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20 Questions for the New Spice Girlby Sara Levine in View All Posts, April 23rd, 2010
Janet Johnston's road to Food Network started two years ago, when Pat and Gina Neely headed to Denver for an episode of Road Tasted with the Neelys. They stopped in at Savory Spice Shop, which Janet owns with her husband, Mike.
The Johnstons and the Neelys hit it off right away, and since then Janet and Mike have guest-cheffed on episodes of Down Home with the Neelys and Paula's Best Dishes. It soon became clear that Janet's delicious spice-inspired food deserved a show of its own, and the idea for Spice & Easy was born. The new show premieres tomorrow morning at 9:30am/8:30c.
The Colorado shop owner and home cook films in her home kitchen as well as in the nearby Denver outpost of Savory Spice Shop. Janet couldn't be more excited to share her love of spices and cooking with Food Network fans: "We're having a little viewing party with our employees…It was my husband's excuse to buy a 55-inch TV!"
To get to know FN's newest star, read our 20 Questions for Janet Johnston.
1. What are five spices everyone needs in their pantry?
Can we eliminate salt and pepper? That just has to be a given; they are such important ingredients! Okay, then I'd start with a really good fresh ground cinnamon. I don't know if this is cheating, but seasonings and blends are really important—I'd do an Italian herb blend and a paprika-based barbecue blend. A really good vanilla extract. Lastly, a good seafood blend like some kind of a citrus pepper or garlic pepper—a pepper-based blend. Those are some great basics that will get you there. I carry almost 500 products so this is really hard for me!
2. What did you have for dinner last night?
I made leftovers with my carrot risotto. Wow, I'm glad I made a good dinner last night…if that was my frozen pizza night I would have been embarrassed! I made the risotto two nights ago for dinner, so with the leftovers I made patties that I folded around mozzarella cheese. I floured and panko-breaded them and gave them a light fry. Mike had three of them and they were the size of burgers!


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Elvis Writes to President Nixon
December 1970 — Washington, D.C.
Elvis Presley shot to fame during the 1950s, a time when America's classic values of family and morality were strong. His performances, with his hip-swinging moves, flew in the face of proper behavior. In many ways, he created rock-n-roll, but by the 1970s, the rock culture embodied protest, violence, and drugs. The Elvis of the 70s fell far behind the radical rock groups of the time, and Elvis himself openly disliked the new pop-culture, especially the drugs. Although he struggled with an addiction to prescription drugs, Elvis wanted to turn back the drug tide. In December 1970, Elvis wrote a letter to President Nixon offering his services as an undercover informer for the narcotics bureau. The men met and discussed ways Elvis's influence could be of use. Many accused Elvis of simply "badge collecting," but whatever his motives, Elvis was an all-American. Elvis used his music to promote America in a time when many sought to destroy it through violence and drugs.

subset: commoncrawl


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In January I almost lost it in front of a room full of sophomores.
I spoke at Wheaton's Sophomore Symposium, and it was a rather amazing day in several respects—from the thoughtful programming aimed at inspiring sophomores to avoid the traditional slump and explore life options; to the fact that some 100 or so sophomores opted in to this weekend programming; to the honor of being invited to tell the story of my linear then divergent paths; to the pleasure of interacting with a remarkably thoughtful, smart and mature group of students.
To take a few steps back: Wheaton was where my passion for studying music and psychology bloomed. And as I later progressed through my M.A., Ph.D., and postdoctoral fellowship, the notion that I had evolved into something of an academic poster child for the college was not lost on me. Let's be frank: I photograph and speak well, was pursuing an interesting interdisciplinary research trajectory, and was an active alum. The stars were aligned.


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One of the longest running celebrity-amateur golf tournaments in the country will continue this year with a new San Diego star at the helm.
NFL Hall of Famer Marshall Faulk has signed on to host the Celebrity Championship that was previously led by two former Chargers quarterbacks, Stan Humphries and Drew Brees. In its 15th year, the tournament will be played May 16-19 at the La Costa Resort and Spa.
The charitable beneficiaries of this year's event will include the foundations of Faulk and Junior Seau. Since its inception, the tournament has raised more than $1.2 million for local charities.
Faulk, the former San Diego State star, has played in the Celebrity Championship numerous times.
"It's a privilege for me because of my connection to San Diego," Faulk said in a released statement. "And I feel it's an important opportunity for me to help to continue Junior Seau's legacy of giving back to our youth in need."
The past winners include defending champion Rick Rhoden, Tony Romo, Jack Wagner and Trent Dilfer.
The tournament needed a new sponsor when Brees, after hosting for four years, pulled out and filed a lawsuit in December against the tournament organizer, San Diego-based Integrated Sports Management. The Brees Dream Foundation claims in the suit that ISM did not deliver on thousands of dollars in charity and mismanaged the tournament.
ISM countered with its own court filing, contending that Brees did not live up to numerous obligations for the tournament, including failing to show up to scheduled sponsor appearances to promote the event. ISM officials say the tournament raised more money than was required by the contract.
Attorneys representing the foundation have called ISM's accusations baseless.
USGA changes tournaments
The U.S. Golf Association announced on Monday that it will eliminate the U.S. Amateur Public Links Championships for men and women after 2014 while adding four-ball championships.
The U.S. Amateur Public Links was first played in 1922 and is the fourth-oldest championship conducted by the USGA. The Women's Amateur Public Links began in 1977.
"We're not in the business of cancelling championships, so this is a somber note," said USGA Vice President Tom O'Toole. "But yet the mission of those Public Links Championships … no longer served the original purpose or mission."
The Public Links were originally established to allow public golfers to enter USGA events, which were previously open only to USGA Member clubs. In 1979, the USGA changed its requirements to allow public golfers into the U.S. Amateur and U.S. Women's Amateur.
The U.S. Amateur Four-Ball Championships for men and women will be played first in 2015. The USGA Four-Ball will consist of two-person teams playing 36 holes of stroke play and then the low 32 teams competing in match play. There will be no age limit on eligibility and the team partners don't have to be from the same club.
There will be dozens of sectional qualifiers held across the country, with 128 men's teams and 64 women's teams reaching the championship venue.
Kia Classic updates
On Monday, the LPGA Tour will hold a pre-qualifier to determine two amateur invitees into the open qualifier for the upcoming Kia Classic. The pre-qualifier will be played at El Camino Country Club and is open to all female amateurs with a verifiable handicap of 2.0 or less. Entries must be received by Friday. The entry fee is $50. For information, contact Jessica Struthers at email@example.com or call (386) 236-1368.
The Monday professional qualifier is March 18, and the Kia Classic will be played March 21-24 at first-time venue Aviara Golf Club in Carlsbad. Tickets are on sale and can be purchased at www.kiaclassic.com.


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That's a huge studio. How many people work there?
about 200+ in this building (2 full floors) and another 100+ down the street. this includes dvd designers, print designers, web designers, programers, editors, producers, etc. my department (dvd) has six designers (3 motion) and 6 production artists.
Edited by fredcamino, 14 April 2006 - 06:10 PM.


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Gov. Bobby Jindal's plan to derail the new Common Core academic standards continues to get a beating in court, but that isn't stopping the mudslinging by the governor and his aides, who are smearing their opponents as crooks.
A preliminary injunction from Judge Todd Hernandez in Baton Rouge district court prevents Jindal's Division of Administration from blocking the purchase of new tests aligned with the Common Core standards.
That ruling came after another 19th District Court judge ruled against legislative opponents of Common Core. The lawmakers had tried and failed to persuade the 2014 Legislature to block the core standards, and their appeal to the judiciary on procedural grounds was rejected.
In both cases, the legal process can be dragged out. The losing lawmakers can take their sour grapes to an appeal; Hernandez' preliminary injunction will be reassessed in a full trial.
Yet it's not an encouraging track record for Jindal and the administration's favored lawyer, Jimmy Faircloth.
The good news in all this is that the state Board of Elementary and Secondary Education can continue the transition to Common Core standards begun in 2010, and until recently backed by Jindal as the way to raise, gradually, the achievement levels of Louisiana students.
That the governor and others have taken on a political position against the standards may well be criticized as a flip-flop in some cases, but the slam-on-the-brakes orders issued by Jindal and the Division of Administration against purchasing Core-aligned tests by the state Department of Education were extraordinary steps — particularly given the problems of derailing long-established plans just as the school year is starting.
We think the Common Core standards, developed by the states, are a big step forward for Louisiana, but there is no question that they will be challenging. The politics of the governor's new position may be questionable. What is worse is his systematic smear campaign against BESE board members and Superintendent John White.
Jindal is directly responsible for the statement by one of his top aides that calls BESE members and White crooks: "It's not open season on breaking the procurement law," aide Kyle Plotkin said. "If this judge's ruling stands, it would cause chaos in state government and bring us back to the old days in Louisiana when it was OK to give no-bid contracts to your friends."
Commissioner of Administration Kristy Nichols laid it on thicker, saying the state might sanction vendors of the tests, as well as recoup money spent on the tests and test administration.
It takes a lot of nerve for Jindal mouthpieces whose actions have been the cause of so much upheaval in public education to accuse others of promoting "chaos." But if the superintendent and BESE board members are breaking the law, or giving contracts to friends, the governor and his people have obligations to inform law enforcement. We have seen no evidence that would back up these reckless accusations.
Judges haven't been buying their arguments. To use this language is a new low for Jindal.


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The State Advisory Group Training and Technical Assistance Project will provide training and technical assistance to state advisory groups (SAGs) appointed under the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDP Act) of 1974, as amended. Title II Part B authorizes the OJJDP Administrator to provide training and technical assistance resources to states, U.S. territories, federally recognized tribal governments, and units of local government to support their justice systems response to juvenile delinquency. It is anticipated that this project will be authorized by an act appropriating funds for the Department of Justice and 42 U.S.C. Section 3796ee-10(b)(1)(B).
Learn more.
© 2016 National Sexual Violence Resource Center – Founded by the Pennsylvania Coalition Against Rape
This site is supported by Grant/ Cooperative Agreement No. 1UF2CE002359-04 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.


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Professional Programs at PLU
Many students transfer to PLU to enter the university's high-caliber professional programs. PLU's professional programs are selective, with excellent reputations in their respective fields. Admission is competitive, and each program has an additional, separate application.
You may apply for to enter a specific professional program only after you have completed your PLU application. (You can apply online here.) Once you have completed the application, please follow the appropriate link and apply to your major program of interest:


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Flames NewsFlames Home > Golf Home > News
Solid Second Round Keeps Flames in Contention in Texas
Liberty kept pace with tournament-host Texas during the second round of the Morris Williams Invitational and remains in the hunt for the team title heading into tomorrow's final round at University of Texas Golf Club.
Eleven of the tournament's 12 teams are currently ranked inside the latest Top 50 golf rankings, paced by No. 4 New Mexico (284-278) and No. 6 Texas (289-273), who share the overall tournament lead with No. 12 TCU (281-281). Each team enters the final round with a six-under par 562.
No. 44 Texas Tech is four shots off the overall pace and the last team under par, finishing day one at the par 71, 7,412-yard course with a two-under par 566 (284-282).
No. 18 Oklahoma State rounds out the top five programs in the field following an even par score of 568 (285-283).
Liberty, currently ranked No. 39 by Golfstat, is one shot behind No. 18 Oklahoma State and seven shots behind the trio of leading teams.
Liberty's second round 10-under par 274 was the team's lowest score of the season and the team's best 18-hole score since a 271 during the closing round of the GolfWeek Conference Challenge on Sept. 21, 2010, which is the program's team 18-hole record.
Only the Longhorns bested the Flames during the second round, as Texas closed day one of its home event with an 11-under par 273.
A dozen players completed the first 36 holes of the event in red figures and Liberty's Niklas Lindstrom led the group with the best individual second round total.
The junior carded a six-under par 65, becoming just the eighth golfer in program history to card a 65 or best round of golf.
Lindstrom's second round effort, which was bogey free with six birdies, has him tied for fourth place with a three-under par 139 (74-65). Lindstrom is five strokes behind overall tournament leader Julien Brun of TCU, who leads the field of 72 golfers with an eight-under par 134 (65-69).
Liberty has a pair of golfers tied for 18th place with an overall one-over par 143. Chase Marinell (71-72), individual ranked No. 80 by Golfstat, opened the tournament with an even par 71 and closed the day with a one-over par 72. On the day, he carded six birdies and seven bogeys.
Mathieu Fenasse (75-68) continued his consistent play of late and shares 18th place with Marinell and six other golfers. The sophomore was able to offset a double bogey during each of his rounds today, with five birdies to help him match his low career 18-hole score.
Ian McConnell (75-69) helped the Flames card their 10-under par score with his third sub-70 round of the season. The junior, who is overall tied for 26th place with a two-over par 144, matched Fenasse's effort with five second round birdies.
The Flames final golfer in the field is freshman Michael Hocker, who is tied for 67th place with a 16-over par 158 (83-75).
Liberty will play its final regular season round of golf tomorrow to close out the Morris Williams Invitational before next week's Big South Men's Golf Championship (April 20-22).
The Flames, along with golfers from Oklahoma State and Texas Tech, will be sent off the No. 1 tee, starting tomorrow morning at 8:18 a.m. (CST).


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- MSU Financial Aid
- Email email@example.com
- Phone (940) 397-4214
- Fax (940) 397-4852
3410 Taft Blvd.
Wichita Falls, TX 76308
*** Your financial aid eligibility for Fall 2012 and/or Spring 2013 and/or Summer 2013 will be determined based on the 2012-13 Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) which is available on-line NOW using your PIN at http://www.fafsa.ed.gov/. You and/or your spouse OR you and/or your parent's 2011 income tax information be will needed to complete the FAFSA. Additionally, you may still be required to submit other documentation, such as tax return information, verification worksheet, etc.., upon receipt of the 2012-13 FAFSA results; and, in line with new federal regulations, please read this IMPORTANT INFORMATON regarding new FAFSA verification standards. Also, please submit the Additional Benefits/Expensesform to advise the MSU Financial Aid Office of any scholarships/benefits you may receive AND/OR child care expenses you may incur in 2012-13 as this information will be taken into account at the time we are processing your financial aid award(s); adjustments WILL BE MADE to your award(s), if necessary, if the Financial Aid Office is made aware of any scholarship(s) or additional benefits you will receive AFTER your award(s) are determined and/or disbursed. Also, you can choose to submit the Release of Information form if you want the MSU Financial Aid Office to discuss and/or release written information to your parent(s), organizations(s), etc...regarding your financial aid. And, please review the current Satisfactory Academic Progress (SAP)rules so you are aware of your current financial aid standing. (NOTE: Information regarding your Summer 2013 enrollment plans will be collected from you in the Spring 2013 semester).


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"Great cards for the money!" (E3133)
"Love this bag. Very roomy. Like the see through mesh pocket for his ball. no more guessing if his ball is on the bag. Made of strong durable nylon material. The customized embroidery is nice. Only negative is that it only allows for 7 letters including spaces. It is still a steal at under 30 dollars." (E30396)
Epic Sports
Womens/Girls Active-Dry Athletic Shorts-Closeout [E56124]


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Del Monte Fresh Produce N.A. aims to promote fresh produce consumption among college students on spring break in Daytona Beach, Fla.
The company is planning an obstacle course challenge — dubbed Beach Bash Dash — March 6-8 and March 11-13 in front of the Plaza Resort and Spa.
A dance for banana-costumed students is March 7 on the pool deck of the Plaza Ocean Club. Del Monte Fresh will give away 200 banana costumes, according to a news release.
Bananas and fresh-cut pineapples will be given away at various beachside hotels throughout the six days.
The promotion was prompted, according to Del Monte Fresh, by research — including an Oregon State University study — that reports college students eat less than one serving of fruits and vegetables daily. Five servings are recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.


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Lead Line — April 2001
By Richard Thiel
Wierd Science, Bad Laws
|Start with science and less intimidation.
Things are heating up
down in Florida, and I don't mean climatologically. I refer to the
subject of manatees. Some folks down there are claiming that the population
of these placid mammals is declining so rapidly that extinction is imminent
and people have to immediately stop building marinas and driving boats.
Others say the reverse is true, that if manatee numbers keep increasing,
there won't be room in the waterways for fish or boat.
This article originally appeared in the January 2003 issue of Power & Motoryacht magazine.


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Sand Dollar EcoArt Bag Teal/Cream
A reusable bag for shopping, books, travel and everyday errands. It also makes a great beach tote.
What's so special about this beach towel? It's huge. Designed over six feet long for plenty of lounging room without leaving your heels in the sand.Added 8 Years Ago from Lands End
Kids of all ages will agree this is the coolest beach towel. It's been tested and rated UPF 50+ for excellent UV protection.Added 8 Years Ago from Lands End


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Your username and password for this site are not the same as those for Wild Apricot. In the next months, the web editor will e-mail you your username if your membership is current. Questions? E-mail the Web Editor.
NEW this year: Register EARLY for conference PLEASE!
Click here to see the Calls for Papers for the 2015 Conference
Click here to view the Conference information page
The summer 2014 issue of the Newsletter is out!
Please note that the newest issue of the Newsletter is always password protected and accessible only to current members of WiG. To view the the Newsletter (posted right below this message), you must log in to the website. Do you need help getting the login information? If so, contact email@example.com.
Carrie Smith-Prei has been selected as the new coeditor of the Women in German Yearbook. Carrie, who is Associate Professor of German Studies at the University of Alberta, Canada, will bring considerable editing experience, a substantial publishing record, and a strong vision to the position. She will assume her responsibilities at the annual conference in October 2014, joining Elizabeth Ametsbichler, University of Montana, continuing coeditor of the Yearbook. Carrie will replace Margarete Lamb-Faffelberger, Lafayette College.
The Steering Committee is pleased to announce the results of the recent election for Vice President/President Elect of Women in German.
Beth Ann Muellner, Associate Professor of German at the College of Wooster has been elected. She will assume her role at the annual conference in October.
We would like to express our gratitude to Patricia Simpson and Beth for their willingness to let their names stand for election and our thanks to all the WiG members who voted.
Nicole Grewling and Jennifer Askey
Congratulations to these new WiGgies!
Check out the latest WiG 2013 Yearbook Table of Contents (29)!
Congratulations to Carrie Smith-Prei and Maria Stehle!
It is time to nominate dissertations and solicit submissions for the WiG Dissertation Prize. Please download the updated Protocol for the Dissertation Prize Committee.
Zantop Travel Endowment Fundraising has been a great success! Check out the results!
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UN queue for front door still preferable to boat crossingMichael Bachelard
Published: February 7 2013 - 3:00AM
THE boats are being readied along Java's west coast to ferry thousands of fresh asylum seekers to Christmas Island.
But some among the potential customers are having second thoughts, prompted by Australia's toughened policies.
Mohamad Jawed, 17, is waiting with about 80 fellow Afghans in a hillside housing complex in Cisarua, about 90 minutes from Jakarta.
They are not waiting for a boat, but for the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees to pronounce them genuine and find them a refugee visa. In the language of Australia's politicians, they want to join the queue and enter through the front door.
The difference, they say, is ''the rule'' - people arriving without a visa after August 13, 2012, could be sent to Nauru or Manus Island.
''If the rule was not announced then maybe I'd have arrived two, three months ago, I would have arrived in Australia,'' Mohamad said. ''But because of that rule we are waiting. And not just me … there are a lot of people that are waiting for a visa.''
Before the rule was introduced he tried take a boat to Australia but says, ''I missed it''.
He says Labor's policies have been responsible for a steep drop-off in people making the trip from Afghanistan and Pakistan to Indonesia. Those with good reason to fear for their lives still come, but many don't.
''It's stopped - 50 per cent it's stopped, and people are not coming. They are not coming because of that rule.''
It worked, Mohamad said, because of the stories of people going crazy when sent to Nauru.
Waiting in Indonesia, though, is tortuous. A UNHCR place is reckoned to take three years - during which time they must often beg money from their families to support them in a country where they cannot work.
They were sent originally to be providers for those families, not a burden.
''The Australian government announced, 'Don't go by boat, every year we [will] send 1000 visas'. But we've seen nothing,'' says an older man, Muhammad Juma, who has waited for almost two years already, much of it in a shabby detention centre.
Many, though, are still taking the illegal route.
Last weekend two boats arrived on Christmas Island, one carrying 132 people. As the monsoon season ends and the sea grows calmer, sources say, people smugglers have 50 or more boats ready to sail.
Ashya Danesh has with him his wife, Golsaman, and two sons, Ammer, 16, and Mahdi, 12. Mr Danesh is tortured by his inability to support his family.
The boys cannot go to school in Indonesia and none of them is allowed to work.
''If UNHCR helps us and gives house, money, we stay [in Indonesia]. If not, we go by boat,'' Mr Danesh says.
Rosia - a rarity in that she's a middle-aged woman travelling alone - is also looking for a people smuggler, but does not know how to find one. ''I will go on a boat. It's difficult for me to stay here. We don't have any money. A long time we stayed here … no interview with UNHCR.'' Asked if she was worried about sinking, she smiles: ''I don't worry. It's in God's hands.''
No one Fairfax Media spoke to this week were familiar with the Opposition's policies, including the latest statements by its immigration spokesman, Scott Morrison, that all boats from Sri Lanka would be intercepted by the navy in international waters and turned around. But they know enough to realise no Australian politician is their friend.
''I don't care about the election or things because when a rule is announced that will be followed by the government,'' Mohamad said.
This story was found at: http://www.smh.com.au/national/un-queue-for-front-door-still-preferable-to-boat-crossing-20130206-2dyro.html


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Monday, May 06, 2013 - 18:24 PM
Meinl Cymbals at Wills Music Cymbal-Land
Meinl Cymbals at Cymbal-Land
Willis Music in Cincinnati, OH will host another annual Cymbal-Land event. Come down Friday, May 10 and Saturday, May 11 to check out an incredible selection of Meinl Cymbals and get some great deals. On Saturday, Meinl's very own Brice Foster will be on site to tell you everything you ever wanted to know about Meinl Cymbals and answer any questions you have. Info below -
Friday, May 10 and Saturday, May 11
Willis Music- Tri County Mall 11700 Princeton Pike Cincinnati OH 45246


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With Magic Mike still in theaters, there's been a fair amount of talk lately about Gina Gershon, who starred in the female version, Showgirls, nearly two decades ago. She sat down with our Chris Azzopardi to discuss her crotch close-up in the new Killer Joe (it opens tomorrow at the Angelika Dallas) and how it's cool to play gay now.
The showgirl must go on
Vagina. That's the first thing to come up during my recent interview with Gina Gershon, who goes full-frontal as Sharla in the awesomely twisted Killer Joe.
The actress plays a trashy two-timer who gets caught in the middle of a family's murder plot when they hire a hit man (Matthew McConaughey) to take out their mother to collect the life insurance money. Just minutes into the movie, and there she is — all of her.
We got Gershon on the phone to chat about her crotch coat, the agent that almost stopped her from playing a lesbian in one of her most lady-loved films and why she really wishes she were gay.


text: Meta Battle Subway PokeBase - Pokemon Q&A Login Register All Activity Questions Unanswered Tags Users Ask a Question Rules Chat What is a good moveset for Mawile? 1 vote 181,034 views Mine knows: Rock Slide: Decent power, good chance to cause flinching, decent accuracy, used to deal with Fire types. Ice Punch: Decent power, high accuracy, chance to freeze, used to deal with Ground types. Iron Head: Good power, high accuracy, good chance to cause flinchin, STAB. Iron Defense: Used to raise Defense even higher. Mawile learnset movesets mawile asked Jul 20, 2010 by trachy edited Jul 1, 2011 by DarkTyphlosion Mawile (M) @ Life Orb Trait: Encourage EVs: 252 Atk / 252 Def / 4 SDef Adamant Nature (+Atk, -SAtk) - Sucker Punch - Iron Head - Rock Slide - Fire Fang commented Feb 18, 2012 by trachy What trachy said but quiet or relaxed nature instead of sucker punch fake tears and instead of iron head iron defense and if you want to take down ground types instead of rock slide ice beam and instead of fire fang swagger commented Jan 21, 2014 by heracrossgal Why would you give it Ice Beam considering it's crappy Sp. Atk commented Apr 19, 2014 by TrainerBlue Please log in or register to add a comment. Please log in or register to answer this question. 20 Answers 4 votes Mawile-Mega @ Mawilite Ability: Huge Power EVs: 252 HP / 252 Atk / 4 SDef Adamant/Brave Nature - Swords Dance - Iron Head - ThunderPunch - Ice Punch With it's new ability and 105 base attack stat this thing will wreck utter havoc. I can especially see it going on a Trick Room team with a Brave Nature and 0 IVs. Swords Dance boosts it's already godlike attack stat into something that simply will not be countered. ThunderPunch and Ice Punch create the BoltBeam combo, while Iron Head rises in usage against those pesky Fairy types. Under TR it also has a nice chance to flinch. I believe you add the Huge Power boost after EVs and Nature, if not let me know and I'll recalc it. 678 Attack without SDance boost. 1356 Attack with one SDance boost. +2 252+ Atk Huge Power (custom) Iron Head vs. 252 HP / 252+ Def Cresselia: 313-369 (70.49 - 83.1%) -- guaranteed 2HKO I speak from experience when I say very little can do up to 80% damage on fully defensive Cress. +2 252+ Atk Huge Power (custom) Ice Punch vs. 252 HP / 252+ Def Groudon: 350-414 (86.63 - 102.47%) -- 18.75% chance to OHKO Same as above. +2 252+ Atk Huge Power (custom) ThunderPunch vs. 248 HP / 252+ Def Jellicent: 556-656 (137.96 - 162.77%) -- guaranteed OHKO +2 252+ Atk Huge Power (custom) ThunderPunch vs. 252 HP / 252+ Def Forretress: 175-207 (49.43 - 58.47%) -- 68.75% chance to 2HKO Cough set-up bait cough +2 252+ Atk Huge Power (custom) ThunderPunch vs. 224 HP / 252+ Def Skarmory: 350-414 (107.03 - 126.6%) -- guaranteed OHKO Damn Sturdy. Thanks Once for calc ideas. answered Oct 23, 2013 by MrKijani edited Oct 23, 2013 by MrKijani gdi Mr. K. You don't listen >:1 commented Oct 23, 2013 by melcakes Took you that long to figure it out eh? commented Oct 24, 2013 by MrKijani How did you teach mawile ice punch? I tried it with smeargle but without success yet. commented Nov 16, 2013 by Raymon This set was made on showdown, although in-game it can learn Ice Punch via move tutor. commented Nov 16, 2013 by MrKijani Nice Set! commented Jan 4, 2014 by QuestioningSweeper Thanx for calculations! commented Apr 19, 2016 by blissey_boy Please log in or register to add a comment. 2 votes Brute Force Mawile Ability: Sheer Force Nature: Adamant (+Atk, -SpA) or Impish (+Def, -SpA) EVs: 252 Atk, 252, Def, 4 SpD Item: Life Orb - Iron Head- STAB plus boost from Sheer Force - Crunch- takes out ghosts and psychics and Sheer Force - Swords Dance- boost your attack - Ice Punch/Rock Slide- coverage, beats weaknesses, and Sheer Force answered Oct 1, 2011 by mblinginballer Please log in or register to add a comment. 2 votes [email protected] Ability:Hyper cutter(To Baton Pass) Evs:252Hp/252Def/4SpDef Nature:Impish -Baton Pass -Magnet rise -Charge beam(To pass down the SpAtk raise to a special sweeper) -Stockpile answered Mar 2, 2012 by HellDoom The Sp. Atk raise isn't guaranteed and it's base damage sucks. commented Apr 19, 2014 by TrainerBlue Its 70%. Same as scald will miss commented Apr 21, 2014 by Natsu You mean Scald not burning right? Scald's accuracy is 100 commented Apr 21, 2014 by PX Yeah.,., commented Apr 21, 2014 by Natsu Please log in or register to add a comment. 2 votes Mawile (F) @ Mawilite Ability: Intimidate EVs: 124 HP / 252 Atk / 132 Spd Adamant Nature - Substitute - Play Rough - Sucker Punch - Fire Fang answered Dec 27, 2013 by Mewderator Pretty good but I would change Fire Fang to Ice Fang for Ground Coverage. And maybe change Substitute to a Steel Move like Iron Head. commented Apr 19, 2014 by TrainerBlue What about Fire Punch? Is it not better? commented Jun 3, 2014 by Pimplup Please log in or register to add a comment. 2 votes Mawile @ Mawilite Ability: Intimidate EVs: 132 HP / 252 Atk / 124 Spe Adamant Nature - Play Rough/Iron Head - Sucker Punch - Swords Dance - Fire Fang You can have either Play Rough or Iron Head, it depends on what your team needs. I find Fire Fang alot more helpful than Ice Punch and Thunder Punch. Sucker Punch is a must on any Mawile. Swords Dance on the switch, and it's good game. answered Aug 6, 2014 by Sir Terlor edited Aug 6, 2014 by Sir Terlor We all needed to know this so bad lol commented Aug 6, 2014 by Qwerty_Zoom Sarcasm? ;] commented Aug 6, 2014 by Sir Terlor Iron Head, Sucker Punch, Swords Dance and Play Rough, since i think both Play Rough and Iron Head is STAB and I don't really need Fire Fang since i think that coverage for dragon types are more used often. Is it okay? commented Jan 1, 2015 by unitz7 Please log in or register to add a comment. 1 vote physical wall move set for mawile!!! stockpile(quick defense boost) thunder punch foul play(great dark type move) iron head(STAB) awesome!!! answered Jan 15, 2013 by samurisceptile Foul Play is NOT recommended unless if you're using alongside Swagger because it uses the opponent's Attack against itself, not your own. Go with Crunch instead. commented Aug 12, 2013 by Brandonerd91 does Mawile even learn thunder punch? commented Nov 14, 2013 by poppie Yup. I believe its through a move tutor. commented Dec 10, 2013 by MrWokaWokaWoka Why would you use Crunch over Foul Play... Foul Play has higher base damage. commented Apr 19, 2014 by TrainerBlue Please log in or register to add a comment. 0 votes Here is a Staller set for Mawile: Knock Off-to take off the opponents item Pain Split-needed in the set Toxic-every Staller has one Iron Head-STAB Ability-Intimidate Evs-252 HP 252 DEF Item-Leftovers answered Feb 24, 2011 by Shining Yin I would replace iron head with fire fang because toxic doesn't effect steel types... commented Mar 27, 2015 by wires_and_fires WTH Why Toxic Mawile is bad staller invest 4 EVs un Atk already y Pian Split commented Mar 28 by psychoman Please log in or register to add a comment. 0 votes Gen V Mawile (F) @ Leftovers Trait: Hyper Cutter EVs: 252 Atk / 252 Def / 4 SDef Impish Nature (+Def, -SAtk) Sucker Punch Substitute Swords Dance Focus Punch answered Jun 16, 2011 by trachy Please log in or register to add a comment. 0 votes Physical Tank Item: Leftovers Ability: Sheer-force Nature: Adamant EVs: 252 Attack, 58 Hp, 200 Def Iron-defense Sucker-punch Iron-head Thunder-fang This guy is for Tanking against Physical Pokemon only. Iron-defense gives you about a 500 Defense Stat which is awesome. Sucker-punch is useful priority that could save you are be last minute damage before another Pokemon takes you down. Iron-head has 104 BP with Sheer force and 156 with STAB so this move is very strong. Thunder-fang covers the many water and flying types in NU and also gets boosted by Sheer force to about 84.5 Base power. There are only 3 Steel types in NU and I would have to say that Mawile is below Aggron obviously but I think it is better than Probopass because it has no 4x weaknesses. answered Oct 4, 2011 by Speed freak edited Oct 6, 2011 by Josh Pardon? Fire fang against water? I think not. You've made a mistake. commented Oct 5, 2011 by [MEGA]StellarLucario I said Thunder-fang. commented Oct 29, 2011 by Speed freak Your defense will not be 500 after one iron defense. Your first Iron defense approximately doubles your defense. Your Mawile would have to have a 250 defense which is totally impossible. commented Mar 27, 2013 by GanjaHippy3000 Please log in or register to add a comment. 0 votes Sweeper-Mawile Item: Choice-scarf Ability: Sheer-force Nature: Jolly EVs: 252 Attack, 252 Speed, 6 Hp Iron-head Sucker-punch Rock-slide Ice-fang Iron-head is STAB. Sucker-punch is for those who still out-speed you. Rock-slide is coverage. Ice-fang is more coverage(I would do fire-fang but all the steel types in NU aside from Mawile are part rock type). answered Oct 4, 2011 by Speed freak edited Oct 4, 2011 by Speed freak WTH HOW DO U EVEN INVEST 6 EVS IN HP commented Mar 28 by psychoman Please log in or register to add a comment. 0 votes Mawile (M) @ Leftovers Role: Forced Switch / Tank Trait: Intimidate EVs: 240 HP / 28 Atk / 240 SDef Adamant Nature (+Atk, -SAtk) Swords Dance Sucker Punch Pain Split Stone Edge Rockin the 0 STAB moves. Intimidate can force a switch on most physical threats, while you can set up Swords Dance, Sucker Punch is high powered priority, lets him hit first. Stone Edge can be switched for Iron Head, but I'd rather have protection from Stone Edge's Coverage. Pain Split can gain back Hp, and do some serious damage if your opponent switched out when you're around 25% Hp left. answered Oct 29, 2011 by Josh Please log in or register to add a comment. 0 votes Mawile (M) @ Leftovers/Life Orb Trait: Sheer Force EVs: 252 HP / 252 Atk / 4 Def Adamant Nature (+Atk, -SpA) Swords Dance Iron Head Sucker Punch Ice Punch/Baton Pass Swords Dance boosts attack to nice levels. Iron Head is STAB and boosted by Sheer Force. Sucker Punch is good priority. Ice Punch is boosted by Sheer Force as well and gives some further coverage. Baton Pass can be used though to help out a teammate. answered Mar 2, 2012 by Hex Please log in or register to add a comment. 0 votes Mega Mawile @ Mawilite Ability: Intimidate / Huge Power EVs: 252 attack, 252 HP, 4 sp. attack Nature: Adamant - Swords Dance - Iron Head - Play Rough - Sucker Punch / Brick Break The thing about Mega Mawile is that it has just so many defensive resistances from its steel typing, and is so offensively powerful from its fairy type. Also, it has 2 types that don't effect it at all (dragon and poison), so it's an easy switch in on many Pokemon. Remember to give the original Mawile the ability Intimidate so that when it can be switched in even more easily. Swords Dance as the opponent's Pokemon switches out because of the common lack of super effective or even neutral moves. Iron Head and Play Rough are the two main stabs, though keep in mind both of them are not very effective against steel and fire. Sadly, Mawile cannot learn Earthquake, but fire types are generally not very bulky, so a super effective move is not always necessary to take them out; Sucker Punch would be the best move to take them on, with priority over generally fast fire types. If steel types are the biggest problem, Brick Break is generally the only option, though setting up on steel types is generally easy for Mega Mawile, as most of them can't hit this Pokemon hard enough to knock it out. answered Nov 10, 2013 by OutragedArcanine Poor Dragalge, Mawile nulls both of its STAB moves. commented Mar 12, 2014 by Frostwarrior359 Please log in or register to add a comment. 0 votes Mawile (M) @ Mawilite Intimidate Adamant (+Atk, -Sp. Atk) 252 Atk/252 HP/6 Spd •Swords Dance •Iron Head •Play Rough •Stone Edge I was thinking Mawile could be some Fighting-type coverage (besides maybe Skarmory) on a Sandstorm team. Swords Dance will give you the highest Attack in the game, with Speed being your only hindrance, but its defenses and HP improvement through EVs should be enough to handle it. HP EVs because I want it to be able to take a Special Fire move. Wish it had Earthquake, but Stone Edge is fine for Fire coverage. Blaziken, my worst Fire fear, is hit by Play Rough anyway. Iron Head is STAB and flinching chance. Intimidate will help your defenses even more prior to Mega Evolution. Really hoping this set works out on the Sandstorm team I'm building! answered Dec 30, 2013 by Kenzie_Crobat ew not Stone Edge, Sucker Punch. commented Apr 21, 2014 by Sir Terlor Please log in or register to add a comment. 0 votes Mawile @ Life Orb Ability: Sheer Force EVs: 40 HP / 252 Atk / 216 Spd Adamant Nature - Swords Dance - Iron Head - Sucker Punch - Ice Punch / Thunder Punch yes, I'm running speed on le'thing. why can't just people understand how important that is? mawile is a steel type, but it doesn't have the bulk to help it, so you might just as well invest in speed to outspeed some things instead of just relying on sucker punch, which is weak as hell. 216 speed is to outspeed max speed custap golem. not really much more important after that, but most people like jolly and 252 speed to outspeed as much as possible. the rest of the set is pretty self-ecsplained. Sheer Force and Life Orb boosts all of mawiles attacks with 1.6( Sheer Force prevents Life Orb damage if the move activates Sheer Force) barring Sucker Punch , which is pretty deadly with a SD and STAB Iron Head. hazard is really needed for the OHKO's, so golurk is a great partner for mawile as they provides great synergy + lurk has SR. answered Apr 21, 2014 by Dr Dude I suppose this is for Gen 5 NU? commented Apr 21, 2014 by Flafpert Ye, of course commented Apr 22, 2014 by Dr Dude Please log in or register to add a comment. 0 votes you know, ive been thinking, since huge power already gives it extreme power, why waste so many EV's in atk? here try this set and I tried it, and it works amazingly: Mawile (M) @ Mawilite Ability: Intimidate Level: 50 EVs: 252 HP / 52 Atk / 4 Def / 180 SDef / 20 Spd Careful Nature - Protect - Play Rough - Iron Head - Sucker Punch max HP for obvious reasons,180 spec.def and careful combo make it so it can take a CHOICE SPECED fire blast from salamence, and a HEAT WAVE from megazard y as long as its not in sun:) 52 attack to still OHKO common threats( like tyranitar, garchomp, etc...)and 20 speed to outspeed common mawiles (adamant 252/252/4 sets) moveset it pretty basic and keep in mind this is a VGC set, so it NEEDS protect:) Moveset created by Ray Rizzo:) answered Jun 15, 2014 by MegaBroski Please log in or register to add a comment. 0 votes Mawile @ Mawilite Ability: Intimidate --> Huge Power EVs: 248 Atk / 252 HP / 8 SDef Adamant Nature - Play Rough - Ice Fang - Iron Head - Stone Edge I think this is good With Intimidate as its ability, it can lower the foes attack on switch in, then mega evolve to get Huge power on the next turn. Play Rough and Iron Head for STAB, Ice Fang for Ground coverage, and Stone Edge for Fire Coverage. answered Jun 28, 2014 by A Geeky Jawa Please log in or register to add a comment. 0 votes This set is so powerful it can OHKO Chansey Mawile @Mawilite Trait: Intimidate --> Huge Power Adamant Nature EVs: 252 Hp, 252 Atk, 4 SpD -Substitute -Focus Punch -Swords Dance/Iron Head/Ice Punch -Sucker Punch Well first when you mega evolve use Substitute obviously, and if you think your opponent will switch then use Swords Dance, if not go straight for Focus Punch. Sucker Punch is there to take about Ghost types, swords dance is to boost Attack, iron head is STAB and Ice Punch is coverage >252+ Atk Huge Power Mega Mawile Focus Punch vs. 252 HP / 252+ Def Eviolite Chansey: 816-962 (115.9 - 136.6%) -- guaranteed OHKO (☞゚∀゚)☞ answered May 17, 2015 by Dragoon Please log in or register to add a comment. 0 votes Well, I have discovered a decent moveset for Mawile/Mega Mawile. Ability: -Hyper Cutter Nature: Adamant/Lonely EVs:-Attack and Speed Item: Mawilite/Muscle Band Rough Play- one of the only physical fairy type moves. Good w/ Muscle Band. Iron Head- once again, another good physical move to counter other fairy types. Crunch: - good physical type move Protect/Swords Dance: -well you can either raise your attack or protect yourself for one turn. Your choice. It's new type change,from being a Steel type to a Fairy/Steel type gives it a much better advantage over dragon, fighting, and dark types. When I first saw this in X/Y I was so exited. Well if you have suggestions or would like to comment, please do by all means necessary. Have fun. :P answered May 20, 2015 by theshinysammurot Please log in or register to add a comment. –1 vote My mawile's (favorite Pokemon) moveset: Mawile (Mega Mawile) Ability: Intimidate/Huge Power EVs: 264 HP/ 264 Atk/ 225 Def Play Rough Thunder Fang Iron Head Dark Pulse Play rough is a good fairy STAB move that can sweep Dragon and Fighting Pokemon easily. Thunder Fang is for good coverage against Water and Flying Pokemon. Iron Head is also a good STAB move and can sweep Rock, Ice, and Fairy Pokemon. And Dark Pulse is a good move against Ghost and Physic Pokemon. Mega evolution Mega Mawile has great defense and Huge Power makes it stronger, with Intimidate for the regular Mawile to easily lower threating Pokemon's power. answered Jul 31, 2014 by Sancho There are several problems with this move set. Firstly your EVs are all screwed up. You can only have a max of 252 EVs in any one stat, and the total number of EVs you can have on one pokemon is 510. The second problem is that mega-Mawile's base Special Attack is so low there is absolutely no point in having Dark Pulse, and you haven't even given it any Special Attack investment. If you want a Dark type move then that is fine - it's a good type for Mawile - but stick with the physical Crunch or Sucker Punch. If you did this because you believed Huge Power boosts Special Attack as well as regular Attack, then it doesn't - it only boosts physical Attack. commented Jul 31, 2014 by MeloettaMelody Oh, well you make good points. Although dark pulse hasn't failed me yet I understand what your saying about the physical moves. I'm kinda new to EV's so if i mess up i'm not really used to or good at understanding them yet. I don't really understand the purpose or explination of Special Attack so i have to work on that too. And yes ik that Huge Power only boasts physical attack-like I said I don't really understand what Special Attack does so its something I have to work on. commented Aug 1, 2014 by Sancho Don't feel bad about it - EVs can be difficult for newer players to understand. If you want to find out more about them, I suggest looking for a video on the subject on youtube. For example look at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1u_37RK-mFA&list=PL209368E48AA8548B&index=24. As for the Special Attack, that is much easier to understand. Every move in the game has a category - Physical, Special, or Status. Status moves are any non-attacking move. Physical and Special moves are different kinds of attacking moves. Every pokemon has a base Attack and Defence, and a base Special Attack and Special Defence. Pokemon with higher Attack deal more damage with Physical Attacks, while those with higher Defence take less damage from Physical Attacks. The same is true with the Special Attacks and the Special Attack/Special Defence stats. So, to take the example of Mega-Mawile. Its base Attack is 105. By itself that would be considered a good Attack stat, but it is doubled by Huge Power to be effectively 210, which is considered insanely high. To put that number into perspective, the highest base Attack stat in the games (ignoring abilities) is Mega Mewtwo X's base 190. Mega-Mawile's base Special Attack is only 55, which is considered extremely low, and really not worth using, especially when compared with its monstrous Attack stat. Anyway, I hoped this helped you understand some of these concepts. commented Aug 1, 2014 by MeloettaMelody edited Aug 2, 2014 by MeloettaMelody Oh thanks for the source on Evs and the explination of Special attack/defense-it helped alot. commented Aug 6, 2014 by Sancho Please log in or register to add a comment. Related questions Is there any reason to invest in speed EVs for Mawile? Substitute or Iron Head for mega Mawile? What SS Pokémon can breed with Mawile? Why is Mawile still in OU? How powerful is Mega Mawile? Why are Mr. Mime and Mawile (base form) fairy type? Mega mawile or mega gengar? Power up punch or swords dance on mega mawile? Useful Meta Posts How to change your username How to add a user avatar Why was my post hidden? The points system Question etiquette Flags vs Downvotes Anime FAQ


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Personality: Self concept · Personality testing · Theories · Mind-body problem
- Foor consideration of the individual traits See {{extroversion]] and introversion
The trait of extraversion–introversion is a central dimension of human personality theories. The terms introversion and extraversion were first popularized by Carl Jung,[1] although both the popular understanding and psychological usage differ from his original intent. Extraversion tends to be manifested in outgoing, talkative, energetic behavior, whereas introversion is manifested in more reserved and solitary behavior.[2] Virtually all comprehensive models of personality include these concepts in various forms. Examples include the Big Five model, Jung's analytical psychology, Hans Eysenck's three-factor model, Raymond Cattell's 16 personality factors, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, and the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator.
Extraversion and introversion are typically viewed as a single continuum. Thus, to be high on one it is necessary to be low on the other. Carl Jung and the authors of the Myers–Briggs provide a different perspective and suggest that everyone has both an extroverted side and an introverted side, with one being more dominant than the other. Rather than focusing on interpersonal behavior, however, Jung defined introversion as an "attitude-type characterised by orientation in life through subjective psychic contents" (focus on one's inner psychic activity); and extraversion as "an attitude type characterised by concentration of interest on the external object", (the outside world).[3]
In any case, people fluctuate in their behavior all the time, and even extreme introverts and extraverts do not always act according to their type.
Extraversion is "the act, state, or habit of being predominantly concerned with and obtaining gratification from what is outside the self".[4] Extroverts tend to enjoy human interactions and to be enthusiastic, talkative, assertive, and gregarious. They take pleasure in activities that involve large social gatherings, such as parties, community activities, public demonstrations, and business or political groups. Politics, teaching, sales, managing and brokering are fields that favor extroversion. An extroverted person is likely to enjoy time spent with people and find less reward in time spent alone. They tend to be energized when around other people, and they are more prone to boredom when they are by themselves.
Introversion is "the state of or tendency toward being wholly or predominantly concerned with and interested in one's own mental life".[4] Some popular writers have characterized introverts as people whose energy tends to expand through reflection and dwindle during interaction.[5] This is similar to Jung's view, although he focused on psychic energy rather than physical energy. Few modern conceptions make this distinction.
The common modern perception is that introverts tend to be more reserved and less outspoken in groups. They often take pleasure in solitary activities such as reading, writing, using computers, hiking and fishing. The archetypal artist, writer, sculptor, engineer, composer and inventor are all highly introverted. An introvert is likely to enjoy time spent alone and find less reward in time spent with large groups of people, though he or she may enjoy interactions with close friends. Trust is usually an issue of significance: a virtue of utmost importance to an introvert is choosing a worthy companion. They prefer to concentrate on a single activity at a time and like to observe situations before they participate, especially observed in developing children and adolescents.[6] They are more analytical before speaking.[7] Introverts are easily overwhelmed by too much stimulation from social gatherings and engagement, introversion having even been defined by some in terms of a preference for a quiet, more minimally stimulating environment.[8]
Introversion is not seen as being identical to shy or to being a social outcast. Introverts prefer solitary activities over social ones, whereas shy people (who may be extroverts at heart) avoid social encounters out of fear.[9]
Although many people view being introverted or extroverted as a question with only two possible answers, most contemporary trait theories measure levels of extraversion-introversion as part of a single, continuous dimension of personality, with some scores near one end, and others near the half-way mark,[10] see the Big Five personality traits. Ambiversion is falling more or less directly in the middle.[4][11] An ambivert is moderately comfortable with groups and social interaction, but also can enjoy time alone, away from a crowd.
Extent of extraversion and introversion is most commonly assessed through self-report measures, although peer-reports and third-party observation can also be used. Self-report measures are either lexical [2] or based on statements.[12] Which measure of either type is used is determined by an assessment of psychometric properties and the time and space constraints of the research being undertaken.
Lexical measures use individual adjectives that reflect extrovert and introvert traits, such as outgoing, talkative, reserved and quiet. Words representing introversion are reverse coded to create composite measures of extraversion/introversion running on a continuum. Goldberg (1992)[13] developed a 20-word measure as part of his 100-word Big Five markers. Saucier (1994)[14] developed a briefer 8-word measure as part of his 40-word mini-markers. However, the psychometric properties of Saucier's original mini-markers have been found suboptimal with samples outside of North America.[2] As a result, a systematically revised measure was developed to have superior psychometric properties, the International English Mini-Markers.[2] The International English Mini-Markers has good internal consistency reliabilities and other validity for assessing extraversion/introversion and other five factor personality dimensions, both within and, especially, without American populations. Internal consistency reliability of the Extraversion measure for native English-speakers is reported as .92, that for non-native English-speakers is .85.
Statement measures tend to comprise more words, and hence consume more research instrument space, than lexical measures. Respondents are asked the extent to which they, for example, Talk to a lot of different people at parties or Often feel uncomfortable around others.[12] While some statement-based measures of extraversion/introversion have similarly acceptable psychometric properties in North American populations to lexical measures, their generally emic development makes them less suited to use in other populations.[15] For example, statements asking about talkativeness in parties are hard to answer meaningfully by those who do not attend parties, as Americans are assumed to do. Moreover, the sometimes colloquial North American language of statements makes them less suited to use outside America. For instance, statements like Keep in the background and Know how to captivate people are sometimes hard for non-native English-speakers to understand except in a literal sense.
Eysenck's theoryEdit
Hans Eysenck described extraversion-introversion as the degree to which a person is outgoing and interactive with other people. These behavioral differences are presumed to be the result of underlying differences in brain physiology.[16] Extroverts seek excitement and social activity in an effort to heighten their arousal level, whereas introverts tend to avoid social situations in an effort to keep such arousal to a minimum. Eysenck designated extraversion as one of three major traits in his P-E-N model of personality, which also includes psychoticism and neuroticism.
Eysenck originally suggested that extraversion was a combination of two major tendencies, impulsiveness and sociability. He later added several other more specific traits, namely liveliness, activity level, and excitability. These traits are further linked in his personality hierarchy to even more specific habitual responses, such as partying on the weekend.
Eysenck compared this trait to the four temperaments of ancient medicine, with choleric and sanguine temperaments equating to extraversion, and melancholic and phlegmatic temperaments equating to introversion.[17]
Biological factorsEdit
The relative importance of nature versus environment in determining the level of extraversion is controversial and the focus of many studies. Twin studies find a genetic component of 39% to 58%. In terms of the environmental component, the shared family environment appears to be far less important than individual environmental factors that are not shared between siblings.[18]
Eysenck proposed that extraversion was caused by variability in cortical arousal. He hypothesized that introverts are characterized by higher levels of activity than extroverts and so are chronically more cortically aroused than extroverts. The fact that extroverts require more external stimulation than introverts has been interpreted as evidence for this hypothesis. Other evidence of the "stimulation" hypothesis is that introverts salivate more than extroverts in response to a drop of lemon juice.[19]
Extraversion has been linked to higher sensitivity of the mesolimbic dopamine system to potentially rewarding stimuli.[20] This in part explains the high levels of positive affect found in extroverts, since they will more intensely feel the excitement of a potential reward. One consequence of this is that extroverts can more easily learn the contingencies for positive reinforcement, since the reward itself is experienced as greater.
One study found that introverts have more blood flow in the frontal lobes of their brain and the anterior or frontal thalamus, which are areas dealing with internal processing, such as planning and problem solving. Extroverts have more blood flow in the anterior cingulate gyrus, temporal lobes, and posterior thalamus, which are involved in sensory and emotional experience.[21] This study and other research indicates that introversion-extraversion is related to individual differences in brain function.
Extraversion has also been linked to physiological factors such as respiration, through its association with surgency.[22]
Extroverts and introverts have a variety of behavioral differences. According to one study, extroverts tend to wear more decorative clothing, whereas introverts prefer practical, comfortable clothes.[23] Extroverts are likely to prefer more upbeat, conventional, and energetic music than introverts.[24] Personality also influences how people arrange their work areas. In general, extroverts decorate their offices more, keep their doors open, keep extra chairs nearby, and are more likely to put dishes of candy on their desks. These are attempts to invite co-workers and encourage interaction. Introverts, in contrast, decorate less and tend to arrange their workspace to discourage social interaction.[25]
Humans are complex and unique, and because introversion-extraversion varies along a continuum, individuals may have a mixture of both orientations. A person who acts introverted in one scenario may act extroverted in another, and people can learn to act "against type" in certain situations. Jung's theory states that when someone's primary function is extroverted, his secondary function is always introverted (and vice versa).[1]
Acknowledging that introversion and extraversion are normal variants of behavior can help in self-acceptance and understanding of others. For example, an extrovert can accept her introverted partner's need for space, while an introvert can acknowledge his extroverted partner's need for social interaction.
Researchers have found a correlation between extraversion and happiness. That is, more extroverted people tend to report higher levels of happiness than introverts.[26][27] Other research has shown that being instructed to act in an extroverted manner leads to increases in positive affect, even for people who are trait-level introverts.[28]
This does not mean that introverts are unhappy. Extroverts simply report experiencing more positive emotions, whereas introverts tend to be closer to neutral. This may be due to the fact that extraversion is socially preferable in Western culture and thus introverts feel less desirable. In addition to the research on happiness, other studies have found that extroverts tend to report higher levels of self-esteem than introverts.[29][30] Others suggest that such results reflect socio-cultural bias in the survey itself.[7][31][dead link]
Dr. David Meyers has claimed that happiness is a matter of possessing three traits: self-esteem, optimism, and extraversion. Meyers bases his conclusions on studies that report extroverts to be happier; these findings have been questioned in light of the fact that the "happiness" prompts given to the studies' subjects, such as "I like to be with others" and "I'm fun to be with," only measure happiness among extroverts.[7] Also, according to Carl Jung, introverts acknowledge more readily their psychological needs and problems, whereas extroverts tend to be oblivious to them because they focus more on the outer world.[1]
Extraversion is perceived as socially desirable in Western culture, but it is not always an advantage. For example, extroverted youths are more likely to engage in delinquent behavior.[32] Conversely, while introversion is perceived as less socially desirable, it is strongly associated with positive traits such as intelligence[33] and "giftedness."[34][35] For many years, researchers have found that introverts tend to be more successful in academic environments, which extroverts may find boring.[36] Career counselors often use personality traits, along with other factors such as skill and interest, to advise their clients.[37] Some careers such as computer programming may be more satisfying for an introverted temperament, while other areas such as sales may be more agreeable to the extroverted type.
Although neither introversion nor extraversion is pathological, psychotherapists can take temperament into account when treating clients. Clients may respond better to different types of treatment depending on where they fall on the introversion/extraversion spectrum. Teachers can also consider temperament when dealing with their pupils, for example acknowledging that introverted children need more encouragement to speak in class while extroverted children may grow restless during long periods of quiet study.
Regional variationEdit
Some claim that Americans live in an "extroverted society"[38] that rewards extrovert behavior and rejects introversion.[39] This is because the US is currently a culture of external personality, whereas other cultures are cultures of character where people are valued for their "inner selves and their moral rectitude".[40] Other cultures, such as Eastern Europe, Japan and regions where Orthodox Christianity, Buddhism, Sufism etc. prevail, prize introversion.[7] These cultural differences predict individuals' happiness such that people who score higher in extraversion are happier, on average, in particularly extroverted cultures and vice versa.[41]
Researchers have found that people who live on islands tend to be less extroverted (more introverted) than those living on the mainland, and that people whose ancestors had inhabited the island for twenty generations tend to be less extroverted than more recent arrivals. Furthermore, people who emigrate from islands to the mainland tend to be more extroverted than people that stay on islands, and those that immigrate to islands.[42]
In the United States, researchers have found that people living in the midwestern states of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Illinois score higher than the U.S. average on extraversion. Utah and the southeastern states of Florida and Georgia also score high on this personality trait. The most introverted states in the United States are Maryland, New Hampshire, Alaska, Washington, Oregon and Vermont. People who live in the northwestern states of Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming are also relatively introverted.[43]
Extraversion, introversion, and happinessEdit
Extroverts are found to have higher levels of happiness and positive affect than introverts.[44][45][46] An influential review article concluded that personality, specifically extraversion and emotional stability, was the best predictor of subjective well-being.[47] As examples, Argyle and Lu (1990)[48] found that the trait of extraversion, as measured by Extraversion Scale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), was positively and significantly correlated with happiness, as measured by the Oxford Happiness Inventory. Using the same happiness and extraversion scales, Hills and Argyle (2001)[49] found that happiness was again significantly correlated with extraversion. Also, the study by Emmons and Diener (1986)[50] showed that extraversion correlates positively and significantly with positive affect but not with negative affect. Similar results were found in a large longitudinal study by Diener, Sandvik, Pavot, and Fujita (1992),[51] which assessed 14,407 participants from 100 areas of continental United States. Using the abbreviated General Well-Being Schedule, which tapped positive and negative affects, and Costa and McCrae's (1986)[52] short version of the NE0's Extraversion scale, the authors reported that extroverts experienced greater well-being at two points in time, during which data were collected: first between 1971 and 1975, and later between 1981 and 1984. Furthermore, Larsen and Ketelaar (1991)[53] showed that extroverts respond more to positive affect than to negative affect, since they exhibit more positive-affect reactivity to the positive-affect induction, yet they do not react more negatively to the negative-affect induction.[54]
Possible reasonsEdit
Instrumental viewEdit
The instrumental view proposes that personality traits give rise to conditions and actions, which have affective consequences, and thus generate individual differences in emotionality.[54][55]
- Personality trait as a cause of higher sociability
According to the instrumental view, one explanation for greater subjective well-being among extroverts could be the fact that extraversion helps in the creation of life circumstances, which promote high levels of positive affect. Specifically, the personality trait of extraversion is seen as a facilitator of more social interactions,[44][54][56] since the low cortical arousal among extroverts results in them seeking more social situations in order to increase their arousal.[57]
- The social participation theory
According to the social participation theory, more frequent participation in social situations creates more frequent, and higher levels, of positive affect. Therefore, it is believed that since extroverts are characterized as more sociable than introverts, they also possess higher levels of positive affect brought on by social interactions.[58][59][60] Specifically, the results of Furnham and Brewin's study (1990)[46] suggest that extroverts enjoy and participate more in social activities than introverts, and as a result extroverts report higher level of happiness. Also, in the study of Argyle and Lu (1990)[48] extroverts were found to be less likely to avoid participation in noisy social activities, and to be more likely to participate in social activities such as: party games, jokes, or going to the cinema. Similar results were reported by Diener, Larsen, and Emmons (1984)[61] who found that extroverts seek social situations more often than introverts, especially when engaging in recreational activities.
However, a variety of findings contradict the claims of the social participation theory. Firstly, it was found that extroverts were happier than introverts even when alone. Specifically, extroverts tend to be happier regardless of whether they live alone or with others, or whether they live in a vibrant city or quiet rural environment.[45] Similarly, a study by Diener, Sandvik, Pavot, and Fujita (1992)[51] showed that although extroverts chose social jobs relatively more frequently (51%) than nonsocial jobs compared to introverts (38%), they were happier than introverts regardless of whether their occupations had social or nonsocial character. Secondly, it was found that extroverts only sometimes reported greater amounts of social activity than introverts,[61] but in general extroverts and introverts do not differ in the quantity of their socialization.[45] Similar finding was reported by Srivastava, Angelo, and Vallereux (2008),[62] who found that extroverts and introverts both enjoy participating in social interactions, but extroverts participate socially more. Thirdly, studies have shown that both extroverts and introverts participate in social relations, but that the quality of this participation differs. The more frequent social participation among extroverts could be explained by the fact that extroverts know more people, but those people are not necessarily their close friends, while introverts, when participating in social interactions, are more selective and have only few close friends with whom they have special relationships.[49]
- The social attention theory
Yet another explanation of the high correlation between extraversion and happiness comes from the study by Ashton, Lee, and Paunonen (2002).[63] They suggested that the core element of extraversion is a tendency to behave in ways that attract, hold, and enjoy social attention, and not reward sensitivity. They claimed that one of the fundamental qualities of social attention is its potential of being rewarding. Therefore, if a person shows positive emotions of enthusiasm, energy, and excitement, that person is seen favorably by others and he or she gains others' attention. This favorable reaction from others likely encourages extroverts to engage in further extroverted behavior.[63] Ashton, Lee, and Paunonen's (2002)[63] study showed that their measure of social attention, the Social Attention Scale, was much more highly correlated with extraversion than were measures of reward sensitivity.
Temperamental viewEdit
Temperamental view is based on the notion that there is a direct link between people's personality traits and their sensitivity to positive and negative affects.[44][53][54]
- The affective reactivity model
The affective reactivity model states that the strength of a person's reactions to affect-relevant events are caused by people's differences in affect.[53][64] This model is based on the reinforcement sensitivity theory by Jeffrey Alan Gray, which states that people with stronger behavioral activation system (BAS) are high in reward responsiveness and are predisposed to the personality trait of extraversion, while people with a stronger behavioral inhibition system (BIS) are lower in reward responsiveness and are more predisposed to personality trait of neuroticism and introversion.[65] Therefore, extroverts are seen as having a temperamental predisposition to positive affect since positive mood induction has a greater effect on them than on introverts, thus extroverts are more prone to react to pleasant effects.[20][53][64][66][67] For example, Gable, Reis, and Elliot (2000).[68] found in two consecutive studies that people with more sensitive BIS reported higher levels of average negative affect, while people with more sensitive BAS reported higher levels of positive affect. Also Zelenski and Larsen (1999)[54] found that people with more sensitive BAS reported more positive emotions during the positive mood induction, while people with more sensitive BIS reported more negative emotions during the negative mood induction.
- The social reactivity theory
The social reactivity theory alleges that all humans, whether they like it or not, are required to participate in social situations. Since extroverts prefer engaging in social interactions more than introverts, they also derive more positive affect from such situations than introverts do.[45][48][61] The support for this theory comes from work of Brian R. Little, who popularized concept of "restorative niches". Little claimed that life often requires people to participate in social situations, and since acting social is out of character for introverts, it was shown to harm their well-being. Therefore, one way to preserve introverts' well-being is for them to recharge as often as possible in places where they can return to their true selves - places Little calls "restorative niches".[69]
However, it was also found that extroverts did not respond stronger to social situations than introverts, nor did they report bigger boosts of positive affect during such interactions.[56][62]
- Affective regulation
Another possible explanation for more happiness among extroverts comes from the fact that extroverts are able to better regulate their affective states. This means that in ambiguous situations (situations where positive and negative moods are introduced and mixed in similar proportions) extroverts show a slower decrease of positive affect, and, as a result, they maintained a more positive affect balance than introverts.[70] Extroverts may also choose activities that facilitate happiness (e.g., recalling pleasant vs. unpleasant memories) more than introverts when anticipating difficult tasks.[71]
- The set-point model aka affect-level model
According to the set-point model, levels of positive and negative affects are more or less fixed within each individual, hence, after a positive or negative event, people's moods tend to go back to the pre-set level. According to the set-point model, extroverts' experience more happiness because their pre-set level of positive affect is set higher than the pre-set point of positive affect in introverts, therefore extroverts require less positive reinforcement in order to feel happy.[67]
- Pleasure-arousal relation
A study by Kuppens (2008)[72] showed that extroverts and introverts engage in different behaviors when feeling pleasant, which could be a potential explanation for underestimating the frequency and intensity of happiness exhibited by introverts. Specifically, Kuppens (2008)[72] found that arousal and pleasantness are positively correlated for extraverts, which means that pleasant feelings are more likely to be accompanied by high arousal for extraverts. On the other hand, arousal and pleasantness are negatively correlated for introverts, resulting in introverts exhibiting low arousal when feeling pleasant. In other words, if everything is going well in an extravert's life, which is a source of pleasant feelings, extroverts see such situation as an opportunity to engage in active behavior and goal pursuit, which brings about an active, aroused pleasant state. Yet, when everything is going good for introverts, they see it as an opportunity to let down their guard, resulting in them feeling relaxed and content.[72]
See alsoEdit
- Analytical psychology
- Alternative five model of personality
- Big Five personality traits
- Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
- Personality
- Reinforcement sensitivity theory
- Trait theory
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Jung, C.J. (1921) Psychologischen Typen. Rascher Verlag, Zurich – translation H.G. Baynes, 1923.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Thompson, E.R. (October 2008). Development and Validation of an International English Big-Five Mini-Markers. Personality and Individual Differences 45 (6): 542–548.
- ↑ Jung, Carl (1995). Memories, Dreams, Reflections, 414–415, London: Fontana Press.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Merriam Webster Dictionary.
- ↑ Helgoe, Laurie (2008). "Introvert Power: Why Your Inner Life is Your Hidden Strength". Naperville, Illinois: Sourcebooks, Inc.
- ↑ Introversion Gale Encyclopedia of Childhood & Adolescence. Gale Research, 1998.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Laney, Marti Olsen (2002). The Introvert Advantage: How to Thrive in an Extrovert World. Workman Publishing. ISBN 0-7611-2369-5.
- ↑ Cain, Susan, Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking, Crown Publishing 2012: quoted by Szalavitz, Maia, "'Mind Reading': Q&A with Susan Cain on the Power of Introverts" (WebCite archive), Time Healthland, January 27, 2012; and Cook, Gareth, "The Power of Introverts: A Manifesto for Quiet Brilliance" (WebCite archive), Scientific American, January 24, 2012.
- ↑ All About Shyness Meredith Whitten, Psych Central, 21 Aug 2001; Accessed 2007-08-02
- ↑ The OCEAN of Personality Personality Synopsis, Chapter 4: Trait Theory. AllPsych Online. Last updated March 23, 2004
- ↑ Cohen D. and Schmidt J.P. (1979) Ambiversion: characteristics of midrange responders on the Introversion–Extraversion continuum. California School of Professional Psychology, Berkeley, USA. Journal of Personality Assessment 1979 Oct;43(5):514–6
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Goldberg, L.R., Johnson, JA; Eber, HW; et al (2006). The international personality item pool and the future of public-domain personality measures. Journal of Research in Personality 40 (1): 84–96.
- ↑ Goldberg, L.R. (1992). The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure. Psychological Assessment 4 (1): 26.
- ↑ Saucier, G (1994). Mini-Markers – a brief version of Goldberg's unipolar big-five markers. Journal of Personality Assessment 63 (3): 506–516.
- ↑ Piedmont, R.L., Chae, J.H. (1997). Cross-cultural generalizability of the five-factor model of personality - Development and validation of the NEO PI-R for Koreans. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 28 (2): 131–155.
- ↑ Eysenck, H. J. (1967). The biological basis of personality. Springfield, IL: Thomas Publishing.
- ↑ Eysenck, H. J. and Eysenck, S. G. B. (1965). The Eysenck Personality Inventory. British Journal of Educational Studies, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Nov., 1965), p. 140 DOI:10.2307/3119050 .
- ↑ Auke Tellegen, David T Lykken, Thomas J. Bouchard, Jr., Kimberly J. Wilcox, Nancy L Segal, Stephen Rich (1988). Personality Similarity in Twins Reared Apart and Together Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Vol. 54, no. 6. 1031–1039.
- ↑ Lemon juice experiment Wired-up March 18, 2005, issue: 22. Note that this is an online demonstration of research published in peer reviewed journals.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 (Jun 1999). Neurobiology of the structure of personality: Dopamine, facilitation of incentive motivation, and extraversion. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22 (3): 491–517.
- ↑ (Feb 1999). Cerebral blood flow and personality: A positron emission tomography study. American Journal of Psychiatry 156 (2): 252–7.
- ↑ Shiner, Rebecca, Avshalom Caspi (2003). Personality differences in childhood and adolescence: Measurement, development, and consequences.. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 44 (1): 2–32.
- ↑ Sharma, R. S. (1980). Clothing behaviour, personality, and values: A correlational study. Psychological Studies, 25, 137–142.
- ↑ Rentfrow, P. J., & Gosling, S. D. (2003). The do re mi's of everyday life: The structure and personality correlates of music preference. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 1236–1256.
- ↑ Gosling, S. (2008). Snoop. New York: Basic Books.
- ↑ Myers, David G (1992). The Secrets of Happiness Psychology Today.
- ↑ Pavot, W., Diener, E., & Fujita, F. (1990). Extraversion and happiness. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 1299–1306.
- ↑ Fleeson, W., Malanos, A.B., & Achille, N.M. (2002) An intraindividual process approach to the relationship between extraversion and positive affect: Is acting extraverted as "good" as being extraverted? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(6), 1409–1422.
- ↑ Swickert, R., Hittner, J. B., Kitos, N., & Cox-Fuenzalida, L. E. (2004). Direct or indirect, that is the question: A re-evaluation of extraversion's influence on self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 207–217.
- ↑ Cheng, H. & Furnham, A. (2003). Personality, self-esteem, and demographic predictions of happiness and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 921–942.
- ↑ http://blindprivilege.com/extraversion-privilege/
- ↑ Ryckman, R. (2004). Theories of Personality. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth.
- ↑ Furnham, A., L. Forde and T. Cotter (1998). Personality and intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences 24:2, 187–192.
- ↑ Gallagher, S.A. (1990). Personality patterns of the gifted. Understanding our Gifted, 3, 11–3.
- ↑ Hoehn, L. & Birely, M.K. (1988). Mental process preferences of gifted children. Illinois Council for the Gifted Journal, 7, 28–31.
- ↑ Eysenck, H. J. (1971). Readings in Extraversion-Introversion. New York: Wiley.
- ↑ Ateel, Saqib Ali (2005). Personality Career Tests.
- ↑ Diamond, Stephen A. (November 7, 2008). The Therapeutic Power of Sleep. Psychology Today.
- ↑ Quiet, Please: Unleashing 'The Power Of Introverts'. NPR. URL accessed on February 4, 2012.
- ↑ Cain, Susan The Power of Introverts. Author. TED. URL accessed on 27 December 2012.
- ↑ Fulmer, A. C., et al. (2010). On "feeling right" in cultural contexts: How person-culture match affects self-esteem and subjective well-being. Psychological Science, 21(11), 1563–1569.
- ↑ Camperio Ciani, A. S., Capiluppi, C., Veronese, A., Sartori, G. (2006). The adaptive value of personality differences revealed by small island population dynamics, European Journal of Personality, 21, 3–22. DOI:10.1177/0956797610384742
- ↑ includeonly>Stephanie Simon. "The United States of Mind. Researchers Identify Regional Personality Traits Across America", WSJ.com, 2008-09-23. Original research article:Peter J. Rentfrow, Samuel D. Gosling and Jeff Potter (2008). A Theory of the Emergence, Persistence, and Expression of Geographic Variation in Psychological Characteristics. Perspectives on Psychological Science 3 (5): 339–369.
- ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1991). Adding Liebe und Arbeit: the full five-factor model and well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 227–232.
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 Pavot, W., Diener, E., & Fujita, F. (1990). Extraversion and happiness. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 1299–1306.
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 Furnham, A., & Brewin, C. R. (1990). Personality and happiness. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 1093–1096.
- ↑ Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R.E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276–302.
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 Argyle, M., & Lu, L. (1990). The happiness of extraverts. Personality and Individual Difference, 11, 1011–1017.
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (2001). Emotional stability as a major dimension of happiness. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 1357–1364.
- ↑ Emmons, R. A., & Diener, E. (1986). Influence of impulsivity and sociability on subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 1211–1215.
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 Diener, E., Sandvik, E., Pavot, W., & Fujita, F. (1992). Extraversion and subjective well-being in U.S. national probability sample. Journal of Research and Personality, 26, 205–215.
- ↑ Costa, P., & McCrae, R. (1986). Cross-sectional studies of personality in a national sample. Development and validation of survey measures. Psychology and Aging, 1, 140–143.
- ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 Larsen, R.J., & Ketelaar, T. (1991). Personality and susceptibility to positive and negative emotional states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 132–140.
- ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 54.4 Zelenski, J. M., & Larsen, J. R. (1999). Susceptibility to affect: A comparison of three personality taxonomies. Journal of Personality, 67, 761–791.
- ↑ Watson, D. (2000). Mood and Temperament. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- ↑ 56.0 56.1 Lucas, R. E., Le, K., & Dyrenforth, P. S. (2008). Explaining the extraversion/positive affect relation: Sociability cannot account for extraverts greater happiness. Journal of Personality, 76, 387–414.
- ↑ Eysenck, H. J. (1967). The biological basis of personality. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
- ↑ Campbell, A., Converse, P., & Rodgers, W. (1976). The quality of American life. New York, NY: Sage.
- ↑ Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, M. W. (1985). Personality and individual differences. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
- ↑ Snyder, M. (1981). On the influence of individuals on situations. In N. Cantor & J. Kihlstrom (Eds.), Personality, cognition and social interaction(pp. 309–329). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 Diener, E., Larsen, R. J., & Emmons, R. A. (1984). Person x situation interactions: Choice of situation and congruence response models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 580–592.
- ↑ 62.0 62.1 Srivastava, S., Angelo, K. M, & Vallereux, S. R. (2008). Extraversion and positive affect: A day reconstruction study of person-environment transactions. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 1613–1618.
- ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., & Paunonen, S. V. (2002). What is the central feature of extraversion? Social attention versus reward sensitivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 245–252.
- ↑ 64.0 64.1 Tellegen, A. (1985). Structures of mood and personality and their relevance to assessing anxiety, with an emphasis on self-report. In A. H. Tuma & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Anxiety and the anxiety disorders (pp. 681–706). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- ↑ Gray, J. A. (1994). Personality dimensions and emotion systems. In P. Ekman & R. Davidson (Eds.), The nature of emotions: Fundamental questions (pp. 329–331). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- ↑ Carver, C. S., Sutton, S. K., & Scheier, M. F. (2000). Action, emotion and personality: Emerging conceptual integration. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 741–751.
- ↑ 67.0 67.1 Rusting, C. L., & Larsen, R. J. (1995). Moods as sources of stimulation: Relationships between personality and desired mood states. Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 321–329.
- ↑ Gable, S. L., Reis, H. T., & Elliot, A. J. (2000). Behavioral activation and inhibition in everyday life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 1135–1149.
- ↑ Little, B. (2000). Free traits and personal contexts: Expending a social ecological model of well-being. In W. B. Welsh et al. (Eds.), Person - environment psychology: New directions and perspectives. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates.
- ↑ Lischetzke, T., & Eid, M. (2006). Why extraverts are happier than introverts: The role of mood regulation, Journal of Personality, 74, 1127–1162.
- ↑ Tamir, M. (2009). Differential preferences for happiness: Extraversion and trait-consistent emotion regulation. Journal of Personality, 77, 447–470.
- ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 Kuppens, P. (2008). Individual differences in the relationship between pleasure and arousal. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 1053–1059.
External linksEdit
- Secrets of a super successful introvert Susan Cain article from CNN Living
- TED talks – Susan Cain: The power of introverts talk by Susan Cain, author of Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking (January 2012), talks about reasons we should celebrate and encourage introversion
- Revenge of the Introvert Laurie Helgoe's article about introversion published in Psychology Today (2010)
- General description of the types Jung's original article (1921)
- BBC – The Human Mind – Personality Description of introversion and extraversion, focusing on reward-seeking behavior
- Changing Minds Another description of introversion and extraversion, taking a Jungian view
- Extraversion Gale Encyclopedia of Childhood & Adolescence. Gale Research, 1998.
- Introversion Gale Encyclopedia of Childhood & Adolescence. Gale Research, 1998.
- USA Today article about CEO introverts/extroverts
- Caring for Your Introvert Article in the Atlantic, March 2003
- Ten Myths About Introverts Article by Carl King, 2009.
- J. Wilt and W. Revelle review chapter on extraversion
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text:
NATO Liaison Office (NLO) Georgia
- Represent NATO in Georgia
- Facilitate political/military dialogue and practical cooperation under the NATO-Georgia Commission in support of Georgia's efforts to join NATO.
- Enhance civil and military cooperation between NATO and the Government of Georgia in support Euro-Atlantic integration goals described in the Annual National Plan (ANP)
- Provide advice and assistance to the Government of Georgia in support of civilian and military reform efforts required for NATO integration.
- Provide advice to Georgian and NATO authorities on the planning and implementation of cooperation programs and activities
- Conduct liaison with Georgian, NATO, Allied, and Partner Authorities to enhance cooperation and understanding in pursuit of the NATO/Georgia goal of Georgia becoming a full NATO member.
- Facilitate NATO and Allied bilateral and multilateral projects, events and visits.
Current priorities
- Strengthen Georgia's Euro-Atlantic integration reform process:
- Assist Georgia in planning and implementing the civilian and military reform goals defined in the Annual National Program (ANP)
- Advise and assist Georgia's reform of the armed forces in the framework of the PfP Planning and Review Process
- Support the planning and implementation of military reforms defined in the Georgia annual Work Plan developed by Georgia and the Military Committee
- Enhance NATO-Georgia political and practical dialogue
- Engage Georgian leadership at the senior and expert political and military levels
- Engage and inform Georgian society through intensified public diplomacy outreach to increase public awareness of NATO and NATO-Georgia Relations.
- Support transformation and democratic oversight of the defence and security sector:
- Engage parliament and the executive regarding the armed forces;
- Engage Nongovernmental organizations interested in defence and security oversight in order to strengthen the role of civil society in national security and defence issues
NATO programmes in Georgia
- The fourth NATO Trust Fund project in Georgia was officially launched in May 2013. The proposal is for a 24 month long project with a budget of up to 1.6 million EUR. The aim of the Trust Fund is to conduct Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) clearance from the site of a partially destroyed underground ammunition depot at Skra. In addition, the project will support capability development through continuing the training of military personnel started under the previous Trust Fund project. The Lead Nations of the project are the Czech Republic and Lithuania.
- In 2009, NATO and Georgia launched the Professional Development Programme with the objective of enhancing the professional skills of civilian officials to strengthen the capacity for effective democratic management and oversight in defence and security institutions. Training and education provided in the framework of this programme is closely aligned to Georgia's defence and security sector reform objectives outlined in the ANP.
General organizational information
- The NATO Liaison Office was officially opened on 1 October 2010
- Current Staff: 14
- Head of Office (NATO civilian IS Staff)
- Deputy (NATO civilian IS Staff);
- Military Liaison Officer (NATO IMS);
- 3 national experts (seconded by Poland, Norway and Czech Republic)
- Georgian local employees
- 2 NATO Trust Fund Programme Managers
- 1 NATO Trust Fund Programme Deputy Manager (seconded by the Government of Georgia)
- 1 NATO Trust Fund Programme officer (seconded by the Government of Georgia)
- 1 NATO Trust Fund Programme Organizational Manager
162 Tsinamdzgvrishvili
0112 Tbilisi
Tel: +995 (32) 293 38 01


text:
HOUSTON - Homicide detectives rushed to a gas station, where they found a man dead. Police said the man had been shot.
Detectives said a man and woman were at a gas station in the early morning hours of Thanksgiving, when a man approached them. Police said the two men got into an argument, and gunshots were fired.
It happened in the 7400 block of Long Point around 2:30 Thursday morning. The man was found dead at the A-Medco food store.
Homicide detectives believe the motive behind the shooting was robbery.
Surveillance video was captured from the gas station, according to homicide detectives.
No suspects have been caught at this time, according to Houston Police.
Copyright 2012 by Click2Houston.com. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Auburn, Ala. - Auburn is once again getting media attention for its quality of life. Forbes.com has ranked Auburn on its list of Top 25 Best Places to Retire in 2014. Forbes cited a cost of living that is 11% below the national average as a factor in the ranking. Other quality-of-life factors considered by Forbes include a strong economy, warm climate, housing prices and a low crime rate.
Other recent rankings include:
Movoto.com, a real estate web site, recently placed Auburn at number one on its list of Top Ten Best Places in Alabama. The firm pointed to Auburn's short commute time, low student-to-teacher ratio and high median household value as factors that launched Auburn to the top of the list.
Lumosity.com ranked Auburn/Opelika in the top 50 on its 2013 list of "Smartest Cities," based on data collected from users of their "cognitive training exercises."


text:
Director of Marketing & Fundraising
- Recruiter
- League Against Cruel Sports
- Location
- Godalming, Surrey
- Salary
- up to £43,186 dependent on experience
- Posted
- 13 Apr 2012
- Closes
- 30 Apr 2012
- Function
- Fundraising, Legacies Fundraising, Major Donor/ Gifts, Supporter Development, Trusts & Foundations, Marketing, Senior Management
- Sector
- Animal
- Hours
- Full Time
- Contract Type
- Permanent
The League Against Cruel Sports was established in 1924 and works to end cruelty to animals in the name of 'sport'. As one of Britain's leading animal welfare charities, today our key campaigns cover dogfighting, bullfighting, shooting, and hunting with dogs. We have tens of thousands of supporters and our work is going from strength to strength.
We are seeking a dynamic and charismatic natural facilitator to lead our marketing and fundraising department. The successful candidate will have excellent team management and communication skills, extensive experience of designing and implementing fundraising strategic a proven ability to work at a senior level, and experience of setting and managing budgets:
• Be an integral part of the League Against Cruel Sports Leadership Group contributing to the overall corporate management and direction
• Be responsible for the strategic and effective management and planning of the League's Marketing & Fundraising activities including direct mail, online, major donors, legacies and trusts
• Develop and fully utilize the League's database
• Prepare reports and presentations including KPI reporting and financial forecasting and trends
• To develop departmental collaboration, working closely with the Media & Public Affairs team
Interviews will be held during the week commencing 14 May 2012.