text:
Punjabi language
Punjabi | |
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ • پنجابی | |
The word "Punjabi" written in Shahmukhi (Nast'aliq style), Gurmukhi
Native to | Punjab region |
Native speakers
100 million, including Lahnda variants (2010)[1] |
Standard forms
Dialects |
Perso-Arabic (Shahmukhi alphabet) Gurmukhi Punjabi Braille |
Official status | |
Official language in
India , Pakistan |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 | pa |
ISO 639-2 | pan |
ISO 639-3 | Either: pan – Eastern Punjabi pnb – Western Punjabi |
Glottolog | panj1256 (Punjabi)[2] |
Linguasphere | 59-AAF-e |
Countries of the world where Punjabi is spoken
50,000,000 - 80,000,000
1,000,000 - 50,000,000
500,000 - 1,000,000
200,000 - 500,000
100,000 - 200,000
50,000 - 100,000
1,000 - 50,000
Punjabi /pʌnˈdʒɑːbi/[3] (Shahmukhi: پنجابی paṉjābī; Gurmukhi: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ pañjābī)[4] is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by over 100 million native speakers worldwide, making it the 10th most widely spoken language (2015)[5][6] in the world. It is the native language of the Punjabi people who inhabit the historical Punjab region of India and Pakistan. Among the Indo-European languages it is unusual in being a tonal language.[7][8][9]
Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan,[10] the 11th most widely spoken in India and the third-most spoken native language in the Indian Subcontinent. Punjabi is the fourth-most spoken language in the United Kingdom[11] and third-most spoken native language (after English and French) in Canada.[12][13] The language also has a significant presence in the United Arab Emirates, United States, Saudi Arabia, and Australia. The Punjabi language is written in the Shahmukhi and Gurmukhi scripts, making it one of the relatively few languages written in more than one script.
The word Punjabi is derived from the word Panj-āb, Persian for "Five Waters", referring to the five major eastern tributaries of the Indus River. Panj is cognate with Sanskrit pañca and Greek πέντε (pénte) "five", and "āb" is cognate with the Av- of Avon. The historical Punjab region, now divided between India and Pakistan, is defined physiographically by the Indus River and these five tributaries. One of the five, the Beas River, is a tributary of another, the Sutlej.
Origin of the Punjabi languageEdit
Punjabi developed from Sanskrit through Prakrit language and later Apabhraṃśa (Sanskrit:अपभ्रंश; corruption or corrupted speech)[14] From 600 BC Sanskrit gave birth to many regional languages in diffrerent parts of India. These all languages are called Prakrit language collectively. Shauraseni Prakrit was one of these Prakrit languages, which was spoken in north and north-western India and Punjabi and western dialects of Hindi developed from this Prakrit. Later in northern India Shauraseni Prakrit gave rise to Shauraseni Aparbhsha, which was a degenerated form of Prakrit. Punjabi emerged as an Apabhramsha, a degenerated form of Prakrit, in the 7th century A.D. and became stable by the 10th century. By the 10th century, many Nath poets were associated with earlier Punjabi works.[15][15][16][16][17][17]
Arabic and Persian influence on PunjabiEdit
Arabic and Persian influence in the historical Punjab region began with the late first millennium Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent.[18] The Persian language was introduced in the subcontinent a few centuries later by various Persianized Central Asian Turkic and Afghan dynasties including that of Mahmud of Ghazni. Many Persian and Arabic words were incorporated in Punjabi.[19] Punjabi has more Persian and Arabic vocabulary than Bengali, Marathi, and Gujarati due to the proximity of the Punjab with western Asia.[20] It is noteworthy that the Hindustani language divided into Hindi, with more Sanskritisation, and Urdu, with more Persianisation, but in Punjabi both Sanskrit and Persian words are used with a liberal approach to language. Later, it was influenced by Portuguese and English, though these influences have been minor in comparison to Persian and Arabic. However, in India English words in the official language are more widespread than Hindi.[21]
Geographic distributionEdit
Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan, the seventh-most widely spoken in India and spoken Punjabi diaspora in various countries.
Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan. Punjabi is the provincial language in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. Punjabi is spoken as a native language by over 44.15% of Pakistanis. About 70.0% of the people of Pakistan speak Punjabi as either their first or second language, and for some as their third language. Lahore, the capital of the Punjab Province of Pakistan, is the largest Punjabi-speaking city in the world. 86% of the total population of Lahore is native Punjabi and Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan, is 72% native Punjabis at 3rd after Faisalabad where 98.2% are native. There are also large number of Punjabi speakers in Karachi.
Year | Population of Pakistan | Percentage | Punjabi speakers |
1951 | 33,740,167 | 57.08% | 22,632,905 |
1961 | 42,880,378 | 56.39% | 28,468,282 |
1972 | 65,309,340 | 56.11% | 43,176,004 |
1981 | 84,253,644 | 48.17% | 40,584,980 |
1998 | 132,352,279 | 44.15% | 58,433,431 |
Rank | Division | Punjabi speakers | Percentage |
– | Pakistan | 106,335,300 | 60% (inc Saraiki and Hindko dialects) |
1 | Punjab | 70,671,704 | 92.6% |
2 | Sindh | 4,592,261 | 10% |
3 | Islamabad Capital Territory | 1,343,625 | 72.66% |
4 | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 7,396,085 | 21% |
5 | Balochistan | 318,745 | 2.52% |
In the 1981 National Census of Pakistan the Saraiki, Pothohari and Hindko dialects of the Western Punjabi were accorded the status of separate languages, which explains the decrease of the percentage of Punjabi speakers.
Punjabi is spoken as a native language, second language, or third language by about 30 million people in India. Punjabi is the official language of the Indian states of Punjab, Haryana and Delhi. Some of its major urban centres in northern India are Ambala, Ludhiana, Amritsar, Chandigarh, Jalandhar, and Delhi.
Year | Population of India | Punjabi speakers in India | Percentage |
1971 | 548,159,652 | 14,108,443 | 2.57% |
1981 | 665,287,849 | 19,611,199 | 2.95% |
1991 | 838,583,988 | 23,378,744 | 2.79% |
2001 | 1,028,610,328 | 29,102,477 | 2.83% |
Punjabi diasporaEdit
Punjabi is also spoken as a minority language in several other countries where Punjabi people have emigrated in large numbers, such as the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, and Canada,[24] where it is the fourth-most-commonly used language, .[25] There were 76 million Punjabi speakers in Pakistan in 2008,[26] 33 million in India in 2011,[27] 1.3 million in the UK in 2000,[28] 368,000 in Canada in 2006,[29] and smaller numbers in other countries.
Official statusEdit
Punjabi has had a rich literary history and a wide geographical for back centuries, but before 1947 it had never been official language. Previous governments in the area of the Punjab had favoured Persian, Hindustani, or even earlier standardised versions of local registers as the language of the court or government. After the annexation of the Sikh Empire by the British East India Company following the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849, the British policy of establishing a uniform language for administration was expanded into the Punjab. The British Empire employed Hindi and Urdu in its administration of North-Central and North-West India, while in the North-East of India, Bengali was used as the language of administration. Despite its lack of official sanction, the Punjabi language continued to flourish as an instrument of cultural production, with rich literary traditions continuing until modern times. The Sikh religion, with its Gurmukhi script, played a special role in standardising and providing education in the language via Gudwaras, while writers of all religions continued to produce poetry, prose, and literature in the language.
In India, Punjabi is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India. It is the first official language of the Indian State of Punjab. Punjabi also has second language official status in Delhi along with Urdu, and in Haryana & Rajasthan.
In Pakistan, no regional ethnic language has been granted official status at the national level, and as such Punjabi is not an official language at the national level, even though it is the most spoken language in Pakistan after Urdu. It is, however, the official provincial language of Punjab, Pakistan, the second largest and the most populous province of Pakistan as well as in Islamabad Capital Territory. The only two official national languages in Pakistan are Urdu and English, which are considered the lingua francas of Pakistan.
Modern PunjabiEdit
Standard PunjabiEdit
- However Punjabi is spoken in many dialects in an area from Islamabad to Delhi. The Majhi dialect has been adopted as standard Punjabi in Pakistan and India for education, media etc. The Majhi (in Shahmukhi ماجھی، in Gurumukhi ਮਾਝੀ) dialect originated in the Majha region of the Punjab. The Majha region consists central districts of Pakistani Punjab and in India around Amritsar and Gurdaspur regions, known. The two most important cities in this area are Lahore and Amritsar.
- In India technical words in Standard Punjabi are loaned from Sanskrit similarly to other major Indian languages, but it generously uses Arabic, Persian, and English words also in the official language. In this sense, Punjabi is different from Hindi, Bangla and Gujrati languages, where emphasis is given only to words from the Sanskrit language. In India, Punjabi is written in the Gurumukhī script in offices, schools, and media. Gurumukhi is considered the standard script for Punjabi, though it is often unofficially written in the Devanagari or Latin scripts due to influence from Hindi and English, India's two primary official languages at the Union-level.
- In Pakistan, Punjabi is generally written using the Shahmukhī script, created from a modification of the Persian Nastaʿlīq script. In Pakistan, Punjabi loans technical words from Persian and Arabic languages, just like Urdu does.
Punjabi in modern cultureEdit
Punjabi is becoming more acceptable among Punjabis in modern media and communications. Punjabi has always been an integral part of Indian cinema. A large number of Hindi movies now incorporate Punjabi vocabulary in music and dialogue. Punjabi pop and folk songs are very popular both in India and Pakistan at the national level. The number of students opting for Punjabi literature has increased in Pakistani Punjab. Punjabi cinema in India has also seen a revival and more and more Punjabi movies are being produced. In India, the number of students opting for Punjabi Literature as an optional subject in IAS examinations has increased along with the success rate of the students. Punjabi music is very popular today throughout the world.[30]
Punjabi has variously been assigned to either the Northwestern group of Indo-Aryan (together with Lahnda and Sindhi) or to the Central group (together with Hindi).[31] The major dialects of Punjabi include Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Powadhi, Pothohari, and Multani. Others are Shahpuri or Sargodha dialect, Dhani, Jhangochi/Changvi, Jangli/Rachnavi, Hindko, Jandali, Jafri/Khetrani, Chenavari etc.
Standard dialectEdit
The Majhi (ماجھی ਮਾਝੀ) dialect spoken around Amritsar and Lahore is Punjabi's prestige dialect. Majhi is spoken in the heart of Punjab in the region of Majha, which spans Lahore, Amritsar, Gurdaspur, Kasur, Tarn Taran, Faisalabad, Nankana Sahib, Pathankot, Okara, Pakpattan, Sahiwal, Narowal, Sheikhupura, Sialkot, Chiniot, Gujranwala and Gujrat districts. Majhi retains the nasal consonants /ŋ/ and /ɲ/, which have been superseded elsewhere by non-nasals /ɡ/ and /d͡ʒ/ respectively. The Majhi (and Lahnda) spoken in Pakistan is more Persianized in vocabulary, and the usage of the sounds /z/, /x/ and /ɣ/ is more common. (In the following table, it should be noted that tabbar in both dialects is informal)
English | Gurmukhi based (India) | Shahmukhi based (Pakistan) |
President | ਪਰਧਾਨ (pardhān) | صدرمملکت (sadar-e mulmikat) |
Article | ਲੇਖ (lēkh) | مضمون (mazmūn) |
Prime Minister | ਪਰਧਾਨ ਮੰਤਰੀ (pardhān mantarī) | وزیراعظم (wazir-e aʿzam) |
Family | ਪਰਵਾਰ/ਟੱਬਰ (parvār/ṭabbar) | ٹبّر/خاندان (khāndān/ṭabbar) |
Philosophy | ਫਲਸਫਾ (falsafā) | فلسفہ (falsafā) |
Capital | ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀ (rājdhānī) | راجگھر/دارالحکومت (dārul haqūmat/rājghar) |
Viewer | ਦਰਸ਼ਕ (darśak) | ناظرین (nāzrīn) |
In India, Punjabi is written in Gurmukhī, a standardised script. The word Gurmukhi translates into 'from the Guru's mouth'.[32] In Pakistan, the Shahmukhī script, meaning "from the King's mouth", based on the Persian abjad is used.[33]
Front | Central | Back | |
Close | i(ː) ਈ | u(ː) ਊ | |
Near-close | ɪ ਇ | ʊ ਉ | |
Close-mid | e(ː) ਏ | o(ː) ਓ | |
Mid | ə ਅ | ||
Open-mid | ɛ(ː) ਐ | ɔ(ː) ਔ | |
Open | a(ː) ਆ |
The long vowels (the vowels with [ː]) also have nasal analogues.
Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
Nasal | m ਮ | n ਨ | ɳ ਣ | ɲ ਞ | ŋ ਙ | ||
Stop/ Affricate |
tenuis | p ਪ | t̪ ਤ | ʈ ਟ | t͡ʃ ਚ | k ਕ | |
aspirated | pʰ ਫ | t̪ʰ ਥ | ʈʰ ਠ | t͡ʃʰ ਛ | kʰ ਖ | ||
voiced | b ਬ | d̪ ਦ | ɖ ਡ | d͡ʒ ਜ | ɡ ਗ | ||
Fricative | voiceless | f ਫ਼ | s ਸ | ʃ ਸ਼ | (x ਖ਼) | ||
voiced | z ਜ਼ | (ɣ ਗ਼) | |||||
Flap | ɾ ਰ | ɽ ੜ | |||||
Approximant | ʋ ਵ | l ਲ | ɻ ਲ਼[34] | j ਯ | ɦ ਹ |
Punjabi has three phonemically distinct tones that developed from the lost murmured (or "voiced aspirate") series of consonants. Phonetically the tones are rising or rising-falling contours and they can span over one syllable or two, but phonemically they can be distinguished as high, mid, and low.
A historical murmured consonant (voiced aspirate consonant) in word initial position became tenuis and left a low tone on the two syllables following it: ghoṛā [kòːɽɑ̀ː] "horse". A stem-final murmured consonant became modally voiced and left a high tone on the two syllables preceding it: māgh [mɑ́ːɡ] "October". A stem-medial murmured consonant which appeared after a short vowel and before a long vowel became modally voiced and left a low tone on the two syllables following it: maghāuṇā [məɡɑ̀ːʊ̀ɳɑ̀ː] "to have something lit". Other syllables have mid tone.[35]
The grammar of the Punjabi language concerns the word order, case marking, verb conjugation, and other morphological and syntactic structures of the Punjabi language. The main article discusses the grammar of Modern Standard Punjabi as defined by the sources cited therein.
Writing systemsEdit
Punjabi has two major writing systems in use: Gurmukhi, which is a Brahmic script derived from the Laṇḍā script,[36] and Shahmukhi, which is an Arabic script. The word Gurmukhi translates into "Guru's mouth",[32] and Shahmukhi means "from the King's mouth".[33]
In the Punjab province of Pakistan, the script used is Shahmukhi and differs from the Urdu alphabet in having four additional letters.[37] In the Indian states of Punjab, Haryana and Delhi and other parts of India, the Gurmukhī script is generally used for writing Punjabi.[37] Historically, various local Brahmic scripts including Laṇḍā were also in use.[38]
Sample textEdit
This sample text was taken from the Punjabi Wikipedia article on Lahore.
Transliteration: lahaur pākistānī panjāb dī rājdā̀ni ài. lok giṇtī de nāḷ karācī tõ bāad lahaur dūjā sáb tõ vaḍḍā šáir ài. lahor pākistān dā siāsī, rátalī te paṛā̀ī dā gáṛ ài te is laī ínū̃ pākistān dā dil vī kihā jāndā ài. lahaur dariāe rāvī de kaṇḍè te vasdā ài. te isdī lok giṇtī ikk karoṛ de neṛe ài.
Translation: Lahore is the capital city of the Pakistani Punjab. After a number of people from Karachi, Lahore is the second largest city. Lahore is Pakistan's political stronghold and education capital and so it is also the heart of Pakistan. Lahore lies on the bank of the Ravi River. And, its population is close to ten million people.
IPA: [lə̄ɦɔ̄ːɾ pāːkɪ̄st̪āːnīː pə̄̃d͡ʒāːb d̪īː ɾāːd͡ʒt̪àːnɪ̄ ɦɛ̀ː ‖ lōk ɡɪ̄ɳt̪īː d̪ē nāːl kə̄ɾāːt͡ʃīː t̪ō̃ bāːə̄d̪ lə̄ɦɔ̄ːɾ d̪ūːd͡ʒāː sə́p t̪ō̃ ʋːə̄ɖāː ʃə̄ɦɪ̄ɾ ɦɛ̀ː ‖ lə̄ɦɔ̄ːɾ pāːkɪ̄st̪āːn d̪āː sɪ̄āːsīː | ɾə́ɦt̪ə̄līː t̪ē pə̄ɽɦàːīː d̪āː ɡə́ɽɦ ɦɛ̀ː t̪ē ɪ̄s lə̄īː ɪ́ɦnū̃ pāːkɪ̄st̪āːn d̪āː d̪ɪ̄l ʋīː kɪ̄ɦāː d͡ʒā̃ːd̪āː ɦɛ̀ː ‖ lə̄ɦɔ̄ːɾ d̪ə̄ɾɪ̄āːē ɾāːʋīː d̪ē kə̄̃ʈè t̪ē ʋə̄̃sd̪īː ɦɛ̀ː ‖ t̪ē īsd̪īː lōk ɡɪ̄ɳt̪īː ɪ̄kː kə̄ɾōɽ d̪ē nēɽē ɦɛ̀ː ‖]
Literature developmentEdit
main article Punjabi literature
Medieval era, Mughal and Sikh periodEdit
- The earliest Punjabi literature is found in the fragments of writings of the 11th Nath yogis (ناتھیوگی ਨਾਥਯੋਗੀ) Gorakshanath and Charpatnah which is primarily spiritual and mystical in tone.[39]Fariduddin Ganjshakar of Pak Pattan is generally recognised as the first major poet of the Punjabi language.[40] Roughly from the 11th century to 19th century, many great Sufi saints and poets preached in the Punjabi language. Bulle Shah is considered one of the greatest Sufi poets. Punjabi Sufi poetry developed under Shah Hussain (1538–1599), Sultan Bahu (1628–1691), Shah Sharaf (1640–1724), Ali Haider (1690–1785), Saleh Muhammad Safoori (son of Hazrat Mai Safoora Qadiriyya, whom Ali Haider had given great tribute) and Bulleh Shah (1680–1757).
- The Sikh religion originated in the 15th century in the Punjab region and Punjabi is the predominant language spoken by Sikhs.[41] Most portions of the Guru Granth Sahib use the Punjabi language written in Gurmukhi, though Punjabi is not the only language used in Sikh scriptures.
The Janamsakhis(ਜਨਮਸਾਖੀ, جنم ساکھی), stories on the life and legend of Guru Nanak (1469–1539), are early examples of Punjabi prose literature.
- The Punjabi language is famous for its rich literature of qisse (ਕਿੱਸੇ, قصّے), most of the which are about love, passion, betrayal, sacrifice, social values and a common man's revolt against a larger system. The qissa of Heer Ranjha by Waris Shah (1706–1798) is among the most popular of Punjabi qissas. Other popular stories include Sohni Mahiwal by Fazal Shah, Mirza Sahiban by Hafiz Barkhudar (1658–1707), Sassui Punnhun by Hashim Shah (c. 1735–c. 1843), and Qissa Puran Bhagat by Qadaryar (1802–1892).[citation needed]
- Heroic ballads known as Vaar(وار ਵਾਰ) enjoy a rich oral tradition in Punjabi. Famous Vaars areChandi di Var (1666–1708), Nadir Shah Di Vaar by Najabat,Jangnama of Shah Mohammad (1780–1862).[42]
British Raj era and post-independence periodEdit
The Victorian novel, Elizabethan drama, free verse and Modernism entered Punjabi literature through the introduction of British education during the Raj. Nanak Singh (1897–1971), Vir Singh, Ishwar Nanda, Amrita Pritam (1919–2005), Puran Singh (1881–1931), Dhani Ram Chatrik (1876–1957), Diwan Singh (1897–1944) and Ustad Daman (1911–1984), Mohan Singh (1905–78) and Shareef Kunjahi are some legendary Punjabi writers of this period.
After independence of Pakistan and India Najm Hossein Syed, Fakhar Zaman and Afzal Ahsan Randhawa, Shafqat Tanvir Mirza, Ahmad Salim, and Najm Hosain Syed, Munir Niazi, Pir Hadi abdul Mannan enriched Punjabi literature in Pakistan, whereas Amrita Pritam (1919–2005), Jaswant Singh Rahi (1930–1996), Shiv Kumar Batalvi (1936–1973), Surjit Patar (1944–) and Pash (1950–1988) are some of the more prominent poets and writers from India.
Punjabi Language in PakistanEdit
When Pakistan was created in 1947, although Punjabi was the majority language, English and Urdu were chosen as the national languages. The selection of Urdu was due to its association with South Asian Muslim nationalism and because the leaders of the new nation wanted a unifying national language instead of promoting one ethnic group's language over another. Broadcasting in Punjabi language by Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation decreased on TV and radio after 1947. Article 251 of the Constitution of Pakistan declares that that these two languages would be the only official languages at the national level, while provincial governments would be allowed to make provisions for the use of other languages.[43] Eventually, Punjabi was granted status as a provincial language in Punjab Province, while the Sindhi language was given official status in 1972 after 1972 Language violence in Sindh.
Despite gaining official recognition at the provincial level, Punjabi is not a language of instruction for primary or secondary school students in Punjab Province (unlike Sindhi and Pashto in other provinces).[44] Pupils in secondary schools can choose the language as an elective, while Punjabi instruction or study remains rare in higher education. One notable example is the teaching of Punjabi language and literature by the University of the Punjab in Lahore which began in 1970 with the establishment of its Punjabi Department.[45][46]
In the cultural sphere, there are many books, plays, and songs being written or produced in the Punjabi-language in Pakistan. Until the 1970s, there were a large number of Punjabi-language films being produced by the Lollywood film industry, however since then Urdu has become a much more dominant language in film production. Additionally, television channels in Punjab Province (centred on the Lahore area) are broadcast in Urdu. The preeminence of Urdu in both broadcasting and the Lollywood film industry is seen by critics as being detrimental to the health of the language.[47][48]
Language Demands in Punjab ProvinceEdit
The use of Urdu and English as the near exclusive languages of broadcasting, the public sector, and formal education have led some to fear that Punjabi in Pakistan is being relegated to a low-status language and that it is being denied an environment where it can flourish. Several prominent educational leaders, researchers, and social commentators have echoed the opinion that the intentional promotion of Urdu and the continued denial of any official sanction or recognition of the Punjabi language amounts to a process of "Urdu-isation" that is detrimental to the health of the Punjabi language[49][50][51] In August 2015, the Pakistan Academy of Letters, International Writer's Council (IWC) and World Punjabi Congress (WPC) organised the Khawaja Farid Conference and demanded that a Punjabi-language university should be established in Lahore and that Punjabi language should be declared as the medium of instruction at the primary level.[52][53] In September 2015, a case was filed in Supreme Court of Pakistan against Government of Punjab, Pakistan as it did not take any step to implement the Punjabi language in the province.[54][55] Additionally, several thousand Punjabis gather in Lahore every year on International Mother Language Day.
Hafiz Saeed, chief of Jama'at-ud-Da'wah (JuD) has questioned Pakistan's decision to adopt Urdu as its national language in a country where majority of people speak Punjabi language, citing his interpretation of Islamic doctrine as encouraging education in the mother-tongue.[56] The list of thinktanks, political organisations, cultural projects, and individuals that demand authorities at the national and provincial level to promote the use of the language in the public and official spheres includes:
- Cultural and research institutes: Punjabi Adabi Board, the Khoj Garh Research Centre, Punjabi Prachar, Institute for Peace and Secular Studies, Adbi Sangat, Khaaksaar Tehreek, Saanjh, Maan Boli Research Centre, Punjabi Sangat Pakistan, Punjabi Markaz, Sver International
- Trade unions and youth groups: Punjabi Writers Forum, National Students Federation, Punjabi Union-Pakistan, Punjabi National Conference, National Youth Forum, Punjabi Writers Forum, National Students Federation, Punjabi Union, Pakistan, and the Punjabi National Conference.
- Notable activists include Tariq Jatala, Farhad Iqbal, Diep Saeeda, Khalil Ojla, Afzal Sahir, Jamil Ahmad Paul, Mazhar Tirmazi, Mushtaq Sufi, Biya Je, Tohid Ahmad Chattha and Bilal Shaker Kahaloon, Nazeer Kahut[57][58][59]
There are also several political organisations that openly endorse the promotion of Urdu as "unifying" national language, such as the Muttahida Quami Movement, Communist Party of Pakistan
Punjabi Language in IndiaEdit
In the 1950s, the linguistic groups across India sought statehood, which led to the establishment of the States Reorganisation Commission in Dec 1953. At that time, the Punjab state of India included present-day states of Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh (some parts) along with Chandigarh. Punjabi Suba movement was aimed at creation of a Punjabi-majority subah ("province") in the Punjab region of India in the 1950s.[60] The Government of India was wary of carving out a separate Punjabi language state, because it effectively meant dividing the state along religious lines: Sikhs would form a 60% majority in the resulting Punjabi state.[61] Fresh from the memory of the violent religion-based partition of India in 1947, the Punjabi Hindus were also concerned about living in a Sikh-majority state. The Hindu newspapers from Jalandhar, exhorted the Punjabi Hindus to declare Hindi as their "mother tongue", so that the Punjabi Suba proponents could be deprived of the argument that their demand was solely linguistic. This later created a rift between Hindus and Sikhs of Punjab. The case for creating a Punjabi Suba was presented to the States Reorganisation Commission.
In September 1966, the Indira Gandhi-led Union Government accepted the demand, and Punjab was trifurcated as per the Punjab Reorganisation Act.[62] Areas in the south of Punjab that spoke the Haryanvi dialect of Hindi formed the new state of Haryana, while the areas that spoke the Pahari dialects were merged to Himachal Pradesh (a Union Territory at the time). The remaining areas, except Chandigarh, formed the new Punjabi-majority state.[63] Until 1966, Punjab was a Hindu majority state (63.7%). But during the linguistic partition, the Hindu-majority districts were removed from the state.[64] Chandigarh, the planned city built to replace Punjab's pre-partition capital Lahore, was claimed by both Haryana and Punjab. Pending resolution of the dispute, it was declared as a separate Union Territory which would serve as the capital of both the states. But still some Sikh organisations hold the view that trifurcation was not properly carried out, as many Punjabi speaking districts went to Haryana, since Haryana has second largest Punjabi speaking population of India & many of its districts are Punjabi dominated or have large minorities.
There are still movements to end discrimination to Punjabi language implement it in Punjabi majority areas like Chandigarh,[65][66] Haryana,[67] Delhi,[68][69][70] Uttar Pradesh,[71] Jammu and Kashmir[72] and many institutes like schools-colleges in Punjab state itself where Punjabi language is ignored.[73][74][75] Punjabi language dialects like Bauria, Bazigari, Bhand, Dhaha, Gojri, Lahanda, Lubana, Odi, Rai Sikhi and Sansi are also becoming extinct in Punjab, India.[76] There is Hindi imposition since 1950s and 1960s in state against Punjabi language.[77][78] Despite a rich heritage of Punjabi literature, Punjabi Television serial industry in Indian Punjab has totally disappeared.[79] In 2008 by a landmark decision, the Punjab government and Punjab Legislative Assembly legislated the Punjab Languages (Amendment) Act, 2008 to make the study of Punjabi compulsory up to class tenth in Government and private schools applying equally to the schools affiliated to the Punjab School Education Board (PSEB), Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) and Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) throughout Punjab and all the official work in the government offices and semi-government institutions would be carried on in Punjabi. All official correspondence and the official work in all Colleges and Universities in the state would also be carried in the Punjab Language.[80][81][82]
Institutes working for PunjabiEdit
- Punjabi University It was established on the 30 April 1962, and is only the second university in the world to be named after a language, after Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
- Research Centre for Punjabi Language Technology, Punjabi University, Patiala.[83] It is working for development of core technologies for Punjabi, Digitisation of basic materials, online Punjabi teaching, developing software for office use in Punjabi, provinding common platform to Punjabi cyber community.[84] Machine translation tool for Punjabi to Hindi, Punjabi to Urdu nad vice versa and machine transliteration system between Gurumukhi and Shahmukhi scripts are very popular.
- Punjabipedia an online encyclopaedia is also launched by Patiala university in 2014.[85][86]
- The Dhahan Prize:-The Dhahan Prize was created award literary works produced in Punjabi around the world. The Prize encourages new writing by awarding $25,000 CDN annually to one "best book of fiction" published in either of the two Punjabi scripts, Gurmukhi or Shahmukhi. Two second prizes of $5,000 CDN are also awarded, with the provision that both scripts are represented among the three winners. The Dhahan Prize is awarded by Canada India Education Society (CIES).[87]
- Software are available for Punjabi language for almost all platforms. These software are mainly in Gurmukhi script. Nowadays, nearly all Punjabi newspapers, magazines, journals, and periodicals are composed on computers via various Punjabi software programmes, the most widespread of which is InPage Desktop Publishing package. Microsoft has included Punjabi language support in all new versions of Windows and both Windows Vista, Msoffice 2007, Msoffice 2010, Msoffice 2013, are available in Punjabi through Language Interface Pack[88] support. Most Linux Desktop distributions allow the easy installation of Punjabi support and translations as well.[89] Apple implemented the Punjabi language keyboard across Mobile devices[90]. Google also provides many applications in Punjabi, like Google Search,[91] Google Translate[92] and Google Punjabi Input Tools[93].
See alsoEdit
- ^ "Världens 100 största språk 2010" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2010), in Nationalencyklopedin
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Punjabi". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh
- ^ Kachru, Braj B.; Kachru, Yamuna; Sridhar, S. N. (27 March 2008). Language in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 128. ISBN 978-1-139-46550-2. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
Sikhs often write Punjabi in Gurmukhi, Hindus in Devanagari, and Muslims in Perso-Arabic.
- ^ "Världens 100 största språk 2010" [The world's 100 largest languages in 2010]. Nationalencyklopedin (in Swedish). 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
- ^ "What Are The Top 10 Most Spoken Languages In The World?".
- ^ Bhatia, Tej (1999). "Lexican Anaphors and Pronouns in Punjabi". In Lust, Barbara; Gair, James. Lexical Anaphors and Pronouns in Selected South Asian Languages. Walter de Gruyter. p. 637. ISBN 978-3-11-014388-1. Other tonal Indo-Aryan languages languages include Lahnda and Western Pahari.
- ^ Phonemic Inventory of Punjabi Archived 16 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine.[not in citation given]
- ^ Geeti Sen. Crossing Boundaries. Orient Blackswan, 1997. ISBN 978-81-250-1341-9. Page 132. Quote: "Possibly, Punjabi is the only major South Asian language that has this kind of tonal character. There does seem to have been some speculation among scholars about the possible origin of Punjabi's tone-language character but without any final and convincing answer..."
- ^ "Pakistan Census". Census.gov.pk. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
- ^ "2011 Census: Main language (detailed), local authorities in England and Wales" (XLS). ONS. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
- ^ "Census Profile – Province/Territory". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ "File Not Found | Fichier non trouvé, 2006 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations | Detailed Mother Tongue (103), Knowledge of Official Languages". www12.statcan.ca. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ .https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&pg=PA166&dq=punjabi+prakrit+language&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwie9PGZnrzQAhXMtI8KHay-AfwQ6AEIKTAD#v=onepage&q=punjabi%20prakrit%20language&f=false
- ^ a b India's culture through the ages by Mohan Lal Vidyarthi. Published by Tapeshwari Sahitya Mandir, 1952. Page 148: "From the apabhramsha of Sauraseni are derived Punjabi, Western Hindi, Rajasthani and Gujerati [sic]..."
- ^ a b National Communication and Language Policy in India By Baldev Raj Nayar. Published by F. A. Praeger, 1969. Page 35. "...Sauraseni Aprabhramsa from which have emerged the modern Western Hindi and Punjabi."
- ^ a b The Sauraseni Prākrit Language. "This Middle Indic language originated in Mathura, and was the main language used in drama in Northern India in the mediaeval era. Two of its descendants are Hindi and Punjabi."
- ^ Brard, G.S.S. (2007). East of Indus: My Memories of Old Punjab. Hemkunt Publishers. p. 81. ISBN 9788170103608. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ Mir, F. (2010). The Social Space of Language: Vernacular Culture in British Colonial Punjab. University of California Press. p. 35. ISBN 9780520262690. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ Schiffman, H. (2011). Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice. Brill. p. 314. ISBN 9789004201453. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ Menon, A.S.; Kusuman, K.K. (1990). A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume. Mittal Publications. p. 87. ISBN 9788170992141. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/index.html
- ^ "Growth of Scheduled Languages-1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001". Census of India. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
- ^ "Punjabi is 4th most spoken language in Canada". The Times of India. 14 February 2008.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Pakistan 1998 census – Population by mother tongue
- ^ "Indian Census". Censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
- ^ McDonnell, John (7 March 2000). "Punjabi Community". Parliamentary Business: Commons Debates. UK Parliament. p. Column 142WH. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
- ^ "Population by mother tongue in Canada". 0.statcan.gc.ca. 13 February 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
- ^ "Balle balle! Punjabi music is the flavour of Bollywood". 9 March 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
- ^ Masica, Colin P. (1991). The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. pp. 446–63. ISBN 978-0-521-23420-7.
- ^ a b Khalsa, Sukhmandir. "Introduction to Gurmukhi". About.com. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
- ^ a b Saini, Tejinder, Lehal Gurpreet, and Kalra Virinder (2008). Shahmukhi to Gurmukhi Transliteration System. p. 177.
- ^ Masica (1991:97)
- ^ Harjeet Singh Gill, "The Gurmukhi Script", p. 397. In Daniels and Bright, The World's Writing Systems. 1996.
- ^ "Punjabi language and the Gurmukhi and Shahmuhi scripts and pronunciation". www.omniglot.com. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
- ^ a b "Punjabi". University of California, Los Angeles. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
- ^ Shackle, Christopher (2003). "Panjabi". In George Cardona, Dhanesh Jain (eds.). The Indo-Aryan languages. Routledge language family series. Y. London: Routledge. p. 594. ISBN 978-0-7007-1130-7.
- ^ (citation: Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature)
- ^ Shiv Kumar Batalvi sikh-heritage.co.uk.
- ^ Melvin Ember; Carol R. Ember; Ian A. Skoggard, eds. (2005). Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Springer. p. 1077. ISBN 978-0-306-48321-9.
- ^ The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume One - A to Devo). Volume 1. Amaresh Datta, ed. Sahitya Akademi: 2006, 352.
- ^ "Chapter 4: "General." of Part XII: "Miscellaneous"". pakistani.org. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
- ^ Zaidi, Abbas. "Linguistic cleansing: the sad fate of Punjabi in Pakistan".
- ^ University of the Punjab (2015), "B.A. Two-Year (Pass Course) Examinations"
- "University of the Punjab - Examinations". pu.edu.pk. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ University of the Punjab (2015). "Department of Punjabi".
- ^ Masood, Tariq (21 February 2015). "The colonisation of language". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
- ^ Warraich, Faizan; Ali, Haider (15 September 2015). "Intelligentsia urges govt to promote Punjabi language". DailyTimes. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
- ^ "Punjabis Without Punjabi". apnaorg.com. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ "Inferiority complex declining Punjabi language: Punjab University Vice-Chancellor". PPI News Agency
- "Inferiority complex declining Punjabi language: Punjab University Vice-Chancellor | Pakistan Press International". ppinewsagency.com. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ "Urdu-isation of Punjab - The Express Tribune". The Express Tribune. 4 May 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
- ^ "Rally for ending 150-year-old 'ban on education in Punjabi". The Nation. 21 February 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
- ^ "'Sufi poets can guarantee unity'". The Nation. 26 August 2015.
- ^ "Supreme Court's Urdu verdict: No language can be imposed from above". The Nation. 15 September 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
- ^ "Two-member SC bench refers Punjabi language case to CJP". Business Recorder. 14 September 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
- ^ "Pakistan should have adopted Punjabi as national language: Hafiz Saeed" Zee News. 6 Mar 2016
- "Pakistan should have adopted Punjabi as national language: Hafiz Saeed | Zee News". zeenews.india.com. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ "Mind your language—The movement for the preservation of Punjabi". The Herald. 2 September 2106.
- "Mind your language—The movement for the preservation of Punjabi - People & Society - Herald". herald.dawn.com. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ "Punjabi in schools: Pro-Punjabi outfits in Pakistan threaten hunger strike". The Times of India. 4 Oct. 2015.
- "Punjabi in schools: Pro-Punjabi outfits in Pakistan threaten hunger strike - Times of India". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ "Rally for Ending the 150 year-old Ban on Education in Punjabi" The Nation. 21 Feb 2011.
- "Rally for ending 150-year-old 'ban on education in Punjabi". nation.com.pk. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ Pandher, Sarabjit (3 September 2013). "Freedom struggle". The Hindu. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
- ^ "Hindu-Sikh relations — I". The Tribune. Chandigarh, India: Tribuneindia.com. 3 November 2003. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
- ^ "The Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966" (PDF). Government of India. 18 September 1966. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
- ^ The Sikhs: History, Religion, and Society By W. H. McLeod, Published 1991, Columbia University Press
- ^ The Sikhs as a "Minority" in a Sikh Majority State in India, by Paul Wallace, Asian Survey, 1986 University of California Press
- ^ Cities (14 May 2015). "Over 80 per cent residents of Chandigarh speak Punjabi. But, while English is the official language, Punjabi is not even the second language.". The Indian Express. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
- ^ "Jain flays Centre for ignoring Punjabi language". The Tribune, Chandigarh, India. 14 December 2008. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
- ^ "SGPC claims Haryana govt ignoring Punjabi language". Hindustan Times. 30 July 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
- ^ Aujla, Harjap Singh (15 June 2015). "Punjabi's of Delhi couldn't get justice for Punjabi language". Punjab News Express. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
- ^ Singh, Sanjeev (13 July 2013). "Sikh bodies oppose DU's 'anti-Punjabi' move". Kirpan. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
- ^ Gupta, Sakshi (12 July 2013). "Is Delhi University's Modern Indian Languages policy discriminatory?". DU Beat. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
- ^ "'यूपी में पंजाबी भाषा पाठ्यक्रम शुरू करे सरकार'". Amarujala (in Hindi). 7 September 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
- ^ "Steps taken for promotion of Punjabi language: Priya Sethi". Scoop News Jammu Kashmir. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
- ^ IP SinghIP Singh, TNN (22 February 2015). "English schools not teaching Punjabi will face action: Minister". The Times of India. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
- ^ "Will penalize schools not teaching Punjabi: Punjab education min". daily.bhaskar.com. 6 November 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
- ^ TNN (3 June 2014). "Why regional languages ignored, ask PU students". The Times of India. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
- ^ Sarika SharmaSarika Sharma, TNN (12 April 2015). "When a language's mother dies". The Times of India. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
- ^ "No Punjabi versus Hindi divide now".
- ^ Lyons, Kristen; Westoby, Peter; Conversation, The (17 September 2015). "How climate change efforts by developed countries are hurting Africa's rural poor". Scroll.in. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
- ^ Singh, Jasmine (13 September 2015). "Serial killer". The Tribune. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
- ^ "Punjab to have Punjabi as official language".
- ^ "Punjabi will be official language in offices in Punjab".
- ^ "Punjab government calls for strict implementation of 2008 Languages Act".
- ^ "final". punjabiuniversity.ac.in. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ "ACTDPL, Punjabi University, Patiala". learnpunjabi.org. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ "ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਪੀਡੀਆ". punjabipedia.org. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ "Pbi University launches Punjabipedia | punjab | Hindustan Times". hindustantimes.com. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ "The Dhahan Prize | The Dhahan Prize for Punjabi Literature". dhahanprize.com. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ "Microsoft Download Center". microsoft.com. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ "Punjabi Linux (punlinux) download | SourceForge.net". sourceforge.net. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ "Connecting to the iTunes Store.". itunes.apple.com. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ "Google". google.co.in. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ "Google ਅਨੁਵਾਦ". translate.google.co.in. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ "Cloud ਇਨਪੁਟ ਔਜ਼ਾਰ ਔਨਲਾਈਨ ਅਜਮਾਓ – Google ਇਨਪੁਟ ਔਜ਼ਾਰ". google.com. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- Grierson, George A. 1904–1928. Grierson's Linguistic Survey of India. Calcutta.
- Masica, Colin. 1991. The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge Univ. Press.
Further readingEdit
- Bhatia, Tej. 1993 and 2010. Punjabi : a cognitive-descriptive grammar. London: Routledge. Series: Descriptive grammars.
- Gill H.S. [Harjit Singh] and Gleason, H.A. 1969. A reference grammar of Punjabi. Revised edition. Patiala, Punjab, India: Languages Department, Punjab University.
- Shackle, C. 1972. Punjabi. London: English Universities Press.
- Chopra, R. M., Perso-Arabic Words in Panjabi, in: Indo-Iranica Vol.53 (1–4).
- Chopra, R. M.., The Legacy of The Punjab, 1997, Punjabee Bradree, Calcutta.
- Singh, Chander Shekhar (2004). Punjabi Prosody: The Old Tradition and The New Paradigm. Sri Lanka: Polgasowita: Sikuru Prakasakayo.
- Singh, Chander Shekhar (2014). Punjabi Intonation: An Experimental Study. Muenchen: LINCOM EUROPA.
External linksEdit
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Punjabi |
Eastern Punjabi edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
Western Punjabi edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
For a list of words relating to Punjabi language, see the Punjabi language category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Punjabi phrasebook. |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Punjabi language. |


text:
Consumer Reviews of Armstrong Air heat pumps
Read more about Armstrong Air heat pumps
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Reviews by Series
Quality Leads? Learn more
Date created: 2016-12-07
Name: Andrew Carver
Location: Burlington NC
Satisfaction Rating:
"Very disappointed"
We have one issue after another since we had this unit installed. We have had the motor go bad twice in the first 2 years. We have had it just stop working twice. Will not hold the Freon and that causes it to freeze up. Now it is freezing up in the winter time. I am having to run the heat strips now for heat. I would never recommend this heat pump to anyone.
Date created: 2015-12-28
Location: Tulsa, OK
Satisfaction Rating:
"Performs perfectly, great value!"
When we bought our home, it came with this heat pump. We had never lived in a home with a heat pump, though we have stayed at a number of hotels with one, and expected the performance to be terrible. We were pleasantly surprised - our heat pump has worked great. The maintenance on the heat pump has been minimal - besides a yearly cleaning of the outside unit and filters, nothing has had to be done to correct defects of the unit. The seller of the home installed the unit incorrectly, which killed the control board when we first switched to heat, but that was covered by our home warranty and is not a defect of the unit. Given how well the unit has performed in Oklahoma - where winter temperatures can reach below zero Fahrenheit and summer temperatures can reach above 100 Fahrenheit - I would recommend a heat pump system to anyone. I've never heard of Armstrong before, but I'd recommend them as well - the HVAC guys I know like them, and the unit has had zero issues. For comparison, I've had similar vintage units from other manufacturers and have had all kinds of trouble (blower motors going out after 1 year, for example).
Date created: 2015-12-16
Location: massillion ohio
Satisfaction Rating:
"heat pump or furnace"
Well, have had the heat pump for about ten to twelve years and it has given us no problems. Armstrong is a good brand that has been around for years and I hope for many more years as well. It has not been replaced and runs great.
Date created: 2015-08-17
Name: Dave Edwards
Location: Erwin, TN
Satisfaction Rating:
New install in 2012. The capacitor went out in the same year, inside coils pitted & leaked out in late 2013 and again this year, 2015. Waiting now for over 3 weeks to get replacement parts (still waiting...this is unbelievable). They have suspiciously shipped them "twice" but they failed to get the 200 miles to here. Found that they use cheap copper tubing from Mexico ( thanks NAFTA) that has little to no quality control, and tubing thickness can be and usually is paper thin in spots, thus causing them to fail. I would say, sadly, to stay far, far, far away from Armstrong, at least until they decide to use some form of quality control & not south of the border parts.
Date created: 2014-02-14
Name: C. Williamson
Location: York, SC
Satisfaction Rating:
"Piece of junk"
Built house six years ago and had Armstrong heat pump installed. Company has had to come out and work on it four times now. One of the times the compressor fan motor had gone out and now the compressor has gone out.
Date created: 2013-06-30
Name: Jim McCord
Location: Poteau, Oklahoma
Satisfaction Rating:
"I Had 2 - 5 Ton Units Installed"
I had 2 - 5 ton units installed in a new home I built in Eater Okla. What a mistake! I have had the installer out 5 times so far in less than a year to make repairs. A lot of junk, is my opinion of Armstrong.
Date created: 2013-01-03
Name: James Burkheart
Location: Rogers, AR
Satisfaction Rating:
"5 tons of junk"
Had two units installed when I built my house in 2004 by a shady hvac man (wont mention any names Total Comfort Heating and Air). A 3 ton upstairs and a 5 ton down stairs. I had to spend over $5000 in 06' and had the 3 ton hunk of junk yanked out and a Lennox installed. No problems, I have had to get the fan capacitor? Replaced three times on the 5 ton. Now the compressor has gone out and of course warranty is expired, but because it is a r22 the new installer wants to pull out entire system and install a Lennox that is 410a. Costs $5600. I spent $10k on hvac when I built my house. I will be out over $20k when all said and done on hvac. Somebody needs to be sued! Thanks Armstrong for bending me over dry!
Date created: 2012-07-01
Name: michael richards
Location: wilmington, nc
Satisfaction Rating:
"Junkyard Crap"
Dont let anyone talk you into buying an armstrong heat pump. Have had nothing but problems since day one. Now it works until temp gets to 85 degrees and then you sweat all day.
Date created: 2011-06-15
Name: Tom
Location: NC
Satisfaction Rating:
"3 Years old 5 Major Repairs"
Broke down 2 times in the first month. Then 2 expansion valves. now evaperator core. core did not come with feeder tubes made into it. Now they say they will have to custom make the feeder tubes, 5 days to make feeder tubes, then 3 days to ship it,after waiting a week for the core. Takes a week to get it working every time it brakes down because of their poor customer service.If anyone trys to sell you one go to someone else
Date created: 2011-04-26
Name: GySgt Frank Gar USMC
Location: Jacksonville NC
Years owned: 8
Satisfaction Rating:
"Made in USA? Buy quality, don't waste money"
When I was Deployed as a Gunny US Marines, my wife had a new unit put in. Armstrong air. Forced air propane furnace with A/C combo. I had it serviced regular but it has broken down EVER YEAR just about. The first year the condensor fan quit. Pay for a Trane, Lennox, or Carrier. It will save you in the long run. The part that hurts the worst is it was supposed to be made in the USA. Ohio. Whatever happened to Union pride and craftsmanship? I am getting a new unit. A quality one.
The opinions expressed in these reviews are the opinions of consumers that submitted reviews to FurnaceCompare.com. They do not necessarily represent the opinions of FurnaceCompare.com.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Human Metapneumovirus Season Identified »
""Currently there is no vaccine for HMPV. Thus, describing HMPV circulation in the United States in the context of RSV and influenza may help clinicians to prioritize diagnostic testing, identify an etiologic agent, manage patients clinically, and"...
Mechanism of Action
Amphotericin B, the active ingredient of AmBisome, acts by binding to the sterol component, ergosterol, of the cell membrane of susceptible fungi. It forms transmembrane channels leading to alterations in cell permeability through which monovalent ions (NA+, K+, H+, and CI-) leak out of the cell resulting in cell death. While amphotericin B has a higher affinity for the ergosterol component of the fungal cell membrane, it can also bind to the cholesterol component of the mammalian cell leading to cytotoxicity. AmBisome, the liposomal preparation of amphotericin B, has been shown to penetrate the cell wall of both extracellular and intracellular forms of susceptible fungi.
Activity In Vitro and In Vivo
AmBisome has shown in vitro activity comparable to amphotericin B against the following organisms: Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida lusitaniae, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Blastomyces dermatitidis.
Drug Resistance
Mutants with decreased susceptibility to amphotericin B have been isolated from several fungal species after serial passage in culture media containing the drug, and from some patients receiving prolonged therapy. Drug combination studies in vitro and in vivo suggest that imidazoles may induce resistance to amphotericin B. However, the clinical relevance of drug resistance has not been established.
Susceptibility Testing
Standardized methods of in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing have been developed for testing yeasts (1,2,3) and filamentous fungi (4,5). The clinical relevance of the test results is not always clear.
The assay used to measure amphotericin B in the serum after administration of AmBisome does not distinguish amphotericin B that is complexed with the phospholipids of AmBisome from amphotericin B that is uncomplexed. The pharmacokinetic profile of amphotericin B after administration of AmBisome is based upon total serum concentrations of amphotericin B. The pharmacokinetic profile of amphotericin B was determined in febrile neutropenic cancer and bone marrow transplant patients who received 1-2 hour infusions of 1 to 5 mg/kg/day AmBisome for 3 to 20 days.
The pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B after administration of AmBisome is nonlinear such that there is a greater than proportional increase in serum concentrations with an increase in dose from 1 to 5 mg/kg/day. The pharmacokinetic parameters of total amphotericin B (mean ± SD) after the first dose and at steady state are shown in the table below.
Pharmacokinetic Parameters of AmBisome
Dose (mg/kg/day): |
1 | 2.5 | 5 | |||
Day | 1 n = 8 |
Last n = 7 |
1 n = 7 |
Last n = 7 |
1 n = 12 |
Last n = 9 |
Parameters | ||||||
Cmax (mcg/mL) |
7.3 ± 3.8 | 12.2 ±4.9 | 17.2 ±7.1 | 31 .4 ±17.8 | 57.6 ±21 | 83 ± 35.2 |
AUC0-24 (mcg»hr/mL) |
27 ±14 | 60 ±20 | 65 ±33 | 197 ±183 | 269 ± 96 | 555 ± 31 1 |
t1/2 (hr) |
10.7 ±6.4 | 7 ±2.1 | 8.1 ±2.3 | 6.3 ±2 | 6.4 ±2.1 | 6.8 ±2.1 |
Vss (L/kg) | 0.44 ± 0.27 | 0.14 ±0.05 | 0.40 ± 0.37 | 0.16 ±0.09 | 0.16±0.10 | 0.10 ±0.07 |
Cl (mL/hr/kg) | 39 ±22 | 17±6 | 51 ±44 | 22 ±15 | 21 ±14 | 11 ±6 |
Based on total amphotericin B concentrations measured within a dosing interval (24 hours) after administration of AmBisome, the mean half-life was 7-10 hours. However, based on total amphotericin B concentration measured up to 49 days after dosing of AmBisome, the mean half-life was 100-153 hours. The long terminal elimination half-life is probably a slow redistribution from tissues. Steady state concentrations were generally achieved within 4 days of dosing.
Although variable, mean trough concentrations of amphotericin B remained relatively constant with repeated administration of the same dose over the range of 1 to 5 mg/kg/day, indicating no significant drug accumulation in the serum.
The metabolic pathways of amphotericin B after administration of AmBisome are not known.
The mean clearance at steady state was independent of dose. The excretion of amphotericin B after administration of AmBisome has not been studied.
Pharmacokinetics in Special Populations
Renal Impairment
The effect of renal impairment on the disposition of amphotericin B after administration of AmBisome has not been studied. However, AmBisome has been successfully administered to patients with pre-existing renal impairment (see Description Of Clinical Studies).
Hepatic Impairment
The effect of hepatic impairment on the disposition of amphotericin B after administration of AmBisome is not known.
Pediatric and Elderly Patients
The pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B after administration of AmBisome in pediatric and elderly patients has not been studied; however, AmBisome has been used in pediatric and elderly patients (see Description Of Clinical Studies).
Gender and Ethnicity
The effect of gender or ethnicity on the pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B after administration of AmBisome is not known.
Description of Clinical Studies
Eleven clinical studies supporting the efficacy and safety of AmBisome were conducted. This clinical program included both controlled and uncontrolled studies. These studies, which involved 2171 patients, included patients with confirmed systemic mycoses, empirical therapy, and visceral leishmaniasis.
Nineteen hundred and forty-six episodes were evaluable for efficacy, of which 1280 (302 pediatric and 978 adults) were treated with AmBisome.
Three controlled empirical therapy trials compared the efficacy and safety of AmBisome to amphotericin B. One of these studies was conducted in a pediatric population, one in adults, and a third in patients aged 2 years or more. In addition, a controlled empirical therapy trial comparing the safety of AmBisome to Abelcet® (amphotericin B lipid complex) was conducted in patients aged 2 years or more.
One controlled trial compared the efficacy and safety of AmBisome to amphotericin B in HIV patients with cryptococcal meningitis.
One compassionate use study enrolled patients who had failed amphotericin B deoxycholate therapy or who were unable to receive amphotericin B deoxycholate because of renal insufficiency.
Empirical Therapy in Febrile Neutropenic Patients
Study 94-0-002, a randomized, double-blind, comparative multi-center trial, evaluated the efficacy of AmBisome (1.5-6 mg/kg/day) compared with amphotericin B deoxycholate (0.3-1.2 mg/kg/day) in the empirical treatment of 687 adult and pediatric neutropenic patients who were febrile despite having received at least 96 hours of broad spectrum antibacterial therapy. Therapeutic success required (a) resolution of fever during the neutropenic period, (b) absence of an emergent fungal infection, (c) patient survival for at least 7 days post therapy, (d) no discontinuation of therapy due to toxicity or lack of efficacy, and (e) resolution of any study-entry fungal infection.
The overall therapeutic success rates for AmBisome and the amphotericin B deoxycholate were equivalent. Results are summarized in the following table. Note: The categories presented below are not mutually exclusive.
Empirical Therapy in Febrile Neutropenic Patients: Randomized.
Double-Blind Studv in 687 Patients
AmBisome | Amphotericin B | |
Number of patients receiving at least one dose of study drug | 343 | 344 |
Overall Success | 171 (49.9%) | 169 (49.1%) |
Fever resolution during neutropenic period | 199 (58%) | 200 (58.1%) |
No treatment emergent fungal infection | 300 (87.5%) | 301 (87.7%) |
Survival through 7 days post study drug | 318 (92.7%) | 308 (89.5%) |
Study drug not prematurely discontinued due to toxicity or lack of efficacy* | 294 (85.7%) | 280(81.4%) |
* 8 and 10 patients, respectively, were treated as failures due to premature discontinuation alone. |
This therapeutic equivalence had no apparent relationship to the use of prestudy antifungal prophylaxis or concomitant granulocytic colony stimulating factors.
The incidence of mycologically confirmed and clinically diagnosed, emergent fungal infections are presented in the following table. AmBisome and amphotericin B were found to be equivalent with respect to the total number of emergent fungal infections.
Empirical Therapy in Febrile Neutropenic Patients: Emergent
Fungal Infections
AmBisome | Amphotericin B | |
Number of patients receiving at least one dose of study drug | 343 | 344 |
Mycologically confirmed fungal infection | 11 (3.2%) | 27 (7.8%) |
Clinically diagnosed fungal infection | 32 (9.3%) | 16(4.7%) |
Total emergent fungal infections | 43(12.5%) | 43(12.5%) |
Mycologically confirmed fungal infections at study-entry were cured in 8 of 11 patients in the AmBisome group and 7 of 10 in the amphotericin B group.
Study 97-0-034, a randomized, double-blind, comparative multi-center trial, evaluated the safety of AmBisome (3 and 5 mg/kg/day) compared with amphotericin B lipid complex (5 mg/kg/day) in the empirical treatment of 202 adult and 42 pediatric neutropenic patients. One hundred and sixty-six patients received AmBisome (85 patients received 3 mg/kg/day and 81 received 5 mg/kg/day) and 78 patients received amphotericin B lipid complex. The study patients were febrile despite having received at least 72 hours of broad spectrum antibacterial therapy. The primary endpoint of this study was safety. The study was not designed to draw statistically meaningful conclusions related to comparative efficacy, and in fact, Abelcet is not labeled for this indication.
Two supportive prospective randomized, open label, comparative multi-center studies examined the efficacy of two dosages of AmBisome (1 and 3 mg/kg/day) compared to amphotericin B deoxycholate (1 mg/kg/day) in the treatment of neutropenic patients with presumed fungal infections. These patients were undergoing chemotherapy as part of a bone marrow transplant or had hematological disease. Study 104-10 enrolled adult patients (n=134). Study 104-14 enrolled pediatric patients (n=214). Both studies support the efficacy equivalence of AmBisome and amphotericin B as empirical therapy in febrile neutropenic patients.
Treatment of Cryptococcal Meningitis in HIV Infected Patients
Study 94-0-013, a randomized, double-blind, comparative multi-center trial, evaluated the efficacy of AmBisome at doses (3 and 6 mg/kg/day) compared with amphotericin B deoxycholate (0.7 mg/kg/day) for the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in 266 adult and one pediatric HIV positive patients (the pediatric patient received amphotericin B deoxycholate). Of the 267 treated patients, 86 received AmBisome 3 mg/kg/day, 94 received 6 mg/kg/day and 87 received amphotericin B deoxycholate; cryptococcal meningitis was documented by a positive CSF culture at baseline in 73, 85 and 76 patients, respectively. Patients received study drug once daily for an induction period of 11 to 21 days. Following induction, all patients were switched to oral fluconazole at 400 mg/day for adults and 200 mg/day for patients less than 13 years of age to complete 10 weeks of protocol-directed therapy. For mycologically evaluable patients, defined as all randomized patients who received at least one dose of study drug, had a positive baseline CSF culture, and had at least one follow-up culture, success was evaluated at week 2 (i.e., 14 ± 4 days), and was defined as CSF culture conversion. Success rates at 2 weeks for AmBisome and amphotericin B deoxycholate are summarized in the following table:
Success Rates at 2 weeks (CSF Culture Conversion) Studv 94-0-013
AmBisome 3 mg/kg |
AmBisome 6 mg/kg |
Amphotericin B 0.7 mg/kg |
Success at Week 2 | 35/60 (58.3%) 97.5% CI1= -9.4%, +31% |
29/61 (47.5 %) |
1 97.5% Confidence Interval for the difference between AmBisome and amphotericin B success rates. A negative value is in favor of amphotericin B. A positive value is in favor of AmBisome. |
Success at 10 weeks was defined as clinical success at week 10 plus CSF culture conversion at or prior to week 10. Success rates at 10 weeks in patients with positive baseline culture for cryptococcus species are summarized in the following table and show that the efficacy of AmBisome 6 mg/kg/day approximates the efficacy of the amphotericin B deoxycholate regimen. These data do not support the conclusion that AmBisome 3 mg/kg/day is comparable in efficacy to amphotericin B deoxycholate. The table also presents 10-week survival rates for patients treated in this study.
Success Rates and Survival Rates at week 10, Study 94-0-013
(see text for definitions)
AmBisome 3 mg/kg |
AmBisome 6 mg/kg |
Amphotericin B 0.7 mg/kg |
Success in patients with documented cryptococcal meningitis | 27/73 (37%) 97.5% CI1= -33.7%, +2.4% |
40/76 (53%) |
Survival rates | 74/86 (86%) 97.5% CI1= -13.8%, +8.9% |
77/87 (89%) |
1 97.5% Confidence Interval for the difference between AmBisome and amphotericin B rates. A negative value is in favor of amphotericin B. A positive value is in favor of AmBisome. |
The incidence of infusion-related, cardiovascular and renal adverse events was lower in patients receiving AmBisome compared to amphotericin B deoxycholate (see ADVERSE REACTIONS section for details); therefore, the risks and benefits (advantages and disadvantages) of the different amphotericin B formulations should be taken into consideration when selecting a patient treatment regimen.
Treatment of Patients with Aspergillus Species, Candida Species and/or Cryptococcus Species Infections Refractory to Amphotericin B Deoxycholate, or in Patients Where Renal Impairment or Unacceptable Toxicity Precludes the Use of Amphotericin B Deoxycholate
AmBisome was evaluated in a compassionate use study in hospitalized patients with systemic fungal infections. These patients either had fungal infections refractory to amphotericin B deoxycholate, were intolerant to the use of amphotericin B deoxycholate, or had pre-existing renal insufficiency. Patient recruitment involved 140 infectious episodes in 133 patients, with 53 episodes evaluable for mycological response and 91 episodes evaluable for clinical outcome. Clinical success and mycological eradication occurred in some patients with documented aspergillosis, candidiasis, and cryptococcosis.
Treatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis
AmBisome was studied in patients with visceral leishmaniasis who were infected in the Mediterranean basin with documented or presumed Leishmania infantum. Clinical studies have not provided conclusive data regarding efficacy against L. donovani or L. chagasi.
AmBisome achieved high rates of acute parasite clearance in immunocompetent patients when total doses of 12-30 mg/kg were administered. Most of these immunocompetent patients remained relapse-free during follow-up periods of 6 months or longer. While acute parasite clearance was achieved in most of the immunocompromised patients who received total doses of 30-40 mg/kg, the majority of these patients were observed to relapse in the 6 months following the completion of therapy. Of the 21 immunocompromised patients studied, 17 were coinfected with HIV; approximately half of the HIV infected patients had AIDS. The following table presents a comparison of efficacy rates among immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients infected in the Mediterranean basin who had no prior treatment or remote prior treatment for visceral leishmaniasis. Efficacy is expressed as both acute parasite clearance at the end of therapy (EOT) and as overall success (clearance with no relapse) during the follow-up period (F/U) of greater than 6 months for immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients:
AmBisome Efficacy in Visceral Leishmaniasis
Immunocompetent Patients | |||
No. of Patients | Parasite (%) Clearance at EOT | Overall Success (%) at F/U | |
87 | 86/87 (98.9) | 83/86 (96.5) | |
Immunocompromised Patients | |||
Regimen | Total Dose | Parasite (%) Clearance at EOT |
Overall Success (%) at F/U |
100 mg/day X 21 days | 29-38.9 mg/kg | 10/10 (100) | 2/10 (20) |
4 mg/kg/day, days 1-5, and 10, 17,24,31,38 | 40 mg/kg | 8/9 (88.9) | 0/7 (0) |
When followed for 6 months or more after treatment, the overall success rate among immunocompetent patients was 96.5% and the overall success rate among immunocompromised patients was 11.8% due to relapse in the majority of patients. While case reports have suggested there may be a role for long-term therapy to prevent relapses in HIV coinfected patients (Lopez-Dupla, et al. J Antimicrob Chemother 1993; 32: 657-659), there are no data to date documenting the efficacy or safety of repeat courses of AmBisome or of maintenance therapy with this drug among immunocompromised patients.
Last reviewed on RxList: 3/16/2012
This monograph has been modified to include the generic and brand name in many instances.
Ambisome FDA Prescribing Information
Additional Ambisome Information
Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration
You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088.
Women's Health
Find out what women really need.


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Let us know when your receive great advice so we can thank our lawyers and point others with similar questions in the right direction.
Got it!I do not have an attorney, but filed for Supervised Administrator on my Moms Estate in Probate court-Cook County, IL. Its been 90 days since the hearing. We have not heard anything and would like to know what avenues we could take to get any information on Trustees Assignment & how long it takes.
You could wait over a year
I suggest the estate hire an attorney
I am sorry for your loss.
The sibling(3 siblings) who first opened the case has an attorney, but he does not have our best interests at heart, only our brother's. He helped first file for Independent Administrator, We fought it & the judge honored our request
Probate and estate administration is an area that is fraught with complexity and formality. An attorney who works in this area is worth every penny and can guide you, providing peace of mind while producing superior and quicker outcomes for you.
This answer is based on general legal principles only and is not intended to provide specific legal advice. This answer is for informational purposes only and does not constitute the formation of a lawyer-client relationship. Any reader of this answer should not make decisions based upon in without first directly consulting with an attorney
The best avenue is to retain counsel to assist you in the administration of the estate insofar as it has been 90 days and nothing, to your knowledge, has been "done".
Legal disclaimer: This answer does not constitute legal advice. I am admitted to practice law in the State of Missouri only, and make no attempt to opine on matters of law that are not relevant to Missouri. This answer is based on general principles of law that may or may not relate to your specific situation, and is for promotional purposes only. You should never rely on this answer alone and nothing in these communications creates an attorney-client relationship. less
Thank you all, but we don't have the money for an attorney, that is why I am on here asking for advise. What I really need to know from you all is how would I proceed with pushing along to obtain a trustee or what would you do in this instance.
It is not clear that your question is consistent with what occurs in probate cases, all the more indicating a need for an attorney to guide you. If there are assets in the estate, especially since you have already initiated things, I anticipate you can find a local, experienced probate attorney to assist you without substantial expense up front. Be prepared to show what is expected to come from the estate and how quickly those funds can be realized.
The scope of this space does not afford an opportunity to adequately advise you. The response provided is intended to be informative, but not final. You are advised to arrange a consultation at which all facts and documents can be explored and terms for representation agreed. An attorney-client relationship must be formally established.
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text:
Please choose a Comptoir
some of our menus vary across locations
To filter out particular dietary requirements from the choices available, please tick on the applicable boxes. and watch them disappear.
(Please note that this is just a guide and we advise you to speak to a member of our team if you have any food allergies or intolerances before you order)
some of our menus vary across locations
Teas 1.95
English Breakfast, Earl Grey, Peppermint, Camomile, Jasmine, Green
Fresh Rose Mint Tea served in a silver teapot 2.45
A healthy blend of green tea, fresh mint, rose water & sugar. A refreshing and reviving drink, enjoyed across the Middle East
Lebanese Spiced Hot Chocolate 2.95
Steamed hot chocolate infused with cinnamon and tahini sprinkled with halva
regular / large
Americano 2.45
Cappuccino 2.65
Latte 2.65
Mocha 2.65
Flat White 2.70
Lebanese Coffee 2.25
Strong Black coffee roasted and finely ground with cardamom, slow cooked on our stove and served in a rakweh
single / double
Espresso 1.55 / 1.85
Macchiato 1.80 / 1.95
Soft drinks
Strawberry Fanta 1.95
Mirinda Orange 1.95
7-UP, Coca-Cola, Diet Coke 1.95
Still or Sparkling Mineral Water 330ml 1.75 / 750ml 3.50
Non-alcoholic fruit beer
Laziza Apple 2.95
Laziza Raspberry 2.95
Home-made lemonade
regular / large
Roomana 3.45
Pomegranate & orange blossom
Leymona 3.45
Lemon & lime
Toufaha 3.45
Apple, mint & ginger
Roza 3.45
Lemon & lime with rose syrup
Need something stronger ?
Enjoy any of the above lemonades with a large Ketel One, Hayman's London Gin or Havana 3yr Rum £6.95
Frozen blended lemonade
regular / large
Mira 3.45 / 3.95
Fresh mint, lemon, lime & orange blossom lemonade
Iced tea
regular / large
Iced Fresh Rose Mint Tea 2.65 / 3.45
Our famous mint tea, served over ice
Home made juices
regular / large
Orange 3.95
Carrot 3.95
Apple 3.95
Apple, Cucumber & Orange 3.95
Carrot & Orange 3.95
Carrot & Ginger 3.95
Mixed Juice 3.95
Saddle Creek, Semillon Chardonnay, Australia 4.00 / 5.70 / 16.95
Floral & aromatic with a refreshing finish
Tierra Antica, Sauvignon Blanc, Chile 4.20 / 6.00 / 17.95
A clean and fruity wine with a fresh lemon and herbaceous character, perfect with seafood
Novita, Pinot Grigio, Italy 4.20 / 6.00 / 17.95
Fresh, crisp and clean Pinot Grigio with vibrant citrus flavours
Clos St Alphonse White, Lebanon, Bekaa Valley 4.50 / 6.50 / 18.95
Our exclusive own label white wine from the Bekaa Valley, with fragrant aromas and complex yet invitingly accessible flavours, bursting with mandarin and lemon
Faultline, Sauvignon Blanc, New Zealand 4.90 / 7.00 / 20.95
Classic Marlborough notes of gooseberry and asparagus with fresh herbaceous flavour
Chateau Musar Jeune, Lebanon
5.40 / 7.70 / 22.95
Chardonnay and Viognier – a full bodied earthy wine with floral and pepper y undertones
Chateau Ksara, Blanc de Blancs, Bekaa Valley, Lebanon 5.60 / 8.00 / 23.95
Waxy Semilon aromas balanced by the herbal and mineral freshness of Sauvignon blanc and richness Chardonnay, all in perfect balance
Chateau Ksara, Chardonnay, Bekaa Valley, Lebanon 6.30 / 9.00 / 26.95
Vanilla and toasty notes from oak ageing complemented by ripe lemon fruit through to a fresh and zesty finish
Novita, Pinot Grigio Blush, Italy 4.00 / 5.70 / 16.95
A delicate pink colour, the wine if fruity with aromas of ripe cherries and strawberry
Chateau Ksara, Gris de Gris, Bekaa Valley, Lebanon 4.90 / 7.00 / 20.95
Zesty pink grapefruit and dry citrus tones through to a mouthwatering finish. Delicious
Red wines
Tournee du Sud, Grenache Pinot Noir, Von de Pays d'Oc, France 4.00 / 5.70 / 16.95
Lots of black and red cherries from the Pinot Noir with a wonderful buquet of damson
Tierra Antica, Merlot, Chile 4.20 / 6.00 / 17.95
Red and black fruit aromas such as cherries and blackberry with subtle and spicy bay leaf character
Bodegas Y Vinedos Casa Del Valle, Antina Cabernet Sauvignon Tempranillo, Spain 4.20 / 6.00 / 17.95
Spice and ripe blackberry fruit with toasted wood in background. Fruity and smooth
Heritage: Plaisir du Vin, Lebanon 4.25 / 6.25 / 18.45
Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah and Cinsault – a smoky, fruity, sun-kissed, red wine full of flavour
Clos St Alphonse Red, Bekaa Valley, Lebanon 4.50 / 6.50 / 18.95
Our exclusive own label red wine from the Bekaa Valley, an aromatic and well-ripened wine with exotic, fruity aromas and delicious undertones of spice and liquorice
Chateau Ksara, Prieure Ksara Rouge, Bekaa Valley, Lebanon 5.15 / 7.35 / 21.95
Warm and savoury Mediterranean style wine with chunky fruit and a satisfying finish
Chateau Ksara, Reserve du Couvent, Bekaa Valley, Lebanon 6.75 / 9.45 / 27.95
Blueberry fruit with supple tannins gives length and persistence on the palate
Château Musar, Lebanon 45.95
Cinsault, Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah – a lively, spicy and fruity wine
Favola, Prosecco DOC, Italy 125ml 5.95 / Bottle 20.95
A fresh, fragrant and fruity Prosecco with aromas of pear and apple
Laurent-Perrier Brut NV Champagne, France 49.95
Well balanced with a blend of Chardonnay, Pinot Noir and Pinot Meunier grapes
Bottled Beers
Almaza – Lebanese beer 3.75
Budweiser 3.75
Casablanca 3.95
Draft Beer
Efes 4.80 Pint / 2.40 Half Pint
Light plisner larger from Turkey
Tickety Brew Pale Ale 4.90 Pint / 2.45 Half Pint
American happed pale ale
Tickety Brew Rose & Ginger Wheat Beer 3.75
Pomegranate and Goji Cosmo 7.50
Ketel One Citron and goji berry liqueur, fresh lime and pomegranate juice
Simple Delight 7.50
Lanique rose liqueur simply shaken with Bitter Truth dark chocolate bitters, cranberry and creme cacao
El Morjan 7.50
Havana 3yr and passion fruit syrup with fresh lime and guava
Long Drinks
Dahia 7.50
Hendricks with fresh cucumber ribbons and ginger served long with apple elderflower
Comptoir G&T 7.50
A generous measure of Haymans paired with tonic, pink grapefruit and lemon lifted with a dash of rose syrup
Bloody Sirine 7.25
Ketel One spiced with harissa and mixed with tomato juice and sumac
White Kahwa 8.00
Patron XO cafe & Mozart white chocolate liqueur served on the rocks with crushed pistachios
Mojito Twist 7.95
Captan Morgan rum, Cointreau and soda with muddled mint lime over crushed ice topped with pomegranate juicec
Amira 7.25
Goslings black seal with fresh raspberries and pomegranate molasses topped with ginger beer
Aswad 7.25
Albelha Cachaca with fresh plum, lime and sweet rose syrup
Lebanese Old Fashioned 8.00
Wild Turkey 81 and American Honey with orange bitters and orange blossom syrup
Arak Strawberry Collins 7.50
Bloom gin & Arak served up in a classic Collins style with fresh strawberries
Apple Jack 7.95
Jack Daniel's and apple juice with muddled lime topped with cinnamon
Vodka lemonades
Vodka Leymona 7.95 / 18.95
Lemon & lime lemonade with vodka
Vodka Roomana 7.95 / 18.95
Pomegranate & orange blossom lemonade with vodka
Vodka Roza 7.95 / 18.95
Lemon & lime lemonade with rose syrup & vodka
Vodka Toufaha 7.95 / 18.95
Apple, mint & ginger lemonade with vodka
Captain Morgan rum, Ketel One vodka, Tanqueray gin and Jack Daniel's whiskey 3.50 / 5.95
Mixer additional 1.00


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Mo'nique's Brown Gravy
Make Mo'nique's Brown Gravy
From the kitchen of Mo'nique
Difficulty: Easy
Cook Time: min
Make Mo'nique's easy recipe for brown gravy for a special holiday meal or for any family dinner.
Cooking Directions
Heat the olive oil over medium flame and sauté the onions for 10 to 15 minutes, until well browned. (For lighter gravy, cook for about 8 minutes.)
Add the butter. Once the butter is melted, whisk in the flour and cook for 3 to 5 minutes until toasted to a nice deep brown.
Add the herbs and garlic.
Slowly whisk in the stock and simmer over medium heat until the gravy thickens. Season with salt and pepper.
Other Recipes That You Might Like
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A Stress-Free Way to Make Gravy for Thanksgiving
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Make Mo'nique's Smothered Chicken
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The U.S. Marines share their recipe for Brown Gravy during Fleet Week.
Emeril's Sausage Meatballs with Red Gravy
Emeril Lagasse's Super Bowl Recipes
Bobby Flay's Cedar Plank Roasted Turkey Breast with Cranberry Pinot Noir Gravy
Upgraded Thanksgiving Turkey
Basic Turkey Gravy
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Sara Moulton's Pan Gravy
Don't Let Your Turkey Go Naked
Turkey Hash
Bring Thanksgiving Leftovers to Breakfast
Sandra Lee's Coffee-Crusted Beef Tenderloin
Served With Beef Coffee Gravy


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Trace (Ability)
From Bulbapedia, the community-driven Pokémon encyclopedia.
- Trace redirects here. For the anime character who sometimes goes by this nickname, see Tracey Sketchit.
Trace | トレース | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Trace | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Flavor text
Trace (Japanese: トレース Trace) is an Ability introduced in Generation III. Five Pokémon have this Ability.
In battle
Trace copies the Ability of the current opponent. Trace is able to copy Wonder Guard, but not Multitype or Illusion. If both the Pokémon and the opponent have Trace, it will do nothing. If used in a Double Battle, Trace will randomly copy either opponent's Ability.
If the target of Trace has an untraceable Ability, then Trace will activate when next exposed to a Pokémon that has a traceable Ability.
Outside of battle
Trace has no effect outside of battle.
Pokémon Mystery Dungeon
Trace is only activated when the Pokémon is attacked, and one Ability chosen at random is copied.
Pokémon with Trace
# | Pokémon | Types | First Ability | Second Ability | Hidden Ability | |
Porygon | Normal | Trace | Download | Analytic | ||
Porygon2 | Normal | Trace | Download | Analytic | ||
Ralts | Psychic | Synchronize | Trace | Telepathy | ||
Kirlia | Psychic | Synchronize | Trace | Telepathy | ||
Gardevoir | Psychic | Synchronize | Trace | Telepathy | ||
Please note that this is only 100% accurate to Generation VII games.
In other languages
This article is part of Project Moves and Abilities, a Bulbapedia project that aims to write comprehensive articles on two related aspects of the Pokémon games. |


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The Petlo Literary Arts Trust will host a workshop titled "Writing, Directing and Performing a One-Person, One-Act Play".
The 5-day workshop will take place between the 26 and 30 October 2011 at the Oasis Motel. The writers from Petlo will work with actors to write, develop and rehearse a one-act play based on prominent female figures in Botswana's history. The ultimate aim is to produce a complete manuscript of one-act plays for possible publication. Emphasis will be on writing and performance on stage.
The workshop will be facilitated by Cape Town-based actress, writer and director Mbali Kgosidintsi, who is originally from Botswana. She will use the five-day period to teach the participants the basic skills required to create, write, direct and act in a one-act, one-woman play. The workshop and all publications therefrom are sponsored by INVESTEC ASSET MANAGEMENT.
Mbali Kgosidintsi began facilitating and conducting workshops in 2005. Her self written one-woman show Tseleng: The Baggage of Bags was nominated for a Standard Bank Ovation award at the National Arts Festival 2010. She was one of four writers chosen to adapt The Magic Flute Impempe Yomlingo, directed by Mark Dornford May. After a run in the West End, it won the 2008 Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical Revival.
At the end of 2008, she was awarded a writing residency on Sylt Island in North Germany where she worked on her auto-biographical novel with the working title Ntokozo: Happines is…She was one of the top four finalists for the Brett Golden Fund in Collaboration with the Royal Shakespeare Company in 2007.
Any actors who are interested in participating in the workshop should contact the Trust at email@example.com, email@example.com, 72498002 or 75028222.
Deadlines Are Your Friends
20 hours ago


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Top News:
Bluefin Labs:
Bluefin Labs Joins Twitter: Getting to the Future of Social TV Faster — It's a big day for social television and for us at Bluefin Labs - we're announcing today that we're joining Twitter! — We've had an incredible time pioneering the field of social TV analytics over the last few years.
Lost Remote, Twitter Blog, Media Decoder, VentureBeat, TechCrunch, AllThingsD, BostInno, CNET, Business Insider, Forbes, Mashable!, Redpoint Ventures, @mathewi, Marketing Land, GigaOM and Softpedia News
Caleb Garling / The Technology Chronicles:
Twitter buys digital bridge to television — Twitter has bought BlueFin Labs, a software company that analyzes conversations on the Internet about television programming so brands and networks can make intelligent strategy decisions, in an effort to bridge the gap between the micro-blogs presence on the web and the outside world.
Agustino Fontevecchia / Forbes:
Liberty Global To Buy Virgin Media For $23B As Billionaire John Malone Challenges Murdoch — Liberty Global announced late Tuesday that it had reached an agreement to acquire Virgin Media of the U.K. for an enterprise value of $23.3 billion. The deal pits billionaire John Malone against Rupert Murdoch …
Media Week, TechCrunch, Financial Times, Business Wire, Bloomberg, Wall Street Journal, Broadcasting & Cable and DealBook
Laura Hazard Owen / paidContent:
Amazon wins broad patent to create marketplace for used digital content — Amazon has won a patent for an "electronic marketplace" where users can resell digital content. The company had filed for the patent in 2009 and it was awarded on January 29, 2013. — GeekWire first reported the news.
Pocket-lint and GeekWire
ABC News:
Guardian Australia funder says site will usher in era of open journalism — Broadcast: — The entrepreneur behind two of Australia's newest media ventures—the fledgling Global Mail and soon to be launched Guardian Australia website—has called for the development of 'open journalism' in a rare interview with RN Breakfast.
TheAustralian, Guardian and Crikey
Dana Rubinstein / Capital New York:
Court rules in favor of NYPD: 'Times' can't have addresses of handgun-license holders — Today, an appellate court ruled against the New York Times in a suit about gun permits, and public access to an electronic database containing the addresses of permit-holders, arguing that a lower-court judge had …
nycourts.gov, Poynter and The Wrap
Brooks Barnes / Media Decoder:
Profit Slides 6% at Disney as Movie and TV Divisions Lag — LOS ANGELES — Higher costs at ESPN and lower DVD sales resulted in a 6 percent decline in quarterly profit at Disney, the company said late Tuesday. But Disney's video game and Web unit finally swung to a profit …
Home Media Magazine, /Film, CNET, The Wrap and Speakeasy
Adi Robertson / The Verge:
Super Bowl online streaming viewership grows to 3 million in second year — In the second year the Super Bowl has been streamed online, viewership has grown sharply — even if it's still barely a blip compared to traditional TV viewership. According to CBS, its stream of Super Bowl XLVII …
Jon Russell / The Next Web:
Rupert Murdoch claims Chinese hackers are still attacking the Wall Street Journal — Last week news broke that the New York Times had been victim to a four-month long hacking campaign from China after publishing an investigative report on Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao's family finances in October 2012.
Fast Company, @popehat, @rupertmurdoch, @rupertmurdoch, @peterjukes, @number10cat, @ciapressoffice and CNET
Jeff John Roberts / paidContent:
"The brain of the New York Times, the body of BuzzFeed" — Slate's third act — Slate started life as as a scrappy web pioneer under Microsoft in 1996. Since then, it has gone on to carve out an enviable perch in the liberal media establishment as part of the Washington Post Company.
Jasper Jackson / TheMediaBriefing:
Datawatch: News accounts for less then four percent of time spent online — People still want news online - even if they aren't prepared to pay for it. Right? In the context of a widening digital economy it's important to consider just how big a role online news and information plays.
Ben Flanagan / The National:
Viacom to invest in Arabic content and production — The American media giant behind MTV and Nickelodeon plans to invest in Arabic content as it looks to grow its presence in the Middle East. Viacom, which is listed on the Nasdaq exchange, says local productions and events centered around …
Jennifer Schuessler / ArtsBeat:
Mean Streets to Grub Street? Scorsese Films New York Review's 50th Anniversary — Having captured the mean streets of Little Italy and the 19th-century gangs of New York, Martin Scorsese is currently aiming his cameras at a more high-brow Gotham subculture: the New York Review of Books.
Matt Chaban / Crain's New York:
Daily News is coming home, nearly — The Daily News is coming back to Manhattan. The paper, which was washed out of its offices at 4 New York Plaza downtown by Superstorm Sandy, and has been running the bulk of its operations out of its printing plant in Jersey City, N.J. has signed a short-term lease for space at 1290 Sixth Ave.
The Huffington Post and FishbowlNY
Murdoch Coveting Papers Must Wait as Rift Stalls Media Rules — A move to make it easier for companies to own U.S. daily newspapers and nearby broadcast stations has stalled amid partisan tension that could prevent deals between companies such as Tribune Co. and News Corp. (NWSA)
bizjournals, New York Magazine, Politico and @mlcalderone
Andrea Morabito / Broadcasting & Cable:
Hammer to Oversee All NBCU Cable Entertainment Networks in Restructuring — Zalaznick moved to new digital role; Joe Uva to oversee Hispanic nets — NBCUniversal on Monday announced a restructuring of its executive team, with Bonnie Hammer assuming responsibility for its entire cable …
Adweek, Media Decoder and AdAge


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text:
I don't remember any official word that Malcolm Reed was supposed to be gay. Fans certainly speculated that he was, and I think Dominic Keating even jokingly suggested it in a few interviews. But no official word that I can recall.
Oh jeez. You know how you write a gay character on Star Trek? You write a straight character and merely flip the gender of whom they're attracted to. That. Is. It.
An accurate depiction of a real gay person. If gays are a ostracized segment of the over all Federation society it's unlikely we would be seeing them in Starfleet, certainly not openly. That last being a variation of the "they're there, we just don't see them."
l don't know if Trek will really ever show or address the concept. Trek seems to have a certain reservation with showing direct homosexuality. You can find some surprising hidden messages in some episodes. Like the TNG one where Beverly finds out that her Trill lover's new host body is a female. Before she smiled when Worf told her the host had arrived. Then she frowned when she saw it was female. She obviously wasn't into women, which was her right-too bad Trek never explored differences in preferences in the 24th century to explain her reaction.
I remember two stories of Whoopi Goldberg having, or at least trying to have, an impact on the presence of gays on Star Trek. The first was during a scene in Ten Forward she asked two male extras to hold hands at a table, just as something to be seen in the background if you were looking for it. Unfortunately, someone higher up freaked out and had them not do it. The second was in a scene where I believe Data is asking Guinan about love or mating or something along those lines. Whoopi's line was, "When a man and a woman fall in love" but she changed the line to, "When two people fall in love". It really is amazing that there wasn't a single gay character in 25 seasons of modern Trek. Not one. For such a forward thinking franchise it's a shame they were afraid to go somewhere that other shows had already gone to, safely, at the time.
It's not difficult at all, all you have to do is take a script, pick a random guest star who mentions his wife and replace the word "wife" with "husband". Don't try to make a "gay episode" and doing them justice or you end up with David Gerrold's Blood and Fire which was written for TNG and filmed for the TOS fan series. The gay part of Blood and Fire was almost offensively bad, they have a gay couple and one of them kills himself because of Space AIDS. I'm sure the episode was rejected for TNG not because of the gay couple (if that was a problem they could have made them a straight couple) but because it was stupid. The couple served no purpose other than showing the audience that gay people have feelings too "See, they're kissing and are happy, now one of them is dead and the other one is really devastated and angry but in the end he gets better!". Well, thank you David Gerrold, you totally showed the audience that gay couples are regular people, who would have thought?! Too bad you didn't treat them like regular people but made them the centerpiece of your AIDS allegory and death drama instead. Star Trek was never a forward thinking franchise. There was a lot of talk within the show how awesome and liberal they are, but as a real world franchise it was always really conservative.
I am way new and was browsing the forums BUT this topic really hit me. It was a couple of days ago that I watched DS9 Rejoined in which Dax reunites with her previous wife Lenara. The politics surrounding the forbidden love in this ep are reminiscent of perhaps a deliberate attempt to address this issue. However, I would not know but the content of this specific show addresses policies in culture and visually gives the audience a same sex couple. In any case, I could be reading too far into the matter but it is something that I had always wondered too AND hopefully it will be addressed in the future! thanks for letting me chime in!
I think Trek has always worked well with analogy (so they didn't portray racism against blacks in TOS, they portrayed two races that were half-white and half-black on opposite sides to illustrate the stupidity of racism), and that is what they did (successfully, to my mind) with 'The Host' and 'Rejoined'. They couldn't address the issue directly, so they used metaphor. But the problem is that you see black men in Star Trek being treated exactly the same as their white colleagues- there is demonstrable, on the ground evidence that in the 24th century, race simply isn't an issue. It doesn't need to be put into metaphor because it's right there in front of you. I think gay characters need this sort of exposure in Trek- they don't need episodes about how they are gay, they just need to be gay and for everyone to be okay with it.
Well, I wouldn't say "exactly," since I believe there are various aspects of the franchise where that doesn't always ring true. Moreover, there are other men of color: Asian men, non-white Hispanic/Latino men, or Native American men who can be be looked at (since race is more than the "black" and "white" binary) in terms of how they are depicted in contrast to the white male characters, but I do get your point in the hypothetical attempt to show gay couples as normal as any other heterosexual couple. As someone brought out, maybe the tentative 2013 sequel will have such a couple.
@ Destructor : Word on Bakula. I totally agree with your comment on ST use of metaphors and also the idea to not specifically address the issue but for instance giving Bashir a male partner instead.
Which parallel universe are you living in!? I think Trek made allegorical stories relating to homosexuality but they've never just featured a character whose only interested in the opposite sex romantically, that's all it needs.
I'll address both of these together. The primary reason why it's difficult to write for a gay character is because it is a precarious balance. You have to do justice to the character, mollify the suits who make the decisions from on high, and convey it to the audience in a way that is not ham handed. For someone like me, it's easy to write a gay character. However, the process doesn't end with me. It has to go over well with the head writer, and the director, and all of the people involved in making the decisions for each episode. Any one of those steps can kill off that character. I have no doubt that there were writers pushing good ideas, but those ideas were snuffed out before they ever made it past the primary stages. That's mainly due to issues with the suits and the audience. Only recently has it been acceptable to write gay characters that weren't lampooning gay people in general. Over time, there will be gay characters. Like I said earlier, I believe the next series will likely have a gay character. It's the audience that ultimately makes that decision, and I think audiences are ready, their prejudices are changing. Write a gay Will Riker type character and you'd see the moral majority come out in force. Is it a double standard? You bet your ass. Still, that, too, is changing. We still have a long way to go in TV land, though. Look how long it took women to get fairly represented, and there are billions of them! Writing a gay character and seeing him or her actually come into existence on Star Trek is something I've wanted to see for a long time. Maybe, finally, we'll see it happen. Studios are starting to see that gay people make up a large chunk of their viewing audience, and that can only lead to better representation in shows and movies. I just want it tastefully done by someone who knows what they're doing. I'd rather it be done right than half assed and some moron fuck it up for everyone else.
But it's funny how there have been many contemporary tv shows before and during Trek (TNG) that showed open homosexuality in a normal context and openly acknowledged its existence. Trek is set many years in the future and the concept of homosexuality is noticed by its very absence. Perhaps because it's not an issue anymore in the 24TH century as pointed out already. The truth is, I think Trek considers "The Outcast" its contribution towards the subject. Spartacus is a popular cable tv show that shows homosexual relationships- not all the time, yet it is a rating blockbuster. As far as I know, there has been no issue or complaints about the content. And it's pretty graphic with the violence sex and language.
Also, during "In Theory", Riker uses "two people" when he's giving Data advice. I always appreciated that.
And for that matter, Kirk says something similar in "Balance of Terror:" "Since the days of the first wooden vessels, all shipmasters have had one happy privilege: that of uniting two people in the bonds of matrimony."
exactly totally agree so many fans speculated Janeway/Seven or Kirk/Spock in fanfic based on episodes and a few scenes...but they were not intended that way of course.


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If you find yourself getting more notifications than you can delete in 2 minutes, just sign in and change your preferences.
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That's great. Thank you!
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I'm signed up for this and it is very helpful, on a daily basis for my commute and for long trips in the mountains.
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