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Sarah Hrdy (née Blaffer; born July 11, 1946) is an American anthropologist and primatologist who has made several major contributions to evolutionary psychology and sociobiology.
Early lifeEdit
Sarah Blaffer was born on July 11, 1946, in Dallas, Texas. She was raised in Houston, and attended St. John's School there.
At age 16, Sarah attended her mother's alma mater, Wellesley College in Massachusetts. Her intended philosophy major led her into research on Mayan folklore, leading to a transfer to Radcliffe College and major in anthropology. She graduated summa cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa in 1969 with that B.A.. (Her undergraduate thesis became the basis for The Black Man of Zincantan, published in 1972.)
She took film-making courses at Stanford, hoping to make films on health care for developing countries. Finding herself disappointed with those classes, she entered Harvard in 1970.
Family lifeEdit
Blaffer met Daniel Hrdy at Harvard. They married in 1972 in Kathmandu. They have three children:
- daughter Katrinka, born to Hrdy at age 31
- daughter Sasha, born 1982, a week before Hrdy was scheduled to present a paper at Cornell University
- son Niko, born 1986, when she was 41
She lives with her husband in Northern California where they operate the Citrona Farms walnut plantation.[1] She is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at the University of California at Davis, where she remains involved with the Animal Behavior Graduate Group.
Main ResearchEdit
The Langurs of AbuEdit
Sarah Hrdy first became interested in langurs during an undergraduate primate behavior class taught by anthropologist Irven DeVore in 1968. Here, a remark by DeVore regarding the relationship between crowding and the killing of infants would forever change her life. After graduation, she returned to Harvard for graduate studies, with the goal of decoding this phenomenon of infanticide in langur colonies. Working under the supervision of DeVore and the evolutionary biologist Robert L. Trivers provided Hrdy with an introduction to a newly emerging outlook on the social world - that of sociobiology - which crystallized at Harvard during the early 1970s and shaped Hrdy's perspective on primatology in an enduring manner.
Hrdy's PhD thesis tested the hypothesis that overcrowding causes infanticide in langur colonies. She went to Mount Abu in India to study Hanuman Langurs, and concluded that infanticide was independent of overcrowding - it was possibly an evolutionary tactic: When an outside male takes over a group, he usually proceeds to kill all infants. This postulated tactic would be very advantageous to the male langurs who practiced infanticide. Turnover in a langur tribe occurs approximately every 27 months. The male who is taking over has a very small window of opportunity to pass on his genes, and if the females are already nursing infants, it's likely that they won't ovulate again for another year. Killing their dependent infants makes the females once again receptive to mating.
Female choice is subverted, as females are put under pressure to ovulate and are forced to breed with the infanticidal males. This is where the idea of sexual counter-strategies comes into play. Hrdy theorized that by mating with as many males as possible, particularly outside males who are not part of the colony, mothers are able to successfully protect their young, as males were unlikely to kill an infant if there was the slightest chance that it might be their own.
That gives an "illusion of paternity," as Trivers put it. The goal of the male langur is to maximize the proportion of his offspring, and according to Hrdy, a male who attacks his own offspring is rapidly selected against. While infanticide has been seemingly preserved across primate orders, Hrdy found no evidence to suggest that the human species has a 'genetic imperative' for infanticide.
In 1975 Hrdy was awarded her PhD for her research on langurs. In 1977 it was published in her second book, The Langurs of Abu: Female and Male Strategies of Reproduction. The controversy in the anthropology realm that her research sparked was not surprising - the classic belief that primates act for the good of the group was discarded, and the field of sociobiology gained increasing support. Many mistakenly assumed that she implied existence of an 'infanticidal gene' that could be conserved across primates. Today, her results and conclusions are widely received. Even Trivers, who once dismissed her apparently illogical convictions, admits that her theory regarding female sexual strategies has "worn well."
The Woman That Never EvolvedEdit
Hrdy's third book came out in 1981: The Woman That Never Evolved. She begins chapter one with a sentence indicating that the results of her work suggest females should be given a lot more credibility than previously thought. "Biology, it is sometimes thought, has worked against women." Here, Hrdy expands upon female primate strategies. This book is one of The New York Times' Notable Books of 1981. In 1984, Hrdy co-edited Infanticide: Comparative and Evolutionary Perspectives. It was selected as one of the 1984-1985 "Outstanding Academic Books" by Choice, the Journal of the Association of College and Research Libraries.
Mother NatureEdit
In 1999, Hrdy published Mother Nature - Maternal Instincts and How They Shape the Human Species. She places a sociobiological twist on maternal instinct, and places "human mothers and infants in a broader comparative and evolutionary framework" offering a new perspective on mother-infant interdependence. She discusses how mothers are continually making trade-offs between quality and quantity" and weighing the best possible actions for both her and her infant. Hrdy's view is that there is no defined 'maternal instinct', as it depends on a number of variables, and is therefore not innate, as once thought. She also stands by her view that humans evolved as cooperative breeders, making them essentially unable to raise offspring without a helper. This is where the concept of allomothering comes in - relatives other than the mother, such as the father, grandparents, and older siblings, as well as genetically unrelated helpers, such as nannies, nurses, and child care groups, who spend time with an infant, leaving the mother with more free time to meet her own needs.
She is a strong advocate for making affordable child care a priority.
Significant worksEdit
- 1972 - The Black-man of Zinacantan: A Central American Legend. The Texas Pan American Series. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70701-0.
- 1977 - The Langurs of Abu: Female and Male Strategies of Reproduction. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-51058-5.
- 1981 - The Woman that Never Evolved. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. (Chosen by the New York Times Book Review as one of Notable Books of the Year in Science and Social Science.) 1982, Japanese edition, Tokyo: Shisaku-sha Publishing; 1984, 5th printing of paperback edition, Cambridge; 1984, 1st French edition, Des guenons et des femmes. Paris: Editions Tierce, in press, 2nd French edition, Paris: Payot et Rivage; 1985, Italian edition, La Donna Che Non si E'evoluta, Franco Angeli Editore. ISBN 0-674-95539-0.
- 1984 - Hausfater, G. and S. Hrdy, eds. Infanticide: Comparative and Evolutionary Perspectives. New York: Aldine Publishing Co. (Selected as one of the 1984-85 "Outstanding Academic Books" by Choice, the Journal of the Association of College and Research Libraries.) ISBN 0-202-36221-3.
- 1999 - Mother Nature: A History of Mothers, Infants and Natural Selection. New York: Pantheon. A BOMC Alternative Selection; Selected by both Publisher's Weekly and by Library Journal as one of Best Books of 1999 and a finalist for PEN USA West 2000 Literary Award for Research Nonfiction. Won the Howells Prize for Outstanding Contribution to Biological Anthropology. (Published in UK as Mother Nature: Natural selection and the female of the species. London: Chatto and Windus); also translated into Dutch, German, Italian and Portuguese. ISBN 0-679-44265-0.
- 2001 - "The Past, Present, and Future of the Human Family." The Tanner Lectures on Human Values, Delivered at University of Utah February 27 and 28, 2001.
- 2005 - The 92nd Dahlem Workshop Report, "Attachment and Bonding: A New Synthesis." Edited by C. S. Carter, L. Ahnert, K. E. Grossmann, S. B. Hrdy, M. E. Lamb, S. W. Porges, and N. Sachser. ©MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-03348-8.
- 2009 - Mothers and Others: The Evolutionary Origins of Mutual Understanding. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-03299-3.
- 1977 - Hrdy, S., D. B. Hrdy and John Melville Bishop. Stolen copulations; Play and Kidnapped, 16 mm, color.
- 1980 - Hrdy, S., Vishnu Mathur and William Whitehead. "Hanuman langur: Monkey of India," 30 minutes, color. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Available on video cassette: CBC Enterprises, P. O. Box 500, Terminal A, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5W 1E6.
- 1983 - "Treatment for film on reproductive strategies of female primates," for BBC Natural History Unit, Bristol, UK.
- 1988 - "Monkeys of Abu." National Geographic Explorer. May 1988.
- 1990 - Nature Advisory Board, Channel Thirteen New York for series on the natural history of sex.
- 1990 - Consultant for "Human Nature" for the British Broadcasting Corporation, Bristol, UK.
- 2001 - Advisor for PBS series "Evolution".
- Guggenheim Fellow
- Member, National Academy of Sciences
- Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
- Member, California Academy of Sciences
- 2003 recipient, University of California Panunzio award (honoring outstanding scholarly work and service achievements since retirement)
- NYT Notable Books of 1981, The Woman That Never Evolved
- Publisher's Weekly, "Best Books of 1999", Mother Nature
- Library Journal, "Best Books of 1999", Mother Nature
- Howells Prize for Outstanding Contributions to Biological Anthropology, Mother Nature
- "Scientists' Nightstand: Interview with Sarah Hrdy", American Scientist, Nov. 25, 2003.
- Susan Caba, "She loves me, she loves me not", Salon.com, Dec. 9, 1999 (reviewing and discussing Mother Nature, and interviewing Hrdy)
- Claudia Glenn Dowling, "The Hardy Sarah Blaffer Hrdy", Discover Magazine, March 1, 2003 (interview, discussion of Mother Nature and other work)
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Hey there, time traveller!
This article was published 13/1/2011 (2413 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.
It's really no surprise to those who follow the Canadian Football League, but it could impact the Bomber coaching staff nonetheless.
The Saskatchewan Roughriders have asked for -- and been given permission -- to speak to Bomber defensive line coach Richard Harris about a job in Regina.
Harris and new Rider head coach Greg Marshall are old pals, having worked together with the Ottawa Renegades and with the Bombers before Marshall's departure.
The longest-serving current Bomber coach with five years under his belt, Harris is a former first-round draft pick of the Philadelphia Eagles who is adored by the men who play for him along the D-line. Under his watch the Bomber defensive front has seen the likes of Gavin Walls, Tom Canada, Phillip Hunt and Odell Willis throw up some impressive sack totals while Doug Brown established himself as one of the greatest defensive tackles in CFL history.
Should Harris leave to join the Riders, it would unofficially leave two holes on the Bomber coaching staff as former defensive coordinator Kavis Reed exited to become the Edmonton Eskimos head coach last month.
Meanwhile, could former Bomber head coach be landing on his feet again in the NFL with the Carolina Panthers?
Sources: Panthers' Rivera considering offensive assistant
by AdamCaplan
New Carolina Panthers head coach Ron Rivera is starting the process of putting together his coaching staff. Rivera said during his introductory press conference Tuesday that he had an idea of the coaches he wanted to interview.
Sources told FOXSports.com that former CFL assistant coach and head coach Mike Kelly is on Rivera's list of possible assistant coach hires. It's believed that Kelly is being considered for a job as an assistant on the offensive side of the ball.
Kelly and Rivera know each other from their days together with the Philadelphia Eagles. Rivera was a linebackers coach for the team (1999-2003). Kelly was a scout for the team (2001) and an offensive assistant/quality control coach (2002).
In addition, the Charlotte Observer reported the Panthers received permission to interview San Diego Chargers tight ends coach/assistant head coach Rob Chudzinski for the offensive coordinator position.

subset: commoncrawl


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This column originally appeared in Tax Notes, a subscription-only publication, on October 31, 2011. It is reprinted here with the permission of Tax Analysts (http://www.taxanalysts.com).
By Diane Lim Rogers
Congressional committees had until October 15 to submit recommendations to the Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction as it tries to find another $1.5 trillion of deficit reduction. House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi, D-Calif., labeled her Democratic colleagues' proposals "big, bold, and balanced."1 However, House Speaker John A. Boehner, R-Ohio, appears to have discouraged committee chairs from writing letters to the supercommittee. There was certainly no implicit endorsement of a bipartisan approach to deficit reduction coming from House leaders.
The Senate gave us at least a bit more reason for optimism, with several committees issuing bipartisan recommendations. Also, many outside interest groups have written their own letters to the supercommittee.
As the supercommittee continues to deliberate with just one month left before the Thanksgiving deadline for its recommendations, it now has a large grab bag of policy ideas to consider. Some are just the same old, discouraging tricks -- which is probably worse than receiving no advice at all. But some treats remain that hold promise for bipartisan proposals to be constructed and pursued -- if the supercommittee takes the hints that have come out of the recommendations process.
A. Lots of Tricks 1. Trick #1: Big things off the table. The Democrats in Congress were supposed to be the ones clamoring for a revenue-heavy approach to balance out the spending cuts already implemented. Yet in terms of tax policy, the Democratic letters fell short on specific, revenue-raising tax reforms, while the Republicans who bothered to mention tax policy only dug further into their ideological trenches to keep revenue at current levels.
The House Ways and Means Committee Democrats recommended that the supercommittee raise revenue, relative to current policy, by $1.5 trillion -- the amount recommended by President Obama -- and increase marginal tax rates on the rich by letting the Bush tax cuts for upper-income taxpayers expire and implementing a millionaire's tax in keeping with the so-called Buffett rule.
However, the Ways and Means Democrats avoided offering specific proposals that would raise revenue consistent with base-broadening tax reform and kept some of the largest corporate tax expenditures, such as the section 199 deduction.2
Meanwhile, the Senate Finance Committee Republicans suggested3:
- revenue neutrality relative to current policy (not relative to current law);
- capping marginal tax rates at 25 percent (an idea from the Bowles-Simpson commission, but without the commission's companion strategy of base broadening);
- not letting expiring tax cuts actually expire; and
- keeping corporate tax rates low for the sake of competitiveness and job creation.
In other words, the tax-writing Democrats want revenues to go up by raising tax rates on the rich rather than by implementing base-broadening tax reform, while the tax-writing Republicans don't want revenues to go up and are far more interested in reducing marginal tax rates on the rich than broadening the tax base. The Republicans' statement that the supercommittee should raise adequate revenue to pay for the tax expenditures and other government spending they want seems to be a call for small-government tax levels, but it seems likely that even the spending levels sought by Republicans can't be fulfilled by policy-extended levels of revenue.
However, Republicans have urged fundamental reforms to Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security, a spending-cuts-only recommendation that shows no movement from the party's stance before the supercommittee's formation.
Ways and Means Democrats seem downright flummoxed over the role of tax reform in deficit reduction, stating their "position" as:
- We believe that the important goal of tax reform is best served by working through the tax-writing committees in the House and Senate under regular order. Furthermore, a revenue-neutral tax reform would not help the Joint Select Committee meet the goal set for it by the Budget Control Act: deficit reduction. However, this does not mean the Joint Select Committee should not include proposals to address revenue in its work, merely that such proposals should represent a net increase in revenues.
They seem to be saying that revenues must come up for tax reform to contribute to deficit reduction (duh!) but also that they don't want to recommend or spell out any revenue-raising proposals to the supercommittee right now.
But Ways and Means Democrats are very clear on one thing: The supercommittee should keep its hands off Social Security. "Any discussions on further extending the solvency of the [Social Security] program should not take place in a deficit reduction context." Their position appears consistent with AARP's recent message to the supercommittee (do "not include any cuts to Social Security or Medicare benefits"), communicated via letter and television ad campaign, which my organization, the Concord Coalition, has criticized.4 At the same time, Ways and Means Democrats suggest little in the way of Medicare reform beyond cutting "waste, fraud, and abuse" and strengthening the expanded benefit provisions of the healthcare reform act.
So within the committees with jurisdiction over tax policy and the largest federal spending programs, the House Democrats have effectively taken all of Social Security and much of Medicare/Medicaid reform off the deficit reduction table, and Senate Republicans have taken revenue-raising tax reform (that is, revenues, period) off the deficit reduction table. (Tax-writing House Republicans and Senate Democrats chose not to write to the supercommittee, perhaps mostly because their leaders, Dave Camp, R-Mich., and Max Baucus, D-Mont., serve on the 12-member supercommittee.)
The corollary to big things being taken off the table is the magnification of the little things that remain as the only politically safe kind of spending to target for deficit reduction: wasteful spending. For example, House Financial Services Committee Republicans recommended that the metal content of pennies and nickels be changed (so that they don't cost more than they're worth to make), while the same committee's Democrats called for Treasury officials to stop getting rides on military aircraft.
Democrats still prefer tax increases targeting very rich people and those corporations and industries with bad reputations (for example, big banks and oil companies). For example, the letter from the House Financial Services Democrats recommends a "big bank fee." Unfortunately, there are few good, substantial ideas for revenue-raising tax reform that actually would limit increased burdens to the top 1 percent of the population.
2. Trick #2: The magic of economic growth. A number of letters from Republicans to the supercommittee suggest that growing the economy is an effective deficit reduction strategy and that growth is encouraged by lower taxes and less regulation. Finance Republicans suggest that temporary tax cuts should never be allowed to expire and that the officially measured cost of tax cuts should take into account the highly uncertain dynamic macroeconomic effects of the policies. House Financial Services Republicans are highly critical of the Dodd-Frank Act's regulation of derivatives, arguing that the act swells "an already bloated federal bureaucracy."5
Those arguments for tax cuts and less regulation as effective in growing the economy, and, by transitivity, as effective at deficit reduction, are misguided. They confuse a shift in resources from the public to the private sector (or even narrow segments of the private sector) as a pure gain to the overall economy, failing to recognize how those shifts can actually hurt the economy. For example, deficit-financed tax cuts rarely pay for themselves even when they are effective at encouraging some private sector economic activity, because the loss of public saving usually far outweighs any increase in private saving.
3. Trick #3: If (only) I were a (budget) hammer. The budget committees could play an important role in deficit reduction by enforcing the mix of tax increases versus spending cuts. But what were their recommendations?
Both sides of the House Budget Committee remained silent in terms of official recommendations to the supercommittee, but a bipartisan letter from the chair and ranking member of the Senate Budget Committee called for:
- biennial budgeting, allowing two-year budget cycles so Congress would have more time to focus on longer-term budget issues and greater oversight; and
- process reform to limit the chaos in the Senate's consideration of budget resolutions and reconciliation bills, and establishing stronger incentives for the Senate to take up budget resolutions.6
Absent from the bipartisan letter is any suggestion that the supercommittee recommend budget resolution targets for revenue and spending levels. Nor is there any mention of "pay as you go" rules or of strictly enforcing those rules for tax cuts (including tax expenditures) or spending -- because that is exactly where there is no bipartisan agreement.
Instead of the budget "hammers" we need, the Senate Budget Committee's recommendations seem more like paintbrushes -- prettying up the budget process rather than making it more functional. None of them would force the tough choices needed for the task at hand.
B. But There Are Some Treats 1. Treat #1: Committees want to do their jobs. A common message running through the committee letters is that it wouldn't be right just to attack spending programs with a brute-force, indiscriminate sledgehammer. Let those who understand the policy issues surrounding the programs under their jurisdiction suggest the best ways to reduce spending. They understand that cuts to those programs are inevitable either way, so better that they have a say in it than to allow automatic cuts to happen.
Most notable in this "let Congress do its job" message are the bipartisan and bicameral letters from the agriculture and veterans affairs committees listing specific and substantial (and obviously bipartisan) proposals for spending cuts.7 The veterans affairs group seems to offer encouragement to the supercommittee by providing examples of past areas of bipartisan agreement on veterans' issues, emphasizing that "the budget must never be balanced on the backs of veterans, but there have been thoughtful, measured proposals enacted in past times of fiscal restraint."
In their letters to the supercommittee, appropriators argue (in my mind quite "appropriately") that discretionary spending is too heavily targeted for cuts, given the small fraction of the current federal budget and the even smaller fraction of the future fiscal pressures it represents. The deficit reduction accomplished thus far was very heavy on discretionary spending cuts, and the automatic, across-the-board cuts that would be triggered if the supercommittee and Congress fail to come up with a better, more thoughtful plan could prove too severe in a still-recovering, fragile economy.
The letters from the standing committees with jurisdiction over the spending programs suggest they would much prefer to be allowed to do their jobs and dictate where cuts are possible in their areas, rather than sit back and allow the cuts to be forced upon them.
2. Treat #2: Recognizing that it ain't easy. From the various committees with jurisdiction over discretionary spending programs comes this message: It's hard to cut much more from that spending without damaging the economy -- whether in the short term (threatening recovery to full employment) or the longer term (threatening supply-side economic growth by not investing in the most promising, most productive areas). And what about defense spending as the wars wind down -- can't that be cut substantially? Both Senate Armed Services Committee Chair Carl Levin, D-Mich., and ranking minority member John McCain, R-Ariz., make it clear in their letters that substantial cuts to defense spending mean cutting benefits to the military and their families -- that is, real people.8 This is the new guns vs. butter tradeoff, even within the defense budget. (The letters from the appropriations committees stress the same: Democrats warning against severe cuts to safety-net programs, Republicans emphasizing the hard choices regarding military benefits.)
Even as the committee letters carry a tone of defensiveness, and as they take turns defending their own particular "territories," they also make clear how all Americans benefit from different parts of the federal budget, and thus how cutting the budget and reducing the deficit will ultimately involve sacrifices from all of us. (And yes, it is a treat to be told that truth.)
3. Treat #3: Still some common ground. Let's try to stay optimistic and recognize that the recommendations are obviously partisan. There may still be common ground -- particularly regarding tax policy -- that wasn't touched on in the letters but that might very well still survive in secret. We can hope the tax-writing members might behave better in private with their supercommittee friends. What might they be saying privately?
Republicans might say they're willing to raise some revenue relative to the policy-extended baseline, but only if it comes from base-broadening reform that reduces personal income tax expenditures. They don't want to offer up that position while Democrats keep insisting on "class warfare" tax policy and raising taxes only on the rich.
Democrats might say they're willing to consider base-broadening tax reform if it's done in a progressive manner and if it would lead Republicans to accept a more revenue-heavy package. They might also admit that they agree with the Republicans that they don't want to reduce the corporate tax expenditures that seem to help job creation.
Those are the bipartisan ideas for tax reform that we've seen in almost all the bipartisan proposals for deficit reduction -- most notably from the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform and the Bipartisan Policy Center. The notion of base-broadening tax reform (versus increases in marginal tax rates) being an important part of any big plan for deficit reduction is also supported by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, although its letter to the supercommittee was careful not to spell out what it considers the right level of revenues or how much of the broader base it would like to see go to deficit reduction versus lower tax rates.9
Although there was no letter to the supercommittee from either side of the House Budget Committee (they are much farther apart philosophically than are the two sides of the Senate Budget Committee), ranking minority member Chris Van Hollen, D-Md. -- also a supercommittee member -- has publicly continued to emphasize the need for a balanced approach modeled after the bipartisan plans that would involve both revenue increases and spending cuts. He has said several times that what Congress chooses to do about the expiring tax cuts is a huge issue.
At an October 14 event at the National Press Club, Van Hollen said:
- When the CBO director, Doug Elmendorf, testified before the Joint Committee, the testimony could not have been clearer. And he kind of laid out those two pieces. He made the point that if we stuck with current law instead of current policy, we would actually have $4 trillion in more revenue coming into the federal treasury and the deficit would be at a relatively -- at least over this short-medium term -- sustainable place. In other words, what he was actually saying to members of Congress is if you actually just packed up your bags and went home, we would actually be able to reduce the deficit considerably compared to where we are in current policy. And that is just a reality.10
And just because the Senate Budget Committee took a pretty timid stab at bipartisanship in its recommendations doesn't mean the supercommittee couldn't get the budget committees to pull more of their own weight in achieving the deficit reduction goal.
Let's hope some House and Senate Budget Committee members from both parties are whispering these "give me a hammer" sentiments to supercommittee members:
- Require budget-resolution-like goals that are truly consistent with a balanced and big solution, setting aggregate levels of spending and revenues.
- Require strict pay-go rules on tax policy as well as spending, especially regarding the Bush tax cuts.
- Require budget enforcement with credible, backstop penalties -- triggers or otherwise -- for non-compliance.
The effect would be to maintain a level of revenue and spending consistent with the Congressional Budget Office's current-law baseline, which, as Van Hollen has repeatedly pointed out, reduces deficits to economically sustainable levels in the 10-year window. Tax cuts could be extended only if the costs are offset with other revenue increases. If Congress can't find the offsets, the tax cuts will have to expire as scheduled. Either way, we achieve current-law revenue levels without committing -- at this point in time -- to current or any other particular law. The budget committees' job would be to enforce the pay-go rules but leave the tax policy changes consistent with those rules in the hands of the tax-writing committees, just like the budget committees' role in setting spending and revenue levels and reconciliation instructions in ordinary budget resolutions.
Do we really need strict, no-exception pay-go rules, given that sticking to current-law revenue levels would produce a "go big" solution (worth around $4 trillion over 10 years) that would far exceed the supercommittee's $1.5 trillion goal? Yes, because exemptions will surely still be argued for and perhaps granted in the future, but forcing each tax cut extension to be defended when it is debated is crucial in ensuring that future tax cuts are worth their cost.
C. Conclusion It seems clear that the deficit reduction supercommittee needs to direct the standing committees on what to do, not the other way around.
To spur action on bipartisan, deficit-reducing tax reform, the supercommittee needs to seek "reinforcements" in more than just the tax-writing committees. In particular, the budget committees and their oversight of strong budget process and rules should play a crucial role in setting a path for "big" and "super" deficit reduction in a limited amount of time.
The supercommittee needs to dictate a bipartisan, compromise position to the tax-writing committees, even before they get started really debating and drafting tax reform. The supercommittee needs to give the taxwriters a revenue-level target for tax reform, not just a top-rate goal or a competitiveness standard or even a Buffett rule. It needs to require taxwriters to treat tax expenditures as if they are the spending programs under their jurisdiction and require that those tax expenditures be more thoroughly scrutinized and debated. Tax provisions shouldn't be given a free pass just because they're already in the system. The supercommittee could also require that the revenue targets be achieved by a minimum amount of base broadening over statutory marginal tax rate increases, recognizing that reducing tax expenditures can easily be done in progressive ways and that raising revenue in those ways actually shrinks the size and scope of government.
The budget committees are essentially hinting to the supercommittee that they must be forced -- that is, directed by the supercommittee -- to enforce the compromise tax positions. They won't suggest it themselves, but if the supercommittee creates hammer-like budget rules as part of its deficit reduction package, the budget committees would probably be happy to have an important role in tax reform. It will take active and forceful budget committees to change or advance policymakers' thinking on what tax reform must be today -- not just the old revenue-neutral variety, but the revenue-raising kind of reform.
With its Thanksgiving deadline, the supercommittee has neither the time nor the expertise to fully construct the budget rules and tax reform that will produce economically sustainable levels of deficits or even be sufficient to clear the $1.5 trillion deficit reduction hurdle. Its best possibility is to clearly direct the committees with jurisdiction over those policy areas to come up with the changes -- and to give them every incentive to actually follow through. But if the supercommittee merely transfers responsibility for making those future policy changes to the standing committees, wouldn't that be kicking the can down the road again? Won't we just wait until the can is back within striking distance and kick it again? Maybe. But it's better than throwing the buck away and losing the can. And I'm betting that in the 2012 elections, voters won't take kindly to more buck-passing and can-kicking.
1See http://www.democraticleader.gov/news/press/2352.html.
2See Doc 2011-21620 or 2011 TNT 199-43 .
3See Doc 2011-21738 or 2011 TNT 200-50 .
4See http://www.concordcoalition.org/press-releases/2011/1017/concord-coalition-criticizes-aarp-ad-campaign-irresponsible; and http://www.concordcoalition.org/tabulation/aarp-ignores-need-fiscal-reform.
5See http://financialservices.house.gov/UploadedFiles/Lt12.pdf.
6See http://budget.senate.gov/democratic/index.cfm/documents---analyses?ContentRecord_id=a40bfffc-3314-48ce-aede-787cadf677cf&ContentType_id=94b7f973-e764-43ef-9365-d24d20a41170&Group_id=21c20bfa-d4fd-4bac-b73c-4808d6c5efe9.
7See http://veterans.house.gov/press-release/four-corners-letters-submitted-joint-select-committee.
8See Levin's letter, available at http://levin.senate.gov/newsroom/press/release/sen-levin-sends-letter-to-deficit-committee-on-defense-budget; and McCain's letter, available at http://mccain.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressOffice.PressReleases&ContentRecord_id=031a2b87-b8f9-c809-7b81-8c2154604773.
9See http://www.uschamber.com/issues/letters/2011/letter-regarding-reducing-deficit-entitlement-reform-and-tax-code-restructure.
10See http://democrats.budget.house.gov/press-release/van-hollen-remarks-national-journal-debt-briefing.


text:
Richard L Edelson, MD
Aaron B. and Marguerite Lerner Professor of Dermatology; Chair and Professor, Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine
Research Interests
Dermatology; Immunotherapy; Skin Diseases; T-Lymphocytes; Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous
Research Organizations
Dermatology: Medical Dermatology: Transimmunization | Skin Diseases Research Center, Yale
Yale Cancer Center: Cancer Immunology
Research Summary
Cutaneous T cell lymphoma is the most common malignancy of lymphocytes in adults. Our group studies the basic biology of the malignant cells of CTCL and relates cellular properties to the clinical course of the disease. We have developed an active immunotherapy program, a biological modifier system approved as a standard treatment for advanced CTCL by the FDA and now used in over 100 therapy centers worldwide. This treatment, known as "photopheresis" has been recently shown by us to work through a mechanism of increasing immunogenicity of class I associated tumor specific peptides including those derived from the clone specific T cell receptors. We are investigating means of increasing the expression of these peptide antigens and characterizing the cytotoxic T cell response against them.
Specialized Terms: Cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL); Human T cell physiology; Immunobiology of normal and diseased skin
Extensive Research Description
Under the leadership of Dr. Edelson CTCL cells have been characterized and new and effective therapies developed. CTCL was found to be a cancer of "cutaneous T cells," which migrate to and infiltrate the skin. Dr. Edelson and his colleagues have developed an immunotherapy known as "Photopheresis," which is FDA approved and used to treat CTCL and other T cell mediated diseases in more than 100 centers worldwide.
Selected Publications
FDGPET/ CT in the Evaluation of Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma
Kuo PH, McClennan BL, Carlson K, Wilson LD, Edelson RL, Heald PW, Girardi M. FDGPET/ CT in the Evaluation of Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma. Mol Imaging Biol 10.1007/s11307- 007-1027-y. 2007.
- Cancer Immunotherapy Berger CL, Shofner J, Vasquez JG, Mariwalla K, Edelson RL. Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancer Therapy 4:81-98, 2006.
Langerhans cells: Mediators of immunity and tolerance
Berger CL, Vasquez JG, Shofner J, Mariwalla K, Edelson RL. Langerhans cells: Mediators of immunity and tolerance. Int J Biochemistry & Cell Biol 38:1632-1636, 2006.
Transimmunization for cutaneous T cell lymphoma: a Phase I study
Girardi M, Berger CL, Wilson LD, Christensen IR, Thompson KR, Glusac EJ, Edelson RL. Transimmunization for cutaneous T cell lymphoma: a Phase I study. Leuk Lymph 47:1495-1503, 2006.


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Gators should have depth to hit the ground running
Published: Thursday, December 12, 2013 at 6:01 a.m.
Last Modified: Wednesday, December 11, 2013 at 8:07 p.m.
Bowl games are considered a reward for a successful season. What they really are is a primer for the next season, with all those extra practices playing a role in player development.
Unfortunately for Florida, there will be no bowl experience this year coming off the school's first losing season since 1979. So, getting ready for the 2014 season is on hold until the spring.
But the Gators' inactivity in December doesn't mean we can't start looking ahead to 2014 and projecting how the Gators might look at each position. This is the second of a 12-part series:
Who's gone: Sophomore fullback Rhaheim Ledbetter, who announced on Instagram he has decided to transfer.
Who's back: Tailbacks Kelvin Taylor, Mack Brown, Matt Jones, Valdez Showers and Mark Herndon; fullbacks Hunter Joyer and Gideon Ajagbe.
Who's new: Tailback Adam Lane, a true freshman who redshirted in the fall and will try to work his way into the playing rotation. The Gators would love to welcome an early enrollee — dynamic Miami Central tailback Dalvin Cook — but that is appearing less and less likely to happen, with Miami and Florida State moving in strong on the early UF commitment.
What's next: The health and injury problems that sidelined No. 1 tailback Matt Jones cleared the way for true freshman Kelvin Taylor, a five-star recruit, to emerge as the Gators' most consistent playmaker on offense in 2012, and he's the leading candidate to be the starter in 2013 even if Jones makes a healthy return from knee surgery. Taylor is not the only tailback to gain more reps in Jones' absence last season. Mack Brown also got more carries and proved to be a steady, reliable runner for the Gators, sharing playing time with Taylor. If Jones comes back 100 percent, the Gators will be deeper and more experienced at tailback than they've been in quite some time. And, there are other options than just the top three. Showers, UF's best backfield threat on the perimeter, will continue to get some carries and catch some passes out of the backfield. And Herndon, a former walk-on from Ocala, is another tailback the coaches trust. Lane is an interesting prospect at the position. He's short, but very thick and strong and is potentially an explosive runner. The Gators also will have depth and experience at fullback with Joyer and Ajagbe returning. The question with them is will their position be all that relevant if the Gators do go to more of a spread, up-tempo offense under the new coordinator?
The skinny: With the expected return of Jones, the Gators have excellent depth and experience at both tailback and fullback. The only thing missing is a home-run hitter at tailback, something Cook could give UF if he does end up enrolling at UF for the spring semester.
Contact Robbie Andreu at 352-374-5022 or email@example.com. Also check out Andreu's blog at Gatorsports.com.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


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Hoping to get lucky, I posted a query on GenForum <www.genforum.com>, a bulletin board for exchanging genealogical info (we reviewed another such site, the newly combined Ancestry/Roots Web boards at <boards.ancestry.com>, in our last issue). Maybe I'd connect with some distant Eckstrom kin, I thought. I never dreamed how lucky I'd get.
It's amazing what genealogists will do for each other — even for fellow family historians they've never met. Soon after my posting, I got an email from a Mike Pancrazio who lives near my father's hometown of Moline, I11. Though Mike wasn't even a distant cousin, he'd taken the time to hunt for my ancestors' obituaries in the local library, transcribed what he'd found and e-mailed it to me.


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Young Lawyers Division members: Join fellow young lawyers as the Celtics take on the Toronto Raptors on Monday, March 26 at the MBA's Celtics Night!
The evening begins with a networking cocktail reception in the Gold Room of the TD Banknorth Garden from 5:30- 7:30 p.m. with the game directly following. Tickets for the game and reception are available now at the low price of $65 and include drinks and hors' d'oeuvres.
Please contact the MBA Member Services Center at (617) 338-0530 to buy your tickets today.
NBA and NBA member team trademarks, logos, identifications, statistics and game-action photographs, video and audio are the exclusive property of NBA Properties, Inc. and may not be used without the prior written consent of NBA Properties, Inc. © 2005 NBA Properties, Inc. All rights reserved.


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Hey there, time traveller!
This article was published 18/3/2013 (1618 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.
Jazz chanteuse Holly Cole has changed the date of her Winnipeg concert to make room for a rescheduled Leonard Cohen show.
Cole's show at the Burton Cummings Theatre has been moved to April 23. Tickets to Cole's April 26 show will be honoured at the door. Anyone requiring a refund can get one through Ticketmaster or Jazz Winnipeg until April 1.
Cohen had to reschedule his March 11 concert at the MTS Centre after members of his band were stricken with the flu. His show was moved to April 26 at the MTS Centre.


text: NEW YORK ( TheStreet) -- With President Obama demanding an increase in marginal tax rates and Republicans in Congress still unable to sign on to any deal that increases them, we've reached an insurmountable block -- we're going over the fiscal cliff.Despite apoplexy from the media and many in the business community over the negative economic impact from hurtling over, I'm not sure that this Armegeddon, like so many other advertised "end of economic days," is going to live up to the hype. While there will certainly be some slowdown attached with the fall, there's a lot to like about the repeal of all the Bush tax cuts and the sequestration, or automatic spending cuts. I talk about "embracing the cliff"


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October 31, 2013
Wheaton College men's soccer standouts Jordan Golz, and his brother, Stephen Golz has been selected to the Capital One Academic All-District Seven Men's Soccer Teamfor Division III.
October 29, 2013
With a three-goal performance last week, Wheaton sophomore Marshall Hollingsworth has been honored by the CCIW as this week's conference Offensive Player of the Week.
October 25, 2013
October 11, 2013
More than six decades of sermon manuscripts by Rev. Billy Graham are now available worldwide via the Billy Graham Center Archives at Wheaton College.


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JST 529 - Special Topics in Jewish StudiesSelected topics in Jewish studies offered by faculty from different departments. Topics will vary from semester to semester. (3 cr. hr.)
Frequency code O = offered occasionally
Additional frequency code descriptions can be found in the Terminology Guide.


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Piano Preparatory Program
Piano Lessons
The Delta State University Department of Music offers piano instruction to K-12 students in Cleveland and the surrounding communities through the Piano Preparatory Program.
Students have weekly classes or lessons with either DSU piano faculty or a DSU student teacher and perform at a recital each semester (15 weeks). They learn keyboard skills, music theory, and solo and ensemble repertoire. Students are expected to practice at home every day. Each student has an opportunity to play at a master class with one of our piano faculty or guest artists every semester.
We provide students with a quality piano preparatory program directed by our piano faculty:
Group Piano* (beginners only): $160
- One 45-min. group piano class per week with piano faculty
- One master class with DSU piano faculty/guest artist and one recital
*Must have a minimum of 5 students to start a group piano class.
Private Lesson* (beginners – early intermediate students): $200
- One 30-min. private lesson per week with a student teacher
- One master class with DSU piano faculty/guest artist and one recital
*Consult with piano faculty if you are interested in 45-minute lessons with a student teacher. ($275)
Private Lesson* (intermediate-advanced students): $450
- One 45-min. or 1-hour private lesson with piano faculty
- One master class with DSU piano faculty/guest artist and one recital
*Must consult with piano faculty
Additional Fees:
- Book and administration fees: $25 (required for beginners and early intermediate students)
- Registration fee: $15 (non-refundable)
You should contact Dr. Jung-Won Shin and submit a registration form in order to be enrolled in our program:
Please check the Concerts and Events of the DSU Department of Music for our recitals and other events.
If you have any questions or need more information about the Piano Preparatory Program, please feel free to contact us:
Dr. Jung-Won Shin
Piano Preparatory Program
Department of Music
Box 3256
Delta State University
Cleveland, MS 38733
Phone: (662) 846-4123 (Studio) / (662) 846-4615 (Music Office)
E-Mail Dr. Shin


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Project description: UKFast developed its in-house automated server deployment system using open source technologies, integrating the company's sales and technical databases to enable online server requests to be fulfilled automatically based on client requirements.
Industry: Service provider Unisys www.unisys.com
Information Sharing Initiative
Project lead: Dr. Suzanne Taylor, Portfolio Director
Project description: Unisys tapped Microsoft Office SharePoint Server to develop its Portfolio Center platform, integrating the company's engagement knowledge database and its 3-D blueprint repository, plus additional sales and delivery assets, to disseminate up-to-date information and expertise to field staff.
Industry: Services Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University www.vt.edu
Automated Procurement and Business System
Project lead: Tom Kaloupek, Director of Materials Management
Project description: Virginia Tech built out an automated procurement system based on SciQuest's on-demand platform, integrating "HokieMart" with the university's financial systems, SunGard ERP system, and other internal supply-chain systems to manage more than $280 million in transactions per year.
Industry: Education Warrington College of Business Administration at the University of Florida www.cba.ufl.edu
Virtualized Datacenter for Distance Learning
Project lead: Eric Olson, Assistant Director of the Dudziak-McClintoc Business Technology Center
Project description: Warrington modernized its IT infrastructure, consolidating 30 stand-alone distance-learning apps onto three VMware servers and shifting its one-to-one direct-attached storage environment to a virtualized Compellent SAN architecture.
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Project lead: Jimmy Wang, Technology Manager, WebATM Development, VP
Project description: Wells Fargo developed a next-generation ATM platform tapping state-of-the-art development technologies and integrating resultant dynamic UI with the company's mainframe systems to deliver customized services based on transaction history and customer preferences.
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Industry: Services Zappos.com www.zappos.com
Fulfillment Initiative
Project lead: Brent Cromley, Director of Development
Project description: Zappos partnered with Kiva Systems, integrating Kiva mobile fulfillment technology into Zappos' existing warehouse management system and deploying a number of autonomous mobile robots at Zappos' distribution center to increase the efficiency of its fulfillment operations.
Industry: Retail


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It's too soon for candy canes: MS holiday stress
I miss Ireland!
You've likely read my longings for an ancestral homeland, so dear to me. After spending several months in County Kerry, I thought my wanderlust would be quelled; quite the contrary.
I miss Ireland but, today, it's not for the most obvious reasons.
There is a feast day in the Catholic calendar which falls, this year, on the 8th of December: The Feast of the Immaculate Conception. Not until that day will you see Christmas decorations about the streets, homes or shops in Ireland. It's like an unwritten rule that one cannot be too "Christmasy" until that date. Obviously, religious Advent festivities take place prior.
My point is, Halloween candy is just into the 50% off bin and the candy canes are stocked upon shelves!
The holidays are upon us. I heard a report that major retailers are at it particularly early this year due to slow sales. Possibly, it's because of that reason. Maybe it's because we're just now headed out of Daylight Savings Time. Perhaps it's because I'm getting older and becoming a humbug? No, I think it's the MS. That's why I'm starting to feel holiday stresses already.
Caryn and I have decided to spend the Christmas holidays quietly at home with the dogs this year. I am, very much, looking forward to some quiet time with nostalgic music and fairy lights, eggnog and favorite movies. I should not be feeling these pangs already.
Thanksgiving is my all-time favorite holiday, and this year we're doing it up big as usual…but we weren't planning on that. It was going to be small and peaceful. Now it's a dozen people in a rented cabin on one of the San Juan Islands. What if my quiet Christmas comes to such a fate?
I'm exaggerating a bit, but it may be time to start planning for the holiday stresses.
What are some of the things you dread about the holidays? What are some of the things you love? How can you work to focus on the latter rather more than the former? What "emergency" plans can you put in place for major malfunctions of the festive plans?
Let's get it out there now. If retailers can get us going on the shopping this early, I say we can get ourselves going on advanced counter-measures.
Wishing you and your family the best of health.


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Blanchette, David M., Ramocki, Stephen P., O'del, John N., and Casey, Michael S. (2005), Aerobic Exercise and Cognitive Creativity: Immediate and Residual Effects, Creativity Research Journal, 17(2&3), 257-264.
Aerobic Exercise and Creative Potential:
Immediate and Residual Effects
The potential effects of aerobic exercise on creative potential were explored both immediately following moderate aerobic exercise and after a two hour lag. Sixty college students participated in an experiment consisting of three regimens varying the time when a Torrance Test of Creative Thinking was taken in relation to exercise completion. The results supported the hypotheses that creative potential will be greater upon completion of moderate aerobic exercise than when not preceded by exercise (immediate effects), that creative potential will be greater following a two hour lag time following exercise than when not preceded by exercise (residual effects), and that creative potential will not be significantly different immediately following exercise than after a two hour lag time following exercise (enduring residual effects). Limitations and implications for future research were discussed.
The positive impact of aerobic exercise on physiological functions, particularly cardio-pulmonary processes and structures, has been extensively studied and validated. Yet only recently has the potential benefit of aerobic exercise on mental processes and structures been addressed. One potential benefit of aerobic exercise that has received particularly little attention is that of its potential effects on creativity.
Some recent research on creativity has investigated factors that may be influential in facilitating creativity, such as physical environment (McCoy & Evans, 2002), curiosity (Kashdan & Fincham, 2002), television (e.g., Valkenburg & van der Voort, 1994), relaxation (Khasky & Smith, 1999), and reward (e.g., Eisenberger & Rhoades, 2001). Contextual determinants of creativity in organizations that have been studied include work environment (Stokols, Clitheroe, & Zmuidzinas, 2002), goals (Shalley, 1991), rewards (e.g., Hennessey & Amabile, 1998), and deadlines (Amabile, Hadley, & Kramer, 2002). Much of this work has investigated influences on motivation to engage in creative organizational behavior. Some studies have addressed affect, such as moodÕs effect on creativity (e.g., George & Zhou, 2002). However, very little work has investigated physiological factors that may influence creative potential. To add to this scant literature, this study investigates aerobic exerciseÕs impact on creative potential.
The relationship between exercise and the physical processes of the human body is relatively well understood. The benefits of physical exercise and the subsequent enhancement of physical task performance is a familiar concept. What remains less clear, however, is the existence of a relationship between aerobic exercise and aspects of cognitive functioning, more specifically, creativity.
Clarke (1958) reviewed seven studies and found that all the results supported hypotheses of exerciseÕs enhancement of cognitive functioning. Tomporowski and Ellis (1986) reviewed 27 studies and concluded that general exercise produces short-term facilitative effects on cognitive tasks, but that the results of the studies are conflicting and equivocal. Etnier et al.Õs 1997 review of nearly 200 studies and reviews also noted a general consensus of mixed results. The authorsÕ meta-analysis concluded that exercise has a small positive effect on cognition, and that individual instances of exercise are unlikely to be very influential, whereas long-term exercise programs producing fitness gains are more likely to impact cognitive functioning.
As suggested by many of the studies and reviews, the historical work on the relationship between exercise and cognitive functioning has yielded conflicting results, which may at least partially be accounted for by the broad spectrum of factors being addressed in these studies. The broad term of cognitive functioning incorporates a range of concepts under its umbrella, and the operationalization of constructs employed has varied widely in these works. For example, the construct of ÒexerciseÓ varies by duration, type, and intensity. Exercise has been operationalized as Òacute bouts,Ó or single instances of physical activity-based arousal, or fitness, a product of long-term exercise. Different types of aerobic exercise (e.g., jogging and dancing), and anaerobic exercise (e.g., weight lifting and isometrics), have been tested, and fitness has been characterized by several different measures. The intensity of an individual instance of exercise has varied from a few seconds to the point of exhaustion, and further there has been little consistency or definition regarding the level of arousal the exercise produces in the subjects. As for dependent variables, a wide range of cognitive functioning measures have been utilized, such as arithmetic function performance, reaction time, intelligence tests and surrogates for intelligence (e.g., academic performance), memory tests, and many others. It is unlikely that all forms of cognitive functioning are alike, and therefore different effects on cognitive functioning are possible.
Creativity is a much sought after and encouraged thought process. (Sutton, 2001) Creativity is informally considered, for instance, to play a key role in the initial attractiveness, and sustained competitiveness, of many organizations. Research on this aspect of cognitive functioning has often found a positive relationship between physical exercise and creativity. Gondola and Tuckman (1985) tested the effects of an exercise program, measuring differences at the completion of the program before an individual bout of exercise. The study therefore tested fitness rather than acute exercise and reported small but significant gains in creativity measures of Alternate Uses (spontaneous flexibility) and Remote Consequences (originality), but no significant differences for Obvious Consequences (different ideas). Gondola (1986) replicated this study and added tests of acute (single exercise) bouts, and found that both acute and long-term exercise conditions produced significant gains in all three of these creativity measures. Gondola (1987) tested another form of acute aerobic activity (dance), and found significant effects for all three measures of creativity.
Steinberg et al. (1997) found that acute bouts of aerobic exercise (in an exercise class) produced small but significant effects on creative processes on one of three measures of the Torrance test. Ramocki (2002) extended these findings in testing the effects of various forms of aerobic exercise for physically fit vs. unfit groups. Physically fit subjects engaged in vigorous exercise for one hour and were tested using Torrance-type test forms. The performance gains of the fit subjects following exercise were generally larger, though not always to the point of statistical significance, than those of the unfit subjects, who did not exercise. One possible explanation for these findings, as suggested by the literature on exercise effects on cognitive processes as well as current recommendations of the medical community for individual instances of exercise, is that the one hour period of vigorous exercise created a fatigue level that swamped the main effects of the study. That is, the debilitating effects of fatigue may have mitigated the enhancing effects of arousal.
The few studies relating exercise to creativity processes have generally found positive effects, though varying in strength. However, no studies were found that tested whether such effects are enduring. While establishing the impact of aerobic exercise on creative potential is a potentially important issue, from a pragmatic perspective such effects may be little more than a curiosity if those effects do not last long enough to provide some practical benefits in terms of creative output.
The literature suggests that creativity is a product of ordinary cognitive processes, which to some extent may be influenced and facilitated. (e.g., Bink & Marsh, 2000; Ward, Smith, & Vaid, 1997) The current study investigates whether aerobic exercise is a potentially influential factor on creativity. The results of research on the impact of exercise on cognitive processes in general have been predominantly positive but equivocal. The research investigating the impact of one potential factor, aerobic exercise, on creativity processes has been sparse, and the results are mostly positive but of small magnitude.
The current study has two major objectives. The first is to investigate aerobic exerciseÕs immediate effects on creative potential. The beneficial effects of physiological arousal (e.g., Tomporowski & Ellis, 1986) and attention narrowing (e.g., Kahneman, 1973), as well as previous work on exercise effects on cognitive processes generally and creativity specifically, lead to the expectation that aerobic exercise should positively impact creative potential. Addressing some of the possible methodological shortcomings identified in the exercise and creativity research relating to exercise duration and exercise program structure further supports this expectation. This suggests the following hypothesis:
H1: Creative potential will be greater upon completion of moderate aerobic exercise than when not preceded by moderate aerobic exercise.
The second major objective is to initiate investigation of the pragmatic issue relating to the endurance of aerobic exercise effects on creative potential, if any. Previous research has addressed the immediate effects of individual instances of exercise or the long-term effects of fitness, but has not addressed whether the effects of individual instances of exercise are transient or enduring. Essentially, prior research has investigated how aerobic exercise affects creativity processes up to the point immediately following the cessation of exercise, but has not addressed whether such effects may endure over time. This suggests the following hypothesis:
H2: Creative potential will be greater two hours after the completion of moderate aerobic exercise than when not preceded by moderate aerobic exercise.
Further, it is expected that creativity effects will occur at the conclusion of aerobic exercise, and that residual effects will be substantial. The question is whether these residual effects may dissipate to some degree as the time following the completion of moderate aerobic exercise increases. This suggests the following hypothesis:
H3: Creative potential will not be significantly different upon completion of moderate aerobic exercise than two hours after the completion of moderate aerobic exercise.
There are six possible outcomes of these three hypotheses. If all three hypotheses are rejected, this suggests that there are no significant immediate or residual effects of aerobic exercise on creativity. If H1 is rejected, H2 supported, and H3 rejected, this suggests that aerobic exercise has no significant immediate effects but significant lag effects on creativity. If H1 is rejected, and H2 and H3 supported, this suggests that that the results are confounded, for if immediate effects are greater than residual effects, and residual effects are greater than control levels, then immediate effects should be greater than control levels unless artifacts are present. If H1 is supported, and H2 and H3 are rejected, this suggests that aerobic exercise has significant immediate effects but no significant residual effects on creativity. If H1 and H2 are supported, and H3 is rejected, this suggests that aerobic exercise has significant immediate effects and significant residual effects but at significantly dissipated levels on creativity. The support of all three hypotheses suggests that aerobic exercise has significant immediate effects and significant and enduring residual effects. These alternative interpretations are presented in Table 1.
Table 1: Permutations and Interpretations of Hypotheses
Permutations Interpretations
X X X Support Aerobic exercise has no significant immediate or
Reject residual effects on creativity.
No Effects
X Support Aerobic exercise has no significant immediate
X X Reject effects, but has significant residual effects on
Lag Effects Only
H1 H2 H3 Confounded results: if immediate effects are
X X Support greater than residual effects, and residual
X Reject effects are greater than control levels, then
immediate effects should be greater than control
Confound levels unless artifacts are present.
X Support Aerobic exercise has significant immediate
X X Reject effects, but no residual effects on creativity.
Immediate Effects Only
X X Support Aerobic exercise has significant immediate
X Reject effects, and significant residual effects but at
Significantly dissipated levels on creativity.
Immediate Effects,
Enduring Residual Effects
X X X Support Aerobic exercise has significant immediate
Reject effects, and significant and enduring residual
effects on creativity.
Immediate Effects,
Dissipating Residual Effects
There are two secondary potential outcomes of the study. The first is to investigate whether the reputed optimum level of aerobic exercise for physiological benefits will also elicit psychological benefits. Taken together, the three hypotheses address whether instances of aerobic exercise reputedly optimal for producing physiological benefits also produce psychological benefits, such as enhancing cognitive creativity processes and potentially outputs.
The second secondary potential outcome is to investigate whether potentially enduring effects have practical applications for creative productivity, such as divergent thinking. If residual effects are relatively transient, it is unlikely that such effects will aid creative productivity given the typical transition time between exercise and work environments. However, if residual effects endure in excess of this transition time, then these residual effects are more likely to benefit creative productivity in work environments.
Sixty college students volunteered to participate in the study. In a confidential initial questionnaire, each subject reported gender, age, weight, academic major, GPA, and exercise history, including number of hours of exercise in a typical week, type of exercise done for typical workouts, and length of time (years) engaging in regular workouts. All volunteers were accepted for participation, and received compensation at the end of the study.
There were 30 men and 30 women in the study, ranging in age from 18-27 (average @20). The participants came from a wide variety of academic disciplines, including education, computer information systems, psychology, physical education, and business, and had GPAs commensurate with the college norms. All subjects reported being physically fit and experienced exercisers and signed a medical waiver form as conditions for participation.
This study consisted of three regimens. In Regimen A, a version of the creativity instrument was completed without any prior exercise that day. In Regimen B, a version of the creativity instrument was completed immediately after a thirty minute period of aerobic exercise. In Regimen C, a version of the creativity instrument was completed two hours after a thirty minute period of aerobic exercise. Each participant completed each of the three regimens.
The sixty participants were randomly assigned to different permutations of regimen completion (i.e., ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, CBA). Thus, each regimen permutation included ten subjects. Participants were allotted ten minutes to complete all or as much as they could of each version of the creativity measure.
Exercise protocols were primarily aerobic in nature, with controls for exercise type, duration, and intensity. Weight lifting, an anaerobic form of exercise, was allowed for a short time at the beginning of the exercise period if desired (very few elected to do so), as long as at least the entire latter half of the session was aerobic. The aerobic exercises participants chose included jogging, swimming, fast walking, stationary bikes, and stair climbing.
Duration was addressed by time of exercise. This study sought to test the effects of approximately moderate levels of aerobic exercise. Since there is no definitive research defining exactly what constitutes Òmoderate levelsÓ of exercise, particularly in their impact on cognitive processes, a conservative approach in being consistent with the popular recommendations of health professions was selected. Therefore, the exercise session lasted thirty minutes.
Exercise intensity was operationalized by pulse rate. Pulse rates taken immediately at the cessation of exercise verified that subjects were within the pulse rates guidelines suggested by health professionals for moderate workouts, i.e., approximately double resting rates (Pulse rates averaged 140 for Regimen B, and 141 for Regimen C).
The lag time of two hours for Regimen C was selected because it not only ensured full recovery from exercise, in terms of returning to base pulse rates, but also mimicked typical transition times from exercise to productivity behaviors. That is, for most people, two hours after exercise allows adequate time to get to and engage in work and other productive activities.
Some controls relating to the questionnaire variables age, gender, weight, GPA, weekly exercise time, and number of years exercising were applied. Also, the pulse rate one minute after the completion of exercise was compared to the pulse rate at the completion of exercise to form a Òpulse dropÓ as a measure of physical condition, consistent with recent medical research (e.g., Cole et al., 1999). This information provided data for examining potential external effects and interactions.
The dependent variable of creative potential (in particular divergent thinking) was measured by Figural Tests A and B (ÒThinking Creatively with PicturesÓ) of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (1962,1966). The reason for investigating this particular form of creativity with this particular instrument is that not only is pictorial imagination central to many human tasks, but it has many applications to creative productivity. Further, this particular instrument has been commonly used in research and been well validated (e.g., Chein, 1982; Curnow & Turner, 1992; Hinkle, Tuckman, & Samson, 1993; Steinberg et al., 1997).
Three distinct yet similar versions consisted of four pictures to be completed by the participant. To aid in operationalizing the construct, a scoring guide (Torrance, Ball, & Safter, 1992) was provided by the testing service to assist the evaluators in scoring responses. Creative potential in these instruments is operationalized by the constructs of fluency, originality, abstractness of titles, elaboration, and resistance to premature closing. Additionally, evidence of creative strengths, captured in a set of thirteen criterion-referenced measures (emotional expressiveness, storytelling articulateness, movement of action, expressiveness of titles, synthesis of incomplete figures, unusual visualization, internal visualization, extending or breaking boundaries, humor, richness of imagery, colorfulness of imagery, fantasy), was incorporated. Consistent with the scoring guide, all measures were summed to form a composite score.
Each member of the research team independently scored the instruments. Each individual instrument had been coded and randomized so that scorers did not know which response came from which participant. Each of these four scorers scored all of these anonymous instruments in random order. Inter-rater reliability was high with Pearson Correlation medians of .818 (range .766-.886) for H1, .850 (range .789-.870) for H2, and .826 (range .781-.917) for H3.
Each hypothesis was evaluated using a two-sample t-test. Hypothesis 1 predicted that the creative potential of the treatment condition would be greater than of the control condition, i.e., when the subjects completed an aerobic exercise session they would immediately demonstrate greater creative potential than when they did not participate in an aerobic exercise session. This hypothesis was strongly supported, with t (118df) = 4.08, p = .000.
Hypothesis 2 predicted that when the subjects completed an aerobic exercise session and waited two hours before testing they would demonstrate greater creative potential than when they did not participate in an aerobic exercise session. This hypothesis was also strongly supported, with t (118df) = 3.11, p = .001.
Hypothesis 3 predicted that when the subjects were tested immediately after an aerobic exercise session they would not demonstrate significantly different levels of creative potential than when they were tested two hours after completing an aerobic exercise session. This hypothesis was supported, with t (118df) = 1.15, p = .251.
A series of regression analyses were run in an attempt to determine if any external constructs would contribute to the explanation of the significant main effects resulting from hypotheses 1 and 2 (as hypothesis 3 was essentially a comparison of main effects from hypotheses 1 and 2). Interactive variables were also tested. Only the pulse drop external variable for the hypotheses 1 regression achieved significance, with weak explanatory power. No interactive terms approached statistical significance. Table 2 reports the regression results for these external and interactive terms.
Table 2: Statistical Analyses of Main Effects for Hypotheses 1 and 2
1 2
t- p- t- p-
External Variables: value value value value
Pulse Drop 2.91 (.005) -0.78 (.439)
Years Exercising 1.94 (.058) 1.47 (.148)
Weight -1.41 (.164) -0.62 (.541)
Age 0.81 (.424) 0.19 (.850)
Gender 1.41 (.164) 0.10 (.923)
Hours Weekly Exercise -1.06 (.294) -0.54 (.589)
Adjusted R-Square .131 0.00
-Pulse drop is measured positively, i.e., decrease in pulse value was recorded as a positive integer.
-All two-way interactions were examined. No interaction coefficients achieved statistical significance.
The H1, H2, and H3 supported outcomes are consistent with the ÒImmediate Effects, Enduring Residual EffectsÓ result permutation described in Table 1. This is the strongest possible outcome in terms of supporting both the immediate and residual effects of aerobic exercise on creative potential.
Instances of aerobic exercise significantly impacted the creative processes of the participants, and these effects were shown to endure over a two hour period. This not only supports the proposition that aerobic exercise may positively impact creative potential and adds to the literature in doing so, but introduces a new element in the discussion of exercise and creativity, that of residual effects. This temporal issue may have ramifications for the utility of aerobic exercise beyond physical health benefits.
This study is far from definitive, as its intent was to establish the viability of premises and baselines for further investigation. While efforts were taken to reduce potential biases, the fact that this was an exploratory study necessarily leads to some limitations.
As the precise physiological mechanisms underlying aerobic exerciseÕs effects on creative processes are unknown, this study reports correlations between aerobic exercise and creative output rather than forwarding causal mechanisms underlying creative processes. While initial results in this field indicate that exercise may produce changes in the brain or brain environment, and that these changes may have a positive effect on performance capabilities (Collardeu et al., 2001; Dustman, Emmerson, & Shearer, 1994; Hassman et al., 1994), neuropsychological research is extremely invasive and costly, and beyond the constraints of this study.
Nearly all participants were of traditional college age. Other works have supported the notion that aerobic exercise effects on creativity may transcend the effects of age (e.g., Herman-Toffler & Tuckman, 1998; Hinkle, Tuckman & Sampson, 1993; Palmer, 1995). Though prior research on creativity has shown a generalization of cognitive effects across age, the narrow range of ages in this study did not allow for a good test of age interactions.
Also, due primarily to liability issues, only self-identified physically fit students were selected for the study. Rigorous physiological measures of fitness were not employed, as fitness was inferred from self-reported exercise histories and pulse drop data. The relatively narrow range of fitness levels and rudimentary fitness measures may have precluded a more powerful assessment of fitness interactions.
Participants engaged in thirty minutes of aerobic exercise that elevated pulse rates to approximately 140 on average, which was assumed, based on current ideas of cardiovascular conditioning, to constitute moderate levels of exercise. However, these levels have been established by the medical community with the primary objective of improving cardiovascular health, and very little evidence exists as to whether this level of physical arousal is ÒmoderateÓ regarding neurophysiological effects.
Ideally, multiple lag times would have been tested, and greater controls of activities during lag times enacted (subjects were directed to engage in normal but not exercise-related activities during the lag), but these ideals were beyond the constraints of the study. As such, this two hour lag time should be viewed as an initial rather than comprehensive level of investigation.
An argument may be made that allowing subjects to choose their own form of aerobic exercise potentially introduced a confound in that different activities may create different levels of energy expenditure. However, the decision was made to provide an exercise protocol that was reflective of real exercise behaviors. Further, all subjects were experienced exercisers and therefore knew how to ÒpaceÓ themselves using their normal exercise protocols for a moderate workout. This had the added benefit of reducing potential problems caused by muscle specificity, where forcing all subjects to engage in identical forms of exercise would have resulted in differing levels of energy expenditure depending on previous experience with the exercise form. Pulse rates taken at the cessation of exercise verified the moderation of exercise, as described in the methodology section.
An effort was made to code the tests of participants to inhibit rater scoring bias, but there may be an issue that having the experimenters evaluate the tests was inherently biasing. However, the provided scoring instrument minimized the opportunities for subjective interpretation, and the high levels of inter-rater reliability further argue against significant rater bias.
There was some concern that having participants engage in three separate instances of testing might create the possibility of learning effects where test performance was enhanced as a result of prior experience with the tests. However, this was not found to be the case, as an analysis of order effects for all permutations did not find any significant differences. Stated differently, the performance on the Regimen B test was just as likely to be highest whether it was the first taken, second taken, or last taken. Another possibility here is that the residual effects of exercise might influence creativity performance on subsequent tests taken after the test following an earlier session of exercise. Normally, exercisers do not engage in aerobic workouts on consecutive days, and workouts often are separated by multiple days. For Regimen A, exercise was not permitted on the testing day. However, the time between instances of aerobic exercise was not otherwise controlled. It is possible that previous instances of exercise engaged in outside of the experiment may have produced residual effects that influenced creativity scores on the test instruments. Yet as these instances were highly variable and measured on the scale of days rather than hours, they were thought to be likely of minimal effect. More importantly, perhaps, the randomization of regimen orders would effectively Òwash outÓ any extended residual effects.
The finding that aerobic exercise may positively impact creative potential, and that these effects may extend for some period of time, has important ramifications for theoreticians and practitioners. Of course, since this study is exploratory, the results should be replicated and extended. Theoretical constructs underlying aerobic exerciseÕs effects on creative potential should be elaborated. Possibilities include explanations relating to physiological arousal and/or psychological phenomena (self-esteem or efficacy, etc.). Different time lags should be tested to better understand the residual effects of aerobic exercise. Testing different forms, durations, and intensities of aerobic exercise, as well as anaerobic exercise, would facilitate the generalization of findings. Using other measures of creativity, and testing other types of creativity, may lend further validity to the results. Testing possible interactive factors such as fitness levels, demographics, culture, etc., would add conceptual clarity to the issue.
This studyÕs results suggest that orthodox aerobic workouts have potential benefits in aiding creativity processes. This not only adds to the general utility of exercise to individuals, thereby providing greater impetus to exercise, but potentially provides tangible improvements to creative productivity. This implies that not only may individuals realize greater gains from aerobic exercise, but organizations may potentially benefit as well. For example, fostering environments that encourage aerobic exercise for employees may yield increases in creative output and innovation in product development, promotion, operations management, and many other areas.
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SAINT LEO, Fla. – The Saint Leo University Department of Athletics paid tribute to the 28th Annual National Girls and Women in Sports Day on the evening of January 30, celebrating this year's theme, "Passing the Torch, Blazing the Trail". The Lions celebrated for the 24th straight year on University Campus by honoring Jen Adams, renowned women's lacrosse player and head women's lacrosse coach at Loyola University Maryland, as this year's recipient of the Saint Leo Women in Sport Achievement Award.
Saint Leo, which has one of the longest-running Girls and Women in Sports Day celebrations in the state of Florida, honored Adams as the 21st recipient of the award. Along with honoring Adams, the Department of Athletics celebrated the hard work and dedication Saint Leo female student-athletes put into their academics and athletic programs day in and day out.
The celebration included the presentation of the Saint Leo University Dining Services Scholarships, awarded to one female student-athlete from each varsity team. The scholarships this year were awarded to Melissa Jackson (Basketball), Natalie McCormick (Cross Country), Alyssa Barrett (Golf), Katie Krause (Lacrosse), Christina Lodato (Softball), Victoria Ecker (Soccer), Rachael Cunio (Swimming), Katy Zaatini (Tennis), and Yaidi Santiago (Volleyball).
The final student-athlete award for the evening, the Elaine
Evans Spirit of Saint Leo Award, was bestowed upon women's
golfer, Heather Petronis.
Formerly the Spirit of Saint Leo Award, the honor was renamed the Elaine Evans Spirit of Saint Leo Award in 2004 after the untimely passing of women's basketball player Elaine Evans. The honor is presented annually to a female student-athlete for her contributions to the community, and is presented to an individual who goes above and beyond what is asked of her while showing the true spirit of the University's core values. The award was presented by Elaine Evans' father, Phil, as well as scholarship benefactor Dr. Bob Cabot.
The event culminated with the final award of the evening, the 2014 Saint Leo Women in Sports Achievement Award, given to Jen Adams.
Regarded as the finest female lacrosse player of all time, Adams has put together arguably the greatest collegiate women's lacrosse career in the sport's history, leading the University of Maryland to four-straight national titles from 1998-2001, including a 21-0 record in 1999 and a 23-0 mark in 2001.
In her four year career, she racked up honors just as fast as she scored goals, and for her efforts she has been named to the NCAA Division I Women's Lacrosse 25th Anniversary Team in April 2007, and was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2012.
A native of Brighton, Australia, Adams was named a three-time national attacker of the year, and was the first female recipient of the Tewaaraton Trophy in 2001, honoring her as the nation's best female lacrosse player. In addition, Adams was a three time All-American, 2000 and 2001 Honda/Broderick Award for women's lacrosse excellence on the field and in the classroom, CoSIDA Academic All American, and two-time Atlantic Coast Conference Female Athlete of the Year.
She finished her storied career with 267 goals, 178 assists, and 445 total points. Her marks for total points stands today as an NCAA record, and her goals total still holds at her alma mater.
Adams' efforts were not done yet, as she continued her success on the international level, leading the Australian National team to gold medals in the U-19 World Championships in 1995, and World Cup in 2005. In addition she helped Team Australia to two silver medals in the 2009 and 2013 World Cups.
In 2004, Adams decided to Pass the Torch and enter the coaching realm. She had stints at the University of Denver and Maryland, before becoming the head coach of the Greyhounds at Loyola University of Maryland.
In five seasons, she has guided Loyola to two BIG EAST Championships (2011 and 2012), and three consecutive NCAA Championship appearances where the Greyhounds have won their first round of the tournament for a school-record three-straight seasons. In addition, she has led Loyola to a 27-12 BIG EAST record, and a 4-2 BIG EAST Tournament mark, all while securing a career record of 64-31 as a head coach, a mark that places her among the top-25 winningest active coaches.
On National Girls and Women in Sports Day, thousands of sports educators, coaches, athletic directors, recreation directors, association members, sponsors, students, and parents across the country show their support of the Day and of this year's theme, "Girls in Sports, and Investment in the Future." It is through various scholarships and awards that Saint Leo honors and thanks those who have made a lasting impact on women's sports for years to come.