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This property has been removed by the agent. It may be let or temporarily removed from the market
Property Description
Letting information:
|Not Specified
|Added on Rightmove:
|06 March 2012 (1989 days ago)
Full description
Milestone Lettings are extremely pleased to be offering this delightful two bedroom apartment situated in the picturesque area of Duporth hosting the advantage of its own beach, shared between the development with access down through the cliffs onto the beautiful private bay. With stunning views of the South Cornwall Coastline, 'Pentewan' is at the heart of the brand new addition of Two Coves at Duporth Bay, between Porthpean and Charlestown on the site of the old Duporth Holiday Village. The property available is a two bedroom apartment on the ground floor, finished to a high specification throughout and has a very well fitted Kitchen with integrated appliances. The apartment is presented in very good decorative order and is available from late March 2012 on a part furnished basis (Living and Dining furniture provided, no Bedroom furniture) with an allocated parking space. Sorry, no pets and no DSS
Room Dimensions
Entrance Hall
Bedroom 1 3.31m x 2.04m
Bedroom 2 3.31m x 2.01m
Lounge 4.32m x 3.46m
Kitchen/Diner 4.62m x 2.39m
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Johannesburg, Oct 5 (ANI): South African cricketer Dean Elgar has said that his 'anger' at being left out of the one-day side fueled his form as he smashed a career-best first-class score of 268, and proved his desire to remain in the Test team.
Elgar, who scored 370 runs in the Proteas A Test series against Australia A and also smashed two recent tons against the domestic Chevrolet Warriors in pre-season warm-up games, may realise his dream of retaining his Test spot if veteran Hashim Amla misses the second Test against Pakistan due to his wife's impending delivery.
According to Sport24, Elgar, who has been branded as a 'so-called four-day specialist', said that his anger at being left out of the ODI side motivated him to be the best batsman on view in the A-series against India A and Australia A in June and July and prove his detractors wrong.
According to Elgar, although he had a reasonably slow start to the summer with regular 30s and 40s scores for Somerset in a six-week stint, he has a decent one-day record with an average of 37.91 in domestic games. (ANI)

subset: commoncrawl


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What's your go-to payment option – cards, cash or check? According to a new survey, most consumers prefer credit and debit cards when making in-person and online purchases.
NextAdvisor.com recently surveyed more than 500 people ages 18 and older, and it reports that when it comes to card-present transactions, 42 percent of respondents prefer to pay with a debit card and 38 percent reach for their credit card (which, it turns out, was the preferred payment method for people ages 51 and up). Just 17 percent expressed a preference for cash and only 3 percent wrote a check.
Interestingly, when asked which option is the safest to use in person, the numbers shifted a bit. Forty-one percent said credit card, 29 percent indicated debit card, 25 percent thought cash and 5 percent went with checks.
For online purchases, 50 percent of respondents prefer to pay with a credit card, 30 percent use a debit card and 20 percent use PayPal or another service linked to their bank account. Asked which option they thought was safest to use online, 46 percent said credit card, 34 percent thought PayPal or similar service and 20 percent chose debit card.
Additional survey findings include:
The survey also provides insight into why and how certain age groups choose their preferred payment method. For example, people in the 31-40 age range are most likely to use a credit card when they don't have enough money to cover their purchase, while those in the 51-60 group are most likely to use a debit card so they don't overspend.
Whatever your personal payment preference may be, if you're in business it's important to accommodate the preferences of all your customers. With a merchant account from TransFirst®, you're covered! Whether you're interested in traditional point-of-sale processing, online or mobile, TransFirst has the products and services you need to meet all your customers' payment expectations. Talk to a representative today to find out how simple and cost effective payment card processing can be.
©2017 Total System Services, Inc. TSYS® is a federally registered service mark of Total System Services, Inc. All rights reserved. TSYS Merchant Solutions℠ is a registered ISO/MSP of Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., Walnut Creek, CA; Synovus Bank, Columbus, GA, and First National Bank of Omaha, Omaha, NE. TSYS Business Solutions℠ is a registered ISO/MSP of Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., Walnut Creek, CA; Synovus Bank, Columbus, GA; and Deutsche Bank, New York, NY for Visa and Mastercard transactions only.


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Mike Tindall Dwarf Throw
January 13, 2012 by staff
Mike Tindall Dwarf Throw, A British dwarf who was picked up and dropped on the floor while celebrating his birthday during the Rugby World Cup was told he will have to use a wheelchair as a result of his injuries.
Martin Henderson was at the White Horse pub, in Wincanton, Somerset, celebrating with a group of friends when he was attacked outside.
The incident happened on October 7 last year, just weeks after reports in the media claimed members of the England rugby team had been enjoying a "dwarf throwing contest" in a bar in New Zealand during their ill-fated World Cup campaign.
While Mr Henderson's friends were playing pool he said he went outside for a cigarette and was targeted.
After landing hard on the ground he said his back and legs began to feel numb. It has since been revealed he has suffered tissue damage in his back.
Police have launched an investigation and are appealing for witnesses.
"We were having a good night out to celebrate my birthday," Mr Henderson told the Western Gazette.
"I went outside for a cigarette and the next thing I know I'm suddenly in the air and someone has got hold of me."
The 37-year-old said he believed there was only one person involved in the incident.
"I guess I was an easy target and the only reason I was picked on was because I am small," he said.
He was taken to hospital after his back and legs began to feel numb and a scan revealed he had tissue damage to his back.
Mr Henderson, who has spinal stenosis, now has to use a zimmer frame to walk and has been told by doctors he will need a wheelchair for longer journeys.
The incident happened about a month after England rugby players, including Mike Tindall, visited the Altitude Bar, which was hosting a "Mad Midget Weekender".
Please feel free to send if you have any questions regarding this post , you can contact on
Disclaimer: The views expressed on this site are that of the authors and not necessarily that of U.S.S.POST.


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Right car setup, well-balanced chassis in the medium downforce - things needed to be fast at Montreal
Kimi Räikkönen: "Monaco is just a distant memory and I'm all ready for Canada"
After a frustrating Monaco Grand Prix where his gap to the Drivers' Championship lead increased from four to twenty-one points, Kimi heads to Montréal focused on getting right back in the fight
What are your feelings after Monaco?
It was quite some fightback you made at the end of the race…
Well, that was a bit different as I had fresh tyres and we should never have been in that position in the first place, but it was good to at least get a point at the end. In a way, it almost makes it more frustrating as when we had the clean air after the pit stop it was probably the first time you saw how quick our car really was.
You were pretty frustrated after the race?
No-one wants to lose so many points thanks to the actions of another driver, but that race is over; Monaco is just a distant memory and I'm all ready for Canada.
What's your opinion of Canada?
I have won there which was pretty good, but I have experienced some setbacks there as well. Many times the race has been quite a lottery as there seem to be different things which affect it. The weather can change a lot, sometimes the tyres or the track aren't working very well, sometimes there are a lot of safety cars, or sometimes another driver runs into the back of you when you're waiting at a red light. As for the place itself, I've always liked Montréal. It is one of the nicest cities we visit all year.
What do you need for a good result in Canada?
A good car. Like at every circuit you need to get the set-up exactly right. You need a well-balanced chassis in the medium downforce configuration and you don't want to be too hard on brakes as there's a lot of aggressive braking there. It's something I quite enjoy, the stop and go style of the circuit.
Is Montréal another circuit where qualifying is crucial?
Qualifying is important at every circuit, but not as essential as it was in Monaco to get a good result. It's not easy to get past, but there are one or two places to overtake.
What are your thoughts on the Championship after losing ground to Sebastian Vettel?
For sure we lost ground on the lead in Monaco, but it's not over yet. It's still early in the season and twentyone points behind is not too much to catch up; especially if Sebastian has a bad weekend too at some point. The most important thing is that we return to our race level before Monaco to get things going our way as soon as possible.
Romain Grosjean: "We'll take the challenge and do the very best we can"
After a weekend to forget in Monaco, our Frenchman heads to another French-speaking nation hopeful of
very different fortunes
It was an eventful weekend for you in Monaco… what are your thoughts now you've been able to
You said you'd buy your crew some drinks for all the work they put in over the Monaco weekend;
have you had a chance to do this yet?
Not yet, but I'll treat them to a special dinner later in the year; hopefully when we've got something good to celebrate.
Last year you went from seventh to second in Montréal; can you repeat that kind of performance in
Yes, last year we had a fantastic result at this race and we'll certainly be trying for a fantastic result once more. For sure it will be a bit more difficult with the penalty, but we'll take the challenge and do the very best we can.
2012 was your first time racing in Montréal, but you learnt the track pretty well?
The track is interesting; not an easy one to learn, but as we say most of the time if you have a good result then you like the track! I'd certainly like to finish this year's race on the podium again; that would be a good record to maintain. The city's great too. People speak French, the place is lively, there are some great restaurants and everybody is really welcoming.
Have you raced the circuit in any other form?
It's true that it's my favourite circuit on the Xbox, though it's certainly bumpier in real life than sat at home on your sofa!
You like street circuits and were quick in Monaco; can we expect more of the same pace at the Circuit Gilles-Villeneuve?
I enjoy the sensation of being close to the walls; although as I learnt this year in Monaco… I don't enjoy the sensation of being too close to the walls! Montréal is different from Monaco as there are some long straights and big braking moments. The track surface can also present challenges as we've seen in past seasons, so it will be interesting to see what the grip level is like this year. Finally, the weather in Montréal can be quite changeable as we've seen many times. I'm sure it'll be a challenging and exciting Grand Prix.
Does the Canadian event present any particular challenges, being a long haul amidst the European
I arrive a little earlier to help beat the jet lag. Sometimes the challenge of beating the jet lag and getting a decent sleep can be as hard to solve as finding the right setup for the car! I'll be getting plenty of exercise and hopefully getting some good sleep at the right time too!
It's been a mixed season for you so far; how would you assess it?
On paper it's not as good as we would have wanted it to be, but I'm happy with all my performances so far except for Monaco. I have been doing my best every time, the pace is there and every time we manage to improve the car. I just have to keep doing my best and see where we go from there.
Lotus F1 Team


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Need a handy way to organize your files and check various files on your iPhone or iPad? Take a look at File Manager Pro App, the file manager app may be able to meet your requirements.
File Manager Pro App is a versatile file manager and file reader developed by Zuhanden, and designed for both iPhone and iPad. The iOS app has a simple and intuitive user interface, all the folders are listed on the left. Tapping every folder you can see all the files in the folder on the right column, and built-in file reader allows you to read various files in different formats including PowerPoint, Excel, Word, Keynote, Numbers, Pages, images, web files, audio, video, PDF, and Zip files, moreover, as a file manager, it also allows you to create folders, copy files, Email files and more. Apart from that, the file manager supports Google Drive, Dropbox, SkyDrive and Box so you can easily access your files from the network storage services, and built-in web browser lets you download files via the Internet.
File Manager Pro App with a size of 6.4 MB is compatible with iPhone (optimized for iPhone 5), iPod touch and iPad running iOS 5.0 or later. The iOS app is free for a limited time at present. If you're interested, jump to App Store for more details.


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Clearasil Ultra Daily Face Wash Reviews
Did what it saidI love this product. I had switche to something else but I think I might go make to this. I never broke out when I used this and now i have tons of acne. So I love this and would recommend it to everyone. — 6 years agoxmadibabix | 66 reviews
So - SoPros - Reduces Redness. Cons- Doesn't truly help breakouts. Smells really chemical like. Doesn't feel like it's doing the job, and going deep into my skin. Maybe I expected to much out of the product but I honestly wouldn't buy it again. — 6 years agoMonicareviews | 22 reviews
Mostly works but HarshThis product will gradually clear your face up but not compleatly and its not 100 percent effeective in preventing breakouts but it does somewhat work. I found that it left my face feeling like rubber though because its very harsh. If you have very oily skin it would be a better match for you — 6 years, 1 month agoADcosmogirl | 17 reviews
Did not work for meThe "works in three days or less" slogan did not apply me. It did not clear my skin up at all. It did not dry out my skin though, thankfully. It just flat out didn't work. I really was hoping that it would. — 7 years, 4 months agobrinana | 1 reviews
Terrible!!!!I really had high hopes for this product. I have been struggling with acne for years now and I was hoping this product would help solve this issue. Unfortunatley the product was a major failure. It did not clear my skin and in fact made my acne worse. However there were a few upsides. The face wash smelled really good and left my skin feeling very clean and refreshed, However it did not do it's job as far as acne is concerned, — 7 years, 7 months agoprissycat2 | 6 reviews
This review is: Helpful | Not helpful | Inappropriate | 1 of 3 people said helpful
Clearasil Ultra works!!Clearasil's Daily Face wash is amazing! It keeps my skin as clear as can be but never feeling dry or itchy!! It is very inexpensive and clears up skin quickly!! — 7 years, 9 months agoHaileySnyder | 1 reviews
Excellent FacewashI have been using Clearasil Ultra Daily Face Wash for about four months now and have acne-free skin! I used to be quite prone to frequent breakouts and Clearsil has finally regulated my skin. The wash is gentle yet deep cleaning and does not dry my skin out. Individuals with acne-prone skin should give Clearasil a try- it made a huge difference in my skin. I also love the smell of the wash :D — 7 years, 9 months agoMizzoutlaw | 30 reviews
This review is: Helpful | Not helpful | Inappropriate | 3 of 3 people said helpful
one of the bestwhen i was alot younger and started getting acne i tryed soooo many face washes but they all either dryed my skin out way to much or made it oily. after the first time of trying this i was so happy, my face felt amazing and after atleast a week i could definitly see the difference in my face & i love the way my face feels cool after i use it! — 7 years, 12 months agoencinitas_surf | 4 reviews
3 DAYS GUARENTEED? YEAH RIGHT!!I was really excited when i bought this believing the word "GUARENTEED". I bought this 3 weeks before back to school. I have been using this product for two and a half weeks and I dont notice ANY RESSULTS! My face still has pimples! School starts in 5 days and Looks like im going to have to go with my pimpley face. I feel like I waisted all my time using this product, when I could have used Something else!! Defenitely NOT reccomended! — 7 years, 12 months agoRed_Ruby | 1 reviews
This review is: Helpful | Not helpful | Inappropriate | 4 of 8 people said helpful
clear skin??? hahaAfter i saw this product on this site and it's reviews i decided to go out and get it. I've been using this product for about two and a half weeks and i have to say that this product doesn't live up to its expectations. My skin dried out after each use, and i saw absolutely no change with my skin! i would not recommend this product anyone. — 8 years agoSumaiyaJ | 1 reviews
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My Reasons for Reporting This


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REDLANDS >> Newbery Medalist author Lois Lowry will speak at a dinner at 6 p.m. Jan. 24, as part of the annual Charlotte Huck Children's Literature Festival at the University of Redlands.
After the dinner, sponsored by University of Redlands Town & Gown, Lowry and dinner guests will attend a performance of the stage play based on Lowry's popular novel "The Giver" in the University of Redlands' Frederick Loewe Performance Hall.
"It's a tremendous opportunity to have Lois Lowry speaking here," said Char Burgess, U of R vice president and dean of student life, and campus liaison for the festival. "That doesn't happen very often — anywhere, really, and it speaks to her affinity for the Charlotte Huck Children's Literature Festival. This is a very special opportunity."
"The Giver" won the 1994 Newbery Medal and has sold more than 5.3 million copies. A mainstay of middle school reading lists, it has also drawn criticism because of dystopian themes seen as inappropriate for young children. "The Giver" was on the American Library Association's list of most challenged books of the 1990s.
"The University of Redlands is producing 'The Giver' in conjunction with the Charlotte Huck Children's Literature Festival, and a lot of the schools are taking advantage of the opportunity to see it staged," Burgess said. "We have been very specific that it's not for young children, but for seventh-graders and up. The festival itself is all adults, so that's not a problem."
The novel's main character is a 12-year-old named Jonas whose society has eliminated pain and strife by eradicating emotional depth from people's lives. As Jonas grows, he comes to understand that his people are happy because they don't know any better. He must decide whether to stay in the community or look for a better life elsewhere.
Lowry has written more than 30 books for children and adolescents and won two Newbery Medals, for "Number the Stars" in 1989 and "The Giver" in 1993. She was a finalist in 2000 (and U.S. nominee again in 2004) for the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award, the highest recognition available to creators of children's books.
In 2007, Lowry received the Margaret Edwards Award from the American Library Association for her contributions in writing for teens. Lowry is known for writing about difficult subjects such as racism, terminal illness, murder and the Holocaust.
"The Giver" is currently in production as a feature-length movie starring Jeff Bridges, Meryl Streep, Katie Holmes and Taylor Swift.
The stage version of "The Giver" was adapted by playwright Eric Coble, and has been performed around the world. The U of R's production is directed by Sally Norton, a faculty member in the Theatre Department.
Tickets for the Town & Gown event are $50 per person and include dinner at the Orton Center, Lowry's talk and a ticket to the Jan. 24 performance. To register, call 909-748-8011 or visit www.redlands.edu/townandgown.
To register for the Charlotte Huck Children's Literature Festival, call 909-748-8791 or visit www.redlands.edu and choose the School of Education page.
In addition to the Jan. 24 performance, the play's run includes Jan. 23 and 25 at 8 p.m. and Jan. 26 at 2 p.m. For information and tickets, call 909-748-8028.


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Good luck to you! This collection was five years in the making. They're getting pretty scarce these days.
Yea, and they are by far not the cheapest to collect :D. I found a few "used" Black Satin RZKs for a pretty good price. Anyway it still takes some time to gather the money :D.
Post to thread


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PHOTO EXCLUSIVE: At the Dress Rehearsal of NOLI ME TANGERE-OPERA; Show Premieres 10/4
New York, October 3, 2013--BroadwayWorld.com had the first glimpse of Philippine National Artists Felipe Padilla de Leon and Guillermo Tolentino's 1957 opera NOLI ME TANGERE'S impending New York stage debut when we visited its dress rehearsal at the Danny and Sylvia Kaye Playhouse in Hunter College last night.
Sung in Tagalog (supertitles in English will be provided), NOLI ME TANGERE-OPERA (Touch Me Not) was based on the 1887 classic romantic novel by the Philippines' National Hero Dr. Jose Rizal. The production premieres tomorrow at 8 p.m., and will run until Sunday, October 6. For last-minute tickets ($60-$150), call 646-415-1853.
The musical presentation, an opera in Three Acts, follows the story of Juan Crisostomo Ibarra who returns to the Philippines after pursuing scholarly studies in Europe. He plans to open up a school and marry Maria Clara, his betrothed. However, parish priest Padre Damaso, the archenemy of the Ibarras, is out to hinder Crisostomo's plans, which creates "a dramatic storyline of forbidden love, betrayal and revenge."
NOLI ME TANGERE-OPERA stars world renowned Filipino opera singers Sal Malaki (Juan Crisostomo Ibarra), Antoni Mendezona (Maria Clara), Andrew Fernando (Padre Damaso), Roberto Perlas Gomez (Elias) and Maria Christina Navarro (Sisa), and young singer Kirby Asunto (Basilio). It also features a diverse ensemble cast: Brad Arreglado, Jonathan Estabrooks, Rosemarie Flores, May Hackett, William Lim, Brittany Palmer, Allan Samonte, Rina Saporantos, Elijah Sirilan, Zion Sirilan, Ulises Solano, Sherwin Su, Lisa Villamaria and Resty Yongco.
The show's artistic and production teams include Michael Dadap (artistic musical direction), May Pamana (direction), Rene Dalandan (assistant stage direction), Kristin Jackson (choreography), Jeff Davis (lighting design), Executive Producer Jerry Sibal (set and costume design), Natalie Qing Zhang (stage management) and Clare Chujie Xu (assistant stage management).
The Foundation for Filipino Artists Inc., together with executive committee members Loida Nicolas Lewis, Aida Bartolome, Jerry Sibal, Michael Dadap, Dr. Angie Cruz, Edwin Josue and Robert Perlstein, presents NOLI ME TANGERE-OPERA.
The photos below do not reflect the final costumes, hair and makeup, and lighting for the production.
Photos by Oliver Oliveros
Maria Christina Navarro, Resty Yongco
Foundation for Filipino Artists Inc. presents NOLI ME TANGERE-OPERA.
Foundation for Filipino Artists Inc. presents NOLI ME TANGERE-OPERA.
Foundation for Filipino Artists Inc. presents NOLI ME TANGERE-OPERA.
Antoni Mendezona, Sal Malaki, Roberto Perlas Gomez
Roberto Perlas Gomez
Maria Christina Navarro, Sal Malaki
Andrew Fernando
Sal Malaki, Andrew Fernando
Foundation for Filipino Artists Inc. presents NOLI ME TANGERE-OPERA.
Foundation for Filipino Artists Inc. presents NOLI ME TANGERE-OPERA.


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A fifth person has been arrested as part of an investigation into more than 150 burglaries including 21 in Warrington.
A 45-year-old man was the latest arrest on suspicion of conspiracy to commit burglary at an address in Rochdale this morning, Thursday, as part of Operation Edendale.
He is currently in police custody.
Three people have already been charged and one bailed pending further inquiries as part of the investigation into burglaries across Cheshire and Greater Manchester.
Daryl Kennedy, of HMP Forest Bank, Antony Bell, of Mitchells Quay, Failsworth and Rosemary Pollard, of Elvate Crescent, Cheetham Hill, have all been charged with conspiracy to commit burglary between April 1 and December 31, 2013.
They are next due in court on April, 25 2014.
A fourth man aged 31 from Salford was also arrested and bailed until 12 March 2014 pending further inquiries.
During a spate of burglaries, nine homes in Grappenhall were targeted as well as eight in Thelwall, two in Lymm and two in Stockton Heath.


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All the Animals Necklace Pendant
Tiger, Ducky, Froggy, Kitty, Piggy!!! All the Animals pendant is such a unique and totally adorable design that will have all the girls staring at your necklace in envy! If they ask where you got it you can just smile and say, "Oh, it's handmade, one of a kind!" How sweet! The handmade artwork of Zoewoods from Etsy!


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Jaguar Land Rover Celebrates Success in New York
NEW YORK, April 4, 2012 -- Jaguar Land Rover (JLR) opened its presence at the New York International Automobile Show (4 -- 15 April) with a press conference confirming record global monthly retail sales; the announcement of an all-new Jaguar sports car and Land Rover marking 25 years of operations in the United States.
Speaking at the show, JLR CEO, Dr. Ralf Speth confirmed that global retails in March were the highest monthly total ever for both JLR and the Land Rover brand.
"JLR retailed more than 45,000 vehicles in March," said D.r Speth. "This is a 40 per cent increase over March last year and the highest monthly retail total ever."
"We also saw the best ever retail total for the Land Rover brand, up almost 45% against March 2011. Jaguar increased its sales too, by more than 25%."
He added: "When you consider JLR's performance so far this year - more than 45% ahead of last year - it's clear we are on track to grow a sustainable business; a solid and profitable company."
Also at the show, Jaguar's Global Brand Director, Adrian Hallmark, announced that an all-new sports car will be introduced. "Called the F-TYPE, this exciting new car reflects the confidence and ambition of the Jaguar brand," said Hallmark. "Full technical details will be announced later in 2012 prior to the car going on sale in mid 2013."
Land Rover also celebrated 25 years of operations in the US by displaying the Evoque convertible concept and a new version of the DC100 Defender Concept in a version of the expedition livery inspired by the 1,000,000th Land Rover Discovery/LR4 currently on an 8,000 mile journey from the model's birthplace in Birmingham to Beijing.
"Jaguar and Land Rover are two of the hottest brands in the U.S. market," commented JLR North America President, Andy Goss. "We are coming into the New York International Automobile Show with both brands really on a roll with sales in North America in March up by 28 per cent against last year."
For further information on the Jaguar F-TYPE, please visit Jaguar Media


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Takumi Shimamura Wooden Briefcase
Everything about this piece is fabulous. It's old-school classic yet entirely modern. It's built for functionality and hard use, but there is something about it that is totally zen.
This chair looks hard. It could use a cushion. But I guess endurance and deprivation is the path to enlightenment. Great design. Made from polished cedar.
this zesty fragrance was inspired by thai cuisine, according to the jo malone website. very odd, but it does smell good.
Stately and refined changing table for baby. Fits perfect in an older home, like much of restoration's other lines of perfect furniture. Also comes in espresso.


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Hey there, time traveller!
This article was published 9/7/2014 (1136 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.
City council is asking the province to review the findings of a city hall real estate audit for a possible criminal investigation.
That was one of four motions approved by city council late Wednesday afternoon following a marathon six-hour special meeting. The meeting was held to consider the findings of the audit, conducted by consulting firm EY, into 33 real estate transactions dating back to 2007.
The unique meeting saw councillors question the leader of the EY audit team for three hours, hurl accusations at each other — including a testy exchange between Mayor Sam Katz and Coun. Paula Havixbeck — and then had some councillors question acting CAO Deepak Joshi over some of the audit findings.
But the one move that could continue to keep accusations swirling at city hall was the motion by councillors John Orlikow and Havixbeck (Charleswood-Tuxedo) to request that Manitoba Justice review the audit findings.
Because the audit shows repeated incidents of improper dealings between present and former city staff and some local developers, Orlikow said a review by the justice department — if the province agrees to participate — will help assure that nothing improper has taken place at city hall.
Orlikow (River Heights-Fort Garry) said it's not enough to adopt the EY recommendations. He also advocated in support of motions that would create a new position to review all real estate deals at city hall and would require outside monitoring to ensure the audit's recommendations are followed.
"Refer it (to Justice) for a review," Orlikow said, adding that will help restore public trust. "Why wouldn't we want the province to say, 'no problem, there's nothing to look at here.'"
Council veteran Dan Vandal (St. Boniface) said councillors need to wake up to the fact the recent scandals that have embroiled city hall — the fire-paramedic replacement program, the police headquarters project, allegations of favouritism towards developers — have resulted in a loss of the public's trust and confidence.
"The whole thing is a mess," Vandal said. "Whether you choose to recognize it or whether you don't choose to recognize it, this council has lost the confidence of the citizens we serve."
St. Norbert councillor Justin Swandel defended the actions of the administration, reasoning that in the end they produced projects with value, even if, as he said, their methods were "ugly." But Vandal said Winnipeg city hall between 1998 and 2005 produced good work while following proper procedures without drawing accusations of wrongdoing.
"We didn't do those ugly, we didn't those by skirting the rules, we didn't do those by giving certain developers insider information or by giving certain developers lucrative work without the proper authorizations," Vandal said, referring to some of the findings of the EY audit. "We did it within the realm of good public service.... That's what Winnipeggers are concerned about."
In addition to requesting a review by Manitoba Justice, council also agreed to hire an outside agency to monitor how administration implements the EY recommendations, and to create a new position to review all real estate transactions.
The meeting featured a testy exchange between Katz and Havixbeck, who accused the mayor of chastising her for raising questions about the fire hall program while she was a member of Katz's executive policy committee.
Katz immediately labelled Havixbeck's statement "a lie," and demanded she withdraw the comments and apologize, which she did.
While some councillors did question acting CAO Deepak Joshi over what he knew about some of the incidents reported on in the EY audit, Havixbeck's attempts to question Joshi were repeatedly interrupted by Swandel and Coun. Jenny Gerbasi, who said her questions were improper, and forced her to stop.
Katz, who had criticized the audit when it was released a week ago, told reporters he still doesn't consider the document an audit, even if he accepts its recommendations, and he said he remains concerned that local developer Sandy Shindleman and Phil Sheegl and other former CAOs were not interviewed by the audit team.


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Diner Dash: Sizzle & Serve PSP
- Publisher: Eidos Interactive
- Release Date: May 22, 2007
- Also On: iPhone/iPad, Mobile, PC, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360
- Critic score
- Publication
- By date
If you own a Nintendo DS, you might want to buy the DS version instead for the touch screen controls.
The game's fun and frantic, but it doesn't really offer much than its face-value production.
Diner Dash is a pretty addictive game and stands as one of those easy to pick and play games for fun. If you want a simple to play game that only requires reflexes and little thinking Diner Dash: Sizzle & Serve may just be for you.
Diner Dash is a challenging game that will keep you on your toes from start to finish, but it's too simple to keep you coming back.
PSM MagazineWhile fun in concept (and on the PC), this game suffers from really awkward controls that don't respond nearly fast enough to keep pace with the customers. [July 2007, p.85]
Another case of too much for too little. The extremely simple gameplay and unimpressive graphics just don't justify a $30 price tag, and arguably wouldn't even justify even a $20 or $15 price tag.
It's just addicting enough for you to stick it out for the entirety of the game, but unless you're in the mood for a stress headache you probably won't bust it out again.
An iffy buy for Diner Dash fans and not recommended for anyone unfamiliar with the franchise.
Pure Magazine UKIf it was part of a larger collection of games we couldn't fault it. But it does seem a little much to ask when it is a stand-alone title, no matter how much fun it is. [May 2007, p.84]
Official Playstation 2 Magazine UKA simply concept that makes for a fiendishly tricky and addictive game. Sadly let down slightly by some clumsy controls. [May 2007, p.89]
Play UKThe price is too high for what you get, especially if you factor in the free version available online. [Issue#153, p.75]
Playstation Official Magazine UKIt's as exciting as waiting on people in real life; which is to say, not very. [May 2007, p.114]
Most levels in Diner Dash: Sizzle and Serve last five minutes tops, which makes it a flexible on-the-go offering. We're increasingly annoyed by publishers' tendencies to toss a casual PC game onto portable consoles for a notably higher price than its PC version.
Even though the difficulty ramps up dramatically halfway through Career mode, dedicated gamers will be able to complete the whole thing in a day, if they don't get tired of fighting the poorly designed controls before then.
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WealthEngine is one of the most recent adopters of Oracle Exadata Database Machine, which it uses in the operation of its FindWealth research service for customers of its wealth identification and information-based fundraising solutions. The solution has obviously exceeded the expectations of WealthEngine, judging from the comment of Silas Matteson, SVP of Products and IT with the firm, who says, When testing Oracle Exadata Database Machine with our data in the lab, we tried to find what the limits of the system were. We issued queries that we would never think of doingmassive joins across different, large tables and we got results back in incredible response times. We saw first-hand the power of conducting non-index searches and what that could mean to our product and customers and how it could potentially transform our business. WealthEngine's 2,400 customers and 6,000 users access WealthEngine through its Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) application as well as through integrations with specialized CRM systems or Donor Management Systems (DMS) via APIs.
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Harrison Roller Rack
The Harrison 950 Roller Rack was designed to match the look and feel of the 950mx Analog Console - but is well-suited to any studio that needs unique, high-end furniture.
The 950 Roller Rack boasts a solid, heavy-duty construction featuring extruded aluminum framing and a powder-coated metal finish. There are 16 rack spaces available on the front and back of the unit. In your workspace, the Roller Rack provides easy access to all of your I/O with its solid, Bosch industrial wheels. The engineering quality of the Roller Rack is apparent just from getting your hands on it - something you may need to do often during a studio session.
The back of the Roller Rack features rack rails for power conditioning, additional I/O, or custom panels for more mobile applications - which can be helpful if the rack needs to be moved from room-to-room.
The top of the Rack includes a vent for heat dissipation - a feature that is almost always overlooked in studio furniture. Because we've accommodated proper airflow - the rack can be filled all the way to the top without worry of overheating. There's no need to leave any space empty.
(click for higher resolution photos)
- No compromise, heavy-duty construction.
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- 16 rack spaces on the front and back of the unit.
- Rear rack rails can be used for a cover, custom input panel, or power conditioning.
- Solid Bosch industrial wheels.
- Top-vented for heat dissipation.
- Weight: 76 lbs.


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President Obama: Let's Move Beyond Oil!
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This property has been removed by the agent. It may be sold or temporarily removed from the market
6 bedroom character property for saleNab Lane, Nab Wood, Shipley, West Yorkshire
Property Description
Full description
Tenure: Freehold
An impressive character detached family property in this sought after location offering large updated accommodation with gas heating, alarm and part double glazing.
Fieldhead is one of the largest and most characterful properties in the Nab Wood area and incorporates an abundance of features which are typical of the era with some leaded windows, decorative ceilings and ornate fireplaces. The property has been sympathetically updated in recent years with quality fittings to bathrooms and a bespoke kitchen has been installed. The accommodation is planned over three floors and offers three elegant reception rooms and up to seven bedrooms with two bathrooms.
Tha accommodation briefly comprises: reception hall, cloaks/w.c., living room, sitting room, dining/family room, dining kitchen, utility room, keeping cellar, landing, five first floor bedrooms with en suite dressing room and shower room to main bedroom, boxroom, two second floor bedrooms. The property is set amid large mature gardens with ample parking and a LARGE DOUBLE GARAGE.
|Large Reception Hallway
| Two radiators, oak panelled walls, wood flooring, beamed ceiling, leaded windows and door to front garden, fireplace with tiled hearth, cupboard with heating controls.
| Radiator, 'Fired earth' tiled floor, pedestal wasbasin, low flush w.c., storage cupboards.
|Living Room
| Radiator, fireplace with open fire grate, display cupboards to recess, corniced ceiling, single glazed leaded window to side.
|Sitting Room
| Radiator, fireplace with marble interior and hearth, open fire grate, parquet flooring, curved single glazed leaded window to front, leaded window to side, decorative ceiling with cornice.
|Dining/Family Room
| Radiator, ornate fire surround with polished stone interior and hearth, curved single glazed bay window, single glazed window to side, serving hatch to kitchen, corniced ceiling.
|Dining Kitchen
| Four radiators, bespoke fitted kitchen by Mark Wilkinson comprising base cupboards with granite worktops, fitted dresser, inset sink, wall cupboards, range style cooker, fridge and freezer, five double glazed windows to the side, corniced ceiling, double glazed doors to the rear garden, TV point. PANTRY
|Utility Room
| Plumbing for washing machine, wall cupboard, sink with mixer tap, double glazed window.
| Keeping Cellar
| Radiator, linen store cupboard, stained and leaded feature window.
|Bedroom One
| Radiator, curved leaded window, corniced ceiiling.
|En- Suite Dressing Room
| Mahogany lined Fitted wardrobes with internal drawers, shoe cupboard, dressing table, two double glazed windows, ceiling fan.
|En Suite Shower Room/w.c.
| Two towel radiators, one radiator, two double glazed windows, roll top bath with shower mixer, low flush w.c., washbasin on legs, shower cubicle, fitted cupboard, shutter blinds.
| Radiator, pedestal washbasin, walk in wardrobe with light, double glazed window, corniced ceiling.
| Radiator, fitteed wardrobes, glass display cupboard, single glazed curved bay window, corniced ceiling.
| Radiator, single glazed window to side, phone point, corniced ceiling.
|Large Bedroom
| (Formerly a Billiard room and could be used as a gym/games room/home cinema) Three radiators, stained and leaded window, laminate flooring, corniced ceiling
| Store cupboard, stained and leaded window, stairs to second floor.
|House Bathroom
| Towel rail/radiator, white suite with bath and shower mixer, pedestal washbasin, low flush w.c., tiled out shower cubicle, shutter blinds, wall light point.
| Two radiators, dormer window.
| Velux window.
| The property is approached through electric gates and a driveway leads round to the rear of the property where ample parking is available. To the front there is a good sized lawned garden with mature trees. To the rear there is a tarmaced parking area, large lawned garden with mature trees including fruit trees. Gardeners w.c. and DOUBLE GARAGE with two roller doors, gas central heating boiler and hot water storage tank, three windows.
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Disclaimer - Property reference SAL110415. The information displayed about this property comprises a property advertisement. Rightmove.co.uk makes no warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of the advertisement or any linked or associated information, and Rightmove has no control over the content. This property advertisement does not constitute property particulars. The information is provided and maintained by Dacre Son & Hartley, Saltaire. Please contact the selling agent or developer directly to obtain any information which may be available under the terms of The Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates and Inspections) (England and Wales) Regulations 2007 or the Home Report if in relation to a residential property in Scotland.
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Saturday, October 31, 2015
Online Ancient Genome Repository (OAGR)
This should prove to be a very useful resource in the near future. Click on the image below to check it out.
Aboriginal Australian Y-chromosomes
Based on a survey of 657 self-declared Aboriginal individuals:
C-M130*(xM8,M38,M217,M347) 1%
K-M526*(xM147,P308,P79,P261,P256,M231,M175,M45,P202) 12%
Non-indigenous 56%
Unlike an earlier paper using genome-wide DNA, this study found no signals of gene flow from India to Australia during the Holocene.
Nagle, N., Ballantyne, K. N., van Oven, M., Tyler-Smith, C., Xue, Y., Taylor, D., Wilcox, S., Wilcox, L., Turkalov, R., van Oorschot, R. A.H., McAllister, P., Williams, L., Kayser, M., Mitchell, R. J. and The Genographic Consortium (2015), Antiquity and diversity of aboriginal Australian Y-chromosomes. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22886
Friday, October 30, 2015
European-specific mtDNA U5a2a in ancient remains from Xinjiang, northwest China
I'm skeptical that a 700-year-old mito genome can be used as evidence of prehistoric population movements. Obviously, for that sort of thing we'd need a sequence from before recorded history. Nevertheless, the discovery of mtDNA haplogroup U5a2a in the Eastern Pamirs is still very interesting.
The complete mitochondrial genome of one 700-year-old individual found in Tashkurgan, Xinjiang was target enriched and sequenced in order to shed light on the population history of Tashkurgan and determine the phylogenetic relationship of haplogroup U5a. The ancient sample was assigned to a subclade of haplogroup U5a2a1, which is defined by two rare and stable transversions at 16114A and 13928C. Phylogenetic analysis shows a distribution pattern for U5a2a that is indicative of an origin in the Volga–Ural region and exhibits a clear eastward geographical expansion that correlates with the pastoral culture also entering the Eurasian steppe. The haplogroup U5a2a present in the ancient Tashkurgan individual reveals prehistoric migration in the East Pamir by pastoralists. This study shows that studying an ancient mitochondrial genome is a useful approach for studying the evolutionary process and population history of Eastern Pamir.
Ning et al., Ancient mitochondrial genome reveals trace of prehistoric migration in the east Pamir by pastoralists, Journal of Human Genetics advance online publication 29 October 2015; doi: 10.1038/jhg.2015.128
Thursday, October 29, 2015
Mitochondrial DNA from Maykop + Wolfgang Haak on Near Eastern-related ancestry in Yamnaya
From page 166 of a report posted recently at Academia.edu:
Majkop verfügen sowohl über eine «paläolithische» Haplogruppe (U8) als auch über «neolithische» Haplogruppen: V (Недолужко u. a. 2014), T2, N1. Bei einem Objekt aus einem Grab bei der Staniza Novosvobodnaja fanden wir auch die Haplogruppe М52. Die gewonnenen Daten sprechen für eine (auf dem Niveau der mitochondrialen DNA) mögliche genetische Gemeinschaft der archäologischen Kulturen von Majkop und Novosvobodnaja.
The presence of Indian-specific mtDNA haplogroup M52 is surprising. Maykop territory was located just south of the steppe, but M52 isn't found in any of the Bronze and Iron Age samples from the steppe tested to date.
Here's the comment from Haak, from an abstract titled The role of the Caucasus in the formation of the Eurasia's genetic makeup: Insights and questions from ancient DNA research.
Recent genetic research on autosomal and uniparentally-inherited markers has shown a remarkable genetic uniformity of Caucasian populations despite the region's notable linguistic and cultural diversity. When compared to neighbouring regions, the smooth genetic transition from the Near/Middle East to the Caucasus is in stark contrast to the marked differences to populations from the East European steppes. Flanked by the Black and the Caspian Seas, it remains unclear to what extent the Caucasus served as a corridor and whether and if so when ancient migrations had affected and shaped the region's genetic profile. Ancient DNA research on Mesolithic, Neolithic and Bronze Age individuals from Western Eurasia have recently thrown fresh light on the Caucasus as region, which appears to have played a critical role in the formation of the genetic ancestry of the Yamnaya people, Bronze Age pastoralist of the east European steppes. The Yamnaya carry strong signals of eastern hunter-gatherer (EHG) ancestry and ancient Near Eastern ancestry that is different from the one that giving rise to early European farmers. While modern-day Armenians are the best proxy for the putative source population of the EHG dilution in the steppes, it is highly likely that prehistoric cultural groups from the Caucasus will provide a much better temporal and contextual fit.
Actually, I'd say western Georgians are the best proxy for the putative source population of the EHG dilution in the steppes. See here...
Yamnaya's exotic ancestry: The Kartvelian connection
Wednesday, October 28, 2015
Prehistoric African admixture in Iberia
Open access at PLoS ONE:
Determining the timing, identity and direction of migrations in the Mediterranean Basin, the role of "migratory routes" in and among regions of Africa, Europe and Asia, and the effects of sex-specific behaviors of population movements have important implications for our understanding of the present human genetic diversity. A crucial component of the Mediterranean world is its westernmost region. Clear features of transcontinental ancient contacts between North African and Iberian populations surrounding the maritime region of Gibraltar Strait have been identified from archeological data. The attempt to discern origin and dates of migration between close geographically related regions has been a challenge in the field of uniparental-based population genetics. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) studies have been focused on surveying the H1, H3 and V lineages when trying to ascertain north-south migrations, and U6 and L in the opposite direction, assuming that those lineages are good proxies for the ancestry of each side of the Mediterranean. To this end, in the present work we have screened entire mtDNA sequences belonging to U6, M1 and L haplogroups in Andalusians—from Huelva and Granada provinces—and Moroccan Berbers. We present here pioneer data and interpretations on the role of NW Africa and the Iberian Peninsula regarding the time of origin, number of founders and expansion directions of these specific markers. The estimated entrance of the North African U6 lineages into Iberia at 10 ky correlates well with other L African clades, indicating that U6 and some L lineages moved together from Africa to Iberia in the Early Holocene. Still, founder analysis highlights that the high sharing of lineages between North Africa and Iberia results from a complex process continued through time, impairing simplistic interpretations. In particular, our work supports the existence of an ancient, frequently denied, bridge connecting the Maghreb and Andalusia.
Hernández CL, Soares P, Dugoujon JM, Novelletto A, Rodríguez JN, Rito T, et al. (2015) Early Holocenic and Historic mtDNA African Signatures in the Iberian Peninsula: The Andalusian Region as a Paradigm. PLoS ONE 10(10): e0139784. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139784
Sardinians: relatively short by design
Behind a pay wall at Nature Genetics:
We report sequencing-based whole-genome association analyses to evaluate the impact of rare and founder variants on stature in 6,307 individuals on the island of Sardinia. We identify two variants with large effects. One variant, which introduces a stop codon in the GHR gene, is relatively frequent in Sardinia (0.87% versus <0.01% elsewhere) and in the homozygous state causes Laron syndrome involving short stature. We find that this variant reduces height in heterozygotes by an average of 4.2 cm (−0.64 s.d.). The other variant, in the imprinted KCNQ1 gene (minor allele frequency (MAF) = 7.7% in Sardinia versus <1% elsewhere) reduces height by an average of 1.83 cm (−0.31 s.d.) when maternally inherited. Additionally, polygenic scores indicate that known height-decreasing alleles are at systematically higher frequencies in Sardinians than would be expected by genetic drift. The findings are consistent with selection for shorter stature in Sardinia and a suggestive human example of the proposed 'island effect' reducing the size of large mammals.
Zoledziewska et al., Height-reducing variants and selection for short stature in Sardinia, Nature Genetics 47, 1352–1356 (2015) doi:10.1038/ng.3403
Also at Nature Genetics...
We report ~17.6 million genetic variants from whole-genome sequencing of 2,120 Sardinians; 22% are absent from previous sequencing-based compilations and are enriched for predicted functional consequences. Furthermore, ~76,000 variants common in our sample (frequency >5%) are rare elsewhere (<0.5% in the 1000 Genomes Project). We assessed the impact of these variants on circulating lipid levels and five inflammatory biomarkers. We observe 14 signals, including 2 major new loci, for lipid levels and 19 signals, including 2 new loci, for inflammatory markers. The new associations would have been missed in analyses based on 1000 Genomes Project data, underlining the advantages of large-scale sequencing in this founder population.
Sidore et al., Genome sequencing elucidates Sardinian genetic architecture and augments association analyses for lipid and blood inflammatory markers, Nature Genetics 47, 1272–1281 (2015) doi:10.1038/ng.3368
Monday, October 26, 2015
Two papers on Ainu genetic structure and origins
Open access at the Journal of Human Genetics:
Various genetic data (classic markers, mitochondrial DNAs, Y chromosomes and genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)) have confirmed the coexistence of three major human populations on the Japanese Archipelago: Ainu in Hokkaido, Ryukyuans in the Southern Islands and Mainland Japanese. We compared genome-wide SNP data of the Ainu, Ryukyuans and Mainland Japanese, and found the following results: (1) the Ainu are genetically different from Mainland Japanese living in Tohoku, the northern part of Honshu Island; (2) using Ainu as descendants of the Jomon people and continental Asians (Han Chinese, Koreans) as descendants of Yayoi people, the proportion of Jomon genetic component in Mainland Japanese was ~18% and ~28% in Ryukyuans; (3) the time since admixture for Mainland Japanese ranged from 55 to 58 generations ago, and 43 to 44 generations ago for the Ryukyuans, depending on the number of Ainu individuals with varying rates of recent admixture with Mainland Japanese; (4) estimated haplotypes of some Ainu individuals suggested relatively long-term admixture with Mainland Japanese; and (5) highly differentiated genomic regions between Ainu and Mainland Japanese included EDAR and COL7A1 gene regions, which were shown to influence macroscopic phenotypes. These results clearly demonstrate the unique status of the Ainu and Ryukyuan people within East Asia.
Jinam et al., Unique characteristics of the Ainu population in Northern Japan, Journal of Human Genetics (2015) 60, 565–571; doi:10.1038/jhg.2015.79; published online 16 July 2015
Open access at Genetics:
Despite recent advances in population genomics, much remains to be elucidated with regard to East Asian population history. The Ainu, a hunter-gatherer population of northern Japan and Sakhalin island of Russia, are thought to be key to elucidating the prehistory of Japan and the peopling of East Asia. Here, we study the genetic relationship of the Ainu with other East Asian and Siberian populations outside the Japanese archipelago using genome-wide genotyping data. We find that the Ainu represent a deep branch of East Asian diversity more basal than all present-day East Asian farmers. However, we did not find a genetic connection between the Ainu and populations of the Tibetan plateau, rejecting their long-held hypothetical connection based on Y chromosome data. Unlike all other East Asian populations investigated, the Ainu have a closer genetic relationship with northeast Siberians than with central Siberians, suggesting ancient connections among populations around the sea of Okhotsk. We also detect a recent genetic contribution of the Ainu to nearby populations, but no evidence for reciprocal recent gene flow is observed. Whole genome sequencing of contemporary and ancient Ainu individuals will be helpful to understand the details of the deep history of East Asians.
Jeong et al., Deep History of East Asian Populations Revealed Through Genetic Analysis of the Ainu, Genetics, Early Online October 23, 2015, doi: 10.1534/genetics.115.178673
Significant local aurochs admixture in modern British and Irish cattle
Open access at Genome Biology:
Background: Domestication of the now-extinct wild aurochs, Bos primigenius, gave rise to the two major domestic extant cattle taxa, B. taurus and B. indicus. While previous genetic studies have shed some light on the evolutionary relationships between European aurochs and modern cattle, important questions remain unanswered, including the phylogenetic status of aurochs, whether gene flow from aurochs into early domestic populations occurred, and which genomic regions were subject to selection processes during and after domestication. Here, we address these questions using whole-genome sequencing data generated from an approximately 6,750-year-old British aurochs bone and genome sequence data from 81 additional cattle plus genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism data from a diverse panel of 1,225 modern animals.
Results: Phylogenomic analyses place the aurochs as a distinct outgroup to the domestic B. taurus lineage, supporting the predominant Near Eastern origin of European cattle. Conversely, traditional British and Irish breeds share more genetic variants with this aurochs specimen than other European populations, supporting localized gene flow from aurochs into the ancestors of modern British and Irish cattle, perhaps through purposeful restocking by early herders in Britain. Finally, the functions of genes showing evidence for positive selection in B. taurus are enriched for neurobiology, growth, metabolism and immunobiology, suggesting that these biological processes have been important in the domestication of cattle.
Conclusions: This work provides important new information regarding the origins and functional evolution of modern cattle, revealing that the interface between early European domestic populations and wild aurochs was significantly more complex than previously thought.
Park et al., Genome sequencing of the extinct Eurasian wild aurochs, Bos primigenius, illuminates the phylogeography and evolution of cattle, Genome Biology 2015, 16:234 doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0790-2
Thursday, October 22, 2015
Plague germs may have facilitated Bronze Age expansions from the steppe
Open access at Cell:
Summary: The bacteria Yersinia pestis is the etiological agent of plague and has caused human pandemics with millions of deaths in historic times. How and when it originated remains contentious. Here, we report the oldest direct evidence of Yersinia pestis identified by ancient DNA in human teeth from Asia and Europe dating from 2,800 to 5,000 years ago. By sequencing the genomes, we find that these ancient plague strains are basal to all known Yersinia pestis. We find the origins of the Yersinia pestis lineage to be at least two times older than previous estimates. We also identify a temporal sequence of genetic changes that lead to increased virulence and the emergence of the bubonic plague. Our results show that plague infection was endemic in the human populations of Eurasia at least 3,000 years before any historical recordings of pandemics.
Rasmussen et al., Early Divergent Strains of Yersinia pestis in Eurasia 5,000 Years Ago, Cell, Volume 163, Issue 3, p571–582, 22 October 2015, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.009
Also, some juicy quotes at ScienceDaily:
Study co-author Dr Marta Mirazón-Lahr, from Cambridge's Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies (LCHES), points out that a study earlier this year from Willerslev's Copenhagen group showed the Bronze Age to be a highly active migratory period, which could have led to the spread of pneumonic plague.
"The Bronze Age was a period of major metal weapon production, and it is thought increased warfare, which is compatible with emerging evidence of large population movements at the time. If pneumonic plague was carried as part of these migrations, it would have had devastating effects on small groups they encountered," she said.
"Well-documented cases have shown the pneumonic plague's chain of infection can go from a single hunter or herder to ravaging an entire community in two to three days."
University of Cambridge. "Plague in humans 'twice as old' but didn't begin as flea-borne, ancient DNA reveals." ScienceDaily, 22 October 2015. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/10/151022124532.htm.
Monday, October 19, 2015
Reconstructing the genetic history of Siberia and Northeastern Europe
A new preprint on the genetic history of North Eurasia has just appeared at bioRxiv. Here's the abstract:
Siberia and Western Russia are home to over 40 culturally and linguistically diverse indigenous ethnic groups. Yet, genetic variation of peoples from this region is largely uncharacterized. We present whole-genome sequencing data from 28 individuals belonging to 14 distinct indigenous populations from that region. We combine these datasets with additional 32 modern-day and 15 ancient human genomes to build and compare autosomal, Y-DNA and mtDNA trees. Our results provide new links between modern and ancient inhabitants of Eurasia. Siberians share 38% of ancestry with descendants of the 45,000-year-old Ust-Ishim people, who were previously believed to have no modern-day descendants. Western Siberians trace 57% of their ancestry to the Ancient North Eurasians, represented by the 24,000-year-old Siberian Malta boy. In addition, Siberians admixtures are present in lineages represented by Eastern European hunter-gatherers from Samara, Karelia, Hungary and Sweden (from 8,000-6,600 years ago), as well as Yamnaya culture people (5,300-4,700 years ago) and modern-day northeastern Europeans. These results provide new evidence of ancient gene flow from Siberia into Europe.
My initial thought was that the MA1 or Mal'ta boy-related admixture estimate of 57% for Western Siberians (in fact, Mansis) was way too high. However, I checked it using qpAdm and the Mansis from the Human Origins dataset, and apparently it does make sense as a three-way model including MA1, Han Chinese and Georgians. The full qpAdm output is available here.
Han 0.367
Georgian 0.073
chisq 0.278, tail prob 0.870155
Curiously, I get a very similar result with Eastern European hunter-gatherers (EHG) in place of MA1, and the fit is almost as good. The full output is here.
Han 0.402
Georgian 0.061
chisq 0.916, tail prob 0.632459
In any case, we can safely assume that Mansis harbor a lot of MA1/EHG-related ancestry. Perhaps as much as ~60%. However, I have to say that this quote from the paper makes no sense whatsoever:
Our findings also point to Western Siberians Mansi as a likely source of the ANE [aka MA1-related] ancestry among northeastern Europeans.
Really? Mansis? Not even proto-Mansis, or some sort of Mansi-related population?
Also, as far as I can see, the authors consider Y-haplogroup N1c1 as an EHG paternal marker, simply because they dated its main expansion to 7,100-4,900 BP based on present-day samples. Please note that Karelia_HG and Samara_HG are classified as EHG.
The Western Siberian admixture into the Eastern Europeans likely began before the Yamnaya culture period (5.3-4.7 kya), since the admixtures with Mansi are also very strong among hunter gatherers from Northeastern Europe from 6.6-8 kya (Karelia HG, Samara HG and to lesser degree Motala HG and Hungary Gamba HG; Fig. S21f-q) that predated the Yamnaya people. Therefore Western Siberian admixtures into northeastern Europe likely began prior to 6,600 years ago, coinciding with the expansion of Y-DNA haplogroup N1c1 among Siberians and northeastern Europeans (7,100-4,900 years ago). Since haplogroup N likely originates in Asia or Siberia, its presence among eastern Europeans likely reflects ancient gene flows from Siberia into Eastern Europe.
The problem is that this isn't yet supported by any direct evidence from ancient DNA. Thus far, we know that EHG carried Y-haplogroups J, R1a and R1b, but no N1c1. Later populations, with significant EHG ancestry, such as Corded Ware, Khvalynsk and Yamnaya, carried mostly R1a and R1b, as well as I2a and Q1a, but again, no N1c1.
That's not to say that N1c1 won't ever turn up in EHG remains. But in my opinion the major subclades of N1c1 can't be associated with EHG, but rather with later populations of more complex origin, such as early Uralic-speakers with significant levels of East Eurasian admixture.
By the way, the claims about Ust-Ishim in the paper are interesting, but in my opinion not very parsimonious based on the data we have at the moment. I could be wrong though. Let's wait and see.
Valouev et al., Reconstructing Genetic History of Siberian and Northeastern European Populations, bioRxiv preprint, Posted October 18, 2015, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/029421
Sunday, October 18, 2015
Lactase persistence and ancient DNA
Iain Mathieson, a Harvard scientist and the lead author of a recent peprint on the history of natural selection in Europe, has a website where he occasionally posts articles. He recently posted a review on the origins and spread of lactase persistence (LP) in Europe. He ends the review with the following comment:
This is actually rather consistent with the Itan et al. result, and it seems plausible to me that the [European LP] allele first appeared in Central Europe, was spread around Europe by the LBK, before being introduced to the steppe later by migration from Europe.
I can imagine that this conclusion won't be everyone's cup of tea, but I'd say it's a reasonable one for the time being.
Also, it's interesting to see the presence of the European LP allele in the Srubnaya Culture remains from the Middle Bronze Age Caspian steppe.
We didn't find any evidence for LP in early farming populations like the LBK, or in early Bronze age steppe populations like the Yamnaya. In as-yet unreported data, we find a few copies of the allele in the Srubnaya - a later steppe population who seem to have some European Farmer-like ancestry.
The same Srubnaya sample also shows a high ratio of Y-haplogroup R1a-Z93 (4/6), which is today one of the most common Y-haplogroups in South Asia.
Now, the LP allele in South Asia is the same one as in Europe. So what this suggests is that at some point, probably during the later stages of the Bronze Age, steppe nomads closely related to the Srubnaya people moved into South Asia, bringing with them both R1a-Z93 and the European LP allele.
I'm pretty sure we'll be hearing more on that soon from the good people at Broad MIT/Harvard.
Friday, October 16, 2015
Basques are not simply a fusion of Iberian hunter-gatherers and early farmers
I thought I'd revisit the issue of Basque origins with my new Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of West Eurasia. The useful thing about this PCA is that it gets around two problems that routinely affect PCA featuring ancient samples: projection bias, otherwise known as shrinkage, and exaggerated outcomes for individuals with high counts of homozygous genotypes.
A couple of recent papers argued that Basques were the direct descendants of local hunter-gatherers and early Neolithic farmers who arrived in Iberia from the eastern Mediterranean. This is probably correct for the most part, but it doesn't tell the whole story.
On the PCA above, Basques are quite distinct from Early Neolithic, Middle Neolithic and Copper Age Iberians (marked Iberia_EN, Iberia_MN and Iberia_CA, respectively), because they are significantly more eastern. In fact, they cluster with the only Bronze Age Iberian on the plot (Iberia_BA), which is the same individual that I found to harbor steppe-related ancestry (see here).
Thus, the story told by the PCA is that Basques are the progeny of Bronze Age Iberians, who, unlike their Copper Age predecessors, experienced a pulse of steppe-related admixture from the east.
Formal statistics back this up. For instance, here's a quote from the recently revised Mathieson et al. preprint:
However, the statistic f4(Basque, Iberia_Chalcolithic; Yamnaya_Samara,Chimp)=0.00168 is significantly positive (Z=8.1), as is the statistic f4(Spanish, Iberia_Chalcolithic; Yamnaya_Samara, Chimp)= 0.00092 (Z=4.6). This indicates that steppe ancestry occurs in present-day southwestern European populations, and that even the Basques cannot be considered as mixtures of early farmers and hunter-gatherers without it (4).
The key question now is who brought the steppe-related ancestry to Basque country. Were they Indo-Europeans or speakers of Proto-Basque? Also, did they actually come from the steppe, or somewhere nearby, like the Carpathian Basin?
The reason I mention the Carpathian Basin is because, as per the PCA, Basques more or less cluster between Copper Age Iberians and some of the Bronze Age Hungarians (marked Hungary_BA). But this is just one possibility, and I'm not sure at this stage how plausible it looks with, say, formal statistics.
In this analysis I used samples from the Allentoft et al., Gunther et al., Haak et al. and Lazaridis et al. datasets, all of which are publicly available. The latter two are found at the Reich Lab site here. If you're confused by some of the acronyms in the PCA key, see here.
Tuesday, October 13, 2015
New PCA format
From now on, every time a new dataset of ancient West Eurasian samples is made available online, I'll run it like this.
Please note that the plots above include the majority of recently published ancient samples, and yet they are not affected by projection bias, otherwise known as shrinkage. If you're confused by some of the acronyms in the PCA key, see here.
See also...
Basques are not simply a fusion of Iberian hunter-gatherers and early farmers
Saturday, October 10, 2015
Eight thousand years of natural selection in Europe - take 2
Open access at bioRxiv. Lots of new samples in this one. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) below from the paper appears to be affected by projection bias or shrinkage, but it's more or less correct. Can't wait to get my hands on the genotype data.
Abstract: The arrival of farming in Europe around 8,500 years ago necessitated adaptation to new environments, pathogens, diets, and social organizations. While indirect evidence of adaptation can be detected in patterns of genetic variation in present-day people, ancient DNA makes it possible to witness selection directly by analyzing samples from populations before, during and after adaptation events. Here we report the first genome-wide scan for selection using ancient DNA, capitalizing on the largest genome-wide dataset yet assembled: 230 West Eurasians dating to between 6500 and 1000 BCE, including 163 with newly reported data. The new samples include the first genome-wide data from the Anatolian Neolithic culture, who we show were members of the population that was the source of Europe's first farmers, and whose genetic material we extracted by focusing on the DNA-rich petrous bone. We identify genome-wide significant signatures of selection at loci associated with diet, pigmentation and immunity, and two independent episodes of selection on height.
Mathieson et al., Eight thousand years of natural selection in Europe, bioRxiv revised preprint, posted October 10, 2015, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/016477
See also...
Lactase persistence and ancient DNA
ASHG 2015 tweets
Tweets from ASHG 2015 can be found here. By the way, I know that today at 5.15pm, Baltimore time, Razib will be at Iosif Lazaridis' ASHG talk on the genetic affinities of Neolithic Anatolians. If his tweets don't appear there, you'll find them here.
Update: Here are some of those tweets from Razib...
@iosif_lazaridis revision of paper @mathiesoniain with more ancestry stuff on biorxiv soon [in fact, see here]
@iosif_lazaridis [Neolithic Anatolian] mtDNA look familiar to EEF. Y mostly G2a2. also J2 H and I at low frequency. C1 too
@iosif_lazaridis anatolian neolithic close to EEF on pca. but EEF shifted toward WHG #ASHG15
@iosif_lazaridis anatolian neolithic different from modern anatolian and se europe populations.
@iosif_lazaridis eurasian steppe, population transect done. 5,500 to 1,200 BC. author told me some R1a1a possibile stuff here yesterday
@iosif_lazaridis indo-european steppe = EHG + near eastern. new data eneolithic samara. 75% EHG ancestry. 25% "armenian" 5,200 to 4,000 BCE
@iosif_lazaridis poltavka people 3000 to 2200 BC basically like yamnaya. 50% EHG and 50% armenian-like. then srubnaya different.
@iosif_lazaridis srubnaya 2/3 yamnaya 1/3 middle neolithic european
@iosif_lazaridis yamnaya/poltavka went from R1b to R1a in the srubnaya period. z93 group found on bronze age steppe samara (s asian R1a)
@iosif_lazaridis there was back migration of EEF to the steppe after the initial yamnaya migration.
Thursday, October 8, 2015
Ancient Ethiopian genome reveals most Africans have recent Eurasian ancestry (or not)
By recent I mean post-Neolithic, because this genome is only dated to ~4,500 BP. Admittedly though, I am skeptical that all of the Eurasian admixture arrived so late, and await more data points from prehistoric Africa. By the way, this individual belongs to Y-haplogroup E1b1 and mtDNA haplogroup L3. The main text is behind a pay wall, but the supp info is free:
Characterizing genetic diversity in Africa is a crucial step for most analyses reconstructing the evolutionary history of anatomically modern humans. However, historic migrations from Eurasia into Africa have affected many contemporary populations, confounding inferences. Here, we present a 12.5x coverage ancient genome of an Ethiopian male ('Mota') who lived approximately 4,500 years ago. We use this genome to demonstrate that the Eurasian backflow into Africa came from a population closely related to Early Neolithic farmers, who had colonized Europe 4,000 years earlier. The extent of this backflow was much greater than previously reported, reaching all the way to Central, West and Southern Africa, affecting even populations such as Yoruba and Mbuti, previously thought to be relatively unadmixed, who harbor 6-7% Eurasian ancestry.
Llorente et al., Ancient Ethiopian genome reveals extensive Eurasian admixture throughout the African continent, Science, Published Online October 8 2015, DOI: 10.1126/science.aad2879
Update 26/01/2016:
Erratum to Gallego Llorente et al. 2015
The results presented in the Report "Ancient Ethiopian genome reveals extensive Eurasian admixture throughout the African continent" were affected by a bioinformatics error. A script necessary to convert the input produced by samtools v0.1.19 to be compatible with PLINK was not run when merging the ancient genome, Mota, with the contemporary populations SNP panel, leading to homozygote positions to the human reference genome being dropped as missing data (the analysis of admixture with Neanderthals and Denisovans was not affected). When those positions were included, 255,922 SNP out of 256,540 from the contemporary reference panel could be called in Mota. The conclusion of a large migration into East Africa from Western Eurasia, and more precisely from a source genetically close to the early Neolithic farmers, is not affected. However, the geographic extent of the genetic impact of this migration was overestimated: the Western Eurasian backflow mostly affected East Africa and only a few Sub-Saharan populations; the Yoruba and Mbuti do not show higher levels of Western Eurasian ancestry compared to Mota. We thank Pontus Skoglund and David Reich for letting us know about this problem.
Sunday, October 4, 2015
Yamnaya's exotic ancestry: The Kartvelian connection
I've made a discovery. The Near Eastern-related ancestors of the Yamnaya steppe pastoralists were also the ancestors of present-day Georgian Mingrelians, or their very close relatives, and in all likelihood speakers of Kartvelian, which has a long history in the Caucasus. Here's a nice map from Wikipedia and a pic of some Mingrelians. Check out the impressive headware.
TreeMix is very specific and precise about this. In my analyses, based on a couple of different methods, the Mingrelians are the only population chosen as a source for the Near Eastern-related ancestry in the Yamnaya.
Keep in mind, this is an unsupervised test and the algorithm has an infinite number of choices, because migration edges can run from any part of the tree, and yet it chooses the Mingrelians. By the way, if anyone's wondering, I did also try the Bronze Age Armenians, to no avail.
This outcome is also more or less reproducible with more complex topologies that include samples from Central Asia. In the graph below the Georgian Mingrelians form a clade with the Near Eastern-related ancestry of the Yamnaya. It'd be interesting to see if other Georgian groups, like the Svans, do even better, if that's actually possible, but they're not available at the moment.
I actually came up with basically the same result earlier this year using qpAdm (see here). But at the time I was skeptical of its usefulness because qpAdm only offers a supervised test, so picking Georgians as a reference population and getting a good statistical fit doesn't mean as much as a reproducible unsupervised migration edge.
Now, judging by their ADMIXTURE results, these Georgian Mingrelians do carry some Early European farmer-related ancestry, which is missing in the Yamnaya (see here). Therefore, it's likely that ancient samples from the west or northwest Caucasus will prove to be even better proxies for the Near Eastern-related ancestry in the Yamnaya.
The samples used to produce the above TreeMix graphs are listed here. They're sourced from the Allentoft et al., Haak et al., and Lazaridis et al. datasets. I limited the markers to ~65K transversion (high confidence) SNPs that overlap between these datasets.
Caucasus hunter-gatherers (CHG) and the Indo-European question
'Fourth strand' of European ancestry originated with (Caucasus) hunter-gatherers isolated by Ice Age
Mixed marriages on the early Eneolithic steppe
Saturday, October 3, 2015
Linguistics, Archeology and Genetics (L-A-G) Conference abstracts
The Max Planck Institute is holding a conference in a few days dedicated to the latest developments in the search for the Indo-European homeland.
Linguistics, Archeology and Genetics: Integrating new evidence for the origin and spread of Indo-European languagesA draft book of presentation abstracts is available here. This one from Danish linguist Guus Kroonen looks very promising.
Pre-Indo-European speech carrying a Neolithic signature emanating from the Aegean
Guus Kroonen, Institute for Nordic Studies and Linguistics, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen
When different Indo-European speaking groups settled Europe, they did not arrive in terra nullius. Both from the perspective of the Anatolian hypothesis and the Steppe hypothesis the carriers of Indo-European speech likely encountered existing populations that spoke dissimilar, unrelated languages. Relatively little is known about the Pre-Indo-European linguistic landscape of Europe, as the Indo-Europeanization of the continent caused a largely unrecorded, massive linguistic extinction event. However, when the different Indo-European groups entered Europe, they incorporated lexical material from Europe's original languages into their own vocabularies. By integrating these "natural samples" of Pre-Indo-European speech, the original European linguistic and cultural landscape can partly be reconstructed and matched against the Anatolia and the Steppe hypotheses. My results reveal that Pre-Indo-European speech contains a clear Neolithic signature emanating from the Aegean, and thus patterns with the prehistoric migration of Europe's first farming populations. These results also imply that Indo-European speech came to Europe following a later migration wave, and therefore favor the Steppe Hypothesis as a likely scenario for the spread of the Proto-Indo-Europeans.
Also, we've known for a while now that the good people at Broad MIT/Harvard have analyzed remains from Neolithic Anatolia, but it's nice to see this framed in the context of the Indo-European homeland debate.
Close genetic relationship of Neolithic Anatolians to early European farmers
Iosif Lazaridis et al.
We study 1.2 million genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms on a sample of 26 Neolithic individuals (~6,300 years BCE) from northwestern Anatolia. Our analysis reveals a homogeneous population that was genetically similar to early farmers from Europe (FST=0.004±0.0003 and frequency of 60% of Y-chromosome haplogroup G2a). We model Early Neolithic farmers from central Europe and Iberia as a genetic mixture of ~90% Anatolians and ~10% European hunter-gatherers, suggesting little influence by Mesolithic Europeans prior to the dispersal of European farmers into the interior of the continent. Neolithic Anatolians differ from all present-day populations of western Asia, suggesting genetic changes have occurred in parts of this region since the Neolithic period. We suggest that the language spoken by the homogeneous Anatolian-European Neolithic farmers is unlikely to have been the same as that spoken by the Yamnaya steppe pastoralists whose ancestry was derived from eastern Europe and a different population from the Caucasus/Near East [Haak et al. 2015], and discuss implications for alternative models of Indo-European dispersals.
Indeed, my view is that the implications of this data for the Anatolian hypothesis are fatal (see here). It might also have dire implications for the Armenian Plateau hypothesis, although for the time being this hypothesis limps on.
Feel free to post and discuss your favorite abstracts in the comments below. If anyone reading is going to this thing, I'd love to hear more about the Y-haplogroups of the Anatolian farmers.
Friday, October 2, 2015
Essential reading: Paleoecology, Subsistence, and 14C Chronology of the Eurasian Caspian Steppe
To help things run more smoothly in the comments, I urge everyone taking part in the debates here about the colonization of the Eurasian steppe and the Indo-European homeland question to read carefully the following three papers. They're all open access:
1) Paleoecology, Subsistence, and 14C Chronology of the Eurasian Caspian Steppe Bronze AgeIn particular, please note the latest calibrated radiocarbon-based dates of the main archaeological cultures being discussed:
2) The Steppe and the Caucasus During the Bronze Age Mutual Relationships and Mutual Enrichments
3) New Radiocarbon Dates and a Review of the Chronology of Prehistoric Populations from the Minusinsk Basin, Southern Siberia, Russia
- Khvalynsk, Eneolithic, 4300–3800 cal BC
- Steppe Maikop, Early Bronze Age, 3800–3000 cal BC
- Yamnaya, Early Bronze Age, 3000–2450 cal BC
- Afanasievo, Early Bronze Age, 2900-2500 cal BC
- Early Catacomb, Early Bronze Age, 2600–2350 cal BC
Of course, Yamnaya are in large part of Eastern European hunter-gatherer (EHG) origin but with roughly 50% of Near Eastern-related ancestry from an unknown population (Haak et al. 2015). Paper #2 linked to above provides tentative isotopic evidence that the latter might be the Steppe Maikop people or their descendants (see paragraph 4 on page 58).
However, the Khvalynsk population from the Samara region harbors around 25% of the same or very similar Near Eastern-related ancestry (unpublished data courtesy of David Anthony). And, as per the dates above, Khvalynsk existed before Steppe Maikop.
Thus, although the increase of the Near Eastern-related ancestry on the steppe from the Khvalynsk to the Yamnaya periods can be tentatively attributed to Maikop influence, this cannot be the initial source of this type of ancestry on the steppe.
Moreover, dates older than 3,000 cal BC for Afanasievo appear to be spurious (see paper #3 above). If so, what this means is that Afanasievo is around the same age as Yamnaya, or perhaps a little younger, and thus the generally accepted hypothesis that Afanasievo derives from Yamnaya or pre-Yamnaya looks safe.
Now, it's especially important that everyone concerned is aware of the key climatic shifts on the steppe, because climatic changes are often invoked as likely causes of major population movements within and out of the steppe. So I'm re-posting here Table 1 from paper #1 (click to enlarge).
I'll update this post as new information comes in, which will hopefully be very soon. There are signals that something big is on the way from the Reich Lab pertaining to the Indo-European homeland debate (for instance, see here).
See also...
Near Eastern admixture in Yamnaya: a couple of graphs + some ideas
Thursday, October 1, 2015
Near Eastern admixture in Yamnaya: a couple of graphs + some ideas
Update 05/10/2015: Yamnaya's exotic ancestry: The Kartvelian connection
The Afanasievo and Yamnaya samples published to date are remarkably homogeneous. Hopefully the bar graphs below, based on a couple of my recent ADMIXTURE runs, illustrate this well enough.
The Near Eastern-related ancestry proportions among the Yamnaya individuals do appear to rise steadily from early Yamnaya to late Yamnaya/early Catacomb. But the ancestral components remain the same, and if the increase in the Near Eastern-related admixture is real, the process is very subtle.
What this suggests to me is that groups of a southern provenance - in all likelihood Neolithic farmers seeking new land - arrived somewhere on the Pontic-Caspian steppe very early, perhaps even during the Early Neolithic, to eventually blend with local foragers. That's because the basic Yamnaya genotype had to have existed before the Yamnaya or pre-Yamnaya ancestors of the Afanasievo nomads set off on their 2000 km trek to the Minusinsk Basin in South Siberia, probably around 3,300 BC.
No doubt, the mixing didn't stop after the initial farmer/forger admixture event, and this is probably why the Near Eastern-related ancestry proportions rise gradually throughout the Yamnaya period. Indeed, considering the high mobility of Bronze Age steppe pastoralists, it's likely that long distance trade, alliances and marriages resulted in the genetic homogenization of vast stretches of Eastern Europe during their reign.
In this analysis I used samples from the Allentoft et al., Haak et al. and Lazaridis et al. datasets, all of which are publicly available. The latter two are found at the Reich Lab site here.
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Using OpenOCD JTAG in Android Kernel Debugging – Android Builder Summit 2012
Mike Anderson, CTO and Chief Scientist for The PTR Group, gives a tutorial about Linux kernel debugging in Android with OpenOCD JTAG at the Android Builder Summit in February 2012.
Owing to the use of the Linux kernel, Android device drivers can be debugged using many of the same techniques as Linux. Still, much of the user-space interface code typically found in Linux is missing in Android. This complicates the debugging of kernel driver code. This presentation will demonstrate the use of the open on-chip debug (OpenOCD) software and an inexpensive JTAG to debug Android kernel code. The target audience for this presentation are platform developers looking to debug their kernel code such as device drivers. This presentation is targeted at intermediate-level developers with some understanding of kernel code development.
You can also download the presentation slides on linuxfoundation.org website.