text:
Can you translate that, please?
How do discoveries made at the lab bench ever reach the bedside of patients who need them?
Moving research discoveries from "bench to bedside" to treat patients is the goal of translational research. Translational research takes discoveries made in a field or in one context and figures out how to apply them to a different field.
"Using that definition, there are a lot of things that we do at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) that constitute the translation of new discoveries into their implementation," says Peter Davies, MD, PhD, provost and executive vice president for research.
Discovery may begin at a laboratory bench, using model systems, like cultured cells, purified proteins and animal models. At this stage, a researcher studies the basic mechanisms of a disease or illness to unlock its mysteries at the cellular and molecular levels. The next step is for the basic laboratory discovery to move forward into evaluations conducted with human subjects or sometimes human tissues that are designed to see if the same processes discovered in the laboratory actually occur in humans suffering from specific diseases.
"One of the most commonly cited examples of translational research is studies where we move discoveries made in the basic research laboratory and work out how to apply them in a clinically relevant setting, such as by designing or developing clinical trials," Davies says.
Bench to bedside and back again
"We also may move in the other direction and take observations made in the clinic on patients and disease processes and move them back in the laboratory to study in more controlled circumstances how those observations might be explained in terms of the mechanisms that caused them," Davies says.
Like all scientific study, translational research is often complex and expensive to conduct. In addition, it often requires access to specialized research facilities such as those to conduct clinical studies in humans or specialized diagnostic and analytical laboratories. UTHealth helps its researchers strengthen the translational aspect of their work by providing the necessary resources and research infrastructure that enable them to apply for and then to obtain the support from federal agencies, such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) that actually fund the research studies.
For example, in 2006, funding from the NIH allowed UTHealth to create the Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences (CCTS), one of the original 12 such centers funded by NIH. This grant enabled UTHealth and its two partners, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and Memorial Hermann Healthcare System, to put in place specialized research infrastructure and training programs that will both prepare new investigators to conduct translational research and provide them with the facilities to conduct such research.
Faster, better treatment is the goal
The goal of the CCTS is to shorten the time it takes to develop new treatments and to apply them to patients. The CCTS includes very active and productive components including integrated clinical research units; biomarker-driven research trials; core laboratories in genetics, genomics, proteomics, immunology and imaging methodologies; bioinformatics; and career development training for junior investigators.
Ultimately, Davies says, the success of UTHealth as a leader in clinical and translational research will be based not on the outstanding infrastructure that it can provide, but on the talent, innovation and dedication of its researchers, faculty, staff and trainees.
"It is incredibly difficult to develop new approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of human disease, to acquire new levels of understanding of disease processes and new strategies for preventing disease. We are fortunate at UTHealth to have the corps of outstanding researchers, superb clinical and research infrastructure and an institutional tradition of working together and with others collaboratively that are key to success in this field. The CCTS and its many programs is helping to forge new research teams and new research initiatives that draw on the talents of researchers at all UTHealth schools."
Back to the future: the best treatment for hypertension may be an old standby
Is newer always better? New generations of drugs are produced all the time. The operating theory is that the new version is an improved version. But researchers at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Public Health took a step back to look at the big picture and reconsider that assumption. Specifically, they wondered whether newer drugs actually produced better outcomes for all patients in the treatment of one of the most common but dangerous conditions: hypertension.
It's a translational way of thinking
By the early 1990s, there were several new types of blood pressure medications on the market, including calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors and alpha blockers in addition to the standard treatments of diuretics and beta-blockers, explains Barry Davis, M.D., Ph.D., director of the Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials at the UTHealth School of Public Health. "Each of these had been approved on the basis of their ability to lower blood pressure, and they worked in different ways. The question arose as to whether any of the newer medications would be better at preventing the clinical outcomes of hypertension – like heart attacks, strokes, heart failure and kidney failure – than the standard, diuretics, if everyone achieved similar blood pressure control," says Davis, who is also the Guy S. Parcel Chair in Public Health.
A landmark study
Between February 1994 and January 1998, investigators at the School of Public Health coordinated the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial, or ALLHAT, sponsored by The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) and directed by Davis, to see whether any of the new treatments on the market for hypertension were actually better than the standard treatment. With 42,418 participants enrolled, the landmark study was the largest hypertension treatment trial ever conducted. The results, which had implications for roughly 70 million Americans, were astounding.
If it's not broken ...
ALLHAT revealed that none of the newer blood pressure medications – calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors or alpha blockers – were superior to diuretics in preventing heart attacks, strokes, heart or kidney failure. In some cases they were actually not as good.
"It was a study that examined several types of treatment for the same condition and found that the standard method was the best," Davis explains. "In fact, diuretics were better than calcium channel blockers and ACE inhibitors in preventing heart failure, and they were better than ACE inhibitors in preventing strokes, especially among African-Americans," he points out.
ALLHAT did even more than provide valuable information about cardiovascular health and the treatment of high blood pressure. It provided a model for comparative effectiveness research. In Davis' words, "It . . . served as a model for conducting large clinical trials in the community outside of the usual academic setting by involving community-based health practices."
The final "translational" step was to apply the findings to the community at large. It was another landmark achievement. "ALLHAT was the first study of its kind to have a formal dissemination process whereby the study researchers presented and communicated their findings to the professional and patient communities in ways beyond the traditional means of scientific publication and presentation," Davis says. This type of dissemination is now required of all major NHLBI studies.
For the millions of Americans being treated for hypertension, ALLHAT yielded yet another benefit. Going back to an older generation of medicine may save them thousands of dollars.
From the Petri dish to Cameron County
The adaptability of the human body enables us to survive as we go from hot to cold, relaxed to stressed, hungry to full. Without the ability to change with the circumstances we couldn't live for more than a matter of minutes. We don't want that to change. Fat cells are masters of versatility; they are our allies in the survival game. We don't want that to change either.
But there is a connection between the ability of fat to land – and stay – where it is not needed and the incidence of serious diseases. Perry Bickel, M.D., is an expert in the biology of fat cells. He is making strides in understanding the behavior of fat and how it is involved in diabetes and cancer.
The human body needs a certain amount of stored fat to function normally and to supply it with energy. This adipose (fat) tissue is specialized to store energy in the form of triglycerides, which can be mobilized when the energy demands of other tissues exceed their readily available supply.
However, in obesity, the body stores too much fat, which then overflows into tissues not well adapted to storing it, like the heart, skeletal muscle and liver. This leads to potentially severe medical complications for overweight individuals, including heart disease, fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes.
Bickel studies how cells in the human body store fat and how the stored fat is directed to certain cell functions, such as use as a fuel or as a cellular building block.
Using cells that can change into fat cells in a Petri dish has allowed Bickel to zero in on proteins that help regulate the storage of fat within cells. "With this cellbased system, we can precisely control levels of hormones, nutrients, drugs or gene expression and then ask whether the cells store or burn more fat and how the fat is packaged into storage organelles, known as lipid droplets," says Bickel, associate professor of medicine and associate director, endocrinology, diabetes and metabolism at UTHealth Medical School, and director of the Center for Diabetes and Obesity Research at The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, part of The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth).
Focusing on lipid droplets, or fat droplets, inside cells led Bickel to a discovery of "two related proteins, S3- 12 and OXPAT, that coat lipid droplets and help control levels of stored fat in fat cells and muscle cells," he says. "We were the first to discover that lipid droplets in fat cells progress through stages of maturation that are marked by changes in the coat of proteins that surround the droplets."
His lab's discoveries have increased the awareness of how changeable and varied lipid droplets are within cells. "Such insights may provide new strategies to control the storage of fat within cells or to protect cells from the adverse effects of fat overload," says Bickel.
Bickel's contributions to fat cell and lipid droplet biology will move beyond the laboratory. He and his collaborator Karen Lu, M.D., a gynecologic surgeon from The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, are leading an effort to develop the Collaborative Program in Cancer, Obesity and Metabolism (CoPCOM), which will address the question of why obesity increases the risk of developing certain cancers.
This group has focused its efforts on endometrial cancer, due to its strong association with obesity. "Forty percent of endometrial (uterine) cancers are attributable to obesity in affluent societies," Bickel explains.
Bickel is collaborating on translational research studies with the UTHealth School of Public Health, Brownsville regional campus, led by Joseph McCormick, M.D., and Susan Fisher-Hoch, M.D. They are following a cohort of Hispanic residents of Cameron County, which has a high prevalence of diabetes and obesity.
"From the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort, we hope to learn how differences in the genes and proteins that regulate lipid metabolism may contribute to diabetes risk in obese humans," Bickel says. "These studies will attempt to translate what we have learned in cell-based studies and in mouse models to human obesity and diabetes, problems that disproportionately undermine the health of many Texans."
Research on biomarkers may lead to saliva test for breast cancer
If one researcher at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) Dental Branch has his way, early breast cancer detection will one day happen in the dentist's chair, during a routine oral screening. That's the dream of saliva researcher Charles F. Streckfus, D.D.S., who is examining ways that saliva might become a supplementary diagnostic tool for the detection of breast cancer.
Streckfus is a professor of diagnostic sciences and an expert in salivary diagnostics, a field where researchers study saliva as a biomarker for disease detection.
"We like saliva because it is easy to collect," Streckfus says, adding that saliva's use as a diagnostic tool offers many other advantages. "It's non-invasive and it doesn't hurt. It can be collected repeatedly without any difficulty."
Streckfus would like to use saliva as a supplement to mammography for breast tumor detection.
"For example, if a mammogram is not clear, then a saliva test could be used to help make the decision whether it is cancer or not," he adds.
Working with William Dubinsky Jr., Ph.D., a biochemist and professor of diagnostic sciences at UTHealth Dental Branch, Streckfus studied saliva samples to search for cancer-related proteins.
"Dr. Dubinsky had the technology I needed to find the markers in sufficient numbers and quantities so I could identify the proteins I needed to investigate," Streckfus explains. "We wanted to look at, on a large scale, what exactly was in saliva and how it related to breast cancer."
Saliva specimens from 30 women were analyzed with a mass spectrometer. One pool of samples came from healthy women (control group), another pool from women with benign breast tumors and a third pool from women diagnosed with a malignant form of breast cancer.
The results of these comparisons showed some protein differences in the pools of samples of the healthy control group and the benign and cancer patient groups. Further study will be required to validate the preliminary observations and to determine whether they may be useful in developing diagnostic tests.
Streckfus and Dubinsky's collaboration to find cancer associated proteins in saliva is a great example of "bench to bedside" research.
"Dr. Dubinsky and I worked at the bench to search for biomarkers in saliva," Streckfus explains. "His machine gave us the biochemistry that we needed. It was truly a laboratory accomplishment. Now we will prepare antibodies and study whether they can be used to screen for cancer."
Study focuses on ensuring that more efficient technology keeps patient safety in mind
Bankers' hours. Many of us remember having to get to that building "downtown" before 4 o'clock – on a weekday. Now we slip an ATM card into a machine around the corner from the office – or near the Louvre, at the hotel in Kuala Lumpur, in the Munich airport. Access is easy. Cash is in hand and we are ready to go on with our trip to the grocery or the next port of call.
And, unless we give out our pin numbers, our money and information are secure.
Researchers in bioinformatics in The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Health Information Sciences are using that model of financial accessibility coupled with security to revolutionize access to medical records.
Medicine has lagged behind fields such as banking in creating global, portable, secure access to records. But Dean Sittig, Ph.D., associate professor of health informatics, is working on changing that. Sittig is studying the design, development, implementation and evaluation of all aspects of clinical information systems (CIS), more commonly called electronic health record systems (EHRs). "I am interested in the socio-technical aspects of these systems with a particular interest on ensuring that they are used in a safe and effective manner," Sittig says.
While creating EHRs would benefit patients, doctors, hospitals and payers, Sittig is aware that there are pitfalls associated with the process as well. Through interviews and observations of health care providers, he has identified nine major unintended consequences that can occur following the implementation of state of- the-art clinical information systems.
They include more/new work for clinicians; unfavorable workflow issues; never-ending system demands; problems related to paper persistence; untoward changes in communication patterns and practices; negative emotions; generation of new kinds of errors; unexpected changes in the power structure; and overdependence on the technology.
"I have edited a book, Clinical Information Systems: Overcoming Adverse Consequences, to help organizations learn to identify and overcome the unintended consequences of implementing and using these systems." He has also identified eight "rights of safe EHR use" that can keep these problems from occurring in the first place. See below.
Sittig's discoveries not only have helped others to better understand complex information systems, they have led to advancements in medicine and improved the quality and safety of patient care. "In a VA study, we were able to identify an error that resulted from a chain of errors or mistakes that consisted of five linked events," he says. "Briefly, this error sequence resulted in over 30 percent of patients with an abnormal colon cancer screening test not being followed up appropriately. After we identified the problem, we were able to fix it and demonstrate that the percent of inappropriate follow-up dropped to less than 7 percent."
Program aims to 'Catch' and curb childhood obesity before long-term health issues start
With the rising rate of childhood obesity, a University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Public Health study works to reduce the epidemic with a school-based program that teaches children that eating nutritious foods and exercising are keys to a healthier life.
CATCH, Coordinated Approach To Child Health, is a diet and exercise behavior change program for children and adolescents that was originally designed to target risk factors for heart disease. Through the years, CATCH has evolved to prevent other chronic diseases, including obesity and diabetes. The program is school based and works by using several components to give children coordinated and consistent health messages.
"CATCH uses behaviorally based strategies to build children's confidence in making healthy choices for eating and exercise, provides role models for these behaviors, reinforces healthy behaviors, builds social support at the school for healthy behaviors and encourages children to set goals for eating and physical activity," says Deanna Hoelscher, Ph.D., R.D., director of the Michael & Susan Dell Center for Advancement of Healthy Living. She is professor of health promotion and behavioral sciences at the UTHealth School of Public Health Austin regional campus. "In addition, CATCH is fun, so both teachers and children enjoy the activities, and tasty, healthy foods are emphasized."
CATCH trains a team from each school to use its four components, including child nutrition services (the school cafeteria), classroom curricula, a physical education (PE) program and a parent program. Almost everyone at the school, and at home, becomes a participant in CATCH.
"Classroom teachers teach the lessons, cafeteria managers and food service workers use our Eat Smart program and PE teachers use the CATCH PE box," Hoelscher explains. "We also have activities for the families that include a Family Fun Night health fair, as well as lessons that children work on together with their families."
CATCH works. Hoelscher says that initial data showed that the CATCH program changed children's behavior by decreasing their fat consumption and increasing their vigorous physical activity. Additionally, CATCH successfully changed the school environment to make school meals healthier and provide more opportunities for physical activity.
Not only has CATCH changed eating and exercise behavior in children and made school meals more nutritious, it also has helped to measurably reduce the obesity epidemic.
"A replication study conducted by researchers from The University of Texas at El Paso found that the CATCH program had an obesity prevention effect in children from 3rd to 5th grade," Hoelscher says. "Data from a statewide obesity surveillance study confirmed that obesity levels in the El Paso region, an area in which CATCH was heavily implemented, together with community-based programs, significantly decreased from 2000-02 to 2004-05 among 4th grade children. Finally, data from a recent demonstration program in the Travis County area found that underserved schools that implemented CATCH together with community involvement showed a significant decrease over a one year time period."
Originally, CATCH was designed as a randomized controlled clinical trial that was strictly regulated. Since that study, Hoelscher says, CATCH has been disseminated throughout Texas and the United States. Through this process, CATCH has learned some valuable lessons, which make the program easier to translate to all schools.
"Materials have to be developed to be in a 'kit' or a box that a person can take and use immediately," Hoelscher explains. "In addition, training of staff is essential for program implementation. We also have learned that a CATCH champion and school-level CATCH committee are effective ways to implement the program at the school level. And, community involvement seems to amplify the program's effects."
Study explores link between impulsivity and addiction
A man is at a party and is offered cocaine. He impulsively says "sure" and months later, finds himself addicted. It is an oft-told story, but one that may be more complex than originally thought. What if his addiction stemmed not only from the addictive power of cocaine, but from some characteristic that made the man throw caution to the wind?
Acting without regard to proper forethought is known as impulsivity, which can sometimes lead to substance abuse problems.
"Impulsivity has been defined by our research group as a propensity to respond to stimuli without regard to the consequences," says F. Gerard Moeller, M.D., professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) Medical School. "This leads to a number of psychiatric problems. In terms of substance abuse, it is associated with initiation of drug use and eventual addiction to drugs."
Moeller leads a team of UTHealth researchers, including Joy Schmitz, Ph.D., Scott Lane, Ph.D., Joel Steinberg, M.D., and Charles Green, Ph.D., who make up the university's Center for Neurobehavioral Research on Addictions. The goal of the center is to develop new therapies to treat patients with substance abuse problems, which often result from impulsivity. Findings from their work have shown that impulsivity is a key feature of drug addiction.
"We also have shown that key measures of impulsivity are related to brain structure in drug users, and that cocaine leads to similar changes in brain structure that we are seeing in our drug users," Moeller adds. "This is evidence that at least some of the impulsive behaviors associated with cocaine use are related to changes in brain structure and function caused by chronic cocaine use."
Moeller says that a person's addiction to drugs isn't solely the result of a craving. Something in a drug abuser's brain doesn't allow them to make the right choices, leading them to exhibit self-destructive behaviors, like impulsively using drugs.
"Our research has shown that in addition to craving drugs, a substantial number of drug users have impulsive drug use, and that this behavior is associated with changes in brain structure as measured by brain imaging," Moeller says. "In short, our research supports the growing body of evidence that addiction is a complex behavioral and brain disorder."
Discoveries from Moeller's research and that of other investigators at the center have translational research aspects. Findings from human studies are explored in animals, and research findings in animals are used to develop novel medications to treat drug abuse, Moeller says.
"Based on research findings, the team is trying novel medications with the goal of reducing impulsivity and other cognitive deficits in drug users with potential protective properties for the brain to reduce long-term changes in brain structure caused by drug abuse. We are combining these novel medications with behavioral therapies aimed at reducing the habits associated with drug use."
Research into genetic links may lead to better understanding of aortic dissection
John Ritter didn't know he was at risk for an aortic dissection until it was too late. The actor was unaware of the progressive enlargement (aneurysm formation) of his aorta before his aorta dissected. Sadly, Ritter died after the onset of chest pain while working on the set of his TV sitcom despite being rushed to a nearby hospital for emergency surgical repair of the aorta.
Research by Dianna Milewicz, M.D., Ph.D., and her team seeks to understand the genetic basis of aneurysms leading to sudden dissections of the aorta.
"Aortic aneurysms are typically not deadly, but the enlargement of the aorta leads to instability and a strong predisposition for an aortic dissection to occur. Approximately 40-50 percent of people die of the acute dissection," says Milewicz, professor and director of the Division of Medical Genetics at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) Medical School. "Nobody has to die prematurely from aortic dissection if we can figure out who is at risk, monitor their aorta and do timely medical and surgical repair of the aortic aneurysm before it dissects."
Milewicz and her team are interested in aortic aneurysms that occur in the first part of the aorta in the chest. The aorta is the major blood vessel or artery coming out of the heart. An aneurysm is an enlargement or ballooning of the aorta.
"The natural history of an aneurysm is that it progressively enlarges over time, and that enlargement tends to be asymptomatic," says Milewicz, holder of the President George Bush Chair in Cardiovascular Medicine. "A person doesn't know they have an aneurysm. They don't know it's progressively getting bigger."
As an aortic aneurysm grows, it eventually reaches a size where it becomes unstable and is prone to either rupture or dissection. More commonly, Milewicz says, it dissects.
"The blood enters the wall of the aorta and then it begins to dissect along the wall – almost like a run in your stocking," she explains. "It can dissect all the way along the aortic wall – through the arch, through your body and to your legs, a life-threatening condition."
Thanks to a novel finding, Milewicz and her team have been able to prove through clinical studies, gene mapping and sequencing that aortic aneurysms and dissections have a significant genetic factor.
"We were one of the first groups to confirm a genetic basis to the disease," she says. "We mapped the first gene for aortic aneurysms and dissections, and we've gone on to identify four genes that predispose individuals to these aortic diseases." The research was done through recruiting families with many members with aortic disease, and then using DNA samples collected from these families to map and identify genes causing the disease.
Milewicz has taken her laboratory findings back to patients with a family history of thoracic aortic disease.
"We can find the gene causing the predisposition to aortic aneurysms and dissections in approximately 20 percent of patients with a family history of the disease," she says. "Some of the families who have entered our study have five generations of people who have died prematurely of aortic disease. For many of those families, we can tell them about the mutation and how we treat it to prevent further premature death in the family. We know from data we've generated using patients undergoing aortic surgical repair in the Texas Medical Center that if somebody is repaired before they dissect, they can go on to live a near normal life expectancy."
There was little known about the causes of thoracic aortic disease before Milewicz and her team began finding the genes that cause this predisposition.
"Based on the genes we've identified, we are confident that the underlying problem is that the cells in the wall of the aorta are not functioning properly," she says.
Those cells are called smooth muscle cells, and they contract regularly in the aorta every time the heart beats. Their purpose is to limit blood flow and blood pressure as the heart pushes blood out of the heart into the aorta.
"We're finding that the gene mutations causing aortic aneurysms and dissections disrupt the ability of the smooth muscle cells to contract properly," Milewicz says. "That begins to provide insight into how to treat the disease, and we're testing some of those treatments now.


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Exposure to domestic violence can have a profound effect on children, making them more prone to emotional problems like depression and anxiety and increasing the chances that they will either become victims of violence themselves or commit crimes in later life. What happens in early childhood can impact a lifetime.
We need to work together ensure children have access to basic needs, a sense of security and predictability, a positive sense of themselves, assurances that the community will help them (and their nonabusive parent) stay safe from harm, and the knowledge that the violence is not their fault. We need to build the capacity of community-based programs and systems, and develop policies to ensure that children's needs are fully integrated into systems response.
To connect with a domestic violence program near you, learn your options, or to help a friend, family member, neighbor or coworker, click here.
Or call one of these numbers:
National Domestic Violence Hotline
1-800-787-3224 (TTY line for deaf/hearing impaired)
24 hr., free, confidential assistance
Idaho Domestic Violence Hotline
24 hr., free, confidential assistance

subset: commoncrawl


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how exactly does the FBI help keep terrorists from
setting foot -- and perhaps later launching attacks
-- on American soil?
two main ways, explained Robert Garrity,
Deputy Assistant Director of our Records Management
Division, at a Friday hearing of the House Subcommittee
on International Terrorism, Nonproliferation, and
Human Rights in Los Angeles.
we take the names of all those applying for U.S.
VISAs and run them through our National Name
Check Program (NNCP). Anyone whose name comes
back with a "hit"--meaning it appears
in an FBI investigation, generally either as a known
terrorist, an associate, or a witness -- is checked
out further to see whether he or she poses a threat.
This helps weed out terrorist travelers before they
show up at our doorstep.
what if someone shows up at a U.S. seaport, airport,
or border checkpoint, with all the right papers,
but acting suspiciously? Or what if his or her name
registers a "hit" by screeners? Or what
if an agent or officer stops someone who appears
to have crossed the border illegally? Who would
screeners and officers contact to make absolutely
sure that the person isn't a terrorist?
where the second part of the answer comes in: the
Terrorist Screening Center, or TSC. TSC was
stood up on 12/1/03 to provide "one stop shopping,"
24/7, for screeners, agents, and police around the
world to call when they need to check names and
get more identifying information from the universe
of U.S. investigative files and watch lists. TSC
capabilities are increasing in speed and precision
as interagency files are consolidated into a single
digital database.
our efforts -- and those of our many partners --
guarantee that a terrorist won't get into the U.S.?
Unfortunately, no. Terrorists can obtain bogus or
fraudulent VISAs. They may slip unseen across our
extensive borders. They may not be known to the
FBI or law enforcement... and thus not be named
in our records. But our efforts -- and the collective
efforts of U.S. law enforcement and the international
community -- continue to turn terrorists away and
make a real difference in preventing potential attacks
on American soil.
more details? Read Mr. Garrity's full
statement. Or see the fact
sheet and recent
congressional testimony on the TSC. You can
also take a look at Mr. Garrity's earlier congressional
statement on our name check program.


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In a potentially costly setback to the federal government's rails-to-trails program, the U.S. Supreme Court on Monday ruled that under an 1875 law, abandoned railroad rights of way belong, not to the government, but to the private parties that acquired the underlying lands.
Offering a short history of the settlement and development of the West and the role of railroads in that history, Chief Justice John Roberts Jr. said that rights of way over public lands granted under the 1875 General Railroad Right-of-Way Act were easements that ended with a railroad's abandonment.
The 1875 act granted thousands of miles of right of way across the nation to railroads. The rails-to-trails program, seeking to put those abandoned lands to public use as bike and hiking trails, has triggered an explosion of property rights litigation against the government. One of the critical legal questions has been who owns the abandoned right of way.
Writing for an 8-1 majority in The Marvin M. Brandt Revocable Trust v. United States, Roberts rejected the government's argument that it retained an interest in the lands under the act even when the government had conveyed the land to a private party.
"The Government loses that argument today, in large part because it won when it argued the opposite before this Court more than 70 years ago, in the case of Great Northern Railway Co. v. United States, 315 U. S. 262 (1942)," Roberts wrote.
In the case decided Monday, the United States in 1976 patented an 83-acre parcel of land in Fox Park, Wyo., surrounded by the Medicine Bow-Routt National Forest, to Melvin and Lulu Brandt. The Medicine Bow Trail runs through southeastern Wyoming's Medicine Bow National Forest. (A land patent, Roberts said, is an official document reflecting a grant by a sovereign that is made public, or "patent.")
The patent provided that the land grant was "subject to those rights for railroad purposes as have been granted to the Laramie, Hahn's Peak & Pacific Railway Company, its successors or assigns." But the patent did not specify what would happen if the railroad abandoned this right of way. (Roberts, in a footnote, said, "Locals at the time translated the railroad's acronym LHP&P as 'Lord Help Push and Pull' or 'Late, Hard Pressed, and Panicky.' ")
The Wyoming and Colorado Railroad, a successor to LHP&P, tore up the tracks and ties and completed abandonment in 2004. Two years later, the United States moved to quiet title to the abandoned right-of-way. The government settled or won default judgments against all but one of the owners of the 31 acres of land crossed by the abandoned right of way. The only holdout was Marvin Brandt, who claimed full title to the stretch crossing his land, now unburdened by the easement.
The district court ruled for the government, and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit affirmed, holding that, based on circuit precedent, the United States had retained an "implied reversionary interest" in the right of way, which then vested in the United States when the right of way was relinquished. The ruling conflicted with holdings by the Seventh and Federal circuits.
In his opinion, Roberts said the high court had adopted the United States' position "in full" in its 1942 decision in Great Northern Railway, a dispute over whether that railroad could drill for oil beneath its right of way. In that case, the United States argued that the railroad had only an easement and that the government retained all interests below the surface.
The 1942 court, Roberts wrote, held it was clear from the act's language, its legislative history, its early administrative interpretation and the construction placed upon it by Congress in subsequent enactments that the railroad obtained only an easement under the 1875 law.
"When the United States patented the Fox Park parcel to Brandt's parents in 1976, it conveyed fee simple title to that land, 'subject to those rights for railroad purposes' that had been granted to the LHP&P," Roberts wrote. "The United States did not reserve to itself any interest in the right of way in that patent. Under Great Northern, the railroad thus had an easement in its right of way over land owned by the Brandts."
In 1988, he said, Congress did an "about-face" and attempted to reserve the rights of way to the United States. "That policy shift cannot operate to create an interest in land that the Government had already given away," he concluded.
Justice Sonia Sotomayor dissented, writing, "Since 1903, this Court has held that rights of way were granted to railroads with an implied possibility of reverter to the United States. Regardless of whether these rights of way are labeled 'easements' or 'fees,' nothing in Great Northern overruled that conclusion.
"By changing course today, the Court undermines the legality of thousands of miles of former rights of way that the public now enjoys as means of transportation and recreation," she wrote. "And lawsuits challenging the conversion of former rails to recreational trails alone may well cost American taxpayers hundreds of millions of dollars."
The Brandt family, represented by Steven Lechner of Mountain States Legal Foundation, has a related takings claim pending against the government in the U.S. Court of Federal Claims. In the high court, the family drew support from such property rights advocates as the Cato Institute and the Pacific Legal Foundation.
"This is a great victory for Marvin Brandt, who had the courage to fight back for millions of landowners who might find themselves in his shoes, and for those who supported our efforts on his behalf," Mountain States president William Perry Pendley said in a written statement.
The government's amicus support included state and local governments, the Rails to Trails Conservancy and the National Trust for Historic Preservation.
Contact Marcia Coyle at firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
Things to see and do - Indonesia
Leaving for Indonesia
Where to sleep?
Indonesia Leisure tips
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Indonesia Travel guide
Indonesia : Michelin's recommendations
"Our land and water" is how Indonesians refer to their country, the largest archipelago in the world. It is a complex reality composed of many territories, some of which are still unexplored, like a huge wreath stretching across the Equator on the fringes of Asia and Australia, where 500 mountains of fire have fertilised one of the most diverse flora in the world.
It has 500 volcanos and as many regional dialects, topped off by a common language created by the Dutch: Bahasa Indonesia. In this awesome mosaic, ancestral myths are told through the elegant silhouettes of its shadow puppets, or wayang. On this spice island Islam has acquired a Hindu flavour, seasoned with a pinch of Buddhism.
A young republic with a stormy history, Indonesia offers the striking contrast of overpopulated modern cities and stooped farmers toiling in rice fields. This crossroads of the Indian and Pacific Oceans is a haven for the unique fauna living in its waters and impenetrable mangrove swamps. Java and Bali are simply the most famous among its many islands graced with magical beaches and sea beds swimming with such dreamy creatures.
Its flora has even vied to reach the heights of Puncak Jaya's snowy peaks. And how can you resist a nap in the shade of a banyan, those huge sacred trees planted around the temples? But it won't last very long because you'll be quickly woken up by one of the innumerable processions dotting the Indonesian calendar!
Indonesia : Must-see towns and regions
Yogyakarta is known as "Jogja" to its fans, which is to say everyone who visits... People irresistibly fall for the capital of Central Java, a dynamic city with a student population, where life is enj...
This little town's reputation is built upon its immense 9C Hindu temple, a wonder of Indo-Javanese art which has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It has also, unfortunately, become better...
This fishing village in the north of the Bukit peninsula has modest houses dotted along the side of the road. Its side streets lead to the beach, a half moon of yellow sand which is practically desert...
Since swallowing up the surrounding hamlets, this artists' village set among the paddy fields has become a little town in its own right. Although its charm has attracted growing tourism, Ubud has mana...
Too small even to be called a village, Mangsit looks like a peaceful little haven. The countryside has preserved all of its charm and there are fewer hotels, making it a perfect alternative to Sengigg...
In Jakarta, 21C Asia coexists with extreme poverty; shopping centres selling luxury brands juxtapose the kampung, labyrinthine working-class districts. In 50 years, Indonesia's capital has become a hu...
Mother island of the Indonesian archipelago, and Isle of fire according to the expression coined by Alexandre Dumas, Java has suffused the Western imagination with exotic dreams. Although the legenda...
A heavenly refuge in the Indonesian archipelago, Bali is also its premier destination. But don't let that put you off! Forget your surfboard and flippers for a minute and discover a different reality ...


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More information
NFPA members
"Home Fires That Began With Upholstered Furniture" report (PDF, 266 KB)
Errata incorporated August 12, 2013. Download the errata. (PDF, 13 KB)
Related reports
White Paper on Upholstered Furniture Flammability (PDF, 920 KB), September 2013
Estimating Fires When a Product is the Primary Fuel but not the First Fuel, With an Application to Upholstered Furniture (PDF, 98 KB), February 2014.
Fact sheet
"Home Structure Fires that Began with Upholstered Furniture" fact sheet (PDF, 82 KB)
Contact us
If you have any questions, e-mail Nancy Schwartz or call +1 617 984-7450.
This analysis of the circumstances of home upholstered furniture fire includes a comparison of upholstered furniture fires started by smoking materials vs. fires started by candles, matches or lighters, as well as an examination of smoke alarms in home upholstered furniture fires. Previously published incident descriptions are included in an Appendix.
Upholstered furniture fires in the home environment have fallen sharply, dropping 84% from a high of 36,900 in 1980, the first year of usable data, to a 30-year low of 5,900 in 2009. Even with a 67% drop in the number of associated deaths from highs of 1,360 in 1980 and 1981 to a low of 450 in 2009, upholstered furniture remains the leading item first ignited in home fire deaths. During 2005-2009, upholstered furniture was the item first ignited in 2% of reported home fires. These incidents caused one of every five (19%) home fire deaths.
Smoking materials remain the leading heat source in upholstered furniture fires and associated deaths although their share has fallen dramatically over time. In the early 1980s, almost two-thirds (59-64% in 1980-1984) of home upholstered furniture fires were ignited by smoking materials. These fires caused more than three-quarters (77-82%) of the associated death. During 2005-2009, in contrast, smoking materials caused roughly one-quarter (28%) of the upholstered furniture fires and three of every five (58%) associated deaths. In 2008 and 2009, the two most recent years of available data, only half (49-50%) of the home upholstered furniture deaths resulted from fires started by smoking materials.
More than half (53%) of the victims of upholstered furniture fires started by smoking materials in 2005-2009 were in the area of origin and involved in the ignition. An additional 11% were in the area but not involved.
Video: Dr. John Hall, division director of Fire Analysis & Research at NFPA, provides a brief rundown of the "Upholstered Furniture Flammability" white paper (see sidebar). Upholstered furniture is the leading item involved in home fire deaths, accounting for 24 percent of all home fire deaths in recent years.
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Fresh Android Apps for Jan. 19: Airbnb, Mind Games, Seal the Monsters
by Ian Black
Mid-January is not too early in the year to plan your next vacation. Let's make 2012 a year of new adventure and breaking out of old routines. Why stay in a hotel when you can use Airbnb to rent a villa on the east coast of Borneo?
Get your magic on with Seal the Monsters and make yourself feel stupid by downloading Mind Games.
Airbnb (Free)
Need a place to stay? If you're looking for something unique, check out Airbnb. It's a DIY service for those renting out a dwelling and those looking to rent one. Listings include everything from a room with a bed to a castle, and the locations range all over the world. Browse based on place, price, or other filters, submit a reservation, and pay for it right through the app. You'll find pictures, descriptions, reviews, and directions to your next getaway.
Hosts can manage all their listings, reservation requests, and financial transactions through the app as well.
Mind Games (Free)
Most mind games are bad for you, but these are meant to exercise your brain. Each screen shows one of ten different styles of board or card game puzzle with some you'll recognize – chess, solitaire, and reversi – and many you won't.
Solve each puzzle to move forward through the 120 challenges, each more difficult than the last. Use the hints if you get stuck, but be warned, the creator intended the app to mess with your head.
Seal the Monsters (Free)
You are the only living "sealer" and no that isn't a home improvement skill, for gosh sakes, it's magic! Monsters roam the earth and you must encircle as many as you can with your mystical invocation (also known as drawing a circle with your finger) to trap them and banish them from earth. Draw special patterns to unleash powerful spells that effect every monster on the screen, including fire and ice. Combo moves earn extra points.
Choose to fight in survival mode, where you try to stop the monsters from forming a pack, or time mode, where you have thirty seconds to trap as many demons as you can.


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Ballymun Kickhams' Curran cites break in momentum as his only concern
February ushers the club championships centre-stage, that fractured old hotchpotch of a competition. For the teams involved, it must be like writing a novel on an old clapped-out typewriter. Just when you're putting some momentum together, the clack-a-clack-bing stops for Christmas and by the time you come back you have to find new paper and hope the ribbon is still working.
Paul Curran took his Ballymun Kickhams side home to Dublin's northside on Sunday, December 9th, and told them they were off the clock from that day forth for a full month.
He was as good as his word. On Tuesday, January 8th, they reconvened at the bottom of a hill in the Phoenix Park and were presented with the lie of the land that was going to run the festive out of them.
Back at base
A startlingly fit and supremely well-conditioned bunch anyway, it didn't take too many sessions for them to find their mojo again and they were soon back at their base out beside Dublin Airport. Still, for all that they've been back kicking ball for a good three weeks now, Curran won't know if his side have been able to properly pick up the thread again until they see what Dr Crokes have for them in Thurles on Saturday. By then it might be too late.
"It is difficult," Curran says. "It's the one thing I'd be worried about, if I was worried about anything. That long break, the break in momentum. We went from four games in four weeks in the Dublin championship, to a Leinster championship game every two weeks. And that just worked very well for us, having the games coming thick and fast. I think between the [Leinster] final and the [All-Ireland] semi-final there will have been nine weeks. It's been difficult enough but we just have to deal with it. It's the same for everyone."
You wouldn't say they've exactly been idle anyway. Curran had to have a word with a few of them to make them take a break and let their bodies rest.
"Some of them find it very difficult not to be doing something, guys like Dean Rock, James McCarthy and Alan Hubbard. I could name 10 or 12 players that would want to be doing something every day. The idea was that they would take a complete break and be fresh when they came back."
Dublin panel
Although Jim Gavin was happy to leave them alone – he has earmarked seven Ballymun players for his Dublin panel when they're done – the Sigerson Cup wasn't so kind. McCarthy, Rock and Davy Byrne have all been on DCU duty, with Seán George lining out for DIT. They could have done without it, especially since they're all well aware their time at this end of the competition is precious. The Dublin championship has had six different winners in the past seven years, ditto the Leinster championship. "Well it's a difficult competition," says Curran. "We wouldn't take anything for granted. It's a step up for us again with Dr Crokes."
Curran has seen them on television a few times but never in the flesh. He's seen enough though to know they're far more than Colm Cooper plus 14 black shirts.
"They look like they're a running team," says Curran. "They're big up the middle and not so big on the wings. But at the end of the day you have to trust in your own system and style. You have to get on the ball and play your game and not be worrying too much about what they're doing. But when they have it there's no doubt we're going to have to work very hard to get the ball back and try and limit the damage."


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Gary Oldman Prepares Flying Horse
He wants Benedict Cumberbatch & Ralph Fiennes for the film
It's been 16 years since Gary Oldman stepped behind the camera to direct the blistering Nil By Mouth. Since then, he's kept busy starring in the Harry Potter films and the Dark Knight trilogy. Now he's looking to call the shots once more for Flying Horse, a biopic of pioneering photographer Eadweard Muybridge.
Though he's not quite a household name, Muybridge is well known among devotees of photographic techniques, since becoming famous for his pictures of Yosemite captured after he emmigrated to the States as a young man.
He's best known, however, for pushing the boundaries of work capturing animal movement years before motion pictures were invented. His life took a turn for the dramatic with the love affair between Muybridge's wife, Flora, and theatre critic Harry Larkyns, who the photographer shot and killed. The jury acquitted him on the grounds of justifiable homicide.
According to The Wrap, Oldman has written the script and is after Ralph Fiennes to play Muybridge and Benedict Cumberbatch as Larkyns, though neither man is officially attached yet. The director wants to kick off shooting early next year, assuming he can get the financing together. Acting-wise, Oldman will next show up in corporate espionage thriller Paranoia, Russian drama Child 44 and the remake of RoboCop. He's also part of the cast for Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes.


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Facilities are great!
The game-day atmosphere is second to none..tailgating included!
Where else can you watch a rabbit score on a 100 yard scamper? Only at JTS!
The home of the mysterious tornado...
Someday the indestructible goal posts WILL come down!
The kiss cam, one of these days a pair of sexy ladies are going to give us a show!
Lets have a little fun with this poll...:)
be careful with the last option - some day it could be two dudes giving a show, and that would most certainly NOT be a sexy situation.
I voted 2, but if I could have multiples, I'd go with 2, 4 AND 6! We can all hope to convert that FSU girl and her friends into Cyclones!! :p
I forgot about the rabbit run. That was awesome! Weren't we getting blown out that game?
Last edited by The_Architect; 08-11-2006 at 10:51 AM.
I believe that was a win over Kansas right before a young Michael Wagner ripped off a big run.
There have been more than one rabbit run. I swear there has been one each season since I've had season tickets anyways. I wonder if the poor rabbit is being planted in the stadium. :)
I remember the squirrel in the season opener against UNI in 2003. If that game didnt speak volumes for the season that lied ahead of us.....
Originally Posted by chuckd4735
I remember the squirrel in the season opener against UNI in 2003. If that game didnt speak volumes for the season that lied ahead of us.....
LMAO! Good point!
Be carefult it could be two women who are retired gym teachers from Iowa City...
Originally Posted by SlyCy
Be carefult it could be two women who are retired gym teachers from Iowa City...
Aw, man....now I'm not going to be able to sleep tonite.
Don't confuse hope for a plan.
Lucky it was a rabbit and not a tortoise.
Let Prohm's Posse Ride: Hallice, Brady, Stu, Lard, Naz, Deonte, Monte, Matt, Simeon, Jordan, and Babb.
It could be fans from the Big Red this year also. Go matilda and Heidi.
I know those indestructable goal posts will be coming down after we secure the North Title this year!!! The students have been anticipating it for way too long to not make it memorable!!!! :D
Originally Posted by cyrocksmypants
CG. No one knows what you're talking about.
Originally Posted by cowgirl836
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I have complained a lot that some drivers won't pass me unless they can give me a RIDICULOUS amount of space. I've had situations where I'm riding on the shoulder, at least a foot right of the white line, in a 14' wide lane, and people wait for traffic to clear and then move BEYOND the oncoming lane and drive in the oncoming SHOULDER to pass me.
When I've had a chance to ask about it, people seem to think that adults riding bikes act the same as 6 year olds riding bikes - they swerve around at random, change direction without looking, commonly wobble about by many feet, and fall every time they hit a pebble in the road. They're "afraid" to pass because they assume that a cyclist is going to suddenly swerve right in front of them at any moment.
I don't have any idea where this comes from. I tell them that I can easily ride down the white line for half a mile without leaving it if I choose to; I ride FAR more straight than I've ever seen any car drive. But they just say "well, that's you. I can't take the chance that someone else won't swerve."
And while I rarely see it, I have occasionally seen the random idiot - last year I saw some moronic teenager who was intentionally weaving back and forth across an entire lane on a 50 MPH road. No traffic in that lane at the time but oncoming drivers would have seen him. So without separated infrastructure I really don't know what to say about these people.
The thing that bugs me about them is that they hold up traffic significantly on 50+ MPH roads, building up lines of 30+ cars behind them, and those people all assume that the backup is because of something I did and are irritated at me.
They're also the kind of people who might think of cyclists as poor addled people who need to be limited "for their own good" and if you tell them that you're a responsible adult, they then think you're being "arrogant."


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Phyllis Somerville
Birth Name: Phyllis Somerville
Born: 1944
Birth Place: Iowa City, Iowa, USA
Born: 1944
Birth Place: Iowa City, Iowa, USA
Born in Iowa City, Iowa in 1944, Phyllis Somerville's father was a Methodist minister whose appreciation for the arts provided her with an introduction to the theater at an early age through college stage productions and touring companies. She began her own acting career in Washington, D.C. in the 1970s, eventually working her way to Broadway in 1974 with the nostalgic musical "Over Here!" which also featured fellow up-and-coming performers John Travolta and Marilu Henner among its cast. Somerville would remain a theater mainstay until 1981, when she made her screen debut with a minor role in the comedy "Arthur." She would then return to the stage in a variety of productions, including Marsh... Continue Bio >>
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- Three former executives at a Texas charity accused of fraud.
- As the average net worth of those 65 years or older has increased in the past two decades, these Americans are now trying to determine how best to donate their money.
- Arts organizations must adjust as their patrons are feeling the squeeze of the current economic conditions.
- "Point-Click Philanthropy" interest blossoms.
Friday, October 17, 2008
Charity News Roundup
In case you missed it, here are some of the headlines making news this week:
Posted by Matthew Viola at 2:21 PM
Labels: Arts , Charity Fraud , Point-Click Philanthropy
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Jean Chatzky has a huge voice in the media world as a respected adviser for consumer finance issues. Seeing how she was just named to the board of the National Foundation for Credit Counseling I bet it only amplifies the press voice that non-profit credit counseling will be the solution of choice. Oh yes, and then there is the appointment ... Read More »
Home > Tag Archives: CCCS of Southern Nevada & Utah


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Pocono Downs is hosting an overnight camp this week, organized by the Harness Horse Youth Foundation. Kids have the opportunity to learn all about the sport of harness racing, as photojournalist Rich Charneski shows us in this piece.
Copyright 2016 Nexstar Broadcasting, Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.


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Yard Sale to Benefit Bagel Bombers 10U Baseball Team!
Please join in supporting your local 10U Bagel Bombers travel baseball team and pick up some bargains at their Yard Sale April 7th, 8:00 AM to Noon. Find us on Route 9 , just two mile west of five points.
Hope to see you there!!


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Colleen Barrows
Counseling Philosophy
We all have seasons in life when things feel more overwhelming and daunting, and our everyday stresses turn into something more. During these times, we may decide that we need someone to come along with us as we journey into that particularly hard landscape of our story or season of life. Sometimes it is in inviting another to journey with us into our heartaches that we begin to bravely live more deeply into the person our stories have shaped us to be – not leaving them behind, but living more richly as we better understand and inhabit them. I would love to come along with you as you step into some of those places.
Areas of Focus
- Children, adolescents, and adults
- Grief and loss
- Divorce
- Violence in the home
- Behavioral concerns
- Isolation and Loneliness
- Depression
- Stress and Anxiety
- Self esteem and image struggles
- Life transitions
- Missionary and NGO
- Support via Skype
Therapeutic Approach
I work within a relational model of counseling, which is based on the belief that, as we are relational beings, many of the symptoms we bring to therapy are based on relational pain in our lives – both past and present. The ways that we have learned to relate with others from a young age have a profound impact on our current mental health – in fact, our very brain structure is affected by the way we form attachments to meaningful people during the first few years of our lives. Therefore, we will work together to explore the specific symptoms that you are experiencing, while keeping in mind the current and past relationships in your life that have shaped you and continue to do so. Other models that inform my approach include: attachment theory, psychodynamic psychotherapy, and narrative therapy.
My work with children, and sometimes adolescents, involves a lot of play and art in therapy, as that allows us a common space to begin, and often feels safer than having an adult staring directly at them – that can be too much pressure for anyone, at times. I work to create a safe environment, and often work with parents in some sessions, so that we are all working together towards a common goal. Often having a safe space that is theirs alone, with an outside adult entering into their world through play, is a good place for healing to begin with kids.
Education and Experience
I received my Master's degree in Counseling Psychology from The Seattle School of Theology and Psychology. I have worked for a the last few years in the area of Domestic Violence, most recently as an affiliate at Northwest Family Life, working with women and children who have been affected by violence in the home. I recently did an externship at a recovery program in BC, Canada, working with women and children recovering from substance abuse, past abuse and/or violence in the home. I enjoy utilizing art in the therapeutic setting, as well as play in therapy when appropriate. I have taught various classes for women on creative book making, believing there is healing in creating –whether alone or in community.
I am a counselor, an artist, a writer, a traveler, a lover of literature, oddities and all things lovely – especially those found in unlikely places. I have always loved the simple pleasure of being outside and do so as often as possible.
My rate
Free 20 minute initial consultation (optional)
- 50-minute individual session: $95
- Student rate: $75
- 90-120 minute group session: $35
- Availability of sliding scale appointments to be discussed in initial appointment.


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Around these parts it is illegal but very common for cars to pull across two lanes of traffic when turning. For example an east bound car will turn left into farthest lane when going north.
Today a pickup pulling a longish flatbed trailer turned left across the two north bound lanes of traffic causing me to slow down or be side swiped. I happened to catch up with pickup at the next stop light, I pulled up next to him and said "you realize you just about ran me off the road back there." The driver told me that if had the opportunity to do it again he would be happy to do it.
I guess I need to just shut up and ride.


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Methotrexate, drug used to slow the growth of certain cancers, including leukemia, breast cancer, and lung cancer. It is also used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis, a skin disease in which abnormally rapid proliferation of epidermal cells occurs. Methotrexate is an antimetabolite of the B vitamin folic acid (folate). It prevents the synthesis of nucleic acids and thus inhibits cell reproduction. This property also makes it effective as an agent of medical abortion, either for the termination of ectopic pregnancy or of normal intrauterine pregnancy during the first seven to nine weeks.
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Dave's Brewery Tours are all about taking you to where good craft beer is made and where good things are happening.
They bring together people wanting to taste and experience the best local beer with those who make it. They want to bring people closer to the toil and strife of what it takes to produce fine craft beer.
To them, it's more than the art and science of brewing or the mechanics of a micro-brewery, it's the stories, the legends, the scars of effort and devotion to doing something different. It's about connecting people who are passionate about what they consume with those who are equally as passionate about what they produce.
They promise that you will have a great day out, meet some interesting people, and taste some amazing locally produced craft beers along the way. What could be better than that?
Daves Brewery Tours - Sydney
Dave's Brewery Tours are all about taking you to where good craft beer is made and where good things are happening.
Hipsters and Hops TourThe Hipsters and Hops Tour is all about Sydney's Inner West which boasts a number of breweries and craft beer venues. You find out what's happening at each and get you behind the scenes, so depending upon what is happening on the day of your tour, they will mix it up and make sure you get to truly experience the Inner West's beer scene.
Either way, you are assured of visiting at least three breweries and a few pubs, learning so much about brewing beer that the only way you could know more is to brew it yourself.
Train your palate to recognise good beer with the generous tastings at each stop and enjoy an appetising lunch at one of Sydney's classic pubs.
|Start Location
|Keg & Brew Hotel, Sydney
|Young Henrys, Newtown Batch Brewing, Marrickville Rock's Brewing Co, Alexandria The Henson, Marrickville
|Travel by
|Full Day, Half Day or less.
|$160.00 Price Range Per person. Subject to change without notice.
Northern Exposure TourThe Northern Exposure Tour is all about beaches and beer.
Sydney's Northern Beaches are well known for their champion surfers and beautiful seaside suburbs. Now it's home to a number of breweries, bringing the beach lifestyle to brewing and quality beer to Sydney. This tour takes the stress out of traversing the peninsula and gives you the best seat to explore the region's breweries, as well as a few pubs along the way.
Train your palate to recognise good beer with the generous tastings at each stop and enjoy an appetising lunch at one of Sydney's classic pubs or inside a brewery up close to the action..
|Start Location
|Keg & Brew Hotel, Sydney Suburbs
|Modus Operandi Brewing, Sydney Suburbs Nomad Brewing Company, Sydney Suburbs 4 Pines Brewing Company, Manly East
|Travel by
|Full Day, Half Day or less.
|$165.00 Price Range Per person. Subject to change without notice.
'Three in Three' Hour TourShort on time? Want to get a quick hit of Sydney's beer scene. The 'Three in Three' Brewery Tour takes you to three great Sydney craft beer locations in three hours (okay, it's about four with Sydney traffic!) and is an awesome way to see some of the local breweries up close, without the stress of getting yourself here, there and back again.
Perfect for a weekday adventure!
|Start Location
|Keg & Brew Hotel, Surry Hills
|Young Henrys Brewery, Newtown Willie the Boatman, St Peters Batch Brewing Company, Marrickville South
|Travel by
|Half Day or less.
|$105.00 Price Range Per person. Subject to change without notice.
Private ChartersGot a group and want to get them behind the scenes of Sydney's best breweries? Done the same, old corporate day outings that everyone is bored with? Well our charter services could be the event you are looking for.
Ranging from shorter 3 hour tours, to full day and overnight tours we can look after your group event and make sure your guests have a great time learning about and tasting our local beers.
|Start Location
|Sydney, Sydney Suburbs
|Rocks Brewing Company, Alexandria
|Travel by
|Full Day, Half Day or less, Tailored.
|$50.00-$250.00 Price Range Get in touch with details of what and when you want and the team will make it happen. At the best price available.


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Square Enix has announced that gamers who pre-order Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 ReMIX will receive a limited edition artbook for their troubles.
In addition to featuring artwork of iconic characters such as Sora, Donald Duck, Goofy and more, the book also includes early sketches, character renders, and unreleased art that never made it to North American shores.
Pre-order the game now from participating retailers to secure your copy of the artbook.
Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 ReMIX is due out in the U.S. on September 10 priced at $39.99. The game features high-definition revamps of the original Kingdom Hearts, Kingdom Hearts Re: Chain of Memories and HD cutscenes from Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days.
In addition to featuring flashier visuals, the pack also includes full PS3 Trophy support. Hopefully we'll see the likes of Kingdom Hearts 2 and Birth by Sleep get a similar treatment later down the line.
Stay tuned to PSU.com for more details.


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If Suzuki comes back, hopefully they will take him. Maybe Hopper can finally get healthy again and be part of the fold as well. for now, Spies is just a member of the mid-pack in the three-tier racing series. If no Suzuki, he really should go back to WSBK or possibly AMA (I'm sure he has enough cash to not worry about a huge check). Short of Suzuki's return his days in GP are numbered.


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My Kids Did Great Giving Their Speeches Yesterday - Proud Mom!
Saturday, December 01, 2012
We had a very busy but great day yesterday. I set up a geography day event for our homeschool group so that some of the kids could get more comfortable presenting and talking in front of a group.
I know all moms say this, but honestly, my kids did so great! I told them to give good eye contact and not just read the presentation and both did exactly as I had taught them.
My son is actually a lot like my father (but he, my son, is a brooding teenager now so I don't always see that side of him) and is very outgoing and gregarious when it comes to speaking to people. He made people laugh and even talk to him while he was giving his part of the speech (so much like my dad) and my daughter did great as well.
My son has a learning disability (auditory processing disorder) so the fact that he could memorize a few words and remember them as he gave good eye contact, was amazing to me. That is part of APD, poor memory skills as well as not processing language like most of us do.
We literally threw together a map display of our items at the last minute as I had to be there early to open the door, and was shocked that we got so many compliments on it, LOL.
Since I set this event up I had to introduce everyone and I told the kids that I am always nervous getting in front of people to speak and that I understood how they felt. Of course they weren't nervous, but I was! LOL
I was exhausted after the day was over as I had a million other things to do as well (and errands too) so I was happy but glad it was over.
Today my daughter and I plan to go clothes shopping and meet with a friend of mine to shop for our homeschool Christmas party that is coming up next week. I'm tired already just thinking about it!
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Gov. Chris Gregoire's attempt to push Washington to the forefront of climate-change regulation appears mortally wounded in the state Legislature by fears it could hurt the economy.
Gov. Chris Gregoire's attempt to push Washington to the forefront of climate-change regulation appears dead — mortally wounded in the state Legislature by fears it could hurt the economy and be vulnerable to rip-offs.
Both the state House and Senate have balked at adopting the so-called "cap-and-trade" system that would have forced industries to cut greenhouse-gas emissions to fall below a cap or buy extra permits in something resembling a stock market.
While a climate-change bill passed in the Senate and is headed for the House, it bears little resemblance to the comprehensive legislation Gregoire unveiled at a January news conference.
Gone is the mandatory program regulating pollution from big factories, electric utilities and fuel such as gasoline. In its place, state agencies are supposed to come back to the 2011 Legislature with a menu of approaches for regulating greenhouse gases.
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"I think it's safe to say that we will not be implementing, this year, a cap-and-trade program," said Rep. Dave Upthegrove, D-Des Moines, the legislation's prime sponsor in the House. "I couldn't even get the trading part out of my own committee."
It marks a win for major Washington businesses and a setback for environmentalists and Gregoire, who had made the legislation a top environmental priority. It's also the clearest sign that, amid a crumbling economy, environmentalists face a tougher audience in the Legislature this year.
"Our goal is to get out alive," said Clifford Traisman, a lobbyist for the Washington Environmental Council.
Environmentalists also are trying to fight off changes to a 2007 voter-approved initiative requiring utilities to invest in new renewable energy. A push to encourage high-density development around transit centers has failed to pass the House or Senate. A move to tax oil to pay for better stormwater protection is still uncertain.
When it comes to climate change, "absent the governor pulling a rabbit out of the hat, cap-and-trade is dead as a doornail," Traisman said.
A top Gregoire official signaled the administration isn't pushing for a state-level cap-and-trade program at this point, in the face of opposition in the Legislature and signs the Obama administration will push Congress to adopt a nationwide cap-and-trade system.
"What we are interested in is a bill that's a climate-change bill, as opposed to a cap-and-trade bill," said Jay Manning, director of the state Ecology Department.
He said he hopes lawmakers will authorize Gregoire to continue working on regional and national programs to regulate greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and tell Ecology to write a more detailed state cap-and-trade plan to bring back to a future Legislature.
House Speaker Frank Chopp, D-Seattle, said many fellow Democrats voiced concern about the economic toll new regulations could take on businesses already shaken by the recession. He also has heard doubts about a market for pollution permits.
"With what's happened in the last year, one would wonder about the wisdom of the markets," Chopp said. "Remember energy deregulation? Well, that didn't turn out so well."
Republicans also oppose the measure — even the watered-down Senate bill.
"This bill takes us one step closer to leveling a huge tax on Washington's employers," said Sen. Jim Honeyford, R-Sunnyside, the ranking Republican on the Senate Environment, Water and Energy Committee. "This will lead to job losses and business failures."
A cap-and-trade approach is one of the most popular ideas for tackling greenhouse gases. It's already used in Europe, is supported by both Obama and his opponent last fall, Republican Sen. John McCain of Arizona, and was earlier endorsed by a coalition of Western states, including Washington.
Proponents argue it would create more efficient regulations by tapping into market forces. Polluters that can't cut their emissions to stay under the cap could buy extra permits from other polluters who reduce their pollution more than is required.
But in Olympia, a number of energy-intensive industries, such as paper mills, have warned it would saddle them with added costs not faced in other states. They also have raised concerns the price for permits could be manipulated.
"Especially given the economic crisis that is facing Washington, the Legislature has shown leadership and understanding in moving forward this session on climate-change legislation in a more responsible manner," said Grant Nelson of the Association of Washington Business, which opposed Gregoire's legislation.
Environmentalists, however, charge hesitation risks long-term damage to the state's economy, because there would be less incentive to pursue cleaner, new energy technology.
They also warn it threatens the ability to meet targets, established by the Legislature, to cut statewide carbon emissions to 1990 levels by 2020, and 50 percent below 1990 levels by 2050.
"We're changing from a fossil-fuel dependent economy to a carbon-reduction economy. That scares people. Does anyone doubt that we have to do it?" Traisman said.
Warren Cornwall: 206-464-2311 or email@example.com


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The UPA government cant announce any new populist schemes in the run-up to the 2014 general elections and state governments, regardless of their political hues, will find it impossible to get more central funds unless the released amounts have been fully used. These and a 10% cut amounting to over Rs 50,000 crore under certain major heads of non-Plan expenditure, along with a blanket ban on creation of new posts and purchase of new vehicles topped a list of austerity measures unveiled by the finance ministry on Wednesday.
Fiscal austerity increases growth risks
Hard-pressed to meet the fiscal deficit target of 4.8% of the gross domestic product (GDP) the deficit in the first four months had touched a disconcerting 63% of the full-year target North Block also gave explicit instructions to all central ministries to strictly abide by the rule that not more than 33% of the Budget Estimate (BE) be spent in the last quarter of the fiscal, while the expenditure in March, the last month of the fiscal, would not under any circumstances, be more than 15% of the BE.
Analysts welcomed the the expenditure compression envisaged by the ministry, as these would help avoid a sovereign rating downgrade but conceded that these spending curbs could have a negative effect on growth, given that private consumption has hit a nadir and corporate investments have hardly improved.
In FY 13, a deep Rs 1-lakh-crore cut in Plan expenditure which mostly includes capital spend, had allowed the Centre to reduce the fiscal deficit to 4.9% of GDP but that indeed had a stultifying effect on growth in the year, which slipped to 5%. The government has admitted that the spillover effect of that expenditure compression was evident in Q1FY14 with the growth slipping to a four-year-low of 4.4%. The governments final consumption expenditure dropped 6% in the first quarter of this fiscal from the previous quarter.
According to a finance ministry release, every ministry will effect a mandatory 10% cut in non-Plan expenditure excluding interest payments, repayment of debt, defence capital, salaries, pension and Finance Commission transfers to states. This means that close to a half of the budgeted non-Plan expenditure of Rs 11.09 lakh crore for FY14 would be subject to the cut, translating into some Rs 50,000 crore. Sources said that subsidies, budgeted at Rs 2.3 lakh crore, are likely to be kept within


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- > Education
- > Fellowship
- > Eligibility & Application
Eligibility & Application
Apply Now!
Step 1: Eligibility
|Step 2: Create an Account
|Step 3: Submit online application
Step 4: Submit additional materials (Advanced Practice Registered Nurses & International Medical Grads, see #4 details below)
|Step 5: Pay your application fee
|Step 6: Notification Process
Applications are being accepted for the Fall class beginning August 8, 2016, graduating October 4, 2018 and the Spring class beginning February 6, 2017, graduating 2019 (exact date to be determined).
Acceptance into the Fellowship is competitive. Applicants are required to complete the application online from this website.
If you would like access to your previous application, please email Moira Andre.
Step 1: Eligibility
The Fellowship admits physicians (MD and DO), Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD), Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (NP, CNM, CNS, CRNS) and physician assistants (PA) with current medical license.
Step 2: Create an account
In order to submit an application, you must create an account. This will allow you to track the status of your application. If you already have an account you will be prompted to login at Step 3.
If you do not have an account: Create an account
Step 3: Submit online application
Complete and submit the Online Application. The application takes 30–45 minutes to complete. Please fill out all requested information.
Applicant Priority and Placement
- The applicant is responsible for providing all required documentation to the admissions office.
- Please email or fax your documents: email Admissions or fax to (520) 626-3518.
- Applications for the Fellowship are accepted on a rolling basis throughout the year.
- Due to the number of applications received for the Fellowship classes, we can no longer guarantee placement in a specific class. Applicants are accepted on a first qualified, first-accepted basis.
- Assignment to a specific class is determined by date of payment of the Holding Fee and Deposit and availability of open seats.
- While there are established due dates for the Holding Fee and Deposit, accepted applicants are encouraged to pay their fees as quickly as possible after being accepted to garner the next available open seat in a class.
- Availability of seats may change on a daily basis.
Note: Holding fees are due 15 days from acceptance and Deposits are due 60 days from acceptance. Class assignment will not be processed until all fees are paid. Applicants who have not paid their fees within the due dates specified will have their applications withdrawn. Withdrawn applicants who have not entered a program within a year of acceptance may be asked to re-apply should they later request admittance into the Fellowship.
Schedule for Upcoming Classes
Residential weeks:
Fall Class beginning August 8, 2016, graduating October 4, 2018
Fall Class Residential weeks:
- Res Week 1: October 16-20, 2016
- Res Week 2: November 5-9, 2017
- Res Week 3: September 30-October 4, 2018
Spring Class Residential weeks:
- Res Week 1: April 2-6, 2017
- Res Week 2: March 11-15, 2018 (tentative)
- Res Week 3: Date to come
Step 4: Submit additional materials
Advanced Practice Registered Nurses
Submit copies of your curriculum vitae and medical license.
International Medical Graduates
International Medical Graduates residing outside the United States are also required to send an English translated copy of their medical school transcript, medical license, curriculum vitae and TOEFL score (Test of English as a Foreign Language. In lieu of the TOEFL score, please call Moira Andre at (520) 626-2865 for a phone interview.
Step 5: Pay your $150 non-refundable Application fee
Pay online by credit card: Application fees are only accepted after an application has been submitted. Go to online payments, or mail a check to:
Arizona Center for Integrative Medicine
c/o Business Office
PO Box 245153
Tucson, AZ 85724-5153
Resident Physicians
Physicians who will be in their final year of residency at the start of the Fellowship must submit a letter of support from their Residency Director. This letter should reflect an understanding by the Director of the time commitments necessary to successfully engage in the Fellowship (8-10 hours per week and three one-week retreats in Tucson).
You may also choose to email or fax your other documents: email Admissions or fax to (520) 626-3518.
Step 6: Notification process
Once all fees are paid, notification of class assignment will be emailed to applicants.
Contact Us
For more information about the Fellowship, or the application process, contact Moira Andre at (520) 626-2865 or email Admissions.


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Gun supporters use of Nazi, Hitler references irritates historiansHistorians in the News
tags: Nazis, guns, gun control, AP, Adolf Hitler
When the president of Ohio's state school board posted her opposition to gun control, she used a powerful symbol to make her point: a picture of Adolf Hitler. When a well-known conservative commentator decried efforts to restrict guns, he argued that if only Jews in Poland had been better armed, many more would have survived the Holocaust.
In the months since the Newtown, Conn., school massacre, some gun rights supporters have repeatedly compared U.S. gun control efforts to Nazi restrictions on firearms, arguing that limiting weapons ownership could leave Americans defenseless against homegrown tyrants.
But some experts say that argument distorts a complex and contrary history. In reality, scholars say, Hitler loosened the tight gun laws that governed Germany after World War I, even as he barred Jews from owning weapons and moved to confiscate them.
Advocates who cite Hitler in the current U.S. debate overlook that Jews in 1930s Germany were a very small population, owned few guns before the Nazis took control, and lived under a dictatorship commanding overwhelming public support and military might, historians say. While it doesn't fit neatly into the modern-day gun debate, they say, the truth is that for all Hitler's unquestionably evil acts, his firearms laws likely made no difference in Jews' very tenuous odds of survival....
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Thieves Made Multiple Trips
Ada County Sheriff's Detectives and Union Pacific Police are investigating the theft of over $100,000 worth of railroad equipment from cars parked on tracks southeast of Boise earlier this fall.
The thefts occurred sometime between the beginning of September and Oct. 5. That's when someone stole 140 truck batteries, 112 condenser refrigeration units, and a large amount of copper piping from rail cars parked on the tracks.
The condensers, which look like car radiators, weigh about 90 pounds each. The batteries are similar to what are used in semitrailer trucks.
The thieves also siphoned hundreds of gallons of diesel fuel from the cars.
The cars were parked on the tracks in the desert east of Boise, between Pleasant Valley and Orchard Ranch roads. Of the 300 cars parked on the tracks, thieves damaged at least 113.
Whoever stole the equipment had to use a large truck and likely made multiple trips out to where the rail cars were parked.
Anyone with information should call the Ada County Sheriff Office at 377-6790 and ask to speak to a property crimes detective.
A cash reward is available from Union Pacific for anyone who has information that leads to an arrest and conviction. Union Pacific can be reached at (919) 789-6019.


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City made amends for last year's shock defeat in the FA Cup final by coming from behind to beat Sunderland in the Capital One Cup final a week ago.
Now they are just a game away from returning to the national stadium as they take on Wigan in the last eight of the FA Cup this weekend.
Pellegrini said: "I enjoy winning titles everywhere but to win titles at Wembley made it special.
"All the players know if we win on Sunday we are in a semi-final at Wembley.
"We try to play every competition with no priority and I think it will be very good for the team to reach the semi-final."
Standing in City's way, of course, are the Wigan side that famously beat them at Wembley last May.
Pellegrini was not in charge then - the match proving to be the last of his predecessor Roberto Mancini's reign - but he is well aware of what unfolded.
City were second best to the fired-up Latics all afternoon and eventually succumbed to the underdogs when Ben Watson headed a last-gasp winner.
Asked if he had seen a rerun of that final, Pellegrini said: "Yes, I watched that, but at the beginning of the season.
"I think now it's a different moment. There are different managers, different players for both teams. You can't link one with another.
"It happened 10 months ago and is not a lesson I can learn in this moment.
"We also played against them at the beginning of the Capital One Cup (and won 5-0) but today it is a different team.
"I have watched the last four games of Wigan and they played very well."
Wigan have indeed started to hit form under their new manager, the former City striker Uwe Rosler, and are in contention for promotion back to the Barclays Premier League.
Latics could not avoid relegation in the week that followed their cup triumph and their popular manager Roberto Martinez left for Everton.
Their campaign began sluggishly - including their hammering on their last visit to the Etihad Stadium in September - and that accounted for Martinez's replacement Owen Coyle.
They now go back to Eastlands with confidence restored after five successive wins in all competitions.
The return of Rosler to City adds to the occasion. The German is likely to receive a good reception from supporters who remember his contributions during some lean years in the mid-1990s.
Rosler scored 64 goals in 176 games for City during a period in which they were relegated two divisions.
Pellegrini said: "I know he has an important link with this club but now he is the manager of Wigan and he will want to win.
"Maybe it is not a usual match because of this but I am sure that we are just thinking of winning this match and not all the other things outside."
- Sports & Recreation
- Soccer


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Distance and Time
Fink AKA Fin Greenall has moved successfully from the world of the DJ to that of the acoustic troubadour. 2007's album "Distance and Time" saw Fink break through on a wider scale, with lead track "This Is The Thing" soundtracking a Mastercard TV advert.
Fink , Fin Greenall


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Never miss another 'The Clone Roses' show
The Clone Roses
The Clone Roses are the closest thing you can get to relive those memorable Heaton Park shows in the summer of 2012. The same clothes, instruments, setlist and mannerisms are all there from these North West lads. Apart from the fireworks, this is as close as it gets to recreating those amazing shows.
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For a country aspiring to be one of the sought-after global tourist destinations, the Indian hospitality industry witnessed an 'average' year in 2013 as slowdown in Europe and other nations hurt tourist arrivals, while taxation issues continued to plague the sector.
The natural calamity that struck Uttarakhand badly hurt tourism in pilgrimage locations in the state.
However, considering the overall long term potential of the country, several companies went ahead with their expansion plans
Be it from global hospitality chains such as Starwood, InterContinental and Kempinski, or domestic players like Apeejay Surrendra Park Hotels and Lalit Suri Hospitality, the announcements kept coming.
This was also a year in which the Indian hospitality sector saw a change of guard with the old generation Capt Nair (founder Leela Hotels), PRS Oberoi ( Oberoi Hotels) and R K Krishna Kumar (Indian Hotels Company) checking out from their respective active roles.
Significantly for the Tatas, this was the year when they decided to give up their 7-year-old chase of Bermuda-based Orient Express Hotels as Indian Hotels Company Ltd announced it was not pursuing its USD 1.86 billion bid after earlier two failed attempts.
"This was not a very good year for the hospitality industry, it was an average year. There was dearth of travel as slowdown in Europe and other countries affected foreign tourist arrivals. Domestic tourists were the saving grace," Federation of Hotel and Restaurant Associations of India (FHRAI) President S M Shervani said.
Also, the occupancy levels hovered around 50-65 per cent depending on locations and properties, he added.
The sector was up in arms when Finance Minister Finance Minister P Chidambaram, in the Budget, announced that service tax would be imposed on all air-conditioned restaurants.
Looking back, Shervani said taxation structures made Indian hospitality sector uncompetitive against its global peers, saying domestic firms face anywhere between 19-25 per cent of overall taxes as against 8 per cent on an average in international markets.
However, there was a reason for cheer for the sector as the government decided to include hotel projects of over Rs 200 crore each, anywhere in India, irrespective of star rating, in the infrastructure lending list of RBI.
The roadblocks notwithstanding, hospitality companies were looking to tap the potential of India, where as per the 12th five year plan 11.24 million foreign tourist are expected to arrive in 2016 along with a whopping 1,451.46 million domestic tourist visits during the period.
To host them,


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American artist Natalie Turturro unveils a whimsical collection of twenty small-scale works on paper in her first European solo show, "Pieces of Paris," now on view at Café des Initiés.
Installed in a wall arrangement evocative of a Renaissance map room, "Pieces of Paris" presents scenes captured in watercolor and ink from each of the city's twenty arrondissements, or districts. The individual artworks hang from the wall in correspondence with the location of their respective arrondissements relative to the Seine River, denoted in the installation by a curving blue satin ribbon.
In what she calls 'a new map of the city of lights,' Turturro offers street-view glimpses into the charming quarters often neglected in guidebooks, where we find the inhabitants engaged in delightful, if quotidian, activity. A father and son flee the falling rain hand-in-hand; a troupe of musicians regales passersby; a game of ping pong unfolds footsteps from an impressive monument; a lavender vendor tends his wares. This is Paris seen through the eyes of a dreamer.
Scene from the 13th arrondissement. Courtesy of Natalie Turturro
The intense saturation of Turturro's sometimes supernatural colors and her restrained use of gold leaf and even gold glitter remove these moments from the banality of daily life and elevate them to the status of exalted souvenir, the French word for 'memory.' The scenes depicted are not in and of themselves the subjects of the series, but rather the vehicles for recalling the joy they inspired in the artist. Turturro has not depicted reality as she found it, but instead as how she would like to remember it; that is, in a dazzling state of beauty.
Café des Initiés
3, place des Deux Écus
Paris 75001


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I have been think about switching from a mountain bike to a road bike primarily so I can fit more miles into the same time. I was in the LBS picking up some chain lube and mentioned this desire to the clerk.
He introduced me to a Pilot 1.0. I think I am in love.
Tell me that I shouldnt.


text:
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text:
3 piece dolls house nursery set. Dolls House Emporium 2565
Natural wood three piece nursery set. 12th scale, the cot measuring 4.5" long and has an opening drawer at the bottom, the changing table opens up and has opening drawers, the chest of drawers has four opening drawers. The mattress and frill are red and white spotted fabric.
A collectors item only, not a toy.