text:
December 20, 2000
Prepared by
ITS Joint Program Office
Background Guidance on
Longitudinal Telecommunications Installations
on Limited Access Highway Right-of-Way
This document will present the key elements of the Federal Communication Commission's (FCC) decision on the Minnesota agreement and then discuss the rationale for guidelines with respect to that decision to arrive at an approach that addresses both transportation statutory and regulatory issues, as well as those issues posed by the Telecommunications Act of 1996 ("TCA"). In developing these guidelines, the staffs of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the FCC Common Carrier Bureau have worked together to understand the issues of the various statutory, regulatory, and policy frameworks.
The FHWA recognizes that there is a difference of opinion within the transportation community as to whether Section 253 of the Telecommunications Act even applies to State transportation agencies in the management of freeway right-of-way (ROW). It is the FCC's position that the Telecommunications Act does apply to States when they allow telecommunications companies access to their ROW. The definitive answer to this question will likely only be provided through the courts at some future date. In the meantime, the FCC's order stands on the record and must be considered until such time that a court would rule otherwise. Therefore, this guidance provides some assistance to states on how to deal with these issues. In the process of developing the guidance, the FCC has substantially modified its view of the State's right to manage their ROW, and equally importantly, the impact of safety in determining the use of the freeway ROW for telecommunications.
When a State decides to allow the installation of telecommunications on the freeway right-of-way (ROW) by a commercial entity that will sell telecommunications in one form or another, the State then has the added responsibility to ensure that its actions are consistent with the competition concerns addressed in section 253 of the TCA, at least according to the FCC's decision on the Minnesota petition.
In the following discussion, the FHWA opinion on the FCC's Minnesota decision, and its ramifications to States in the management of ROW and public safety and the rationale for the specific elements of the guidance will be presented.
FCC's Decision on the Minnesota Agreement
On January 5, 1998, the Minnesota Department of Transportation (MNDOT) petitioned the FCC for a ruling that the state's shared resource project is consistent with the terms of the Telecommunications Act.
(1) Minnesota's agreement provides the State's contractors, ICS/UCN LLC and Stone & Webber Engineering, with exclusive physical access to the longitudinal rights-of-way along Minnesota's interstate freeway system. In exchange for exclusive access, the contractor is to construct 1,900 miles of fiber optic transport capacity throughout the State and provide the State with a portion of that capacity. Minnesota plans to use its capacity for ITS and other public communications requirements. The Agreement contemplates the contractor operating as a carrier's carrier providing wholesale transport capacity and prohibits the contractor from offering telecommunications services directly to the public although an affiliate of the contractor may do so.
On December 23, 1999, the FCC issued its Memorandum Opinion and Order declining to find Minnesota's agreement consistent with the Telecommunications Act. The FCC concluded that Minnesota failed to demonstrate that the Agreement neither prohibits nor has the effect of prohibiting the provision of competitive telecommunications services by certain entities. Specifically, the FCC disagreed with Minnesota's assertion that the Agreement does not fall within the confines of section 253's prohibition against barriers to entry into the telecommunications market. Minnesota argued that the contractor is only an infrastructure provider and is prohibited from providing telecommunications service. Accordingly, the Agreement, Minnesota asserted, should not be viewed as service-related. However, the FCC examined whether the requirement, that is, the Agreement, impacted the provision of telecommunications service regardless of the mechanics or the nature of the actual business of the contractor. The FCC concluded that the contractor's use of its exclusive access to facilities along the freeway rights-of-way and its ability to provide retail telecommunications through an affiliate has the potential to adversely affect competitors that do not have similar access. The FCC expressed concern that the Agreement has the potential to deprive competitors of the ability to compete on a facilities basis (i.e., precluding or limiting the ability of competitors to construct their own infrastructure in an economical and convenient means similar to that provided by access to the rights-of-way). The FCC further concluded that evidence in the record indicated that the cost of using alternatives (e.g., gas, electric and oil pipeline utility rights-of-way, railroad rights-of-way, state trunk highways, resell capacity on existing networks) to the freeway rights-of-way is not competitive.
The FCC also disagreed with Minnesota's assertion that the Agreement was functionally non-exclusive because of the requirement that the contractor collocate fiber for third parties and lease or sell network capacity to telecommunications providers on a nondiscriminatory basis. The FCC stated that the problem with the former is the limited time window for collocation opportunities while the trench is open and the problem with the latter is that the record does not clearly demonstrate that the ability to lease or buy excess capacity is an adequate substitute for a telecommunications service provider constructing its own facilities.
The FCC further expressed concern that the Agreement is unclear whether Minnesota will have sufficient oversight powers over the contractor to ensure that rates charged for collocation, excess capacity, installation, and/or maintenance are fair and reasonable. The FCC speculated that the contractor could use its exclusive physical access to the freeway rights-of-way to extract monopoly profits for services provided to telecommunications service providers.
The FCC rejected Minnesota's position that the Agreement is competitively neutral because it was awarded only after a public procurement process. The FCC looked beyond the issue of whether the process was competitively neutral and examined the implications of the Agreement, that is, whether the effect of the arrangement itself is competitively neutral. The FCC concluded that the Agreement was not competitively neutral because it provided one entity exclusive physical access to the rights-of-way for a period of ten years with an option for another ten years. This restriction, the FCC asserted, is likely to disadvantage future facilities-based entrants because it forces others to use alternative rights-of-way that appear to be more costly. The FCC further stated that Minnesota had not demonstrated that there are differences in circumstances that warrant granting exclusive physical access to the freeway rights-of-way to one party.
The FCC also rejected Minnesota's assertion that the exclusive agreement is necessary to protect public safety. The FCC used a study by the National Cooperative Highway Research Project (NCHRP) to conclude that, in areas with wide rights-of-way, there is no correlation between construction work off the highway shoulder and an increase in accidents.(2) Because the Agreement requires construction work away from paved surfaces where rights-of-way are wide enough, Minnesota's safety concerns, the FCC concluded, appeared to be overstated. The FCC also surmised that the installation of fiber optic facilities has no greater safety impact than typical roadside maintenance such as removal of refuse, mowing of grass, sign maintenance and replacement, fence repair, and/or culvert construction that occur on a routine basis.
The FCC further stated that Minnesota's efforts to bring advanced services to rural areas under the Agreement did not overcome the flaws of the arrangement. The FCC stated that Minnesota had also not demonstrated that the arrangement is necessary to deploy advanced services to rural areas.
The FCC also disagreed with Minnesota that the Agreement is protected under section 253(c) which preserves the rights of State and local governments to manage their rights-of-way and to require fair and reasonable compensation from telecommunications providers, on a competitively neutral basis, for use of public rights-of-way. The FCC's authority to preempt State and local provisions determined to be anti-competitive under section 253 of the Telecommunications Act does not extend to State and local governmental actions under the auspices of rights-of-way management. 47 U.S.C. §253(c). The FCC stated that it had serious reservations whether the Agreement even constituted rights-of-way management for the purposes of section 253(c). Based on its review of the legislative history of the Telecommunications Act, the FCC concluded that Congress intended to protect States' traditional regulation of rights-of-way like issuance of construction permits regulating how and when construction is conducted on roadways and other public rights-of-way. The FCC stated that, even assuming that the Agreement constitutes protected rights-of-way management, Minnesota did not show that such management is competitively neutral and/or nondiscriminatory, that the compensation required for access is fair and reasonable, or that the Agreement provides for use of public rights-of-way on a nondiscriminatory basis.
It is important to stress that the FCC stated that its decision was limited to whether the Agreement violated section 253(a) or 253(b) and that it must consider potential issues involving the Commission's jurisdiction under section 253(c). The FCC declined to preempt Minnesota's Agreement, and instead, requested additional comment on this issue particularly concerning the practical effects of the Agreement. The FCC stated that its concerns may be mitigated depending on how the State and its contractor implement provisions of the Agreement requiring the availability of excess capacity for lease or purchase on a nondiscriminatory basis.
Rationale for Guidelines
In FHWA's opinion, the FCC's action in the Minnesota case had two practical effects:
- It limited the States right to manage their freeway ROW.
- It concluded that there was no significant safety hazard associated with construction on the ROW, and thus safety was not a reason to restrict access to telecommunications companies.
The first portion of the guidance deals with access to freeway right-of-way (ROW) and the three key elements of the FCC's decision: (1) the apparent limitation on the rights of States to manage their freeway ROW, (2) the assertion that installation of fiber optic cable does not constitute a hazard to public safety, and (3) the ten year exclusive arrangement is too long a time to deny other applicants access to the freeway ROW. The second portion of the guidance deals with the principles that states should consider to ensure a fair competitive telecommunications environment, as viewed by the FCC.
The first point in the guidance reasserts the States right to manage their ROW. The FHWA regulations, as cited in the guidance, requires States to deal with a broad range of issues in the exercise of their ROW management responsibilities. It was not the intent of the FCC to limit those considerations in the management of ROW. Therefore, the first statement in the guidance reiterates the States right to determine the time, place, manner, etc., of the installation of telecommunications. Since the Minnesota decision only dealt with the installation of telecommunications, the guidance statement only deals with that issue and the special issue of safety. This does not mean that safety is the only issue to be considered in ROW management. However, the guidance does suggest that there are other competition-related issues that States should consider in addition to the traditional ROW management issues defined in FHWA regulations.
Shared resource arrangements are entertained by state DOT's by the DOT to implement ITS and other public projects on their roadways. Therefore, if the State does not use "shared resource" type arrangements, the State would likely decide to construct its own fiber optic system to serve these needs. Indeed, several States have constructed telecommunications facilities along their freeway ROW using solely State resources.
Therefore, it is axiomatic that there will be telecommunications construction on the freeways of some States to provide the required services, whether it is done with the State's funds or with private funds as in a shared resource agreement. In the instance of a shared resource agreement, the issues become: 1) minimizing the impact of that construction on the safety of the traveling public and 2) allowing access in a competitively neutral and non-discriminatory fashion.
The evidence presented to the FCC in the Minnesota case did not convince the FCC that there was a safety issue regarding construction on the freeway ROW. Since the FCC has no background in highway safety, it concluded that any time construction was conducted off the roadway, but on the ROW, that there was no safety problem. This conclusion was predicated on the very wide ROW in rural Minnesota where construction could largely be done 100ft to 200 ft from the roadway in most places. The FCC relied on, arguably inappropriately, an NCHRP study as noted above.
Since safety was not a problem in the view of the FCC, the desire to foster competition in telecommunications became the major factor in its decision. Thus, its decision declared that the ten year exclusive agreement in Minnesota was an impediment to competition, since it denied other telecommunications companies access to a ROW that was a low cost approach to entering the market. Thus, other competitors might be excluded from this market just because they were not ready to install fiber when Minnesota's contractor was installing its fiber. Further, the FCC said that the ability to purchase fiber capacity from the contractor was not a substitute for owning one's own fiber.
The FCC's implementation of the Telecommunications Act's competition requirements has consistently held that companies that wish to compete in a market must have at least three options, or modes of entry, as to how they can enter the market.
- Companies must be allowed to purchase capacity from the existing suppliers.
- Telecommunications service providers are required to provide access to "unbundled network elements" of their facilities.
- Companies must have the option to install and operate their own infrastructure.
As a result of this position, the FCC's decision opened the possibility that the State would be forced to allow a new competitive telecommunications company access to the freeway ROW any time a new competitor wanted to enter the market. This could lead to one construction project after another on the freeway ROW effectively taking control of the ROW away from the State.
This possibility was unacceptable to the FHWA for two reasons. First, construction on the ROW does pose a safety hazard to the traveling public from both an ingress and egress perspective as well as during actual construction. Secondly, the potential of effectively taking control of the management of the ROW away from the State is at odds with the responsibilities of the U.S. Department of Transportation See, e.g., 23 U.S.C. §§ 111 and 401.
Therefore, the FHWA embarked upon an effort to convince the FCC of the safety issues surrounding construction on the freeway ROW and to develop a set of guidelines that would:
- Minimize the safety hazard to the public;
- Retain control of the ROW for States; and
- Ensure nondiscriminatory competition in the telecommunications industry with respect to access to the freeway ROW.
The FHWA was successful in convincing the FCC that there was a safety concern with construction on the freeway ROW. However, it was acknowledged that the further away from the roadway the construction is located, the less the hazard. Thus, where there are wide ROW's there should be a more liberal policy with respect to the frequency that construction can be allowed. The safety hazard caused by ingress and egress to construction sites, and later for maintenance, is recognized. However, once a State decides that telecommunications on the ROW is required for its own use, this hazard is presumably acceptable to the State. The only remaining issue becomes one of limiting the frequency of construction on the ROW. In the view of the FCC, and its decision on the Minnesota petition, it appears that once that first step is taken to allow a private telecommunications company access to the freeway ROW, the State must then ensure that such access is allowed in a competitively neutral manner. The exception is public safety considerations. Thus, safety is a reason to restrict access to the ROW rather than allowing unrestricted access every time a telecommunications company requests access.(3)
FHWA has long acknowledged that the safety hazard due to construction is a function of where the construction (i.e. equipment and people) is located with respect to the roadway.
Further, in the Minnesota case, where much of the construction for telecommunications purposes was to be done at the outer edge of a 400 ft to 500 ft ROW, it is recognized that construction perhaps 200 ft or more from the roadway is less hazardous than if adjacent to the roadway.
Therefore, it was determined that a method had to be delineated defining where safety was particularly compromised to warrant major restrictions on access.
To implement this basic approach, FHWA relied upon the existing policy defining a "clear zone" along the roadway. The clear zone concept is based upon the fundamental tenet that by removing all obstructions in the immediate vicinity of the roadway, run-off-the-road crashes could be reduced. Since run-off-the-road crashes account for about one third of freeway deaths and injuries, this is a significant safety feature of freeway design. The clear zone has been defined as a region around the roadway of sufficient width to allow 80% of vehicles that inadvertently leave the roadway to safely recover to the roadway. This definition produces a clear zone that varies as a function of the speed of the traffic, the traffic volume, and the slope of the shoulder and its surrounding terrain. As a result of this definition, the clear zone varies in width along freeways. Although it is generally agreed that a clear zone is desirable, it is not always feasible to build roadways with enough surrounding land to implement the clear zone as defined. However, the clear zone concept has been codified in FHWA policy and is recognized by State transportation officials. The clear zone requirements for design of freeways were published in the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Roadside Design Guide and adopted by FHWA in 1976 as part of the Federal-Aid Policy Guide Par. 16.(a)(3) NS 23CFR 625.
Therefore, these guidelines use the clear zone as the demarcation point for defining the safety guidelines for shared resource projects and how frequently States should allow construction for telecommunications. However, these guidelines only apply if a State decides to allow a private telecommunications company access to its ROW for the purpose of providing telecommunications capacity/service to the marketplace. A private contractor installing fiber solely for the use by a State is not faced with the issues of the TCA, and therefore, not subject to these guidelines.
Further, it is recognized that States are free to implement the FHWA clear zone policy in a variety of ways, e.g., some states have implemented a constant width to define the clear zone as opposed to the variable defined in the Roadside Design Guide.
The clear zone concept was employed to define an unacceptable level of safety risk and the restriction of access to the freeway ROW.
Therefore, when fiber optic construction is done where equipment and/or personnel are located inside the clear zone, this is deemed to be an unsafe condition and a State may restrict how often such construction can be performed. FHWA suggests that this type of construction be allowed once, and not allowed again until there is an overriding need on the part of the State; such as the equipment life span has been exceeded and needs to be replaced, or if the spare capacity installed is exhausted. However, since States have the ultimate responsibility to manage their ROW, they could, of course, decide to open the ROW more often depending on specific circumstances (e.g., States determine that safety is not adversely impacted by multiple accesses to the ROW in the clear zone).
The FCC has acknowledged that a State has the right to totally deny access on the basis of safety if the construction is done close to the roadway near the shoulder or the median strip (i.e. the clear zone).
Whereas, if construction equipment/personnel can be located outside the clear zone, then construction to install fiber optic equipment could be performed as often as necessary to satisfy the needs of the state and the telecommunications industry.
This means that, where construction can be conducted outside the clear zone, other telecommunications companies can request access to the ROW after the initial installation of fiber is completed as part of a shared resource project. Thus, once a State opens its ROW to the private sector, and construction is far from the roadway, it should consider other telecommunications companies requests for installations in this same area. However, the exact timing and construction requirements are under the control of the State.
This does not mean that States have to grant access as soon as a company requests access. Depending upon circumstances, States may restrict another construction for some number of years if they choose. This is solely the decision of the State. The only guidance available on how long access can be precluded after an initial opening period has closed comes from the Minnesota decision. In that decision, the FCC said 10 years is too long and thus might be anti-competitive. There is no clear or bright line answer as to how long a State can preclude access to the ROW after an initial opening period has closed. The competitive environment is different among regions and thus, what is reasonable is different.
The term "major segment" was deliberately not defined in the guidance. The length of a "major segment" is a variable depending on local conditions. Thus, it is necessary that States have some latitude in executing these guidelines. The FHWA and the FCC are relying on the commonly accepted definition in the industry and the judgement and good faith of States in defining major segments of freeway.
The footnote in the guidance allowing occasional incursions into the clear zone when the construction is predominantly outside the clear zone responds to the variability in the width of the clear zone as defined in the Roadside Design Guide. That is, construction that is normally proceeding outside the clear zone suddenly approaches an area of the ROW where the slope of the terrain changes dramatically and, for example, the clear zone is now 60 ft wide verses the normal 30 ft. This may persist for 100ft or 500ft and then return to the previous terrain slope and clear zone width. Another instance when construction is proceeding outside the clear zone is when, for example, an overpass is approached. Construction may encroach into the clear zone to pass through, over, or around the overpass, and then continue outside the clear zone. When construction takes place inside the clear zone, there are unique guidelines regarding what contractors should install, i.e. spare conduit/fiber to assure competitive neutrality. The footnote allows the construction to be conducted inside the clear zone for short distances to get around these unique terrain features without, for example, requiring the contractor to install extra conduit/fiber for such a short distance. This is merely an acknowledgment on the part of the FCC that these guidelines are not absolutes and will be determined to a degree by local conditions.
It is recognized that in many areas, particularly in urban areas, the ROW is not wide enough to permit the full implementation of the clear zone policy. This means that in those areas only one installation might be permitted by the State. That is, the State has the right to deny applications from telecommunications companies that wish to install fiber in these regions even though they have allowed one telecommunications company to install its fiber as part of a shared resource agreement.
In many States, freeways outside metropolitan areas have ROW's that are wide enough to fully implement the clear zone policy. It is these areas where the construction is done at the far edge of the wide ROW, States may decide to accept requests of telecommunications companies wishing to install fiber. Thus, States may allow multiple installations between two populated areas, but not in those populated areas. This is why the installation in restricted areas should have access points at the intersection of the restricted area and the area where multiple contractors could presumably install their own fiber. This provides a means for these telecommunications companies to serve the population centers using a combination of their own facilities and some leased from the contractor who most likely has installed spare capacity because construction was done inside the clear zone.
To implement this guidance, it is not necessary that states undertake to determine the boundaries of the clear zone along all their freeways. It has been assumed that the states existing geographic data on the ROW will allow a reasonable determination of where construction can take place in or out of the clear zone for most of the freeway system. This information becomes essential to the implementation of the guidance.
This basic approach provides guidance on two of the three issues defined above: (1) minimizing the safety hazard, and (2) the State's control of the ROW.
The third issue that must be addressed is ensuring non-discriminatory competition in telecommunication with respect to access to freeway ROW.
The fundamental assumption underlying this discussion assumes that the freeway ROW is a very cost effective ROW for the installation of fiber optic cable; perhaps the least expensive ROW available in the area. Therefore, when a telecommunications company is allowed to use this ROW to install its infrastructure, there is arguably a competitive advantage that has been gained over other telecommunications companies. Even though this advantage may have been gained through an open competition, the FCC has determined that this may have the effect of eliminating or deterring other telecommunications providers from providing service to the area because they cannot effectively compete with the low investment costs allowed the winning contractor. Thus, in reading the FCC's decision on the Minnesota petition, any exclusivity granted to the successful developer may have the effect of restraining competition.
To remedy this potential competitive advantage, the State should consider requiring the winning contractor to meet the following criteria.
First, the contractor should be required to install a third party's fiber when it is installing its own fiber in any area where safety concerns would limit the opportunity to install fiber in the future, for example, in areas where the construction may take place only once because it is inside the clear zone. Because this is a one time installation, States should provide reasonable notice to allow other competitors the opportunity to have their fiber installed. It can be assumed that the open solicitation by the State for a developer would provide adequate notice to the industry if the solicitation defines when construction is expected to begin. The presumption here is that the States procurement process will allow many months between the solicitation and the beginning of construction. Further, States should make an effort to inform the telecommunications industry when this construction will take place. This may mean contacting associations familiar to the telecommunications industry. Potential interested third parties would include, for example, incumbent local exchange carriers, competitive local exchange carriers, and interexchange carriers operating or seeking authority to operate in the State. The guidelines make clear that the State's contractor can charge the third party a fair and reasonable price, including profit, for installation of third party's fiber/conduit.
In addition, wherever construction is inside the clear zone the contractor should be required to provide excess capacity in its installation in the form of excess fiber and/or conduit, that would accommodate reasonably anticipated future demand. This is a means of providing other companies access to telecommunications infrastructure. The guidelines suggest preference for a wholesaler of telecommunications as opposed to a retail telecommunications service provider, who sells telecommunications services to the public. The contractor can then sell its excess capacity, that is lease the fiber to telecommunications service providers, at reasonable rates and under non-discriminatory terms and conditions. In addition, the contractor should be required to sell fiber on an "Irrevocable Right of Use" (IRU) basis. This means third parties should be able to purchase fiber and take ownership, not just lease fiber. This serves the mode of entry provision allowing a competitor to own his facilities.
The guidance specifically does not address what is done when the fiber installed within the clear zone has reached capacity and a request for service is received. Of course, another installation is a possibility. However, assuming technology continues to improve, replacing existing electronics, or even fiber, to gain additional capacity from the existing physical installation is another option that could avoid additional construction on the right-of-way. The FHWA recommends that additional construction inside the clear zone be avoided if possible.
Companies that sell fiber to telecommunications service providers as their sole business are the most desirable contractors. This is to avoid allegations or concerns regarding a contractor that is a service provider protecting its competitive position through pricing to its competitors. However, if the contractor is a service provider, the State should ensure that the contractor deals fairly with its competitors in pricing facilities offered to competitors. An approach that can be used for this purpose it to require of the contractor that the rates, terms and conditions for its own retail service should not be considered in determining fair and reasonable rates, terms and conditions for competitors, but should be considered in determining whether competitors are treated in a nondiscriminatory manner. This approach avoids the classic "price squeeze" situation where a contractor increases the cost it charges its own retail arm to justify higher charges to its competitors. Thus, the rates charged its own retail entity shouldn't be used to determine "fair" rates to be charged its competitors. Conversely, if the contractor charges very low rates to its own retail entity to gain a competitive advantage, then using the contractor's internal rates to determine if there is discrimination will force the contractor to avoid this approach because it would have to provide those low rates to its competitors to avoid a charge of discrimination.
The guidelines further suggest that the State may want to use a third party such as a public utility commission or independent arbitrator that has no interest in the project to review third party concerns regarding treatment by the State's contractor. However, whether or not to implement such a practice is solely at the State's discretion.
Wherever the contractor installs fiber outside the clear zone, the requirements to install excess capacity and third party fiber do not apply, since it maybe possible for third parties to install their own fiber at a later date. However, this does not mean that the contractor is prohibited from installing third party fiber or additional fiber/conduit to allow for future demand when the installation is outside the clear zone. In fact, this would be most the most desirable approach in order to postpone or preclude future installations on the ROW.
Even if the contractor were a wholesaler (i.e. sells to telecommunications service providers) of telecommunications, and installed excess fiber and/or conduit outside the clear zone, to meet the market demands for the foreseeable future, other potential competitors could still request access to the ROW to install their own fiber. However, this scenario is less likely if the developer is in the business of supplying telecommunications capacity to retail competitors. Thus, having the contractor be a wholesaler is preferable because it might lessen the likelihood that additional construction would take place on the ROW. This is further support for the State to publicize its intent to open the ROW for fiber. A normal practice in the telecommunications industry is for competitors to share the cost of major infrastructure investments. The more competitors that can install their fiber in the ground while the trench is open, the less likely that the State will be requested to open the ROW again, thus minimizing safety impacts and disruptions to the operational efficiency of the roadway.
Even though a contractor may install fiber outside the clear zone, the requirements for fair pricing etc., should still apply.
The discussion above is aimed at providing some understanding of the rationale behind the recommendations in the accompanying guidance.
Again, there are approaches to these shared resource agreements other than the recommendations defined in the guidance that can be consistent with the requirements of the Telecommunications Act.
States must decide the scenario that best fits their needs and the competitive environment that exists in the area.
- See, FCC Mem. Op. and Order, 99-402. Top
- According to the authors, the statistical sample used in the NCHRP study was too small to support such a conclusion. Accordingly, the basis for the FCC's conclusions regarding safety might be problematic. See, Letter from James Migletz, Vice President, Graham-Migletz Enterprises, Inc. to Rudy Umbs, Federal Highway Administration, regarding Review and Interpretation of Traffic Accident Statistics and Statements in FCC 99-402 (January 25, 2000). Mr. Migletz, the lead investigator for the project states "[w]hile it is true that fiber optic installation occurs on the roadside like other typical roadside work, it cannot be stated that fiber optic installation has no greater safety impact than other roadside work. Work zones involving fiber optic installation were not studied [under the project relevant to this matter.] I do not know enough information about fiber optic installation activities to form an opinion about the safety impacts of these activities." Top
- The FCC decision on the Minnesota petition did not address whether the operational efficiency, environmental factors, or other factors involving ROW management under FHWA regulations should also be a factor in controlling access to the ROW, and therefore, are not discussed here. Top


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Travis Wilson
Sept. 15, 2013
Final Stats | Quotes | Notes | Photo Gallery
SALT LAKE CITY (AP) - The Utah offense produced 539 total yards, but Oregon State quarterback Sean Mannion's 6-yard touchdown pass to Brandin Cooks in overtime pushed the Beavers past the Utes, 51-48, on Saturday night.
Mannion completed 27 of 44 passes for 443 yards and five touchdowns in a back-and-forth thriller. Cooks had nine receptions for 210 yards and three scores as the Beavers overcame the loss of Storm Woods to a frightening neck injury and opened Pac-12 play with a road win.
The weary OSU defense was able to force a 41-yard field goal by Andy Phillips on Utah's possession in overtime.
Travis Wilson passed for 279 yards and ran for 142 and three touchdowns while rallying the Utes (2-1, 0-1 Pac-12) from 13 points down to tie the score at 45-45 on a 9-yard run with 21 seconds to play.
James Poole had a career-high 117 yards rushing and Dres Anderson had 101 yards receiving but the Utes couldn't overcome Wilson's three interceptions.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Hank Ashbaugh is working hard to unravel the mystery of unstructured proteins in the human genome, and he's on a roll. An assistant professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering at Tulane, he has received a National Science Foundation CAREER Award and $431,000 in research funding for a five-year study.
This past fall semester, Ashbaugh also received the Tulane President's Early Career Development Award in recognition of his scientific contributions and his potential as a researcher. He is a faculty member in the School of Science and Engineering.
Ashbaugh's proposal for the National Science Foundation grant explores the 20 to 30 percent of proteins in multicellular organisms that, unlike insulin, hemoglobin, phosphatases and other well-known proteins, do not have unique three-dimensional folded structures. Scientists are just beginning to study the functions of these "unfolded" proteins, which resemble a jumble of Mardi Gras beads.
"If we think of ourselves as being more complex than an amoeba, then why do we have so much unstructured material in our genome?" Ashbaugh asks. That is one of the questions he and his team, which includes Tulane students, ask themselves as they try to understand the roles of unfolded proteins.
"It's not like there's a ticker-tape parade of unfolded proteins in a body (although it may look like it)," says Ashbaugh. "These things have a function."
One of Ashbaugh's most important hypotheses suggests that these unfolded proteins play a large part in regulating communication between DNA in the command center of the cell and the rest of the cell.
The Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Award is considered one of the National Science Foundation's most prestigious awards. It supports the early career-development activities of teacher-scholars who most effectively integrate research and education within the context of the mission of their organization.
Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118 504-865-5000 email@example.com


text:
Hi guys, I have my first track session scheduled for this Saturday at the Burnaby Velodrome - only a 20 minute bike ride from my house, as it happens. I'm very excited, but also a bit concerned about what this latest interest might cost.
I've been reading on here, and looking at bikes and trying to learn something. I plan to simply ride the rentals for a while, until I decide whether or not it's for me. Mind you I haven't found a cycling discipline yet that I didn't like...so yea.
Anyways, I'm trying to get a handle on what a bike might cost me should I choose to buy one, so I can start budgeting. I have some ideas regarding frames, but component quality varies a lot and I don't know what's 'good enough'. For example, this bike
comes with everything from a FSA Vero crankset to a Campy Record. I guess it's safe to say the Record is good, but is there any point to spending the extra money? Is a Vero good enough? How about Miche stuff? Is the crank quality critical, how about hubs? Does it matter much what rims I'm running? I know the deeper ones are more aero, but is that going to be relevant for me as a beginner? Should I plan on going tubular, or are clinchers fine?
If someone could give me some advice as to where to spend the money and a realistic price point, that would be great. Thanks, and sorry for the rambling questions.


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An Important Word of Caution on Short Box-Spread Trades!
Some things we learned as children:
"There is no such thing as free money."
"If you see something that looks too good to be true (especially in options trading), it probably is!"
"A little intelligence is a dangerous thing."
I am compelled to warn readers about a trap I have seen too many option traders fall into. That trap is selling "boxes" on stocks for more than the difference between strike prices. (A box is a 4-legged trade where you sell one combo and buy another combo.) Theoretically, they may think, it cannot be worth more than that difference. This is most definitely NOT TRUE. They are forgetting about Dividends!
For example, I have recently seen traders looking at the options in the SPDR S&P 500 ETF (SPY). The 120-125 box for instance. In this example, the 120 calls would be sold, the 120 puts bought, and the 125 calls are bought while the 125 puts are sold.
Here are the current markets in those four options:
120 Calls 4.05 | 4.07
120 Puts 0.20 | 0.21
125 Calls 0.46 | 0.47
125 Puts 2.03 | 2.04
Crossing all four bid/ask spreads, the total bid price for the box comes to $5.40. If there was no dividend, the most this could be worth would be $5 at expiration. Seems riskless and it seems like a free 40 cents! Too good to be true, right? NO WAY! The market is not in business to give away money.
The SPY goes ex-dividend on Friday, December 17 with an estimated dividend of $0.65. The day prior to the ex-dividend date, long in-the-money call holders will early exercise their options – the December 120 calls in this case, to have a long stock position before the ex-date. Most short contracts in the 120 calls will be assigned, causing those portfolios to become short stock and they will owe the 65-cent dividend to the long holders. This will likely cause this $5.40 sale to ultimately be a $4.75 cent sale and result in a loss of 25 cents. The actual settlement value of this box is $5.65 --- $5 for the difference between strikes plus the 0.65 for the dividend.
Even if you buy back the short stock first thing on Friday morning, it is too late! The damage is done. You are short stock prior to the ex-dividend date and you owe it plain and simple.
Don't fall into this trap! This potentially occurs with all dividend-paying stocks and also affects in-the-money call spreads as well.
Another adage to remember … "Being forewarned is forearmed!"
Please refer to Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options, copies of which can also be obtained by contacting our Customer Service Department at email@example.com.


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FOX 47 - Top Stories
MADISON, Wis. - The
Republican majority leader in the state Assembly has been asked to resign his
post because of allegations that he sexually harassed multiple women at a
fundraiser in Washington, two Republicans with direct knowledge of the
situation told The Associated Press on Saturday.
Rep. Bill Kramer, of
Waukesha, was elected by Republican Assembly members as majority leader in
September. He could not immediately be reached for comment Saturday.
The Republicans who
know about the allegations said that GOP Assembly leaders met late Friday to
discuss the situation and agreed that Kramer should step down as majority
leader. They spoke anonymously because attorneys had not authorized them to
comment publicly.
Kramer was also asked
to consider whether to resign his seat in the Legislature, the Republicans
Republican Assembly
Speaker Robin Vos , of Rochester, released a statement Friday in response to
the allegations concerning Kramer. The statement said "Recently I was made
aware of serious allegations regarding inappropriate behavior by Rep. Kramer.
Since I learned of those allegations I have been consulting with legal
counsel and other legislators to understand what options are available. The
alleged behavior is reprehensible and won't be tolerated. I expect that members
of the Wisconsin State Legislature should always hold themselves to the highest
standards and that's why this matter will be dealt with swiftly."
Kramer's office
released a two-sentence statement Saturday saying the Waukesha Republican was
entering treatment and would have no further comment.
On Saturday, Rep. Vos
put out another statement.
"The allegations
made against Rep. Kramer are very serious and we are glad he recognizes the
need to seek treatment. We hope in so doing, he will come to terms with his
problems so that no woman will ever again be subject to this alleged
inappropriate behavior," the statement read. "We believe the serious
nature of the alleged incidents require us to ask the Assembly Republican
Caucus to remove Rep. Kramer from his position as the Assembly Majority
Leader. It is clear he has lost our trust and confidence. On
Tuesday, Assembly Republicans will take a vote to remove him from his leadership
position and we will then determine how best to fill the position of Majority
Kramer, who was first
elected in 2006, represents a heavily Republican district and is part of a
60-39 GOP majority in the Assembly. The 49-year-old did not immediately return
a phone message or email left at his Capitol office Saturday morning, and no
listed home phone number was available for him. The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
went to Kramer's home Friday night but he was not there.
Kramer's chief of
staff, Cameron Sholty, told the Journal Sentinel that Kramer would be meeting
with staff Saturday and talking with fellow Republican lawmakers over the next
48 hours. He declined further comment to the newspaper. No listed home phone
number could be found for Sholty.
Kramer and other Republicans
from the Senate and Assembly were in Washington on Wednesday for an annual
fundraiser held at the offices of lobbying and public relations firm BRG Group.
The Republicans who
spoke to the AP said Kramer allegedly groped at least one woman Wednesday night
in a bar and said something inappropriate to at least one woman on the flight
back Thursday. One Republican told the AP he spoke with the alleged victims and
felt the allegations were serious enough to ask Kramer to resign as majority
Kramer, who is single,
is an attorney and CPA. He was elected to take over for Scott Suder as majority
leader, but the choice divided Assembly Republicans.
The majority leader is
second in power only to the speaker of the Assembly. The job involves
scheduling bills and directing action during debate.
Kramer was up against
Rep. Dean Knudson, and one of Knudson's backers spoke pointedly prior to the
vote that Kramer had acted inappropriately in the past.
"That cannot
happen ever," Rep. Chris Kapenga said in September. "We can't have
sexual innuendos. We can't have bad language in the public."
Kramer is known for
his sometimes flamboyant and confrontational style, especially during his
previous role presiding over the Assembly.
He often displayed his
knack for knowing the legislative district numbers of all 99 members and often
broke out into loud laughter while joking with Democrats and Republicans alike.
But he was also
visibly testy regarding the frequent protests and interruptions from spectators
in the gallery, including during the marathon 61-hour filibuster over the
collective bargaining bill in 2011. Kramer was a strict enforcer of Assembly
rules barring signs, cameras, clapping or other outbursts.
Kramer also has said
he sometimes carries a concealed handgun onto the floor of the Assembly for his
own personal safety.
Saturday, March 1 2014, 05:50 PM CST
Video List
Tonight on FOX 47
5:00pm Two and a Half Men
5:30pm Big Bang Theory
6:00pm Modern Family
6:30pm Big Bang Theory
7:00pm The Simpsons
7:30pm The Simpsons
8:00pm Rosewood
9:00pm FOX 47 News at 9
10:00pm Modern Family
10:30pm 2 Broke Girls
11:00pm Mike & Molly
11:30pm Two and a Half Men
12:00am Mike & Molly
12:30am Dish Nation


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Strongest squadron? - Burrell, Whitmore say Mexico group is Jamaica's best
Ryon Jones, Staff Reporter
Despite Jamaica's senior men's football squad that has been called up for the February 6 World Cup Qualifier away to Mexico consisting of eight inactive players, five newcomers and two schoolboys, federation president, Captain Horace Burrell, and head coach Theodore Whitmore say it represents Jamaica's strongest available squadron.
"One of the mistakes that we will never make again is to have Jamaica parade an 11 on the field that we know is not the strongest 11 available," Burrell argued during yesterday's press launch held at the Jamaica Football Federation (JFF).
"We should never repeat what happened in the Caribbean Cup. We have gone all out to try and secure the strongest 11 possible players to represent this country. We have gone for the most experienced players ever in the history of Jamaica."
The five players - selected following the JFF recruitment efforts in Europe last year - who are either new to the programme or have never represented the country in an official game, are Marvin Elliot (Bristol City), Joel Jobi McAnuff (Reading), Garath McCleary (Reading), Theo Robinson (Derby County) and Jermaine Beckford (Huddersfield).
The players will leave from their various clubs on February 3 for Mexico, where they are slated to engage in two training sessions prior to the game.
"Many of the clubs have made one request of the JFF because they are thinking about the health and safety of the players, they have asked that the players to travel as comfortably as possible," Burrell disclosed. "We have put arrangements in place for them (players) to be accommodated a little bit more comfortably, in the business cabin. That's an expensive venture, but we have to do it because it is necessary."
With the players set to be released by their clubs a mere 48 hours before the match, Whitmore has expressed concern with the limited preparation time, but is nonetheless expecting a good showing.
"I am very concerned about the limited time with the team in practice, but very confident with the quality of players that we are assembling together," Whitmore shared. "We want to go over there (Mexico) and give a good performance and the result will come.
"If we go down to Mexico thinking that we are going to lose the game then we have already lost the game."
Ryan Johnson, Omar Daley and Donovan Ricketts have been recalled to the squad after being overlooked of late. Whitmore also said 18-year-old schoolboys Alvas Powell and Andre Lewis are in the squad for development purposes.
"There is a time for every player ... at this time we have selected the 23 players that we think are best for the Mexico game," Whitmore said.
GOALKEEPERS - Dwayne Miller, Donovan Ricketts and Duwayne Kerr. DEFENDERS - Nyron Nosworthy, Damion Stewart, Alvas Powell, Adrian Mariappa, Demar Phillips, Jermaine Taylor. MIDFIELDERS - Jermaine Johnson, Omar Daley, Tramaine Stewart, Rodolph Austin, Marvin Elliot, Jason Morrison, Joel Jobi McAnuff, Jermaine Hue, Andre Lewis. FORWARDS: Dane Richards, Jermaine Beckford, Garath McCleary, Theo Robinson, Ryan Johnson.
Full Caption: National senior men's football team head coach, Theodore Whitmore (right), announces the names of players selected to the Jamaica squad for next Wednesday's World Cup Qualifying fixture against Mexico. Looking on is national Under-20 football team head coach Wendel Downswell, who also announced his squad for upcoming qualifying competition, during a press conference at the Jamaica Football Federation office in New Kingston yesterday. - Ian Allen/Photographer


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I have only two pictures of my grandmother. I have scanned the one with her
alone. I will find the one with my grandfather. In the 1900 Newark, Essex, New
Jersey census, my grandmother was listed as Head of household. Eliza Terhune,
W, F, b. 18 August 1868, NJ she was 31, with her are three of my aunts, Mary J.
Terhune, b. June 1882, Louise Terhune, b. April 1883 and Eliza Terhune b. Dec.
1896. And lo and behold my grandfather, Charles Thiems, boarder..b. July 1866
NJ. In the 1920 census, the are married and the rest of the sisters came along.
By now though the three first sisters assumed the name Theims. I knew all my
aunts except for Mary (who was called Mazie) and Louise. I would love to
connect my grandmother to some Terhune. She was not born in Essex county that I
do know.
Linda Burst Bryant


text:
Printer Friendly
Mission Statement: Park University provides access to a quality higher education experience that prepares a diverse community of learners to think critically, communicate effectively, demonstrate a global perspective and engage in lifelong learning and service to others.Vision Statement: Park University, a pioneering institution of higher learning since 1875, will provide leadership in quality, innovative education for a diversity of learners who will excel in their professional and personal service to the global community.CourseSO 315 Minority Group RelationsSemesterFA 2012 HOFacultySouthard, Frank A.TitleAdjunct ProfessorDegrees/CertificatesPh.D., University of KansasNIMH Postdoctoral Fellowship, Stanford UniversityOffice LocationMcAfee Memorial Library, TBAOffice HoursTBADaytime firstname.lastname@example.com DatesAug 20 - Dec 14, 2012Class DaysM/W/FClass Time10 - 10:50am, MA 306Credit Hours3Textbook: Parrillo, V. N. (2011, 10th ed). Strangers to These Shores: Race and Ethnic Relations in the United States. NY: Allyn & Bacon.
Textbooks can be purchased through the MBS bookstoreTextbooks can be purchased through the Parkville BookstoreAdditional Resources: Handouts, study/discussion questions
McAfee Memorial Library - Online information, links, electronic databases and the Online catalog. Contact the library for further assistance via email or at 800-270-4347.Career Counseling - The Career Development Center (CDC) provides services for all stages of career development. The mission of the CDC is to provide the career planning tools to ensure a lifetime of career success.Park Helpdesk - If you have forgotten your OPEN ID or Password, or need assistance with your PirateMail account, please email firstname.lastname@example.com or call 800-927-3024Resources for Current Students - A great place to look for all kinds of information http://www.park.edu/Current/.Course Description: SO315 (HS315) Minority Group Relations (LL): An examination of the patterns and causes of prejudice and discrimination. Surveys the history and current status of groups in American society which have been subjected to discrimination based on race, ethnicity, sex or religion. 3:0:3Educational Philosophy: To expose students to a variety of new ideas, to develop their analytical powers and skills in applying these ideas to the empirical world. Several formats will be used: lectures and discussions by the class and group discussion. There will be five exams, including the final, that involve matching, short answer, and essay questions. Learning Outcomes: Core Learning OutcomesExplain how majority (dominant) and minority (subordinate) groups are defined and how those definitions are commonly justified, internalized by members of both, and manipulated for relative advantage.Know the historical development, current importance, and likely future developments in socially significant minorities, such as those based on "race" and ethnicity, history and geography, culture and religion, gender or sex, privilege, birth, and so forth; and critically assess how those definitions are created and applied.Know the social history of American migration patterns and how they were shaped by power, status, and access to other resources; and compare and contrast this history with those of other areas and times.Examine the patterns and causes of prejudice and discrimination, and interpret the consequences for individuals and societies.Explain how social institutions, such as economic, political, educational, and cultural systems, are created or adapted to perpetuate disadvantage among minority group members.Evaluate the history and current status of groups in American society that have been subjected to systematic discrimination, including African Americans, Native Americans, and other specific ethnic and religious groups.Explore, apply, and evaluate common responses by minority groups to discrimination, including assimilation, accommodation, separatism, and radicalism.Analyze and evaluate current issues in minority group relations; and apply your theoretical and social historical knowledge to specific minority group struggles in the present day, and to extrapolate their likely trajectories.Core Assessment:
SO 315 Minority Group Relations
Southard, Frank A.
Adjunct Professor
Ph.D., University of KansasNIMH Postdoctoral Fellowship, Stanford University
Office Location
McAfee Memorial Library, TBA
Office Hours
Daytime Phone
Semester Dates
Aug 20 - Dec 14, 2012
Class Days
Class Time
10 - 10:50am, MA 306
Credit Hours
Textbooks can be purchased through the MBS bookstore
Textbooks can be purchased through the Parkville Bookstore
Additional Resources:
McAfee Memorial Library - Online information, links, electronic databases and the Online catalog. Contact the library for further assistance via email or at 800-270-4347.Career Counseling - The Career Development Center (CDC) provides services for all stages of career development. The mission of the CDC is to provide the career planning tools to ensure a lifetime of career success.Park Helpdesk - If you have forgotten your OPEN ID or Password, or need assistance with your PirateMail account, please email email@example.com or call 800-927-3024Resources for Current Students - A great place to look for all kinds of information http://www.park.edu/Current/.
Educational Philosophy: To expose students to a variety of new ideas, to develop their analytical powers and skills in applying these ideas to the empirical world. Several formats will be used: lectures and discussions by the class and group discussion. There will be five exams, including the final, that involve matching, short answer, and essay questions.
Learning Outcomes: Core Learning Outcomes
Core Assessment (New for July, 2006)
The Core Assessment assignment for this class will be a major essay that integrates, analyzes, applies, and critiques several sociological concepts and research findings from this course individually, together, and with additional sources from your own literature review and archival study.
You must incorporate the findings from at least five outside sources of original academic research in this essay. You may also include additional sources for examples or background information, but only reputable, peer-reviewed academic sources will count toward the reference requirements of your essays. This means that magazines, newspapers, professional periodicals, or internet sources are only appropriate for examples and illustrations in this project — if you have any questions as to whether a specific source is acceptable for your essay, you should ask your instructor rather than guess. Also, focus on articles or books presenting original research or theories, not on those reviewing others' works or editorializing about opposing approaches. Reference works, textbooks, and literature reviews are all excellent places to begin your search, but you must find and read the original in order to develop your own reaction. Ask your instructor for source approval if in doubt.
You should also consider incorporating relevant and reputable statistical and other social scientific data collected by researchers, governments, and other agencies and organizations. A wealth of such archived data is publicly accessible through the Internet, and their use can help you better understand your issue and develop a stronger analysis and critique. Again, if in doubt, ask your instructor for approval of your data source.
If you do not properly cite those external sources that contributed to your work, then you are guilty of plagiarism. This will not be tolerated and may result in immediate and serious academic penalties. If you have any questions as to when and how to use citations and references in you essays, please contact your instructor. Your final essay will also be formatted according to the relevant portions of the American Psychological Association Style Guide. The main text of your essay will consist of no more than 3,500 words (or about fifteen pages). While it possible to construct a successful essay in fewer words, this assignment is comprehensive and detailed enough that most students will find it a challenge to successfully address all of its points in the allotted space. Begin work on your essay early and leave plenty of time for revision to assure the best possible grade.
Select one identity group that is now or has historically been a minority or subordinated group in the United States. Your group may be a "minority" based on race, ethnicity, national origin, religion, culture, socioeconomic status, gender, sexual identity or preference, or some other characteristic or combination of characteristics (but you must receive your instructor's permission before beginning your project).
Briefly summarize the history of that group in this country, and the dominant group's response to their presence. Compare and contrast that group's characteristics and sense of identity with those ascribed to them by the mainstream. Describe the group's primary strategy or strategies for carving their niche in American society (i.e., assimilation, accommodation, separatism, or radicalism), and the dominant group's responses to those strategies. Discuss the degree to which the minority group has (and had) a cohesive identity. Analyze how and why the subordinated and dominant groups adopted these particular strategies. What inaccurate stereotypes does the dominant group tend to have about the minority, and vice versa? Use the conceptual and theoretical tools of the course and your outside sources to clarify and enrich your analysis.
Discuss and evaluate the personal and group consequences of this minority status for both the subordinated and dominant groups. Discuss specific types of prejudice and discrimination directed toward the minority group. Examine and evaluate the minority group's strategy for advancing within the larger society's opportunity structure. Evaluate the relative success of these strategies, compare and contrast them with other appropriate groups, and argue whether another approach might be more successful, especially given the possible differences in culture, ethics, and goals between the minority and majority groups. Justify and support your conclusions. Explain how specific social scientific theories and research helps you to draw these conclusions. Why?
Now that you have a clearer and more defensible understanding of the evidence and the mechanisms at work, discuss the prospects for this group over the next two decades. Defend and justify your conclusions. What shared strategies and individual decisions would help guide this group in the most generally useful and beneficial direction? Defend and justify your conclusions.
Link to Class RubricClass Assessment:
Late Submission of Course Materials:
Classroom Rules of Conduct:
Course Topic/Dates/Assignments:
Academic Honesty:Academic integrity is the foundation of the academic community. Because each student has the primary responsibility for being academically honest, students are advised to read and understand all sections of this policy relating to standards of conduct and academic life. Park University students and faculty members are encouraged to take advantage of the University resources available for learning about academic honesty (www.park.edu/current or http://www.park.edu/faculty/).from Park University 2011-2012 Undergraduate Catalog Page 95-96
Plagiarism:Plagiarism involves the use of quotations without quotation marks, the use of quotations without indication of the source, the use of another's idea without acknowledging the source, the submission of a paper, laboratory report, project, or class assignment (any portion of such) prepared by another person, or incorrect paraphrasing. from Park University 2011-2012 Undergraduate Catalog Page 95
Attendance Policy:Instructors are required to maintain attendance records and to report absences via the online attendance reporting system.
Park University 2011-2012 Undergraduate Catalog Page 98
Disability Guidelines:Park University is committed to meeting the needs of all students that meet the criteria for special assistance. These guidelines are designed to supply directions to students concerning the information necessary to accomplish this goal. It is Park University's policy to comply fully with federal and state law, including Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, regarding students with disabilities. In the case of any inconsistency between these guidelines and federal and/or state law, the provisions of the law will apply. Additional information concerning Park University's policies and procedures related to disability can be found on the Park University web page: http://www.park.edu/disability .
Last Updated:7/27/2012 11:19:29 AM


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Related Pages
On This Site
Tests: Electrolytes, Osmolality, BUN, Creatinine, Urinalysis, Glucose, CBC, Stool Culture
Conditions: Diarrhea, Diabetes, Addison Disease, Kidney Disease, Malnutrition, Acidosis and Alkalosis, Food and Waterborne Illness, Malabsorption, Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Elsewhere On The Web
National Athletic Trainers' Association: Parents' and Coaches' Guide to Dehydration and Other Heat Illnesses in Children
KidsHealth from Nemours Foundation: What's the Big Sweat about Dehydration?
Safe Kids USA: Dehydration and Heat Illness Prevention Tips
MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Dehydration
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Seasonal Influenza (Flu): Tips to Prevent Fluid Loss (Dehydration)
Article Sources
NOTE: This article is based on research that utilizes the sources cited here as well as the collective experience of the Lab Tests Online Editorial Review Board. This article is periodically reviewed by the Editorial Board and may be updated as a result of the review. Any new sources cited will be added to the list and distinguished from the original sources used.
Takayesu, J. (Updated 2011 November 4). Pediatric Dehydration. Medscape Reference [On-line information]. Available online at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801012-overview through http://emedicine.medscape.com. Accessed August 2012.
Vorvick, L. (Updated 2011 August 15). Dehydration. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000982.htm. Accessed August 2012.
Huang, L. and Anchala, K. (Updated 2012 March 12). Dehydration. Medscape Reference [On-line information]. Available online at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/906999-overview#showall through http://emedicine.medscape.com. Accessed August 2012.
Levine, A. and Santucci, K. (Updated 2010 April 7). Pediatric Gastroenteritis. Medscape Reference [On-line information]. Available online at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801948-overview through http://emedicine.medscape.com. Accessed September 2012
Vorvick, L. (Updated 2012 May 17). Skin turgor. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003281.htm. Accessed September 2012.
Dowshen, S. (Reviewed 2009 May). Dehydration. TeensHealth from Nemours [On-line information]. Available online at http://kidshealth.org/teen/safety/sports_safety/dehydration.html through http://kidshealth.org. Accessed September 2012.
(Updated 2010 November 1). What is Hypotension? National Heart Lung and Blood Institute [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hyp/ through http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov. Accessed September 2012.
Mayo Clinic Staff (2011 January 7). Dehydration. MayoClinic.com [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.mayoclinic.com/print/dehydration/DS00561/DSECTION=all&METHOD=print through http://www.mayoclinic.com. Accessed September 2012.
Canavan, A. and Arant, B. (2009 October 1). Diagnosis and Management of Dehydration in Children. Am Fam Physician. 2009 Oct 1;80(7):692-696. [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/1001/p692.html through http://www.aafp.org. Accessed August 2012.
Faes, M. et. al. (2007 December 26). Dehydration in Geriatrics. Medscape Today News from Geriatrics and Aging. v10 (9):590-596. [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/567678 through http://www.medscape.com. Accessed September 2012.
Cronan, K. (Reviewed 2010 November). Dehydration. KidsHealth from Nemours [On-line information]. Available online at http://kidshealth.org/parent/firstaid_safe/emergencies/dehydration.html through http://kidshealth.org. Accessed August 2012.
Lewis, J. (Revised 2008 August). Dehydration. Merck Manual Home Health Handbook [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/hormonal_and_metabolic_disorders/water_balance/dehydration.html#v770541 through http://www.merckmanuals.com. Accessed August 2012.
Kaneshiro, N. (Updated 2011 November 7). Babies and diarrhea. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001965.htm. Accessed September 2012.
Roberts, K. (Revised 2007 May). Dehydration in Children. Merck Manual for Healthcare Professionals [On-line information]. Available online through http://www.merckmanuals.com. Accessed September 2012.
King, C. et. al. (2003 November 21). Managing Acute Gastroenteritis Among Children. Oral Rehydration, Maintenance, and Nutritional Therapy. CDC MMWR v52 (RR16);1-16 [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5216a1.htm through http://www.cdc.gov. Accessed September 2012.
Dwyer J. Chapter 73. Nutrient Requirements and Dietary Assessment. In: Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012. Available online at http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=9099636 through http://www.accessmedicine.com. Accessed October 2012.


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|Allegro CL version 8.2
Unrevised from 8.1 to 8.2.
8.1 version
Returns the owner window of the various IDE tool windows. This window depends on whether the IDE is using a parent window or an owner window. See ide:use-ide-parent-window.
This function simply calls development-main-window, though it exists only in the IDE, unlike development-main-window, which could be used in a CG application.
Copyright (c) 1998-2015, Franz Inc. Oakland, CA., USA. All rights reserved.
Documentation for Allegro CL version 8.2. This page was not revised from the 8.1 page.
Created 2010.1.21.
|Allegro CL version 8.2
Unrevised from 8.1 to 8.2.
8.1 version


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DFW has a similar runway confirguration as ATL(yes DFW has more runways). At DFW ATC will stagger arriving aircraft and use the inner "takeoff" runway for landings also. And during heavy departure periods will use the outer "landing" runway for takeoff. This type of operation,literally doubles your runway capacity.
ATL is one of the world's busiest airports,yet utillize only four runways,do ATL ATC utillize their runways the same?
Some may say ATC rules do not allow such an operation(regarding aircraft separation),all I can say is go to DFW yourself and see.
Please check your spelling (press "Check Spelling" above)
©Copyright 2016 Demand Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved


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Thanks Telemates for allowing me to share my messages on the chat line. I hope everyone has a Happy New Year 2009. Thanks and
good bye.
Hey everyone this is Jessica, 18 year old female. I am on here to rerecord my message to let everyone know, I found me the greatest guy that I have ever met in my life. He is so sweet, so caring, so honest. Well I am not going to be on the chat line for a while. So thanks to all of you that have left me a message. I hope you all find what you are looking for because I have. You all have a great day and you all have a great New Years. Bye!
I got this phone number from my girl and she met somebody that was real nice. Hopefully I can meet somebody the same on the chat line.
Hello ladies, this is Dennis. Looking for pretty lady, sweet, nice physique, cute figure, not too big. I'm not a real big man myself. I like my women a little bit smaller than me. I am handsome. I'm self-sufficient. I've met a few really good friends here on the chat line.
I met someone through your online dating service, I love Megamates!
Everything was excellent with your online dating website.
I met someone through your online dating service, keep up the good work.
My name is Ray, I really appreciate you guys. I wish everybody a Merry Christmas and Happy New Year, and thank you all very much. I found me a wife and I'm very happy, thank you! I no longer need this service, no more.
Hi this is Tom. I have met a few girls off the date line.
Hi Ladies! May you all find the man you're looking for. I have found the lady I was looking for! Thank you Telemates!
Copyright © 2016 Social Tech Unlimited, LLC.11:23 AM 12/2/2014 All Rights Reserved.


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Best Places In America To Celebrate The 4th Of JulyIn celebration of Independence Day, several cities across the nation are hosting fun-filled activities by day and then concluding with spectacular pyrotechnic shows that can be viewed from miles away. Here are five of the best places in America to celebrate the Fourth of July
Movie Producers To Stage Explosions In Long Island City, QueensPolice have advised that explosions will be heard Thursday in the Hunter's Point district of Long Island City, Queens as part of a movie production project.
Five Boro Bike Tour Cancels Pyrotechnics At Starting Line In Wake Of Boston BombingsPromotional posters for the May 5 event featuring a picture of pyrotechnics above riders are also being removed in the wake of the Boston Marathon bombings.


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After Dark
Get Surreal at the Exploratorium Tonight
Art meets science at tonight's Exploratorium event. This week's After Dark program gets wild as the museum transforms into a Mad Hatter's tea party. Except, instead of tea, you'll be sipping beer and wine. And, instead of getting lost in Alice's Wonderland, you'll hobnob with the ghosts of painter's past in a café de Paris setting.
The Exploratorium Goes Adult with "After Dark" Tonight
We're not ashamed to admit it—we love the Exploratorium, the interactive science museum that caters to kids but inevitably delights visitors of all ages. Now that we're grown up, however, we have to confess having some fantasies about hitting the Tactile Dome after knocking back a few adult beverages. Wish granted! Based on the success of the California Academy of Sciences' "Nightlife," the Exploratorium now has a new "After Dark" series, where the fun of playing with their exhibits meets the fun of hitting the bar. Just think: You could meet that special someone while you toy with the Tesla coil.


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05/26/2012, Writing this from the Apple store waiting for our appointment to get the os updated on the ipad
I'm sorry to report that we had a problem using the gin pole mast raising and lowering system yesterday and wound up bending some parts enough so that this weekend's sailing trip had to be canceled. On the bright side, nobody got hurt and we should be able to repair the damage and have Boker Tov ready for the next trip scheduled not too far off.
05/24/2012, In-Laws Driveway
The refit is coming together. Late this afternoon after our day jobs we wired-up and secured the second battery. It appears to be working in series with the existing battery as well as in isolation. All the lights on the sailboat are working as they should and she is ready for night time cruising and adventuring. Afterwards we put on the new lettering. Boker Tov means Good Morning in Hebrew. The name is symbolic in a few ways. Celia's Maternal Grandparents on her Grandmother's side had a motorboat by the same name on Lake George in upstate New York. Now, another generation is keeping up the tradition, but in a different place and in a different way. For me personally, the name represents the next chapter in my cruising life. Back to the sailboat tomorrow morning at 7:00 a.m. to finalize a few things, then the mast is coming down and Boker Tov will be readied for her next fitting-out trip, a two nighter, scheduled to depart early Saturday morning. Stay tuned.
05/20/2012, Tucson
05/19/2012, Tucson
The wheels of sailboat refitting can turn ever so slowly, but things are happening in preparation for the next sailing trip. Here a list of things have gotten done since our return from vacation last week:
1. A replacement fuse housing was found, fit perfectly into the existing hole, and the running lights are back on. No wiring necessary.
2. The cigarette lighter is working with a little disassembling and we now have power for the plug-in chargers and the small inverter that can run a computer. The Taylor Made old school cigarette lighter has this little incandescent light in it that burned out. We are going to try and find a replacement to bring it back to fully functioning original. It will give a cool, low voltage, light effect to the control panel.
3. The old burners and associated metal piping in the Hillerange stove were removed. Self-contained Triangia burners were ordered, bench tested, and placed into the existing gimbled stove frame. The upgraded stove was re-installed in the sailboat. Coleman stove and propane canisters removed.
4. New shrouds have been ordered to replace the ones with the 1/4 in turnbuckles, one of which had a bent t-bolt. The other bent t-bolt is on order. Catalina Direct said that the 1/4 in turnbuckles are for the Catalina 22 and are not rated for Catalina 25 rigging and pretty much demanded that I refit back to stock rigging. The middle shrouds are still 1/2 inch, which is beefier than stock, but that was considered ok.
5. Collapsible bucket is on the boat.
6. Mosquito netting for pop-top is on the boat.
7. Solar shower is on the boat.
8. Dinghy is on order. I went with a Saturn 10 foot inflatable with air floor since the foredeck was ultimately too small for even the smallest inflatable. It will have to be towed.
9. New battery is on the boat, though not yet installed.
10. New lifeline covers are on order.
11. Hull and deck cleaner are on order.
12. Cleaned out unneeded items from inside. This boat is small enough so that any unnecessary physical items must be removed to give the three of us enough space.
13. New lettering is on order.
14. New whale pump handle is done and stored in the main cockpit locker.
15. New wire for solar system install is purchased and run from the back side of the control panel to the forepeak. It was a tight squeeze through the bulkheads but not anything as hard as the solar wire install on Tropical Dreamer during the summer of 2008 in Oriental.
The photograph shows the new Triangula stoves ($16 each) sitting in the spaces where the old Hillarange burners used to be. I also replaced the french press coffee maker from the Rebounder that Jodi bought us years ago on an adventure to Sanoita with a Mocha Pot in honor of our recent trip to Europe.
Just returned from a two week family vacation to Europe with Sarah and Celia. This photo was towards the end of the trip. Sarah and Celia went to browse the boutiques and I rented this scooter and went exploring. It was quite scary at first as the traffic is fierce and apparently chaotic in Rome, but when I realized that motorcycles are expected to weave in and out of traffic, especially at intersections, it became a lot more enjoyable. I didn't want it to end. The weather was fantastic and the wind felt wonderful as I sped through the busy streets, often getting lost and then driving by ancient sites that I never would have found purposely.
04/22/2012, In-Law's Side Driveway
This is a fuse for the running lights on our 1987 Catalina 25 electrical panel. We were told the back of the electrical panel was damaged when we stowed a bumper in the cockpit locker improperly, but I think it was this. That broken plastic part must keep it from popping out until the fuse blows. I hope they still sell these at Catalina Direct. We were scheduled to work on the sailboat yesterday morning from 9 until noon but wound up going until almost 3 in the afternoon, including lunch. Refitting a sailboat is very time-consuming. Every little thing seems to take an excruciatingly long time. By the time we were through for the day it was approaching 100 degrees outside and I was exhausted. Of course, this is nothing like the scope of the refit on Tropical Dreamer and we aren't in Oriental in June when it is as humid as it is hot. That makes this boat work look tame. Nevertheless, I felt gratified at our progress. I learn things about the sailboat when I work on it. For example, yesterday was a good lesson in turnbuckles. We removed the bent T-bolts from two of the three port shrouds and measured them. One is 5/8 inch wide and 3.5 inches long and the other is 1/4 inch wide and 3 inches long. Catalina Direct says all of the side stay T-bolts should be 5/16 inch, so our rigging must not be original. Each of our side shrouds is a different diameter. The center side stays on our Catalina 25 use 1/2 inch bolts and correspondingly larger turnbuckles. Between the three turnbuckles, it kind of averages out to 5/16, so I suppose its ok. I'm going to try to find replacements for those two bent T-bolts and if I can find them, and if they work in the existing turnbuckles, the rigging should be in good order. We also removed the Hillerange alcohol stove and prepared it for modification to Triangia self contained alcohol burners. We removed the old little solar panel from the deck, mocked-up the new, larger panel, cut an opening in the control panel for the charge controller, and figured out that the existing 22 gauge wire has to be re-wired with thicker wire like 12 or 14 gauge. In the process we removed the old car stereo and speakers and a number of other unnecessary electrical fixtures and associated wire. We purchased stainless steel hardware for the new solar installation at Lowes. We verified the size of the existing battery and from that we know that we can get a nearly identical second battery at Costco. I tried the cigarette lighter and found that it does not work so I will have to replace or repair the existing one or hard wire a small inverter to the battery or other power supply. I identified that the space for the dinghy on the foredeck is so small that it may be hard to find one that will fit in that space. There may be no choice but to tow the dingy, but this compromises the sailing capabilities and is really not adequate for crossings and deteriorating weather. I measured the lifelines at the cockpit for covers. Picked up a bearing buddy grease gun for the for trailer wheels. Long time readers of the Sailblog will recall a minor emergency which resulted when the trailer wheel fell off and nearly toppled Singmeaway off its trailer after the bearings overheated on the way back from San Carlos. Sarah asked if the boat will be finished by the time of our Memorial Day trip. I wasn't entirely sure. It is safe right now for any sort of Arizona lake trip, but I'd like to have all of the in-progress improvements completed before summer cruising in the ocean.
04/11/2012, In-Laws
Went over to pick up the baby yesterday afternoon after work and took this picture. After we put up the mast I discovered that two of the T bolts attaching the shrouds to the deck were slightly bent, one more than the other. There are three mast stays on each side of the sailboat and each has a different sized T bolt. The largest is in the center, the forward stay is the next most thick, and aft shroud the least so. I've got to find two T bolts and be somewhat confident they will fit before we take down the mast, though I think I can replace one at a time without risk. I'm hoping Catalina direct sells the bolts that fit the existing turnbuckles. I inspected every part of the standing rigging when I prepared the mast for raising and while we were raising it. It appears, to my untrained eye, to be in good condition. Aside from a large cotter pin missing at one of the spreaders the hardware appears intact and without significant wear, other than the two
T bolts that need replacing. I did notice some slight pitting in the aluminum mast and mast head, but those parts are pretty beefy and did not appear to be compromised. I'm comfortable subjecting this rig to coastal cruising conditions. I have learned recently from Furled Sailing Podcast of the inherent weakness in the modern sloop rig, which is the myriad of small parts that make the sailing rig vulnerable to failure in more ways than is necessary on a small sailboat. But they are fun and easy to sail and point reasonably well.
04/09/2012, My in-laws driveway
This photo shows the block and tactical gear, or at least the forward-most part of it, that allowed two people to get the mast up yesterday afternoon while the sailboat was atop its trailer at my in-laws home. I wasn't really prepared to do a mast-up trial run, but in preparation for installing the new solar system, we wanted to clear the decks and leave ourselves more open access to the cabin. The Catalina 25 standard rig mast is really too heavy for two men older than 40 to lift without risk of injury. Our Wing came with a gin pole and block & tackle set up that allows the mast to be raised with relative ease. I believe it is possible for me to get the mast up or down completely by myself, if necessary. It was slow going at first and we kind of had to figure things out as we went along, but once we re-routed the line through the second pulley (rather than bypassing it and going straight through the cam cleat, as shown in the photograph) and astern to the big #16 self-tailing winch (the same winch I used to free the anchor from the tree at the bottom of the lake in the earlier post), we had more than enough power to raise the mast safely and without further trouble or hesitation. I think the entire mast raising or lowering can be done in less an hour, possibly as little as a half an hour.
I also tried unsuccessfully to start the Hillerange alcohol stove. Now I understand why this venerable item is called the curtain burner. I purchase a quart of denatured alcohol at Ace Hardware for 8 bucks, filled the tank using a poorly constructed funnel made out of paper plate, then cleaned up the excess alcohol that spilled all over the place. The burnt alcohol smelled, which will be a problem for my wife. Worse, it flared up to the point that the curtains almost did catch on fire. Then I couldn't get the pressure fed alcohol pump to work, so after the initial smelly flare up it didn't stay lit. This system has to go. However, it does have some important redeeming qualities. The stainless steel housing fits perfectly into the existing space and is gimbaled to compensate for side to side roll. On a boat like the Catalina 25, those features alone make it worth saving. I'm seriously considering taking it out and using a dremel to cut all of the existing tank and burner structure out and replacing them with those little trangia brass self contained alcohol burners that can also be moved into the rear sink to take the chill off when cruising in colder months, or ondeck or onshore. In the past I've used a coleman propane two burner portable camping stove which is bulletproof, but it really can only be used on deck, it slides around and makes noise while running, and takes up more room than it should. This new little cruising boat needs a basic proper sailing cook top that will work in all cruising conditions.
I also discovered this weekend that although the boat has capacity for two basic marine deep cell batteries, only one is installed. It is a relatively new Interstate. That probably explains why the electrical system has only been sufficient to keep the lights on during overnight trips, but not to run the starter on the engine very reliably. The engine is really supposed to have its own dedicated battery. I think I can get the second battery at costco for a fraction of the cost of the one I had to replace on Tropical Dreamer, and I won't have to ferry it to the boat in the inflatable dingy. The two batteries can be used separately or in combined setting to get even more cruising range. The engine starts on the first or second pull and doesn't really need an electric starter, but it's nice to have an alternative starting capacity in the event the starter rope breaks, which has happened to me before on the other Catalina 25 at the beginning of a San Carlos cruise. Between the second battery and charging that comes from the new solar panel and the engine driven battery charger, I'm pretty confident this boat can make it for voyages of a week or two, which is long as I expect to cruise at one time in the next several years or more.
Also got into the water storage system. In my last Catalina 25 the owner removed the water tank and the tubing. He also removed the rear's sink and converted that space into a hanging locker. The Wing has the original equipment, but the tubing and fittings have been redone. There is still some water in the tank. I tried the whale hand pump faucets. The forward one works perfectly, the one at the companionway needed some tightening to prevent leaking. I think it may still be leaking a little bit. That assembly appears pretty standard and I should be able to repair or replace it without too much trouble. Famous last words. I prefer the original plumbing system. It is one of the ways they transformed a large day sailor into a cruising sailboat. Sarah and I agreed it will be useful to have fresh water for cleaning and for filling the the solar shower and porta-pottie and for other uses that require fresh, but not necessarily potable, drinking water. The under-seat stowage on the other side of the cabin can easily take another twenty gallons, balancing out the some of the weight of the batteries and filled water tank. There is additional stowage below the forepeak and elsewhere.
04/05/2012, Lower Sabino Canyon
Lately I work out in the early mornings. It is light enough and warm enough at 6:15 a.m. these days to hike at Sabino Canyon and I've covered pretty much all the Sabino Canyon trails that I can get to in a two hour hike. This morning I took a trail that led me though the riparian area along Sabino Dam, where I found ducks. You may be able to make out the saguaros in the background. Later, when I returned home, Sarah and I ordered the new solar system for the Catalina 25 Wing. 60 watt panel and 10 amp charge controller this morning. Still have to order wire and connectors and any mounting hardware. Slowly but surely I am getting the sailboat ready for safe and comfortable cruising.


text:
In the JMB Racing MC12 they set the second fastest time in the morning session and were quickest in the afternoon, a session run in searing heat. Michael Bartels and Timo Scheider, in the black and green Vitaphone MC12, will start from row 2. Behind them come their scuderia team mates Fabio Babini/Thomas Biagi who suffered clutch problems in the day's opening session.
Alongside them on the grid in the other JMB Racing MC12 are the pole team from Monza, Philippe Peter/Chris Buncombe and Roman Rusinov. Pole position for tomorrow's race went to the 550 Maranello driven by Bouchut. The race will start tomorrow (Sunday) at 11.15. Eurosport will broadcast live the start, the middle and the end of the race in three transmissions: 11.10-11.30; 12.45-13 and from 14.10 until the chequered flag is waved. There will also be a highlights programme shown between 19.30 and 20.00. Eurosport will be showing the entire race live.
Sportitalia will show two highlights broadcasts from 15.40 to 16.05 and from 17.00 to 17.30