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how the brain wires itself up during development, how the end result can vary in different people and what happens when it goes wrong
Friday, July 8, 2011
Environmental influences on autism - splashy headlines from dodgy data
So, do these papers really make a strong case for their major conclusions? The first gives results from a study of twins in California. Twin studies are a classic method to determine whether something is caused by genetic or environmental factors. The method asks, if one twin in a pair is affected by some disorder (autism in this case), with what frequency is the other twin also affected? The logic is very simple: if something is caused by environmental factors, particularly those within a family, then it should not matter whether the twins in question are identical or fraternal – their risk should be the same because their exposure is the same. On the other hand, if something is caused by genetic mutations, and if one twin has the disorder, then the rate of occurrence of the disorder in the other twin should be much higher if they are genetically identical than if they only share half their genes, as fraternal twins do.
Working backwards, if the rate of twin concordance for affected status are about the same for identical and fraternal twins, this is strong evidence for environmental factors. If the rate is much higher in monozygotic twins, this is strong evidence for genetic factors. Now to the new study. What they found was that the rate of concordance for monozygotic (identical) twins was indeed much higher than for dizyogotic (fraternal) twins – about twice as high on average.
For males: MZ: 0.58, DZ: 0.21
For females: MZ: 0.60, DZ: 0.27
Those numbers are for the diagnosis of strict autism. The rate of "autism spectrum disorder", which encompasses a broader range of disability, showed similar results:
Males: MZ: 0.77, DZ: 0.31
Females: MZ: 0.50, DZ: 0.36.
These numbers fit pretty well with a number of other recent twin studies, all of which have concluded that they provide evidence for strong heritability of the disorder – i.e., that whether or not someone develops autism is largely (though not exclusively) down to genetics.
So, why did these authors reach a different conclusion and should their study carry any more weight than others? On the latter point, the study is significantly larger than many that have preceded it. This study looked at 192 twin pairs, each with at least one affected twin. However, some recent studies have been comparable or even larger: Lichtenstein and colleagues looked at 117 twin pairs and Rosenberg and colleagues looked at 277 twin pairs. These studies found eveidence for very high heritability and negligible shared environmental effects.
Another potentially important difference is in how the sample was ascertained. Hallmayer and colleagues claim that their assessment of affected status was more rigorous than for other studies and this may be true. However, it has previously been found that less rigorous assessments correlate extremely well with the more standardised assessments, so this is unlikely to be a major factor. In addition, there is very strong evidence that disorders like autism, ADHD, epilepsy, intellectual disability, tic disorders and others all share common etiology – having a broader diagnosis is therefore probably more appropriate.
In any case, the numbers they came up with for concordance rates were pretty similar across these studies. So, why did they end up with a different conclusion? That's not a rhetorical question – I actually don't know the answer and if anyone else does I would love to hear it. Given the data, I don't know how they conclude that they provide evidence for shared environmental effects.
The methodology involves some statistical modeling that tries to tease out the sources of variance. However, this modeling is based completely on a multifactorial threshold model for the disorder - the idea that autism arises when the collective burden of individually minor genetic or environmental insults passes some putative threshold. Sounds plausible, but there is in fact no evidence - at all - that this model applies to autism. In fact, it seems most likely that autism really is an umbrella term for a collection of distinct genetic disorders caused by mutations in separate genes, but which happen to cause common phenotypes (or symptoms).
If that is the case, then what the twin concordance rates actually measure is the penetrance of such mutations – if one inherits mutation X, how often does that actually lead to autism? For monozygotic twins, let us assume that the affected proband (the first twin diagnosed) has such a mutation. Because they are genetically identical, the other one must too. The chance that the other twin will develop autism thus depends on the penetrance of the mutation – some mutations are more highly penetrant than others, giving a much higher probability of developing a specific phenotype. If we average across all MZ twin pairs we therefore get an average penetrance across all such putative mutations. Now, if such mutations are dominant, as many of the known ones are, then the chance that a dizygotic twin will inherit it is 50%, while the penetrance should remain the same. So, this model would predict that the rate of co-occurrence in DZ twins should be about half that of MZ twins, exactly as observed. (No stats required).
The conclusions from this study that the heritability is only modest and that a larger fraction of variance (55%!) is caused by shared environment thus seem extremely shaky. This is reinforced by the fact that the confidence intervals for these estimates are extremely wide (for the effect of shared environment the 95% confidence interval ranges from 9% to 81%). Certainly not enough to overturn all the other data from other studies.
What about epidemiological studies that have shown statistical evidence of increased risk of autism associated with a variety of other factors, including maternal diabetes, antidepressant use, season and place of brith? All of these factors have been linked with modest increases in the risk of autism. Don't these prove there are important environmental factors? Well, first, they don't prove causation, they provide a statistical evidence for an association between the two factors, which is not at all the same thing. Second, the increase in risk is usually on the order of about two-fold. Twice the risk may sound like a lot, but it's only a 1% increase (from 1 to 2%), compared with some known mutations, which increase risk by 50-fold or more.
The main problem with these kinds of studies (and especially with how they are portrayed in the media) is that they are correlational and so you cannot establish a causal link directly from them. In some cases, two different correlated parameters (like red hair and freckles, for example) may actually be caused by an unmeasured third parameter. For example, in the recently published study, the use of antidepressants of the SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) class in mothers was associated with modestly increased risk of autism in the progeny. This association could be because SSRIs disrupt neural development in the fetus (perfectly plausible) but could alternatively be due to the known genetic link between risk of depression and risk of autism. Rates of depression are known to be higher in relatives of autistic people, so SSRI use could just be a proxy for that condition. The authors claim to have corrected for that by comparing rates of autism in the progeny of depressed mothers who were not prescribed SSRIs versus those who were but one might imagine that the severity of depression would be higher among those prescribed an antidpressant. In addition, the authors are careful to note that their findings were based on a small number of children exposed and that "Further studies are needed to replicate and extend these findings". As with many such findings, this association may or may not hold up with additional study.
As for season and place of birth, those findings are better replicated and, interestingly, also found for schizophrenia. There is a theory that these effects may relate to maternal vitamin D levels, which can also affect neural development. This also seems plausible enough. However, the problem in really having confidence in these findings and in knowing how to interpret them is that they are population averages with small effect sizes. Overall, it seems quite possible that the environment - especially the prenatal environment - can play a part in the etiology of autism. At the moment, splashy headlines notwithstanding, genetic factors look much more important and genetic studies much more likely to give us the crucial entry points to the underlying biology.
Hallmayer J, Cleveland S, Torres A, Phillips J, Cohen B, Torigoe T, Miller J, Fedele A, Collins J, Smith K, Lotspeich L, Croen LA, Ozonoff S, Lajonchere C, Grether JK, & Risch N (2011). Genetic Heritability and Shared Environmental Factors Among Twin Pairs With Autism. Archives of general psychiatry PMID: 21727249
Lichtenstein P, Carlström E, Råstam M, Gillberg C, & Anckarsäter H (2010). The genetics of autism spectrum disorders and related neuropsychiatric disorders in childhood. The American journal of psychiatry, 167 (11), 1357-63 PMID: 20686188
Rosenberg, R., Law, J., Yenokyan, G., McGready, J., Kaufmann, W., & Law, P. (2009). Characteristics and Concordance of Autism Spectrum Disorders Among 277 Twin Pairs Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 163 (10), 907-914 DOI: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.98
Croen LA, Grether JK, Yoshida CK, Odouli R, & Hendrick V (2011). Antidepressant Use During Pregnancy and Childhood Autism Spectrum Disorders. Archives of general psychiatry PMID: 21727247
11 comments:
Still, gene studies have no true candidate gene. There is no reason environment should not be looked at.ReplyDelete
Actually there are over one hundred genes or chromosomal loci with mutations confirmed to cause autism. See reviews by Catalina Betancur or myself. Each of these is very rare but they so far collectively explain a quarter of all autism cases and that number continues to grow as more are being found almost weekly. So we are well beyond candidates at this stage.ReplyDelete
I think there are two pieces of the twin study that you might not be considering.ReplyDelete
The first is that the pairwise concordance estimates for the MZ twins in the current study are lower, although maybe not significantly, than other recent estimates.
For example, Rosenberg et al in 2009 showed that for broad ASD the overall concordance for MM MZ twins was about 86% whereas the FF MZ was 100%. Interestingly, both studies had the same number of FF MZ twin pairs (9) but came up with very different results.
The second and more important part has to do with the difference between DZ twins and non-twin siblings. Both Rosenberg and the current study showed a much higher concordance between DZ twins than other estimates in the past. These new estimates mean that DZ twins are much more likely than two other non-twin siblings to both have autism.
Since the major difference between DZ twins and non-twin siblings is that they are born at the same time and thus share a similar prenatal and early childhood environment, this difference means that the shared environments during this time plays a much larger role than does the shared genetics.
If the opposite was true - that environmental influences were very small - then DZ twins should have almost the same chance as non-twin siblings to both have autism.
For reference, the chance that multiple siblings both have autism is likely somewhere under ten percent (the CDC's data page says 2% to 8%). Although I think I have seen estimates as high as 20% for an extremely broad definition of autism. The jump from lets say 10% for non-twin siblings to 25% or 30% for DZ twins has to come from the shared environment or other factors related to being a twin (more on that is a minute).
When you put those two ideas together - that shared genetics alone isn't enough to force MZ twins to always both have autism (or even the same severity when they do) but that the shared environment of DZ twins is enough to make then much more likely to both have autism than non-twin siblings - you get the idea that the environment plays a large role.
Although, there could be other explanations here as well. Twins of all types are more likely to have prenatal problems, are (typically) smaller at birth, and more likely to be born premature than singletons. All three of those factors are thought to be risk factors for autism. DZ twins are more likely to be born to older mothers and the number of DZ twins being born to older mothers is increasing (faster then births to older mothers in general, at least in CA).
Thanks. I wasn't catching that.ReplyDelete
MJ, you are right that if there is a large difference between the recurrence risks for DZ twins compared to full sibs that that would indicate a role for the prenatal environment. The Hallmayer study does not appear to rely on such a difference for its modeling, however - at least they don't state that they do, as far as I can tell. The full sib concordance rates that I have seen start at 10% for full autism but add another 20% for broader diagnoses (up to 30% total). For a proper comparison these should really be looked at in the same study.ReplyDelete
Also, there is one other potentially important factor that may make DZ twin concordance higher than full sibs, which is the phenomenon of "stoppage", where parents with one autistic child choose not to have any others. This means the likelihood of an autistic child's older siblings being autistic is greatly reduced. This obviously cannot happen with twins.
All that said, I am quite ready to believe there are important prenatal environmental influences - after all autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder, so other things besides genetic mutations that disturb it may well have the same result. I just don't think the data in this paper make as strong a case for them as the authors claim.
You are correct that the Hallmayer paper does not directly address the non-twin sibling issue but I don't think that is a bad thing per se. I think it is better for a paper to ask a single question and answer that question well rather than try to address multiple questions and not to address any of them properly. So while it would be better if there was an actual value for non-twins in the study, it would have required an entirely different set of data, a different analysis, and would have diluted the twin part.
However, there are hints in the paper to what the sibling rate would look like in the form of the MF DZ twin rates. If you notice, those concordance rates are much less than all of the same sex twins - even less than you would expect after taking into account the relative risks for males and females (4 to 1 ratio). If you also take into account that these are all DZ twins with the addition risk factors that entails (older mothers, prenatal complications, premature, etc) , I think it would be safe to conclude that non-twin siblings would have fallen in this range.
But even without that, there are other estimates of sibling reoccurance out there that you can compare to. For example, there is the 2% to 8% in the 2005 study quoted by the CDC's data page (http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html). And then there is the the high risk baby sibs project of Autism Speaks that suggest that siblings of children with autism have a ten times greater risk than other families (which would imply about 10%).
Perhaps the comparison isn't quite apples to apples but since the current study is using a very conservative definition of autism (ADOS and ADI-R have to agree), I think it would be safe to draw some conclusions.
As for the issue of stoppage, I think you are right up to a point. Parents would be much less likely to have another child after they find out that an earlier one has autism. But since that typically doesn't happen until after the second or third birthday (or at least didn't happen until then historically) and most siblings are conceived within 3 years (I believe it is like 80%), there is an adequate window for siblings to happen even with stoppage. Maybe not in the more severe cases when the signs of autism are clearly visible even at a very age, but certainly in the the less severe ones such as the broad definition of autism used in this study.
As an aside, I don't think I have ever seen a paper that suggested that non-twin siblings have a total 30% reoccurrence rate when using the ADOS and/or ADI-R. I know I have seen ones that said that autistic traits might be that common using something like the AQ or SCQ, but it is a long way from traits to an actual diagnosis. If you had a reference that showed that using the ADOS,ADI-R, or even the DSM-IV criteria instead of a screen, I would interested in reading it.
Bearing in mind the extremely dodgy basic definition of autism. Remember, the chinese menu definition techniques of DSM-IV - two out of these five combined with one out of these three and so on - leads by simple perms and combs to the conclusion that there are approximately 12,000 ways to be diagnosed with autism. I'm not contesting that there are problems, but the evidence that it's a single problem is hardly compelling. Which does go some way to explaining why in California the best predictor of being diagnosed with autism is your distance from an autism centre.ReplyDelete
Not to beat a dead horse, but I ran across this snippet in a paper on the genetics of autism that was just published this week. As I understand it, this was the accepted profile of autism for MZ twins, DZ twins, and non-twin siblings up until the Hallmayer paper was published. I have seen similar language in quite a few papers over the past few years.ReplyDelete
"The prevalence of ASD is between 10 in 10,000 and 60 to 70 in 10,000, depending on the precise definition used [3]. Evidence from family studies implies that ASD has a strong genetic basis: the concordance rate in monozygotic (MZ) twins ranges from 70 to 90%, whereas dizygotic (DZ) twin concordance varies from 0 to 10% [4, 5]. Familial aggregation studies have shown that the relative risk of developing autism in firstdegree relatives of an autistic patient is 3 to 7%, which is ten-fold higher than the prevalence in the general population."
1: Gillis RF, Rouleau GA. The ongoing dissection of the genetic architecture of
Autistic Spectrum Disorder. Mol Autism. 2011 Jul 8;2(1):12. [Epub ahead of print]
PubMed PMID: 21740537.
The full text is available here : http://www.molecularautism.com/content/pdf/2040-2392-2-12.pdf
Now plug the results from Hallmayer into the numbers above and you can see what the big deal is. That almost 10 fold jump in risk from non-twin siblings to fraternal twins strongly implies that the prenatal or early childhood environment matters quite a bit.
I realize that it isn't an apples to apples comparison but I think the comparison makes it clear just why Hallmayer is getting a lot of press.
Your blog article is very interesting and fanatic, at the same time the blog theme is unique and perfect, great job.ReplyDelete
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two out of these five combined with one out of these three and so on - leads by simple perms and combsxlpharmacyafwetweI think the comparison makes it clear just why Hallmayer is getting a lot of press.ReplyDelete
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A Pembrokeshire triathlete has capped off an incredible season by gaining selection for the World University Championships in Taipei.
Luke Watson, from Haverfordwest, will compete at the prestigious international event on Friday, June 29th.
This season Luke, who studies Chemical Engineering at Loughborough University, has won both the sprint triathlon and duathlon British University Championships (BUCS).
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This took his tally to five golds and one silver from a possible six events, the most successful season ever recorded by a university student, and secured his place at the World Championships.
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Feb 09, 2013
CLEARWATER, Fla. – The Saint Leo softball team (6-4) improved their record at the Eckerd Invitational by going 2-0, Saturday evening from Eddie C. Moore Complex. The first win of the day came when the Lions defeated the Palm Beach Atlantic Sailfish (2-4) by a score of 1-0. During the second game, Saint Leo earned a solid 12-3 win over second-year program Colorado Christian University (0-4), after five innings of play.
The deciding factor in both contests was Saint Leo's rock-solid pitching, as the Lions pitching staff allowed only three runs and a combined eleven hits on the day.
Senior Megan Still improved her record to 3-1 in the win over the Sailfish, allowing only three hits and striking out five. Sophomore Ashley Ehlers also took the mound for the Lions in relief of Still, tossing less than one inning and striking out one during the outing.
The lone run of the first game came during the bottom of the third inning, when the Lions were able to capitalize on fundamental offense. Sophomore McKenzie Burns led off the inning with an infield single, then stole second base to get into scoring position. A sacrifice bunt from freshman Jessica LoBianco allowed Burns to take third base, and the sacrifice flyout from junior Chelsey Steedley that followed allowed Burns to score the deciding run.
The second game featured a more lively Saint Leo offense, as the Lions tallied 12 runs in just 5 innings. Freshman Alana Tabel got the win for the Lions, striking out five and allowing only one walk. Junior Sarah Steiner also saw time on the mound when she pitched the bottom of the fifth inning to finish the game. Steiner allowed three hits and two earned runs in the outing.
The Lions launched their attack on the Cougars early in the top of the first inning, scoring three runs before Colorado Christian could make an out. The remainder of the game followed suit, and the hits kept falling for Saint Leo as their offense blossomed, allowing the Lions to tally 13 hits, seven RBIs and three walks, while only striking out twice.
The Saint Leo softball team will return to action tomorrow for the last game of the Eckerd Invitational when they take on Flagler College at 11:30 a.m. from Eddie C. Moore Complex.
For more information regarding the Lions softball program, be sure to visit Saintleolions.com. Also, make sure to 'Follow' the Lions on Twitter and Instagram and 'Like' the Lions on Facebook.


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HOUSTON - www.twitter.com/randymcilvoy www.facebook.com/randymcilvoy
The big week has arrived. KPRC Local 2 Sports has spent the past two Sports Sunday's profiling and previewing all things Houston Texans Football.
Now it's time for the team to deliver some more talent.
The Texans own the 26th overall pick in the 2012 NFL Draft and it's no secret that their priorities are Wide Receiver, Outside Linebacker and depth on the Offense line.
There are many national reports and experts talking a lot about Stanford Tight End Coby Fleener as a guy on the Texans Radar. I'm not sure I'm buying into that. Giants apparently like him too but they pick last in the first round. I don't see the Texans using their first pick on a Tight End. There are certainly more pressing needs.
The Texans already have O-D and Garrett Graham. Graham has the potential of being a solid receiving tight end, but I'm not sure about his blocking skills.
I don't have the time or desire to study every player in the country. Locally, Lance Zierlein and John Harris of thesidelineview.com are outstanding because they study this stuff year around not just when the all-star games and combine rolls around. They had some very insightful info on Sports Sunday April 14th.
Teams, and that includes the Texans , aren't saying a word about their plans.
The Texans have always kept that policy.
GM Rick Smith will talk Tuesday with the media and really won't give us much of anything to go with at least it's a start.
This is a big offseason for the Texans. They are a playoff team now and have to carry on and take it to the next level. If they stay healthy, I see at least 10 wins on their schedule. 11 may be difficult to pull off but anything can happen.
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OCOEE, Fla. - A 2-year-old child has died after his father accidentally ran over him in an Orlando driveway, according to Florida Highway Patrol.
The incident was reported at 4845 Old Oak Tree Court off of Clarcona-Ocoee Road around 12:40 p.m. on Thursday.
Troopers said the father, 52-year-old Jose Manual Cruz, whose utility truck was backed into the driveway, pulled forward to leave the house. Without knowing his 2-year-old son, Prince, had run behind the truck, Cruz backed up because he "forgot something."
Cruz saw what had happened when he saw Prince lying in front of his truck after reversing all the way back.
Prince was under the care of an unrelated 16-year-old babysitter. Troopers said Prince had somehow gotten outside and traveled into the driveway without Cruz's knowledge.
Florida Highway Patrol said they are continuing to investigate this incident and calls it a "tragic accident" at this point.
Watch Local 6 News and stay with ClickOrlando.com for updates on this story.
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Viktoria Sörensdotter started out as a hairdresser, but after studying make-up design, she began a career as a make-up artist and now works full-time in the fashion business, including a couple of years at Givenchy working on their fashion shows. Rock and glamour inspire her in equal measure, and she loves to mix wildly different shapes and styles - often in the same session - just for the hell of it. The strength of her make-up work lies not only in its speed and energy, but in its extreme accuracy. She is inspired by everything that surrounds her; art, magazines, fashion, design, travel and life itself. Half of her time is spent on the road, on various advertising and editorial assignments around the world and the rest is spent working in her home town Stockholm, where she lives with her husband and children.
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8 Must-Make Campfire Cooking Recipes
Planning a campfire with the friends or family? Try these drool-worthy campfire cooking recipes, from quesadillas to dessert cones!
Planning a campfire with the friends or family? Try these drool-worthy campfire cooking recipes, from quesadillas to dessert cones!
There are so many ways to celebrate summer nights. Whether you are going out with your closest gal pals, taking a romantic stroll on the beach, or simply lounging poolside with a cocktail hand, the season of sun and leisure gives us the ability to celebrate in new and creative ways. Or, for some it's the perfect time to push aside every day responsibilities and celebrate like we used to in the days before full time jobs and overbearing pets.
If there's anything that screams summer nights, it's a roaring bonfire or friendly campfire. Let kids create their very own arrow skewers for a fun DIY idea they'll really enjoy. And rather than just tossing a few logs and roasting marshmallows, make this childhood memory just a little bit sweeter by trying one of these drool-worthy campfire treats.
Campfire Quesadillas
Meat and veggies covered in cheese and stuffed into a soft tortilla are the ultimate irresistible treat, no matter the time of year. This tantalizing recipe from Dirty Gourmet puts a campfire twist on this fan-favorite food.
Spider Sausages
These hot dogs from Naptime Creations might be slightly terrifying or absolutely amazing – depending on how you look at it. Foods on a stick are a great way to eliminate mess – both while eating and when it comes time for cleanup!
Campfire Strawberries
If summer to you means endless amounts of succulent strawberries, this recipe from Momables is going to make your mouth water. Such a simple combination of those juicy red berries and ooey gooey marshmallows make for an irresistible treat your taste buds will sing for.
Banana Boat
Rather than simply eating a banana, use the skin to create campfire-worthy boats filled with ooey gooey marshmallows and chocolate. These banana boats are so fun and easy to make, and the kids will love finally having an excuse to play with their food!
Campfire Cinnamon Rolls
Why use an oven when you have a roaring fire to create this amazing recipe from Whimsy Love?! All you need is a tube of cinnamon rolls and a stick – how fun!
Brownie Oranges
Your daily dose of Vitamin C just got a little sweeter with this recipe from Lifehacker. Fill a gutted orange with brownie batter and be ready for your eyes and taste buds to be amazed!
S'mores with a Twist
S'mores are pretty much the campfire staple, but if you're looking for something with just a little bit extra oomph, put a spin on the traditional treat with one of these summer s'mores with a twist recipes.
Campfire Cones
You might think ice cream cones have no business at a campfire, but think again: these underrated treats can be used to create your very own smorgasborg of flavors and grilled on the campfire. Make your own campfire cones like these from Come Together Kids for the ultimate heated treat.
See how Dawn Sandomeno and Elizabeth Mascali elevate the every day with their fantastic recipes and ideas!Read More »


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You can make this succulent NORTH CAROLINA PULLED PORK RECIPE with a Boston butt!
Here are some Boston butt instructions, courtesy of BBQ Board member Longmill
A Boston butt is an ideal choice for the beginning BBQ pit master. This cut is from the shoulder (front leg) of a hog. A whole shoulder consists of the butt (top half) and picnic (bottom half). The same smoking principles apply to all three cuts of meat. i.e. shoulder, Boston butt, or picnic.
Or you can follow these basic instructions for cooking this popular cut of meat:
Cook your choice of cut at 220-250*F for approximately 1.5 hours per pound until the internal temperature reaches 180*F for slicing or 195-205*F for pulled pork. Note: Cooking time can vary widely due to local conditions and the condition of the meat. Always cook to desired internal temperature. Use cooking time as a rough idea of the duration of the cook.
A Boston butt is a good choice for the beginner because it is much more forgiving when things don't go, as planned, during a cook. In part, due to the fat content, it can withstand a broader range of temperatures than many other cuts of meat. The meat doesn't dry out as easily if temperature exceeds recommendation due to heat spikes, for example.
The following is a set of basic instructions to prepare and smoke a Boston butt for pulled pork. Once you master these basics, then you're set to explore the fascinating world of pork BBQ in all it's variations.
Preparation & Supplies Needed: The day before the cook.
Boston Butt (NOT been injected with flavor enhancers - Read the labels.)
Plain yellow mustard
Steven's Basic BBQ Rub
Plastic Wrap
(1 ) Rinse the butt with cool water. Pat dry with paper towels.
(2 ) Apply a thin coating of yellow mustard to all surfaces . Rub it in well.
(3 ) Coat the meat with a heavy application of rub. Make sure all surfaces are well coated, rubbing it thoroughly into the flesh.
(4 ) Cover the butt with plastic wrap and refrigerate overnight.
Pit Preparation: Day of the cook.
Set up your smoker in accordance with the applicable instructions for indirect cooking . While the principles are nearly the same, set up steps will vary depending on the fuel source and the style of cooker. The following applies to an charcoal fired offset. Make the necessary adjustments for propane, electric, or wood fires and for vertical smokers or when using a grill.
(1 ) Place a drip pan (disposable aluminum pan) under the grate, below where the butt will be placed. Add ½" of water to the pan. If using a temperature probe to monitor grate temperature, place it on the grate over the water pan.
(2 ) Use the Indirect Grilling Method to start your fire to bring your pit up to approximately 230*F. Add your choice of wood chunks.
(3 ) Oil the grate well.
(4 ) When you've reached cooking temperature, remove the Butt from the refrigerator. Add an additional application of rub to the fleshy portions of the butt. Rub it in well. Insert a probe thermometer to monitor internal temperature of the meat.
(5 ) Place the cold butt on the grates, over the water pan and close the lid.
(6 ) Monitor the grate temperature, adjusting the intake vent, as needed to maintain the range of 220-250*F. Additional fuel will be needed, as the cook progresses.
Notes: Add additional wood chunks for the first 2-3 hours of the cook. Time depends on both your preferences for the amount of smoke flavor you want and the wood choice you've made. For a light smoked flavor, using hickory, quit adding wood after about 3 hours.
During the smoking of a butt, internal temperature will stop rising and may even drop a few degrees. This is called a plateau and generally happens around 160-170*F. This is normal. During this time the fats and collagens in the meat are being broken down. Resist the temptation to add more fuel to speed up the process. Allowing the process to continue at it's own pace results in a better end product.
Basting is optional.
(7 ) If you are planning on sliced pork, remove the butt when it reaches an internal temperature of 180*F. If you are planning on pulled pork, remove the butt when the internal temperature reaches a minimum of 195*. Allowing the butt to reach an internal of 205-210*F, also results in a better end product.
(8 ) Remove the butt from the pit and place it in a clean disposable pan or other suitable container. Cover with foil. Cover that with a heavy bath towel and let it rest for at least a half hour. Recommended time is to let it rest for one hour or more. This allows time for the juices in the meat to redistribute themselves throughout the meat. Premature cutting will result in moisture loss.
(9 ) After resting, prepare the meat for your choice of serving methods. For pulled pork, remove the skin and underlying fat layer. Either discard or place aside for another use. Separate the muscle groups, removing any excess fat. Tear the chunks of meat into bite sized pieces. Chop, if desired.
(10 ) Add your choice of BBQ sauce, depending on your choice of BBQ style. Serve additional sauce along side for those who like extra sauce.
For additional information:
Complete List of Steven's Books
Topic specific Book recommendations:
The Barbecue! Bible
How to Grill
Barbecue! Bible Sauces, Rubs, and Marinades, Bastes, Butters & Glazes
Other References:
The Art of Smoking
Barbecue Techniques
BBQ U: Sauces and Rubs


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No one's read anything for three days? Don't believe it.
I've been on a muli-book reading binge since I remembered a couple weeks ago how school does that thing where it sucks all my reading-for-fun-time into a black hole that is whatever math and science class I've foolishly sworn and paid for the privilege to undertake.
I've a chapter left of Boomerang: Travels in the New Third World by Michael Lewis... as far as non-fiction books about the financial crisis go... this one is highly entertaining.
Also nearly finished with What We Talk About When We Talk About Anne Frank by Nathan Englander... which is my new favorite short story collection.
China in Ten Words by Yu Hua was an impulse buy that I've just started. So far so good. I don't know anything about China but this seemed like a good place to start.
Taking a break from Game of Thrones until I finish at least two of these other books... I somehow found myself going through the first season of the show in about a week so I expect I'll enjoy this.
How to Piss in Public by Galvin McInnes is thus far hilarious and informative and hilarious and probably the reason I'm reading so many books at the same time... I'm trying to pace myself with this one because I don't want to go back to the way life was when I didn't have another chapter of this book to look forward to.
When I'm done with these, I'll probably dive into the A+ Guide to the Principles of Macro Biology and Troubleshooting.


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THERE has been an overwhelming response to a desperate plea from the parents of a girl suffering with two extremely rare immune diseases.
Offers of help to find a bone marrow transplant match for Tia Pugh have poured in from around the world but her family said efforts must continue as the odds of finding a match for the three-year-old are extremely slim.
Tia, from Bath Road, Worcester, is believed to be the only person in the world to suffer from a combination of STAT1 deficiency as well as a tuberculosis-like illness called mycobacterium malmoense.
Her father Nick is British while her mother Yupa is a mixture of Thai and Cambodian which will make it difficult to find a suitable match.
She is due to return to Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, tomorrow and might face another skin biopsy after she broke out in painful boils over her legs.
Hundreds of people have signed up to the Facebook page Tia Pugh Immune Deficiency since her story was featured in your Worcester News pledging to sign up to the bone marrow transplant register.
Others have offered to run events to raise awareness of Tia's plight and one woman has promised to hand out leaflets in New York.
Anthony Nolan Trust will be running a sign up event for 16 to 30 year olds at Worcestershire County Cricket Club, New Road, Worcester on Thursday from 3pm to 7pm.
People can also sign up at www.anthonynolan.org.
Alternatively, people aged between 18 and 49 can also sign up at www.nhsbt.nhs.uk/bonemarrow.


text: Computer Science (Network Computing) BSc Home Study Computer Science (Network Computing) BSc Placement Offered This course has a Professional Practice option Overview Brunel University London's impact on the future wages of its graduates is among the best in the country compared to other universities, according to a new analysis of government data by The Economist (2017). About the course All our degrees emphasise acquiring knowledge and skills to develop your new understanding creatively and professionally. Although this is an academic degree, the course balances theory with 'real world' practice in information and computer management. On this programme in computer science, specialising in network computing, you will gain a good understanding of computer science and a grasp of the important elements of a computer system. You'll also learn how to build different types of software from web-based systems to mobile solutions. In the final year you'll take compulsory modules in advanced computer science and choose options from a range of computing topics. Network computing graduates have a wide range of careers open to them. Perhaps you'll start by becoming a general analyst/programmer, or join a consultancy firm – often just a first step toward setting up your own business. To view the Made in Brunel - Software Innovation showcase video please click here. Aims Communication between computing systems by sending information across wide and local areas is a fundamental aspect of today's IT infrastructure. The amount of data being transferred is growing at a rapid rate and this places demands on both the software and hardware that support networks. In the coming years, the demand for these technologies will only get larger and business will need experts in a range of networking areas, such as wireless and mobile. At Brunel you'll be working with staff internationally recognised for their expertise: the 2014 Research Academic Exercise (REF) rated two thirds of all research carried out in the Department of Computer Science as 'internationally excellent or better' – and our research quality and quantity (research 'power') is ranked comfortably within the top third of all universities in the UK. Read more about our REF 2014 results. Enquiries Dr Steve Counsell Admissions Tutor Department of Computer Science Brunel University Uxbridge Middlesex UB8 3PH Tel: +44 (0)1895 265265 Email: email@example.com Back to top Course Content Level 1 Our Level 1 course meets the needs of students joining us from a wide variety of backgrounds and with diverse computing experience. These classes build a firm foundation for the rest of your degree by introducing you to the style and ethos of both the College and the computing profession. Foundation units include: Systems architecture Systems analysis Software development Relevant mathematics. By the end of Level 1, regardless of your degree programme, you'll have covered the fundamental concepts of computer science and information systems, with a particular emphasis on programming. You'll then be ready to explore them in greater depth at Level 2. See below for typical modules. Level 2 This consolidates Level 1 learning but places more emphasis on judgement and evaluation skills. You'll expand your understanding of: Processes for developing large and complex software systems Roles and technologies to help you control such projects Human-computer interface How to develop sound criteria such as 'user friendliness' – and make reliable and repeatable judgements based on them. You'll further specialise to cover systems analysis and design by the end of Level 2 – having also have studied foundation topics such as logic which leads into aspects of network architecture, and operating systems and network architectures which are useful for distributed environments. Level 3 Final year project This is a substantial individual project for which you research a network computing topic in-depth. If you're on a sandwich course it's quite likely that this project will be of interest to your employer, past or future. This is assessed and is worth a third of your Level 3 marks. In this final year, you'll continue to specialise within network computing. At the same time you'll study options to broaden your understanding of computing. You'll begin to address research-level issues in areas such as software engineering, information systems, simulation modelling, digital media and games and artificial intelligence. We revise the options available each year to reflect the range of specialist interests among our staff, and industry trends. Typical Level 1 modules Level 1 Group Project Lectures and Tutorials Introductory Programming Data and Information Information Systems and Organisations Logic and Computation Typical Level 2 modules Level 2 Group Project Software Development and Management Usability Engineering Algorithms and their Applications Networks and Operating Systems Typical Level 3 modules Final Year Network Computing Project Software Project Management Advanced Topics in Computer Science Network Computing Level 3 Options (choose one) Artificial Intelligence Software Engineering Digital Media and Games Read more about the structure of undergraduate degrees at Brunel and what you will learn on the course. Back to top Employability As a Brunel Computer Science graduate you'll enjoy excellent employment prospects. Our combination of work experience and up-to-date teaching means that you'll be well-equipped to follow the career you want after graduation. Our graduates are high quality experts able to handle the increasing demands of scientific, technological and commercial development in the new millennium. Not unexpectedly, they're in high demand with the wide-ranging companies and organisations increasingly dependent on computer technology. Careers Our graduates have a wide range of careers open to them. Perhaps you'll start by becoming a general analyst/programmer. Or join a consultancy firm – often just a first step toward setting up your own business. The industry's major companies all have openings for well-qualified personnel. Students with 'sandwich' experience are particularly in demand for the bettergraduate appointments. Recent graduates have gone on to work for well-known companies and organisations including: Accenture Anderson Consulting Barclays British Airways British Telecom Compaq Demon HSBC IBM Logica The Meteorological Office Microsoft Morgan Stanley O2 Oracle Orange Toshiba. As a good honours graduate you may also be able to study for a higher degree in one of our research areas such as information systems/machine interface, simulation modelling and software engineering. Work Placements We know just how much experience counts in the job market. So you'll have the opportunity to gain invaluable paid work experience alongside experts in industry, the public sector and commerce – both in the UK or overseas. At Brunel we provide many opportunities and experiences within your degree programme and beyond – work-based learning, professional support services, volunteering, mentoring, sports, arts, clubs, societies, and much, much more – and we encourage you to make the most of them, so that you can make the most of yourself. » More about Employability Back to top Entry Criteria 2017/18 GCE A-level BBB (all subjects considered). BTEC Level 3 Extended Diploma DDD in IT. BTEC Level 3 Diploma DD in a computing subject, with an A-level at grade B. BTEC Level 3 Subsidiary Diploma D in a related subject with A-levels grades BB. International Baccalaureate Diploma 30 points. Access Complete and pass a related subject Access course with 45 credits at Level 3 with Merit in all units. Applicants must also have 2 years Computing or IT related work experience. Foundations of Information Systems, Computing and Mathematics course For Brunel Foundation of Information Systems, Computing and Mathematics progression requirements, see the course page. 5 GCSEs to include Maths at Grade C and English Language at Grade C are also required. Please check our Admissions pages for more information on other factors we use to assess applicants as well as our full GCSE requirements and accepted equivalencies in place of GCSEs. Entry criteria are subject to review and change each academic year. International and EU Entry Requirements Please select a country Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Cameroon Canada Caribbean China Colombia Croatia Cyprus North Cyprus-South Czech Republic Denmark Ecuador Egypt Estonia Ethiopia Finland France Gambia Germany Ghana Greece Hong-Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordon Kazakhstan Kenya Korea Kosovo Kuwait Latvia Lebanon Libya Lithuania Luxembourg Macau Macedonia Malawi Malaysia Mali Malta Mauritius Mexico Moldova Montenegro Morocco Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Scotland Singapore Slovakia Slovenia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Sweden Switzerland Switzerland French Switzerland German Switzerland Italian Syria Taiwan Tanzania Thailand Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey UAE Uganda Ukraine USA Uzbekistan Venezuela Vietnam Wales Yeman Zambia Zimbabwe If your country or institution is not listed or if you are not sure whether your institution is eligible, please contact Admissions This information is for guidance only by Brunel University London and by meeting the academic requirements does not guarantee entry for our courses as applications are assessed on case-by-case basis. English Language Requirements IELTS: 6.5 (min 5.5 in all areas) Pearson: 58 (51 in all subscores) BrunELT: 65% (min 55% in all areas) Brunel University London strongly recommends that if you will require a Tier 4 visa, you sit your IELTS test at a test centre that has been approved by UK Visas and Immigration (UKVI) as being a provider of a Secure English Language Test (SELT). Not all test centres have this status. The University can accept IELTS (with the required scores) taken at any official test centre or other English Language qualifications we accept as meeting our main award entry requirements. However, if you wish to undertake a Pre-sessional English course to further improve your English prior to the start of your degree course, you must sit the test at an approved SELT provider. This is because you will only be able to apply for a Tier 4 student visa to undertake a Pre-sessional English course if you hold a SELT from a UKVI approved test centre. Find out more information about it. Brunel also offers our own BrunELT English Test and accepts a range of other language courses. We also have Pre-sessional English language courses for students who do not meet these requirements, or who wish to improve their English. Find out more information about English course and test options. Back to top Teaching and Assessment Teaching We take great care to make the transition from school or college to university as smooth as possible. Project groups of four students meet for weekly reviews with a personal group tutor. This both ensures continuity and helps you get to know your tutor – something that's particularly important in your first year. Overall we take an innovative, dynamic and highly participative approach to teaching that's supported by state-of-the-art subject understanding and the advice of our Industry Advisory Board. Our staff are always willing to support and provide practical guidance to students. How many hours study a week are involved? About 12 hours of directed study. Staff are normally also happy to answer queries outside of classes. In addition we expect you to put in an average of 25 to 35 hours of private study weekly. How will I be taught? Lectures These offer a broad overview of key concepts and ideas relating to computer science or information systems – a useful framework from which you can pursue more in-depth study. Laboratory work This helps you to develop and understand the technical skills for building software using methods and techniques introduced in lectures. You'll do individual work – but with a tutor always on hand to lead discussion on common issues as they arise. Small groups In the first and second years you'll work on a computing-related problem with regular guidance from a member of staff. He/she will be available week by week to help your group with any problems. These small-group activities will enable you to develop key professional skills such as report writing, evaluation and, crucially, communication skills. One-to-one In your final year you'll normally have one-to-one supervision for your major project. The department has a team of personal tutors so there's always someone available to discuss personal or academic problems. If you go on placement, your personal tutor will help you set objectives and monitor your progress – and provide further support if you need it. Talks from guest speakers We invite guest speakers from prominent organisations to present on relevant subjects. We also host weekly talks on topical computing research issues. If you do work experience, this will also be an important part of your professional development. Assessment This varies from one module to another and may be based entirely on coursework, entirely on examination or on a combination of both. It's just as important for you to learn how to establish your own criteria for assessment as it is to be able to assess the quality and value of your own work reliably. Level 1 does not count towards your final degree classification. Level 2 is worth a third and Level 3 accounts for two thirds. Your final year project is worth a third of the Level 3 marks. Overall the 'exam to coursework' split is usually about 60:40. Back to top Special Features 'Project centric' – one third of the programme is project-based We know that when you graduate, you'll be working on large projects. That's why one third of each year of our programmes is project-based. In Levels 1 and 2 you'll build a software solution in a team, and in your final year you'll carry out an individual project. Flexible programmes – choose as you go along We know that many computer science and information systems students don't know exactly which programme they wish to study. Our programme is designed to allow you to specialise gradually during your time with us. If you choose one of our programmes, you're free to alter it as you go: choose information systems or computing in Level 2, and then choose your specialist options in Level 3. A vibrant, friendly, safe campus in a great location near London All the advantages of affordable living costs, an international community, world-class sports and social facilities and a thriving arts and social scene. Excellent links with business Our lecturers often work as consultants for major blue chip companies at home and overseas. This means: Your degree is designed to meet the needs of industry and the marketplace The latest commercial world developments are included in your course You've a greater choice of high quality, professional placements and more contacts to help you find a job when you graduate. Women in Engineering and Computing Programme Brunel's Women in Engineering and Computing mentoring scheme provides our female students with invaluable help and support from their industry mentors. Accreditation The course offers full exemption from the British Computer Society's professional examinations, allowing graduates to attain professional membership of the Society (MBCS) after a shortened period of relevant experience and training. The course also fulfils the academic requirement for registration as an Incorporated Engineer (full IEng accreditation) and part of the academic requirement for registration as a Chartered Engineer (partial CEng accreditation). Facts and Figures A Brunel Computer Science degree is a recognised symbol of quality. Brunel has roots in education dating back to 1798 as well as a very strong technological heritage. More than 50 academic staff teach computer science courses at Brunel, many having a background in the computer industry. Practically all are involved in our applied computing research which includes information systems, software engineering, knowledge-based systems, and simulation modelling. We also have a high quality infrastructure to match including more than 250 computers and servers for exclusive student use – all running state-of-the-art software. The Department is a member of the Microsoft Alliance, the Apple iOS Academic Developer Programme and is an nVidia CUDA Teaching Center. We offer a wide choice of dynamic courses with options ranging from artificial intelligence right through to the social web. It means we're always on top of industry developments and future trends. Back to top Fees for 2017/18 entry UK/EU students: £9,250 full-time; £1,000 placement year International students: £15,750 full-time Additional course related costs See our fees and funding page for full details of scholarships available to Brunel applicants Back to top


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You won't be able to dismiss this by usual means (escape or click button), but you can close it programatically based on user choices or actions.
"This design was just perfect for our dinner. It was pretty and elegant, but casual, and it allowed enough space for all the wording we needed, without looking crowded. I was looking for something that highlighted the couple's names, rather than the dinner itself. We used the space on the back of the postcard for listing the entree options for guests to choose from."
"Great work, just what we wanted. Thanks for offering this beautiful invitation. We were proud to send to friends and family."
"My fiance and I ordered this card for our rehearsal dinner (in pink) and it was perfect! I asked for some custom wording on the card and the design team perfectly executed what I asked for. The customer service from Wedding Paper Divas is awesome, and we have been more than satisfied with all the products we've ordered for our wedding!"
"The design is so cute! They were perfect for the theme of our rehearsal dinner. Customer service was excellent and the representative that I spoke to was very helpful and friendly."
"As always the quality of this rehearsal dinner invite is great. It is the perfect size and design for the occasion and everyone that received it, loved it! Aside from adding my own event details, I didn't change a thing which made the process very easy."


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Every so often the grocery store has "riblet" rib trimmings so the last time I was there I grabbed a package. Some of them were actually pretty meaty and the price was right, while the use of a reflective sheet pan wasn't.
Since the plan was to grill them direct I decided to go with a basic rub with a little celery salt added.
They went over a medium fire until done. Since they were in individual pieces it was easier to get them more consistently done, although the short bones make it a little tougher to determine when they're ready.
Mrs. Chicken had an acorn squash that needed to be eaten so I grilled it as well. I learned that slicing a bit off the bottom so that the half will sit nicely on the grate will allow the butter to leach out, so I won't do that again.
The riblets are a nice change from full-size racks because they don't take too long to cook but still have great flavor. Usually they still have the membrane but it's less of an issue because it's not very wide.


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Bootcamp: DPS - Setting up an iOS developer account
To build iOS applications with DPS App Builder, you need to create certificates and mobile provisioning profiles for your app. This video will guide you through the steps, including some valueable steps. This session was presented by Klaasjan Tukker during the DPS EMEA Bootcamp 2014 in Stockholm.


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Tombstone Tuesday. Well I was out taking some cemetery photos and this one caught my eye. At first glance one would not think that their is much different about this grave marker. From a distance it looks quite normal. But in fact the entire grave stone is metal. Metal grave markers of this type are rare in my area. And they are getting rarer all the time as they really don't stand up to the weather as well as granite and they are much more susceptible to damage by vandals. You can see cracks starting to form in this one and I would guess its days are numbered.
Geo Catlin
Feby 16 1880
Aged 80 Years


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Gross domestic product contracted in the fourth quarter, making it the first negative quarter of growth since the second quarter of 2009. The bad news is in stunning stark contrast with a stock market that appears complacent and without concerns.
Fourth-quarter weakness was more or less across the board, with declining output seen in three out of four components of GDP. Only a small gain in personal consumption expenditures kept the contraction from being sharper than it was.
The biggest drag came from large cutbacks in government spending, both in the defense and non-defense sectors, however, business investment also declined and the subtraction from a higher trade deficit also had an effect.
It was already evident early in the fourth quarter that defense contractors had been prepping for the fiscal cliff. Contracts were being cancelled and there was some shelving of capital investment. Even though the fiscal cliff has been dealt with and we have a reprieve from the constraints of the debt ceiling, at least until May 18, the prospect of the sequester is becoming more real and both Republicans and Democrats appear comfortable with the fact that these automatic spending cuts are going to kick in as expected on March 1.
Added to this mix, the payroll tax increase that took place on January 1 may already be starting to bite, as we've seen some indication in consumer confidence, via the Conference Board's monthly survey, that the animal spirits are starting to cool. Consumer confidence, as measured by its index, dropped to the lowest level in 13 months in January.
These observations come against a backdrop of rising stock prices that, as previously mentioned, display an almost giddy attitude. Take for example the American Association of Individual Investors' weekly survey, which shows bearish sentiment to be the lowest in nearly a year and bullish readings at the highest level in two years.
And if that isn't enough to wave a caution flag, some famed hedge fund managers who haven't necessarily been all that bullish of late are suddenly expressing unbridled bullishness while forecasting an explosion of greatness is about to hit the U.S. Oh, really? Seems like odd timing, particularly given the fact that America is about to embark on its own path of deep austerity the likes of which we have seen in Europe over the past three years, which has brought some very disturbing results.
Despite all this, the Dow Jones Industrial Average is within easy striking distance of its all-time high of 14,164.53 and, clearly, this would not be the first time that the stock market was carried to new heights on a tsunami of rising bullish sentiment, even as underlying fundamental conditions erode. For now, I expect the uptrend to continue as the bulls pile on, but a fair-sized correction seems not too far off.


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The final versions of the plans are now available for public review. These plans have been adopted by the Larimer County Planning Commission, the Larimer County Board of Commissioners, the Parks Master Plan Task Force, the Larimer County Department of Natural Resources / Parks and Open Lands; and the Bureau of Reclamation. These new plans set the future direction for the Larimer County park system, including Horsetooth, Carter, Flatiron and Pinewood Reservoirs; as well as other parks managed by Larimer County.
The PDF documents can be downloaded as one entire document or by chapter. We recommend that you download rather than try to open the document from the webpage. These files have been compressed to reduce their file size.
Your county parks at Pinewood, Flatiron, Carter, and Horsetooth reservoirs are about to get a recreation face lift.
The new Master Plan will set the future direction for the Larimer County park system. Horsetooth, Carter, Flatiron and Pinewood Reservoirs will also have a new Resource Management Plan. Two different plans, one by County Parks and the other by Reclamation, will provide future guidance for the management and provision of recreation facilities for the reservoirs and other County Parks.
The Bureau of Reclamation owns Horsetooth, Carter, Flatiron and Pinewood Reservoirs as part of its Colorado-Big Thompson water diversion and storage project. Larimer County Parks and Open Lands has been the recreation management partner at these four reservoirs since 1954.
A Resource Management Plan, or "RMP," provides the guidelines for how Larimer County Parks and Open Lands will develop and implement recreation opportunities. Larimer County Parks and Open Lands will use the RMP to guide implementation of reservoir improvements and resource management within the framework of the Parks Master Plan.
The Larimer County Comprehensive Parks Master Plan will address all park properties as well as the reservoirs (also covered by the Resource Management Plan). This plan will guide the Department for the next ten years in conserving and developing the County's important natural, cultural and recreational resources, and effectively meeting the recreation demands of park visitors and county residents. The plan will provide a focused direction that is in harmony with the Larimer County Vision Statements; and identify priority projects and specific strategies to accomplish the vision.
This plan does not address Larimer County open lands or trails. A separate Open Lands Master Plan was prepared in 2015 and is available online. A management plan recently prepared for Horsetooth Mountain Park will be incorporated into the master plan.
For questions about the RMP/EA, Bureau of Reclamation, or Colorado-Big Thompson Project, please contact Kara Lamb at either (970) 962-4326 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
Parks Master Plan: Comments and questions about the Parks Master Plan may be submitted via e-mail.
Click on thumbnail image for larger photo.
Carter Lake
Flatiron Reservoir
Horsetooth Reservoir
Pinewood Reservoir


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THE Western Bulldogs have appointed former Essendon and Geelong midfielder Brent Prismall as their new player wellbeing co-ordinator.
He replaces Brett Goodes, who earlier this month was rookie-listed by the Western Bulldogs, in the role. Prismall had also been in contention for that spot on the list.
Prismall's new role will involve helping the club's younger players come to terms with working in an elite sporting environment.
James Fantasia, the Bulldogs' general manager of football, said that Prismall's AFL experience and strong leadership qualities made him ideal for the role. ''Brent is a very capable young man and will be instrumental in working with our playing list and, in particular, our younger playing group,'' he said. ''We believe we've brought another quality person into our organisation and look forward to seeing Brent flourish in his new role.''
Prismall also has an excellent relationship with Bulldogs coach, Brendan McCartney, the pair having worked together at Geelong.
He will juggle the role with his football career, having linked with the Bulldogs' VFL affiliate, Williamstown.
Prismall played 61 games in six seasons before he was cut by the Bombers.
He reportedly knocked back a one-year offer from Port Adelaide during the trade period.
Power football manager Peter Rohde confirmed that Prismall rejected the offer because the 26-year-old wanted the security of a two-year contract if he was going to move his family to South Australia.
It is understood that Port Adelaide was not prepared to offer that commitment partly because of doubts about Prismall's injury history, which includes two knee reconstructions.


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Bangalore, Aug 27 (IANS) Tech-friendly Karnataka plans to build five electronics clusters in the state to attract investments, boost production and generate employment.
"We will build two greenfield electronics clusters at Devanahalli (near the Bangalore airport) and Narsapur (in Kolar district, about 100 km from here) and develop the three electronic systems design and manufacturing (ESDM) sectors at the electronics city and Peenya in Bangalore and Mysore into clusters," state IT secretary I.S.N. Prasad told IANS.
To be built under the public-private partnership (PPP) mode, the clusters will facilitate setting up of new ESDM units and expand the existing units in the brownfield.
"The proposal for the Devanahalli cluster has been sent to the union ministry concerned for clearance and funds, as the project cost of Rs.100 crore has to be equally shared by the state and the central governments," Prasad said.
The proposed clusters will have common testing and certification facilities for ESDM units and MSME (micro, small and medium enterprise) units.
"We have set up a core committee on ICT & Electronics Hardware to scale up the ESDM sector that is projected to grow across the country nearly 10 times to $400 billion by 2020 from $45 billion in 2012 and reduce dependency on imports, which account for 85 percent of the consumption," Prasad asserted.
For instance, of the 12 million computers sold in the previous fiscal (2012-13), 85 percent were imported, while domestic firms had to import 95 percent of components to manufacture a range of electronics products for the consumer and industrial segments.
In the absence of a strong production base, electronics products valued at $30 billion were imported last fiscal.
"Unless the domestic ESDM sector rapidly increases production with double-digit growth, import of electronics goods will increase to $42 billon by 2015 from $30 billion in 2012," Prasad said.
The state government is planning to set up Rs.500-crore seed fund for the ESDM sector, offer incentives and innovation support for IP (intellectual property) creation under a new policy formulated on the recommendations of the Karnataka ICT group, headed jointly by Manipal Global Education chairman and former Infosys director T.V Mohandas Pai and former STPI (Software Technology Parks of India) director B.V. Naidu.
"The group has recommended preferential market access to the ESDM sector on procurement of electronics products by the state government, which in turn will benefit the small and medium enterprises (SMEs)," Prasad said.
The state government had June 17 signed an agreement with the Israeli Industry Centre for R&D (Matimop) to initiate collaborative research and development projects with financial support through the Karnataka-Israel Industrial R&D programme.
"Even as a small country with about 200,000 hi-tech engineers, Israel has been able to create R&D driven electronics and telecom firms, exporting products worth billions of dollars," Prasad noted.
Admitting that domestic production of electronics products would help reduce the trade imbalance, the secretary said the state government was committed to accelerating the growth of the ESDM sector to replicate the success in the software services sector.
"As a leader in chip designing and R&D, we have an ecosystem to nurture the growth of ICT in Bangalore, which has 85 chip design firms and 400 R&D centres in IT, science & technology, defence and space. With 45,000 students graduating every year from about 200 engineering colleges across the state, we have the human capital for absorption by the industry," Prasad added.
(Fakir Balaji can be contacted at email@example.com)


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I am new but I want to know about Some new concepts of Google like Zebra Update.
google penguin update 2 has released last week and you are asking question about zebra update. how
The news about Google Zebra Update is a rumor.
I do agree with bretemoran, Google has recently made Penguin 2.0 update (also called "Penguin 4").
I know that Google Penguine2.0 is released. It really stuck many sites but It is better to know what future update will come and ZEBRA is one of its unique kind ... Which I had Studies about a month ago. But wouldn't get much information as how it effect ranking.
So have any idea what actually it is and how it will effects will be a good to know as what SEO concern is to update with the latest.
Even PHP6 is also rumor but it will be in up gradation mode...
I guess the Google Zebra Update is coming.
It will come But take some time...But I want to know What Actually it Will Do.
When the Google Zebra's have stampeded there will be a follow through with the Google Wolf update to hot on the heels of the Google Zebras.
Zebra is going to town on social...
Too many retweets with keywords included around a linkFacebook updates with too many shares from people not in your industryAny Google+ shares as this will look spammy (Google+ is a graveyard right, so any activity looks suspicious?!)Owning a Pinterest page - brands only use these for SEO benefit no?If you've been creating great content which may be being shared extensively by people on the web, some of which might not be bloggers in your niche, then start looking over your shoulder. The Big G doesn't want anyone messing with their rankings.
It is lie detector update from Google that checks likes and text.
"The Big G doesn't want anyone messing with their rankings." Ups and Down come in business but never back down... What man Strategy towards lifestyle.
It is Good That Google is becoming very BIG even trying to purchase- "Israeli GPS navigation app maker Waze" .....


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It's been awhile since I've had a chance to update everyone. Bevin got to see the new Pediatric Rheumatologist on December 2nd…it's the first time she's gotten to see one in almost a year…althou her regular pediatrician has been an awesome substitute.
The new Peds Rheum was really great and spent an hour with us, which I thought was pretty generous since I know they schedule appointments every 15-30 minutes depending on the doctor.
He had me start from the beginning (what made us first bring her in) and how she's done since then. He then did a full check-up on Bev and she flirted with him the entire time…yes that's right, I sat there and watched my TWO YEAR OLD flirt with the doctor as he checked all her joints. It was hilarious!
Her right knee (the most affected joint) is still a little swollen, nothing horrible, but bigger than it should be. So we upped her MTX to .3ml (from .2ml) and will see if that helps.
He is also concerned about her growth (Bev is very small and skinny) and specifically stated his concern about her height to weight growth so we have to keep an eye on that.
In the three weeks since she's had the MTX upped she has not cried at all during any of her shots, that's right folks, no tears for three shot nights in a row! Now she doesn't take the shots willingly, but no tears from a two year old…that's rock star status!
We have the recycling drive back in full force for the 2012 walk and have already raised $175 in recycling! J
Merry Christmas!


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Bean Count: The Great Jelly Bean Debateby Food Network Magazine in Food Network Magazine, March 31st, 2013
We didn't need a massive Twitter poll to prove that black jelly beans are the black sheep of Easter candy: We've all seen those piles of uneaten ones left at the bottom of the bag. But we asked the question anyway, and sure enough, 65 percent of respondents said they leave the black ones behind. If you're wondering why jelly bean makers don't just eliminate them, executives at Brach's say that the black beans are actually more of a hit than any other color. "People who love them really love them," says company spokesman Hans Becher. How much? It's the only flavor they sell by the whole bag.
(Photograph by Sam Kaplan)


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38 U.S. Code § 521 - Assistance to certain rehabilitation activities
§ 521.
Assistance to certain rehabilitation activities
(a) The Secretary may assist any organization named in or approved under section 5902 of this title in providing recreational activities which would further the rehabilitation of disabled veterans. Such assistance may be provided only if—
a significant percentage of the individuals participating in the activities are eligible for rehabilitative services under chapter 17 of this title.
The Secretary may accept from any appropriate source contributions of funds and of other assistance to support the Secretary's provision of assistance for such activities.
(1) Subject to paragraph (2), the Secretary may authorize the use, for purposes approved by the Secretary in connection with the activity involved, of the seal and other official symbols of the Department and the name "Department of Veterans Affairs" by—
any organization which provides an activity described in subsection (a) with assistance from the Secretary; and
(2) The use of such seal or name of any official symbol of the Department in an advertisement may be authorized by the Secretary under this subsection only if—
(Added Pub. L. 102–83, § 2(a), Aug. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 390.)
Prior Provisions
Prior section 521 was renumbered section 1521 of this title.
Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 216 of this title prior to repeal by Pub. L. 102–83, § 2(a).
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


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Nautical Pillow Cover Pair
This pair of Nautical pillow covers are perfect for summer. Can't you totally picture them on a crisp white summer couch, or outside in the sunshine. Nautical items are all the rage this year, from elegant marinieres worn by Audrey Hepburn and Audrey Tautou, to punky striped shirts that would fit right into a London puck rock wardrobe, the classic nautical themes are making a big comeback this year


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- SANE Sustainability
- Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) Sustainability
Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) Sustainability
- Child Sexual Assault Prevention
- Engaging Bystanders in Sexual Violence Prevention
- Healthcare Initiative
- Know Your Rights
- Lifespan
- Multilingual Access
- National Sexual Assault Conference
- Preventing Sexual Violence in Disasters
- Raliance
- Rape Prevention & Education (RPE)
- Rural Training Project
- SANE Sustainability TA
- Sexual Assault Demonstration Initiative
- Sexual Assault Demonstration Initiative
- Sexual Assault Response Teams (SART)
- Sexual Violence & the Workplace
- xCHANGE Forum
The National Sexual Violence Resource Center (NSVRC) is pleased to present this targeted technical assistance project to strengthen the Office on Violence Against Women's (OVW) sustainability efforts regarding Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) Programs.
Through the provision of free on-site technical assistance, information dissemination and follow-up consultation, this project aims to build sustainable SANE programs by increasing access to information, building SANE program staff capacity and enhancing collaborative efforts between victim advocates and forensic nurses.
Read our SANE Sustainability Technical Assistance Bulletin Series.
Sustainability 101: Long Range Thinking for Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner Program
Sustainability 101: Creating A Business Plan For Sexual Assault Nurse Examiners
Sustainability 101: Fostering Collaboration Between SANE Program Coordinators and Medical Directors
The following collections of key resources have been identified to assist with SANE program Sustainability. Please check back regularly for new additions.
Seminal Literature Recruitment Education
If you have a resource need or would like to recommend materials for inclusion in our collection please submit online.
This project was supported by Grant No. 2006-WT-AX-K052 awarded by the Office on Violence Against Women, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, conclusions, and recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Justice, Office on Violence Against Women.


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>General Running>training a dog to be running companion
My Webster
Team 9 from Outer Space
"Don't feel like running today...suck it up and run ...you're an athlete." (John Stanton, founder & owner of The Running Room)
Three half marathons later, I got a number. Half Fanatic #9292. :)
I will be getting a puppy soon and am thinking about possibly training it to run with me. How old should he be before I start training him? My thought was to do the Couch to 5k program to get him started. Any advice out there?
Oh and to all the people that are going to try and tell me that I shouldn't get a dog for this reason, I am NOT getting my dog specifically for this reason. It was a well thought out and informed decision so please no having a cow on me. Thanks!
Reproduction Specialist
Run to Win25 Marathons, 17 Ultras, 16 States (Full List)
Happy Running,
"Start with your Head, Finish with your Heart!"
thank you everyone for all the GREAT advice! I will definately/obviously take it slow. To the person who asked....my puppy is a chocolate lab. I am so excited to get him!
i've been told you shouldn't run with a dog until he's 1.5 years old so that his body can take it
~Sara It's supposed to be hard. If it wasn't hard, everyone would do it. The hard is what makes it great. ~ Jimmy Dugan


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FOR eight years the ladies of the Kiama Evening VIEW Club have supported a student named Jordan through the Smith Family's Learning for Life program.
The club gets several letters from Jordan, who is now in high school, to which they reply.
They may not know Jordan's surname or where he lives, but they are playing an instrumental part in the boy's education.
Learning for Life supports disadvantaged children and young people from pre- and primary school through to high school and university, if the child chooses.
The money that VIEW (Voice, Interests and Education of Women) clubs around Australia, including Kiama, provides helps fund Learning for Life workers, literacy and mentoring programs, and essential education items.
Recently the Kiama Evening Club made a further commitment to Learning for Life, taking on a second student, six-year-old Cody.
Club president Leonie Bishop said it was rewarding for the members to know that their assistance meant that students weren't missing out.
"It just feels lovely to know that the students are not being affected because they can't do the same things as the other kids, like have the proper school uniform and go on excursions, things like that," she said.
"Learning for Life just gives them the chance to be a normal kid like the rest of them."
Mrs Bishop said anyone could sponsor a child through Learning for Life.
"It is just a wonderful thing," she said. "We get letters from Jordan. He tells us what he does and doesn't like at school. He tells us that he likes drawing but doesn't like maths, that kind of thing."
The Kiama Evening VIEW Club was founded in 1968 and has 45 members.
VIEW clubs provide support and friendship for women nationally and actively raise awareness of and participate in the work of the Smith Family.
Kiama VIEW meets at the Kiama Leagues Club on the fourth Wednesday of the month from 6.30pm.
For information about the group, phone Betty Muller on 4237 7770. To sponsor a child through Leaning for Life, visit www.smithfamily.com.au.


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- Very few people plays an alt actively because of the horrible gearing proces.
- A lot of players quit pvping before 5.1 because of the horrible balance (warrior/bm hunter/frost bomb) as well as the mmr bug basically ruining ladders.
- Players not returning to the game after 5.1 because of the gear imbalances and no possibility of ever getting gear equalized for rank competetion (because of the extremely long gearing proces).
Gearing has played a huge role in arena activity. That alone could fix plenty of issues. 5.0 balance was pretty fucked as well. Guess we will never ever see a return of Tbc/Wotlk arena activity.


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Chris Nease is an entertaining expert who has spent more than 13 years hosting and creating everything from intimate dinner parties to small weddings. Using her experience, Chris designs parties for clients, and shares her ideas as a freelance writer and editorial stylist for the web and print. On her blog, you'll find inspiration for stylish entertaining including birthdays, showers, weddings, and more.
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JACKSONVILLE, Fla. - Two weeks ago, a fire gutted an Arlington apartment, burning just about everything inside.
Left behind was a family of eight, which then had no clothes, furniture or a place to stay.
After Channel 4 aired the story about what happened, the emails and phone calls came in from viewers wanting to help the Jacksons. One of the calls came from someone familiar to Channel 4's Vic Micolucci.
"So then your story runs and, what, five minutes after that story runs, Taunya (Patterson) calls me. 'Hey, Vic, I want to pay it forward,'" Micolucci said.
Patterson's family had been in the same situation the afternoon of Sept. 9. It was a Sunday, and the family was watching football when their house burned down.
Channel 4 covered that fire, and dozens of viewers also opened up their hearts, donating all kinds of things to Patterson, her husband Kenny, and their children.
"Everything that you see in here, in this whole house, people gave me," Kenny said.
So, now back on their feet, in a new home and thriving, the Patterson family decided it was time to give back. And they did, donating clothes, furniture and electronics to the Jackson family.
"We were blessed. So anything I can do, I will be more than happy," Taunya said.
It won't replace everything the Jackson family lost, but it's a step in the right direction.
"We lost everything, but God still made a way," Derek Jackson said.
"It helped out a lot because I don't have anything, so every little thing counts," Ciarra Jackson said. "I appreciate it."
It's a story of paying it forward both families hope their children learn.
"It's a blessing. Anytime you're able to help somebody, it's good, man," Kenny said. "It felt good. It's good."
For both families, it's a life lesson that shows giving is better than receiving.
Copyright 2013 by News4Jax.com. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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By Rachel Weiner
John Koster, a Republican running in Washington's 1st Congressional District, was caught on tape explaining his opposition to rape exceptions in abortion bans in language opponents deem callous. "[I]ncest is so rare, I mean, it's so rare," Koster says in a recorded interview with an activist from Fuse Washington, a liberal group. "But the rape thing … you know, I know a woman who was raped and kept her child, gave it up for adoption, she doesn't regret it. In fact, she's a big pro-life proponent. But on the rape thing, it's like, how does putting more violence onto a woman's body and taking the life of an innocent child that's a consequence of this crime, how does that make it better? You know what I mean?" Koster later put out a statement saying: "Rape is a vicious and horribly violent crime, and no one in Washington State has been tougher on criminals and sex offenders than I have been, period." Koster, a member of the Snohomish County Council, has emphasized his economic positions rather than his social conservatism in this swing district. He recently told a local news station that he would uphold current abortion law, saying, "My personal beliefs are my personal beliefs on abortion." His opponent, Democrat Suzan DelBene, has invested heavily in ads highlighting Koster's social views. Koster has attacked the self-financed DelBene as an out-of-touch multimillionaire trying to buy her way into politics. Polls show a very tight race for a seat that has been completely redrawn since former representative Jay Inslee (D), now running for governor, represented it.
(To read original article, visit this Washington Post link [1])
Links:[1] http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/election-2012/wp/2012/11/01/house-candidate-under-fire-for-rape-thing/
[2] http://www.nsvrc.org/news/news-field


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Organize your favourite listings
Sign up to keep track of your favourite spaces and revisit them later.
Contact Vic for more information about this suite.
This high profile commercial development is located on the south east corner of 72nd Avenue and 188th Street in the East Clayton neighbourhood of Surrey. The development consists of over 19,000 square feet situated in two separate buildings.


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Archinect - News 2017-08-17T07:57:22-04:00 http://archinect.com/news/article/71435066/henning-larsen-architects-releases-new-european-spallation-source-ess-video Henning Larsen Architects Releases New European Spallation Source (ESS) Video Alexander Walter 2013-04-17T20:15:00-04:00 >2013-04-22T18:57:29-04:00
Earlier this year in February, we reported that the architectual team Henning Larsen Architects + COBE + SLA had won the design competition for the European Spallation Source (ESS) in Lund, Sweden—soon to become the world's largest and most advanced facility for neutron-based research. The architects have now released a video which provides insight on the ESS project, building, and surroundings.

 The competition team also includes the engineering partners Buro Happold, NNE Pharmaplan, and Transsolar.

 Previously: Henning Larsen Architects, COBE and SLA to Design European Spallation Source (ESS)
 http://archinect.com/news/article/68525528/henning-larsen-architects-cobe-and-sla-to-design-european-spallation-source-ess Henning Larsen Architects, COBE and SLA to Design European Spallation Source (ESS) Alexander Walter 2013-02-28T14:17:00-05:00 >2013-04-17T20:23:35-04:00
In the international design competition for the European Spallation Source (ESS), in Lund, Sweden the architectual team consisting of Henning Larsen Architects, COBE, and SLA has emerged victoriously. The team also includes the engineering partners Buro Happold, NNE Pharmaplan, and Transsolar. [...] ESS will become the world's largest and most advanced facility for neutron-based research.

 The winning proposal beat out tough competition from international design heavy hitters like Foster + Partners, BIG, HOK, or Mecanoo.

 Update: Henning Larsen Architects Releases New European Spallation Source (ESS) Video


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Shop the Trend: Luxe Sweatshirts
A disciple of J.Crew's Jenna Lyons, Korean-born Marissa Webb spent over a decade at the retailer, holding positions including Head of Womenswear and Accessories Design. After her departure, the fashion set was wondering where and what she'd do next. Spring 2013 marks the launch of her namesake label. A mix of masculine and feminine qualities (Webb states she grew up a tomboy), her collection (so we hear) exemplifies a playful notion of femininity while embedding masculine elements in the DNA of her designs. This is one collection that's been very eagerly awaited.
With model-worthy good looks, German-born designer Serkan Sarier has been gaining some serious attention from the fashion set since launching his label, BROOD in October 2010. He graduated from the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Antwerp (which counts individuals like Vincent van Gogh and Kris Van Assche as past alumni), worked under Emanuel Ungaro on couture collections, and has since spent time under the creative direction of Giambattista Valli, Haider Ackermann and Olivier Theyskens, before he ventured off on his own. Now, he counts Emma Watson and Rihanna as devoted clientele (among others), and Barneys New York picked up his first collection.
Week in Accessories: Lace


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DescriptionThis project based on "dark city" movie. All the buildings are created in 3D software. They are pre-rendered. Do not require plug-in, pre-rendered version included. But if you want to use with plug-in, the original version also included. The plug-in are used: 'Optical Flares'. Very easy modification. If you need help, you can watch the video tutorial.
- Compatible with After Effects CS4 and above
- 1920×1080 30fps resolution
- No plug-ins required
- Easy customization
- Video tutorial included