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Archive for May, 2008
Approximate Value and the 1997 top draft trades
In 1997, the Jets traded the 1st pick in the draft. But to look at why the Jets did that, you have to go back one year earlier.
In 1996, New York had spent about as much money as any team had ever spent in one NFL off-season. They signed a star quarterback fresh off a Super Bowl season. They gave him two studs to throw the ball to: one, a 26 year old who had just recorded 1300 receiving yards the season before, and the other, the first pick in the 1996 draft. The passing attack would be augmented by two bookend tackles, one a former Pro Bowler and the other a former first round pick, and a guard who had started 16 games each of the past six seasons. This offense was going to be explosive, and this team was going to win now. And after spending countless millions of dollars, the Jets won one game in 1996.
After Peyton Manning turned down the chance to go to NY, the top prize in the '97 draft was Orlando Pace. Considering the Jets holes everywhere, and salary cap problems, breaking the bank for Pace wasn't an option. Usually, the first pick goes for a high premium, but everyone knew the Jets had to sell for pennies on the dollar. Gerald Eskenazi, a well versed Jets historian, wrote this piece in the New York Times in 1998:
11 Comments | Posted in Approximate Value, General
Another round of AV tweaks
Just when Chase was starting to do some really good stuff with the approximate values I gave him a few weeks ago, I've gone and changed the formula. I doubt that it'll significantly effect any of Chase's results from the previous two posts, but I made a couple of changes that improve the AV formula.
1. In the original formula, the ratio of skill-position AV to offensive line AV was constant from team to team. I discussed this in the very first post about AV. I've now modified that assumption so that teams with more (less) decorated offensive lines, compared to skill position players, will have a higher (lower) percentage of their total AV allotted to the line. To be more specific, an average team has 43.6% of its offensive AV points devoted to linemen. Prior to this change, every team had 43.6% of its offensive AV devoted to linemen. But now, for example, the 1975 Dolphins, who had three pro bowl linemen including two first-team all-pros, and no pro bowl skill position players, will have about 50% of their offensive AV devoted to linemen. Meanwhile, a team like the 1980 Chargers (three first-team all-pros, plus another pro bowler at the skill positions, no pro bowl linemen) will have about 38% of their AV devoted to linemen. These are two of the most extreme examples; the vast majority of teams are very close to the original 43.6%.
Essentially what I'm saying here is that I'm going to trust the writers of the day to tell me whether a given team's offensive success was more due to the line or the skill guys. I'm slightly uneasy with this because I don't completely trust the writers to select pro bowl offensive linemen on their merits, but in the end I'm more comfortable doing it than not doing it.
Likewise, I've made a similar adjustment with respect to dividing the defensive points between front 7 players and defensive backs.
2. I've instituted a minimum AV for first-team all-pros, second-team all-pros, and pro bowlers. We may as well call this the Jonathan Ogden rule, because he's the guy who demonstrated the need for it. The AV formula, because it starts with team success, hates Jon Ogden. Ogden is essentially the opposite of Derrick Brooks, who ranks surprisingly high in AV largely on the basis of being the lone constant on one of the best 12-year team defensive runs of all time. According to my metric of choice --- points per possession --- Ogden has played on a below average offensive team for 11 of his 12 seasons, some of them way below average. As a result, there just haven't been many points to divvy up among the Raven offensive players. So when I run through the formula, Ogden gets a lot of points relative to other Ravens, but still not as many points as he probably should. The AV methodology essentially implies that a terrible offense can't have any great players, and that's not true.
So my inelegant fix is to simply declare that first-team all-pros at tackle and at any defensive position get a minimum of 13 AV no matter what (a typical first-team all-pro gets about 16). Second-team all-pros get a minimum of 11 AV, and pro bowlers get a minimum of 9 AV. At guard, center, and tight end, first-teamers get a minimum of 11, second-teamers 9, and pro bowlers 7. This adjustment really amounts to almost nothing in the grand scheme of things, but it just seems right.
The two adjustments together move Ogden from 153rd on the last AV list I posted to 68th. Willie Roaf, who benefits primarily from the first adjustment, moves from 59th to 41st. You may also note that Marino had a tiny lead on Favre in the last list, and Favre has a tiny lead on Marino in this list. That's because of the first adjustment: Marino played with more decorated linemen than Favre did. Similarly, Walter Payton closes the gap on Faulk and Emmitt Smith.
Here is the current top 200 list:
18 Comments | Posted in Approximate Value, General
The Patriots: J.A.D.
Until now, I had been quite proud of the fact that this blog was one of the very few --- possibly the only --- Spygate-discussion-free football website in existence. Unless I've forgotten about something, not one word about the topic has been written here. And this really isn't a Spygate post either. It's more of a meta-Spygate post. But in order to set it up, I have to say just a few words about Spygate itself.
I think the Patriots knowingly broke rules with the intent of gaining a competitive advantage. I think the competitive advantage they gained was probably somewhere between negligible and very small, somewhere on the order of one or two expected wins during the course of the Belichick era. I think it's possible that other teams are as guilty as, or even more guilty than, the Patriots, but that New England is probably in the top five or top ten cheatingest teams of the last decade. I have very little basis for any of these beliefs.
But as I said, this post isn't about Spygate. It's about the reaction to Spygate. It's about what morality means in team sports. It's about double standards. It's about win-at-all-costs being an admirable motto and a disgraceful one, depending on how the costs are counted.
Matt Walsh had nothing. But his eight tapes' worth of nothing ignited another round of columns about how evil the Patriots were. Walsh's and Ross Tucker's allegations that the Patriots misused the injured reserve list to their advantage would have been No Big Deal had it been any other team. But it was (is?) a Big Deal because it was the Patriots. Why? The easy answer is jealousy, and that's part of it.
But far more important is the way the Patriots have portrayed themselves, and have been portrayed by their supporters, since February of 2002: as not just a great team, but a team that was great because of its morality.
In team sports, the ultimate Moral Good is devotion to the team above self. Just behind that is the will to win, and for some reason intelligence is considered a moral virtue as well. These were the cornerstones of the Patriots' schtick. The Pats didn't win because they have more talent; they won because they play better as a team. They didn't win because they had better athletes, they won because they were smarter and harder-working and more willing to make personal sacrifices for the good of the team. They wanted it more.
When a team goes out of its way to break from the norm and introduce itself as a team --- and when its fans fall all over themselves praising this choice --- there is a clear implication of moral superiority. The Rams could have won that Super Bowl if they had had the courage to put the good of the team above their own personal glory. The Patriots didn't just win. They won The Right Way. They won only because they did things The Right Way. And that's what Pats' fans have been emphasizing for the last five years.
And I don't blame them for emphasizing that. Winning The Right Way is something to be proud of. It is better than just winning. But the problem is: if you want credit for winning The Right Way, you have to, you know, actually win the right way.
That's why "they didn't really gain a competitive advantage" and "other teams have admitted to similar violations" fall on deaf ears that surround an angry face. If you've been lecturing me for five years on how you win because of your ability to do the little things right, I don't want to hear that this was just a little cheating. If the secret of your success is having the strength of character to do what other teams aren't willing to do, I'm going to react badly when you tell me that sure, you cheated, but no more than anyone else probably. And I'm not going to find it too much of a stretch to believe that maybe the other secret to your success is that you had the weakness of character to do what other teams weren't willing to do.
The Patriots are taking more heat about this than other teams would for the same reason that a televangelist takes more heat than a rock star when he turns out to be a drug-using adulterer.
Has the Patriots' dynasty been tarnished? Yes and no.
No. Their on-field accomplishments stand, as far as I'm concerned. It probably was a very small competitive advantage (if any) and other teams probably were cheating at nearly a similar level. The New England Patriots are the legitimate dynasty of this decade. But eight months ago, they were more than that. They were some sort of transcendent super-dynasty. That hasn't merely been tarnished. It has disintegrated.
The Patriots: Just Another Dynasty.
12 Comments | Posted in Rant
Grading Ten Years of NFL Drafts: From 1996-2005
Which NFL teams have done the best job drafting in recent history? It's way too early to grade any of the last three drafts, but we can start looking at drafts from 2005 and go back about ten years. That should give us a good look at which teams have "overperformed" and which teams have "underperformed" relative to their draft positions in recent years. We can also see which picks were the biggest "steals" and which were the biggest "busts" over that time.
Let's get one thing out of the way. Any list that doesn't have Tom Brady as the biggest steal and Ryan Leaf as the biggest bust is just wrong. We all know that. Fortunately, my system -- which combines Doug's Approximate Value System for grading NFL players and my NFL draft value system which assigns appropriate value to each draft pick -- does just that.
Before I get to the nuts and bolts of how I graded a player, let's skip to what everyone wants to see first -- the best 35 draft picks from 1996-2005. The middle column shows what pick the player was selected with, and the third column shows that player's value (explained in a bit).
11 Comments | Posted in Approximate Value, General
The Draft Value Chart: Right or Wrong?
I'm sure most of the PFR readers have seen the NFL draft value chart, sometimes referred to as the Jimmy Johnson draft chart. Lots of people have discussed whether it's accurate, and whether it's still valuable in an era of escalating salaries. I'll sidestep the salaries issue today, and just focus on the actual draft value chart.
For one, how would we know whether or not it's accurate? I suppose there are a few ways of analyzing that, but you need to assign some basic value to each draft pick. We know that Pick N is always better than Pick N+5, but how big is that difference if N = 5, or N = 25, or N = 100?
I looked at every draft from 1970 to 1999, giving me thirty years of drafts. I then assigned the approximate career value of each player to his rookie draft slot. So for the number one pick, we've got 133 points of value from Peyton Manning, 77 points of value from Keyshawn Johnson, 32 points of value from Kenneth Sims, and the value from all the other number one picks from 1970 to 1999. If you do this for the first 224 picks in every draft, and you can then get an average value for each draft pick.
There are some bumps in the data, of course. The seventh pick in the draft has an average value of 39, and the eighth pick an average value of 51, over the thirty years. The 7th pick has a lot of busts (Reggie Rogers, Brian Jozwiak, Joe Profit and Andre Ware) and not that many stars (Phil Simms, Champ Bailey and Bryant Young are the best players). The 8th pick has Ronnie Lott, Willie Roaf, Leslie O'Neal, Otis Anderson and Mike Munchak, and fewer busts.
Since the approximate values of the players that correspond to the draft picks fall off exponentially, I used a logarithmic formula to best fit the data. The formula to predict any NFL draft pick's approximate value in the NFL is:
Approximate Value = -12.583 * Ln(draft pick) + 73.195
You end up with a list that looks like this:
8 Comments | Posted in Approximate Value, NFL Draft, Statgeekery
History of the NFL's structure and formats, part two
This post is a continuation of History of the NFL's Structure and Formats part one, which covered professional football from 1920 to 1959.
The American Football League and America's Team: 1960-1965
1960 was a watershed year for professional football. A group of wealthy businessmen, including Lamar Hunt, Bud Adams and Ralph Wilson, formed a rival league to challenge the NFL. The American Football League (AFL) began play in 1960 with eight franchises, all of whom are still in existence today. Prior to 1960, the NFL was primarily centered in the Northeast and in the Great Lakes region, with only the Los Angeles Rams and San Fransisco 49ers located outside this geographic area. The AFL took advantage of the U.S. population growth westward and southward following World War II by establishing primarily in markets where the NFL had no prior presence, five of which were west of the Mississippi River.
The AFL placed competing franchises in the two largest cities, with the New York Titans and the Los Angeles Chargers. The Boston Patriots filled a void in the only major Northeast market that did not have an NFL franchise, as Boston had been without a team since the Boston Yanks of the NFL folded after the 1948 season. The Buffalo Bills were the remaining East Coast entrant, adopting the same name as a previous AAFC franchise in Buffalo. The league added two teams in Texas, the Dallas Texans and the Houston Oilers. The Denver Broncos and Oakland Raiders were the other original members.
The AFL designated Boston, New York, Buffalo and Houston to compete in the Eastern Division, and Dallas, Denver, Los Angeles and Oakland to compete in the West. Though the league was divided in two divisions, all eight members played each other on a home and away basis, for a 14-game regular season schedule. The winners of the Eastern and Western Divisions met in a championship game.
21 Comments | Posted in History
AV top 200 redux
I shouldn't post this one either, but...
In response to some convincing opinions offered in the comments to the previous post, I have made lots of (mostly very small) tweaks to the system. Offensive linemen have had their values slightly increased, the importance of the running game (relative to the passing game) has been increased just a smidge. The value of making a pro bowl or an all-pro team has been increased for cornerbacks (relative to safeties) and decreased for linebackers (relative to defensive linemen).
Here is take two:
46 Comments | Posted in General
I shouldn't post this: Approximate value top 200
So I finally wrote down all the details of the approximate value (AV) method. You can find them at this ever-evolving page.
Sometimes, for example if you want to assess a trade or determine the top draft classes of all time, you need a metric that is capable of comparing players across positions and eras. In baseball and basketball, lots of stats have been cooked up to do this, and they can do so with a reasonable degree of precision. In football, no such stat exists. In most cases, people use "starter" or "number of years as a starter" or "number of pro bowls" as the metric when they have to compare across positions.
AV is intended to be an improvement over those metrics, and nothing more. It is not Not NOT an ubermetric whose purpose is to decide once and for all who the best players in NFL history were. So I should not Not NOT rank all the players in post-merger NFL history according to AV and present them in a list. To do so would be to imply that I've done something I haven't done. To do so would be to invite links from team message boards where the first post is "some guy posted his list of the best players of all time" and the second post is "I stopped reading as soon as I saw _______ ranked ahead of _________. What a bozo!" And I have to admit that I'm overly thin-skinned about that sort of thing.
But I'm going to do it anyway, for a couple of reasons. First, it's May. I don't think that one requires any more explanation. Second, I'd like feedback on groups of players that people think are over- or under-valued (by the way, allow me to agree in advance that mediocre quarterbacks with long careers are overvalued and that truly great cornerbacks are undervalued --- I'm just not sure right now how to fix those problems). This post will probably lead to some improvements in the system. Third, I've learned a lot from tracing down the reasons why some guy I've barely heard of is rated so high. You can too. Follow the links. Even if you ultimately don't agree with the ranking, you might learn that some players were better than you remember them, and others weren't as good.
20 Comments | Posted in Approximate Value, General
Al Davis likes shiny things
My friends Sigmund Bloom and Cecil Lammey from the world's best football podcast are fond of saying that Al Davis likes shiny things. I don't know if it's original to them, but it's catchy.
I don't know why this thought popped into my head, but last night I wondered what team had the most former first-round picks on its roster. So I ran the query, and it provided more evidence of this post's title.
There have been three teams in NFL history with 18 former first-round picks on the roster at some point. Two of those three are Raider teams: 1997 and 2003. Both were 4-12. They're separated by only six years but have almost no overlap. In fact, 39 different former first-round picks played for Oakland in the seven-year span from 1997 to 2003. The average NFL team suited up about 22 different first-round picks during that span.
3 Comments | Posted in General
History of the NFL's structure and formats, part one
This post will trace the history of the NFL's structure, in terms of league size, expansion (particularly as it applies to the currently existing franchises), length of schedule and format, and playoff structure. I am not going to focus on the champions or specific on field results each and every year, though I may discuss a few. If you want to see any particular season, you can go here.
Part one will discuss the league up through the 1959 season. Part two will pick up in 1960, the year that the American Football League started. I would encourage comments from anyone if you think I have omitted something important, or have any personal knowledge or historical info. I am recreating this almost entirely from reviewing the yearly standings, franchise indexes, and specific yearly team pages here at pro-football-reference. Some of the historical references to World War II, as well as date checking were confirmed using this site for the Pacific and European Theatres.
11 Comments | Posted in History


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Government has Three-Stage Plan to Eradicate House Churches
That is the headline in one of today's news stories. Would it surprise you that it came out of China? Probably not.
What about this headline?
Pastor Arrested for Home Bible Study
Well, that last one is not from China. It's from Arizona.
Yep… right here in North America.
Michael Salman's Bible Study
The internet is all abuzz with this story. I've done a little research and here's the brief summary:
Salmon lives in an upscale neighborhood on more than 4 acres of property.
In 2005 he and his wife started Bible Studies in their home. Neighbors complained that he was running a church and using his property for commercial purposes.
On Good Friday a few years ago the Fire Department stormed his yard where there were about 20 people enjoying a barbecue in his backyard, kicking people off his property.
He was charged with not having a permit to have a Bible Study in his house.
Then he was told that his house did not meet code as a public building and therefore could not host these Bible Studies.
So Salmon built a 4000 sq.ft. building with legal permits. It met building code for the kind of building it was: a Recreational Room to be used for Games and Social Gatherings.
As soon as the building was up Phoenix city officials were on his case and came to shut him down again. One of the complaints is that when Salman has meetings there it causes a disturbance in the neighborhood. (Check out this video and see what you think about that.)
A Full TEAM of police officers stormed his private home with a search warrant (although the Salman's have never been told what anyone is searching for) and treated him and his wife and their kids and a guest rudely, not even allowing them to speak to one another. About the same time they were stormed by approximately TEN city inspectors who converged on his property scouring over every square inch… looking for what?
And all this because he leads a Bible Study in his home!!! (Watch the raid on video here.)
ALL of Salmon's friends park on his property, behind a gate and then behind the buildings. None of his guests park on the street. Obviously the parking isn't disturbing anyone.
Salmon was charged with 67 counts of violation of building code. BUT… let me explain. He has met EVERY single piece of building code for the building he built – a private, non-public use building on his personal property. The codes that he did NOT meet are commercial building codes. BUT HIS BUILDING IS NOT A COMMERCIAL BUILDING.
The city is insisting that his building is a public building because people meet there for Bible Study.
Since when does a home Bible Study necessitate a public building? And so Salmon has not renovated the building to meet the commercial code.
He has told his story here.
So what kinds of things are needed to bring this building up to commercial code? Things like a handicapped parking space, well lit exit signs, etc.
Tell me. If you are a Christian, do you have a handicapped parking space on your property? Not likely unless you know someone personally… and even then, it's likely not a designated spot with all the government markings!
So Salman is in jail. For SIXTY DAYS. But that's not all. He's also been fined $12,180.
Now I want you to understand something here: There are parties all over that neighborhood where people park on both sides of the street. There are sports parties, Tupperware parties, family gatherings, you name it… and NONE of them have to have their private homes turned into commercial buildings in order to have people there. But Salmon and his wife are required to because it is a Bible Study.
And he is paying the price. But he's not paying this price just for himself. He is doing this to help you and I fight for our rights!
If Salmon simply does his time and the city and state get away with this… guess who the next target might be? Every other home Bible Study in the country. Maybe not next week, but very easily next year.
Some have argued that because Salman has a criminal history, he is not to be trusted.
Christian friend, I ask you, who is more aware of the necessity of the freedom of Christianity and the ability to worship and spread the gospel than one who was once lost but has gained not only a new life but life eternal? This man recognizes how great a debt was forgiven him, and he is willing to stand up so that others might experience that same gift.
What Will You Do?
Will you stand by on this one? Will you write letters? Will you pray for the Salman family? (He has a wife and 6 kids.)
But even more… what will you do when it's your turn? What will you do when the city or state tells you you can't have a Bible Study in your home? Will you obey – or will you fight?
Did you ever think this would happen in your country?

subset: commoncrawl


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Spc. Saral Shrestha and Staff Sgt. Matthew Senna won the 2012 Soldier of the Year and Noncommissioned Officer of the Year awards, respectively.
The winners were announced on Monday, Oct. 22, during the Sergeant Major of the Army Luncheon at the Association of the United States Army's Annual Meeting and Exposition.
Shrestha, a 91D10, Power Generation Equipment Repairer to Group Service Support Company, Group Support Battalion, 3rd Special Forces Group, United States Army Special Forces Command, Ft. Bragg, served three years in the Army, including deployment in Operation Enduring Freedom. A native of Nepal, he possesses a Bachelor's Degree in Computer Information Science from Bellevue University and is Airborne qualified.
He hopes to become a Noncommissioned Officer and complete the Army Ranger Course. Eventually, his goal is to attend Officer Candidate School and the Army Special Forces Selection Course, along with obtaining a master's in computer engineering.
Senna, an 11B Infantryman of Bravo Company, 7th Army NCO Academy, Germany, served for 10 years in the Army, including time in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. The Folsom, California native is Air Assault, Combat Life Saver, all levels of Combatives, and certified by a number of training programs
Pursuing his associates degree, Senna plans to finish his bachelor's, be inducted into the Sergeant Morales Club, and attain the rank of command sergeant major. Like Shrestha, he aims to attend Ranger School.
According to Sergeant Major of the Army Raymond F. Chandler, III, this year's Best Warrior Competition was a bit different from last year and "not all about warrior tasks and battle drills" but included more "cognitive thinking" and "creative thinking."
Chandler said that they wanted to "stress folks mentally to see how they would perform." And, as the Sergeant Major of the Army explained, the contestants' responses did not disappoint.
AUSA's chapters are located world-wide. Their mission is to support our Soldiers and the civilians and families who work alongside of them in the local community. To learn how you can become involved click here.
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Membership is open to all components of the Army, families, government civilians, companies and concerned citizens. To join click here.
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אנחנו בפייסבוק
Father of Hanan Barak, who was killed during Sunday's attack on IDF outpost, says of his son 'he was larger than life; a man of principles.' Barak's girlfriend, Orit: We promised each other that this would be our summer. Mother of Pavel Slocker, who was also killed in incident, says 'How can it be that no one saw nine terrorists approach the tank?'
Anat Bershkovsky
Published: 06.25.06, 18:39 / Israel News
Anat Bershkovsky
Relatives and friends of Lieutenant Hanan Barak, 20, who was killed during Sunday's attack on an IDF outpost near Gaza, flocked to his family's Arad home upon hearing of his death.
'He loved his army service'


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Metalliance Tour -- Greensboro, NC -- March 22nd, 2011
Got there at 6:30 and ended up missing Atlas Moth =/.
Howl were pretty good, but they did not compare to the insanity that was to come from the upcoming bands. Still, their sound was heavy as fuck and they did an excellent job warming us up.
I really enjoyed Red Fang's performance. Their songs were very hooky and they had a bit of a punk flavoring in their brand of stoner metal, not to mention the new songs sounded great. I'd love to see them again this summer at Mayhem Fest, although i'm not sure if they will get as good of a reception there.
Kylesa were quite impressive. I may get shit for this, but I really wasn't that familiar with this band until I saw them, and they definitely converted me as a fan . I was also completely ignorant of the fact that this band had TWO drummers until I went to this show. An excellent performance.
I was already anticipating Crowbar from the start, and they exceeded my expectations. They are by far one of the HEAVIEST bands I have ever seen. Seriously, Kirk's guitar tone made a lot of the death metal bands i've seen sound light and fluffy in comparison to the crushing wall of melancholy and sludge that flowed from his guitar. They tackled a few new songs, as well as classics like "All I Had (I Gave)" and one of my personal favorites "Planets Collide" which I could not help but sing along to. Awesome showing, and Kirk is one of the coolest people you'll ever meet.
After how awesome Crowbar was, I wasn't sure if Saint Vitus would live up to their performance. Well I guess I should have had more faith in them, because I am not exaggerating when I say that Vitus are one of the best bands i've ever seen live. Wino is my favorite singer out of all the ones Saint Vitus has ever had, so his vocals were a huge highlight, as well as Dave's guitar playing. Every time he played a solo, this guy would go absolutely nuts. Playing solos behind his back, with his teeth, even in the middle of the audience. This guy's energy and passion onstage is unbelievable, not to mention being a chill as fuck guy off stage. White Motherfucking Stallions. That is all. P.S., after Dave ranted about his hatred of the Internet, he hinted that there may be a new Vitus album in the works.
Helmet completely destroyed. Page was pretty wasted most of their set, but he was hilarious and had great stage presence. The entire Meantime album sounded excellent, and the crowd went fucking nuts, with almost everybody moshing and singing along. They also touched up on some other favorites like "Milquetoast", "Just Another Victim" and "Driving Nowhere", as well as a few songs off their new album. I wish they would have done some more stuff from Betty and Strap it On, but it was still an insane show.
All of the bands did great, and this show was a pretty refreshing change from the mostly death metal shows that I go to. If this tour is coming anywhere near you, DO NOT miss it!
Awesome review man, wish this was coming near me!!
I killed a man 'cause he killed my goat.
Last edited by HandOfDoom; 03-24-2011 at 10:16 AM.
|crowbar, helmet, saint vitus
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Filmmakers at Cannes beware. Make an unpredictable movie well outside your comfort zone and sometimes, critics will heap you with praise, as they did when comedy director Michel Hazanavicius went dramatic with "The Artist" at Cannes and went on to win a bevy of prizes including the Best Picture Oscar. So with that success behind him, he took his one-shot chance to shoot a hard-to-finance passion project, a remake of Fred Zinnemann's 1948 classic "The Search," updated from World War II to the 1999 Chechnyan conflict.
He intertwines parallel stories of a young Russian-turned-soldier and a 9-year-old orphan. After the boy's parents are gunned down by Russian troops, the boy runs away with his baby brother, sadly deposits him on a neighbor's doorstep, and then is scooped up by a truck ferrying refugees. He runs away from the town orphanage and, near starving, is fed and taken home by a compassionate United Nations Rights Committee worker (Berenice Bejo, who won Best Actress at Cannes last year for "The Past") who is preparing a paper about how the Russians are waging this brutal war not on terrorists but on civilians.
Hazanavicius feels strongly about his subject, but delivers a straightforward, earnest and timely narrative that points the finger at Russian aggression. But Cannes critics went for the jugular, criticizing the filmmaker for straying from his sweet spot--comedy--in favor of heart-tugging serious drama. "The Search" is well executed, although American movie star Annette Bening, even sans makeup, seems out of place. This costly period film's chances of landing a top North American distributor willing to wage an Oscar campaign will be hurt by its wan Cannes reception.
Also caught in the crosshairs of Cannes critics was Ryan Gosling. "Lost River," his debut as writer-director, shown in the Un Certain Regard sidebar, was dubbed "Crapalyptic" by one tweeter--which went viral. The response was not universally negative, but one can't help wondering how this carefully conceived and executed film shot in the ruins of Detroit with strong visuals and performances would have been received if it had been an unknown. We will never know. Exactly how Warner Bros. will release this David Lynchian art film starring Gosling's "Drive" costar Christina Hendricks and Saorise Ronin is also hard to fathom. (Mike Fleming reports that Warners is open to offers from specialty distributors,)
Canadian auteur David Cronenberg is no stranger to Cannes or controversy and will survive the drubbing from North American critics on "Maps to the Stars." In this case, Cronenberg channeled novelist Bruce Wagner, whose stack of Hollywood novels pre-date both HBO's "Entourage" and "The Player," but this cold Tinseltown satire feels both familiar and dated. The cast delivers, but the movie does not. Interestingly, the global press corps was far more upbeat. Canadian distributor eOne will release the film in North America.


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|Oracle FAQ
|Your Portal to the Oracle Knowledge Grid
Home -> Community -> Usenet -> comp.databases.theory -> Row-level security and user groups
Hi, this is only in part theory, but mostly...
This is what I want to do: A database based on Delphi 6, ADO and JET 4.0
(Access 2000 files) hosted in a small network (3-15 users) on a W2000
NTFS file server (no client/server).
The database should have row-level security, that is, I need to keep track of who can see what records and who can edit it and so on.
What I thought was to stora a table of user rights connected to the main
data table. Then when I show the data I can check who the user is
(checking W2000 user groups with the shareware NTSet component for
example), and then check my database to see if that user is allowed to see that record.
(I have made a .MDW file setting up user rights in JET, but I have to
allow reading of the whole tables, my only hope is that there is some way to only allow my application and no other to access the files... at least not MS Access (security has to be OK, not perfect))
2. And... will this user group checking stuff be possible from a W98
computer connected to the network?
(Then the smaller problem of what to do when the administrator changes
user groups on the server etc...and I have stored group connected access rights in my databse...)
Next issue:
Every record in the database will also store information about related external documents (.DOC for example, that will be stored in a special sub-directory on the server). I will give the user the option of opening these documents with a "default browser" from my application.
Now... these documents should also be secured like the records in the databae, that is, the wrong user should not be able to delete, edit or even look inside the wrong file with WORD for example, and preferrably not see them in a directory.
This could be done through setting file security fro each document in W2000 (with the NTSet component for example) when the document is stored on the server from my application (at the time that the "connected" database record is created and I set its user group rights, the user is allowed to "uppload" external documents for that record, so I set the documents group access rights too)
3. But, will this work on the files on the W2000 file server from a
W98 client?
4. Any other suggestions to how I should solve this?!?
(I dont want to store all the documents in the databse because it will
be many many GB....)
Piedro Mazolo
-- Posted via http://dbforums.comReceived on Wed Oct 23 2002 - 17:59:48 CDT
Original text of this message


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|Junior High Boys take second place in Palisade
|Written by Wauneta Breeze
|Thursday, 02 February 2012 17:56
The 7th and 8th grade boys basketball team hold up their second place trophy at the Bronco Boosters Tournament on Saturday.
By Amy Straub
The Wauneta Breeze
The Palisade school gym was full with parents and players on Saturday for the Bronco Boosters Jr. High Tournament. With four teams in the tournament everyone was set for a day full of basketball.
The first game was set to start at 9 a.m. with Maywood taking on Wauneta-Palisade. Maywood played a hard game but couldn't quite keep up with Wauneta-Palisade. Wauneta - Palisade came up with the win 30-16 putting WP in the championship game.
Hayes Center played Dundy County/Stratton next. DCS dominated the whole game moving them into the Championship game against Wauneta/ Palisade.
The Consolation game was played first where Hayes Center took on Maywood. Maywood won that game taking third place, leaving Hayes Center in fourth place.
For the final game Wauneta-Palisade came up against Dundy County-Stratton. With a team as talented as DCS it was a hard fight but Wauneta-Palisade boys kept up the pace with DCS, but lost by 14 points. None the less the boys gave it their all and came out with a second place trophy, leaving DCS to take home the first place win.
All the proceeds from the tournament went to the Bronco Boosters who use the money to support our local youth and their extracurricular activities.
Next week there will be a tournament for 5th and 6th grades.
|Last Updated on Thursday, 02 February 2012 17:59


text:
May 24, 2016
Folks say some students in the county need all the help they can get when it comes to schoolwork. They say this is not the time to cut jobs for librarians or close a branch library.
Lakayshia Johnson is one of thousands of Jefferson County students who rely on the county library for help with her school work.
"This is like the best place for us to be when we're out of school and it helps me. We learn more and study and stuff," says Lakayshia.
But that will soon change. County commissioners laid off three library employees and closed the books on this diamond in the rough, citing budget woes.
"The board felt like we had to let some people go because of the money crunch and what we did we close a branch library and when she has available labor she can open it back up," says Jessie Cooksey.
Still, the county's librarian says the branch library at the teen center is in walking distance of the high school and believes it's important for students to have this facility available to them.
"This is the only form of entertainment for a lot of people in this town and source of information for them I think it's crucial for smaller towns to have a library more so than a larger city because they have a lot more resources," says Linda Hamedani.
Residents agree.
"I think by closing the library it will be a major hurt to our kids in the county so that we should do everything we can to get the library and continue to have it open at all times," says Joyce Wilson.
Residents say they are willing to volunteer their services to keep the branch library open. The branch library is scheduled to close at the end of the month.
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"KDIGO clinical practice guideline for glomerulonephritis." has been saved, and will be accessible from the My NGC page.
Go to My NGC
Alert me when this guideline summary is updated.
This is the current release of the guideline.
Glomerulonephritis (GN):
Adults and children already diagnosed with glomerulonephritis (GN)
Literature Searches and Article Selection
Searches were conducted in MEDLINE and Cochrane through January 20, 2011. All searches were also supplemented by articles identified by Work Group members through November 2011. For detailed search strategies, please see the Online Appendix 1 (see the 'Availability of Companion Documents' field).
Search results were screened by the Evidence Review Team (ERT) for relevance using predefined eligibility criteria, described below. For questions related to treatment, the systematic search aimed to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) as described in Table 32 in the original guideline document. For some topics, randomized comparative trials were also reviewed, in addition to RCTs, to strengthen the evidence base.
For most topics, the minimum sample size was >10. For minimal-change disease (MCD) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), because of sparse data, smaller studies were included.
For most topics, the minimum duration of follow-up of 6 months was chosen based on clinical reasoning. For the treatments of interest, the proposed effects on patient important clinical outcomes require long-term exposure and, typically, would not be expected to become evident before several months of follow-up.
In addition, a search was conducted for data on predictors of kidney failure, kidney function, and remission. Only associations from multivariable regression analyses were considered. These 'predictor studies' were not graded for quality. For these topics, the ERT completed its search in October 5, 2009 and did not update the search.
Included were studies of all patients with glomerular diseases, excluding those with diabetic nephropathy, thrombotic microangiopathy, amyloidosis, Alport's and other hereditary glomerular diseases, paraproteinemia, and recurrence of glomerulonephritis (GN) following kidney transplantation.
Interventions of interest included all treatments for GN, including drugs, herbs, dietary supplements, tonsillectomy, infection prophylaxis, and postdiagnosis tests to determine treatment.
A list of pertinent, published systematic reviews relevant to GN guidelines was generated, organized by topic, and reviewed with the Work Group. If an existing systematic review adequately addressed a question of interest as determined by the Work Group, this was used instead of a de novo systematic review by the ERT. These systematic reviews were then used as the starting points for building the evidence base and supplemented with articles from the ERT's own searches. If these reviews were deemed to adequately address topics of interest (even if only selected outcomes were reviewed), de novo searches on these topics were limited to the time period since the end of literature search within the systematic reviews.
Editorials, letters, stand-alone abstracts, unpublished reports, and articles published in non–peer-reviewed journals were excluded. The Work Group also decided to exclude publications from journal supplements.
Limitations of Approach
While the literature searches were intended to be comprehensive, they were not exhaustive. MEDLINE and various Cochrane databases were the only databases searched. Hand searches of journals were not performed, and review articles and textbook chapters were not systematically searched. However, important studies known to the domain experts that were missed by the electronic literature searches were added to retrieved articles and reviewed by the Work Group. Not all topics and subtopics covered by these guidelines could be systematically reviewed. Decisions to restrict the topics were made to focus the systematic reviews on those topics where existing evidence was thought to be likely to provide support for the guidelines. Although nonrandomized studies were reviewed, the majority of the ERT and Work Group resources were devoted to review of the randomized trials, since these were deemed to be most likely to provide data to support level 1 recommendations with very high- or high- (A or B) quality evidence. Where randomized trials were lacking, it was deemed to be sufficiently unlikely that studies previously unknown to the Work Group would result in higher-quality level 1 recommendations.
Table 33 in the original guideline document summarizes the numbers of abstracts screened, articles retrieved, studies data extracted, and studies included in summary tables.
Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) System for Grading Quality of Evidence for an Outcome
aStrong evidence of association is defined as 'significant relative risk (RR) of >2 (<0.5)' based on consistent evidence from two or more observational studies, with no plausible confounders.
bVery strong evidence of association is defined as 'significant RR of >5 (<0.2)' based on direct evidence with no major threats to validity.
cSparse if there is only one study or if total N <100. Imprecise if there is a low event rate (0 or 1 event) in either arm or confidence interval spanning a range <0.5 to >2.0.
Modified with permission from Uhlig et al. Grading evidence and recommendations for clinical practice guidelines in nephrology. A position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int 2006; 70: 2058–2065; and Atkins et al. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2004; 328:1490.
Final Grade for Overall Quality of Evidence
Data Extraction
The Evidence Review Team (ERT) designed data-extraction forms to tabulate information on various aspects of the primary studies. Data fields for all topics included study setting, patient demographics, eligibility criteria, type of glomerulonephritis (GN), numbers of subjects randomized, study design, study funding source, descriptions of interventions (or predictors), description of outcomes, statistical methods used, results, quality of outcomes (as described below), limitations to generalizability, and free-text fields for comments and assessment of biases.
Summary Tables
Summary tables were developed to tabulate the data from studies pertinent to each question of intervention. Each summary table contains a brief description of the outcome, baseline characteristics of the population, intervention, comparator results, and methodological quality of each outcome. Baseline characteristics include a description of the study size, country of residence, and baseline kidney function and proteinuria. Intervention and concomitant therapies, and the results, were all captured. The studies were listed by outcome within the table, based on the hierarchy of important outcomes (see Table 34 in the original guideline document). Categorical and continuous outcomes were summarized in separate sets of tables. Work Group members were asked to proof all data in summary tables on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs. Separate sets of summary tables were created for predictor studies. Summary tables are available at www.kdigo.org/clinical_practice_guidelines/GN.php .
Evidence Profiles
Evidence profiles were constructed by the ERT and reviewed and confirmed with the Work Group members. These profiles serve to make transparent to the reader the thinking process of the Work Group in systematically combining evidence and judgments. Each evidence profile was reviewed by Work Group members. Decisions were based on facts and findings from the primary studies listed in corresponding summary tables, as well as selected existing systematic reviews, and judgments of the Work Group. Judgments about the quality, consistency, and directness of evidence were often complex, as were judgments about the importance of an outcome or the summary of effects sizes. The evidence profiles provided a structured transparent approach to grading, rather than a rigorous method of quantitatively summing up grades. Evidence profiles were constructed for research questions addressed by at least two studies. When the body of evidence for a particular comparison of interest consisted of only one study, either an RCT or a systematic review, the summary table provides the final level of synthesis.
Grading the Quality of Evidence
A structured approach, based on Grading Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) and facilitated by the use of evidence profiles, was used in order to grade the quality of the overall evidence. For each topic, the discussion on grading of the quality of the evidence was led by the ERT. The 'quality of a body of evidence' refers to the extent to which the confidence in an estimate of effect is sufficient to support a particular recommendation.
Grading the Quality of Evidence for Each Outcome
Following the GRADE method, the quality of a body of evidence pertaining to a particular outcome of interest was initially categorized based on study design. For questions of interventions, the initial quality grade was 'High' when the body of evidence consisted of RCTs. In theory, the initial grade would have been 'Low' if the evidence consisted of observational studies or 'Very Low' if it consisted of studies of other study designs; however, the quality of bodies of evidence was formally determined only for topics where we performed systematic reviews of RCTs. The grade for the quality of evidence for each intervention/outcome pair was decreased if there were serious limitations to the methodological quality of the aggregate of studies, if there were important inconsistencies in the results across studies, if there was uncertainty about the directness of evidence including limited applicability of the findings to the population of interest, if the data were imprecise (a low event rate [0 or 1 event] in either arm or CI spanning a range <0.5 to >2.0) or sparse (only one study or total N<100), or if there was thought to be a high likelihood of bias. The final grade for the quality of the evidence for an intervention/outcome pair could be one of the following four grades: 'High', 'Moderate', 'Low', or 'Very Low' (see the 'Rating Scheme for the Strength of the Evidence' field). The quality of grading for topics relying on systematic reviews are based on quality items recorded in the systematic review.
Grading the Overall Quality of Evidence
The quality of the overall body of evidence was then determined based on the quality grades for all outcomes of interest, taking into account explicit judgments about the relative importance of each outcome, weighting critical outcomes more than high or moderate. The resulting four final categories for the quality of overall evidence were: 'A', 'B', 'C' or 'D' (see the 'Rating Scheme for the Strength of the Evidence' field). This evidence grade is indicated within each recommendation.
See the original guideline document for additional discussion of evaluation of individual studies and assessment of net health benefit across all important clinical outcomes.
Overview of Process
The Work Group, Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Co-Chairs, the Evidence Review Team (ERT), and National Kidney Foundation (NKF) support staff met for three 3-day meetings for training in the guideline development process, topic discussion, and consensus development.
Creation of Groups
The KDIGO Co-Chairs appointed the Co-Chairs of the Work Group, who then assembled the Work Group to be responsible for the development of the guidelines. The Work Group included individuals with expertise in adult and pediatric nephrology, epidemiology, and kidney pathology. For support in evidence review, expertise in methods, and guideline development, the NKF contracted with the ERT based at the Tufts Center for Kidney Disease Guideline Development and Implementation at Tufts Medical Center in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. The ERT consisted of physician-methodologists with expertise in nephrology and internal medicine, and research associates and assistants. The ERT instructed and advised Work Group members in all steps of literature review, critical literature appraisal, and guideline development. The Work Group and the ERT collaborated closely throughout the project.
Systematic Review: General Process
The first task of the Work Group was to define the overall topics and goals for the guideline. The Work Group Co-Chairs drafted a preliminary list of topics. The Work Group identified the key clinical questions and triaged topics for systematic review and narrative review. The Work Group and ERT further developed and refined each systematic review topic, specified screening criteria, literature search strategies, and data extraction forms.
The ERT performed literature searches, and conducted abstract and article screening. The ERT also coordinated the methodological and analytic processes of the report. In addition, it defined and standardized the methodology in relation to these searches and data extraction, and produced summaries of the evidence. Throughout the project, the ERT offered suggestions for guideline development, led discussions on systematic review, literature searches, data extraction, assessment of quality and applicability of articles, evidence synthesis, grading of evidence and recommendations, and consensus development. With input from the Work Group, the ERT finalized eligible studies, performed all data extraction, and summarized data into summary tables. They also created preliminary evidence profiles, which were completed by the Work Group members. The Work Group members reviewed all included articles, data extraction forms, and summary tables for accuracy and completeness. The Work Group took the primary role of writing the recommendations and rationale statements, and retained final responsibility for the content of the recommendation statements and the accompanying narrative.
For questions of treatments in glomerulonephritis (GN), systematic reviews of the eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were undertaken (see Table 32 in the original guideline document). For these topics, the ERT created detailed data-extraction forms and extracted information on baseline data for the populations, interventions, study design, results, and provided an assessment of quality of study and outcomes. The ERT then tabulated studies in summary tables, and assigned grades for the quality of the evidence in consultation with the Work Group.
Refinement of Topics
At the first 3-day meeting, Work Group members added comments to the scope-of-work document as prepared by the Work Group Chairs and ERT, until the initial working document included all topics of interest to the Work Group. The inclusive, combined set of questions formed the basis for the deliberation and discussion that followed. The Work Group aimed to ensure that all topics deemed clinically relevant and worthy of review were identified and addressed. The major topic areas of interest for the care of GN included immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN), lupus and vasculitis, minimal-change disease (MCD) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), and membranous nephropathy (MN), membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN), and infection.
At the initiation of the guideline development process, it was agreed that these guidelines would focus on patients who have GN. Thus, all topics, systematic reviews, and study eligibility criteria were restricted to patients with a biopsy-proven diagnosis of GN, with exceptions for diseases that do not require biopsy confirmation.
Based on the list of topics, the Work Group and ERT developed a list of specific research questions for which systematic review would be performed. For each systematic review topic, the Work Group Co-Chairs and the ERT formulated well-defined systematic review research questions using a well-established system. For each question, explicit criteria were agreed on for the population, intervention or predictor, comparator, outcomes of interest, and study design features. A list of outcomes of interest was generated.
The Work Group and the ERT agreed upon specific outcomes of interest: all-cause mortality, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), disease remission, relapse, proteinuria, kidney function, and adverse events. ESRD and mortality were ranked as being of critical importance. The Work Group ranked patient-centered clinical outcomes (such as death, ESRD, remission and categorical proteinuria and kidney function changes) as more important than intermediate outcomes (such as continuous outcomes of proteinuria and kidney function). Categorical outcomes are those that describe when a patient moves from one health state (e.g., macroalbuminuria) to another (e.g., no albuminuria). Continuous outcomes would be evaluations of the laboratory values alone (e.g., change in proteinuria in mg/dl). The outcomes were further categorized as being of critical, high, or moderate clinical importance to patients with GN. In general, eligibility criteria were determined based on clinical value, relevance to the guidelines and clinical practice, determination whether a set of studies would affect recommendations or the strength of evidence, and practical issues, such as available time and resources.
Grading the Strength of the Recommendations
The strength of a recommendation is graded as Level 1 or Level 2. The 'Rating Scheme for the Strength of the Recommendations' field shows the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) nomenclature for grading the strength of a recommendation, and the implications of each level for patients, clinicians, and policy-makers. Recommendations can be for or against doing something. Table 40 in the original guideline document shows that the strength of a recommendation is determined not just by the quality of the evidence, but also by other—often complex—judgments regarding the size of the net medical benefit, values, and preferences, and costs. Formal decision analyses including cost analysis were not conducted.
Ungraded Statements
This category was designed to allow the Work Group to issue general advice. Typically an ungraded statement meets the following criteria: it provides guidance based on common sense; it provides reminders of the obvious; it is not sufficiently specific to allow application of evidence to the issue and, therefore, it is not based on systematic evidence review. Common examples include recommendations about frequency of testing, referral to specialists, and routine medical care. We strove to minimize the use of ungraded recommendations.
This grading scheme with two levels for the strength of a recommendation together with four levels of grading the quality of the evidence, and the option of an ungraded statement for general guidance, was adopted by the KDIGO Board in December 2008. The Work Group took the primary role of writing the recommendations and rationale statements, and retained final responsibility for the content of the guideline statements and the accompanying narrative. The evidence review team (ERT) reviewed draft recommendations and grades for consistency with the conclusions of the evidence review.
Nomenclature and Description for Grading Recommendations
aThe additional category 'Not Graded' was used, typically, to provide guidance based on common sense or where the topic does not allow adequate application of evidence. The most common examples include recommendations regarding monitoring intervals, counseling, and referral to other clinical specialists. The ungraded recommendations are generally written as simple declarative statements, but are not meant to be interpreted as being stronger recommendations than Level 1 or 2 recommendations.
A formal cost analysis was not performed and published cost analyses were not reviewed.
Review of the Guideline Development Process
Several tools and checklists have been developed to assess the quality of the methodological process for systematic review and guideline development. These include the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) criteria, the Conference on Guideline Standardization (COGS) checklist, and the Institute of Medicine's recent Standards for Systematic Reviews and Clinical Practice Guidelines We Can Trust. Online Appendices 2 and 3 (see the 'Availability of Companion Documents' field) show the COGS criteria that correspond to the AGREE checklist and the Institute of Medicine standards, and how each one of them is addressed in this guideline.
Definitions of the strength of recommendation (Level 1, Level 2, or Not Graded), and the quality of the supporting evidence (A-D) are provided at the end of the 'Major Recommendations' field.
Steroid-Sensitive Nephrotic Syndrome in Children (SSNS)
Treatment of the Initial Episode of SSNS
Treatment of Relapsing SSNS with Corticosteroids
*Prednisone and prednisolone are equivalent, used in the same dosage, and have both been used in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) depending on the country of origin. All later references to prednisone in this section refer to prednisone or prednisolone. All later references to oral corticosteroids refer to prednisone or prednisolone.
Treatment of FR and SD SSNS with Corticosteroid-Sparing Agents
Indication for Kidney Biopsy
Immunizations in Children with SSNS
Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome (SRNS) in Children
Evaluation of Children with SRNS
Treatment Recommendations for SRNS
Minimal-Change Disease (MCD) in Adults
Treatment of Initial Episode of Adult MCD
*Prednisone and prednisolone are equivalent, used in the same dosage, and have both been used in RCTs depending on the country of origin. All later references to prednisone in this section refer to prednisone or prednisolone. All later references to oral corticosteroids refer to prednisone or prednisolone.
Corticosteroid-Resistant MCD
Supportive Therapy
Idiopathic Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis in Adults
Initial Evaluation of FSGS
Initial Treatment of FSGS
Treatment for Relapse
Treatment for Steroid-Resistant FSGS
Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy (IMN)
Evaluation of MN
Selection of Adult Patients with IMN to Be Considered for Treatment with Immunosuppressive Agents (see the recommendations for children with IMN in the section below).
Initial Therapy of IMN
Alternative Regimens for the Initial Therapy of IMN: CNI Therapy
Regimens Not Recommended or Suggested for Initial Therapy of IMN
Treatment of IMN Resistant to Recommended Initial Therapy
Treatment for Relapses of Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults with IMN
Treatment of IMN in Children
Prophylactic Anticoagulants in IMN
Idiopathic Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN)
Evaluation of MPGN
Treatment of Idiopathic MPGN
Infection-Related Glomerulonephritis (GN)
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection–Related GN
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Infection–Related GN
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection–Related Glomerular Disorders
Schistosomal, Filarial, and Malarial Nephropathies
Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy (IgAN)
Initial Evaluation Including Assessment of Risk of Progressive Kidney Disease
Antiproteinuric and Antihypertensive Therapy
Immunosuppressive Agents (Cyclophosphamide, Azathioprine, MMF, Cyclosporine)
Other Treatments
Fish Oil Treatment
Antiplatelet Agents
Atypical Forms of IgAN
MCD with Mesangial IgA Deposits
AKI Associated with Macroscopic Hematuria
Crescentic IgAN
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP) Nephritis
Treatment of HSP Nephritis in Children
Treatment of Crescentic HSP Nephritis in Children
Prevention of HSP Nephritis in Children
HSP Nephritis in Adults
Lupus Nephritis (LN)
Class I LN (Minimal-Mesangial LN)
Class II LN (Mesangial-Proliferative LN)
Class III LN (Focal LN) and Class IV LN (Diffuse LN)—Initial Therapy
Class III LN (Focal LN) and Class IV LN (Diffuse LN)—Maintenance Therapy
Class V LN (Membranous LN)
General Treatment of LN
Class VI LN (Advanced Sclerosis LN)
Relapse of LN
Treatment of Resistant Disease
Systemic Lupus and Thrombotic Microangiopathy
Systemic Lupus and Pregnancy
LN in Children
Pauci-Immune Focal and Segmental Necrotizing Glomerulonephritis
Initial Treatment of Pauci-Immune Focal and Segmental Necrotizing GN
Special Patient Populations
Maintenance Therapy
Choice of Agent for Maintenance Therapy
Treatment of Relapse
Treatment of Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Antibody Glomerulonephritis (GBM GN)
Treatment of Anti-GBM GN
A management algorithm for patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) associated with macroscopic hematuria is provided in the original guideline document.
The type of supporting evidence is identified and graded for each recommendation (see the 'Major Recommendations' field).
Safe and appropriate management of patients with glomerular disease
An implementation strategy was not provided.
Not applicable: The guideline was not adapted from another source.
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) gratefully acknowledges the following consortium of sponsors that make their initiatives possible: Abbott, Amgen, Belo Foundation, Coca-Cola Company, Dole Food Company, Genzyme, Hoffmann-LaRoche, JC Penney, NATCO—The Organization for Transplant Professionals, NKF-Board of Directors, Novartis, Robert and Jane Cizik Foundation, Roche, Shire, Transwestern Commercial Services, and Wyeth. KDIGO is supported by a consortium of sponsors and no funding is accepted for the development of specific guidelines.
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Glomerulonephritis Work Group
Work Group Members: Daniel C Cattran, MD, FRCPC (Co-chair), Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada; John Feehally, DM, FRCP (Co-chair), University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; H Terence Cook, MBBS, MRCP, MRCPath, FRCPath, FMedSci, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Fernando C Fervenza, MD, PhD, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Jürgen Floege, MD, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Debbie S Gipson, MD, MS, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Richard J Glassock, MD, MACP, The Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Laguna Niguel, CA, USA; Elisabeth M Hodson, MBBS, FRACP, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Vivekanand Jha, MD, DM, FRCP, FAMS, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education, Chandigarh, India; Philip Kam-Tao Li, MD, FRCP, FACP, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Zhi-Hong Liu, MD, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China; Sergio A Mezzano, MD, FASN, FACP, Universidad Austral, Valdivia, Chile; Patrick H Nachman, MD, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Manuel Praga, MD, PhD, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Jai Radhakrishnan, MD, MS, MRCP, FACC, FASN, New York Presbyterian-Columbia, New York, NY, USA; Brad H Rovin, MD, FACP, FASN, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA; Stéphan Troyanov, MD, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada; Jack F M Wetzels, MD, PhD, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Evidence Review Team: Tufts Center for Kidney Disease Guideline Development and Implementation, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA: Ethan M Balk, MD, MPH, Project Director; Program Director, Evidence Based Medicine; Gowri Raman, MD, MS, Scientific Staff; Dana C Miskulin, MD, MS, Staff Nephrologist; Aneet Deo, MD, MS, Nephrology Fellow; Amy Earley, BS, Project Coordinator; Shana Haynes, MS, DHSc, Research Assistant
In addition, support and supervision were provided by: Katrin Uhlig, MD, MS, Director, Guideline Development
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) makes every effort to avoid any actual or reasonably perceived conflicts of interest that may arise as a result of an outside relationship or a personal, professional, or business interest of a member of the Work Group. All members of the Work Group are required to complete, sign, and submit a disclosure and attestation form showing all such relationships that might be perceived or actual conflicts of interest. This document is updated annually and information is adjusted accordingly. All reported information is printed in the Biographic and Disclosure Information section of the original guideline document and is on file at the National Kidney Foundation (NKF), Managing Agent for KDIGO.
Electronic copies of the guideline: Available from the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Web site .
The following are available:
None available
This NGC summary was completed by ECRI Institute on October 26, 2012. This summary was updated by ECRI Institute on November 21, 2013 following the U.S. Food and Drug Administration advisory on Arzerra (ofatumumab) and Rituxan (rituximab).
Copyright © 2012 by KDIGO. All rights reserved.
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Have Legal Questions? Ask a Lawyer Now.
Hi -
It sounds as if the Section 8 house that you've rented will no longer be available. Prior to making you move, there would have to be an eviction proceeding. Prior to the actual eviction, you simply need to look on Craigslist or other rental listings in your area for section 8 housing. I assume that you know who your local housing authority is that deals with HUD and section 8 housing. You just need to fill out the paperwork about a new house. If you don't know who to contact use this site: http://www.affordablehousingonline.com/section8housing.asp
DISCLAIMER: Answers from Experts on JustAnswer are not substitutes for the advice of an attorney. JustAnswer is a public forum and questions and responses are not private or confidential or protected by the attorney-client privilege. The Expert above is not your attorney, and the response above is not legal advice. You should not read this response to propose specific action or address specific circumstances, but only to give you a sense of general principles of law that might affect the situation you describe. Application of these general principles to particular circumstances must be done by a lawyer who has spoken with you in confidence, learned all relevant information, and explored various options. Before acting on these general principles, you should hire a lawyer licensed to practice law in the jurisdiction to which your question pertains.
The responses above are from individual Experts, not JustAnswer. The site and services are provided "as is". To view the verified credential of an Expert, click on the "Verified" symbol in the Expert's profile. This site is not for emergency questions which should be directed immediately by telephone or in-person to qualified professionals. Please carefully read the Terms of Service (last updated February 8, 2012).


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According to Japanese publishing company Fujimi Shobo, an anime adaptation of Sakyou Jun's fantasy-comedy light novel series, 「Yusha ni Narenakatta Ore wa Shibushibu Shushoku wo Ketsui Shimashita」 (I, Who Didn't Become a Hero, Reluctantly Decided to Find a Job / 勇者になれなかった俺はしぶしぶ就職を決意しました。) has been green-lit for production.
The story revolves around top student Raul Chaser who chased his dream of becoming a Hero by defeating demons that roam their world. However an existing Hero had defeated the Demon Lord and the system for determining new heroes was abolished. Struggling to find a job, Raul settles at a small magic item shop and accepts a store clerk position. But one day an applicant for a part-time job visits the shop. The applicant turns out to be, Phino Bloodstone — daughter of the fallen Demon Lord.


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The United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ("EEOC") settles race and age promotion discrimination lawsuit against Wells Fargo Financial Management for failing to promote an eminently qualified African American female candidate.
Sylvia Bumphus-Passmore, a 47 year old African American, worked at Wells Fargo's Sterling Heights, MI, location as a loan processor. Passmore had amassed twenty-four years of experience in the banking industry by 2007. Passmore worked in one of the largest and most profitable offices in the relevant district, and was known as the "go-to-person" for the district on loan processing. Later that year, based on her objective productivity, she earned the company's "loan processor of the year" award.
In early 2008, Passmore applied for a promotion . Notwithstanding Passmore's experience and ability, Wells Fargo passed over her for five lesser qualified Caucasian women aged between 23 and 30 who were based in various other branch offices. Wells Fargo denied Passmore a promotion despite the fact her personnel file did not contain any disciplinary actions or other negative references and the promotion decision makers did not allege she had any behavioral or any other deficiencies.
In 2010, the EEOC filed suit against Wells Fargo charging it with age discrimination in violation of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act ("ADEA"), as amended, and with race discrimination in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ("Title VII"), as amended. In March 2012, Wells Fargo entered into a consent decree by agreeing, inter alia, to pay Passmore $55,000.00, (Since the defendant had closed the relevant operations in the interim, it did not have an obligation to provide her with equitable relief, e.g., promotion).
Trek Carethers, the EEOC Trial Attorney, commented on the litigation: "It was readily apparent that the 47-year old African American loan processor was the superior candidate. The employer had no justification for passing her over, not for one less qualified candidate, but five. The EEOC will continue to remove employment barriers where we find them."
You may be the top performer at your job. However, your employer may nonetheless decline to promote or compensate you in a manner consistent with your abilities. Sometimes supervisors figuratively put employees in a box. While they may delight in having you perform in a stellar fashion inside the box, they cannot fathom you operating outside of the box. Unfortunately, an underlying unlawful motivation could constitute the root to their resistance to promoting and/or compensating you.
If you are objectively well qualified for a position, your employer nevertheless passes over you, and you have reason to believe an invidious, unlawful consideration was a casual factor, then you may have the basis for commencing a promotion discrimination action. If, like Passmore, you can establish the employer did not have any work related reason to select a lesser qualified candidate over you, you may prevail on such an action either through settlement or at trial. While companies generally have the right to set the terms and conditions of employment (especially in an "employment at-will" setting), they do not have the right to contravene employment discrimination statutes or other applicable laws protecting employees' rights.
Similarly, if you have endured discrimination, harassment or other workplace difficulties, you too can effectively seek your remedy. You do not have to endure mistreatment in silence. You have rights! With Unfair Termination: Know Your Rights and Obtain Financial Justice, you can chart a course to avoid, minimize or otherwise effectively attack unlawful treatment on the job. You do not have to be a victim at work. Be a victor! Download Unfair Termination: Know Your Rights today at www.unfairterminationrelief.com.


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April 7, 2012 at 6pm to September 5, 2012 at 7pm – California, New Mexico, Hawaii, Florida, Oregon, Washington, Maryland, DC Purely legit and beautiful! Are you tired of the same 'in studio' pregnant photos? Would you like to be photographed amidst trees, ocean, beach, mountains, lush vegetation etc? My name is Ananda the… Organized by Ananda Fierro | Type: photo, opportunity, for, expecting, moms
August 26, 2012 from 1pm to 4pm – Balanced Care Chiropractic If you're an expecting or new parent in the Chicagoland area, this event is for you! Meet other parents and professionals who are interested in helping families have and raise their babies naturally… Organized by Karalyn | Type: natural, parenting
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I use this lens for event shooting about 80% inside and 20% outside. This lens has never failed me the focus is great and spot on every time. The reason for 4.5 stars and not 5 is its not as sharp at the long end as the wide end. I have used it on both a 7D and 70D. I like the colors and it has very little CA or distortion. daveView review in forums Leave a comment on this review
Sigma 24-70mm F2.8 EX DG HSM
Announced Sep 23, 2008 •
Zoom lens | Canon EF, Nikon F (FX), Pentax KAF3, Sigma SA Bayonet, Sony/Minolta Alpha | 571
By davel33, Feb 9, 2014
By Rami Alkhoury, Mar 7, 2013
its not like Nicon 24-70 mm f 2.8 , but still very good lens , i use it with Nikon camera , and im satisfy with it . good result good price .View review in forums Leave a comment on this review


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With interest rates at their lowest for more than 50 years, there are some great rates available. The best thing to do is to compare rates from all the lenders. Let us help take the leg work out of doing this - Compare Home Loans now
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ABERDEEN – H. Max Speight, who admitted he defrauded a federal biofuels program, was sentenced to 26 months in prison today in U.S. District Court.
Speight, 67, and William T. "Tommy" Tacker II of Okolona were indicted in March 2009 on 10 counts they filed false statements to secure $2.88 million from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's bioenergy subsidy program.
They were partners in Biodiesel of Mississippi Inc., which built a refinery to make biodiesel from soybean oil. But it went bankrupt in 2006 and was sold through the court proceedings.
Just before they went on trial in Aberdeen, Speight worked a deal with prosecutors to testify against Tacker in exchange for his guilty plea to one count.
Each count carries a maximum 5-year prison term and a $250,000 fine.
Tacker, 57, was found guilty and sentenced to 60 months in prison and to repay the USDA.
His new attorneys have appealed his conviction, saying he is innocent – that Speight took the money – and that Tacker's trial attorneys failed to put on an effective defense.
Speight, a disbarred Tennessee attorney, also served prison time for stealing nearly $1 million from clients.
• Read Friday's Daily Journal for more details.
Patsy Brumfield / NEMS Daily Journal


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UK Law
Get UK Law Questions Answered by Verified Experts
Thanks for your question.
You should check with your local planning authority discreetly to make sure, but it's difficult to envisage a situation in which they would call that a breach of their planning policy.
If your next door neighbour had a right to uninterrupted light exercisable over your property then they could restrict high walls.fencing but, again, it's very difficult to see how they could enforce that right against a 5 ft high fence.
You are, in all probability, absolutely fine.
If this is useful please kindly click accept so that I may be rewarded for my time. It will be gratefully received and you will be free to ask follow up questions.
Kind regards,
DISCLAIMER: Answers from Experts on JustAnswer are not substitutes for the advice of an attorney. JustAnswer is a public forum and questions and responses are not private or confidential or protected by the attorney-client privilege. The Expert above is not your attorney, and the response above is not legal advice. You should not read this response to propose specific action or address specific circumstances, but only to give you a sense of general principles of law that might affect the situation you describe. Application of these general principles to particular circumstances must be done by a lawyer who has spoken with you in confidence, learned all relevant information, and explored various options. Before acting on these general principles, you should hire a lawyer licensed to practice law in the jurisdiction to which your question pertains.
The responses above are from individual Experts, not JustAnswer. The site and services are provided "as is". To view the verified credential of an Expert, click on the "Verified" symbol in the Expert's profile. This site is not for emergency questions which should be directed immediately by telephone or in-person to qualified professionals. Please carefully read the Terms of Service (last updated February 8, 2012).


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A quarter-century ago, Sun Microsystems (now Oracle) developed and introduced the Sparc processor. For the uninitiated, Sparc stands for scalable processor architecture and was born in an age of mainframe dominance, but quickly rose to become the computing standard for large enterprise computing systems. Sparc is celebrating its 25th anniversary this year and Sparc processor-based systems have played a role in delivering IT-led growth of many industries like telecommunications, government, healthcare and financial services. For a number of years, the Sparc platform has been the industry standard for running mission-critical applications, says Venkatesh Krishnan, vice-president, systems business, Oracle India. Responsible for growing Oracles hardware business and delivering on the companys systems strategy in India, Krishnan joined Oracle in 2011 from Sun Microsystems, as head for industry verticalssystems. He has been instrumental in growing Suns servers and storage business for 10 years, including sealing strong partnerships with large customer organisations in BFSI, telecom and Central government verticals. He speaks to Sudhir Chowdhary on Sparcs legacy for the IT industry, and Oracles plans for continuing the evolution of Sparc in the future. Excerpts:
Sparc processor completed 25 years of existence this year. What do you think is the impact of the Sparc technology on the IT industry?
More than two decades ago, Sparc and Oracle Solaris combined to give birth to an enterprise computing system that offered better performance, availability and scalability than anything the competition had to offer. Sparc successfully challenged the dominance of mainframes by delivering performance that was orders of magnitude ahead of the competing platforms. Throughout its history, Sparc processor-based systems have played a role in delivering IT-led growth of many industries like telecommunications, government, healthcare and financial services. For a number of years, the Sparc platform has been the industry standard for running mission-critical applications. The impact of Sparc on the industry was captured succinctly in a tag line of oursif it has to run, it has to be on Sparc.
The combination of Sparc with Oracle Solaris was also a bold step in complete integration of software and hardware that is the distinguishing feature of Oracles strategy.
Today, full-stack integration is an essential part of any Sparc system, and these are the industrys most reliable, scalable, and secure systems for mission-critical enterprise applications and cloud.
The platform has continued to evolve ever since and successive generations have continued to provide superior performance for enterprise customers along with reliability, availability, and scalabilitythe


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|Fifth Generation
Fifth Generation
Are Pokémon slaves to humans? Team Plasma thinks so. Travel the Unova region and prove them wrong in Black & White, and then return two years later in Black2 & White2. Background by Deltheor @ DeviantArt.
OR/AS • X/Y • Fifth Gen • Fourth Gen • Advance Gen • Second Gen • First Gen
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Hey Peter,
Beautiful work. An inspiration and a reminder of the endless road ahead.
Thanks for the invite; definately put me on the list and let me know if you ever come to Southern Cal.
Thanks for the invitation Peter. Keep me posted of any visits to the Portland, OR area. Have a great 2011.
Sounds great Peter. Let me know if you are ever in the St. Louis area.
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Jewish Democrats Go Hi-tech to Fight anti-Obama 'Hate Mail'
Pro-Obama activist group targeting swing voters, especially in six key states still up for grabs.
Nine weeks can be an eternity in the course of an intensive election campaign, but it may be little time at all when searching for a solution to effective high-tech tactics of a rival, such as the electronically savvy rumor campaign brought to bear against Barack Obama.
Now a group of Jewish pro-Obama activists has set out to use the same tactics to counter the rumor mill, which has flourished on such methods as employing social networks to spread messages.
Anti-Obama e-mails claiming to expose "the whole truth" have long been a thorn in the side of the Democratic contender's campaign staff, because they are generally forwarded by someone on the recipient's address list, in turn appearing to lend the messages greater reliability.
The pro-Obama group, called JewsVote.org, aims to operate on a number of levels to challenge the rumors, persuade undecided voters, and neutralize the effect of the "hate mail" campaign.
Democratic Party officials view seven up-for-grabs states as the key to an Obama victory, Florida, Michigan, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Nevada and Colorado. JewsVote.org plans to operate in the field in six of the battleground states, the exception being Colorado.
"There was an aggressive effort to send e-mails against Barak Obama," said Mik Moore, co-executive director of the Jewish Council for Education and Research, which sponsors the activist group. "We said that we have to tap the same networks to spread the truth."
The group is targeting only swing voters, and is to provide training for 150 facilitators, Moore told Haaretz. "It's micro-targeting, it works through your personal network - the activists are just getting tools to do it effectively".
"Technically, it's pretty simple - you're uploading your list of contacts, and it becomes your elections network, because Jews who support Obama need to take responsibility. They can use phone calls to start discussion, they can send e-mails, they can use our help to place their own ads."
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From Bay Street to Tech Startup - Mobovivo hires CFO
Calgary's Mobovivo announced this week the appointment of Stephen Butler as its first Chief Financial Officer. Butler brings almost 15 years of financial expertise and business building experience straight from Bay Street.
"Stephen is a perfect fit for a dynamic company like Mobovivo at this stage in our development," said Trevor Doerksen, Mobovivo's founder and CEO. "His financial and deal experience are essential as we work through our next stage of growth and financing. He's been in the trenches as a business manager in highly fluid competitive situations, where he's displayed the right mix of creativity and commitment to the vision."
Most recently Butler was with the TMX Group and key member of its "IPO team", guiding the development of the growth and diversification strategy with which the company went public in 2002. Butler subsequently built and led a corporate development team that oversaw the evaluation, negotiation and implementation of several investments that took TMX beyond its traditional core. This included the 2004 acquisition of NGX, Canada's leading energy exchange and the largest physical clearing facility in North America.
Mobovivo is still in hiring mode - this week they posted an App Developer position on the Techvibes Job Board.


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Carlo Corinto Vetiver Cologne
By Carlo Corinto for Men
Carlo Corinto Vetiver Cologne by Carlo Corinto, It has top notes of basil, lemon, bergamot, and thyme; a heart of sage, cedarwood, raspberry, and olibanum with a base of vanilla, leather, patchouli, and vetyver . All products are original, authentic name brands. We do not sell knockoffs or imitations. ... Read More
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