prepared with a coupon. We should be on the look out for those now. :)
You got it nhouseecu - a coupon every step of the day LOL Really keeps with the theme of saving money, even while you enjoy a treat :)
Unfortunately, last night, dear iwannasave's hubby asked us for a Great Clips coupon and we didn't have any :( Major fail!
LOL Nancy! That could work! Me and a friend used ours after a couponing trip to HT! Nothing like finishing off a couponing trip with a frape ! LOL


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A SUMMER of events to commemorate World War One is being organised in Bolton, with the public invited to church services and a candlelit vigil.
As the town remembers its fallen from the Great War of 1914 to 1918, the aim will be to focus on today's young people.
Cllr John Walsh is organising the special services, which start in June with Armed Forced Week, culminating in Armed Forces Day, with a spectacular display in Victoria Square, and followed a special August weekend.
He is co-ordinating events after being asked by Bolton Council leader, Cllr Cliff Morris, to lead the town's efforts for the anniversary.
Cllr Walsh, who is also a church warden at Bolton Parish Church and president of the United Veterans, said: "We wanted a series of events that would be appropriate to the occasion and to mark Bolton's position in Greater Manchester and the region — we have a proud tradition and we want to build on that."
He stressed the events were to bring everyone together although, he said, there would be an emphasis on young people.
Armed Forces Week starts on Monday, June 23, with a flag raising above the town hall at 11am.
On Saturday, June 28, a five-hour event will be held in Victoria Square involving armed forces and cadets from the borough.
There will be demon-strations, inter-cadet competitions and displays from the armed services, and Cllr Walsh hopes to have an exhibition from schools with a war theme.
The major commem-oration will start in August, to coincide with the declaration of war 100 years ago.
A civic service will be held at Bolton Parish Church on Sunday, August 3, at 6.30pm, led by the Rev Matt Thompson.
There will be a guard of honour in the grounds leading to the church, and again Cllr Walsh wants to make sure as many young people from the cadets, guides and scouts are involved.
He said: "I am anxious to engage as many young people as possible in the event." At the service a candle will be lit.
The following day, Monday, August 4, there will be a memorial service in Victoria Square at 11am, when a wreath will be laid at the war memorial followed by the firing of maroons and a two-minute silence.
At 10pm, Cllr Walsh will be inviting the public, and anyone who had relatives involved in the war, to join him in the parish church grounds.
At 11pm, the candle lit the previous day will be extinguished to mark the declaration of war. As a memorial, an oak tree will be planted in the grounds.
Cllr Walsh said he was looking for Bolton people to contribute to the occasion by loaning memorabilia and artefacts to be displayed in the church.
"We want this to be as borough-wide as possible," he added.
- Anyone wanting to contribute can contact Janet Dickinson, Mayor's Officer, Mayor's Parlour, Bolton Town Hall, on 01204 331001.


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The MacBook Pro Review (13 & 15-inch): 2011 Brings Sandy Bridgeby Anand Lal Shimpi, Brian Klug & Vivek Gowri on March 10, 2011 4:17 PM EST
- Posted in
- Laptops
- Mac
- Apple
- Intel
- MacBook Pro
- Sandy Bridge
What About The 13?
Apple's new 13-inch MacBook Pro received the biggest upgrade of the lot. Last year Apple opted against moving the 13-inch model to Arrandale and instead gave it a beefy GPU and a mildly evolved Core 2 Duo CPU. The presumed public reasoning was Apple didn't like Arrandale's GPU performance and needed a two chip solution to maintain the platform's size hence the NVIDIA GT 330M + Intel Core 2 Duo setup. Internally I'm wondering if there was a small amount of corporate politics being played there. Apple used to get a discount on Intel CPUs in exchange for exclusivity, that agreement expired with Nehalem. When Nehalem hit, Apple had to pay the same price as everyone else for CPUs. Now does the 2010 Core 2 based 13-inch MacBook Pro make more sense? Keeping Intel's flagship CPU out of Apple's highest volume MacBook Pro had to hurt. I wonder if Apple got discounted pricing on Sandy Bridge as a result...
|Evolution of the 13-inch MacBook Pro
|Early 2011
|Mid 2010
|Late 2009
|Intel Core i5 2.3GHz (DC)
|Intel Core 2 Duo 2.40GHz (DC)
|Intel Core 2 Duo 2.26GHz (DC)
|Intel HD 3000 (integrated)
|NVIDIA GeForce 320M (integrated)
|NVIDIA GeForce 9400M (integrated)
|Optical Drive
|8X Slot Load DL DVD +/-R
|8X Slot Load DL DVD +/-R
|8X Slot Load DL DVD +/-R
|Screen Resolution
|1280 x 800
|1280 x 800
|1280 x 800
|SD Card Reader
|FireWire 800
|Dimensions (W x D x H)
|12.78" x 8.94" x 0.95"
|12.78" x 8.94" x 0.95"
|12.78" x 8.94" x 0.95"
|4.5 lbs
|4.5 lbs
|4.5 lbs
While the 15-inch MacBook Pro is quad-core only, the new 13 is strictly dual-core. You get two options: a 2.3GHz or 2.7GHz dual-core Core i5 or Core i7. In Intel speak it's the Core i5-2410M or the Core i7-2620M (it's no wonder Apple doesn't list model numbers for these things).
The 2011 13-inch MacBook Pro Motherboard
|Apple 13-inch 2011 MacBook Pro CPU Comparison
|2.3GHz dual-core
|2.7GHz dual-core
|Intel Model
|Core i5-2410M
|Core i7-2620M
|Base Clock Speed
|Max SC Turbo
|Max DC Turbo
|GPU Base Clock Speed
|GPU Max Turbo
|L3 Cache
The primary differences between these two parts are clock speed, L3 cache size and AES-NI support once again. The 2.3GHz Core i5 lacks AES-NI, has a 3MB L3 cache and can only turbo up to 2.9GHz. The 2.7GHz Core i5 has AES-NI, a 4MB L3 cache and can turbo up as high as 3.4GHz.
I verified turbo frequencies on the 2.7GHz 13-inch. The highest I saw single core turbo hit was 3.4GHz, and dual core turbo was good for 3.2GHz. There's absolutely no funny business going on here, the dual-core 2.7 is allowed to hit its maximum frequencies.
You'll notice that the 2.7GHz DC chip has the same max single core turbo as the 2.3GHz QC chip from the upgraded 15-inch MacBook Pro. In practice this means that for light workloads the upgraded 15 won't feel any faster than the 13 (or that the 13 will feel as fast as the 15 depending on how you look at it). I'm talking about things like web page load times and application launch/install times. There may even be a slight performance advantage for the 13-inch setup as it's able to turbo up to higher frequencies easier than the quad-core 15. Crank up the threads and you've got a different story entirely of course. There's no replacement for more cores on highly threaded workloads.
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Wolfpup - Friday, March 11, 2011 - linkJust LOOK at that. Visually it just makes things look worse...looks like it's taking up space for maybe two more cores, or a fifth core and more cache, or something.
The only good thing about it is it may help AMD get back in the game. Assuming Bulldozer ends up relatively competitive, AMD's going to be able to have more cores or cache in the same die space, or else have a smaller CPU with the same performance.
Personally I'm a big fan of Intel's rock solid stability, but it feels like AMD gets better and better with that, where they feel like a real competitor now, and I'd love to see them get parity with Intel or even surpass them!
To people who have called the higher end config's GPU "high end", it's not. It's a decent mid range part. For the price it ought to have better...maybe that on the low end config and an 800 core part on the high end config (or a Geforce GTX 460), but at least it's a big jump up from the last gen models. Reply
Belard - Saturday, March 12, 2011 - linkUH... and what reliability issues are you talking about with AMD? What, intel never screws up? I buy, own and sell both brands. Reply
Wardrop - Friday, March 11, 2011 - linkTo be honest, I'm somewhat surprised that Apple don't offer a solution for reducing cable clutter, given their minilast design of the iMac, etc. A docking station sounds like an obvious solution. I'm sure Apple could come up with a really elegant way of docking your Macbook, or otherwise, just connecting all your cables via one main connection.
I envisage a magnetic solution. You could either have a docking station, where the Macbook sits on something (a stand would be nice). Otherwise, a breakout box type of device, where you plug all your audio, USB and display cables into it, and then attach the breakout box to a single interface on your Macbook, whether it be a plug on the back, the side, or even a magnetised strip on the bottom of the notebook?
I use my Macbook Pro primary as a desktop. It goes through my desktop KVM, to which my Windows desktop is also connected. I try to avoid unplugging my Macbook from my desk however, simply because it's a hassle. I not only have to unplug the cables, but I have to eject my external time machine drive. One of the most annoying things I find however, is that because the screen resolution on my MBP is significantly lower than my desktop monitor, it often screws up all the windows. I find I need to spend time resizing all my windows for the 13" MBP display, and then have to do the same when I connect it back up to my 24" desktop monitor. When you've got 10+ windows all perfectly arranged to suit your working style, it's a major pain, hence I avoid taking my MBP off the desk. Reply
tzhu07 - Sunday, March 13, 2011 - linkI was thoroughly unhappy with the current offerings for a docking station for my late 2006 macbook pro, and so I decided to go to home depot and build one myself. And I made it super elegant and wirefree. Also helps that my monitor is connected to an arm, keyboard wireless, and also mouse is wireless too.
ahhhhhhhhhhh.....super clean Reply
bronze5420 - Friday, March 11, 2011 - linkthis is definitely the best computer review i have ever read. very informative. answered all the questions i had and then some. keep up to good work. and does anybody know if OSX Lion will feature TRIM support for third party SSD's? Reply
13579abc - Friday, March 11, 2011 - linkFirst let me echo the sentiment of gratitude expressed throughout this forum. AnandTech really is a cut above other tech sites.
Second, if I may add my two cents, heat and noise are such an important part of the mobile experience that they might deserve a little additional attention in this review, particularly given that apple tries to differentiate itself from competitors in these areas. This review touches on the surface temperatures of these new Macbook Pro models, but I wonder if there are any plans to more thoroughly examine surface temperatures in different areas of the notebook (i.e. palm rests, keyboard, bottom surface…). Also, does AnandTech have any comment on the effect of inappropriate quantities of thermal paste reportedly used in the notebooks? Some forum posts report amazing thermal improvements resulting from properly applying new thermal paste, but to be honest I have some doubts regarding the validity of these posts and think that they might be misleading.
Along similar lines are there any plans for a quantitative analysis of the noise output from these new models.
Again,thanks for a great review. Reply
tipoo - Saturday, March 12, 2011 - linkSeconded, some numbers on thermals and decibels would be nice. Reply
Balfa - Saturday, March 12, 2011 - linkI've just bought the new 17" that I use mainly for software development but even at 1920x1200 it is a little on the cramped side. So at home I connect it to a Cinema Display 27'' via mini DP cable to the new combo TB-MiniDP port. And the monitor cable use also a Magsafe connector and lastly a usb2 for camera, sound and 3 usb ports at the back of the monitor like most folks already know likely.
Now what I really wish for the future Apple is extends that paradigm of a monitor-docking station with a new 27'' monitor with only the Magsafe and one Thunderbolt cable. At the back of the monitor implements every ports that could be needed: USB3, FW800 (1600 maybe why not), eSATA (unlikely I know). And lastly add a powerful discrete GPU in the monitor itself with a quick access door to upgrade it if needed. That way you could remove the one in the MBP for lower cost and better battery life and still have a powerful GPU solution at home for gaming, transcoding and the like.
I think the monitor is the best place for docking a laptop, not needs for a separate device. I already put all my external disks behind it anyways (I place my monitor in the middle of the desk so there's a lot of empty space behind) and it will be the shortest route to plug them, less clutter that way. Gee it's a great idea isn't it! Reply
MrBrownSound - Saturday, March 12, 2011 - linkOnce again anandtech pulls off a amazing review. With this information I can cofortably say I will wait for Lion to come out. Reply
ProDigit - Saturday, March 12, 2011 - linkNone of these machines is worth their price!
The 13" has a price of a 16" laptop Reply


text: Hello again! I'm trying to understand the connotations of the mina-/minu- forms of these two words: mahal --> minamahal mutya --> minumutya The longer versions are listed as separate stems in the Father Leo Tag/Eng dictionary. And I've seen it said that minamahal is more "poetic" than mahal. I think I understand that the mina/minu are the Incompleted Object Focus prefixes -- reduplicated ma/mu with -in- infix, (per Ramos). So the focus is on the beloved, and the aspect indicates the love/specialness extends into the future (without end?). But for a native speaker (especially Filipinas) what does minamahal say that mahal doesn't? And what does minumutya convey that mutya doesn't? Would someone please paraphrase these words for me? Thanks! & Salamat po, -brice


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Fans didn't expect that Janella would actually be at the event. So they got a huge thrill when the young singer-actress herself joined the party! During the listening segment, the guests were asked to close their eyes so they could supposedly focus on the song. Little did they know that their idol walked into the room and hid behind the tarp - ready to surprise them! Watch how it all went down plus our MYXclusive interview with Janella Salvador in the video below!
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text:
History of Pilot Grove Baptist Church No. 1
The bulletin was compiled and edited by the Centennial Committee who were: Marcella Smith (Mrs. Nevin Smith), Chairman; Helen Arthaud, Steve Terhune, Les Turner, Deanna Clevenger, Neil Griffith, Susan Terhune and assisted by Church Pastor, Rev. Terry Lewis. The Dedication reads:
"This Centennial Book is gratefully and reverently dedicated. The evidence of history that is before us this 1980 should make us feel a great sense of gratitude for our forefathers. For the hundreds of people who have had a place to fill in this church, we give God the praise."
A short history of the background that led to the organization of Pilot Grove Baptist Church No. 1 is in order. The church is better known as "The Corner Church". The old Pilot Grove Church was organized in 1840 by Rev. William Mikels. It was the second church organized in Daviess County. For the first few years church services were in the homes of the members, but in 1845 a log church was built by the members at a total cost of $100. A new frame church was erected in 1857 at the cost of $800. The first pastor of the new building was Rev. William Baldwin. Old Pilot Grove Baptist Church grew tremendously when the War Between the States was over. Many were now asking why a church could not be built nearer their homes. The Rev. Joseph Wood organized the 2nd Baptist church in Lincoln township in 1880. For a time this church was called Wood's Baptist Church. The name was changed to Pilot Grove Baptist Church No. 1 some time before 1883. In 1881, John Thompson Herndon donated one acre of land for a church. The construction was not an easy task as much of the material was hauled by team and wagon from Chillicothe, Mo. As the church neared completion, the structure was damaged by a storm, but repairs and reinforcements were made so that the building was completed by the dedication service held on Saturday and Sunday, June 4 and 5, 1881. The sturdy structure had been remodeled and repaired at different times through the years.
Homecoming Day was held on June 6, 1960 in observance of 80 years of service to God. Morning services were conducted by pastor Ralph Hughs followed by a basket dinner. Afternoon services were held, conducted by Bro. Hughs with guest speaker Rolla Woods. In March of 1976 a new wing was started on the north side of the building. The dedication service for this new addition was August 29, 1976 with Bro. Ralph Hughs speaker. In the early morning hours of October 28, 1979 the old building was completely destroyed by fire. It was decided to build a new church on the site of the old church building. On December 14, 1979 basement work began. First services in the new church were held on Easter Sunday, April 6, 1980. Dedication services were held Sunday, May 25, 1980 at 2:30 p.m. Moderator was the church pastor, Bro. Terry Lewis. church history was given by Bro. Ralph Hughs. The message was brought by former pastor Bro. Jack Long.
Pastors of Pilot Grove Baptist Church #1
Dan Willas, 1903-1904
"Some of the records were not available. Please forgive us if we have failed to list some of the former pastors."
Pastor....Terry W. Lewis
Board of Deacons: Bill Terhune, Lewis Read, Nevin Smith, Lee Read, George Read and Charles Booram.
Board of Trustees: Les Turner, Bill Martin, Bill Pardun, Jim Smith, Dean McCrary, John Seltman, and Kent Perry.


text:
In late November 1832, some Saints had moved to Zion but had not consecrated their properties as the Lord had commanded. Because they had not consecrated their properties, they had not received their inheritances according to the established order of the Church. The Prophet Joseph Smith addressed this issue in an inspired letter to William W. Phelps, dated November 27, 1832. A portion of this letter is recorded in Doctrine and Covenants 85. Later, on December 6, 1832, Joseph Smith received the revelation recorded in Doctrine and Covenants 86 as he was working on the inspired revision of the Bible. This revelation provided further explanation of the parable of the wheat and the tares and the role of the priesthood in helping the Lord gather the righteous in the last days.
Suggestions for Teaching
Doctrine and Covenants 85
The Lord's clerk is to keep a record of the people of God
Invite students to imagine they have just been awarded a starting position on a sports team. (You could name a predominant team sport in your culture and a popular team that plays that sport.) After a few days of playing with this team they observe that one team member is a selfish player, some team members won't play their positions properly, and others ignore the coach.
Why might it be difficult for this team to win? What might need to change so this team can play better?
Explain that a similar situation began to arise in 1832 as a growing number of Saints arrived in Missouri. Earlier revelations had stipulated that the city of Zion would be built in Jackson County, Missouri, according to the Lord's laws and under the direction of the priesthood. According to these laws, Church members were not to travel to Zion unless they received a certificate from the Church leaders. Once they arrived, they were to consecrate all their money and property to the Church and receive an inheritance from the bishop. In addition, they were to keep all the commandments of God. (See D&C 64:34–35; 72:15–19, 24–26.)
To help students understand the context of the revelation recorded in Doctrine and Covenants 85, explain that many of the Saints in Missouri lived in harmony with the laws the Lord had set forth for building Zion. However, some Church members disobeyed the Lord's command to consecrate their properties and traveled to Zion without obtaining a certificate from their leaders. Because of this, they did not receive their inheritances.
Why might it have been difficult to establish the city of Zion under these circumstances?
Explain that in response to these difficulties in Missouri, Joseph Smith sent a letter to William W. Phelps, a Church leader who was living in Independence at the time (see the section introduction to Doctrine and Covenants 85).
Explain that the Prophet's letter provided instructions for the Lord's clerk, John Whitmer, who lived in Missouri. Invite a student to read Doctrine and Covenants 85:1–2 aloud. Ask the class to follow along and look for what the Lord instructed the clerk of the Church in Missouri to do.
What was the clerk instructed to record?
Ask a student to read Doctrine and Covenants 85:3–5 aloud. Invite the class to follow along and look for who the Lord said should not have their names written in the records of the Church.
Which people were not to have their names written in the records of the Church?
Explain that just as records were kept in Joseph Smith's day, Church records are also kept in our day. One purpose for this is to preserve a record of the names of the faithful as well as an account of their works.
What are some things we must do to have our names recorded as faithful members of the Church?
After students respond, write the following truth on the board: If we live the laws of God, our names will be written upon the records of the Church as faithful members. Explain that the actions of the faithful that are recorded on earth are also recorded in heaven in what is called the book of life (see D&C 128:6–7). Invite students to scan Doctrine and Covenants 85:5, 9, 11 and identify other titles used to describe the record that is kept on earth about those who are faithful. Ask them to report what they find.
To help students feel the importance of the truth you have written on the board, invite them to imagine that they have plans to attend a prestigious event. Ask them how they would feel if they arrived at the event but were not allowed in because their name was not on the invitation list.
Invite students to read Doctrine and Covenants 85:9–11 silently and imagine how it would feel to find their names missing from the Lord's book of remembrance.
What do you think it means that those whose names are not recorded "shall find none inheritance" with the Saints? (They will not receive the blessings that will be given to the faithful.)
According to verse 11, what can cause Church members to have their names removed from the book of the law of God?
How would you summarize what you have learned about the importance of having your name recorded as a faithful member of the Church?
Testify that records are kept both here on the earth and in heaven. We will all have to account for our actions and our faithfulness in living the laws of God. Invite students to ponder their attitudes toward and obedience to the laws of God.
Doctrine and Covenants 86
The Lord explains the parable of the wheat and the tares
Before class invite a student to read Matthew 13:24–30 and be ready to summarize the parable of the wheat and the tares for the class. Write the following words on the board: wheat, tares, the field, sowers of the seed, the enemy.
After the selected student summarizes the parable, ask the class the following questions:
What do the wheat and the tares symbolize? (The wheat symbolizes the righteous, and the tares symbolize the wicked [see Matthew 13:38].)
Why did the man in the parable want to wait to have the tares pulled out?
Display the accompanying picture of wheat and tares, or draw it on the board. Explain that tares are a type of poisonous weed. Wheat and tares are almost identical when they sprout, but they can be distinguished once they mature. If a reaper tried to pull out the tares before the wheat and tares matured, he or she would likely destroy much of the wheat as well.
Invite a few students to take turns reading aloud from Doctrine and Covenants 86:1–6. Ask the class to follow along and look for the meanings of the field, sowers of the seed, and the enemy. Invite students to report what they learned.
Based on the Lord's explanation of the symbols, how would you summarize the meaning of the parable?
Explain that Joseph Smith was reviewing and editing the inspired revision of the Bible (the Joseph Smith Translation) when he received this revelation. The revelation in Doctrine and Covenants 86 expands on the parable as it is recorded in Matthew 13:24–30. For example, in Doctrine and Covenants 86 we learn that the sowers in the parable represent the Savior's Apostles (see verse 2) and that the tares "choke the wheat and drive the church into the wilderness" (verse 3). We also learn that "in the last days," new blades of wheat will begin "springing up" (verse 4). The sowing of the tares can represent the Apostasy, and the sprouting of new wheat can represent the Restoration.
Point out that in the parable, the householder instructs his servants to first gather the tares to be burned and then to gather the wheat in the barn (see Matthew 13:27–30). Invite students to read Doctrine and Covenants 86:7 silently to discover an insight this revelation provides that clarifies the order of gathering.
What do we learn from verse 7 about the order of gathering?
What does this teach about what will happen to the righteous and the wicked in the last days? (Students should identify the following doctrine: The Lord will gather the righteous during the last days and then destroy the wicked at His Second Coming.)
Display the pictures Missionaries: Elders and Missionaries: Sisters (Gospel Art Book [2009], nos. 109, 110; see also LDS.org).
How do these pictures relate to the parable of the wheat and the tares? (Help students see that we can assist in the gathering of the righteous by sharing the gospel with others.)
Explain that remembering the many ways we are blessed as members of the Lord's Church can increase our desire to share those blessings with others. Invite a student to read Doctrine and Covenants 86:8–10 aloud. Ask the class to follow along and look for ways we have been blessed as members of the Lord's Church.
According to verses 8–10, what are some ways we have been blessed as members of the Lord's Church?
Point out the phrase "ye are lawful heirs" in verse 9. Explain that this means that members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints are part of the covenant God made with Abraham, through which Abraham was promised that his descendants would enjoy the blessings of the priesthood and would share those blessings with others (see Abraham 2:9–11).
How have you been blessed through the priesthood?
Invite a student to read Doctrine and Covenants 86:11 aloud, and ask the class to identify ways we are to help others. Ask students to report what they found. Write the following principle on the board: We can bring salvation to others by helping them receive the blessings of the priesthood.
Invite students to share experiences they have had when they were able to set a righteous example for someone else or when they helped another person receive the blessings of the priesthood.
Commentary and Background Information
Doctrine and Covenants 85:7–8. Who is the "one mighty and strong"?
The reference to the "one mighty and strong" (D&C 85:7) who is to set in order the house of God and the reference to one who "putteth forth his hand to steady the ark" (D&C 85:8) have been used by many apostates to justify their falling away from the Church. They claim that various Presidents of the Church have lost favor with God and are rejected, and that they, the apostates, are the "one mighty and strong" called by God to set things right. Such claims contradict the meaning of the scriptures. In an official statement issued in 1905, the First Presidency (Joseph F. Smith, John R. Winder, and Anthon H. Lund) discussed the circumstances that brought forth the revelation in Doctrine and Covenants 85:7–8 and those to whom these two phrases referred:
"It is to be observed first of all that the subject of this whole letter [the Prophet's letter to William W. Phelps], as also the part of it subsequently accepted as a revelation, relates to the affairs of the Church in Missouri, the gathering of the Saints to that land and obtaining their inheritances under the law of consecration and stewardship; and the Prophet deals especially with the matter of what is to become of those who fail to receive their inheritances by order or deed from the bishop. …
"Bishop Partridge was one of the brethren, who—though a most worthy man, one whom the Lord loved, and whom the Prophet described as 'a pattern of piety,' and 'one of the Lord's great men'—at times arrayed himself in opposition to the Prophet in those early days, and sought to correct him in his administrations of the affairs of the Church; in other words, 'put forth his hand to steady the ark.' …
"It was while these conditions of rebellion, jealousy, pride, unbelief and hardness of heart prevailed among the brethren in Zion—Jackson County, Missouri—in all of which Bishop Partridge participated, that the words of the revelation taken from the letter to William W. Phelps, of the 27th of November, 1832, were written. The 'man who was called and appointed of God' to 'divide unto the Saints their inheritance'—Edward Partridge—was at that time out of order, neglecting his own duty, and putting 'forth his hand to steady the ark'; hence, he was warned of the judgment of God impending, and the prediction was made that another, 'one mighty and strong,' would be sent of God to take his place, to have his bishopric—one having the spirit and power of that high office resting upon him, by which he would have power to 'set in order the house of God, and arrange by lot the inheritance of the Saints'; in other words, one who would do the work that Bishop Edward Partridge had been appointed to do, but had failed to accomplish. …
"… And inasmuch as through his repentance and sacrifices and suffering, Bishop Edward Partridge undoubtedly obtained a mitigation of the threatened judgment against him of falling 'by the shaft of death, like as a tree that is smitten by the vivid shaft of lightning,' so the occasion for sending another to fill his station—'one mighty and strong to set in order the house of God, and to arrange by lot the inheritances of the Saints'—may also be considered as having passed away and the whole incident of the prophecy closed" (in James R. Clark, comp., Messages of the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 6 vols. [1965–75], 4:112, 113, 115, 117; see also Doctrine and Covenants Student Manual, 2nd ed. [Church Educational System manual, 2001], 186–87).
Doctrine and Covenants 85:8. What does it mean to "steady the ark of God"?
The phrase "steady the ark of God" refers to "an incident during the reign of King David in ancient Israel. The Philistines had captured the ark of the covenant in battle but returned it when they were struck by plagues (see 1 Samuel 4–6). David and the people later brought the ark to Jerusalem in an ox cart, driven by Uzzah and Ahio. 'And when they came to Nachon's threshingfloor, Uzzah put forth his hand to the ark of God, and took hold of it; for the oxen shook it. And the anger of the Lord was kindled against Uzzah; and God smote him there for his error, and there he died by the ark of God' (2 Samuel 6:6–7; see vv. 1–11). The ark was the symbol of God's presence, His glory and majesty. When first given to Israel, the ark was placed in the Holy of Holies in the tabernacle, and not even the priest was allowed to approach it. Only the high priest, a type of Christ, could approach it, and then only after going through an elaborate ritual of personal cleansing and propitiation for his sins. …
"However well-meaning Uzzah's intentions, he approached casually what could only be approached under the strictest conditions. He had no faith in God's power. He assumed that the ark was in danger, forgetting that it was the physical symbol of the God who has all power. We cannot presume to save God and His kingdom through our own efforts.
"'Uzzah's offence consisted in the fact that he had touched the ark with profane feelings, although with good intentions, namely to prevent its rolling over and falling from the cart. Touching the ark, the throne of the divine glory and visible pledge of the invisible presence of the Lord, was a violation of the majesty of the holy God. "Uzzah was therefore a type of all who with good intentions, humanly speaking, yet with unsanctified minds, interfere in the affairs of the kingdom of God, from the notion that they are in danger, and with the hope of saving them" (O. V. Gerlach).' (Keil and Delitzsch, Commentary, bk. 2: Joshua, Judges, Ruth, 1 and 2 Samuel, 'Second Book of Samuel,' p. 333.)" (Doctrine and Covenants Student Manual, 2nd ed. [Church Educational System manual, 2001], 188).
The Lord referred to this incident in modern revelation to teach the principle that we should not take upon ourselves the responsibility to give direction ("steady the ark") to our priesthood leaders or others whom God has called and appointed (see D&C 85:8). Yet there are those who fear the ark is tottering and presume to steady it. Some members of the Church may see problems and be frustrated with the way they feel their leaders or others are addressing those problems. They may feel that even though they do not have the authority to do so, they need to correct the course of their ward or even of the Church. However, the best intentions do not justify such interference with the Lord's Church.
President David O. McKay taught:
"It is a little dangerous for us to go out of our own sphere and try unauthoritatively to direct the efforts of a brother. You remember the case of Uzzah who stretched forth his hand to steady the ark. [See 1 Chronicles 13:7–10.] He seemed justified when the oxen stumbled in putting forth his hand to steady that symbol of the covenant. We today think his punishment was very severe. Be that as it may, the incident conveys a lesson of life. Let us look around us and see how quickly men who attempt unauthoritatively to steady the ark die spiritually. Their souls become embittered, their minds distorted, their judgment faulty, and their spirit depressed. Such is the pitiable condition of men who, neglecting their own responsibilities, spend their time in finding fault with others" (in Conference Report, April 1936, 60).


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text:
The inequality on the right in 1 is Harnack Inequality. The inequality on the left is part of Corollary 1 of Bézout's theorem (see Section 1.3.B). Thus, Harnack Theorem together with theorems 1.3.B and 1.3.E actually give a complete characterization of the set of topological types of nonsingular plane curves of degree , i.e., they solve problem 1.1.A.
Curves with the maximum number of components (i.e., with components, where is the degree) are called M-curves. Curves of degree which have components are called -curves. We begin the proof of Theorem 1.6.A by establishing that the Harnack Inequality 1.3.B is best possible.
Recall that we obtained a degree 5 M-curve by perturbing the union of two conics and a line . This perturbation can be done using various curves. For what follows it is essential that the auxiliary curve intersect in five points which are outside the two conics. For example, let the auxiliary curve be a union of five lines which satisfies this condition (Figure 6). We let denote this union, and we let denote the M-curve of degree 5 that is obtained using .
We now construct a sequence of auxiliary curves for . We take to be a union of lines which intersect in distinct points lying, for even , in an arbitrary component of the set and for odd in the component of containing .
We construct the M-curve of degree using small perturbation of the union directed to . Suppose that the M-curve of degree has already been constructed, and suppose that intersects transversally in the points of the intersection which lie in the same component of the curve and in the same order as on . It is not hard to see that, for one of the two possible directions of a small perturbation of directed to , the line and the component of that it intersects give components, while the other components of , of which, by assumption, there are
The proof that the left inequality in 1 is best possible, i.e., that there is a curve with the minimum number of components, is much simpler. For example, we can take the curve given by the equation . Its set of real points is obviously empty when is even, and when is odd the set of real points is homeomorphic to (we can get such a homeomorphism onto , for example, by projection from the point .
By choosing the auxiliary curves in different ways in the construction of M-curves in the proof of Theorem 1.6.B, we can obtain curves with any intermediate number of components. However, to complete the proof of Theorem 1.6.A in this way would be rather tedious, even though it would not require any new ideas. We shall instead turn to a less explicit, but simpler and more conceptual method of proof, which is based on objects and phenomena not encountered above.


text: I have a 2001 mustang GT that I am trying to get rid of. I am only getting rid of it because I need the money for school. I have tried stang net classifieds, craigs list, ebay, and nex-tech classifieds and I have had no luck whatsoever. The bid on ebay never reached $6000. My ad is still on stang net classifieds if anyone wants to see it. What is my car worth? I am asking $13000. Is that too much? Any advice on selling my car quickly, would be greatly appreciated. Its an automatic with about 53000 miles. The color is zinc yellow. Thanks