text:
NetWellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partner university faculty. NetWellness is commercial-free and does not accept advertising.
Wednesday, August 23, 2017
Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders
Use of Radiesse for repair of vocal cord
My mother had knee replacement surgery 7 months ago. After surgery she had trouble speaking, her voice was very raspy and she had a severe sore throat for about 3-4 days afterwards. Now she has seen a throat specialist who is recommending using Radiesse injection to correct the vocal damage by "fluffing it up". I can`t find any info on the use of this drug for this purpose, is it safe? Can you please help?
Yes Radiesse is safe, but there are a few things to ask about:
1. Has she had a videostroboscopy. This will tell you how well the lining of the cord is vibrating. The test involves putting a scope in her throat while she is awake and using a strobe light. The problem with her voice may be that there is a gap (a hole between the vocal cords when she talks - this gives a soft, breathy voice) or her lining could be inflamed. The strobe helps differentiate.
2. There are 2 different types of Radiesse used for the larynx. The first is Radiesse Voice and the second is Radiesse voice gel. The first is much stiffer and cannot be injected near the vibrating, pliable lining. It will also last a lot longer (8 months and longer are usually reported). It has shown complications - scarred or fibrous masses can form in the cord and cause significant damage. This complication is uncommon but definitely happens. The stiffness comes from small calcium hydroxyapetite crystals in it. The second is Radiesse Voice Gel. It does not have calcium hydroxyapetite in it, and is much less stiff. Also, it goes away in 2-4 months. I use the gel and have no problems with it. I think (and the literature supports this) that it is very safe.
Your mother's problem can be temporary or permanent. A small gap is seen in many normal elderly patients. There are also many reasons for injection. I would find out if this is being injected for a gap, or for vocal cord paralysis. For either of these, only temporary treatment is necessary. I would need much more information to address that topic.
So Radiesse Voice Gel is safe, but I would not use the non-gel (i.e. just Radiesse voice) unless the side effects are understood. And I would make sure a strobe was done to confirm that this is the right procedure. Let me know if you have any questions.
Siddarth M Khosla, MD
Assistant Professor
College of Medicine
University of Cincinnati


text:
Hey there, time traveller!
This article was published 10/2/2013 (1652 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.
NEEPAWA -- Jeff Stoughton did it again here Sunday morning. And so too did Mike McEwen.
For the 11th time since 1991, Stoughton will play in the final of the Manitoba men's curling championship here Sunday afternoon following a 5-3 win over rival Mike McEwen in the semifinal Sunday morning.
Stoughton now advances to face Sean Grassie in the provincial final (1:30 p.m., Sportsnet). Stoughton is 9-1 in provincial finals over the years, but Grassie did just beat him Saturday night in the 1 vs 1 game.
It was the fourth straight year of Sunday heartbreak for McEwen after losing the final in each of the last three years.
McEwen struggled through the first five ends of the game and gift-wrapped Stoughton a 4-1 lead heading into the fifth end break when he flashed a game-tying open hit for a deuce to give Stoughton a back-breaking steal instead.
Stoughton was asked if he felt bad about breaking McEwen's heart on Sunday for the third time in four years. "It would have broken my heart if we didn't come out and play better today," said Stoughton, whose team struggled in the loss to Grassie. "It was nice to see a few more shots made today and hopefully this afternoon we can make a few more and give Sean a really good game."
The McEwen foursome tried to make a game of it in the second half but both skips said afterward that a breakdown in ice conditions made it difficult to generate much in the way of offence. Whatever glimmer of hope McEwen still had went up in smoke in the 10th end when his first rock came up short of the house, precluding any possibility of a game-tying deuce and prompting the two teams to shake hands.
McEwen took full responsibility for the loss. "I did that all by myself the first five ends," said McEwen.
McEwen said his team was fully healthy and he felt mentally strong heading into a game against an opponent that has beaten on Sunday twice before in the last three years.
"I felt great. I don't know. I can't really explain it. We knew we had to play good today regardless. You can play good and still lose to those guys but I felt great going into the game. I can't explain it," said McEwen, who has still yet to win a provincial title despite years of dominance on the cash spiel circuit.
The McEwen collapse was particularly striking after a Saturday that saw his team dominate in winning three straight games to stay alive.
"I don't know what (happened)," McEwen said. "How do you go from making everything to you can't even hit an open rock?"
Stoughton's team has been battling the flu this weekend, but the skip said the team members are feeling better today. Stoughton was asked if illness was to blame for the poor play of second Reid Carruthers during the semifinal.
"Not that I know of. He's not telling us he's sick. He's just struggling out there a little bit right now. But we'll pick him up and get him to play a great game this afternoon."

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|Births etc
|Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
| Nickname(s): Keystone State; Quaker State;
Coal State; Oil State; State of Independence
|Motto(s): Virtue, Liberty and Independence
|Official language(s)
|None (English, de facto)
|Spoken language(s)
| English 90.1%
Spanish 4.1%
Other 5.8%[1]
|Largest city
|Largest metro area
|Delaware Valley
|Ranked 33rd in the U.S.
|- Total
| 46,055 sq mi
(119,283 km2)
|- Width
|280 miles (455 km)
|- Length
|160 miles (255 km)
|- % water
|- Latitude
|39° 43′ to 42° 16′ N
|- Longitude
|74° 41′ to 80° 31′ W
|Ranked 6th in the U.S.
|- Total
|12,763,536 (2012 est)[2]
|- Density
| 284/sq mi (110/km2)
Ranked 9th in the U.S.
|- Median household income
|US$48,562 (26th)
|- Highest point
| Mount Davis[3][4]
3,213 ft (979 m)
|- Mean
|1,100 ft (340 m)
|- Lowest point
| Delaware River at Delaware border[3]
sea level
|Admission to Union
|December 12, 1787 (2nd)
|Tom Corbett (R)
|Lieutenant Governor
|Jim Cawley (R)
|General Assembly
|- Upper house
|State Senate
|- Lower house
|House of Representatives
|U.S. Senators
| Bob Casey, Jr. (D)
Pat Toomey (R)
|U.S. House delegation
|13 Republicans, 5 Democrats (list)
|Time zone
|Eastern: UTC -5/-4
|PA Pa. or Penna. US-PA
|The Flag of Pennsylvania.
|Animate insignia
|Ruffed Grouse
|Brook Trout
|Mountain Laurel
|White-tailed deer
|Eastern Hemlock
|Inanimate insignia
|Route marker(s)
|State Quarter
|Released in 1999
|Lists of United States state insignia
Pennsylvania ( /ˌpɛns
ɪlˈveɪnjə/), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a US state that is located in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, and the Great Lakes region. The state borders Delaware to the southeast, Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, Lake Erie and Ontario, Canada to the northwest, New York to the north and New Jersey to the east. The Appalachian Mountains run through the middle of the state.
Pennsylvania is the 33rd most extensive, the 6th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's four most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown and Erie. The state capital is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km)[5] of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the U.S.
Geography Edit
Pennsylvania is 170 miles (274 km) north to south and 283 miles (455 km) east to west.[6] Of a total 46,055 square miles (119,282 km2), 44,817 square miles (116,075 km2) are land, 490 square miles (1,269 km2) are inland waters, and 749 square miles (1,940 km2) are waters in Lake Erie.[7] It is the 33rd largest state in the United States.[8] Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km)[9] of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km)[5] of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.
The bounds of the state are the Mason-Dixon Line (39° 43' N) to the south, the Twelve-Mile Circle on the Pennsylvania-Delaware border, the Delaware River to the east, 80° 31' W to the west and the 42° N to the north, with the exception of a short segment on the western end, where a triangle extends north to Lake Erie.
Pennsylvania borders six other states: New York to the north; New Jersey to the east; Delaware and Maryland to the southeast; West Virginia to the southwest, and Ohio to the west. Pennsylvania also shares a water border with the Canadian province of Ontario. Of the original Thirteen Colonies, Pennsylvania is the only state that does not border the Atlantic Ocean.
It has the cities of Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, and Easton in the central east (known as the Lehigh Valley), the tri-cities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, and Hazleton in the northeast, and Erie in the northwest. Williamsport serves as the "hub" of the commonwealth's north-central region, with York and the state capital Harrisburg on the Susquehanna River in the central region of the commonwealth.
There are 5 regions. They are the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain.
Climate Edit
Pennsylvania's diverse topography also produces a variety of climates, though the entire state experiences cold winters and humid summers. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the southeastern corner, has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa). Greater Philadelphia has some characteristics of the humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) that covers much of Delaware and Maryland to the south.
Moving toward the mountainous interior of the state, the winter climate becomes markedly colder, the number of cloudy days increases, and snowfall amounts are greater. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches (250 cm) of snowfall annually, and the entire state receives plentiful precipitation throughout the year. The state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall, as an average of 10 tornadoes touch down each year in the state.
|Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various Pennsylvania Cities in °F
|East Stroudsburg
|[7], [8],
History Edit
Before the Commonwealth was settled by Europeans, the area was home to the Delaware (also known as Lenni Lenape), Susquehannock, Iroquois, Eriez, Shawnee, and other American Indian Nations.[10] Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their colonial lands in America.[11][12][13] The Dutch were the first to take possession, which has impact on the history of Pennsylvania.[14]
By June 3, 1631, the Dutch had started the settlement of the Delmarva Peninsula by establishing the Zwaanendael Colony on the site of present day Lewes, Delaware.[15] In 1638, Sweden heated up the issue by establishing the New Sweden Colony, centered on Fort Christina, on the site of present day Wilmington, Delaware. New Sweden claimed and, for the most part, controlled the lower Delaware River region (Parts of present Delaware, New Jersey and Pennsylvania) but settled few colonists there.[16][17]
On March 12, 1664, King Charles II of England gave James, Duke of York a grant that included all of the lands included in the original Virginia Company of Plymouth Grant as well as other lands. This grant was – again – in conflict with the Dutch claim for New Netherland, which included parts of today's Pennsylvania.[18]
On June 24, 1664, The Duke of York sold the portion of his large grant that included present day New Jersey to John Berkeley and George Carteret for a proprietary colony. The land was not yet in British possession, but the sale boxed in the portion of New Netherland on the West side of the Delaware River. The British conquest of New Netherland was commenced on August 29, 1664, when New Amsterdam was coerced to surrender, facing the cannons on British ships in New York Harbor.[19][20] This conquest continued, and was completed in October 1664, when the British captured Fort Casimir in what today is New Castle, Delaware.
The Peace of Breda between England, France and the Netherlands confirmed the British conquest on July 21, 1667,[21][22] although there were temporary reversions.
On September 12, 1672, as part of the Third Anglo—Dutch War, the Dutch re-conquered New York Colony/New Amsterdam, the Dutch established three County Courts which went on to become original Counties in present day Delaware and Pennsylvania. The one that later transferred to Pennsylvania was Upland.[23] This was partially reversed on February 9, 1674, when the Treaty of Westminster ended the Third Anglo-Dutch War, and reverted all political situations to the status quo ante bellum. The British retained the Dutch Counties with their Dutch names.[24] By June 11, 1674, New York reasserted control over the outlying colonies, including Upland, but the names started to be changed to British names by November 11, 1674.[25] Upland was partitioned on November 12, 1674, producing the general outline of the current border between Pennsylvania and Delaware.[26]
On February 28, 1681, Charles II granted a land charter[27] to William Penn to repay a debt of £16,000[28] (around £2,100,000 in 2008, adjusting for retail inflation)[29] owed to William's father, Admiral William Penn. This was one of the largest land grants to an individual in history.[30] It was called Pennsylvania. William Penn, who wanted it called New Wales or Sylvania, was embarrassed at the change, fearing that people would think he had named it after himself, but King Charles would not rename the grant.[31] Penn established a government with two innovations that were much copied in the New World: the county commission and freedom of religious conviction.[30]
What had been Upland on what became the Pennsylvania side of the Pennsylvania-Delaware Border was renamed as Chester County when Pennsylvania instituted their colonial governments on March 4, 1681.[32][33] The Quaker leader William Penn had signed a peace treaty with Tammany, leader of the Delaware tribe, beginning a long period of friendly relations between the Quakers and the Indians.[34] Additional treaties between Quakers and other tribes followed. The treaty of William Penn was never violated.[35]
18th century Edit
Between 1730 and when it was shut down by Parliament with the Currency Act of 1764, the Pennsylvania Colony made its own paper money to account for the shortage of actual gold and silver. The paper money was called Colonial Scrip. The Colony issued "bills of credit", which were as good as gold or silver coins because of their legal tender status. Since they were issued by the government and not a banking institution, it was an interest-free proposition, largely defraying the expense of the government and therefore taxation of the people. It also promoted general employment and prosperity, since the Government used discretion and did not issue too much to inflate the currency. Benjamin Franklin had a hand in creating this currency, of which he said its utility was never to be disputed, and it also met with the "cautious approval" of Adam Smith.[36]
After the Stamp Act Congress of 1765, Delegate John Dickinson of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, wrote the Declaration of Rights and Grievances. The Congress was the first meeting of the thirteen colonies, called at the request of the Massachusetts Assembly, but only nine colonies sent delegates.[37] Dickinson then wrote Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, To the Inhabitants of the British Colonies, which were published in the Pennsylvania Chronicle between December 2, 1767, and February 15, 1768.[38]
When the Founding Fathers of the United States convened in Philadelphia in 1774, 12 colonies sent representatives to the First Continental Congress.[39] The Second Continental Congress, which also met in Philadelphia (in May, 1775), drew up and signed the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia,[40] but when that city was captured by the British, the Continental Congress escaped westward, meeting at the Lancaster courthouse on Saturday, September 27, 1777, and then to York. There they drew up the Articles of Confederation that formed 13 independent colonies into a new nation. Later, the Constitution was written, and Philadelphia was once again chosen to be cradle to the new American Nation.[41]
Pennsylvania became the second state to ratify the U.S. Constitution on December 12, 1787,[42] five days after Delaware became the first.
Dickinson College of Carlisle was the first college founded in the United States. Established in 1773, the college was ratified five days after the Treaty of Paris on September 9, 1783. The school was founded by Benjamin Rush and named after John Dickinson.
For half a century, the Commonwealth's General Assembly (legislature) met at various places in the general Philadelphia area before starting to meet regularly in Independence Hall in Philadelphia for 63 years.[43] But it needed a more central location, as for example the Paxton Boys massacres of 1763 had made the legislature aware. So, in 1799 the General Assembly moved to the Lancaster Courthouse,[43] and finally in 1812 to Harrisburg.[43]
The General Assembly met in the old Dauphin County Court House until December 1821,[43] when the Federal-style "Hills Capitol" (named for its builder, Stephen Hills, a Lancaster architect) was constructed on a hilltop land grant of four acres set aside for a seat of state government by the prescient, entrepreneurial son and namesake of John Harris, Sr., a Yorkshire native who had founded a trading post in 1705 and ferry (1733) on the east shore of the Susquehanna River.[44] The Hills Capitol burned down on February 2, 1897, during a heavy snowstorm, presumably because of a faulty flue.[43] The General Assembly met at Grace Methodist Church on State Street (still standing) until the a new capitol could be built. Following an architectural selection contest that many alleged had been "rigged," Chicago architect Henry Ives Cobb was charged with designing and building a replacement building; however, the legislature had little money to allocate to the project, and a roughly finished, somewhat industrial building (the Cobb Capitol) was completed. The General Assembly refused to occupy the building. Political and popular indignation in 1901 prompted a second contest that was restricted to Pennsylvania architects, and Joseph Miller Huston of Philadelphia was chosen to design the present Pennsylvania State Capitol that incorporated Cobb's building into magnificent public work finished and dedicated in 1907.[43]
The new state Capitol drew rave reviews.[43] Its dome was inspired by the domes of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome and the United States Capitol.[43] President Theodore Roosevelt called it "the most beautiful state Capital in the nation" and said, "It's the handsomest building I ever saw" at the dedication. In 1989, the New York Times praised it as "grand, even awesome at moments, but it is also a working building, accessible to citizens ... a building that connects with the reality of daily life".[43]
Pennsylvania accounts for nine percent of wooded areas in the United States. In 1923 President Calvin Coolidge established the Allegheny National Forest under the authority of the Weeks Act of 1911 in the northwest part of the state in Elk, Forest, McKean, and Warren Counties for the purposes of timber production and watershed protection in the Allegheny River basin. The Allegheny is the state's only national forest.
James Buchanan, of Franklin County, the only bachelor President of the United States,[45] was the only one to be born in Pennsylvania. The Battle of Gettysburg—the major turning point of the Civil War—took place near Gettysburg.[46] An estimated 350,000 Pennsylvanians served in the Union Army forces along with 8,600 African American military volunteers.
Pennsylvania was also the home of the first commercially drilled oil well. In 1859, near Titusville, Pennsylvania, Edwin L. Drake successfully drilled the well, which led to the first major oil boom in United States history.
Demographics Edit
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Pennsylvania was 12,763,536 on July 1, 2012, a 0.5% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[2]
Of the people residing in Pennsylvania, 74.5% were born in Pennsylvania, 18.4% were born in a different US state, 1.5% were born Puerto Rico, U.S. Island areas, or born abroad to American parent(s), and 5.6% were foreign born.[47]
According to the 2010 Census, 81.9% of the population was White (79.2% non-Hispanic white), 11.3% was Black or African American, 0.3% American Indian and Alaska Native, 2.9% Asian, 1.9% from two or more races. 5.9% of the total population was of Hispanic or Latino origin (they may be of any race).[48]
As of 2011, 32.1% of Pennsylvania's population younger than age 1 were minorities.[49]
Pennsylvania's Hispanic population grew by 82.6% between 2000 and 2010, making it one of the largest increases in a state's Hispanic population. The significant growth of the Hispanic population is due to immigration to the state mainly from Puerto Rico, which is a US territory, but to a lesser extant from countries such as the Dominican Republic, Mexico, and various Central and South American nations, as well as from the wave of Hispanics leaving New York and New Jersey for safer and more affordable living. The Asian population swelled by almost 60%, which was fueled by Indian, Vietnamese, and Chinese immigration, as well the many Asian transplants moving to Philadelphia from New York. The rapid growth of this community has given Pennsylvania one of the largest Asian populations in the nation by numerical values. The Black and African American population grow by 13%, which was the largest increase in that population amongst the state's peers (New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Illinois, and Michigan).The White population declined by 0.7%, a trend that is beginning to reverse itself. Twelve other states saw decreases in their White populations.[50]
The center of population of Pennsylvania is located in Perry County, in the borough of Duncannon.[51]
As of 2006, Pennsylvania has an estimated population of 12,440,621, which is an increase of 35,273 from the previous year and an increase of 159,567 since the year 2000. Net migration to other states resulted in a decrease of 27,718, and immigration from other countries resulted in an increase of 127,007. Net migration to the Commonwealth was 98,289. Migration of native Pennsylvanians resulted in a decrease of 100,000 people. In 2006, 5.00% of Pennsylvanians were foreign born (621,480 people). The state has an estimated 2005 poverty rate of 11.9%.[52] The state also has the 3rd highest proportion of elderly (65+) citizens in 2005.[52]
Foreign born Pennsylvanians are largely from Asia (36.0%), Europe (35.9%), Latin America (30.6%), Africa (5%), North America (3.1%), and Oceania (0.4%).
Pennsylvania's reported population of Hispanics, especially among the Asian, Hawaiian and White races, has markedly increased in recent years.[53] The Hispanic population is greatest in Allentown, Lancaster, Reading, Hazleton, and around Philadelphia, with over 20% being Hispanic. It is not clear how much of this change reflects a changing population and how much reflects increased willingness to self-identify minority status. As of 2010, it is estimated that about 85% of all Hispanics in Pennsylvania live within a 150 miles (240 km) radius of Philadelphia, with about 20% living within the city itself.
Pennsylvania's population was reported as 5.9% under 5 and 23.8% under 18, with 15.6% aged 65 or older. Females made up 51.7% of the population.[54] The largest ancestry groups are listed below, expressed as a percentage of total people who responded with a particular ancestry for the 2006–2008 census:[55]
- 28.5% German
- 18.2% Irish
- 12.8% Italian
- 9.6% African
- 8.5% English
- 7.2% Polish
- 4.2% French Canadian
- 2.9% Puerto Rican[56]
- 2.2% Dutch
- 2.0% Slovak
- 2.0% Scotch Irish
- 1.7% Scottish
- 1.6% Russian
- 1.5% Welsh
- 1.2% Hungarian
- 1.0% West Indian
- 1.0% Ukrainian
- 1.0% Mexican
The five largest estimated ancestry groups in Pennsylvania are: German (28.5%), Irish (18.2%), Italian (12.8%), English (8.5%) and Polish (7.2%).
|Demographics of Pennsylvania (csv)
|By race
|AIAN is American Indian or Alaskan Native - NHPI is Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
|2000 (total population)
|2000 (Hispanic only)
|2005 (total population)
|2005 (Hispanic only)
|Growth 2000-2005 (total population)
|Growth 2000-2005 (non-Hispanic only)
|Growth 2000-2005 (Hispanic only)
|Historical populations
|Est. 2012
|Source: 1910–2010[57]
Religion Edit
| The new sovereign also enacted several wise and wholesome laws for his colony, which have remained invariably the same to this day. The chief is, to ill–treat no person on account of religion, and to consider as brethren all those who believe in one God.
– Voltaire, speaking of William Penn[58]
Of all the colonies, only Rhode Island had religious freedom as secure as in Pennsylvania, and one result was a wide religious diversity, one which continues to this day.[59]
Pennsylvania's population in 2000 was 12,281,054. Of these, 8,448,193 were estimated to belong to some sort of organized religion. According to the Association of religion data archives at Pennsylvania State University, reliable data exists for 7,116,348 religious adherents in Pennsylvania in 2000 following 115 different faiths.[60] While Pennsylvania has a very numerous Amish population, Holmes County, Ohio has the largest Amish population in the world.[61] While Pennsylvania owes its existence to Quakers and many of the older trappings of the Commonwealth are rooted in the teachings of the Religious Society of Friends (as they are officially known), practicing Quakers are a small minority today.
The religious affiliations of the people of Pennsylvania:[62]
- Christianity – 80%
- Protestant – 51%
- Mainline Protestant – 25%
- Evangelical Protestant – 18%
- Black Protestant – 7%
- Jehovah Witness – 1%
- Roman Catholic – 29%
- Orthodox – 1%
- Protestant – 51%
- Non-religious/ Unaffiliated – 13%
- Judaism – 2%
- Other religions – 1%
- Don't know/ refused – 1%
According to a 2012 Gallup poll, 40% of Pennsylvanians are very religious, 28% are moderately religious, and 32% are non-religious.[63]
Pennsylvania Dutch Edit
The term "Dutch," when referring to the Pennsylvania Dutch, means "German" or "Teutonic" rather than "Netherlander." Germans, in their own language, call themselves "Deutsch," which in English became, misleadingly, "Dutch."[64] The Pennsylvania Dutch language is a descendant of German, in the West Central German dialect family. Although it is still spoken as a first language among some Old Order Amish and Mennonites (principally in the Lancaster County area), the language is almost extinct as an everyday language among the non-religious, though a few words have passed into English usage.
Economy Edit
Pennsylvania's 2010 total gross state product (GSP) of $570 billion ranks the state 6th in the nation.[65] If Pennsylvania were an independent country, its economy would rank as the 18th largest in the world. On a per-capita basis, Pennsylvania's per-capita GSP of $39,830 ranks 29th among the 50 states.[65]
Philadelphia in the southeast corner, Pittsburgh in the southwest corner, Erie in the northwest corner, Scranton-Wilkes-Barre in the northeast corner, and Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton in the east central region are urban manufacturing centers. Much of the Commonwealth is rural; this dichotomy affects state politics as well as the state economy.[66] Philadelphia is home to six Fortune 500 companies,[67] with more located in suburbs like King of Prussia; it's a leader in the financial[68] and insurance industry.
Pittsburgh is home to eight Fortune 500 companies, including U.S. Steel, PPG Industries, and H.J. Heinz.[67] In all, Pennsylvania is home to fifty Fortune 500 companies.[67] Erie is also home to GE Transportation Systems, which is the largest producer of train locomotives in the United States.
As in the US as a whole and in most states, the largest private employer in the Commonwealth is Wal-Mart, followed by the University of Pennsylvania.[69][70]
As of April 2012, the state's unemployment rate is 7.4%.[71]
Banking Edit
The first nationally chartered bank in the United States, the Bank of North America, was founded in 1781 in Philadelphia. After a series of mergers, the Bank of North America is part of Wells Fargo, which uses national charter 1.
Pennsylvania is also the home to the first nationally chartered bank under the 1863 National Banking Act. That year, the Pittsburgh Savings & Trust Company received a national charter and renamed itself the First National Bank of Pittsburgh as part of the National Banking Act. That bank is still in existence today as PNC Financial Services, and remains based in Pittsburgh. PNC is the state's largest bank, and the sixth-largest in the United States.
Agriculture Edit
Pennsylvania ranks 19th overall in agricultural production,[72] but 1st in mushrooms, 2nd in apples, 3rd in Christmas trees and layer chickens, 4th in nursery and sod, milk, corn for silage, grapes grown (including juice grapes),[73] and horses production. It also ranks 8th in the nation in Winemaking.[73]
Gambling Edit
Casino gambling was legalized in Pennsylvania in 2004. Currently, there are nine casinos across the state with three under construction or in planning. Only horse racing, slot machines and electronic table games were legal in Pennsylvania, although a bill to legalize table games was being negotiated in the fall of 2009.[74] Tables games such as poker, roulette, black jack and dice were finally approved by the state legislature in January 2010, being signed into law by the Governor on January 7. Sports betting is illegal.
Governor Ed Rendell had considered legalizing video poker machines in bars and private clubs in 2009, since an estimated 17,000 operate illegally across the state.[75] Under this plan, any establishment with a liquor license would be allowed up to 5 machines. All machines would be connected to the state's computer system, like commercial casinos. The state would impose a 50% tax on net gambling revenues, after winning players have been paid, with the remaining 50% going to the establishment owners.
Film Edit
The Pennsylvania Film Production Tax Credit began in 2004 and stimulated the development of a film industry in the state.
Governance Edit
|46.58% 2,680,434
|51.97% 2,990,274
|44.15% 2,655,885
|54.47% 3,276,363
|48.42% 2,793,847
|50.92% 2,938,095
|46.43% 2,281,127
|50.60% 2,485,967
|39.97% 1,801,169
|49.17% 2,215,819
|36.13% 1,791,841
|45.15% 2,239,164
|50.70% 2,300,087
|48.39% 2,194,944
|53.34% 2,584,323
|45.99% 2,228,131
|49.59% 2,261,872
|42.48% 1,937,540
|47.73% 2,205,604
|50.40% 2,328,677
|59.11% 2,714,521
|39.13% 1,796,951
|44.02% 2,090,017
|47.59% 2,259,405
|34.70% 1,673,657
|64.92% 3,130,954
|48.74% 2,439,956
|51.06% 2,556,282
|Voter Registration and Party Enrollment as of June 28, 2010[77]
|Number of Voters
|Minor Parties
Government Edit
Pennsylvania has had five constitutions during its statehood:[78] 1776, 1790, 1838, 1874, and 1968. Prior to that, the province of Pennsylvania was governed for a century by a Frame of Government, of which there were four versions: 1682, 1683, 1696, and 1701.[78] The capital of Pennsylvania is Harrisburg. The legislature meets in the State Capitol there.
In recent elections, Pennsylvania has leaned Democratic. The state has voted for the Democratic ticket for president in every election since 1992 and during the 2008 election campaign a recruitment drive saw registered Democrats outnumber registered Republicans by 1.2 million. However, Pennsylvania has a history of electing Republican senators. From 2009 to 2011, the state was represented by two Democratic senators for the first time since 1947. In 2010, Republicans recaptured a U.S. Senate seat as well as a majority of the state's congressional seats, control of both chambers of the state legislature and the governor's mansion. Democratic political consultant James Carville once pejoratively described Pennsylvania as "Philadelphia in the east, Pittsburgh in the west and Alabama in the middle".
Governor Edit
General Assembly Edit
Pennsylvania has a bicameral legislature set up by Commonwealth's constitution in 1790. The original Frame of Government of William Penn had a unicameral legislature.[80] The General Assembly includes 50 Senators[81] and 203 Representatives.[82] Joe Scarnati is currently President Pro Tempore of the State Senate,[83] Dominic Pileggi the Majority Leader,[84] and Jay Costa the Minority Leader.[85] Sam Smith is Speaker of the House of Representatives,[86] with Mike Turzai as Majority Leader[87] and Frank Dermody as Minority Leader.[88] As of the 2012 elections, the Republicans hold the majority in the State House and Senate.
Judiciary Edit
Pennsylvania is divided into 60 judicial districts,[89] most of which (except Philadelphia) have magisterial district judges (formerly called district justices and justices of the peace), who preside mainly over preliminary hearings in felony and misdemeanor offenses, all minor (summary) criminal offenses, and small civil claims.[89] Most criminal and civil cases originate in the Courts of Common Pleas, which also serve as appellate courts to the district judges and for local agency decisions.[89] The Superior Court hears all appeals from the Courts of Common Pleas not expressly designated to the Commonwealth Court or Supreme Court. It also has original jurisdiction to review warrants for wiretap surveillance.[89] The Commonwealth Court is limited to appeals from final orders of certain state agencies and certain designated cases from the Courts of Common Pleas.[89] The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania is the final appellate court. All judges in Pennsylvania are elected; the chief justice is determined by seniority.[89]
Taxation Edit
Pennsylvania has the 10th highest tax burden in the United States.[90] Residents pay a total of $83.7 billion in state and local taxes with a per capita average of $6,640 annually. Residents share 76% of the total tax burden. Many state politicians have tried to increase the share of taxes paid by out of state sources. Suggested revenue sources include taxing natural gas drilling as Pennsylvania is the only state without such a taxation on gas drilling.[91] Additional revenue prospects include trying to place tolls on interstate highways; specifically Interstate 80 which is used heavily by out of state commuters with high maintenance costs.[92]
Sales tax provides 39% of Commonwealth's revenue; personal income tax 34%; motor vehicle taxes about 12%, and taxes on cigarettes and alcohol beverage 5%.[93] Personal income tax is a flat 3.07%. An individual's taxable income is based on the following eight types of income: compensation (salary); interest; dividends; net profits from the operation of a business, profession or farm; net gains or income from the dispositions of property; net gains or income from rents, royalties, patents and copyrights; income derived through estates or trusts; and gambling and lottery winnings (other than Pennsylvania Lottery winnings).[94]
Counties, municipalities, and school districts levy taxes on real estate. In addition, some local bodies assess a wage tax on personal income. Generally, the total wage tax rate is capped at 1% of income but some municipalities with home rule charters may charge more than 1%. Thirty-two of the Commonwealth's sixty-seven counties levy a personal property tax on stocks, bonds, and similar holdings.
Representation in the 112th Congress Edit
Pennsylvania's two U.S. Senators in the 113th Congress are Bob Casey, Jr. and Pat Toomey.
Pennsylvania's U.S. Representatives for the term beginning January 2013 are Bob Brady (1st), Chaka Fattah (2nd), Mike Kelly (3rd), Jason Altmire (4th), Glenn "G.T." Thompson (5th), Jim Gerlach (6th), Pat Meehan (7th), Mike Fitzpatrick (8th), Bill Shuster (9th), Tom Marino (10th), Lou Barletta (11th), Keith Rothfus (12th), Allyson Schwartz (13th), Mike Doyle (14th), Charlie Dent (15th), Joe Pitts (16th), Matt Cartwright (17th), Tim Murphy (18th).[95]
See map of congressional districts
Regional strength Edit
In the past decade, no political party has been clearly dominant in Pennsylvania. This, combined with Pennsylvania's rank of 6th in the country in population, has made it one of the most important swing states. Democrats are strong in Philadelphia County, Delaware County, Erie County, Allegheny County, and Lackawanna County. Republicans are strong in Lancaster County, York County, Franklin County, Westmoreland County, Butler County, Blair County, Lycoming County, Lebanon County, and Cumberland County. Swing counties in the state include Lehigh County, Northampton County, Berks County, Bucks County, Chester County, Dauphin County, Cambria County, Beaver County, Mercer County, and Monroe County. In general, the Democrats are strongest in the large metro areas, particularly Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Reading, Erie, Scranton, Wilkes-Barre,and Allentown, while Republican support is widespread in rural areas in the central Allegheny Mountains and in the northern counties.
Since 1992, Pennsylvania has been trending Democratic in Presidential elections (though the Pittsburgh metropolitan area trended more Republican in the 2008 Presidential election), voting for Bill Clinton twice by large margins, and slightly closer in 2000 for Al Gore. In the 2004 Presidential Election, Senator John F. Kerry beat President George W. Bush in Pennsylvania 2,938,095 (50.92%) to 2,793,847 (48.42%). Most recently, in the 2008 Presidential Election, Democrat Barack Obama defeated Republican John McCain in Pennsylvania, 3,184,778 (54%) to 2,584,088 (44%). The state holds 20 electoral votes.[52]
Municipalities Edit
Pennsylvania is divided into 67 counties.[96] Counties are further subdivided into municipalities that are either incorporated as cities, boroughs, or townships.[97] One county, Philadelphia County, is coterminous with the city of Philadelphia after it was consolidated in 1854.
There are a total of 56 cities in Pennsylvania, which are classified, by population, as either first, second, or third class cities.[96][98] Philadelphia, Pennsylvania's largest city, has a population of 1,547,297 and is the state's only first class city.[97] Pittsburgh (305,647) and Scranton (76,072) are second class and second class 'A' cities, respectively.[97]
The rest of the cities, like the third and fourth largest—Allentown (107,815) and Erie (103,571)—to the smallest—Parker with a population of only 738—are third class cities.[99] First and second class cities are governed by a "strong mayor" form of mayor–council government, whereas third class cities are governed by either a "weak mayor" form of government or a council–manager government.[97]
Boroughs are generally smaller than cities, with most Pennsylvania cities having been incorporated as a borough before being incorporated as a city.[97] There are 958 boroughs in Pennsylvania, all of which governed by the "weak mayor" form of mayor–council government.[96][97]
Townships are the third type of municipality in Pennsylvania and are classified as either first class or second class townships. There are 1,454 second class townships and 93 first class townships.[100] Second class township can become first class townships if it has a population density greater than 300 inhabitants per square mile (120 /km2) and a referendum is passed supporting the change.[100]
There is one exception to the types of municipalities in Pennsylvania: Bloomsburg was incorporated as a town in 1870 and is, officially, the only town in the state.[101] In 1975, McCandless Township adopted a home-rule charter under the name of "Town of McCandless", but is, legally, still a first class township.[102]
The total of 56 cities, 958 boroughs, 93 first class townships, 1454 second class townships, and 1 town (Bloomsburg) is 2562 municipalities.
Education Edit
Pennsylvania has 500 public school districts, thousands of private schools, publicly funded colleges and universities, and over 100 private institutions of higher education.
Primary and secondary education Edit
In general, under state law, school attendance in Pennsylvania is mandatory for a child from the age of 8 until the age of 17, or until graduation from an accredited high school, whichever is earlier.[103] As of 2005, 83.8% of Pennsylvania residents age 18 to 24 have completed high school. Among residents age 25 and over, 86.7% have graduated from high school. Additionally, 25.7% have gone on to obtain a bachelor's degree or higher.[104] State students consistently do well in standardized testing. In 2007, Pennsylvania ranked 14th in mathematics, 12th in reading, and 10th in writing for 8th grade students.[105]
In 1988, the Pennsylvania General Assembly passed Act 169, which allows parents or guardians to homeschool their children as an option for compulsory school attendance. This law specifies the requirements and responsibilities of the parents and the school district where the family lives.[106]
Higher education Edit
The Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education (PASSHE) is the public university system of the Commonwealth, with 14 state-owned schools. The Commonwealth System of Higher Education is organizing body of the 4 state-related schools in Pennsylvania, these schools are independent institutions that receive some state funding. There are also 15 publicly funded two-year community colleges and technical schools that are separate from the PASSHE system. Additionally there are many private two- and four-year technical schools, colleges and universities.
Carnegie Mellon University, The Pennsylvania State University, the University of Pennsylvania, and the University of Pittsburgh, are members of the Association of American Universities, an invitation only organization of leading research universities. The Pennsylvania State University is the Commonwealth's Land-grant university, Sea Grant College and, Space Grant College. The University of Pennsylvania, located in Philadelphia, is considered the first university in the United States and established the first medical school in the United States, as well as being the only, and geographically the most Southern of the Ivy League, Ivy League school in the state. The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts is the first and oldest art school in the United States.[107] Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, now a part of University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, was the first pharmacy school in the United States.[108]
Recreation Edit
Pennsylvania is home to the nation's first zoo, the Philadelphia Zoo.[109] Other long-accredited AZA zoos include the Erie Zoo and the Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium. The Lehigh Valley Zoo and ZOOAMERICA are other notable zoos. The Commonwealth boasts some of the finest museums in the country, including the Carnegie Museums in Pittsburgh, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, and several others. One unique museum is the Houdini Museum in Scranton, the only building in the world devoted to the legendary magician.[110] Pennsylvania is also home to the National Aviary, located in Pittsburgh.
All 121 state parks in Pennsylvania feature free admission.
Pennsylvania offers a number of notable amusement parks, including Camel Beach, Conneaut Lake Park, Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom, Dutch Wonderland, DelGrosso Amusement Park, Hersheypark, Idlewild Park, Kennywood, Knoebels, Lakemont Park, Sandcastle Waterpark, Sesame Place, Great Wolf Lodge and Waldameer Park. Pennsylvania also is home to the largest indoor waterpark resort on the East Coast, Splash Lagoon in Erie.
There are also notable music festivals that take place in Pennsylvania. These include Musikfest and NEARfest in Bethlehem, the Philadelphia Folk Festival, Creation Festival, the Great Allentown Fair, and Purple Door.
There are nearly one million licensed hunters in Pennsylvania. Whitetail deer, cottontail rabbits, squirrel, turkey, and grouse are common game species. Pennsylvania is considered one of the finest wild turkey hunting states in the Union, alongside Texas and Alabama. Sport hunting in Pennsylvania provides a massive boost for the Commonwealth's economy. A report from The Center for Rural Pennsylvania (a Legislative Agency of the Pennsylvania General Assembly) reported that hunting, fishing, and furtaking generated a total of $9.6 billion statewide.
The Boone and Crockett Club shows that five of the ten largest (skull size) black bear entries came from the state.[111] The state also has a tied record for the largest hunter shot black bear in the Boone & Crockett books at 733 lb (332 kg) and a skull of 23 3/16 tied with a bear shot in California in 1993.[111] The largest bear ever found dead was in Utah in 1975, and the second largest was shot by a poacher in the state in 1987.[111] Pennsylvania holds the second highest number of Boone & Crockett-recorded record black bears at 183, second only to Wisconsin's 299.[111]
Transportation Edit
The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, abbreviated as PennDOT, owns 39,861 miles (64,150 km) of the 121,770 miles (195,970 km) of roadway in the state, making it the fifth largest state highway system in the United States.[112] The Pennsylvania Turnpike system is 535 miles (861 km) long, with the mainline portion stretching from Ohio to Philadelphia and New Jersey.[112] It is overseen by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission. Another major east–west route is Interstate 80, whichs runs primarily in the northern tier of the state from Ohio to New Jersey at the Delaware Water Gap. Interstate 90 travels the relatively short distance between Ohio and New York through Erie County, in the extreme northwestern part of the state.
Primary north–south highways are Interstate 79 from its terminus in Erie through Pittsburgh to West Virginia, Interstate 81 from New York through Scranton, Lackawanna County and Harrisburg to Maryland and Interstate 476, which begins 7 miles (11 km) north of the Delaware border, in Chester, Delaware County and travels 132 miles (212 km) to Clarks Summit, Lackawanna County, where it joins I-81. All but 20 miles (32 km) of I-476 is the Northeast Extension of the Pennsylvania Turnpike, while the highway south of the main line of the Pennsylvania Turnpike is officially called the "Veterans Memorial Highway", but is commonly referred to by locals as the "Blue Route".
The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA) is the sixth largest transit agency in the United States and operates the commuter, heavy and light rail transit, and transit bus service in the Philadelphia metropolitan area. The Port Authority of Allegheny County is the 25th largest transit agency and provides transit bus and light rail service in and around Pittsburgh.[113]
Intercity passenger rail transit is provided by Amtrak, with the majority of traffic occurring on the Keystone Service in the high-speed Keystone Corridor between Harrisburg and Philadelphia's 30th Street Station before heading north to New York City; the Pennsylvanian follows the same route from New York City to Harrisburg, but extends out to Pittsburgh. The Capitol Limited also passes through Pittsburgh, as well as Connellsville, on its way from Chicago to Washington, D.C.[114] Traveling between Chicago and New York City, the Lake Shore Limited passes through Erie once in each direction.[114] There are 67 short-line, freight railroads operating in Pennsylvania, the highest number in any U.S. state.[114]
Pennsylvania has seven major airports: Philadelphia International, Pittsburgh International, Lehigh Valley International, Harrisburg International, Erie International, University Park Airport and Wilkes-Barre/Scranton International. A total of 134 public-use airport are located in the state.[114] The port of Pittsburgh is the second largest inland port in the United States and the 18th largest port overall; the Port of Philadelphia is the 24th largest port in the United States.[115] Pennsylvania's only port on the Great Lakes is located in Erie.
The Allegheny River Lock and Dam Two is the most-used lock operated by the United States Army Corps of Engineers of its 255 nationwide.[116] The dam impounds the Allegheny River near Downtown Pittsburgh.
Sports Edit
Pennsylvania is home to many professional sports teams; the Pittsburgh Steelers and Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League, the Philadelphia Phillies and Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball, the Philadelphia 76ers of the National Basketball Association, the Philadelphia Flyers and Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League, the Philadelphia Union of Major League Soccer, the Erie Bayhawks of the National Basketball Association Development League, the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins and Hershey Bears of the American Hockey League, the Philadelphia Soul and the Pittsburgh Power of the Arena Football League, and the Philadelphia Wings of the National Lacrosse League. Among them, these teams have accumulated 7 World Series Championships (Pirates 5, Phillies 2), 16 National League Pennants (Pirates 9, Phillies 7), 3 pre-Super Bowl era NFL Championships (Eagles), 6 Super Bowl Championships (Steelers), 1 Arena Bowl Championship (Soul), 2 NBA Championships (76ers), 5 Stanley Cups (Penguins 3, Flyers 2), 11 Calder Cups (Bears), and 6 Champion's Cups (Wings).
There are many minor league baseball teams located throughout the state; several of these teams are associated with either the Phillies or the Pirates. In 2008, the Phillies moved their AAA-level team, the Lehigh Valley IronPigs, from Ottawa, Ontario, in Canada, to a newly constructed stadium, Coca-Cola Park in Allentown. The Lehigh Valley is a core fan base for both the Phillies and the Philadelphia Eagles, who conduct their pre-season training camp on the practice fields of Lehigh University. Therefore, expectations are that the Lehigh Valley IronPigs (named after pig iron, an instrumental part in the construction of steel which used to be a large part of the local economy for decades), is likely to prove popular among Allentown and Lehigh Valley Phillies fans.
The Phillies' AA team, also called the Phillies, is located in Reading, while the short-season A-level affiliate, called the Crosscutters, is located in Williamsport. The Pirates' AA team, the Curve, is located in Altoona. The short-season A-level affiliate, the State College Spikes, is located in State College. The Spikes share a stadium with the Penn State University baseball team. Other Major League Baseball teams have a presence in the state as well. The New York Yankees' AAA team, also called the Yankees, is located in Moosic, between Scranton and Wilkes-Barre in the northeastern part of the state. The Detroit Tigers' AA team, the SeaWolves, is located in Erie, and the Washington Nationals' AA affiliate, the Senators, plays in the capital of Harrisburg. Two independent-league teams, the Lancaster Barnstormers and York Revolution of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball, are located in south-central Pennsylvania, while the Washington Wild Things of the Frontier League are located in the south-western corner of the state.
Each summer, the Little League World Series is held in South Williamsport, near where Little League Baseball was founded in Williamsport. Also, the first World Series between the Boston Pilgrims (which became the Boston Red Sox) and Pittsburgh Pirates was played in Pittsburgh in 1903.
College football is very popular in Pennsylvania. The Penn State University Nittany Lions were coached by Joe Paterno who has led Penn State to two national championships (1982 & 1986) as well as five undefeated seasons (1968, 1969, 1973, 1986 and 1994). On January 22, 2012 Joe Paterno passed away from lung cancer. Penn State now has a new coach, Bill O'Brien, who was serving as the offensive coordinator for the New England Patriots before becoming head coach of Penn State. Penn State plays its home games in the second largest stadium in the United States, Beaver Stadium, which seats 107,282. In addition, the University of Pittsburgh Panthers have won nine national championships (1915, 1916, 1918, 1929, 1931, 1934, 1936, 1937 and 1976) and have played eight undefeated seasons (1904, 1910, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1920, 1937 and 1976).[117] Pitt plays its home games at Heinz Field, a facility it shares with the Pittsburgh Steelers. Other Pennsylvania schools that have won national titles in football include Lafayette College (1896), Villanova University (FCS 2009), and the University of Pennsylvania (1895, 1897, 1904 and 1908).[118]
College basketball is also popular in the state, especially in the Philadelphia area where five universities, collectively termed the Big Five, have a rich tradition in NCAA Division I basketball. National titles in college basketball have been won by the following Pennsylvania universities: La Salle University (1954), Temple University (1938), University of Pennsylvania (1920 and 1921), University of Pittsburgh (1928 and 1930) and Villanova University (1985).[119][120]
Soccer is gaining popularity within the state of Pennsylvania as well. With the addition of the Philadelphia Union in the MLS, the state now boasts three teams that are eligible to compete for the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup annually. The other two teams are the Pittsburgh Riverhounds and the Harrisburg City Islanders, both of the United Soccer Leagues Second Division (USL-2). Within the American Soccer Pyramid, the MLS takes the first tier, while the USL-2 claims the third tier.
In motorsports, the Mario Andretti dynasty of race drivers hails from Nazareth in the Lehigh Valley. Notable Racetracks in Pennsylvania include the Jennerstown Speedway in Jennerstown, the Lake Erie Speedway in North East, the Mahoning Valley Speedway in Lehighton, the Motordome Speedway in Smithton, the Mountain Speedway in St. Johns, the Nazareth Speedway in Nazareth; and the Pocono Raceway in Long Pond, which is home to both the NASCAR sanctioned Pennsylvania 500 and Pocono 500 stock car races. The state is also home to Maple Grove Raceway, near Reading, which hosts major National Hot Rod Association sanctioned drag racing events each year.
There are also two motocross race tracks that host a round of the AMA Toyota Motocross Championships in Pennsylvania. High Point Raceway in located in Mt. Morris, PA, and Steel City is located in Delmont, PA.
Horse racing courses in Pennsylvania consist of The Meadows near Pittsburgh, Pocono Downs in Wilkes-Barre, and Harrah's Philadelphia in Chester, which offer harness racing, and Penn National Race Course in Grantville, Parx Racing (formerly Philadelphia Park) in Bensalem, and Presque Isle Downs near Erie, which offer thoroughbred racing. Smarty Jones, the 2004 Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes winner, had Philadelphia Park as his home course.
Arnold Palmer, one of the 20th century's most notable pro golfers, comes from Latrobe, while Jim Furyk, a current PGA member, grew up near in Lancaster. PGA tournaments in Pennsylvania include the 84 Lumber Classic, played at Nemacolin Woodlands Resort, in Farmington and the Northeast Pennsylvania Classic, played at Glenmaura National Golf Club, in Moosic.
Philadelphia is home to LOVE Park, once a skateboarding mecca, and across from City Hall, host to ESPN's X Games in 2001 and 2002.[121]
Food Edit
In his book Yo Mama Cooks Like a Yankee, author Sharon Hernes Silverman calls Pennsylvania the snack food capital of the world.[122] It leads all other states in the manufacture of pretzels and potato chips. The Sturgis Pretzel House introduced the pretzel to America, and companies like Anderson Bakery Company, Intercourse Pretzel Factory, and Snyder's of Hanover are leading manufacturers in the Commonwealth. Two of the three companies that define the U.S. potato chip industry are based in Pennsylvania: Utz Quality Foods, Inc., which started making chips in Hanover, Pennsylvania in 1921, and Wise Snack Foods which started making chips in Berwick in 1921 (the third, Lay's Potato Chips, is a Texas company). Other companies such as Herr Foods, Martin's Potato Chips, Snyder's of Berlin (not associated with Snyder's of Hanover) and Troyer Farms Potato Products are popular chip manufacturers.
The U.S. chocolate industry is centered in Hershey, Pennsylvania, with Mars, Godiva, and Wilbur Chocolate Company nearby, and smaller manufacturers such as Asher's[123] in Souderton,[124] and Gertrude Hawk of Dunmore. Other notable companies include Just Born in Bethlehem, PA, makers of Hot Tamales, Mike and Ikes, the Easter favorite marshmallow Peeps, and Boyer Brothers of Altoona, PA, which is well known for its Mallo Cups. Auntie Anne's Pretzels began as a market-stand in Downingtown, PA and now has corporate headquarters in Lancaster City.[125] Traditional Pennsylvania Dutch foods include chicken potpie, ham potpie, schnitz un knepp (dried apples, ham, and dumplings), fasnachts (raised doughnuts), scrapple, pretzels, bologna, chow-chow, and Shoofly pie. Martin's Famous Pastry Shoppe, Inc., headquartered in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, specializes in potato bread, another traditional Pennsylvania Dutch food. D.G. Yuengling & Son, America's oldest brewery, has been brewing beer in Pottsville since 1829.
Among the regional foods associated with Philadelphia are cheesesteaks, hoagie, soft pretzels, Italian water ice, scrapple, Tastykake, and strombolis. In Pittsburgh, tomato ketchup was improved by Henry John Heinz from 1876 to the early 20th century. Famous to a lesser extent than Heinz ketchup are the Pittsburgh's Primanti Brothers Restaurant sandwiches, pierogies, and city chicken. Outside of Scranton, in Old Forge there are dozens of Italian restaurants specializing in pizza made unique by thick, light crust and American cheese. Erie also has its share of unique foods, including Greek sauce and sponge candy. Sauerkraut along with pork and mashed potatoes is a common meal on New Year's Day in Pennsylvania.
State symbols Edit
- Motto: "Virtue, liberty, and independence"
- Tree: Eastern Hemlock[126]
- Game bird: Ruffed Grouse[127]
- Flower: Mountain Laurel[127]
- Insect: Pennsylvania Firefly[127]
- Animal: White-tailed deer[127]
- Dog: Great Dane[127]
- Fish: Brook Trout[127]
- Fossil: Phacops rana[126]
- Beverage: Milk[126]
- Song: "Pennsylvania"[128]
- Ship: US Brig Niagara[126]
- Electric locomotive: GG1 4859[126]
- Steam locomotive: K4s 1361 and K4s 3750[126]
- Beautification plant: Penngift Crownvetch[126]
Nicknames Edit
Pennsylvania has been known as the Keystone State since 1802,[129] based in part upon its central location among the original Thirteen Colonies forming the United States, and also in part because of the number of important American documents signed in the state (such as the Declaration of Independence). It was also a keystone state economically, having both the industry common to the North (making such wares as Conestoga wagons and rifles)[130][131] and the agriculture common to the South (producing feed, fiber, food, and tobacco).[132]
Another one of Pennsylvania's nicknames is the Quaker State; in colonial times, it was known officially as the Quaker Province,[133] in recognition of Quaker[134] William Penn's First Frame of Government[135] constitution for Pennsylvania that guaranteed liberty of conscience. He knew of the hostility[136] Quakers faced when they opposed religious ritual, taking oaths, violence, war and military service, and what they viewed as ostentatious frippery.[137]
"The Coal State", "The Oil State", "The Chocolate State", and "The Steel State" were adopted when those were the state's greatest industries.[138]
"The State of Independence" currently appears on many road signs entering the state.
Notable people Edit
Gallery Edit
See also Edit
Notes Edit
- ^ "Most spoken languages in Pennsylvania in 2010". MLA Data Center. http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&SRVY_YEAR=2010&geo=state&state_id=42&mode=geographic. Retrieved November 4, 2012.
- ^ a b "Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012" (CSV). 2012 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. December 2012. http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2012/tables/NST-EST2012-01.csv. Retrieved December 22, 2012.
- ^ a b "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
- ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
- ^ a b "NOAA Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources". Coastalmanagement.noaa.gov. http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/mystate/pa.html. Retrieved June 22, 2012.
- ^ "Pennsylvania geography". Netstate.com. http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/pa_geography.htm. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
- ^ 2006 Statistical Abstract: Geography & Environment: Land and Land Use
- ^ "Pennsylvania Time Zone". Timetemperature.com. http://www.timetemperature.com/tzus/pennsylvania_time_zone.shtml. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
- ^ "National Parks Service: Our Fourth Shore". Cr.nps.gov. December 22, 2003. http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/shore/shore8.htm. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
- ^ "Pennsylvania Indian tribes". Accessgenealogy.com. http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/pennsylvania/. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
- ^ Paullin, Charles O, Edited by John K. Wright (19932). Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States. New York, New York and Washington, D.C.:: Carnegie Institution of Washington and American Geographical Society. pp. Plate 42.
- ^ Swindler, William F., Editor (1973–1979). Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions. 10 Volumes. Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana Publications. pp. Vol. 10: 17–23.
- ^ Van Zandt, Franklin K. (1976). Boundaries of the United States and the Several States; Geological Survey Professional Paper 909.. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. pp. 74; 92.
- ^ Van Zandt, Franklin K. (1976). Boundaries of the United States and the Several States; Geological Survey Professional Paper 909.. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. p. 74.
- ^ Munroe, John A. (1978). Colonial Delaware: A History.. Millwood, New York: KTO Press. pp. 9–12.
- ^ Munroe, John A. (1978). Colonial Delaware: A History.. Millwood, New York: KTO Press. p. 16.
- ^ McCormick, Richard P. (1964). New Jersey from Colony to State, 1609—1789. New Jersey Historical Series, Volume 1.. Princeton, New Jersey: D. Van Nostrand Company. p. 12.
- ^ Swindler, William F., Editor (1973–1979). Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions. 10 Volumes. Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana Publications. pp. Vol. 4: 278–280.
- ^ Van Zandt, Franklin K. (1976). Boundaries of the United States and the Several States; Geological Survey Professional Paper 909.. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. p. 79.
- ^ Swindler, William F., Editor (1973–1979). Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions. 10 Volumes. Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana Publications. pp. Vol. 6: 375–377.
- ^ Farnham, Mary Frances; Compiler. (1901–1902). Farnham Papers (1603–1688). Volumes 7 and 8 of Documentary History of the State of Maine.. Portland, Maine: Collections of the Maine Historical Society, 2nd Series.. pp. Vol. 7: 311, 314.
- ^ Parry, Clive (Editor) (1969–1981). Consolidated Treaty Series; 231 Volumes. Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana Publications. pp. Volume 10: 231.
- ^ Fernow, B., Editor (1853–1887). Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York;Volumes 12–15.. Albany, New York. pp. Vol 12:507–508.
- ^ Parry, Clive (Editor) (1969–1981). Consolidated Treaty Series; 231 Volumes. Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana Publications. pp. Vol. 13: 136..
- ^ Fernow, B., Editor (1853–1887). Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York;Volumes 12–15.. Albany, New York. pp. Vol 12:515.
- ^ Armstrong, Edward; Editor (1860). Record of the Court at Upland, in Pennsylvania, 1676 to 1681. Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania Volume 7. pp. 119, 198.
- ^ Charter for the Province of Pennsylvania-1681. This charter, granted by Charles II (England) to William Penn, constituted him and his heirs proprietors of the province, which, in honor of his father, Admiral William Penn, (whose cash advances and services were thus requited,) was called Pennsylvania. To perfect his title, William Penn purchased, on 1682-08-24, a quit-claim from the Duke of York to the lands west of the Delaware River embraced in his patent of 1664
- ^ Pennsylvania Society of Colonial Governors, ed (1916). "Samuel Carpenter". Pennsylvania Society of Colonial Governors, Volume 1. pp. 180–181. http://books.google.com/?id=4rQBAAAAMAAJ.
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- ^ "Presidential General Election Results Comparison – Pennsylvania". Dave Leip's Atlas of United States Presidential Elections. 2005. http://www.uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/compare.php?year=2008&fips=42&f=0&off=0&elect=0&type=state. Retrieved July 7, 2007.
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- ^ a b c The Pennsylvania Manual, p. 6-3.
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- ^ a b The Pennsylvania Manual, p. 6-6.
- ^ The Pennsylvania Manual, p. 6-22.
- ^ Title 302, Pennsylvania Code, Section 23.1–101.
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- ^ a b "Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Fact Book", p. 7.
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- ^ a b c d "Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Fact Book", p. 10.
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- ^ Santoni, Matthew (September 14, 2010). "Corps shuts Highland Park lock for two weeks of repairs". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review (Trib Total Media). http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/business/s_699345.html. Retrieved September 14, 2010.
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- ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hsQfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=i9gEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1978,4428241&dq=asher%27s-chocolates&hl=en
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- ^ a b c d e f g The Pennsylvania Manual, p. 1-6
- ^ a b c d e f The Pennsylvania Manual, p. 1-5
- ^ The Pennsylvania Manual, p. 1-7
- ^ PHMC: State Symbols
- ^ "Lowell Tribune, March 26, 2002". Lowellpl.lib.in.us. http://www.lowellpl.lib.in.us/s2002mar.htm. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
- ^ Lancaster rifle
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- ^ "Frame of Government". Yale.edu. http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/pa04.htm. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
- ^ Pennsylvania translates to "Penn's Woods" and was named after the father of William Penn, the founder of the colony. Digital History: Persecution of the Quakers
- ^ The Quaker Province 1681–1776
- ^ "The State of Pennsylvania – An Introduction the Keystone State from". Netstate.Com. http://www.netstate.com/states/intro/pa_intro.htm. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
References Edit
- "2010 Public Transportation Fact Book" (PDF). American Public Transportation Association. April 2010. http://apta.com/resources/statistics/Documents/FactBook/APTA_2010_Fact_Book.pdf. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
- "Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Fact Book". Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. August 2009. http://www.dot.state.pa.us/PennDOT%20Factbook/index.html. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
- Waterborne Commerce Statistics Center (December 31, 2009). "Part 5: National Summaries" (PDF). Waterborne Commerce of the United States. United States Army Corps of Engineers. http://www.ndc.iwr.usace.army.mil/wcsc/pdf/wcusnatl08.pdf. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
- Trostle, Sharon, ed (2009). The Pennsylvania Manual. 119. Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Department of General Services. ISBN 0-8182-0334-X.
External links Edit
|Find more about Pennsylvania on Wikipedia's sister projects:
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- Pennsylvania at the Open Directory Project
- Geographic data related to Pennsylvania at OpenStreetMap
- Gov. Andrew Curtin's Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps, Civil War 1861–1864
- Official state government site
- Pennsylvania Department of Transportation
- Allegheny National Forest
- Pennsylvania Wilds
- USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Pennsylvania
- Energy Data & Statistics for Pennsylvania
- Pennsylvania State Facts
- Official state tourism site
- Biography of William Penn from 1829
- A History of Pennsylvania from 1905
- Free Original Documents Online: Pennsylvania State Archives 1600s to 1800s
- Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development
- National Association of Counties (information on each Pennsylvania County)
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Pennsylvania: Outline • Index
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|Preceded by
|List of U.S. states by date of statehood
Ratified Constitution on December 12, 1787 (2nd)
| Succeeded by
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Coordinates: 41°00′N 77°30′W / 41, -77.5
|This page uses content from the English language Wikipedia. The original content was at Pennsylvania. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with this Familypedia wiki, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons License.


text:
A9 TV, 16 April 2012
First they say, "The Mahdi (pbuh) will come." Then they despair, some people, from what I can tell. But this also appears in the Qur'an. They wait and wait. And after a long time they say, "Allah's promise is hollow." There is a verse about it, a verse of the Qur'an. They say "Allah and His messenger have deceived us, they lied," they say. But they wait first. They do this as time goes by. Because they cannot be patient long enough.
People will be so fed up before the appearance of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) that the words "The Mahdi (pbuh) will not be coming" will be very common. This is a sign of the coming of the Mahdi (pbuh). Scholars are abandoning Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) one by one. "Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) will not come, Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) will not come..." But our Prophet (saas) says that "my descendant the Mahdi" will appear when these denials are most intense. This is confirmation of both verses and hadiths. The Mahdi (pbuh) being abandoned by scholars is a sign of his coming. This is also a confirmation of the wisdom of Allah.
Tornados in America, and another earthquake in Turkey. Everywhere in the world is being buffeted. Disasters are growing all the time. The Earth is itself a living thing. The Earth is troubled because Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) has not appeared. There is pain and suffering everywhere. This is how the Earth is expressing its unease. But the Earth will find peace when Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) appears, it will calm down. It was the same in Noah's Flood. Almighty Allah says, "Earth, swallow up your water!' and, 'Heaven, hold back your rain!'" They will immediately heed the word of Allah and find peace. By the command of Almighty Allah these disasters will immediately come to an end with the appearance of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh). The earth and sky will calm down and these disasters will end, insha'Allah.
Our Prophet (saas) says, "when people are in despair." Look, this is a secret of the test. People are optimistic for a certain time. Then they become weak. Some people may hold out for one year, and others for two, and some for 20, but still cannot hold out for ever. Some people can hold out. They have great determination. "Allah sends Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) when people are in despair and say there is no such thing as Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh)," our Prophet (saas) says. This is on the rise at the moment. Commentators, scholars and teachers have all begun saying "There is no Mahdi." "Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) will appear when people have lost hope of his coming," says our Prophet (saas). Why is that? To increase Hazrat Mahdi's (pbuh) merit and that of his followers. Because if you cannot be optimistic and cannot display fortitude and loyalty, then you fail the test. These people have been unable to display patience and loyalty. Who does show patience and loyalty? Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) and his followers. So they will be beloved in this world and the hereafter because of their patience and loyalty.
Our Prophet (saas) says of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) that, "Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) will appear with my banner, when troubles rain down on people's heads, and when hope in his coming has been abandoned." Revolutions. Fighting, upheaval, trials, defamation, disease, earthquakes, tornadoes, civil war and all that kind of thing. This is to raise the level of merit earned to the highest degree. Otherwise, if everyone said that Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) will appear, then the merit earned when he does so will be very low. But it is highly acceptable to strive for Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) and then for him to appear when all hope is lost.
"The appearance of this ruler, the Mahdi (pbuh), has been greatly delayed. So your hearts have been troubled." Look, your hearts have been troubled. So it has that effect on people. "We are saddened because of deep grief," he says. "He said; he will appear when this coming was more hopeless and when sorrow is very great." He says you will be more saddened than you imagined. "This coming was more hopeless," in other words, there is no more hope of it. He will not appear, they say. "He will appear when this sorrow is very great." That time will be more acceptable. Look there are several hadiths about it, since it is such an important subject. "The appearance of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) depends of despair and sorrow." People have fallen into sorrow and despair. "The Mahdi (pbuh), my descendant, will appear in a climate when people say the Mahdi (pbuh) will not come and there will be no Islamic Union," says our Prophet (saas).
Capitalism and communism are systems that have emerged from Darwinism. America is in the capitalist system, and China is in the communist system. But if you notice, their styles and models and everything are the same. Therefore, there is no problem of capitalism and communism, but rather one of Darwinism and materialism. Darwinism and materialism represent the philosophy of both communist and capitalist thinking. So we need to concentrate on a single point; Darwinism and materialism. If you can tear down Darwinism and materialism, then you have torn down the communist and capitalist system.
(The whole world protested when a colonel in command of Israeli troops struck a Danish protestor in the face with his M16 rifle during a protest in Palestine. Prime Minister Netanyahu also said this behavior was unacceptable. And the colonel was immediately removed from his duties. However, newspapers also reported on the way that the government took no action despite their being dozens of images of Palestinian protestors being beaten and Israel allowing this solely because they are Muslims.)
There is wrong and oppression all over the world. There can be no question of the Israeli government not taking an interest. There will be a response. There is oppression all over the world. This is very bad, but it is not at all credible to say they are not doing anything about it. If dishonest reports such as this appear, then people will not believe other reports either. This may have happened in a moment of stress. That happens in many places. But there is no question of covering it up. Otherwise there will be consequences. Oppression must be halted across the world. Not just one single event. If events are distorted like this, then others will lose their credibility, too. That is no good.
Palestinians beat and insult and murder one another. Fatah and the other group are at loggerheads. They have ruined one another. Police and the military beat and insult and kill Muslims all over the world. It is totally wrong to ignore all that, but treating that blow from the butt of a rifle in Israel as a major event and demand an investigation into it. Hundreds of people are martyred every day in Afghanistan. But this regarded as unimportant. They cut people's fingers off, dry them and take them back to America, and that is regarded as unimportant. But that man hit someone with the butt of his rifle and the sky has caved in. That is wrong. And it says no sanctions have been imposed. How do you know that? Hundreds of children and people have been killed in the bombing of Palestine. But that is a trivial matter! They have made a mountain out of a single blow from a rifle butt. Israel does take an interest in what appears in the press. That is the truth. But something will be done under its own laws. But far worse things are happening. They should raise them, too.
(Iranian Foreign Minister Ali Akbar Salihi said that they regarded the negotiations in Istanbul with the permanent members of the U.N. Security Council as successful and that the parties had reached an agreement. Salihi went on to say, "We are absolutely opposed to the spread of nuclear weapons, and it is in both sides' interests for the nuclear problem to be resolved.")
Of course, if they want to use enriched uranium they can do so, but by legitimate means, of course. But if you say they are trying to build an atom bomb, then you should not allow them to build planes, either. Atom bombs can be dropped by plane. And you should not let them produce oil, in case they use it in their planes. You should stop that, too. All because they might make an atom bomb. That is all very illogical. The world is full of nuclear weapons. China has enough nuclear weapons to destroy the world a hundred times over. The same with Russia. There are atom bombs everywhere. If they are worried about Iran's ideology, they should wage an intellectual struggle against it. Let them produce the true belief in the Mahdi. There is no other way. The atom bomb is not essential, they could do it with conventional weapons. I mean, terrible devastation could be wreaked. They could wreak a hundred times' more devastation with conventional weapons. But why is that not regarded as important?
(Yesterday, the Taliban carried out simultaneous attacks in the capital, Kabul, and other major cities aimed at foreign embassies, the Parliament building and NATO headquarters. Thirty-two attackers and one police offers were reported killed in subsequent fighting. More than 30 people, mainly civilians, were injured.)
If universities were established in Afghanistan, if it were a very modern country such as Sweden or Norway, nobody could invade it. Neither Russia nor America could even think about it. If they were to eradicate Darwinism and materialism. If they set up middle and high schools, universities, hospitals, a superb industry and a high-quality army, and if they raised a high-quality younger generation, they could obtain the most splendid results. Islam would spread across the world at high speed. But with their present mindset they are trapped. They must attach great importance to culture and knowledge.
(In response to a viewer who asks, "Will Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) come as a Messenger?")
If I see Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh), what will I say to him if I have a positive opinion? My dear teacher and brother, I will say. Of course, Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) is not a prophet. He communicates the message. He is a guide, the greatest guide of all. The greatest guide there has ever been. Our Prophet (saas) is the greatest prophet there has ever been, and Hazrat Mahdi (saas) is the greatest guide. Look, the fact that such a great prophet as the Prophet Jesus (pbuh) will be his deputy shows us his greatness. "You will be Hazrat Mahdi's (pbuh) deputy," he says. The Prophet Jesus (pbuh) is Hazrat Mahdi's (pbuh) deputy. So you can imagine his status. Our Prophet (saas) says of Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh), "He will be superior to some prophets." The Prophet (saas) says that Abu Bakr (pbuh) and Umar (pbuh) cannot be superior to him. The Companions are bemused. So the Prophet (saas) says, "And he is even superior to some prophets."
(In response to a viewer who says; "Looking at the history of the Prophets and other historical documents, I think that 2 or 20 or 30,000 years have passed since the time of the Prophet Adam. When we go back to the Prophet Abraham (pbuh), we only get to somewhere around 10,000 BC. I think that when you add the time from Adam (pbuh) coming to the world and being given the prophethood, then I think around 30,000 years have passed. But the fossil record shows that human beings have been around for 1 million years.")
No. It is 100,000 or 200,000 years. Homo sapiens goes back 100,000 or 2100,000 years. And that is about the time of the coming of the Prophet Adam (pbuh). Other findings belong to species of ape closely resembling humans. You know the kind – they stand on two legs and shout and cry, they climb trees and turn backward somersaults. They resemble human beings very closely, these ape species. Species of gorilla.
(In response to a viewer who asks, "Is it right to seek the Prophet Jesus (pbuh)?")
You will pray, and that counts as seeking. Say, "O Lord, let me meet the Prophet Jesus (pbuh)."2012-05-11 11:48:30


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Does Your Page Look Different In BrowserLab?
In a recent blog post we covered some reasons why you might see rendering inconsistencies in BrowserLab when looking at screenshots from Internet Explorer 9. Now let's take a look at why you might see some cross-browser testing differences between the way BrowserLab's screenshots display your page versus how your page looks on a local machine. If you've run into a situation where the screenshot from BrowserLab doesn't square up with what you see locally in the exact same browser, there are a few known culprits.
Resource Availability
If you're seeing major rendering differences, such as missing images or stylesheets, make sure that the resources you are referencing in your page are available to BrowserLab. Start by increasing the Delay setting in BrowserLab, to give the resources a little more time to load. Make sure you aren't referencing resources that you have installed locally or are only visible from inside your network. If you are in doubt, ask a friend who is outside your own network to take a look at your page. If your friend can't see the missing resources, BrowserLab won't be able to either. If you need BrowserLab to be able to see content inside your network, you may want to take a look at this article about Egress IPs or use one of our options for testing local content.
Screen Resolution
The screenshots you get back from BrowserLab have all been rendered on browsers sized to 1024×768. If you are looking at the page on a browser that's sized either larger or smaller, you could see some layout differences. Try resizing your browser to 1024×768 and reload. The very popular Web Developer add-on for Firefox has a tool to do this easily.
Browser Chrome
This one is really an extension of the same problem described above. If you have installed any toolbars (like the Web Developer add-on suggested above), or if you are using a browser theme that changes the size of the borders, buttons and other chrome around the browser, you may get slight changes in window size, which could make the screenshot look different. You're most likely to run into this if you have multiple toolbars installed and are seeing vertical sizing or spacing issues.
Different or Missing Fonts
We try to keep our browsers as close to their default installation as possible. This also means we have not installed any fonts beyond what ships with the OS. If you are seeing font discrepancies, this may be behind them. Consider using Web Fonts, as described in a previous blog post.
Browser and/or System Settings
If you have changed certain default settings on any of your browsers or in your OS, then it's possible that you may run into subtle rendering differences. A good example of this is the ClearType font smoothing setting in Windows. If you've turned off font smoothing on Windows, you may see some differences in font rendering. But more generally, remember one of our main philosophies: to try and keep our browsers as close to a default install as possible.
Operating System Differences
Remember that font smoothing issue from above? ClearType font smoothing is on by default in Windows XP and higher, but not in Windows 2003. It's not practical for us to serve screenshots from every permutation of the various browsers and operating systems that are available. We've tried to provide an experience that represents what a typical user may have installed, but you may find small rendering differences between OS versions, and even OS patch levels.
If you are seeing screenshot discrepancies that cannot be explained by any of the above causes, we'd love to hear about them! Consider coming over to the BrowserLab User Forum and letting us know about the problem you're seeing.
Duane O'Brien
BrowserLab Engineer