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Vanguard's Davis Hall and Will Brown each scored a goal to lead the Knights to their 2-1 victory on the road at Citrus on Monday night.
Vanguard's Davis Hall and Will Brown each scored a goal to lead the Knights to their 2-1 victory on the road at Citrus on Monday night.
Also performing well for the Knights was Eder Masquermas, who recorded an assist in the narrow win.
The Knights (5-1-2, 1-1-1) will play at rival Forest on Friday at 7:30 p.m.
Girls basketball
VANGUARD 44, BELLEVIEW 31: At Belleview, Canisha LeCorn exploded for 14 points, while teammate Alex Wilhelm wasn't too far behind with 13 points to lead the Knights to victory on Monday. Vanguard was also led by De'Asia Neasman who scored seven points on the night.
Belleview was led by Melissa Solgot (10 points, 2 rebounds), Bethany Akaji (2 points, 8 rebounds), Shantel Coleman (7 points, 2 rebounds) and Yasha Williams (6 points, 3 rebounds).
The Knights (2-2) will host South Lake on Thursday in their first district game at 7:30 p.m. The Rattlers (0-3) will play at West Port tonight at 7:30 p.m.
OCA 58, PENIEL BAPTIST 6: At Peniel Baptist, Rus'Sharra Tolbert led the Crusaders with 14 points and three rebounds, while Kimmy Kauffman added 12 points and seven steals in the victory. Also playing well for OCA was Kalyn Cone who tallied eight points, five rebounds, three steals and three blocks, as well as Lois Burns who had eight points, five rebounds and three swipes.
The Crusaders (4-1) will play St. John on Dec. 4 at 6 p.m.
Boys basketball
OCA 36, PENIEL BAPTIST 30: At Peniel Baptist, the Crusaders were led on offense by Nick Bedford who led all scorers with 11 points, while Alex Jarrett poured in 10 points and Logan Yount contributed eight points.
OCA (1-2) will travel to Countryside Christian today at 7 p.m.
JV Boys soccer
Citrus 5, Vanguard 1


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Get the Recipe
You'd be hard pressed to find a bigger champion of cottage cheese than yours truly. The bad wrap this dairy aisle staple has gotten over the years as a texturally unappealing, slimy, antiquated diet food ensures that most folks shun it at diners and wouldn't dare dream of putting it in a dessert. My memories of cottage cheese, though, are rather delightful: dressed up with homegrown tomatoes and Italian dressing in the summertime, or serving as the tangy addition to my grandmother's congealed "orange salad" on the Thanksgiving table. Say what you will, but cottage cheese is a real workhorse of classic Middle American cuisine.
Since those who share my sentiment are few and far between, it's time to breathe new life into the black sheep of the dairy family. The German classic recipe for cottage cheese pie elevates the once lowly ingredient to an almost cheesecake-like status, with a homey, heirloom taste that is pleasing for even the most diehard cottage cheese detractors.
This pie recipe seems to be a staple of grandmothers across the Midwest, though its real origin as Hungarian, Czech, Croatian, or German is the stuff of culinary lore. While I typically prefer a large curd cottage cheese, it's important that the pie is made with small curd to add a more consistent, manageable amount of textural curd. Selecting the appropriate milk fat is almost key—going full fat is best, but in a pinch 2% can work.
Some recipes call for letting the cottage cheese to drain prior to baking to keep excess liquid from the pie. However, I found that it made the pie less creamy and reduced the custard-like quality of the dessert. If you decide to drain, add back in an extra 1/ 4 cup of cream to balance out the reduced liquid.
The real beauty of this recipe is its ease and versatility: it's simple to whip up, and can be eaten as a celebratory dessert, a breakfast snack, or a teatime treat. There are also as many variations and additions to the recipe as there are people who swear by it: raisins added in prior to baking, a whipped sour cream topping, blueberries and raspberries scattered as a fruity treat. The topping that can't be missed, though, is a healthy sprinkle of nutmeg, which adds an extra dimension to the rich pie.
While this version uses a cream cheese pastry crust, a graham cracker crust is another standby favorite and easily enhances the aromatic flavors throughout the pie.
Get the Recipe
About the author: Sarah Baird is a writer, editor, and petit four aficionado living in New Orleans, Louisiana. She likes planning elaborate dinner parties surrounded by her collection of dwarf citrus trees. You can read her latest musings and about her various misadventures on her website: hellosarahbaird.com or follow her on Twitter: @scbaird.

subset: commoncrawl


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Rabbit SpoonerismLanguage brain teasers are those that involve the English language. You need to think about and manipulate words and letters.
A spoonerism is a transposition of initial sounds of two or more words (as in "tons of soil" for "sons of toil").
So... What is a spoonerism for a rabbit found in its burrow as opposed to something sweet in a container?
HintSometimes sweet things are kept in a bowl.
Answerbunny in a hole
honey in a bowl
What Next?
See another brain teaser just like this one...
Or, just get a random brain teaser
If you become a registered user you can vote on this brain teaser, keep track of
which ones you have seen, and even make your own.
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Hot Links: America Ferrera is Over the Weight Discussion and More
Plus, Kate Moss gets maternal and Robert Pattinson spills some intimate details on the red carpet.
-Kathryn H. Cusimano
America Ferrera thinks the obsession with her weight is "ridiculous." Honey, we agree! (PopEater)
We always forget that Kate Moss is a mom because she's so busy partying, but sometimes she has time to take her little girl to the pub. (Celebrity Baby Scoop)
Find out who got a peek at Robert Pattinson's bum on the set of Remember Me! (Hollywood Life)
Michael Jackson's doctor Conrad Murray allegedly hid drugs before calling 911 when the singer was dying, which definitely doesn't look suspicious at all. (Us Magazine)
Jake Gyllenhaal is feeling a little litigious. (Allie is Wired)
Another addition to the list of guys to avoid: those who had nannies as kids. (The Frisky)
More Daily Dish: Jesse James Involved in New Custody Battle with Ex-Wife


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When Two Wrongs Make a Right
Here's something that's becoming "acceptable." I can't tell you how vividly I remember finding a big red mark an English teacher of mine had put through the word why in a sentence I'd written in a composition. That why was part of the phrase the reason why. When I questioned my teacher about it, she explained it was redundant. She reminded me that why means the same thing as the reason: He told me the reason he had done that. / He told me why he had done that. "You see?" she said smiling. "If we can substitute the reason with why, it shows you that they mean the very same thing, so using them together is a redundancy ― and it's silly." I've never forgotten that. My teacher really opened my eyes to the world of redundancies, which I spoke about in a previous piece on this blog. And you can bet the ranch that I've never said or written the reason why again.
Well, as the saying goes, "That was then; this is now." I hear educated people say the reason why every single day, usually many times a day. I still cringe a little whenever I hear it ― a reflex action, you know ― but I'm going to develop a tick if I don't stop cringing. Almost everybody says the reason why these days, so does that mean I have to say once again, "Well, since so many educated native speakers now say that, it's become acceptable"? I suppose it does. (Can you hear me sighing?)
Here's another example. I remember being taught that we should use each other when speaking about only two of something and one another when speaking about three or more. Come to think of it, I was taught the same grammar rule for between and among. Well, I can't tell you how many times I've heard educated speakers throw that rule to the wind and use one another for just two people and use between for three or more. I just shake my head and wonder. I've found that even dictionaries and fairly recent grammar books now accept one another in place of each other. (I'm sighing again.) So can the same laissez-faire attitude towards between and among be far off? Probably not.
And what about less and the least vs. fewer and the fewest? Awhile back I was watching a hit TV show called The Biggest Loser. They had some trivia questions for the television audience, among which (not between which!) was, "Which of the following kinds of pie has the least calories?" Yes! They said "the least calories"! The writer who came up with that question thought it was fine. The graphic designer who mounted it on the screen thought it was fine. The narrator who did the voiceover thought it was fine. I guess the director thought it was fine. Everybody thought it was fine ― except me! At least, that's the feeling I got. Well, if nobody thinks there's a problem with it, who am I to decry that use? Do you see why I wonder if I'm just a conservative or a true reactionary? And I don't want to touch on what I should do in the classroom with my ESOL students. No, no, don't even go there! I still have nightmares over being forced to deal with explaining why it was okay to say two coffees when the lesson in our antiquated grammar book clearly said coffee was only an uncountable noun. Ugh!
So what's your take on all of this? Are you an ultraliberal as far as these kinds of language change go? Or perhaps you're a conservative, or even a reactionary. I'd really like to know if I'm all alone or if I have colleagues I can commiserate with. Tell me what changes you've noticed that you find either completely acceptable or you would like to see disappear from common usage. Talk to me!


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Brooklyn, NY (SportsNetwork.com) - Brooklyn Nets point guard Deron Williams has been diagnosed with a sprained left ankle and he will miss Wednesday's game against Golden State.
Williams underwent and MRI on Monday. He was treated with a cortisone shot in the ankle joint, as well as platelet rich plasma (PRP) injections into the lateral ligaments of the ankle. In addition, Williams received a PRP injection into his right ankle and a cortisone injection into his right ankle joint to relieve inflammation.
Williams, who missed Monday's 91-86 win over Atlanta, is currently in a walking boot and will be re-evaluated at the end of the week.
Williams is averaging 13.6 points and 6.9 assists in 22 games this season for the 13-21 Nets.
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Eric Pickles has claimed that councils can make huge savings – enough to counteract the impact of imminent cuts – by administrative changes such as cutting pay and merging departments.
Indeed there are numerous examples of council waste or extravagent spending. BBC London is reporting today that Newham Council (now laying off dozens of staff) spent £111m on buying and refurbishing its head office. Read more


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Wow, some good matchups this week! This should be a fun weekend of college football.
BIG TEN(kick-off of B10 Schedule finally)
Northwestern @ Minnesota
#2 Ohio State @ Illinois
#21 Michigan @ Indiana
#11 Wisconsin @ #25 Michigan State
#23 Penn State @ #18 Iowa
Texas A&M at Oklahoma State ANOTHER THURSDAY GAME ALERT!!!!
No. 9 Florida at No. 1 Alabama
No. 16 Stanford at No. 5 Oregon
No. 19 Miami (FL) at Clemson
No. ? Texas vs. No. 8 Oklahoma (Texas got whipped on, but Cincy gave Oklahoma a game)
Virginia Tech at North Carolina State
Navy at Air Force (to all us vets out there)
Kentucky at Mississippi


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travel checklist
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Health AdviceImmunisation
Ask your doctor about the necessity of immunisation from disease (eg. Cholera, Hepatitis, Tetanus, etc.) for the countries you intend to visit. If you have any immunisations done, make sure you receive an International Health Certificate to show at immigration checkpoints and hospitals.Medication
Don't assume that you can buy more medication while on your trip; make sure you carry sufficient amounts with you to easily cover the trip with a bit left over in case of emergencies. Ask your doctor whether your particular medication is legal in the countries you intend to visit. If your medication requires a prescription, make sure you carry a copy of your prescription, or if it is unreadable, a letter from your doctor. Make sure you keep all your medication in its original packaging to make it easy for officials to identify.Travel Checklist
We've put together a handy checklist for you.
- Have you booked all your travel requirements? (eg. tours, theatre tickets, car hire, accommodation, etc.) Please discuss all requirements with your consultant.
- Your travel documents will arrive 10 - 14 days prior to departure, unless otherwise specified. Please make time to check ALL of your documents carefully for accuracy and if you have any queries please contact us immediately. It is a good idea to carry photocopies of all your documents (separate to your originals). Also, leave a copy of your itinerary with a friend or relative at home.
- Travel insurance is a must, it's as important as your plane tickets.
- Please check that your passport and visas are in order.
- Please reconfirm all your flights directly with the appropriate airline, 72 hours prior to departure, at each point of departure.
- When reconfirming your flights, please check that any frequent flyer numbers, special meals and seating requests are in order.
- Please retain all boarding passes and tickets until accrual of frequent flyer points has been confirmed on your statement.
- International baggage allowances (excluding infants under 2 years of age) are generally 20 kg per person (Economy fares) for checked baggage and 5 kg per person for cabin baggage. However, if you are travelling to the USA or Canada, the checked baggage allowance is 2 suitcases (no more than 32 kg each) with the maximum combined dimensions of each bag not to exceed 158 cm. Please check these allowances with your consultant prior to travel.
- Duty Free Allowance for South Africans (per person over 18 years of age) is 1 L alcohol, 250 gm of tobacco or 200 cigarettes. Other goods purchased overseas or bought duty-free or tax free must not exceed the value of R3000 per person. Duty free allowances will vary from country to country.
- Check with the Foreign & Commonwealth office before booking any travel, to view any travel warnings - your travel insurance may not be valid if there is a warning issued for the country you are visiting!


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The MBA's Centennial Conference, a celebration of the MBA's
century of service to the public, profession and rule of law, will
take place on Wednesday, May 18 and Thursday, May 19 at the Boston
Sheraton Hotel.
Featured at the Centennial Conference will be three concurrent
tracks of educational programming. The CLE offerings have been
categorized into litigation, young lawyers or substantive law. Attend the Litigation Track
portion of MBA Centennial Conference's educational programming to
learn "Hot Issues in Discovery," "Crafting a Winning Theme - From
Soup to Nuts;" "Direct/Cross Examination of Expert Witnesses" and
more. In addition to educational programming, the conference will
feature the annual Access to Justice Awards Luncheon and "Hail to the Chiefs" Bench-Bar panel and
reception on May 18, and the Centennial Ball on May 19.
Click here to
register for the MBA's Centennial Conference.
Click here for a full conference
MBA Centennial Conference CLE Litigation Track programming


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Product Information:
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Web ID: 16GWRUNBCVSBRCLTXHDG


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(This is the third of four posts detailing the mods that I have made to my CharGriller Smoker Pro.)
This mod insulates both the cooking chamber and the SFB using welding blanket material. Almost every square inch of the smoker is covered. For the SFB, 700F RTV gasket material is used to affix the blanket material and (because I don't trust the gasket material to act as a strong adhesive) #6 self drilling screws with washers secure the larger pieces. For the cooker, 500F RTV is used.
The welding blanket material came from 3 3'x3' Tillman O-PAN black felt blankets. I purchased them here: http://store.cyberweld.com/panfelwelbla.html because the were not available locally (and if ordered at a higher price). Cyberweld offers free shipping and a broad range of welding products. I have no affiliation with them.
I initially assumed that I would only insulate the cooker. During test burns it became obvious that I was losing much more heat from the SFB than the cooker itself.
The Tillman O-PAN black felt blankets are soft and smooth even after exposure to high temperatures. The working temperature is 1800F (max 3000F).
The result is attractive (IMHO) and effective.
This insulation process increased my test burn time by about 6 hours -- from 5.5 hours to more than 11 hours.
The Grill Fully Upholstered
The silvery points are the heads of the self drilling screws and washers.
One 3x3 blanket each was used for the SFB, the upper half and the lower half (3 3x3 blankets in total).
The process I followed was to locate a straight edge of the material and RTV it along an edge of the cooker or SFB. Then I followed that same edge with the screws to insure a solid mechanical bond.
I then folded the material back from the material it would cover and laid down a pattern of RTV in the large area exposed, and finally at the opposite edge.
Then I laid the material carefully on the fresh RTV and smoothed it from the secured edge to the new edge with a rounded object (one side of a 16' tape measure in my case). Once smooth from side to side I allowed the RTV to set for a few minutes and screwed down the new edge.
Finally, cut out any holes that should penetrate the insulation (chimney, bolt holes, thermometer holes, etc). An Exacto knife is just the thing.
At this point I trimmed around the edge with kitchen shears (it cuts easily). Then I screwed down any other edges.
Note: The bottom half of the barrel has the grease drain port. I cut a circle around both openings and removed the blanket there. Then, I built up a barrier of RTV at the edge of the insulation, forming a raised ring (from which the grease will drip.)
This is intended to prevent the grease from soaking into the insulation around the edge and creating a fire hazard as well as a nasty cleaning problem.
I repeated this process with each part (ends of the cooking chamber and the SFB), fitting scraps where required.
Where two edges meet at a corner, I came around at the end and squirted a bead of RTV between them and pinched them together to close the corners.
I performed the insulation in three stages (one blanket each). First I removed the SFB and insulated it. Then I removed the bottom and insulated it.
Since I had neglected to purchase a third blanket (assuming I would only do the upper and lower halves) I reassembled it at this point and did a test burn. The results were encouraging enough that I ordered the third blanket.
When it arrived, I insulated the top in-place on the cooker. If I had had all three blankets to start with, I would have done it disassembled, as with the other parts.
SFB Detail
On the SFB, I insulated all the parts externally exposed, including the door and the ash box. You can see the copper colored 700F RTV better in the picture than in real life (for which I am grateful).
The SFB surface can exceed 700F, so one cannot depend too much on the RTV.
One side benefit of this process is that the danger of burns, especially to children are much reduced. There are still hot spots that would hurt, but there are no large areas that could cause catastrophic burns. Holding your hand on the insulated surface of the SFB is unpleasant, like a three second fire test.
Care must be taken, both on the SFB and the lower half of the cooker to keep the mating area between them clear of the insulating material. The outline is pretty clear, but I found a little extra trimming necessary when putting it back together.
Detail Right Side Upper Half
Edited to add note about grease drain handling.


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- Collection Overview
- ExhibitionsPast Exhibitions
- Close Up: Piermatteo D'Amelia's The Annunciation
- Journeys East
- The Triumph of Marriage
- Luxury For Export
- A Bronze Menagerie
- Gentile Bellini and the East
- Gondola Days
- Raphael, Cellini, and a Renaissance Banker
- Making of the Museum
- Cosmè Tura
- Off the Wall: Gardner and Her Masterpieces
- Ornament and Illusion: Carlo Crivelli of Venice
- Donatello, Michelangelo, Cellini: Sculptors' Drawings from Renaissance Italy
- The Inscrutable Eye: Watercolors by John Singer Sargent in Isabella Stewart Gardner's Collection
- Anders Zorn: A European Artist Seduces America
- Illuminating the Serenissima: Books of the Republic of Venice
- Modeling Devotion
- Conservation
- Browse RoomsView Room MapsFirst FloorSecond Floor
- Raphael
- Angelico, Fra
- Anguissola, Sofonisba
- Bakst, Léon
- Bandinelli, Baccio
- Beckhausen, Jakob
- Bellini, Gentile
- Bellini, Giovanni
- Bellini, Leonardo
- Bermejo, Bartolomé
- Bles, Herri met de
- Bordone, Paris
- Botticelli, Sandro
- Botticini, Francesco
- Boucher, François
- Bourdichon, Jean
- Bronzino, Agnolo
- Bulgarini, Bartolommeo
- Bunker, Denis Miller
- Cambodian: Unknown Artist
- Cellini, Benvenuto
- Chinese: Unknown Artist
- Chunosuke, Niiro
- Civitali, Matteo di Giovanni
- Crivelli, Carlo
- Comes, Francesc, the Younger
- Curtis, Ralph
- Daddi, Bernardo
- Degas, Edgar
- Dewing, Thomas Wilmer
- Dürer, Albrecht
- Dyck, Anthony van
- Eriksson, Christian
- Eurasian: Unknown Artist
- Falconetto, Giovanni Maria
- Fiesole, Mino da
- Flemish: Unknown Artist
- Flinck, Govaert
- Fondulis, Giovanni de
- Francesca, Piero della
- Francia, Francesco
- French: Unknown Artist
- French or German: Unknown Artist
- García de Benabarre, Pedro
- Giorgio, Francesco di
- Giambono, Michele
- German: Unknown Artist
- Geubels, Jacques
- Giotto
- Greek: Unknown Artist
- Hassam, Childe
- Helleu, Paul César
- Hidetsugu, Yosai
- Holbein, Hans, the Younger
- Indian: Unknown Artist
- Iranian: Unknown Artist
- Iranian or Central Asian: Unknown Artist
- Italian: Unknown Artist
- Italian or Spanish: Unknown Artist
- Japanese: Unknown Artist
- Javanese: Unknown Artist
- Ken'ya, Miura
- Kronberg, Louis
- Lippi, Filippino
- Macknight, Dodge
- Maiano, Benedetto da
- Mancini, Antonio
- Manet, Edouard
- Manship, Paul
- Mantegna, Andrea
- Martini, Simone
- Master T.° Ve.
- Matisse, Henri
- Mendoza Binder
- Mesopotamian: Unknown Artist
- Mexican: Unknown Artist
- Michelangelo
- Mor, Antonis
- Moroni, Giovanni Battista
- Mosca, Giovanni Maria
- Moyen, Jan van der
- Paolo, Giovanni di
- Pesellino, Francesco
- Piermatteo d'Amelia
- Pinturicchio, Bernardino
- Planche, Raphael de la
- Pollaiolo, Piero del
- Pourbus, Frans, the Younger
- Raphael
- Rembrandt
- Rimini, Giuliano da
- Robbia, Andrea della
- Robbia, Giovanni della
- Roman: Unknown Artist
- Rossetti, Dante Gabriel
- Rubens, Peter Paul
- Ruskin, John
- Ryonyu, Raku
- Sargent, John Singer
- Schongauer, Martin
- Seisai
- Spanish: Unknown Artist
- Taikan, Yokoyama
- Terilli, Francesco
- Tibetan: Unknown Artist
- Tiegen, Jan van
- Tiepolo, Giovanni Domenico
- Tintoretto, Domenico
- Titian
- Tsunenobu, Kano
- Tura, Cosmè
- Turkish: Unknown Artist
- Turner, J.M.W.
- Uccello, Paolo
- Vasari, Giorgio
- Velázquez, Diego
- Vermeer, Johannes
- Veronese, Paolo
- Voerman, Jan I
- Whistler, James McNeill
- Zorn, Anders
- Zurbarán, Francisco de
- Browse Genres
Related Artwork
Lamentation over the Dead Christ
about 1503-1505
Oil on poplar panel, 23.58 x 28.8 cm (9 5/16 x 11 5/16 in.)
Genre: European Art, Paintings
Location: Raphael Room
Accession Number: P16e3
This small panel originally formed part of the predella of an altarpiece Raphael painted for the convent of Sant'Antonio in Perugia. The main panel depicting the Virgin and Child enthroned and surrounded by saints is in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, which also owns a panel from the predella. Other parts of the predella are in the National Gallery, London, and the Dulwich Picture Gallery. The altarpiece is a youthful work by Raphael, done at a time when he was emerging as a rival to Perugino, who had been a strong influence on him.
In this painting, Raphael arranged six figures in an easily read composition, each figure varied in action but united in sympathetic attention to the dead Christ. Saint John and the Virgin Mary tenderly support Christ in the center on a slightly elevated grassy mound. Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus, who brought Christ down from the cross, stand behind to frame the group. At the right, Mary Magdalene kneels to kiss Christ's foot. Even in this early work, Raphael imbues his figures with the empathy and sweetness beloved in his later paintings.
When Berenson brought this painting to Mrs. Gardner's attention, she immediately bought it. A few years before, he had warned her not to buy the central panel of the altarpiece, judging it to be for the most part by Raphael's workshop (it was acquired by J. P. Morgan). Like many collectors of her time, she coveted most a Raphael Madonna, but she was never able to acquire one. The work had a series of especially distinguished owners: Queen Christina of Sweden owned it between 1663 and 1689; in 1721, it was bought by the duke of Orléans, regent of France, who also owned Titian's Europa; later belonged to the English portraitist Thomas Lawrence.
Source: Richard Lingner, "Pietà," in Eye of the Beholder, edited by Alan Chong et al. (Boston: ISGM and Beacon Press, 2003): 77.
Predella panel from an altarpiece for the convent of Sant' Antonio da Padova, Perugia about 1503-1506. (panels include National Gallery, London, 2919; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 16.30 and 32.130.1; Dulwich Picture Gallery, London, 241 and 243)
The complete predella sold by the convent, separately from the altarpiece, on 7 June 1663 to Queen Christina of Sweden (1629–1689), through Cardinal Decio Azzolini, Rome (1623–1689). Collection of Cardinal Decio Azzolini (1623–1689) by inheritance from Queen Christina.
By inheritance to his nephew, Marchese Pompeo Azzolini, Rome (d. 1696).
Purchased by Prince Livio Odescalchi, Rome (d. 1713) in 1696.
By inheritance to Baldasarre Erba Odescalchi, Rome (d. 1746).
Purchased by Phillipe Duc d'Orléans, Regent of France, Galerie Orléans, Paris (d. 1723) in 1721 through Pierre Crozat (d. 1740).
By inheritance to Louis Duc d'Orléans, Paris (d. 1752).
By inheritance to Louis-Philippe Duc d'Orléans, Paris (d. 1785).
By inheritance to Louis-Philippe-Joseph Duc d'Orléans, Paris (d. 1793).
Purchased by François-Louis-Joseph de Laborde-Méréville, Paris later London (d. 1801) in 1792 through Édouard de Walkuers, Paris.
Consigned to Jeremiah Harman, London (d. 1844) in 1798.
Purchased by the consortium of Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater, Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle and George Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland.
Purchased by Chevalier Féréol de Bonnemaison (d. 1827), director of restorations of paintings at the Louvre from the Duc d'Orléans sale at Peter Coxe, Burrell and Foster, London on 14 February 1800, lot 43.
Collection of Count Carl Rechberg, Munich by 1820.
Collection of Sir Thomas Lawrence (1769-1830), English painter and collector.
Purchased by the dealer John Seguier, London at the Lawrence sale Christie's, London on 15 May 1830, lot 125 for £131.
Collection of Mark Anthony Whyte, Barron Hill, Staffordshire by 1854.
By inheritance to M. H. Dawson, London.
Purchased by Isabella Stewart Gardner from the art dealers Colnaghi & Co., London on 17 November 1900 for $24,277 through Bernard Berenson (1865–1959), American art historian.
- Peter Coxe, Burrell, and Foster. Catalogue of the Remaining Part of the Orleans' Collection of Italian Paintings,... (London, 14 February 1800), p. 6, lot 43.
- Christies. A Catalogue of the Valuable Collection of Paintings, by Ancient and Modern Masters, of Sir Thomas Lawrence,... (London, 15 May 1830), p. 125, lot. 125.
- J. A. Crowe and G. B. Cavalcaselle. Raphael: His Life and Works, vol. 1 (London, 1882), pp. 236, 238.
- J. P. Richter, "The Old Masters at Burlington House," Art Journal (March 1902), p. 83.
- Catalogue. Fenway Court. (Boston, 1903), p. 9.
- Philip Hendy. Catalogue of Exhibited Paintings and Drawings (Boston, 1931), pp. 282-83. (as 1503-1505)
- Gilbert Wendel Longstreet and Morris Carter. General Catalogue (Boston, 1935), p. 117. (as about 1504)
- Morris Carter. "Mrs. Gardner & The Treasures of Fenway Court" in Alfred M. Frankfurter (ed.). The Gardner Collection (New York, 1946), p. 60, ill. 59.
- Oskar Fischel. Raphael (Berlin, 1962), p. 33, fig. 37c.
- Pierluigi de Vecchi. The complete paintings of Raphael (New York, 1966), pp. 92-93, cat. 42F.
- A.P. Oppé. Raphael (London, 1970), pl. 29.
- George L. Stout. Treasures from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum (Boston, 1969), pp. 114-15. (as 1503-1505)
- John Pope-Hennessy. Raphael: The Wrightsman Lectures (New York, 1970), pp. 134-136, 278, fig 120.
- Luitpold Dussler. Raphael: A critical catalogue of his pictures wall-paintings and tapestries (London, 1971), p. 15, pl. 40.
- Burton B. Fredericksen and Federico Zeri. Census of Pre-Nineteenth-Century Italian Paintings in North American Public Collections (Cambridge, 1972), p. 172.
- Philip Hendy. European and American Paintings in the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum (Boston, 1974), pp. 193-95. (as 1503-1506)
- Everett Fahy. "Italian Paintings at Fenway Court" in James Thomas Herbert Baily (ed.). The Connoisseur: An Illustrated Magazine for Collectors, Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum (London, 1978), p. 36, 39-41, fig. B, 16.
- David Alan Brown. "Berenson and Mrs. Gardner: The Connoisseur, the Collector and the Photograph." Fenway Court (1978), pp. 24-29, no. 3.
- Konrad Oberhuber. "The Colonna Altarpiece in the Metropolitan Museum and Problems of the Early Style of Raphael." Metropolitan Museum Journal 12 (1978), pp. 55-91.
- John La Farge and August F. Jaccaci (eds.). Noteworthy Paintings in American Private Collections. vol. 1. (New York, 1909, reprint 1979), pp. 28-29, ill.
- Rollin van N. Hadley. Museums Discovered: The Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum (Boston, 1981), 56-57. (as 1503-1506)
- Konrad Oberhuber. Raffaello (Milan, 1982), p. 185, cat. 8. (as about 1501-1502)
- Jean-Pierre Cuzin. Raphael: His Life and Works (Secaucus, New Jersey, 1983), pp. 36, 42, fig. 37.
- David Alan Brown. Raphael and America. Exh. cat. (Washington: National Gallery, 1983), pp. 52, 59-62, fig. 31.
- S. Ferino Pagden. "The Early Raphael and His Umbrian Contemporaries" in Raphael Before Rome. Studies in the History of Art, vol. 17 (Washington, National Gallery of Art, 1986), pp.103-105, fig. 26.
- Rollin van N. Hadley (ed.). The Letters of Bernard Berenson and Isabella Stewart Gardner 1887-1924 (Boston, 1987), pp. 231-33, 235, 237, 245-46, 248, 260, 262-63, 296.
- Hilliard Goldfarb et al. Italian Paintings and Drawings Before 1800 in the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum. Unpublished manuscript. (Boston, 1996-2000). (as about 1504)
- Rudolf Hiller von Gaertringen. Raffaels Lernerfahrungen in der Werkstatt Peruginos (Munich, 1999), p.54. (as about 1503-1504)
- Jürg Meryer zur Capellen. Raphael: A Critical Catalogue of His Paintings. Vol. 1. (Münster, 2001), pp. 172-185, cat. 17E. (as 1505)
- Alan Chong et al. (eds.) Eye of the Beholder: Masterpieces from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum (Boston, 2003), pp. 76-77. (as about 1503-1505)
- Laura Teza and Mirko Santanicchia. Pietro Vannucci il Perugino. (Perugia, 2004), pp. 311, 324, fig. 18.
- Carol Plazzatto in Hugo Chapman, et al. Raphael from Urbino to Rome. Exh. cat. (London: National Gallery, 2004), pp. 150-55, cat. 42. (as 1504-1505)
- Linda Wolk-Simon. Raphael at the Metropolitan: The Colonna Altarpiece. Exh. cat. in The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin (Spring 2006), pp. 11, 65, cat. 1E, fig. 8, 11, 32. (as about 1504-5)


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Distance Night at the Prefontaine Classic
EUGENE, Ore. — Last year, Chris Solinsky ran his first-ever 10,000 meter race on the track. What a debut. He became the first American to break 27 minutes, finishing in 26:59.60.
So when meet organizers let it drop earlier this week that Solinsky would be joining what was already an incredible field for the Pre Classic 10k here Friday night, the American track cognoscenti got all geeked up. And for good reason.


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Iain Duncan Smith was once more on the attack this morning against critics of the government's work experience scheme, under which young people are told to sign up to a four-week placement at one of a range of businesses or lose their benefits.
The scheme has been controversial for two reasons. One is that it meant young people who were claiming benefits while looking for a job were not able to do work experience in their own chosen field; instead they had to go on a government-mandated scheme at a company such as Boots, McDonald's, Argos, Tesco or Primark. The second is it meant some of the countries' biggest companies profiting from free labour, which is why one activist referred to it this morning as "slavery".
Writing in the Daily Mail, the work and pensions secretary has dismissed such criticisms however, saying:
Armed with an unjustified sense of superiority and sporting an intellectual sneer, we find a commentating elite which seems determined to belittle and downgrade any opportunity for young people that doesn't fit their pre-conceived notion of a 'worthwhile job'.


text:
so i went to get fugitives and refugees yesterday (belated because im an idiot) and it took me about 20 minutes to find it. maybe its just me, but when there is a table that says "new books" i would imagine that chuck's new book would be right there, but it wasn't. i frantically searched the store with no luck and the more time passed my worries grew; had they not gotten it yet? why don't they have a huge display dedicated to him? what the fuck is going on here??? i was ready to burn down the place after a woman pointed me toward the travel section still with no luck. i found another employee who brought me over to the travel section again where i did indeed find the book finally.
I'm not sure if I am pissed at the store for not putting it with the rest of his books or at Chuck for not just writing "fiction" on the side to make it easier to find (im not actually pissed at chuck). i am mad that they didnt have it upfront; they did have a huge display for Harry Potter which is bullshit if you ask me. i was in a borders later and they had the book with the rest of Chuck's books but they also didn't have it up front either so they suck too.
did anyone else have this problem?


text:
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First I turned off power at the service panel. Then, I pulled out the range and tried to remove the access panel. The screw which held the black lead from the incoming power to the range wiring terminal had broken loose from the mounting block. It had welded itself to the panel, so I had to pry it loose. I tried to reattach it to the mounting block, but the block was cracked.I turned on power at the service panel and used my digital multimeter to test the AC voltage of the receptacle to make sure it fell within the correct limits.When the new mounting block and power cord arrived, I removed the screw that held the broken mounting block to the back of the range. Then, I used a screwdriver to remove the leads that attached the old power cord to the broken mounting block and range wiring terminals. The screw and nuts which held the old black lead and range wiring terminal to the block were welded together. This was the most difficult part of the repair. I was able to back them off a little bit, but not enough to remove the range wiring terminal. While holding one end of the screw in the pliers, my Dad used the heavy duty cut off wheel on my Dremel tool to cut the screw in half and free the terminal.Then, we reversed the process to attach the new wiring block to the back of the range, incoming power cord to wiring terminals and range wiring. We plugged it back in and had it working before my dinner party.
Removed all terminals and block mounting screws. Repaired one burnt terminal and reassembled. Replacement part was an exact fit and reassembly whnet very well.
Removed the small metal panel covering the main power terminal in back of the electric range. Removed the nuts holding the red, white and black electrical wires from the range using the appropriate socket (there will be two nuts on each bolt end). Removed the two screws holding the main power terminal block with appropriate screw driver. Connect the new main power terminal block to the range using the two screws. Reconnect the red, black and white electrical wires coming from the range using one nut for each wire. IMPORTANT: do no over tighten the nuts because the bolts could snap. Reconnect the pigtail and secure the small metal panel covering the main power panel.
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We're starting a chic new series to highlight the Wedding Paper Divas blog team's bridal fashion favorites! Check back every Friday to see our latest style lusts and more.
Bright pops of yellow lit up the runways at New York Fashion Week for Spring 2012. This vibrant canary yellow hue is definitely a showstopper and would look stunning for a rehearsal dinner or engagement party. Let the dress be the focal point and pair it with nude or metallic heels and minimal jewlery.
On the runway:
L to R: Vera Wang, Bill Blass, Carolina Herrera
Our pick:


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The broken windows theory is a criminological theory of the norm-setting and signalling effect of urban disorder and vandalism on additional crime and anti-social behavior. The theory states that maintaining and monitoring urban environments in a well-ordered condition may stop further vandalism and escalation into more serious crime.
The theory was introduced in a 1982 article by social scientists James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling. Since then it has been subject to great debate both within the social sciences and in the public sphere. The theory has been used as a motivation for several reforms in criminal policy.
The broken windows theory has received support from several empirical studies and has also been the subject of criticism.
Article and crime preventionEdit
The broken windows theory was first introduced by social scientists James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling, in an article titled "Broken Windows" and which appeared in the March 1982 edition of The Atlantic Monthly.[1] The title comes from the following example:
Consider a building with a few broken windows. If the windows are not repaired, the tendency is for vandals to break a few more windows. Eventually, they may even break into the building, and if it's unoccupied, perhaps become squatters or light fires inside.
Or consider a pavement. Some litter accumulates. Soon, more litter accumulates. Eventually, people even start leaving bags of refuse from take-out restaurants there or even break into cars.
Before the introduction of this theory by Wilson and Kelling, Philip Zimbardo, a Stanford psychologist, arranged an experiment testing the broken-window theory in 1969. Zimbardo arranged for an automobile with no license plates and the hood up to be parked idle in a Bronx neighbourhood and a second automobile in the same condition to be set up in Palo Alto, California. The car in the Bronx was attacked by "vandals" within minutes of its "abandonment". Zimbardo noted that the first "vandals" to arrive were a family – a father, mother and a young son – who removed the radiator and battery. Within twenty four hours of its abandonment, everything of value had been stripped from the vehicle. After that, the car's windows were smashed in, parts torn, upholstery ripped, and children were using the car as a playground. At the same time, the vehicle sitting idle in Palo Alto, California sat untouched for more than a week. Then Zimbardo himself went up to the vehicle and deliberately smashed it with a sledgehammer. Soon after, people joined in for the destruction. Zimbardo observed that majority of the adult "vandals" in both cases were primarily well dressed, clean-cut and respectable whites. It is believed that in a neighborhood such as the Bronx where the history of abandoned property and theft are more prevalent, vandalism occurs much more quickly as the community gives off a "no one cares" vibe. Similar events can occur in any civilized community when communal barriers – the sense of mutual regard and obligations of civility – are lowered by actions that suggests "no one cares".[1]
The article received a great deal of attention and was very widely cited. A 1996 criminology and urban sociology book, Fixing Broken Windows: Restoring Order and Reducing Crime in Our Communities by George L. Kelling and a co-author Catharine Coles, is based on the article but develops the argument in greater detail. It discusses the theory in relation to crime and strategies to contain or eliminate crime from urban neighborhoods.[2]
A successful strategy for preventing vandalism, say the book's authors, is to fix the problems when they are small. Repair the broken windows within a short time, say, a day or a week, and the tendency is that vandals are much less likely to break more windows or do further damage. Clean up the sidewalk every day, and the tendency is for litter not to accumulate (or for the rate of littering to be much less). Problems do not escalate and thus respectable residents do not flee a neighborhood.
Although work done by the police is crucial towards crime prevention, Oscar Newman, in his 1972 book, Defensible Space, explained that the presence of the police authority is just not enough for a safe and crime-free city. People in the community also need to lend a hand towards crime prevention. The theory that Newman proposes is that people will take care of and protect their own spaces they feel they have an investment in, arguing that an area will eventually be safer if the people feel a sense of ownership and responsibility towards the area. The reason why broken windows and acts of vandalism are still prevalent is because communities simply do not seem to care for it. Regardless of how many times the windows have been repaired, the society still has to invest some of their time to keep it safe. The negligence of society towards any form of a "broken window" signifies the a lack of concern for the community. Newman states this as a clear sign that the society has accepted this disorder, allowing for the unrepaired broken windows to display the vulnerability and lack of defence against the situation.[3]
The theory thus makes two major claims: that further petty crime and low-level anti-social behavior will be deterred, and that major crime will be prevented as a result. Criticism of the theory has tended to focus only on the latter claim.
Many claim that informal social controls can be an effective strategy to reduce unruly behavior. Garland (2001) expresses that "community policing measures in the realization that informal social control exercised through everyday relationships and institutions is more effective than legal sanctions".[4] Informal social control methods, has demonstrated a "get tough" attitude by proactive citizens, and expresses a sense that disorderly conduct will not be tolerated. According to Wilson and Kelling, there are two types of groups involved in maintaining order, 'community watchmen' and 'vigilantes' (1982).[1] The United States has adopted in many ways policing strategies of old European times, and at that time informal social control was the norm, which gave rise to contemporary formal policing. Though, in earlier times, there were no legal sanctions to follow, informal policing was primarily 'objective' driven as stated by Wilson and Kelling (1982).
Wilcox et al. (2004) argue that improper land use can cause disorder, and the larger the public land is, the more susceptible to criminal deviance (p 186).[5] Therefore, nonresidential spaces such as businesses, may assume to the responsibility of informal social control "in the form of surveillance, communication, supervision, and intervention" (Wilcox et al., 2004.p 187). It is expected that more strangers will occupy the public land, creating a higher chance for disorder. Jane Jacobs can be considered one of the original pioneers of this perspective of "broken windows". Much of her book The Death and Life of Great American Cities focused on residents' and nonresidents' contributions to maintaining order on the street, and explains how local businesses, institutions, and convenience stores, provide a sense of having "eyes on the street."[6]
On the contrary, many residents feel that regulating disorder is not their responsibility. Wilson and Kelling found that studies done by psychologists suggests people often refuse to go to the aid of someone seeking help, not due to a lack of concern or selfishness "but the absence of some plausible grounds for feeling that one must personally accept responsibility" (1982).[1] On the other hand, others plainly refuse to put themselves in harm's way, depending on how grave they perceive the nuisance to be; a 2004 study observed that "most research on disorder is based on individual level perceptions decoupled from a systematic concern with the disorder-generating environment."[7]:319 Essentially, everyone perceives disorder differently, and can contemplate seriousness of a crime based on those perceptions. However, Wilson and Kelling feel that although community involvement can make a difference, "the police are plainly the key to order maintenance."[1]
Concept of "Fear"Edit
Ranasinghe argues that the concept of fear is a crucial element of broken windows theory, because it is the foundation upon which the theory is developed.[8]:65 She also adds that public disorder is "unequivocally constructed as problematic because it is a source of fear" (p67). Fear is elevated as perception of disorder rises; creating a social pattern that tears the social fabric of a community, and leaves the residents feeling hopeless and disconnected. Wilson and Kelling hint at the idea, but don't focus on its central importance. They indicate that fear was a product of incivility, not crime, and that people avoid one another in response to fear, weakening controls (Wil. & Kel.,1982).[1]
Critical developmentsEdit
In an earlier publication of The Atlantic released March, 1969, Wilson wrote an article indicating that police efforts had gradually shifted from maintaining order to fighting crime.[1] This indicated that order maintenance was something of the past, and soon it would seem as it has been put on the back burner. The shift was attributed to the rise of the social urban riots of the 1960s, and "social scientists began to explore carefully the order maintenance function of the police, and to suggest ways of improving it—not to make streets safer (its original function) but to reduce the incidence of mass violence".[1] Other criminologists argue between similar disconnections, for example, Garland argues that throughout the early and mid 20th century, police in American cities strived to keep away from the neighborhoods under their jurisdiction.[4] This is a possible indicator of the out of control social riots that were prevalent at that time. Still many would agree that reducing crime and violence begins with maintaining social control/order.
Jane Jacobs' The Death and Life of Great American Cities is discussed in detail by Ranasinghe, and its importance to the early workings of broken windows, and claims that Kelling's original interest in "minor offences and disorderly behaviour and conditions" was inspired by Jacobs' work.[6]:68 Ranasinghe includes that Jacobs' approach toward social disorganization was centralized on the "streets and their sidewalks, the main public places of a city" and that they "are its most vital organs, because they provide the principal visual scenes."[6]:378 Wilson and Kelling, as well as Jacobs, argue on the concept of civility (or the lack thereof) and how it creates lasting distortions between crime and disorder. Ranasinghe explains that the common framework of both set of authors is to narrate the problem facing urban public places. Jacobs, according to Ranasinghe, maintains that "Civility functions as a means of informal social control, subject little to institutionalized norms and processes, such as the law" 'but rather maintained through an' "intricate, almost unconscious, network of voluntary controls and standards among people … and enforced by the people themselves" (p72).[8]
Theoretical explanationEdit
The reason why the state of the urban environment may affect crime may be described as due to three factors:
- social norms and conformity,
- the presence or lack of routine monitoring, and
- social signaling and signal crime.
In an anonymous, urban environment, with few or no other people around, social norms and monitoring are not clearly known. Individuals thus look for signals within the environment as to the social norms in the setting and the risk of getting caught violating those norms; one of those signals is the area's general appearance.
Under the broken windows theory, an ordered and clean environment – one which is maintained – sends the signal that the area is monitored and that criminal behavior will not be tolerated. Conversely, a disordered environment – one which is not maintained (broken windows, graffiti, excessive litter) – sends the signal that the area is not monitored and that one can engage in criminal behavior with little risk of detection.
It is assumed that under this theory, the landscape "communicates" to people. A broken window transmits to criminals the message that a community displays a lack of informal social control and is therefore unable to or unwilling to defend itself against a criminal invasion. It is not so much the actual broken window that is important, but rather the message the people receive from the broken window. It is a symbol of defenselessness and vulnerability by the community and is a representation of the cohesiveness of the people within. Neighborhoods that have a strong sense of cohesion will fix broken windows and assert social responsibility upon themselves and effectively giving themselves control over their space. Although the theory puts significant emphasis on the built environment, human behavior must also be taken into consideration.[9]
Under the impression that a broken window left unfixed will lead to more serious problems in the future, residents will begin to change the way they see their community. In an attempt to stay safe, a cohesive community will start to fall apart as individuals start to spend less time within communal space to avoid potential violent attacks by strangers.[1] The slow deterioration of a community as a result of broken windows modifies the way people behave when it comes to their communal space which in turn leads to a breakdown of community control. As rowdy teenagers, drunks, panhandlers, addicts and prostitution slowly make their way into a community, it acts as a sign that the community is unable to assert informal social control and citizens become afraid that worse things will happen. As a result, they'll spend less time in the streets to avoid these subjects and feel a greater disconnect with their community over time should the problems persist. There will be times when such subjects are tolerated as certain individuals belong in the community and "know their place" but problems arise when outsiders begin to disrupt the cultural fabric of the community. This is the difference between what are known as "regulars" and "strangers" within a community. The way in which "regulars" act is representative of the culture within whereas "strangers" are seen as outsiders that don't belong.[9] Consequently, what used to be considered "normal" daily activities for residents now become uncomfortable as the culture of the community carries a different feel from what it once did.
With regards to social geography, the broken windows theory is a way of explaining people and their interactions with space. The culture of a community can deteriorate and change over time with the influence of unwanted people and behaviors changing the landscape. The theory can be seen as people shaping space as the civility and attitude of the community create spaces that are used for specific purposes by residents. On the other hand, it can also be seen as space shaping people with elements of the environment influencing and restricting our day-to-day decision making. However, with policing efforts to remove unwanted disorderly people that put fear in the public's eyes, the argument would seem to be in favor of "people shaping space" as public policies are enacted and help to determine how we are supposed to behave. All spaces have their own codes of conduct and what is considered to be right and normal will vary from place to place.
This concept also takes into consideration spatial exclusion and social division as certain people behaving in a given way are considered disruptive and therefore unwanted. It excludes people from certain spaces because their behavior doesn't fit the class level of the community and its surroundings. A community has its own standards and will communicate a strong message to criminals through social control that their neighborhood will not tolerate behavior that is below their level of standards. If however, a community isn't able to ward off would-be criminals on their own, then policing efforts will do their best to give a helping hand. By removing unwanted people from the streets, the residents will feel safer and have a higher regard for those that protect them. People of sub-standard civility who try to make a mark in the community will be removed as a result of this theory.[9] Excluding the unruly and people of certain social statuses is an attempt to keep the balance and cohesiveness of a community.
Support for the theoryEdit
New York CityEdit
The book's author, George L. Kelling, was hired as a consultant to the New York City Transit Authority in 1985, and measures to test the broken windows theory were implemented by David Gunn. The presence of graffiti was intensively targeted, and the subway system was cleaned from 1984 until 1990. Kelling has also been hired as a consultant to Boston's and Los Angeles's Police Departments.
In 1990, William J. Bratton became head of the New York City Transit Police. Bratton described George L. Kelling as his "intellectual mentor", and implemented zero tolerance of fare-dodging, easier arrestee processing methods and background checks on all those arrested. Republican Mayor Rudy Giuliani hired Bratton as his police commissioner who adopted the strategy more widely in New York City after Giuliani's election in 1993, under the rubrics of "quality of life" and "zero tolerance".
Influenced heavily by Kelling and Wilson's article, Giuliani was determined to put the theory into action. He set out to prove that New York's infamous image of being too big, too unruly, too diverse, too broke to manage, - was, in fact, manageable.[10]
Thus, Giuliani's "zero-tolerance" roll out was part of an interlocking set of wider reforms, crucial parts of which had been underway since 1985. Bratton had the police more strictly enforce the law against subway fare evasion, public drinking, urination, graffiti artists and the "squeegee men" who had been wiping windshields of stopped cars and demanding payment. Near the beginning, Bratton received criticism for his work for going after these "petty" crimes. The general statement towards this was "Why care about panhandlers, hookers, or graffiti artists when there are more serious crimes to be dealt with in the city?" The main notion of the broken window theory is that small crimes can make way for larger crimes. If the "petty" criminals are often overlooked and given space to do what they want, then their level of criminality might escalate from petty crimes to more serious offenses. Bratton's work is to attack while the offenders are still green, as it would prevent an escalation of criminal acts in the future.[10] According to the 2001 study of crime trends in New York by George Kelling and William Sousa,[11] rates of both petty and serious crime fell suddenly and significantly, and continued to drop for the following ten years.
Similar success occurred in Albuquerque, New Mexico in the late 1990s with its Safe Streets Program. Operating under the theory that American Westerners use roadways much in the same way that American Easterners use subways, the developers of the program reasoned that lawlessness on the roadways had much the same effect as the problem individuals in New York subways. This program was extensively reviewed by the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and published in a case study.[12]
Lowell, MassachusettsEdit
In 2005, Harvard University and Suffolk University researchers worked with local police to identify 34 "crime hot spots" in Lowell, Massachusetts. In half of the spots, authorities cleared trash, fixed streetlights, enforced building codes, discouraged loiterers, made more misdemeanor arrests, and expanded mental health services and aid for the homeless. In the other half, there was no change to routine police service.
The areas that received additional attention experienced a 20% reduction in calls to the police. The study concluded that cleaning up the physical environment is more effective than misdemeanor arrests, and that increasing social services had no effect.[13][14]
The NetherlandsEdit
In 2007 and 2008 Kees Keizer and colleagues from the University of Groningen conducted a series of controlled experiments to determine if the effect of existing disorder (such as litter or graffiti) increased the incidence of additional crime like stealing, littering or conducting other acts of antisocial behavior. They selected several urban locations which they then arranged in two different ways, at different times. In one condition—the control—the place was maintained orderly. It was kept free from graffiti, broken windows, etc. In the other condition—the experiment—exactly the same environment was arranged in a way where it looked like nobody monitored it and cared about it: windows were broken, graffiti were placed on the walls, among other things. The researchers then secretly monitored the locations to observe if people behaved differently when the environment was disordered. The results supported the theory. Their conclusion, published in the journal Science, was that:
One example of disorder, like graffiti or littering, can indeed encourage another, like stealing.[15][16]
Other advantagesEdit
Real estateEdit
Other side effects of better monitoring and cleaned up streets may well be desired by governments or housing agencies, as well as the population of a neighborhood: broken windows can count as an indicator of low real estate value, and may deter investors. Fixing windows is therefore also a step of real estate development, which may lead, desired or not, to gentrification. By reducing the amount of broken windows in the community, the inner cities would appear to be attractive to consumers with more capital. Ridding spaces like downtown New York and Chicago - notably notorious for criminal activity - of danger would draw in investment from consumers, increasing the city's economic status, providing a safe and pleasant image for present and future inhabitants.[17]
In the education realm, the broken windows theory is used to promote order in classrooms and school cultures. The belief is that students are signaled by disorder or rule-breaking and that they, in turn, imitate the disorder. Several school movements encourage strict paternalistic practices to enforce student discipline. Such practices include language codes (governing slang, curse words, or speaking out of turn), classroom etiquette (sitting up straight, tracking the speaker), personal dress (uniforms, little or no jewelry), and behavioral codes (walking in lines, specified bathroom times). Several schools have made remarkable strides in educational gains with this philosophy such as KIPP[citation needed] and American Indian Public Charter School.[citation needed]
From 2004 to 2006, Stephen B. Plank and colleagues from John Hopkins University conducted a correlational study to determine the degree to which the physical appearance of the school and classroom setting influence student behavior, particularly in respect to the variables concerned in their study: fear, social disorder, and collective efficacy.[18] They collected survey data administered to 6th-8th students by 33 public schools in a large mid-Atlantic city. From analyses of the survey data, the researchers determined that the variables concerning their study are statistically significant to the physical conditions of the school and classroom setting. Their conclusion, published in the American Journal of Education, was that:
...the findings of the current study suggest that educators and researchers should be vigilant about factors that influence student perceptions of climate and safety. Fixing broken windows and attending to the physical appearance of a school cannot alone guarantee productive teaching and learning, but ignoring them likely greatly increases the chances of a troubling downward spiral.[18]
Criticism of the theoryEdit
Other factorsEdit
Many critics state that there are factors, other than physical disorder, that more significantly influence crime rate. They argue that, in order to more effectively reduce crime rate, these factors should be paid more attention to or targeted instead.
According to a study conducted by Robert J. Sampson and Stephen W. Raudenbush, the premise that the broken windows theory operates on—that social disorder and crime are connected as part of a causal chain—is faulty. They argue that a third factor, collective efficacy, "defined as cohesion among residents combined with shared expectations for the social control of public space," is the actual cause of varying crime rates that are observed in an altered neighborhood environment. They also argue that the relationship between public disorder and crime rate is weak.[19]
C. R. Sridhar, in his article in the Economic and Political Weekly, also challenges the broken windows policing and the notion introduced in the annotated by Kelling and Bratton—that aggressive policing, such as the "zero tolerance" police strategy adopted by William Bratton, the appointed commissioner of the New York Police Department—is the sole cause of the decrease of crime rates in New York City.[20] This policy targeted people in areas with a significant amount of physical disorder and there appeared to be a causal relationship between the adoption of the aggressive policy and the decrease in crime rate. Sridhar, however, discusses other trends (such as New York City's economic boom in the late 1990s) that created a "perfect storm"—that they all contributed to the decrease of crime rate much more significantly than the application of the zero tolerance policy. Sridhar also compares this decrease of crime rate with other major cities that adopted other various policies, and determined that the zero tolerance policy is not as effectual.
Though, a larger concern lingers in terms of whether the broken windows theory is virtually an accepted means of explaining social unrest. A 2010 study questioned the legitimacy of the theory concerning the subjectivity of disorder as perceived by persons living in neighborhoods, particularly concentrating on whether citizens view disorder as a separate issue from crime or as identical to it. The study noted that crime cannot be the result of disorder if the two be identical, agreed that disorder provided evidence of "convergent validity", and concluded that broken windows theory misinterprets the relationship between disorder and crime.[21]
Implicit biasEdit
Based on common misconceptions by the masses, it is clearly implied that those who commit disorder and crime have a clear tie to groups suffering from financial instability and may be of minority status. R.J. Sampson argues that "The use of racial context to encode disorder does not necessarily mean that people are racially prejudiced in the sense of personal hostility" and notes that residents make a clear implication of who they believe is causing the disruption, which has been termed as implicit bias.[7]:320 He further states that research conducted on implicit bias and stereotyping of cultures suggests that community members hold unrelenting beliefs of African Americans and disadvantaged minority groups, associating them with crime, violence, disorder, welfare, and undesirability as neighbors.[7]:320 A later study indicated that this contradicted Wilson and Kelling's proposition that disorder is an exogenous construct that has independent effects on how people feel about their neighborhoods.[21]
According to most criminologists who speak of a broader "backlash",[22] the broken windows theory is not theoretically sound.[23] They claim that the "broken windows theory" closely relates correlation with causality, a reasoning which is prone to fallacy. David Thacher, assistant professor of public policy and urban planning at the University of Michigan, stated in a 2004 paper that:[23]
[S]ocial science has not been kind to the broken windows theory. A number of scholars reanalyzed the initial studies that appeared to support it.... Others pressed forward with new, more sophisticated studies of the relationship between disorder and crime. The most prominent among them concluded that the relationship between disorder and serious crime is modest, and even that relationship is largely an artifact of more fundamental social forces.
It has also been argued that rates of major crimes also dropped in many other U.S. cities during the 1990s, both those that had adopted "zero-tolerance" policies and those that had not.[24] In the Winter 2006 edition of the University of Chicago Law Review, Bernard Harcourt and Jens Ludwig looked at the later Department of Housing and Urban Development program that re-housed inner-city project tenants in New York into more orderly neighborhoods.[25] The broken windows theory would suggest that these tenants would commit less crime once moved, due to the more stable conditions on the streets. Harcourt and Ludwig found instead that the tenants continued to commit crime at the same rate.
In a 2007 study called "Reefer Madness" in the journal Criminology and Public Policy, Harcourt and Ludwig found further evidence confirming that mean reversion fully explained the changes in crime rates in the different precincts in New York during the 1990s[citation needed]. Further alternative explanations that have been put forward include the waning of the crack epidemic,[26] unrelated growth in the prison population due to Rockefeller drug laws,[26] and that the number of males aged 16–24 was dropping regardless due to the shape of the US population pyramid.[27]
Drawbacks in practiceEdit
A low-level intervention of police in neighborhoods has been considered problematic. Accordingly, Gary Stewart writes that "The central drawback of the approaches advanced by Wilson, Kelling, and Kennedy rests in their shared blindness to the potentially harmful impact of broad police discretion on minority communities."[28] This was seen by the authors, who worried that people would be arrested "for the 'crime' of being undesirable". According to Stewart, arguments for low-level police intervention, including the broken windows hypothesis, often act "as cover for racist behavior".[28]
The application of the broken windows theory in aggressive policing policies, such as William J. Bratton's zero-tolerance policy, has been shown to criminalize the poor and homeless. This is because the physical signs that characterize a neighborhood with the "disorder" that broken windows policing targets correlate with the socio-economic conditions of its inhabitants. Many of the acts that are considered legal, but "disorderly" are often targeted in public settings and are not targeted when conducted in private. Therefore, those without access to a private space are often criminalized. Critics such as Robert J. Sampson and Stephen Raudenbush of Harvard University see the application of the broken windows theory in policing as a war against the poor as opposed to a war against more serious crimes.[7]
In Dorothy Roberts' article, "Foreword: Race, Vagueness, and the Social Meaning of Order Maintenance and Policing," she focuses on problems of the application of the broken windows theory that lead to the criminalization of communities of color, who are typically disfranchised.[29] She underscores the dangers of vaguely written ordinances that allows for law enforcers to determine who engages in disorderly acts, which in turn produce a racially skewed outcome in crime statistics.[30]
According to Bruce D. Johnson, Andrew Golub, and James McCabe, the application of the broken windows theory in policing and policy-making can result in development projects that decrease physical disorder but promote undesired gentrification. Often, when a city is "improved" in this way, the development of an area can cause the cost of living to rise higher than residents can afford, thus forcing low income people, often minorities, out of the area. As the space changes, middle- and upper class, often white, people begin to move into the area, resulting in the gentrification of urban, low income areas. The local residents are affected negatively by this application of the broken windows theory, ending up evicted from their homes as if their presence indirectly contributed to the area's problem of "physical disorder".[29]
In popular pressEdit
In the best-seller More Guns, Less Crime (University of Chicago Press, 2000), economist John Lott, Jr. examined the use of the broken windows approach as well as community- and problem-oriented policing programs in cities over 10,000 in population over two decades. He found that the impacts of these policing policies were not very consistent across different types of crime. Lott's book has been subject to criticism, though other groups support Lott's conclusions.
In the best-seller Freakonomics, economist Steven D. Levitt and co-author Stephen J. Dubner both confirm and cast doubt on the notion that the broken windows theory was responsible for New York's drop in crime, arguing "the reality that the pool of potential criminals had dramatically shrunk", an alternative that Levitt had attributed in the Quarterly Journal of Economics to the legalization of abortion with Roe v. Wade, a decrease in the number of delinquents in the population-at-large one generation later.[31]
See alsoEdit
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling. BROKEN WINDOWS: The police and neighborhood safety. (PDF) URL accessed on 2007-09-03. (HTML version)
- ↑ George Kelling and Catherine Coles. Fixing Broken Windows: Restoring Order and Reducing Crime in Our Communities, ISBN 0-684-83738-2.
- ↑ Oscar Newman. "Defensible Space: Crime Prevention Through Urban Design", ISBN 0020007507.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Garland D (2001) The Culture of Control: Crime and Order in Contemporary Society. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
- ↑ Wilcox, P., Quisenberry, N., Cabrera, D. T., & Jones, S. (2004). BUSY PLACES AND BROKEN WINDOWS?: Toward Defining the Role of Physical Structure and Process in Community Crime Models. Sociological Quarterly, 45(2), 185-207.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Jacobs, J. (1961) The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Vintage Books.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Sampson, R. J., & Raudenbush, S. W. (2004). Seeing Disorder: Neighborhood Stigma and the Social Construction of "Broken Windows". Social Psychology Quarterly, 67(4), 319-342.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Ranasinghe, P. (2012). Jane Jacobs' framing of public disorder and its relation to the 'broken windows' theory. Theoretical Criminology, 16(1), 63-84.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Steve Herbert & Elizabeth Brown, Conceptions of Space and Crime in the Punitive Neoliberal City. Antipode, Vol. 38, No. 4 (September, 2006), pp. 755–777.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Adams, Joan. "The "Broken Windows" Theory" (2006) [Requires UBC account]
- ↑ Corman, Hope. Carrots, Sticks and Broken Windows (2002) [Requires washington.edu account]
- ↑ U.S. Department of Transportation - NHTSA - Albuquerque Police Department's SAFE STREETS PROGRAM DOT HS 809 278
- ↑ Suffolk University – Research Boosts Broken Windows. URL accessed on 2009-02-20.
- ↑ includeonly>Johnson, Carolyn Y.. "Breakthrough on 'broken windowsTemplate:'-", The Boston Globe, 2009-02-08. Retrieved on 2009-02-20.
- ↑ Keizer, K (2008). The Spreading of Disorder. Science 322 (5908): 1681–5.
- ↑ includeonly>"Can the can – Nov 20th 2008", The Economist, 2008-11-20. Retrieved on 2008-11-24.
- ↑ Bernard L. Harcourt and Jens Ludwig. Broken Windows: New Evidence from New York City and a Five-City Social Experiment. (PDF)
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Plank, Stephen B., Bradshaw, Catherine P., Young, Hollie (1 February 2009). An Application of "Broken‐Windows" and Related Theories to the Study of Disorder, Fear, and Collective Efficacy in Schools. American Journal of Education 115 (2): 227–247.
- ↑ Sampson, Robert J., Raudenbush, Stephen W. (1 November 1999). Systematic Social Observation of Public Spaces: A New Look at Disorder in Urban Neighborhoods. American Journal of Sociology 105 (3): 603–651.
- ↑ Sridhar, C.R. (13-19). Broken Windows and Zero Tolerance: Policing Urban Crimes. Economic and Political Weekly 41 (19): 1841–1843.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Gau, J. M., & Pratt, T. C. (2010). Revisiting Broken Windows Theory: Examining the Sources of the Discriminant Validity of Perceived Disorder and Crime. Journal Of Criminal Justice, 38(4), 758-766.
- ↑ The term "backlash" refers to the wave of "tough-on-crime" policies in the U.S. beginning in the 1980s.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Thacher, David. (2004) "Order Maintenance Reconsidered".
- ↑ Bernard E. Harcourt, "Illusion of Order: The False Promise of Broken Windows Policing" (Harvard 2001) ISBN 0-674-01590-8.
- ↑ Harcourt, Bernard E., Ludwig, Jens (2006). Broken Windows: New Evidence from New York City and a Five-City Social Experiment. University of Chicago Law Review 73.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Metcalf, Stephen The Giuliani Presidency? A new documentary makes the case against the outsized mayor.. URL accessed on 2007-09-03.
- ↑ Levitt, Steven D. (2005). Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything, New York, NY: HarperCollins.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 Gary Stewart, Black Codes and Broken Windows: The Legacy of Racial Hegemony in Anti-Gang Civil Injunctions. The Yale Law Journal, Vol. 107, No. 7 (May, 1998), pp. 2249–2279.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 Johnson, Bruce D., Golub, Andrew, McCabe, James (1 February 2010). The international implications of quality‐of‐life policing as practiced in New York City. Police Practice and Research 11 (1): 17–29.
- ↑ Roberts, Dorothy (Spring 1999). Foreword: Race, Vagueness, and the Social Meaning of Order-Maintenance Policing. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 89: 775–836.
- ↑ [1]
Further readingEdit
- Eli B. Silman. NYPD Battles Crime: Innovative Strategies in Policing. Northeastern University Press, 1999.
- William J. Bratton. Turnaround: How America's Top Cop Reversed the Crime Epidemic. Random House, 1998.
- Wesley G. Skogan. Disorder and Decline: Crime and the Spiral of Decay in American Neighborhoods. University of California Press, 1990.
- John E. Eck & Edward R. Maguire, "Have Changes in Policing Reduced Violent Crime?" in Alfred Blumstein and Joel Wallman, eds. The Crime Drop in America, rev. ed. Cambridge University Press, 2006.
- Malcolm Gladwell. The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. Back Bay Books, 2002. ISBN 0-316-34662-4
External linksEdit
- Legal Affairs magazine – a review of the criticisms of the broken windows theory.
- Shattering "Broken Windows": An Analysis of San Francisco's Alternative Crime Policies. – An Article by Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice detailing crime reduction in San Francisco achieved via alternative crime policies.
- Community Policing Defined - an article explaining the philosophy and method of community policing.
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).


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The Peace and Social Justice minor will empower you to work for change. You will learn to examine the theories and practices that inform social justice causes, such as racial equality, human rights, gender equity, freedom of gender expression, conservation of the environment, economic equality, and an end to poverty and violence. In addition you will put your learning into action by getting involved in a campaign for social justice.
Our offerings in Peace and Social Justice will allow you to explore the complexity of social justice issues, identify the roots of inequality, introduce you to a broad range of social justice practices and strategies, and prepare your for advocacy and activism. Through coursework, you will gain a deeper understanding of the possibilities and limitations of individual action in addressing social problems and of the importance of collective action and coalition building. Through engagement with social movements and efforts for justice both historically and today, you can begin to build the skills to become an effective advocate for creating a more just world.
Our program emphasizes active learning. We involve our students in ongoing struggles to define and achieve social justice locally and globally. Students who minor in Peace and Social Justice Studies are encouraged to explore opportunities relevant to the minor through fieldwork, experiential learning, internships, and study abroad. The program is enriched through our partnership with Service, Spirituality and Social Responsibility and the Marshall Multicultural Center, which provide advising, on and off-campus programs and assistance in identifying internships and other forms of experiential learning.


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Does this mean that we've seen the last of JJ as a Pacer?
Printable View
Does this mean that we've seen the last of JJ as a Pacer?
Either him or Ron. Probably him.
I hope not :(
I think its according to what he's offered elsewhere. If New Orleans(for example) offers him 3-4 M a yr the Pacers may not want to match it.
I think so...but I hope not.
I think it would be good to keep him, gives Granger some competition for minuates.
If we lose him it will be the only bad part of drafting Granger, the fact we might lose such a quality player and person on the team. But hey, Granger isn't a bad compramise...
Doubt it, aren't all the Pacer Franchise High on this Kid, I think he's a Stayer, they make room for him, if anything I think Jack'll be the First to Go
JJ is cool but if he can get more experience somewhere else than he should go. I wish he'd stay but contrary to what a lot of you believe it would not be the end of the world. I met James Jones a few times this year and I was so impressed at how nice and friendly he was and I would love for him to remain a Pacer but he needs to do what is best for him.
Wow...really? Just curious but why is that?Quote:
Originally Posted by GO!!!!!
Why would we get rid of our starting SG to make room for another SF? If anything it will be Bender gone. Lately with all the LA rumors I didn't want Bender to go but since we got Granger I could care less. Bender can get the hell out of Indiana for whatever someone will give us.Quote:
Originally Posted by GO!!!!!
It would be great to keep JJ, he progressed so much this year, but unless we do something with the logjam at the forward spot, by doing something with Cro, and or Bender, then I'm not sure where he'll get too many minutes, unless a trade is still going to happen.
At least it will keep the rest of the offseason interesting
I have no real concrete evidence I just imagine he's the most expendable Sure he has a Nasty Edge that works well when Kept in tact but i wonder what he's like in the Locker-room, If Granger plays well I can see Jack getting traded mid season, a little bit more then Ron really, he was the last person acquired by the team and his role was back up to Reggie and now he might hit the starting line-up, even then I think he is best suited to 6th Man Tasks, he's like Ron Mercer in a couple ways ( I Think), If Granger cracks the starting line up next to Tins and Artest then I really could see Jack out the doorQuote:
Originally Posted by rommie
I don't think there will be a trade of eather right now, this year unless something surprising happens, JJ and Granger are both on Rookie contracts still and can't really go anywhere and have to be content with the PT they will be getting
for the PG,SG,SF we have
PG Tinsley/AJ/Freddie
SG Jax,Artest,Freddie,Granger
SF Artest,Jax,Granger,JJ,Bender
I really see that after Ron, Jax has the highest trade value and could be in demand by more teams then anyone else and if was to get a C or a future Lottery pick for him I woulden't be upset
Artest can play both SG/SF, we lose 3's if he plays SG but gain 3's at SF, it's tough..
Winning is all about Match Ups and I can see winners in every combo we can put out on the floor
Just a Thought..
JJ is a restricted FA and no longer on a rook contract.
I remain solid on the fact that JJ will move to the 2, he's a pure shooter and likely will be a nice matchup problem there.
JJ hs learned a lot from Reg this past year and will continue to get better, afaik the org is very high on him
I hope we keep JJ, if we don't I think that he will become of mythical proportions such as Brad Miller; we will all scratch our heads adn crinkle our brows in question after a game deciding shot doesn't fall in our favor and say 'What if?...'.
I don't see why they can't keep everybody, at least for the moment.
Just take the 15 man roster from the end of the season and replace Miller/Edwards with Artest/Granger and let them compete. :shrug:
The question is whether JJ will return now that we have Granger.Quote:
Originally Posted by dannyboy
Yea i think so to... but we do get something very very much better in return
so where does this leave fred jones? Man we are so DEEP! that will work wonders in the playoffs.
I'm sayin they can just keep them all and wave bye-bye to Edwards. I think Jones is a restricted free agent, which means the Pacers can match any offer he gets (someone correct me if I'm wrong). They can either just keep him and let those guys compete for minutes and the most deserving players will play, or they can put together a 3 for 1 type trade involving Jones (or someone else, opening up minutes for both him and Granger).Quote:
Originally Posted by Anthem
I don't think anybody on this team that plays the 3 is safe from trade -- not even Granger.
I'm with gniknave on this one. Bird's "noone is safe" comment made me think that.
Depth is overrated.Quote:
Originally Posted by J33J
I like that idea - but is it realistic? Can JJones play D at the SG spot?Quote:
Originally Posted by able
I think Freddie will be gone, if its got to be someone. Wait a minute, is that possible with his contact?
Can someone tell me why Edwards is on the roster? We have 4 Centers to rotate in and out....why keep him?Quote:
Originally Posted by dannyboy
JJ is a Restricted FA...so we can match.
I would love to keep JJ...but I'm wondering how the minutes will be split up. I love the depth....but how are we gonna split 96 minutes of playing time?
SG - SJax / Freddie / Granger
SF - Artest / JJ / Granger
The problem is that I can't figure out how to give meaningful minutes to all 5 of them ( unless the minutes for SJax and Artest are cut down to about 28mpg )?
Odd man out...I would say that we let JJ go to another team. I would argue that we may not need JJ as much as we would need Freddie....IF we follow a SG/SF rotation of:
- SJax ( playing the majority of his minutes as the starting SG )
- Freddie ( playing all of his minutes as the 2nd-string backup SG )
- Granger ( playing a small # of his minutes as the 3rd-string backup SG...if needed )
- Artest ( playing all of his minutes as the starting SF )
- Granger ( playing the majority of his minutes as the 2nd-string backup SF )
- SJax ( playing a small # of minutes as the 3rd-string backup SF...if needed )
The flexiblility of SJax/JJ/Granger allows us to have them play multiple positions...but at this point...I am more excited about having Granger as the backup SF then having JJ be the backup SF.


text: Each Friday before the ALA Conference, the Independent Reference Publishers Group (IRPG) gets together to have a program and discussion of issues surrounding reference publishing. The ALA Annual meeting was no exception. A large group of publishers and librarians gathered to figure out, "how did we get here?" A panel of librarians, LIS instructors, reference contributors, and wholesalers, organized by Peter Tobey at Salem Press, presented some thoughts and challenges for reference content and reference publishing. A summary of these comments is below. The panelists included: Buffy Hamilton, a teacher/librarian from Creekview H.S. in Canton, GA and blogger at The Unquiet Librarian and 1/4 blogger for Libraries and Transliteracy; Sue Polanka (me); Dave Tyckoson, Associate Dean of the Madden Library, CSU – Fresno; Bernadette Low, a frequent contributor to reference content from the Community College of Baltimore City; William Taylor, Manager, Continuations iSelect (R) and Standing Orders at Ingram Content Group; and Jessica Moyer, a doctoral candidate in literacy education at the U of Minnesota and instructor of a MLIS reference course. Continue reading Independent Reference Publishers Group (IRPG) Meeting Summary – ALA Conference


text:
That brings me to my question at hand. There were and still are many instances when I needed to add, subtract, multiply etc. fractions and was too lazy or forgetful to do the calculations on paper. I work in the construction trade (mostly plumbing and electrical) and frequently I deal with fractions regarding measured distances. I have successfully written a very verbose and basic fraction calculator in Python.
The current program just consists of inputting the first fraction, selecting add or subtract, inputting the second fraction and finally it returns the calculation. Pretty simple, right? I recently implemented the Android UI menus to select what the first fraction would be.
- Code: Select all
title = 'First Frac Denominator Range'
droid.dialogSetSingleChoiceItems(['1/2', 'Thirds', 'Fourths', 'Eighths', 'Sixteenths'])
result = droid.dialogGetResponse().result
ffdr = droid.dialogGetSelectedItems().result
for num1 in ffdr:
if num1 == 0:
showfrac = str('1/2')
frts() #frts() is a function that just displays the showfrac str
firstot = float(.50)
elif num1 == 1:
title = 'Thirds'
droid.dialogSetSingleChoiceItems(['1/3', '2/3'])
result = droid.dialogGetResponse().result
thirds = droid.dialogGetSelectedItems().result
for tnum1 in thirds:
if tnum1 == 0:
showfrac = str('1/3')
firstot = float(.33)
elif tnum1 == 1:
showfrac = str('2/3')
firstot = float(.66)
That is a brief incomplete example of what I have. It coverts whatever fraction into a float. I won't show the entire script because it is long. Then it asks if you want to add or subtract. After that it asks for the second fraction in the same manner but it only deals with 1/2, 3rds, 4ths, 8ths and 16ths. It will either add or subtract the two float values and with a long series of if and elif statements convert the result back to a str.
- Code: Select all
if total_of_two == 0.125:
answer = str('1/8')
elif total_of_two == .50:
answer = str('1/2')
Pretty inefficient way of doing it but it works. Ok FINALLY on to my REAL question. How could I incorporate whole numbers to accompany the fraction and calculation? I have read the Python Docs regarding the "fractions" module and I couldn't gather any answer from that. BTW, I'm currently using Python 2.6.2. I tried an if statement that would give me the left over numbers if the total was > 1 but I'm lost when it comes to trying to work with values > 1.
I appreciate any help and I'm not afraid to ask. I was not born with the knowledge of Python in my head lol. Before learning Python I had some experience with BASIC which helped me understand a little about programming but after learning that 13 years ago in high school my brain is rusty. Thanks for reading!


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Serves 24.
Marbleize 2 colors of fondant, or white and a colored fondant, as desired. Roll a 6 to 8-in. long x 3/8 in wide fondant rope. Twist and curl rope in desired shape; allow to dry on cornstarch-dusted cake circle, supporting heads, tails, etc. in a lifted position with pieces of crumpled aluminum foil. Roll 1/16 in. balls of white fondant eyes; attach to snakes with damp brush; let dry. Use FoodWriter marker to add black dot pupils.
Bake and cool a 2-layer 9-in. round cake. Stack cooled cake layers on a foil-wrapped cake board using buttercream icing as a filling; spatula ice stacked cake with green buttercream.
Tint buttercream icing 3-4 different shades of green. Place in decorating bags fitted with Tip 233; cover top of cake with varying shaded patches of pull-out grass. Add pull-out grass bottom border on cake. Arrange fondant snakes in the grass.


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Meatless Monday is a global movement, a way of life. It's not a campaign to turn everyone in the world vegetarian or vegan; in fact, many involved are meat-lovers. Eating less meat has been proven to reduce the risk of disease, curb obesity and has important environmental impacts, too. Will you join us in giving up meat, just for one day a week?
In most circles, it's likely you won't get away with a vegetarian entree for Thanksgiving. Everyone expects a turkey and those who go meatless can fill up on green bean casserole and sweet potatoes. But Thanksgiving appetizers are a different story. An entire appetizer spread can be meatless and no one will notice. Expect to hear squeals of glee accompanied by comments like, "Ohhh, is that spinach-artichoke dip?" (Which is much nicer to hear than "Where's the stinking turkey?!)
Use a food processor to whip up Giada's White Bean Dip (pictured above) in seconds; serve it with warm, homemade pita chips, or if you're pressed for time (and oven space) use store-bought pita chips or crudites. You can save yourself even more time by making the dip the day before Thanksgiving.
Alton's Hot Spinach-Artichoke Artichoke Dip is made in the microwave so it's ready in minutes. Make extra — this tends to be everyone's favorite appetizer so expect it to be devoured. And if it's not, serve the leftovers for Thanksgiving dinner, part 2 (this happens at around 10pm on Thanksgiving night at my house), or use it as a sandwich spread for leftovers sandwiches.
Make a pot of Butternut Squash Soup (use vegetable broth instead of chicken to make it meatless) and set out bowls of spiced nuts, dried cranberries, chopped apples and crystallized ginger so guests can top their soup as the like.
Many stuffed mushroom recipes rely on meat (like sausage or pancetta) for flavor but Giada makes her Stuffed Mushrooms simply with just garlic, Parmesan cheese, fresh herbs and bread crumbs — no one will miss the meat.
If you know a single person out there who doesn't love baked brie, let me know because I don't believe brie-haters exist. This extra-gooey version is made with a sticky-sweet maple pecan praline topping.
Debi and Gabriele would like to remind you that bruschetta (pronounced "broo-skeh-tah") is, by definition, "a flame-toasted thick slice of bread dressed with any kind of sauce, topped with extra-virgin olive oil, some salt and some pepper." This means you're not limited to the tomato-basil combination everyone knows and loves; save that bruschetta for next year when tomatoes are in season again and top your toasted bread with savory wild mushrooms instead.
Hungry for more vegetarian Thanksgiving recipes? Browse our 20 Thanksgiving-worthy meatless recipes, sure to please even the carnivores at your table.


text:
Building a Better future
Working with extraordinary women and children
in Swaziland. Positive Women is supporting them in
changing their lives.
33% of females13-24 yearsreported sexual violence before 18 years of age
15 percent of the total population are orphans
65 percent of the population live inextreme poverty
Life expectancy is estimtated at 37-47 years
15% of thepopulationwithout a safe placeto go to the toilet
Under 5 mortality 73 per 1000
Girls can marry at the age of 13 years
Over 25% of people between 15 and 49were living withHIV/AIDS in 2007
Women are legal minorsto thier husbands'Martial Power


text:
Aubrey Organics -- Seaware with Rosa Mosqueta Facial Cleansing Cream
If you go to the site and read the user reviews, you'll see nothing but 5 out of 5 stars from every single person. That's fairly rare for anything that can reach 5 stars. Sophie mentioned this cream specifically for dry skin because it moisturizes as well as cleansing. Some key ingredients include: rose hip seed oil for moisturizing, nutrient-rich sea herbals for vitamins and all that good stuff, and soy protein for conditioning your skin.


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Topic: my dad has cc
my name is angelique. i've been reading many of your posts and have found them very helpful. my dad started chemo today. he found out he had cc two days ago. i'm trying to do everything i can to help him. i'm not ready to lose him yet. he is only 56 years old. i wish he could at least eat without throwing up because he's so skinny. when i hug him all i feel are his bones.


text:
chagan wrote:
Hey-nobody said that this was our last meal- just our last match If this were my last meal, I'd get a sack of whitecastles, some Thai iced tea, some Harvey's bristol cream, and Hershey's milk chocolate. With that match I'd light up a stogey after all was said and done. I'd kick back and watch the clouds drift by with visions of potato rolls in my head.
I was watching a show on death row inmates the other day and the most requested last meal is a cheeseburger. Thing is, few of them ever eat their last meal; passing on it when it arrives.


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text:
A Melbourne man who was punched in the face by a police officer has been awarded almost $130,000 in damages after a judge found his rights had been violated by the "insulting" attack.
Tim Vivoda was punched while in custody at the Ringwood police station in April 2008 after being found drunk in a public place.
He had been drinking at a friend's house when he wandered outside, fell over and injured himself, before being taken by police.
The officer who punched him, Senior Constable David Kealy, said he acted in self-defence, believing Mr Vivoda had been lunging to grab his pistol and knowing he had a previous conviction for assaulting police.
But the pistol was not in his holster at the time.
Mr Vivoda was charged with assaulting police but the charge was later dismissed.
He alleged the charge was brought against him for an improper purpose constituting malicious prosecution.
Mr Vivoda sued Sen Const Kealy and the state of Victoria for the psychological injury he suffered as well as medical expenses and loss of wages.
Judge Christopher O'Neill awarded Mr Vivoda $129,304 in damages, in the Victorian County Court on Thursday.
He said the officer's response was out of proportion to the threat he faced.
"Even accepting Mr Vivoda was intoxicated at the time and his behaviour somewhat unpredictable, the realistic prospect of him attempting to grab an officer's firearm was small," said Judge O'Neill.
He said the way Mr Vivoda was treated in the custody area of the police station, after the punch, was insulting and in contemptuous disregard of Mr Vivoda's rights.


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Coming soon
Now you can send your monetary contributions online
Mother's Day AD
Mother's Day AD will again be in the OWH
We have used billboards to get our message of the importance of life to Nebraskans the last few years.
Before that we listed all the names in a full-page ad in the Omaha World Herald and we will do it again this year. The Sunday OWH goes across Nebraska and it is a way that we show pro-life strength.
It is a wonderful opportunity for you to honor your own mother publicly. Please let us know if it is to be in the "Memorial" section for deceased moms. Each donor can use up to 27 typed spaces. Please use the form with this newsletter.
Will YOUR NAME be included?