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4/28 Orchestra
|Concerto Grosso in A minor, Op. 3, No. 8
|Antonio Vivaldi (1680-1743)
|I. Allegro
|II. Larghetto e spiritoso
|III. Allegro
Laura Anderson, Drew Murdza, Daniel Tolen, violin soloists
|Three Hungarian Dances
|Johannes Brahms (1833-1897)
|Hungarian Dance No. 5
|Hungarian Dance No. 11
|Hungarian Dance No. 6
|Finlandia (Op. 26, No. 7)
|Jean Sibelius (1865-1957)
Western State College-Community Orchestra
Program Notes
Vivaldi's Concerto Grosso in A Minor is from a collection of twelve concertos for one, two and four violins. Titled L'Estro Armonico, Op. 3 (Harmonic Inspiration), these concerti grossi, as they are often referred to, reflect the mature concerto-concerto grosso style of the late Baroque. The highly imitative style of this genre is evident throughout the three movement work.
In 1869, Johannes Brahms completed a set of 21 lively dance tunes for piano four-hands largely based on traditional Hungarian tunes. Only numbers 11 (performed this evening), 14 and 16 are original compositions. Brahms later arranged the first 10 dances for solo piano. The dances have proved to be among Brahm's most popular works and over the years have been arranged for a wide variety of instruments and ensembles. These arrangements for full orchestra portray the original intentions of the music.
The tone poem Finlandia, Op. 26 by Finish composer Jean Sibelius is an example of late 19th century "Nationalism". Written in 1899 and revised in 1900, Finlandia is the last of 7 pieces written in protest against increasing Russian censorship. The piece has come to represent the heroic striving and national struggle of the Finnish people. Toward the end of the work, the Finlandia Hymn is first heard in the woodwinds. Often cited as a traditional folk melody, the hymn is Sibelius' own and has since become one of the more important national songs of Finland


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Federal Government: Recently Added Listings
Formerly known as FirstGov, USA.gov is the "U.S. government's official web portal" to government information and services.
Introduction to how govenment works, including branches of government, how laws are made, and citizenship.
Biographical information on U. S. senators and congressmen from 1774 to present.
Official directory of the U.S. Congress includes short biographies of each member of the House and Senate
Government Printing Office makes available free access to resources produced by the three branches of the federal government.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Urban Studies Major and Minor The Urban Studies program is proud to be able to offer both a major and a minor in Urban Studies. Both interdisciplinary programs are available to all Wheaton College students. Because of partnerships with many other departments, students can take advantage of many possible double-majors. The minor complements many other programs of study. Since the Urban Studies program started in 1992, students from over 20 different majors have also studied with us. Wheaton in Chicago Wheaton in Chicago (WIC), our semester-long, residential, experiential program, is an integral component of both the major and the minor. WIC is offered every fall semester. Before beginning the program, students participate in pre-field preparations. During the WIC semester, students complete an internship along with advanced courses in Urban Studies, public and political theology, and other urban themed courses such as Race, Poverty and Reconciliation. WIC students will also enjoy a program of spiritual formation tailored for the WIC program, a mentoring experience and specialized leadership opportunities. WIC students live in Wheaton College apartments in Uptown, one of Chicago's most diverse neighborhoods. WIC is an opportunity not only to study in the city, but also to build cross-cultural competencies and to practice vocational discernment. It is recommended that students complete the Wheaton in Chicago semester during their junior or senior year. Find more information on the program and prerequisites and how to apply. Alumni Urban studies students have gone on to successful careers in advocacy, the arts, community and economic development, education, planning, policy, public health, social enterprise and social work. Our alumni have secured fellowships, including Fulbright grants, and have gone on to excellent graduate and professional schools in anthropology, economics, geography, ministry, political science, psychology, sociology, theology, urban planning, business, education, law and medicine. Wheaton College students are urged to take advantage of the College's diverse academic strength in urban studies and its proximity to Chicago in order to globalize and diversify their Wheaton education.


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No worries dude. I think it was succinctly said... and certainly appropo for a SUXX thread. Hehe besides, there are only 5 of us that read this forum anyway.
On a lighter note... I am putting 10000 gil on Sora's "Metal Mandy Keychain" to win over the obiviously inferior "Mandy Keychain".
Edited, Oct 21st 2008 4:57pm by wolfbaneshaile


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Baton Rouge police and deputy U.S. marshals on Monday arrested three more people in the April 15, 2012, fatal shooting and apparent robbery of Brandon Harris on Sharlo Avenue in Tigerland, bringing the number of suspects to four.
Tressie Newberry, 40, 8983 Jefferson Highway, Baton Rouge; Jennifer Prine, 27, 83618 Cane Market Road, Watson; and Cameron Reynaud, 23, 4854 St. Louis St., Zachary, were booked into East Baton Rouge Parish Prison on counts of first-degree murder.
Newberry and Prine are accused of assisting Newberry's son, Mason Chiapuzio, 19, in the slaying, police Cpl. Tommy Stubbs said.
Booking records show Reynaud was arrested later Monday in the slaying.
East Baton Rouge Parish District Attorney Hillar Moore III said Monday that his office is still filing paperwork to have Chiapuzio extradited from Michigan to Baton Rouge.
Police Cpl. L'Jean McKneely has said deputy U.S. marshals arrested Chiapuzio on Friday near Ontonagon, Mich., after authorities in that state called Baton Rouge police.
Police have said Chiapuzio will be booked into Parish Prison on a first-degree murder count upon extradition.
Authorities found Chiapuzio in Ironwood Township, about 70 miles southwest of Ontonagon, where he is being held, after Michigan State Police and Ironwood Public Safety Department and Ontonagon County Sheriff's Department officials helped U.S. marshals arrest him, according to a news release.
Robbery appears to be a motive in the shooting because Harris' pockets had been emptied, McKneely has said.
According to arrest warrants, a witness told police he heard gunshots and saw Harris on the ground when he walked outside. The witness said he saw a man with a shotgun go through Harris' pockets.
Detectives learned that Harris was in contact with Newberry and Prine via cellphone throughout the last five hours before his death, the warrants indicate.
According to the warrants, Newberry and Prine, in initial interviews, denied knowing Harris, but on March 7, a confidential informant told detectives that Chiapuzio told him the day after the homicide that he shot a man on Sharlo Avenue.
The informant told police that Chiapuzio said Newberry, Prine and Reynaud were involved in Harris' death, the warrant says.
Paula Murray, Harris' mother, said Sunday that she first heard of Chiapuzio's arrest from her sister, who called her Saturday at the beauty salon she owns.
Murray said she initially was upset that detectives did not call her about the arrest and that she had to learn from someone else.
But Murray said she quickly got over it and that her focus has shifted from learning the killer's identity to finding out why the shooting happened.
"I know it's not going to bring my son back, but I want to know why," Murray said.
Murray said her son, known to some as "Fresh," told her he was at a party on West Johnson Street, near the West Buchanan Street house where the family grew up, when he left with two women and a friend Murray knows as "Twin." The four drove toward Tigerland, she said.
Murray said somebody at the party told her that her son kept looking at his phone and answering it, saying, "I'm coming."
"It was a setup," Murray said.
Murray said that when she finally saw her son, he was lying facedown with his pockets emptied.
"You could tell my son was running for his life because they shot him in the back, then stood over him and shot him in the head," Murray said.
Advocate staff writers Ryan Broussard and Steven Ward contributed to this report.


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SYNOPSIS: People mysteriously start receiving voicemail messages from their future selves, in the form of the sound of them reacting to their own violent deaths. REVIEW: I'm sure I can't be the only one who, upon seeing the words 'directed by Takashi Miike' flashing up on the screen, thinks: 'Brace yourself. This is going to be pretty unpleasant.' In certain …Read More »
Home | Tag Archives: Atsushi Ida


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A SWINDON man has obtained a court order against the Department of Transport which will leave the door open for him to make future financial claims should his health deteriorate as a result of asbestos exposure.
The man, who has asked not to be named, has been awarded immediate provisional damages of £31,500 following his diagnosis of diffuse pleural thickening caused by asbestos exposure at British Rail's Swindon works.
However, he has also been given permission to return to court should his medical condition develop into mesothelioma, asbestosis or lung cancer. The court has also given his family the right to take further legal action in the event of the man's death.
The family's solicitor, Brigitte Chandler of Swindon law firm, Charles Lucas & Marshall, said it was important in cases where people developed pleural thickening of the lungs to apply for provisional damages with the right to return to court to seek further legal redress.
"My client has been suffering from breathlessness since 2009 and now has difficulty doing simple household chores," she said. "Two members of his family who were also at the Swindon works have also developed asbestos disease."
The court decision means the claimant's family can seek additional damages should the man die as a result of his asbestos exposure.
The man was based at British Rail's Swindon works from 1942 to 1966 and was regularly exposed to asbestos in the boiler and AV shops.
"Even though the Swindon works closed in 1986, many people are still being diagnosed with asbestos disease because of the long time it takes to develop," said Brigitte Chandler.
Swindon and South West Asbestos Group is a regional charity formed about 11 years ago, providing information and support groups for asbestos sufferers and their families. For further information contact 01793 532995, e-mail email@example.com, website www.asbestosgroup.co.uk.


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"Tongue" for Weapon of Choice Show at the Hero Complex Gallery
For the Hero Complex Gallery's debut show "Weapon of Choice" at Design Matters Gallery (11527 Pico blvd, LA) I created my piece after the iconic xenomorph tongue which is obviously something that I hold dear to my heart (check out my other piece Alien Nouveau). I wanted to try a different color palette and gold came out on top. My piece "Tongue" will be available in a limited edition of 20 giclee prints. Adam and his team from Hero Complex Gallery have lined up a great line of killer artists and telling from the previews this show is going to be CRAZY!! So if your in the area, mark your calendars.


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40 CFR 136.4 - Application for and approval of alternate test procedures for nationwide use.
(a) A written application for review of an alternate test procedure (alternate method) for nationwide use may be made by letter via email or by hard copy in triplicate to the National Alternate Test Procedure (ATP) Program Coordinator (National Coordinator), Office of Science and Technology (4303T), Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW., Washington, DC 20460. Any application for an alternate test procedure (ATP) under this paragraph (a) shall:
(1) Provide the name and address of the responsible person or firm making the application.
(2) Identify the pollutant(s) or parameter(s) for which nationwide approval of an alternate test procedure is being requested.
(3) Provide a detailed description of the proposed alternate test procedure, together with references to published or other studies confirming the general applicability of the alternate test procedure for the analysis of the pollutant(s) or parameter(s) in wastewater discharges from representative and specified industrial or other categories.
(4) Provide comparability data for the performance of the proposed alternative test procedure compared to the performance of the reference method.
(b) The National Coordinator may request additional information and analyses from the applicant in order to determine whether the alternate test procedure satisfies the applicable requirements of this part.
(c)Approval for nationwide use.
(1) After a review of the application and any additional analyses requested from the applicant, the National Coordinator will notify the applicant, in writing, of acceptance or rejection of the alternate test procedure for nationwide use in CWA programs. If the application is not approved, the National Coordinator will specify what additional information might lead to a reconsideration of the application, and notify the Regional Alternate Test Procedure Coordinators of such rejection. Based on the National Coordinator's rejection of a proposed alternate test procedure and an assessment of any approvals for limited uses for the unapproved method, the Regional ATP Coordinator or permitting authority may decide to withdraw approval of the method for limited use in the Region.
(2) Where the National Coordinator approved an applicant's request for nationwide use of an alternate test procedure, the National Coordinator will notify the applicant that the National Coordinator will recommend rulemaking to approve the alternate test procedure. The National Coordinator will notify the Regional ATP Coordinator or permitting authorities that they may consider approval of this alternate test procedure for limited use in their Regions based on the information and data provided in the applicant's application. The Regional ATP Coordinator or permitting authority will grant approval on a case-by-case basis prior to use of the alternate test procedure for compliance analyses until the alternate test procedure is approved by publication in a final rule in the Federal Register.
(3) EPA will propose to amend 40 CFR part 136 to include the alternate test procedure in § 136.3. EPA shall make available for review all the factual bases for its proposal, including any performance data submitted by the applicant and any available EPA analysis of those data.
(4) Following public comment, EPA shall publish in the Federal Register a final decision on whether to amend 40 CFR part 136 to include the alternate test procedure as an approved analytical method.
(5) Whenever the National Coordinator has approved an applicant's request for nationwide use of an alternate test procedure, any person may request an approval of the method for limited use under § 136.5 from the EPA Region.


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Seven dials, covent garden
Nestled between Covent Garden and Soho is Seven Dials, an area steeped in rich history and offering a truly village-like atmosphere.
The area's unique street layout, navigating around the Seven Dials Sun Pillar, takes shoppers on a journey through urban flagship stores, fashion boutiques, beauty emporiums, award-winning salons, stylish hotels, theatres, well-known restaurants, as well as numerous cafés and bars.
Seven Dials is a seven day shopping and leisure destination offering an experience, which is miles away from the mayhem of the high street but right on the door-step of the West End.
Get 10% off at over 75 stores in the Seven Dials area of Covent Garden when you book the Secret London Package
Stay at The Trafalgar and enjoy some retail therapy in Covent Garden.Take advantage of discounted purchases with a Seven Dials Privilege Card that comes exclusively with The Trafalgar's Secret London Package.
Shops include American Apparel, Benefit Diesel, Fenchurch, Firetrap, Kitchen Italia, MAC Cosmetics, Mimco, Miss Sixty, Mon Plaisir, Neal's Yard Remedies, Office, Orla Kiely, Pepe Jeans, Poste Mistress, Shu Uemura, Tatty Devine and Urban Outfitters. Available when you book the Secret London Package at The Trafalgar
37 Monmouth St, London WC2H 9DD
W: sevendials.co.uk
What's On
Theatre breaks at the Trafalgar
Just 7 minutes away from theatreland, you can now book tickets to West End shows and enjoy a memorable stay at the Trafalgar hotel.


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For the most part, when you think of the term "manager" the words funny, energetic, and caring are not necessarily the first which come to mind. More often it may be along the lines of hard-working, diligent, and organized. Luckily for the Oakland Zoo, our newest Zoological Manager, Michelle Jeffries, encompasses all of these attributes. As lead keeper Amy Phelps points out, "Michelle is an inspirational team leader and one of the most positive people I have ever had the pleasure of working with. She brings an upbeat attitude to every situation and never misses an opportunity to positively reinforce her staff!"
With a degree in Zoology and Marine Science, Michelle has spent around thirty years accumulating an extensive and impressive background in marine mammal research and behavioral studies. Michelle has worked across the U.S. for such renowned institutions as the Long Marine Lab at U.C. Santa Cruz where under Ron Schusterman she says, "the best thing I learned was that you train to a certain point and then you stop and see what the animal is capable of."
From UCSC Michelle moved to the Brookfield Zoo's Seven Seas in Chicago, then the Mote Marine Lab in Florida and finally back to California where she spent eleven years at the Monterey Bay Aquarium. There, Michelle held positions as Senior Sea Otter Aquarist and then Associate Curator of Mammals. (For a fun and educational video of Michelle showing a "Day in the Life of a Scientist" at the otter exhibit visit: http://Pbskids.org/dragonflytv/scientists/scientist10.html). At Monterey Bay, Michelle was able to take part in an innovative program in which orphaned otter pups were brought to the aquarium to be raised by exhibit females. These pups were later re-released back into the wild where they were able to breed successfully. This experience holds a special place in Michelle's heart. "When I look back at my career, I'm proud of a lot of things I was able to do, but the thing I'm most proud being a part of was the reintroduction program at the aquarium."
So just how does someone with such extensive marine mammal experience end up in the very terrestrial world of the Oakland Zoo? Ready for a change, Michelle applied, in her own words "at the last minute of the last day" for the Zoological Manager position – and it was lucky for us she did! Michelle was hired in January of 2011 and definitely had her work cut out for her. Michelle has had to take over a section of the zoo which features some of our most senior keepers, a broad range of species, and over 180 individual animals! In addition, Michelle has the office aspect of the job to contend with, overseeing a variety of programs and initiatives. Her hard work is greatly appreciated by her colleagues. As fellow Zoological Manager Victor Alm points out, "I like Michelle because she is easy to work with and will always offer assistance on projects or staffing if needed."
It's not only her helpful attitude that her colleagues appreciate. Curator Colleen Kinzley credits Michelle as being "wonderful to work with because she is consistently positive and optimistic, no matter what the obstacle her response always starts out with something like 'That's ok we'll just . . .'" This sentiment is backed up by the keepers she oversees. Lead keeper and Oakland Zoo titan Erica Calcagno notes, "Michelle is quick to compliment someone for a job well done, is attentive to her staff's needs, and has a great sense of humor."
As much as we all appreciate Michelle, she attributes much of the success and enjoyment of her new position to the keepers she oversees. With seven keepers totaling a combined 60 plus years of experience between them, Michelle recognizes "I've got great keepers who really know their animals.
In Michelle can be found the respect and professionalism required to make a wonderful leader, and the caring and compassion to make an exceptional boss and an amazing animal caregiver. Michelle's enthusiasm and overall wonderful personality have made her a fantastic attribute to the Oakland Zoo. With all of the amazing people who work in the Animal Management Department, Michelle has definitely been a welcome addition here.
So if you see our wonderful Manager Extraordinaire Michelle Jeffries around the zoo, please tell her to keep up the good work!
Tags: employees, manager, Michelle Jeffries, monterey bay, Oakland Zoo, ZooKeeper


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"Stella & Dot designs an irresistible line of fashion jewelry and fashion accessories that can be purchased exclusively at home jewelry parties or online. Shop our collection of women's jewelry, including fashion necklaces, fashion bracelets, fashion earrings and fashion rings. Or, become a Stylist and have your own jewelry party selling jewelry, handbags, and other accessories - it's like having your own jewelry company!" -Stella&Dot.
Join the Stella & Dot Affiliate Program Today
*This post contains affiliate links and I will be compensated if you make a purchase after clicking on my links
Tuesday, March 24, 2015
Stella & Dot
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The Real Techniques Core Collection Makeup Brushes!
Real Techniques Core Collection Makeup Brushes were designed by Sam Chapman, a Mom, makeup artist, blogger, and sister of Nic (Pixiwoo). This is the second Collection that I have purchased. The previous Collection reviewed: your eyes/enhanced, Starter Set. I also purchased one brush that was not part of a kit, and I'll review that in another post.
The mission of Real Techniques: "high-tech brushes and industry-quality makeup tutorials make you the expert."
Sam promises that by using the brushes in the Core Collection, your foundation will be "flawless." Read on to find out my thoughts.
When you take the Real Techniques Core Collection out of the box, you will see the plastic (form) that keeps each brush safe during shipment and before use. (You can click on the photo for a closer look).
Real Techniques Brushes
The Core Collection has four brushes, all of which are incredibly soft Taklon bristles. These bristles are synthetic, making them cruelty free. They also all have aluminum handles, which makes them incredibly lightweight. For those starting a makeup brush collection, I think it's a great idea to have the brush names on each one. I have had the brushes for over two months now, and I have not had any shedding after washing; plus, they go right back to to their nice fluffy shape.
Real Techniques Case
The Core Collection's panoramic case, a carrier/stand, makes it easy to set up your brushes, and to take them with you when you travel. There is a velcro closure on the case, which is great to keep all the brushes safely securely.
A toggle allows for this to be used/positioned as a panoramic brush case.
The Real Techniques 2-in-1 case and stand above.
Closer look at each of the Real Techniques Brushes
detailer brush: precision cut to effortlessly conceal problem areas; or, use with lipstick for long-lasting shape and definition
buffing brush: ideal for full coverage application of powder and mineral foundation
The Real Techniques Contour Brush:
The contour brush is used to, obviously, contour; can be used to create a sheer finish. You can the contour brush use this to apply highlighter and bronzer.
The Real Techniques Foundation Brush is, as you can see below, pointed.
Due to the pointed tip, it can easily be used exactly where you want to apply your foundation, or your tinted moisturizer. You can get the brush into those areas that you don't want to overload with foundation, such as around the nose, under the eyes, etc.
The Detailer Brush is a great size:
Because you should only use concealer where you need it, you want a small brush, with the right shape, to help you accomplish this task. Sam has reminded us in her videos that when you use this, you need to push the brush—in other words, do not drag the brush. That's how you get more coverage. Do you need to add concealer under your eyes, or around your nose where you have some redness? Bonus of this is that the Detailer Brush can also be used as a lipstick brush!
The last of the four brushes is the Buffing Brush:
This brush can be used for mineral foundation, if you have a creme to powder foundation, to apply bronzer, highlighter, and to apply blusher. Finally, this brush has the perfect shape to set your concealer and foundation (with loose powder or pressed powder so you do not have any shine on your face.)
I believe that this The Real Techniques Core Collection does succeed in having your foundation flawless, and I am glad that I purchased it.
Disclosure: I have nothing to disclose.
Moxie Reviews™ on Twitter and Facebook
Moxie Reviews™ 2012. Content copyright. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this blog's author/owner, Moxie, is strictly prohibited.


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HOUSTON - An estimated 5.4 million Americans are living with Alzheimer's disease. That number is predicted to balloon to more than 16 million Americans by 2050.
This week, the best and the brightest in the field are meeting for the Alzheimer's Association International Conference in Vancouver to talk about treatment and share some surprising data about prevention.
Some of the biggest headlines coming out of the conference relate to lifestyle.
Dr. Dean Hartley, Director of Science Initiatives with the Alzheimer's Association told Local 2 that those who engage in moderate to binge drinking can increase their risk of cognitive problems.
Dr. Hartley explained, "Most surprising was those people that took up drinking later in life were almost at a 200 percent greater risk of having cognitive impairment."
New research also looked at the quality and quantity of sleep, comparing those who get seven hours a night to those who get just five or up to nine hours.
Dr. Hartley said, "They found that seven was kind of the sweet spot, but if you got less or you got more that you were more at risk for cognitive problems."
On the prevention side, there are exciting results when it comes to exercise such as walking, aerobics and most recently, resistance training with weights.
Dr. Hartley explained, "These all are things that we can possibly do that give us a healthier lifestyle, but could also ward off the early signs of Alzheimer's disease."
Researchers are also touting "remarkable" results of a tiny study using an experimental drug which seemed to slow the progression of the disease.
There are all signs of hope of possibly finding a cure soon.
Dr. Hartley added, "This is going to have a massive affect on our healthcare system, so we need to start treatments now or find those cures. But, that's only going to happen with more research funding."
For more information, visit www.alz.org.
Copyright 2012 by Click2Houston.com. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Shop the Trend: Animal-Inspired Jewelry
For fall, designers took a turn with that old, comfy-cozy staple long beloved amongst undergrads and sloppy weekend'ers: the sweatshirt. Balenciaga made retro right again with '80s-era imagery done in sculptural fits, while Proenza toyed with Asian motifs like silky embroidered birds. The trend seeped out to the other ends of the spectrum, too. Marc by Marc Jacobs simply exaggerated the fit of the classic crewneck, while Derek Lam re-imagined it in soft leather. Bring on the weekend!
As seen at: Proenza Schouler, Marc by Marc Jacobs, and Balenciaga
Proenza Schouler Sweatshirt with Birds, $1,500; lagarconne.com
Spring 2013's New Designers


text: Master Sergeant Scarbrough was a crew member aboard a C-124 Globemaster transport assigned to the 2nd Service and Supply Squadron, 47th Air Division at Gander, Newfoundland. On March 23, 1951, the aircraft was enroute from Gander to Mildenhall Air Base, England when it disappeared about six hundred miles from Ireland, killing all 53 airman on board. Master Sergeant Scarbrough was awarded the National Defense Service Medal.


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You already know how big of a fan I am when it comes to the Queen Grace Collection. They know how to dress a woman's body elegantly. Their pieces are sophisticated and sexy at the same time. So, when they told me they wanted to give you a dress for the holidays from their Queen Grace Collection Holiday Series I said YES!
One of you lucky readers will win the Karrie Dress in Creamy Rose Lace! What I love most about this dress is that it's sort of a blank slate…well a beautiful blank slate. It can be dressed up or down during this holiday season. And we know that lace is a trend right now too! I love the bell sleeves, flowing skirt, and defined wast (dress available in sizes 12-26).
I can see adding a dazzling belt, a glitzy statement necklace, or a pair of glamorous shoes for that holiday look. The camisole underneath is included, but you can always switch it out with one that's a different color. There's so much you can do and try!
Entering to win is super easy! Just follow the instructions on the widget below!


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In the summer of 2007 the Crystal Space team, together with the sponsors in Aachen again held the Crystal Space Conference. This was an excellent opportunity to meet several of the developers behind Crystal Space as well as users in person. The conference was a great success. On this page you can read reports, watch pictures and videos, and download the slides from the conference.
Crystal Space Conference Report
|Read this report for a personal report on the conference (written by Jorrit Tyberghein of cleaners london).
Conference Pictures
|On this site you can find several pictures of the conference. If you want to upload your own pictures then just register, send us your login and we'll create an album for you.
Conference Movies
The videos are not yet finished and will be up soon!
Conference Presentations
Blender2Crystal Workshop (Pablo Martin and Amir Taaki)
|These are the slides for the blender2crystal workshop. In this workshop Pablo explains how to use blender2crystal and guides you through the complete build of a level. He also talks a lot about how to use CEL in combination with blender2crystal.
We would like to thank the following sponsors for their support which was essential in organising and holding the conference.


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If you are a subscriber to the JCSM (including members of the AASM), please login to access the journal.
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*Purchase of an electronic download of JCSM provides permission to access and print the issue/article for personal scholarly, research and educational use. Please note: access to the article is from the computer on which the article is purchased ONLY. Purchase of the article does not permit distribution, electronic or otherwise, of the article without the written permission of the AASM. Further, purchase does not permit the posting of article text on an online forum or website.
Subscribers can download and print full articles from current and past issues of the JCSM
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Join the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and receive a subscription to JCSM with your membership
To assess the validity and efficacy of using electronic health data to identify a physician diagnosis of insomnia in a population of patients referred for testing at a tertiary sleep center.
Retrospective cohort study in a tertiary sleep center in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Cohort consisted of 1,207 patients referred for sleep diagnostic testing and/or assessment by a sleep physician. Two sleep physicians independently assigned each patient a primary sleep diagnosis. Univariate logistic regression was used to identify variables that were predictive for insomnia from online questionnaire and diagnostic testing data. Diagnostic algorithms derived from these predictors and from the Insomnia Severity Index were evaluated against physician diagnosis as a reference standard.
The combination of self-reported sleep latency > 20 minutes, total sleep time < 6.5 hours per night, the inability to fall asleep after waking, BMI < 27 kg/m2, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale score < 9 had very high specificity (99.3%) for diagnosing insomnia; however, sensitivity was poor (11.8%). Other algorithms derived from these data had either high sensitivity or high specificity. No combination of variables yielded simultaneous high sensitivity and specificity. Likewise, the Insomnia Severity Index can be highly sensitive or highly specific at identifying insomnia, but not both.
Diagnostic algorithms derived from electronic data can provide high specificity or high sensitivity for identifying insomnia.
Severson CA; Tsai WH; Ronksley PE; Pendharkar SR. Identification of insomnia in a sleep center population using electronic health data sources and the insomnia severity index. J Clin Sleep Med 2013;9(7):655-660.
The prevalence of chronic insomnia is as high as 30%, but estimates range considerably, depending on the criteria used to define insomnia and the sample population used.1–3 Insomnia has also been associated with high levels of healthcare utilization, and increased direct and indirect healthcare costs. For instance, Ozminkowski et al.4 estimated that the combined direct and indirect costs over a 6-month time-period for adults in the U.S. with insomnia were, per person, $1253.00 more than matched controls. Similarly, Morin et al.5 estimated the cumulative costs of insomnia in the Canadian province of Quebec (population approximately 8 million6) to exceed six billion dollars (Cdn) per annum.
A diagnosis of insomnia is typically established through assessment by an experienced clinician. Several efficacious treatments for insomnia, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), exist. Yet wait times and lack of access to insomnia specialists can be a barrier to diagnosis and treatment. Moreover, insomnia may occur independently, or may coexist with other sleep disorders, which can complicate diagnosis and treatment. Screening tools that can accurately and reliably identify primary insomnia could help from a triage standpoint, as they may direct newly referred patients to the appropriate specialists and/ or diagnostic testing. In a research setting, an insomnia screening tool would be desirable for case finding. While a breadth of insomnia questionnaires and screening tools exist, most of these tools were developed for use in large epidemiologic studies and lack validation in a clinic setting. Moreover, very few have used a clinician defined reference standard for insomnia.7–9
Current knowledge/Study Rationale: While a breadth of insomnia questionnaires and screening tools exist, most of these tools were developed for use in large epidemiologic studies and lack validation in a clinic setting. We sought to assess the validity of using electronic health data for identifying patients with insomnia in a tertiary sleep centre.
Study Impact: Diagnostic algorithms derived from electronic data can provide high specificity or high sensitivity for identifying insomnia. When used to direct patients to the correct provider, or to preclude the need for polysomnography, this could have significant impact on centralized triage processes, clinician decision support, and healthcare costs.
The aim of this study was to assess the validity and efficacy of using electronic health data to identify a physician diagnosis of insomnia in a population of patients referred for testing at a tertiary sleep center.
We identified all patients who completed an online questionnaire and underwent clinical assessment and/or sleep diagnostic testing at the Foothills Medical Center (FMC) Sleep Center between January 1, 2009, and January 1, 2011. The FMC Sleep Center is the only tertiary referral center for Calgary, Alberta, Canada (a catchment area of approximately 1.3 million people). The referral base consists primarily of family physicians, but also includes physicians from other disciplines. All referred patients are required to fill out the online questionnaire at the time of referral. The University of Calgary Conjoint Health Region Ethics Board approved this study.
Two American Academy of Sleep Medicine board-certified sleep physicians independently reviewed all patient charts and assigned a primary sleep diagnosis to each patient in the cohort. Insomnia was defined based on either: (a) primary clinical diagnosis by the treating clinician (if treating clinician was ABSM certified in Behavioral Sleep Medicine); (b) primary clinical diagnosis of insomnia by the treating physician AND a chart review of the patient history to determine if patient met International Classification of Sleep Disorders, 2nd edition (ICSD-2), criteria A-C (if the treating clinician was not an ABSM certified psychologist). Primary insomnia was determined to be present if there was consensus from both reviewing physicians on the diagnosis. If a diagnosis could not be agreed upon, the disagreement was noted and the patient was excluded from analysis.
A total of 13 other diagnostic categories were selected prior to chart review. Eight diagnoses were developed based on the ICSD-2 criteria: central sleep apnea (CSA); central nervous system (CNS) hypersomnolence; insomnia; obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS); parasomnia; restless leg syndrome (RLS); OSA/hypoventilation; and upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS). Diagnoses were assigned based on a primary diagnosis by the treating physician AND chart review of the history and diagnostic testing (to ensure that ICSD-2 criteria were met).
Six non-ICSD-2 diagnoses were also assigned: depression, fatigue, uncomplicated snoring, fibromyalgia, other, and normal. Given that validated criteria for many of these diagnoses could not be consistently extracted from the medical record, for non-ICSD-2 diagnosis a diagnosis was assigned based on the primary impression of the treating physician. Disease specific diagnostic criteria were not employed for non-ICSD-2 diagnoses.
The online questionnaire is composed of 108 questions, which provide a comprehensive overview of a patient's demographics, anthropometrics, snoring history, daytime function, and medical history, as well as sleep schedule, behavior, and complaints. Three smaller, commonly used questionnaires are also administered within the online questionnaire: the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI).
All patients undergo portable monitoring (level III sleep diagnostic testing) as part of the referral and triage process. The Remmers Sleep Recorder (SagaTech Electronics Ltd, Calgary, Canada) is an ambulatory monitor that measures snoring, oxygen saturation, respiratory airflow (by monitoring nasal pressure), and body position. The RDI is derived from automated analysis of the oximetry signal using a 4% desaturation threshold. This algorithm uses both shape and magnitude of oxygen desaturation to score respiratory events.10 Ambulatory studies are manually reviewed by the interpreting physician with the flow signal being used for quality assurance purposes. Ambulatory studies are repeated if there are discrepancies between the automatically scored respiratory events and the airflow channel. This monitor has excellent agreement with the polysomnographically determined AHI.10 It has also been validated as a clinical management tool.11,12
Polysomnography was ordered at the discretion of the treating physician. Polysomnography (PSG) data were recorded by a computerized system (Sandman Elite Version 8.0, Nellcor Puritan Bennett [Melville] Ltd, Kanata, Ontario, Canada). This included a standardized montage: 3 electroencephalographic channels (C4/A1, C3/A2, O1/A2), bilateral electroculograms (EOG), submental electromyogram (EMG), bilateral leg EMGs, and electrocardiography (ECG). Airflow was measured using a nasal pressure transducer (Braebon Medical Corp, Ontario, Canada). Respiratory effort was assessed by inductance plethysmography (Respitrace Ambulatory Monitoring, Ardsley, NY USA), and oxygen saturation was recorded by oximetry (953 Finger Flex Sensor; Healthdyne Technologies). The RDI was defined as the number of apneas and hypopneas/h of sleep. Apnea was defined as a cessation of airflow ≥ 10 seconds. Hypopnea was defined as an abnormal respiratory event lasting ≥ 10 sec, with ≥ 30% reduction in thorocoabdominal movement or airflow compared to baseline and associated with ≥ 4% oxygen desaturation.
The agreement in physician-assigned diagnoses was assessed by the κ statistic. Simple logistic regression was used to identify predictive variables from the online questionnaire, using the presence of insomnia as the dependent variable. Receiver operator characteristic curves and box plots were used to visually select binary cutpoints for predictive continuous variables. A full model was constructed from univariate binary predictors and reduced by stepwise regression. Diagnostic algorithms were constructed from predictive variables in the parsimonious model. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were determined for each diagnostic algorithm as well as for the ISI.
All analyses were performed using STATA 9.0 statistical software (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX). Results are presented as mean ± standard deviation unless otherwise stated. An α value of 0.05 was used for all significance calculations.
Figure 1 illustrates the flow of patients. We identified 1,426 patients who underwent clinical assessment with or without sleep diagnostic testing; 202 did not provide written consent and were excluded. Of the remaining 1,223 patient charts, 16 were excluded from the analysis due to lack of consensus over the primary sleep diagnosis, leaving a final cohort size of 1,207.
Patient flow
(more ...)
Insomnia was the primary diagnosis in 339 patients (28%). Tables 1 and 2 summarize the distribution of sleep diagnoses and baseline characteristics of the cohort. The mean age in the entire cohort was 45.4 ± 12.1 years, 56.8% were men, and mean body mass index (BMI) was 30.6 ± 7.6 kg/m2. The mean ESS and ISI scores of all patients were 11.1 ± 5.7 and 3.0 ± 6.8, respectively. The mean self-reported sleep latency for all patients was 0.47 ± 0.72 hours.
Sleep diagnosis
Patient characteristics
Patients with insomnia were significantly younger and had lower BMI, weight, and ESS scores than patients without insomnia. Patients with insomnia reported taking longer to fall asleep and had higher ISI scores than patients without a diagnosis of insomnia.
Physicians agreed on 98.69% of assigned diagnoses (1,207/1,223). The un-weighted κ statistic was 0.98 (± 0.016).
Self-reported use of a sleep aid, sleep latency (measured in hours), and sedative/hypnotic use were predictive of a diagnosis of insomnia (Table 3). The Epworth score, BMI, average sleep time, and ability to return to sleep after waking during the night were predictive of a diagnosis other than insomnia. The following binary cutoffs for continuous predictive variables were selected from ROC curves and box plots: sleep latency (20 min), sleep time (6.5 h), BMI (27 kg/m2), and ESS (9/24).
Univariate predictors
Diagnostic algorithm performance is summarized in Table 4. The combination of self-reporting a sleep latency > 20 min, sleep time < 6.5 h sleep/night, inability to fall asleep after waking, a BMI < 27, and ESS score < 9 had very high specificity (99.3%) for a diagnosis of insomnia; however, sensitivity was poor (11.8%). Similarly, a self-reported sleep time < 6.5 h with concomitant sedative/hypnotic use had a high specificity (96.7%) at the expense of sensitivity (18.6%). No combination of variables simultaneously had a high sensitivity and specificity. A model incorporating the use of a sedative/hypnotic or a reported sleep time < 6.5 h maximized diagnostic performance (sensitivity 71.4%, specificity 67.4%, positive predictive value 46.1%, negative predictive value 85.8%).
Performance of Diagnostic Algorithms
The combination of clinical and diagnostic test data did not improve diagnostic performance when compared to clinical data alone. For instance, using a self-reported sleep time < 6.5 h and an RDI < 5 yields moderate sensitivity (76.4%) and specificity (71.5%). The inability to fall asleep after waking and an RDI < 5 yields similar levels of sensitivity (70.2%) and specificity (68.1%).
The diagnostic performance of the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) is also summarized in Table 3. In our clinic population, the ISI demonstrated either high sensitivity or specificity, but not both. An ISI score ≥ 8 demonstrates the highest sensitivity (92.7%) that could be achieved using ISI data alone; however specificity was poor (16.5%). An ISI score ≥ 22 yields the maximum specificity that could be achieved with the ISI alone (86.7%), but at the expense of sensitivity (28.0%). No single ISI cutoff resulted in simultaneously high sensitivity and specificity.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to validate diagnostic algorithms using electronic health data in a clinic-based population. Diagnostic algorithms using electronic health data from an online questionnaire can achieve high sensitivities or specificities for identifying insomnia, but not both. A high diagnostic specificity can be achieved using a self-reported sleep latency of greater than 20 minutes, estimated sleep time of less than 6.5 hours, inability to fall asleep after waking, BMI of less than 27 kg/m2, and an ESS score of less than 9 (sensitivity 12%, specificity 99%). Similar results could be achieved with a combination of self-reported sleep time of less than 6.5 hours and sedative or hypnotic use (sensitivity 19%, specificity 97%). Although lacking simultaneously high sensitivities and specificities, these diagnostic algorithms provide a simple and highly accurate method of identifying at least a subset of patients with and without insomnia.
Only two published questionnaire-based tools have been developed to differentiate between insomnia and other sleep disorders in a sleep clinic population: the Global Sleep Assessment Questionnaire (GSAQ) and the Holland Sleep Disorders Questionnaire (HSDQ).13,14 When administered to a combination of primary care and sleep clinic patients, the 11-item GSAQ could discriminate between insomnia and other sleep disorders (as diagnosed by a sleep clinician) with a sensitivity of 79% and a specificity of 57%.13 The aim of the HSDQ is to assess the six different groups of sleep disorders as defined by ICSD-2 criteria (sleep-related breathing disorder, hypersomnia, circadian rhythm sleeping disorder, parasomnias, sleep related movement disorders, and insomnia). When administered to a population of 891 patients referred for testing to a sleep center in Holland, their 40-item questionnaire had an optimized sensitivity of 82% and optimized specificity of 69% at differentiating between insomnia and the other five classes of sleep disorders.14 While both of these questionnaires have moderate levels of combined sensitivity and specificity, neither measure is maximized.
The Insomnia Severity Index is a brief, well-validated questionnaire designed to assess insomnia severity and outcomes.15–18 Morin et al. examined the ability of the ISI to identify insomnia in a clinical population, demonstrating that the ISI could identify patients with physician-diagnosed insomnia with high sensitivity and specificity: an ISI score ≥ 11 yielded a sensitivity and specificity of 92.7% and 100%, respectively.15 However, in our clinic-based population, the ISI did not achieve simultaneously high sensitivity and specificity. The differences in ISI performance can likely be attributed to the different populations. Though both studies used similarly rigorous definitions of insomnia, Morin et al. looked at the ability of the ISI to identify patients with insomnia when comparing those patients to a cohort of healthy controls, whereas we examined the ability of the ISI to identify patients with insomnia in patients who were referred to a sleep center. Given the overlap in comorbidity and symptoms between different sleep disorders, it is not surprising that shared symptoms dilute the diagnostic accuracy of any screening instrument.
The GSAQ, HSDQ, and our data present similarly moderate measures of combined sensitivity and specificity. Additionally though, we present algorithms to maximize either measure on their own. This is important, as there are situations when a high sensitivity or specificity is desirable even if the reciprocal measure is lower. For instance, practice parameters suggest that polysomnography is not necessary for the routine assessment and diagnosis of insomnia.19 Highly specific algorithms that rule in a diagnosis of insomnia may reduce the need for polysomnography in patients positively identified by the algorithm. Given the cost of polysomnography, the identification of even a small subset of patients as not needing PSG could lead to large healthcare and insurance savings. However, polysomnography would still be required in patients with persistent symptoms despite primary management or in some patients for whom sleep disordered breathing has not been ruled out. Conversely, highly sensitive algorithms allow us to confidently rule out a diagnosis, which could help us direct patients to the correct provider and thus improve clinic efficiency. Highly sensitive or specific algorithms are also important in a research setting as they are used in identifying cohorts, validating comorbidities and monitoring prevalence and incidence, for example.
The use of an online questionnaire or electronic health data is compelling both in terms of potential for scalability and resource demands for data acquisition and analysis. For instance, questionnaires can be disseminated to large numbers of patients or study cohorts simply by providing a link or web address. Furthermore, the collection and storage of responses in a structured and computable manner facilitates linkage to existing clinical databases. Electronic algorithms can also be easily integrated with well-structured electronic databases, allowing for several potential uses. In a triage setting, for example, such algorithms could be implemented to automatically classify patients and alert triage nurses to this identification. From a research perspective, diagnostic algorithms can be used to rapidly query massive datasets to find large samples for study inclusion. As an example, case finding algorithms to identify outbreaks of influenza have been previously reported and show the potential use of electronic health data sources for this purpose.20
We suggest that using highly sensitive or specific algorithms has the potential to improve clinical efficiency by identifying subsets of patients and directing them to the correct provider or clinical test. However, the ability of electronic algorithms to improve clinical efficiency is largely unexamined in the literature. A recent study by Stein et al.21 used brief self-reported electronic questionnaires delivered via a computer kiosk to help assess and treat women presenting to the emergency department for urinary tract infections. These investigators found that patients randomized to use this system had shorter lengths of stay in the emergency department than patients who continued via regular clinical pathways. Though not implementing a diagnostic algorithm electronically, the results of Stein et al. suggest that implementation of electronic questionnaires have potential to improve clinical efficiency. Further research is necessary to assess and quantify how electronic algorithms may improve efficiency and patient flow in a clinical setting.
Our results should be interpreted within the context of the strengths and limitations of our study. Firstly, our cohort was selected from referrals to a single academic sleep center. There are only a few other referral choices for sleep medicine in our catchment area, and there is no incentive for referring physicians to choose one center over the other. This fact, coupled with our large sample size, low exclusion rate, and the consistency of our cohort's demographic characteristics with those of other referral populations, suggest that selection bias due to a single center is not a concern.
Secondly, it should be noted that a clinical interview was not part of the diagnosis process. However, to ensure the integrity of our reference standard, diagnoses were assigned through independent chart review and required consensus by two board-certified sleep physicians. The strength of our reference standard is reflected in the high κ score and percent agreement between the two raters (0.98 (± 0.016) and 98.69%, respectively).
Finally, although all patients underwent level III sleep diagnostic testing, polysomnography was at the discretion of the treating physician. Given the use of ambulatory monitoring, it is unlikely that sleep disordered breathing would be missed. However, non-respiratory ICSD-2 polysomnographically based diagnoses could be missed, if not initially suspected by the treating clinician. Moreover, non-ICSD-2 diagnoses were assigned based on the impression of the treating clinician and may not necessarily be valid.
Diagnostic algorithms derived from electronic data can provide high specificity or high sensitivity for identifying insomnia. While it is not feasible to simultaneously achieve both high sensitivity and specificity using these data, it is possible to simply and accurately identify a subset of patients with and without insomnia using only a few simple questions extracted from online and/or electronic sources. When used to direct patients to the correct provider, or to preclude the need for polysomnography, this could have significant impact on centralized triage processes, clinician decision support, and healthcare costs. Furthermore, these algorithms can be used in a research capacity to identify cohorts and monitor prevalence and incidence, among other uses. Towards these ends, the ability of these algorithms to improve clinic efficiency and decision support, and their uses in a research setting warrant further study and validation.
This was not an industry supported study. The authors have indicated no financial conflicts of interest.
This work was supported through funding from the O'Brien Center for the Health Sciences and the FMC Sleep Centre Development Fund.
Ohayon MM, author. Epidemiology of insomnia: what we know and what we still need to learn. Sleep Med Rev. 2002;6:97–111. [PubMed]
Ohayon MM, Reynolds CF, authors. Epidemiological and clinical relevance of insomnia diagnosis algorithms according to the DSM-IV and the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD). Sleep Med. 2009;10:952–60. [PubMed]
Morin CM, LeBlanc M, Bélanger L, Ivers H, Mérette C, Savard J, authors. Prevalence of insomnia and its treatment in Canada. Can J Psychiatry. 2011;56:540–8. [PubMed]
Ozminkowski R, Wang S, Walsh J, authors. The direct and indirect costs of untreated insomnia in adults in the United States. Sleep. 2007;30:263–73. [PubMed]
Daley M, Morin CM, LeBlanc M, Grégoire J-P, Savard J, authors. The economic burden of insomnia: direct and indirect costs for individuals with insomnia syndrome, insomnia symptoms, and good sleepers. Sleep. 2009;32:55–64. [PubMed Central][PubMed]
Canada S, author. Population by sex and age group, by province and territory. [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2012 Sep 13]. Available from: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/demo31a-eng.htm.
Novak M, Mucsi I, Shapiro CM, Rethelyi J, Kopp MS, authors. Increased utilization of health services by insomniacs-an epidemiological perspective. J Psychosom Res. 2004;56:527–36. [PubMed]
Kessler R, Berglund P, Coulouvrat C, authors. Insomnia and the performance of US workers: results from the America insomnia survey. Sleep. 2011;34:1161–71. [PubMed Central][PubMed]
Morin CM, LeBlanc M, Daley M, Gregoire JP, Mérette C, authors. Epidemiology of insomnia: prevalence, self-help treatments, consultations, and determinants of help-seeking behaviors. Sleep Med. 2006;7:123–30. [PubMed]
Vázquez JC, Tsai WH, Flemons WW, et al., authors. Automated analysis of digital oximetry in the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnoea. Thorax. 2000;55:302–7. [PubMed Central][PubMed]
Mulgrew A, Fox N, Ayas N, Ryan C, authors. Diagnosis and initial management of obstructive sleep apnea without polysomnography. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:157–66. [PubMed]
Whitelaw WA, Brant RF, Flemons WW, authors. Clinical usefulness of home oximetry compared with polysomnography for assessment of sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171:188–93. [PubMed]
Roth T, Zammit G, Kushida C, et al., authors. A new questionnaire to detect sleep disorders. Sleep Med. 2002;3:99–108. [PubMed]
Kerkhof GA, Geuke ME, Brouwer A, Rijsman RM, Schimsheimer RJ, Van Kasteel V, authors. Holland Sleep Disorders Questionnaire: a new sleep disorders questionnaire based on the International Classification of Sleep Disorders-2. J Sleep Res. 2013;22:104–7. [PubMed]
Morin CM, Belleville G, Bélanger L, Ivers H, authors. The Insomnia Severity Index: psychometric indicators to detect insomnia cases and evaluate treatment response. Sleep. 2011;34:601–8. [PubMed Central][PubMed]
Okun ML, Kravitz HM, Sowers MF, Moul DE, Buysse DJ, Hall M, authors. Psychometric evaluation of the Insomnia Symptom Questionnaire: a self-report measure to identify chronic insomnia. J Clin Sleep Med. 2009;5:41–51. [PubMed Central][PubMed]
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The Zig Kurecolor Twin S is a great value, professional-quality twin-tip graphics marker. The marker pens come with two ends - a 6.5mm broad chisel tip and a 1mm fine bullet nib. The marker barrel is squared to prevent rolling when not in use. Each marker has two colour coded caps making it easy to find the colour you want without wasting time.
The pens come in 135 colours and a neutral blender solution (used for creating gradual shading). All of the Kurecolor Twin S markers can be purchased individually and a selection are also available in set form. The 9 different 12 pen sets include Basic, Brilliant, Natural, Dull, Pale, Deep, Greys, Cool Greys, and Warm Greys. Kurecolor Twin S graphics markers use an alcohol-based dye ink which is xylene free, quick drying and permanent. The laydown of colour with a Kurecolour Twin S is smooth, even and translucent.
The pens are ideal for graphic artists, designers and crafters alike. The markers are well suited to rendering and coloured visuals. These Twin S markers are suitable for use on glass, plastic, metal, paper and photos.
Kurecolor Twin S pens are refillable through the tip.
Please Note: Any dual tipped markers must be stored in a horizontal position, if they are not positioned correctly this will result in one of the tips becoming dry and un-useable.
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HOUSTON - Two men posed as police officers and terrorized a woman as she left her southeast Houston home on Wednesday.
The woman said she walked out the front door of her home in the 800 block of Woodbine and as she turned after locking her gate, she saw two men pointing guns at her.
The woman said the men spoke Spanish and claimed to be police officers. She said they wore T-shirts with "police" written across their chests.
The men claimed to be there to serve a warrant for her arrest, the woman said.
The woman said she knew that was not true because she had not done anything wrong. She said she also noticed that the men were not wearing uniform pants or belts, and there was not a patrol car around.
When one of the men tried to grab her car keys, the woman broke free and ran to a neighbor's home. The men jumped in their car, a white Ford Mustang, and left. She said it appeared to be a 1980s model.
The woman said one of the men is Hispanic, about 30 years old and about 6 feet 2 inches tall. The other man is black, about 30 years old and about 5 feet 2 inches tall.
Anyone with information is asked to call Crime Stoppers at 713-222-TIPS.
Copyright 2012 by Click2Houston.com. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Nowadays, social media are widely used by business specialists, businessmen, or even just an ordinary human. actually social sites like facebook, google+, twitter and linkedin are the widely used social sites. have you ever seen the potential of this sites and make them as your tool in generating traffic? have you ever think of that? well i have read from this article how useful those sites in generating unique visitors to your site. take a while and read this : Using Social Media to Increase your Website Traffic. Great article in which it gives me some idea that having a website really a great help to promote your product and services and with the integration of the social sites.
I am glad that i learned. i am thankful to the internet it's really a good help.
i agree with you, Now a days Twitter, Facebook, Google+, Linkedin are potential tools for Traffic Building. but don't forget about forums.. that too help us to increase traffic like what you did...!
Glad you posted that. I think forums are too often overlooked and agree that they are a type of Social Media. Although they are generally specific to niche, they are a place where people gather to become a part of a community of like-minded people, exchange ideas and opinions, and make contact with others.
True that...... But, not so sure about Google+. Any case studies on success with google+
What type of success are you looking for. Social media offers several different types:
LinkedIn is best if you want to offer a product or service which suits professionals. For others products/services, Facebook and twitter are good to bring traffic.
Buttonspace and Traffup are also there in getting more traffic and don't forget stumbleupon it also helps a lot in driving traffic to your site.
Does anyone have any reliable stats regarding how their links are received through forum posting?
I ask because throughout numerous years I've never known a forum to drive through more than a few hundred visitors a month, and that's on a large site.
Yes, forums are a part of social media. It'd be stupid to disregard forums as a way of reaching out. However, the only time I've seen forum posts even slightly work have been as a part of years of regular posting and based on a strong user base on both ends.
Forum posts are only reliable returns if the poster is knowledgeable and the forum itself is in the same industry - I'm betting Paul O'B and Rudy (r937) get more than their fair share of traffic through their signatures based solely on the quality of their posts and their knowledge of the subject matter. If you're looking for a return when you're just making forum posts to random sites, then the return's going to be negligible at best.
You might get some returns on "advertising" posts (if the forum allows them), but again, that's only going to work if the subject matter is of some interest to the community the forum supports. An advertisement post for a new baby food company will get a much better return on a "mommy blogger" centric forum than it would here. Likewise, a new PHP CMS product would get more return here (again if it was allowed here when it's not) than it would to a "mommy blogger" centric forum.
It all depends on the audience. If it's relevant, it'll have a chance to work. Otherwise, it's just noise.
thanks guys for reading my post, actually i really do agree that forums do great job in promoting or in generating traffic to a website as long as the registered users know how useful does forums are. so users must do this not for spamming purposes spammers should think that forums are not there for spam purposes but forum are built and developed to have an online community which main purpose is to have an interaction of same brands.
again guys thanks, happy seasons to all...
If you are in B2C business then social media helps you lot by increasing your brand awareness, building potential leads, increasing customer engagement and more.
Social Networking sites nowadays are being used by different type of people for one reason they wanted to expose their products or services or maybe information by using these medium.
Facebook Fan Page is proven to be effective driving customer to the website wherein all necessary information specifically well written.Google + on the other hand mistakenly ignored by some people who do not know the effectiveness and contribution to increase promotion of the article they wanted to market.Pinterest is the next big thing and should be taken seriously to help increase website SERP
Stumble Upon is also beneficial for these kind of issues.
Yes these are site for traffic driven but how to use these site properly is there any manual to understand this .
I agree with you that Twitter, Facebook, Google+ and Linkedin are potential for generating traffic towards to your site. I am using all that social media site which you have mentioned and i am also useing stumbleupon and i think that stumbleupon is the best social media site to generate traffice to your site.
Can you tell us what about StumbleUpon sets it apart for you from the others you mentioned? It is a site I used to use regularly, but I've found a better following and easier to grow my circle of contacts at Facebook and Twitter. So, I'd really like to know what others are doing at Stumble Upon that makes it an equally or better spot to spend some time.
@David_kartik ; Each site has a help area that tells you how to get started and what the dos and don'ts of the site are. Surprising that you didn't know that already.
StumbleUpon is a great place to participate and it can help a lot in increasing the traffic for website. Similar thing applies on Pinterest. The only thing that we need to keep in mind while promoting our website on these social sites is, you need to add good and relevant images to your posts. Also, if you are having a blog that is about general interests like gadgets, clothing and such stuffs, StumbleUpon and Pinterest can help a lot in getting traffic for your website. Just to make it more natural, participate genuinely rather than keeping promoting your own stuff.
I have been using all the sites mentioned for years now apart from Google+ which is relatively new. I have been getting good traffic from LinkedIn and Facebook. But, Twitter and Google+ traffic is low. Can anybody suggest any possible reasons for this? <snip>
Agree with it..!How ever to generate great amount of traffic to the site.! One more great advantage of social media is like to engage our self along with your followers and fans about your product,which will help in making brand reputations..!
All social networking websites are good at their place. You need to learn the way to use that social sites. Stumbleupon and reddit also good to drive traffic every website has different way to use. First read the rules and start spending time on them in a proper way. Facebook, twitter, Stumble, Linkedin, delicious, G+ and reddit they are really best.


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Brannon Kleinlein Archives
Apache Lake Music Festival To Showcase More Than 60 Arizona Bands
This October, the Apache Lake Resort and Marina will be home to more than 60 Arizona bands at the third annual Apache Lake Music Festival. The festival takes place Oct. 11-13 and offers a family-friendly weekend of concerts, camping and dance parties. "It's a music festival to create more of a great music culture here… Read More →


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Forecast: Polar Vortex Returns to NJ This Week
"Thundersnow" hit parts of New Jersey Saturday as the polar vortex heads our way for a return visit this coming week– one that could extend into early February.
The squalls resembled summer thunderstorms with dark skies, brief periods of heavy snow and thunder, moving across central and north Jersey according to reports to the Jersey Shore Hurricane News Facebook page.
There were also reports of lightning in Sea Bright, Leonardo. Monroe and Montclair Saturday. "Was awakened around 8:45 this morning here in Monroe Twp. by one of the loudest rolling thunder claps I've ever heard," wrote one contributor to the page.
Temperatures are expected to reach the 40s through Monday. Discussion by the National Weather Service and their long term forecast, however, indicates a high pressure area will build into the area allowing part of the polar vortex to move south again and lock bitter cold over the state possibly into the beginning of February.
Temperatures are forecast to rise only into the 20s starting Tuesday with gusty winds creating a low wind chill.
"Unlike what we've seen for, really, the past two months, this time it looks as though the pattern will keep the cold air enforced," state climatologist David Robinson tells the Star-Ledger. There is also the potential for snow around Sunday, February 2. "The potential is absolutely there for a significant snowfall, however the odds do not favor it," Robinson told the newspaper.
The Polar Vortex is defined by the National Weather Service's New York office as a "persistent, large scale upper level cyclone" that is anchored to one or both of the poles. A piece may "break off" and head southward in the jet stream but it's not a low pressure area of something that can be seen like a tornado or clouds.
- The polar vortex likely to return to N.J. next week, this time for the long haul / Star-Ledger
- Jersey Shore Hurricane News


text: Maybe you don't want to taste the rainbow? Maybe you only want to taste one-seventh of the rainbow? If you have a bizarre proclivity for just one specific color of Skittles, you either have to spend precious seconds sorting through the contents of one of those red bags yourself, or you can let a machine sort them for you.


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I made some Southwest Chipolte pork chops on the BGE.
Chops were marinated over night then cooked in the BGE.
I added some oak for a bit of smoke flavor as well.
finished up the meal with grilled corn and carrots.
the meal was a definite hit with the family
Definitely will do this again


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Vintage Strasburg fans 11 as Nats rout Padres
Harper goes 2-for-2 with four RBIs before exiting with jammed thumb
WASHINGTON -- Manager Matt Williams had a feeling the Nationals' offense would turn around sooner or later. On Thursday, Washington went 0-for-16 with runners in scoring position in a 4-3 loss to the Padres. It was a different story Friday night, as the Nationals went 7-for-17 in the same category and pounded the Padres, 11-1, at Nationals Park.
The Nationals collected a season-high 17 hits and had three players -- Ian Desmond, Anthony Rendon and Jose Lobaton with at least three hits, while Stephen Strasburg was spectacular, striking out 11 in seven shutout innings.
"We try to give ourselves opportunities as we can," Williams said. "I think Anthony and Desi definitely set the tone tonight, taking the ball the other way against the left-hander [Robbie Erlin]. Staying on it. That sets the tone for your team. They both did a nice job of that. … It's good. We just keep getting guys out there and see if we can get them in. The opportunities are key, though."
The Nationals went to work on Erlin in the first inning. With runners on first and second with two outs, Desmond doubled to right-center field, scoring Rendon. Bryce Harper followed with an infield single to drive in Adam LaRoche.
Two innings later, the Nationals had the bases loaded when Harper hit a three-run triple to right-center field. As he was diving into third base, Harper jammed his left thumb. Harper stayed in the game and later scored on a single by Lobaton.
"I think everybody swung the bat well tonight," Harper said. "I felt pretty good tonight. It was huge for Desi to come out. Lobaton is swinging great. Roche is doing the same thing. Everybody is swinging it well."
Harper went 2-for-2 with four RBIs in the game. Nate McLouth replaced Harper in left field in the fifth inning. It's not known if Harper will miss any games. He will be re-evaluated Saturday.
"I went in the dugout and swung in the cage. I felt fine. I hit some homers … in the cage," Harper said. "It was a 6-0 ballgame. I went out in the outfield and it swelled up a little bit. I thought we were in a good spot. Matt did, too. I went out and got some treatment on it. Put some ice in there. … We'll see how I feel tomorrow and go from there."
Washington would score two more in the sixth inning. Denard Span would score on a double by LaRoche and Jayson Werth would score on a groundout by Desmond.
Erlin allowed eight runs in 5 1/3 innings, and he said most of his pitches were up in the strike zone.
"Everything was elevated," Erlin said. "I got to 3-2 on Harper and shook to a fastball low and away. I threw it with full conviction, but it was right over the plate. At that point it's 5-0. That was a big one."
Strasburg took advantage of the run support. He allowed seven hits over the seven shutout innings and struck out 10 or more batters for the 14th time.
"Obviously, we had a long game yesterday. I needed to go out there," Strasburg said. "It's always great to go out there with the lead already. It's not always going to be the case. So you just can't really look at the scoreboard. Just keep pitching."
The only time Strasburg was in trouble occurred in the third inning. San Diego had the bases loaded with two outs, but Yonder Alonso flied out to Harper in left field.
"He had one inning where he was kind of wild," Lobaton said about Strasburg. "We talked. He calmed down and tried to hit the glove. He was working the corners. There were a lot of pitches where I didn't move the glove. If you see the replay, he was good. Curveballs and changeups were good."
The Nationals added two more runs off reliever Kevin Quackenbush in the seventh inning. Rendon doubled to right-center field and drove in Lobaton and Span. Rendon went 4-for-5 and is hitting .302 this season.
"We are a great team," Harper said. "We have a great lineup and we are missing Willie [Wilson Ramos] and Zim [Ryan Zimmerman]. I think where we are at right now swinging the bat, I think everybody just needs to keep it going. We'll keep going every day."
Bill Ladson is a reporter for MLB.com and writes an MLBlog, All Nats All the time. He also could be found on Twitter @WashingNats. This story was not subject to the approval of Major League Baseball or its clubs.


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text:
Janeway's Immunobiology
- Edition:
- 8th
- Author(s):
- Kenneth Murphy
- 9780815342434
- Format:
- Paperback
- Publication Date:
- July 25, 2011
- Content Details:
- 888 pages | 599 illustrations
- Language:
- English
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List Price: Sorry, not available in your region
Related Titles
Also of Interest
The Biology of Cancer, Second Edition
The Immune System, Fourth Edition
Molecular Biology of the Cell, Sixth Edition
About the Book
Book Summary
Janeway's Immunobiology is a textbook that introduces the immune system in all its aspects to undergraduates, and also provides a treatment of the subject that is comprehensive enough to be useful to graduate students interested in research, and to medical students focused on clinical applications. The Eighth Edition has been thoroughly revised and updated and is available in both print and e-book formats.
Janeway's Immunobiology continues to set the standard for currency and authority with its clear writing style and organization, uniform art program, and scientific accuracy. It presents a consistent point of view throughout—that of the host's interaction with an environment containing many species of potentially harmful microorganisms. The full-color art program is conceptually coherent and illustrates the processes and mechanisms underlying the concepts in the text. The 16 chapters in this readable, accessible textbook are organized and presented in such a way as to help deliver a complete one-semester immunology course, beginning with innate immunity, then moving to adaptive immunity, and ending with applied clinical immunology.
Discussion questions are provided at the end of Chapters 2 to 16. These questions can be used for review, or as the basis for discussion in class or in informal study groups. Summaries conclude each section and each chapter. As in previous editions, a caduceus icon in the margins indicates topics which are correlated to Case Studies in Immunology, Sixth Edition by Geha and Notarangelo.
New in the Eighth Edition
- Innate immunity has been updated and expanded and is now presented in two separate chapters (Chapters 2 and 3), as well as being further emphasized in the rest of the textbook. Chapter 2 covers antimicrobial peptides and the complement system, and Chapter 3 deals with cellular innate receptors and cell-mediated innate immunity (e.g. TLRs, phagocytosis, NK cells, interferon production, innate-like lymphocytes).
- The section on complement has been reworked and reconceived—explaining the lectin pathway first—making it easier to teach by placing it into the context of innate recognition.
- Evolution is now incorporated throughout the text, helping students see similar strategies used by different organisms.
- The text and figures of Chapter 7 Signaling Through Immune System Receptors have been revised to present a cohesive synthesis of signaling for immunology, focusing on improved illustration of antigen recognition signaling and lymphocyte activation. Signaling through other receptors is dealt with wherever appropriate throughout the book.
- Updated chapter on B-cell immune responses (Chapter 10), especially on trafficking of B cells in peripheral lymphoid organs (e.g. lymph nodes) and the locations at which they encounter antigen.
- Coverage of mucosal immunity (Chapter 12) has been brought up to date, including responses to the commensal microbiota and the role of specialized dendritic cells and the regulatory T cells in maintaining tolerance to food antigens and commensal bacteria.
- Chapter 13, Failures of Host Defense Mechanisms, has been reorganized and revised to structure an understanding of primary immunodeficiencies in the context of developmental pathways.
- Chapter 16, Manipulation of the Immune Response, has been heavily revised to include a greater emphasis on clinical issues and a complete update of immunotherapeutics and vaccines.
- Many new and revised figures illustrate the processes and mechanisms underlying the concepts presented in the text.
- The icons used have been updated and expanded to incorporate a new emphasis on signaling pathways.
- New references have been added throughout the text.
Part I: An Introduction to Immunobiology and Innate Immunity
Chapter 1: Basic Concepts in Immunology
Chapter 2: Innate Immunity: The First Lines of Defense
Chapter 3: The Induced Responses of Innate Immunity
Part II: The Recognition of Antigen
Chapter 4: Antigen Recognition by B-cell and T-cell Receptors
Chapter 5: The Generation of Lymphocyte Antigen Receptors
Chapter 6: Antigen Presentation to T Lymphocytes
Part III: The Development of Mature Lymphocyte Receptor Repertoires
Chapter 7: Signaling Through Immune System Receptors
Chapter 8: The Development and Survival of Lymphocytes
Part IV: The Adaptive Immune Response
Chapter 9: T Cell-Mediated Immunity
Chapter 10: The Humoral Immune Response
Chapter 11: Dynamics of Adaptive Immunity
Chapter 12: The Mucosal Immune System
Part V: The Immune System in Health and Disease
Chapter 13: Failures of Host Defense Mechanisms
Chapter 14: Allergy and Allergic Diseases
Chapter 15: Autoimmunity and Transplantation
Chapter 16: Manipulation of the Immune Response
Instructor ResourcesInstructor Resources
For the following resources, verified instructors can visit the resource page for Janeway's Immunobiology, 8E.
Animations and Videos
For instructors we offer over 40 original immunological animations based on figures in the book and videos selected from visually compelling experiments. The animations have been revised and updated for this edition, and there are five new animations covering NALP3 Inflammasome, Isotype Switching, CD28, Crohn's Disease, and NFAT Activation and Cyclosporin. All the animations and videos are accompanied by a voice-over narration.
The Art of Immunobiology
The figures and tables from the book are available preloaded into PowerPoint presentations and as JPEGs.
Lecture Outlines
Lecture outlines are available in PowerPoint format.
Student ResourcesStudent Resources
For the following resources, students can visit the resource page for Janeway's Immunobiology, 8E.
Animations and Videos
For students we offer over 40 original immunological animations based on figures in the book and videos selected from visually compelling experiments. The animations have been revised and updated for this edition, and there are five new animations covering NALP3 Inflammasome, Isotype Switching, CD28, Crohn's Disease, and NFAT Activation and Cyclosporin. All the animations and videos are accompanied by a voice-over narration.
Interactive Flashcards
E-book and Custom PubE-book and Custom Publishing
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Purchase individual chapters in US ($) dollars
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Garland Science Custom Publishing gives educators the ability to create their own course materials for use in the classroom-in e-book and/or print format. Faculty have complete control over what is added and may add chapters from Garland Science textbooks, web articles and blog postings, and self-authors content in PDF or Word format. Our site provides real-time copyright clearance, the ability to see a running total price as you build your book, and a cost savings for students.
For more information visit http://www.garland.sharedbook.com
DownloadsSamples & Downloads
Click on any of the links below to download a printable PDF of a sample chapter.
Chapter 2: Innate Immunity: The First Lines of Defense


text:
Running With Scissors' "Hell's Belles" at Mid City Theatre - Friday, June 28 at 8:00pm
Mid City Theatre
Friday, June 28, 2013 at 8:00 PM (CDT)
Event Details
Travel back in time to the Civil War, to the crumbling, dilapidated mansion that houses the French Finishing School. Once a font of gentility and etiquette, it's now little more than a reform school, chock-full of the bawdiest, cattiest, downright orneriest gals the South has ever seen, lorded over by spinster sisters Flossie and Fannie French! Into their midst stumbles a seemingly innocent Union soldier, wounded at a nearby battle. He's taken in and nursed, but what will all those women do with him when he's well enough to walk again? Will he make it out alive? Will they? HELL'S BELLES is Southern Gothic at its sassiest.
HELL'S BELLES stars Kyle Daigrepont, Yvette Hargis, Richard Read, Brian Peterson, Lisa Picone, and Dorian Rush.
Friday, June 28th at 8pm
Tickets are $25
*Fun fact*: HELL'S BELLES is based in part on the 1971 Clint Eastwood film, THE BEGUILED, which was filmed just upriver from New Orleans at Ashland Belle-Helene plantation.
Mid City Theatre is at 3540 Toulouse Street
-- between N. Cortez and Jeff Davis Pkwy...just behind the American Can Company...There is a bar, and free parking all around the building!
Your reservation is not complete unitl you receive confirmation email from Eventbrite, with the link to your actual tickets. Print your tickets and bring with you night of show, present at box office for entry.
When & Where
3540 Toulouse Street
(between N. Cortez & N. Jeff Davis Pkwy)
New Orleans,
Friday, June 28, 2013 at 8:00 PM (CDT)
Add to my calendar
Mid City Theatre
We've been a live theatre in New Orleans for a few wonderful years...we've lost our lease and have closed. Watch for us in the future and, in the meantime, if you know of a speace with parking that might suit us, please contact email@example.com...I will miss you all so much. Thanks for the untiring support of live theatre - hope to see you soon, Su Gonczy!


text:
|Yildiz, Senol
|Handoo, Zafar
|Carta, Lynn
|Skantar, Andrea
|Chitwood, David
Submitted to: Nematologia Mediterranea
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 5/14/2012
Publication Date: 6/1/2012
Citation: Yildiz, S., Handoo, Z.A., Carta, L.K., Skantar, A.M., Chitwood, D.J. 2012. A survey of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with forage crops in Bingol, Turkey. Nematologia Mediterranea. 40(1):73-77. Interpretive Summary: Plant-parasitic nematodes are microscopic worms that feed on plants and cause an estimated ten billion dollars of crop losses each year in the United States and 100 billion dollars globally. One problem with determining the extent of nematode damage to crop plants is that the nematodes present in many areas are not known, such as in the Province of Bingol, Turkey. In this study, a team of researchers from Bingol University and ARS surveyed and identified the nematodes in pastures in the province. This research revealed the presence of 22 species of plant-parasitic nematodes from a variety of pasture types and elevations. The results are significant because three species represent new country records for Turkey and 13 others are reported for the first time in Bingol Province. This research will be of use to scientists, growers, action agencies and others involved in nematode research and control.
Technical Abstract: During June 2011, a survey was conducted in four districts of Bingol Province, Turkey, to investigate the occurrence, population abundance and spatial distribution of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with pastures. A total of 24 soil samples were collected. Nematodes were extracted from soil by a modified Baermann funnel technique, identified to genus or species level, counted, fixed in TAF and mounted on slides. A total of 22 species and 13 genera of plant- parasitic nematode were identified as follows: Ditylenchus microdens, Filenchus sp., Helicotylenchus platyurus, H. carolinensis, H. varicaudatus, Longidorus sp., Meloidogyne sp., Merlinius bavaricus, M. brevidens, Merlinius sp., Paratrophurus sp., Paratylenchus tenuicaudatus, Paratylenchus sp., Pratylenchoides erzurumensis, Pratylenchus crenatus, P. thornei, Sauertylenchus maximus, Trophurus sp., Tylenchorhynchus brassicae, Tylenchus exiguus, Xiphinema pachtaicum and X. index. Of these Helicotylenchus platyurus, H. carolinensis and Paratylenchus tenuicaudatus represent new country records for Turkey. In addition, 15 species are reported for the first time in the Bingol province of Turkey. The association of these nematodes with pasture plant species and their impact on plant yield still needs to be investigated.


text:
Infuriated by Fleet Street's tabloids, the House of Lords this week nodded through a law to curb the British press. It authorised a Royal Charter that defines how self-regulation will work after the Leveson inquiry into phone hacking.
© The Financial Times Ltd 2016 FT and 'Financial Times' are trademarks of The Financial Times Ltd.


text:
LUNA Maintenance, June 11-15
LUNA will undergo routine maintenance from Monday, June 11th until Friday, June 15th. Access to LUNA image collections may be intermittent during this time.
Please consider using ARTstor for image access this week, and contact the VRC with any questions or concerns. Thank you for your patience.
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text:
Kahramanmaraş Aksu TV; A9 TV, 28 March 2011
Hazrat Abu Huraira relates: "Rasulullah (saas) said:
"WHEN THE SUN RISES IN THE WEST, HEARTS WILL BE SEALED WITH WHAT THEY CARRIED IN THEM BEFORE AND THE RECORDING ANGELS WILL WITHDRAW. THE ANGELS WILL BE COMMANDED TO WRITE DOWN NO MORE WORKS." [Al-Kutub As-Sittah Translation and Commentary, Akçağ Press: 14/324-327]
… On the day that one of your Lord's Signs does come, no belief which a self professes will be of any use to it if it did not believe before and earn good in its belief.Say: 'Wait, then; We too are waiting.' (Surat al-An'am, 158)
In other words, the doors of the test have closed. One can earn no more merit.
Ibn Abu Shayba, from Ibn Umar: "THE EVIL (WILL REMAIN) 120 YEARS AFTER THE GOOD."


text:
Power Supplies Take Sophisticated Paths
Using Many of the Same Data Processing Tools and Software as Process Controllers, Power Supplies Are Diversifying Their Capabilities and Serving in Many New and Different Applications
We've gone way beyond "on" and "off." Yes, power supplies always had to convert and deliver appropriate volts, watts, amps and other power levels, and meet quality measures to run their machines and applications. But once configuration was done and harmonics were tested, most power supplies operated continuously—at least until an interruption or outage happened.
Well, those set-it-and-forget-it days are long gone. Digital monitoring devices enabled by microprocessors and software are pulling power supplies up to the same awareness level as so many other process control components.
For instance, Boliden recently spent $790 million to renovate its Aitik open-pit copper mine in Gällivare, Sweden, and it used ABB's control systems and power equipment to increase Aitik's efficiency and double capacity to 36 million tons of ore per year, even though its initial ore is only 0.25% copper (Figure 1). The mine installed 650 motors ranging from 4 kilowatts (kW) to 5 megawatts (MW); 230 drives and variable-speed drives; and two 22.5-MW gearless mill drives (GMDs). These are powered by ABB's 23 distribution transformers and gas-insulated switchgear and controlled by its System 800xA DCS.
Of course, extracting metal from the 106,000 tons of ore that's crushed and chemically concentrated to 25% copper at Aitik each day requires lots of stable, high-quality power for its 7 km of conveyors, the GMDs and other equipment, which must often run 24/7/365 in very dusty conditions that can get down to -45 °C in winter. So, ABB implemented a 179-kV substation with its gas-insulated UniGear switchgear that's protected by its Relion relay protection equipment, and distributes 24-kV power throughout the mine's operations. Also, a harmonic filter and power-factor correction system help Boliden prevent damage to its own equipment and avoid disturbing the local power grid.
In addition, Aitik uses the IEC 61850 standard that defines communications within and between electrical components, which enables 800xA to provide one environment for supervising and controlling process automation equipment, power automation devices, switchgear, and transmission and distribution equipment. Boliden reports that integrating Aitik's electrical controls with its process controls increases productivity and reduces stoppages.
Custom-Made Monitoring
While most process applications aren't as big as the Aitik mine, many similar methods of monitoring and proactively maintaining electricity are being adopted by smaller power supplies in diverse applications.
"Power supplies have always been a bit of a stepchild compared to other process control devices, but users in applications from power generation to food and beverage are recognizing that power is the most critical element in their applications," says Roolf Wessels, business unit manager for monitoring and protection at Pepperl+Fuchs. "You can lose a few I/O points and networking nodes and still run an application, but losing power means losing your whole application, so it's worthwhile investing in high-reliability, high-efficiency power. As a result, users want more diagnostics in their power supplies. They already have diagnostics for predictive maintenance and asset management in their controllers and field devices, and now they want it in their power supplies, too."
As a result, Pepperl+Fuchs redesigned its PS 3500 power supply in 2009, and is scheduled to introduce its PS 3500-DM diagnostic module in January 2013. "It plugs into the power supply's backplane and monitors incoming current quality and generated dc outputs, checks for brownouts and spikes, time-stamps any events, correlates them with data from other sources, and provides alerts and alarms," says Wessels. "We even added a display on the DM module itself, so users see all their parameters locally too."
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text:
- Code: Select all
>>> def make_incrementor(n):
... return lambda x: x + n
>>> f = make_incrementor(42)
>>> f(0)
>>> f(1)
How does the x come in to the f part? Is there some sort of metaprocess that I'm missing?
My best guess is that when you define the function f as make_incrementor(42), you run the lambda as f. Is that right?