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Library of Congress Announces 2012-13 AMERICAN VOICES Season
The 2012-2013 Concerts from the Library of Congress season offers a packed lineup of 40 concerts, lectures, film screenings, master classes and workshops, all celebrating the rich tapestry of the nation's musical heritage. Concerts kick off Saturday, Oct. 6 at 8 p.m., with a performance by the Moscow Sretensky Monastery Choir.
The Library's 87th concert season salutes great American voices from the past, including Woody Guthrie, John Philip Sousa, Victor Herbert, and John Cage. New voices in American composition are in focus throughout the year, in Library of Congress commissions from Nico Muhly, whose "Autogram" will be premiered by violinist Daniel Hope and pianist Jeffrey Kahane; and Chaya Czernowin, whose chamber ensemble work will be unveiled by Orchestra 2001. Top contemporary music ensembles ACME and yMusic will introduce new works by American composers under age 35.
October brings the launch of a two-year Songs of America project, which explores American history through five centuries of songs. Highlighting the project is George Crumb's epic seventh and final volume of the American Songbooks song cycle.
Commemorating the Civil War sesquicentennial, the Library's Music Division curators present a three-part miniseries mining its unmatched collections from the period: a 2,500-item Civil War Sheet-Music Collection (http://lcseb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/html/civilwar/civilwar-home-html) and the personal archive of President Abraham Lincoln's bandmaster, Francis M. Scala. On tap is a workshop and performance on the legacy of African American spirituals during the Civil War, a panel discussion on the role of music in the Lincoln White House and a concert by "The President's Own" United States Marine Band. These events are presented in conjunction with a major Library of Congress exhibition, "The Civil War in America," Nov. 12, 2012-May 2013.
Wrapping up the season in May 2013 will be the week-long residency of composer John Adams. Under the auspices of the Library's Dina Koston and Roger Shapiro Fund for New Music, Adams will curate an exciting mini-festival showcasing young artists, including the Attacca Quartet and violinist Jennifer Koh.. Adams will also conduct the International Contemporary Ensemble (ICE) in works by Stravinsky and Schoenberg and Adams's "Son of Chamber Symphony."
The Concerts from the Library of Congress series is made possible through the generous support of endowments given to the Library by private donors. The series is presented free of charge to the public but requires tickets for admission. Tickets are distributed by TicketMaster at (202) 397-7328, (410) 547-7328 and (703) 573-7328. Various ticketing service charges apply. Although the supply of tickets may be exhausted, there are often empty seats at concert time. Interested patrons are encouraged to come to the Library by 6 p.m. on concert nights to wait in the standby line for no-show tickets. Tickets for events at the Atlas Performing Arts Center (1333 H Street, NE) are available through the Atlas Box Office at (202) 399-7993 or www.atlasarts.org.
Concerts from the Library of Congress 2012-2013
Unless otherwise noted, all concerts will be held at 8 p.m. in the Coolidge Auditorium located on the ground floor of the Thomas Jefferson Building, 10 First Street, S.E., Washington, D.C. Pre-concert presentations will be at 6:15 p.m. in the Whittall Pavilion unless otherwise noted, and these presentations do not require tickets. All programs are subject to change without notice. *Asterisks indicate Songs of America programs.
Thursday, Sept. 6, at noon, Mary Pickford Theater *
John Cage Centennial Festival Event
Henning Lohner's riotous Musicircus film is a three-and-a-half-hour documentary of the "Musicircus" homage to John Cage, presented at New York's Symphony Space shortly after his death in 1992. Preceding and following this film, screened for the first time in the United States, is Elliot Caplan's haunting "Beach Birds for Camera," an adaptation of a dance work originally created for the Merce Cunningham Dance Company.
No tickets required
Tuesday, Oct. 2, at noon *
Barbara Heyman of Brooklyn College, City University of New York, presents "Samuel Barber: Serendipitous Discoveries."
No tickets required
Presented by the Library of Congress and the American Musicological Society
Saturday, Oct. 6
Moscow Sretensky Monastery Choir
The world-renowned Moscow Sretensky Monastery Choir performs a concert of sacred music from the Orthodox liturgy.
Ticket sale date: Sept. 5
Wednesday, Oct. 10
Violinist Pamela Frank and Friends
Dvo?ák: Miniatures for two violins and viola, op. 75a
Schoenberg: "Verklärte Nacht," op. 4
Brahms: Sextet in B-flat major, op. 18
Ticket sale date: Sept. 5
• Pre-concert presentation: David Plylar of the Music Division presents a lecture on "Developing Variations: Brahms, Schoenberg, and 'Verklärte Nacht.'"
Friday, Oct. 12
Daniel Hope, violin and Jeffrey Kahane, piano
Ravel: Sonata no. 1 in A minor, op. posthumous
Brahms: Sonata no. 1 in G major, op. 78
Muhly: "Autogram," world premiere (McKim Fund commission)
Mendelssohn: Sonata in F major, MWV Q26
Ticket sale date: Sept. 5
• Pre-concert presentation: Composer Nico Muhly discusses his work.
Saturday, Oct. 13, at 2 p.m. *
Woody Guthrie and the Library of Congress
Bob Santelli, GRAMMY Museum® executive director, hosts a performance and conversation celebrating "the nation's greatest folk troubadour and songwriter."
Ticket sale date: Sept. 5
Presented by the Music Division and the American Folklife Center, in cooperation with the Woody Guthrie Centennial Celebration and the GRAMMY Museum®.
Wednesday, Oct. 17
Ron Carter Trio
The Ron Carter Trio presents an all-acoustic jazz performance.
Ticket sale date: Sept. 5
Saturday, Oct. 20, at 2 p.m. *
Rose of Sharon
100 Years of American Music 1770-1870
The Rose of Sharon project presents an afternoon of Americana, featuring ballads, folksongs, Shaker hymns and spirituals, music from revival meetings and battlefields, and products of America's first composers, Francis Hopkinson and William Billings.
Ticket sale date: Sept. 5
Friday, Oct. 26
Pieter Wispelwey, cello and Lois Shapiro, piano
Beethoven: Sonata no. 3 in A major, op. 69; Twelve Variations in F major on "Ein Mädchen oder Weibschen" (from Die Zauberflöte), op. 66
Ligeti: Sonata for solo cello
Stravinsky: Suite Italienne for violoncello and piano
Shostakovich: Sonata for cello and piano in D minor, op. 40
Ticket sale date: Sept. 19
• Pre-concert presentation: John Moran, president of the Kindler Cello Society, is the featured guest speaker.
Tuesday, Oct. 30 *
Founder's Day Concert (Honoring Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge)
"Lucy: Song and Dance, an opera without words"
Morton Subotnick, composer and keyboard; Joan LaBarbara, voice; Jenny Lin, piano; Lillevan, multi-media artist
Ticket sale date: Sept. 19
• Pre-concert presentation: Morton Subotnick discusses his work.
Saturday, Nov. 3, at 2 p.m.
Prazak Quartet
Haydn: Quartet in B-flat major, H. III: 69
Janá?ek: String Quartet no. 1, "Kreutzer Sonata"
Dvo?ák: Quartet in F major, op. 96, "American"
Ticket sale date: Sept. 19
Sunday, Nov. 4, at 1 p.m., Hill Center at the Old Naval Hospital *
Film Screening
John Philip Sousa, IV, great-grandson of the noted composer and conductor, joins Loras Schissel of the Music Division in a discussion of the legend's life and legacy, including a screening of Henry Koston's classic film "Stars and Stripes Forever" (1952).
Reservations can be made by calling (202) 549-4172 or through the Hill Center's website, hillcenterdc.org/home/. The Hill Center is located at 923 Pennsylvania Avenue, S.E., one block from the Eastern Market Metro).
Tuesday, Nov. 13
Takács Quartet with Marc-André Hamelin, piano
Schubert: Quartet no. 13 in A minor, D. 804, "Rosamunde"
Britten: String Quartet no. 1 in D major, op. 25 (Coolidge Foundation commission) Shostakovich: Piano Quintet in G minor, op. 57
Ticket sale date: Sept. 26
• Pre-concert presentation: Nicholas A. Brown of the Music Division presents "20th Century Masters: Britten's Coolidge Commission and Shostakovich's Soviet Redemption"
Friday, Nov. 16
Apollon Musagète Quartett
Haydn: Quartet in C major, op. 76, no. 3, "Emperor"
Szymanowski: Quartet no. 1 in C major, op. 37
Suk: Meditation on the Old Czech Chorale "Saint Wenceslas," op. 35a
Mendelssohn: Quartet no. 2 in A minor, op. 13
Ticket sale date: Sept. 26
Saturday, Nov. 17 *
Country Music Association Songwriters' Series
Bob DiPiero returns to host another evening of country music from some of the nation's great country artists.
Ticket sale date: Sept. 26
Thursday, Nov. 29
La Risonanza
Vivaldi: Ouverture da "Dorilla in Tempe," Concerto per violino e violoncello RV 547, and "L'Estate," from Il Quattro Stagioni ("The Four Seasons"); Concerto in G major, RV 437 for flute and orchestra
Handel: Notte placida e cheta HWV 142, for soprano, two violins and basso continuo; Armida abbandonata, HWV 105 for soprano, strings, and basso continuo and Passacaille da "Il Rodrigo"
Ticket sale date: Oct. 17
Presented in cooperation with the Embassy of Italy and the Italian Cultural Institute
• Pre-concert presentation: Fabio Bonizzoni, artistic director of La Risonanza, and Alberto Manai, director of the Italian Cultural Institute in Washington, D.C., are featured guest speakers.
Friday, Nov. 30, at 9:30 p.m., Atlas Performing Arts Center
Library Late Night: new music double bill at the Atlas
ACME and yMusic
Two new music groups, inhabitants of a number of interesting and intersecting sound worlds, come together with "all the attitude and energy of an indie rock band" (Paste). Ticket sale date: Oct. 17, Atlas Performing Arts Center Box Office, 1333 H Street, NE, (202) 399-7993
Monday, Dec. 3 *
The Musical Worlds of Victor Herbert
William Hicks, music director/piano; Korliss Uecker, vocalist; Jerry Grossman, cello; Additional Performers To Be Announced
Highlighted will be Herbert's operetta classics "Babes in Toyland," "Naughty Marietta," and moments from the "Ziegfield Follies."
Ticket sale date: Oct. 24
• "The Musical Worlds of Victor Herbert," a special exhibit of items from the Library's Victor Herbert Collection, will be open in the foyer of the Performing Arts Reading Room, LM-113, James Madison Building, through Jan. 26, 2013. Hours for the exhibit are Monday through Saturday, 8:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m.
Saturday, Dec. 15, at 2 p.m.
The Paganini Project
Peter Sheppard-Skærved, violin
British violinist Peter Sheppard-Skærved delves into the Library's fascinating Niccolò Paganini collection.
Ticket sale date: Oct. 31
Tuesday, Dec. 18
Antonio Stradivari Anniversary Concert
Miró Quartet with Ricardo Morales, clarinet
Schubert: String Quartet no. 15 in G major, D. 887
Brahms: Clarinet Quintet in B minor, op. 115
Ticket sale date: Oct. 31
• Pre-concert presentation: David Schoenbaum talks about his new book, "The Violin: A Social History of the World's Most Versatile Instrument."
Saturday, Feb. 9, 2013 *
Panel Discussion
1 p.m.: Scholars discuss "Music in the Lincoln White House," including a dialogue on Francis M. Scala, President Abraham Lincoln's bandmaster and the first musician designation leader of "The President's Own."
3 p.m.: "The President's Own" United States Marine Band
Ticket sale date: Call or email Nicholas Brown at (202) 707-8437, email@example.com.
Thursday, Feb. 28, 2013, 10 p.m., Atlas Performing Arts Center *
Theo Bleckmann, vocalist and Ben Monder, guitar
Part of Intersections: A New American Arts Festival at the Atlas Performing Arts Center
Ticket sale date: Feb. 1, Atlas Performing Arts Center Box Office, 1333 H Street, N.E. (202) 399-7993
Saturday, March 2, 2013, 2 p.m.
Paul Lewis, piano
Schubert: Sonata in C minor, D. 958, Sonata in A major, D. 959
Ticket sale date: Jan. 23
• Pre-concert presentation, 1 p.m.: Lawrence Kramer, distinguished professor of English and music at Fordham University, discusses "The Virtuoso Schubert."
Friday, March 15, 2013
The U.S. Army Band, "Pershing's Own," Concert Band plays music of George and Ira Gershwin, Jerome Kern, Stephen Sondheim and others.
Ticket sale date: Call or email Nicholas Brown at (202) 707-8437, firstname.lastname@example.com.


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News Scan: Will Nokia become Microsoft Mobile?; Windows Phone bets on security; more
>> Will Nokia become Microsoft Mobile?
As Microsoft prepares to close on its purchase of Nokia's mobile device division, rumors are circulating that the division will be renamed Microsoft Mobile, Digital Trends reports. In a leaked letter to suppliers, Nokia explains, "Upon the close of the transaction between Microsoft and Nokia, the name of Nokia Corporation will change to Microsoft Mobile." There has been no confirmation from either Nokia or Microsoft about the name change. Read more
[More on Microsoft-Nokia deal: Can Microsoft's new captain right the mobile ship? | Nokia built Android-powered Lumia prior to Microsoft deal]
>> Windows Phone counting on security for enterprise success
Microsoft is counting on its reputation for security to make up lost ground for its Windows Phone in the enterprises, according to WinBeta. The recent news about data breaches and government surveillance are making enterprise more security conscious when it comes to mobile devices and strategy. "The current security-conscious environment and the need for an enterprise-ready mobile solution puts Windows Phone in a unique position from which to grow," says WinBeta. Read more
[More on Windows Phone: Microsoft to drop Windows Phone 8 fees | Microsoft beefs up Windows Phone security]
>> Latin America to accelerate 4G LTE investment, says ABI
Latin America is expected to accelerate investment in 4G LTE networks as part of a broader 10 percent increase in mobile telecom capital expenditure, which is forecast by ABI Research to reach $6.1 billion this year. Radio access network-related spending is expected to make up 40 percent of capital expenditure. Investment in small cell base stations is gaining momentum with 40 percent year-over-year growth this year, reaching $484 million, says ABI. Read more
[More on Latin America: Emerging markets put downward pressure on smartphone prices | Latin America, emerging Asia-Pacific region to zoom past US, Europe in 4G LTE deployments]
>> Barneys launches 'immersive' iPad app for mobile shoppers
Luxury department store chain Barneys has created an iPad app to bring its in-store experience to the mobile device, reports Luxury Daily. "Form factor is incredibly important on mobile. We built this app on iPad first because it is an immersive, content driven experience that perfectly matches the 'found-time' nature of the iPad," Matthew Woolsey, executive vice president digital at Barneys, tells Luxury Daily. Read more
[More on iPad: Does Office for iPad turn iPad into a work tool? | Apple gains foothold in China]
>> Mobile grabs more of U.S. adults' attention, viewing time
Mobile use among U.S. adults is forecast to grow 23 percent this year, while time spent on PCs and laptops and watching TV is expected to decline, forecasts eMarketer. This year, mobile will pull ahead of PCs in terms of total time spent online for U.S. adults. "Overall, TV will account for 36.5% of total time spent with media in 2014, compared with mobile at 23.3%, which is now firmly in second place," the report says. Read more
[More on mobile use: Wanted: Mobile tech strategy | LinkedIn mobile engagement jumps 40% in Q2 after apps revamp]

subset: commoncrawl


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Sunday, January 5th 2014
9:00 pm
Paramount Theater
WVPT Public Television and The Paramount Theater are partnering once again to host the season four premiere of Downton Abbey—free and open to the public—Sunday, Jan. 5 at 9 p.m. Before the theater's free, live simulcast of the award-winning drama's premiere, guests can attend a private reception beginning at 6:30 p.m. and featuring British fare, wine and guest speaker Richard Will, Chair of the McIntire Department of Music at the University of Virginia. In the fourth season of Downton Abbey, jazz moves from America to Europe and the house welcomes a new character, a jazz musician. Will's talk, "The Music of Downton Abbey" will share how music selections contribute to the series. He and UVa students will also perform music of the era.
Tickets for the 6:30 p.m. reception are $50 and can be purchased online or at The Paramount. All funds raised from ticket sales will benefit the missions of both WVPT and The Paramount.


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Sochi Olympics 2014 Results – Men Free Skating
The Men Free Skating event in the Figure Skating category was the next to be awarded medals at the Sochi Winter Olympics. The score consisted of a Short Program and Free Program, resulting in an overall total.
GOLD: Yuzuru Hanyu (Japan)
Short Program: 101.45
Free Program: 178.64
Total: 280.09
SILVER: Patrick Chan (Canada)
Short Program: 97.52
Free Program: 178.10
Total: 275.62
BRONZE: Denis Ten (Kazakhstan)
Short Program: 84.06
Free Program: 171.04
Total: 255.10
Athletes from Spain, Japan and China were also high ranking in this event, but not make the podium.


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Keystone College observatory to participate in research projects
While Keystone College's Thomas G. Cupillari '60 Observatory has been a resource to students and the community for 40 years, it will now participate in two major research projects.
The observatory has entered agreements with the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Ariz., and the Klipsch School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at New Mexico State University in Las Cruces, N.M.
Through these partnerships, the Keystone facility will share images and data with observatories and other sites throughout the world.
"The Keystone College Observatory has been a vital educational resource not only for our own students but for thousands of young people and adults throughout the region," said Thomas Cupillari, observatory director. "These new partnership agreements expand our scope as a respected research observatory as well."
Through the effort with the Lowell Observatory, the local observatory will join a worldwide project to increase knowledge about objects beyond the orbit of the dwarf planet Pluto, located about 3.6 billion miles from Earth. The Lowell Observatory will transmit a list of asteroids and other space objects to participating partners, including Keystone.
Long-exposure images of objects on the list are taken using a high-tech camera attached to Keystone's powerful 20-inch Ritchey-Chretien telescope. Researchers at the observatory will measure asteroid positions on the photographs and send data to the Lowell Observatory to help create a more accurate analysis of objects as they travel through space.
The New Mexico State University agreement allows Keystone College to participate in the university's All Sky Camera Network. This project involves a sophisticated camera network intended to monitor, track and analyze atmospheric meteors to provide information to help satellite operators separate natural and man-made events and make it easier to calibrate their instruments.
"The Keystone Observatory is respected as one of the finest facilities of its kind, and we are honored to participate in each of these important research projects," said John Sabia, assistant observatory director.
Keystone's observatory is in Benton Twp., about two miles east of Fleetville, and is open to the public.
ONLINE: www.keystone.edu/observatory
Contact the writer: email@example.com, @rwardTT on Twitter
Correction: A previous version of this story said Keystone was working with an observatory in Albuquerque, N.M. In fact, the college was working with an observatory in Flagstaff, Ariz.
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Are ya' ready to reign with the Redeemer?
You don't consider yourself leadership material?
Think again!
"And they sang a new song, saying, Worthy art Thou to take the book, and to break its seals; for Thou wast slain, and dist purchase for God with Thy blood men from every tribe and tongue and people and nation. And Thou hast made them to be a kingdom and priests to our God; and they will reign upon the earth (Revelation 5:9-10 NAS)."


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Go to: << previous article | TOC | next article >>
Dean Nieusma
Science and Technology Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Sage Building, 5th Floor, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180 USA (email: email@example.com)
Abstract: This paper analyzes sustainable development practices within Sri Lanka's energy sector. It directs attention to how expertise functions in development decision making in ways that can unintentionally inhibit sustainable development. Understanding expertise as merely specialized knowledge clouds its role as a social activity. In practice, expertise is a combination of knowledge and authority, and expert knowledge exists within a hierarchically ordered authority structure of diverse knowledge domains—what is referred to here as "knowledge hierarchies." Knowledge hierarchies exclude the participation of some relevant knowledge domains, and thereby preclude the possibility of local sustainable development. The Energy Forum of Sri Lanka, a small renewable energy advocacy organization, strives to enable sustainability by going beyond facile calls for greater inclusion to confront the mechanisms of exclusion. The paper documents three of the Energy Forum's development interventions intended to level out the knowledge hierarchy that inhibits sustainable energy development in Sri Lanka. Drawing insights from the Energy Forum's approach, the paper argues that experts who wish to contribute to sustainable development must attend to the knowledge hierarchies in which they operate to ensure that their own authority does not exclude other relevant knowledge domains.
Keyword: sustainable development, economic planning, ecosystem management, social change, political science, interdisciplinary research
Citation: Nieusma D. 2007. Challenging knowledge hierarchies: working toward sustainable development in Sri Lanka's energy sector. Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy 3(1):32-44. Published online Feb 14, 2007. http:///archives/vol3iss1/0602-007.nieusma.html
Rethinking Development, Rethinking Expertise
The importance of sustainable development is clear. Global ecological change, increasing inequities in wealth and access to resources, and the dismantling of social and cultural "safety nets" provide good reasons for caring about and working toward sustainability. The role of expertise in sustainable development, however, is not so clear. Surely, achieving sustainability requires robust expert knowledge in diverse domains: ecology, biology, environmental monitoring, national and global policy, development economics, and many others. Much scholarly attention has been devoted to identifying and developing these knowledge domains in the service of sustainability. Far less attention has been given to empirical study of expert practices directed toward sustainability and the larger social contexts in which those practices have meaning. Based on ethnographic fieldwork among Sri Lanka's renewable energy community, this paper shows that the role of expertise in development practice is multifaceted, with some facets contradicting what we typically understand as the experts' role.
Before scrutinizing expert practices in Sri Lanka, though, it is important to clarify and contextualize the paper's key concepts: sustainable development and expertise. "Sustainable development" means different things to different people, but two distinct common usages prevail (Smillie, 2000). In the United States, and perhaps much of the North, the majority of people associate sustainable development with efforts to align goods and services provision with ecological protection, so that biological systems can remain or become healthy while human societies construct higher living standards.1 Here, sustainable development means economic or material (infrastructure, technology, consumer goods, built environment) gains that are ecologically sustainable in terms of resource extraction, waste production, and long-term ecosystem health. For many development workers, however, sustainable development has a different meaning. It refers primarily to the ability of development initiatives to subsist over time, especially after external development funds and expertise are withdrawn. Ecological sustainability is part of the equation here, since local environmental decay would eventually undermine development projects. However, ecological sustainability is only a part of the equation, and typically not the most central part, at least among development project planners. More central are financial sustainability, community-level skills creation (or "capacity building" in the development jargon), awareness raising and community investment, and ongoing project management, typically through local organizational support. The ecological and project sustainability discourses are not mutually exclusive, of course, and examples of each exist in both the North and South despite the rift between their dominant uses in each context. Nevertheless, this paper relies primarily on the latter understanding of sustainable development, because it directs attention to a broader spectrum of relevant expert knowledge.
Sustainable development in this sense is the latest in a long series of efforts to rethink "development" and how it ought to best be pursued. The need for rethinking has been stimulated, in part, by a long history of disappointing results (Rist, 1997). Focusing on sustainability adds something new to development thinking, both in terms of attention to facets of the development equation beyond technological and institutional infrastructure and in terms of the knowledge base necessary to design more robust interventions (Van der Ryn & Cowan, 1996; McLennan, 2004; Willard & Andjelkovic, 2005). Like much prior thinking, however, the idea of sustainable development falls prey to problematic assumptions about how development occurs, or why it fails to occur. Like dominant development thinking—that is, the way most people understand the development problem—much of the work on sustainable development is based on a deficiency model, where lack of adequate material or knowledge resources are understood to cause underdevelopment (Escobar, 1995). Development is to be stimulated, according to this model, by injecting the missing resources. In this way, sustainable development calls for a broader set of knowledge resources than traditional development, but the role played by development experts is roughly equivalent (see, e.g., UNDESA, 2002).
The deficiency model of underdevelopment has several important shortcomings, not the least its misattribution of symptoms as causes. Rather than causing underdevelopment, lack of adequate resources is a symptom of deeper structural problems (Escobar, 1995; Rist, 1997). Even if underdevelopment is defined as (as opposed to being caused by) lack of material and knowledge resources, that says little about whether resolving such deficiencies at a specific time will result in sustainable development solutions. "Dependency theory" goes further to argue that provision of development assistance fosters dependence on donors and thereby impedes development efforts.2
Rejecting the assumption that resource deficiencies are the primary cause of underdevelopment has important implications for analyzing the role of expertise in sustainable development. If underdevelopment is merely a problem of deficient resources, then knowledge and financial resources could easily be added to fill the void. If the problem is not merely deficient resources, then the role played by expertise must be more complicated than simply providing those resources. Thus, in rejecting the deficiency model of underdevelopment, we must also challenge assumptions about expertise (Woodhouse & Nieusma, 1997). Certainly, designing sustainable development interventions requires contributions by diverse domains of expert knowledge. However, "expertise" is more than the knowledge embodied within individuals. Expertise is a whole set of social practices that entail complexities glossed over in typical understandings of expertise as individualized knowledge (Bereiter & Scardamalia, 1993; Hutchins, 1995; Agre & Schuler, 1997). Most importantly for this analysis, expertise functions not only through knowledge transfer, but also as a strategic resource in struggles surrounding decision-making authority (Fischer, 1990; Frankena, 1992; Epstein, 1996; Martin, 1996). Because it is a social practice, it is important to approach the analysis of expertise in sustainable development with attention to social power (Fortun, 2001; Woodhouse & Nieusma, 2001; Nieusma, 2004).
Thus, achieving sustainable development requires moving beyond the deficiency model of underdevelopment and rethinking the role played by expertise in development practice (Brand & Karvonen, 2007). Rather than thinking of expertise merely as specialized knowledge added to the development mix, this article employs a practice-based definition: expertise is specialized knowledgecombined with authority. By understanding expertise as "knowledge plus authority," we are better able to see that knowledge domains needed for sustainable development are not simply absent, but are systematically excluded, and that expertise is implicated in that exclusion (Kothari, 2001). In this way, misconceptions surrounding expertise—specifically the tendency to equate expertise with specialized knowledge—undermine efforts to rethink the "development problem" and make it impossible to achieve sustainable development. Only by understanding how expertise functions to exclude relevant knowledge domains in development decision making can we devise strategies for countering it and thereby hope to achieve sustainable development.
To make this argument, the next section introduces Sri Lanka's energy context and highlights the importance of knowledge authority structures—what are called "knowledge hierarchies"—to expert decision making in that context. Next, I focus on one organization, the Energy Forum, and its efforts to institutionalize sustainable development in Sri Lanka's energy sector. By describing three specific intervention strategies, this discussion shows how the Energy Forum sought to systematically empower marginalized social groups and bolster the authority of their knowledge vis-à-vis established experts. I then analyze the Energy Forum's strategies as interventions into knowledge hierarchies, or, in other words, as the renegotiation of expertise in that context. Finally, the concluding section reflects on the importance of reconceptualizing expertise to contribute most effectively to sustainable development practices.
Knowledge Hierarchies in Sri Lanka's Energy Sector
To contextualize my analysis, this section turns to Sri Lanka's energy sector, challenges to sustainable development practices in that context, and the role played by expertise.3 A tropical island located off the southern tip of India, Sri Lanka has a population of just over 19 million people and enjoys higher than regional averages in health, education, and economic indicators. Ranking 93 in the United Nations Development Programme's 2005 Human Development Index, Sri Lanka is situated in the middle of the "medium human development" category, with life expectancy at birth of 74 years, adult literacy rates above 90% (89% for females and 92% for males), and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita of US$948 (purchasing price parity US$3778) (UNDP, 2005). The nation's ethnic makeup is roughly 74% Sinhalese, 18% Tamil, and 7% "Sri Lankan Moors," which overlaps considerably with its religious makeup: 70% Buddhist, 15% Hindu, 7.5% Muslim, and 7.5% Christian (half of Sinhalese and half of Tamil ethnic heritage). The vast majority of Sri Lankans live in rural settings, with only 22% of the population in urban areas. Sri Lanka's mountainous geography combines with tropical rainfall to create an ideal setting for hydropower which provides over two-thirds of the nation's 1,500MW generation capacity, with the majority of the remainder coming from fossil fuel-fired thermal generation (CEB, 1999).
Sri Lanka's energy setting is particularly relevant for investigating the role of expertise in development due in part to two challenges facing the country. First, electricity-supply deficiencies have plagued Sri Lanka since the 1980s, resulting in substantial power cuts across the nation for months on end. Due to heavy reliance on hydropower, energy-supply shortages are exacerbated during periods of drought. These shortages—recurrently dubbed "the energy crisis"—capture national attention and, at their peaks (1995–1996 and 2001–2002), were among Sri Lanka's most divisive political issues, surpassing even the 20-plus-year civil conflict in terms of attention from politicians and the media. Power cuts are administered by the national electricity monopoly, the Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB), as rolling, scheduled—and frequently unscheduled—blackouts, where power is cut for entire regions of the country for hours at a time. While larger businesses and wealthy residents have installed private generators, the majority of the population goes without electricity during power cuts. At the peak of the 2001–2002 power crisis, electricity was cut to the entire city of Colombo for up to six hours per day—three hours during the day and three hours in the evening.
The second, related challenge is that of rural electrification. While electricity shortages occupy newspaper headlines for months on end, advocates of Sri Lanka's rural poor agitate for greater attention to "the other side of the energy crisis." Over two million households, comprising almost 50% of the country's population, lie beyond reach of grid electricity altogether. Despite an impressive ascent in rural electrification rates over the past few decades, grid extensions to remote regions are costly and further exacerbate the electricity-supply deficiency. Without access to grid electricity, "off grid" households either do without power or rely on costly alternatives: kerosene lanterns for lighting and, for the better off, automobile batteries (charged in the nearest grid-connected town) for radio and television.
In response to these energy "crises," a relatively cohesive (if frequently contentious) community of energy and development experts coalesced and it was among these individuals that my research on energy and development expertise in Sri Lanka was conducted.4 Well developed in both breadth and depth, Sri Lanka's energy community is populated by organizations and prominent individuals representing the three major social sectors—public, private, and civil society—as well as international development organizations (occupying hybrid positions). Table 1 lists the most prominent organizations that make up Sri Lanka's energy sector, with a focus on those entities working with renewable energy technologies or rural development. Table 1 also identifies each organization's primary domains of expert knowledge.
The diversity of organizational players provides undeniable strengths to Sri Lanka's energy sector. In spheres as complex as development planning, input from diverse knowledge domains is needed for informed decision making. Indeed, despite limited success in attaining development goals, five decades of intervention have led to more complex development initiatives that draw on a wider range of experiences, going beyond scientific, technical, and financial expertise to include cultural knowledge (Sen, 2004) and an understanding of the limits of technology-based aid (Willoughby, 1990). The widely touted, if loosely conceptualized, "integrated development" approach attempts to bring together such experts in development planning.5 Furthermore, advocates of alternative development paradigms emphasize the need to include diverse "local knowledge" domains in addition to recognized expert knowledge. "Local knowledge" refers to knowledge domains relevant to specific contexts of project implementation and their environmental, cultural, political, and organizational peculiarities (Antweiler, 1998). This includes experiential knowledge at the same level as the decision being made —for example, national, provincial, and community—each with its own idiosyncrasies. It also includes local adaptations of "expert" knowledge, where generalized disciplinary knowledge is made meaningful within local worldviews.6 Problems arising from the failure to account for context-specific circumstances have been well theorized and documented since at least the early 1970s (Schumacher, 1973; Chambers, 1983; Papanek, 1984; Smillie, 2000).7
The fact that numerous organizations with diverse interests and wide-ranging expertise populate Sri Lanka's energy setting, however, does not ease energy development decision making within the community. Intense negotiations occur among experts with competing notions of what is required for successful development, and sometimes with radically divergent definitions of development itself. In the course of research, these negotiations provoked questions such as: Is grid electrification a prerequisite for rural economic development, or does it encourage passivity and dependence? Should the design of development programs start from sound financial planning or experienced community needs? Can development projects be deemed successful simply by electrifying households, or are improved social and economic indicators also necessary? Such questions were debated in numerous settings across Sri Lanka. While the substance of these negotiations was interesting, my concern here is only with the processes by which they occurred. In particular, the following discussion will explore how knowledge and authority mapped onto expert practices in this context: Which forms of knowledge were included in or excluded from sustainable development decision-making processes? How were such determinations made? And how were they resisted?
One important determinant of authority in Sri Lanka's energy sector is organizational power. Not surprisingly, powerful entities enjoy greater authority in development decision making than weaker organizations or unorganized groups. Yet even the most authoritative do not rely on power alone in coming to decisions; they do not simply disregard their critics out of hand. Instead, the most institutionally powerful players justify development decisions by appealing to the expert knowledge under their command. During my research, for instance, the World Bank, arguably the most powerful player in Sri Lanka's energy sector, typically justified its decisions by appealing to the authority of two domains of knowledge: project finance and market economics. Regardless of a proposed development project's overall merits, if it did not fit the World Bank's finance-based development approach, it was rejected on that count. Hence, organizational power combines with the authority of expertise to set the terms of debate in Sri Lanka's energy sector.
Figure 1 Knowlege and Organizational Authority Hierarchies in Sri Lanka
Groups that reject the World Bank's prioritization of financial indicators still must learn to use the language of project finance, market creation, and income generation if their voices are to be heard among the most powerful development project decision makers. In this way, decision making in Sri Lanka facilitates participation by those groups with the corresponding expert knowledge—those fluent in the dominant discourse. At the same time, it discourages participation by groups not conversant in the dominant discourse—those without the expert knowledge valued by authority structures. Figure 1 illustrates, in a loose hierarchy of authority, diverse organizations populating Sri Lanka's energy community. The figure also includes diverse knowledge domains surrounding energy and development projects in that hierarchy and draws connections between the different organizations and the knowledge domains best represented within them. The term "knowledge hierarchy" refers to the authority structure of different knowledge domains, as represented in the left-hand column. In Sri Lanka's energy community, the knowledge domains of market economics and project finance have greater authority than, for instance, those of ecology and rural development. Beneficiary experience tends to have strictly limited relative authority. The figure does not suggest a causal relationship, but does show a clear correlation between organizational power and the authority of knowledge domains held within organizations.
This knowledge hierarchy is neither formal nor fixed. Relative positions change slightly over time, across context, and by issue. However, the overall configuration, and the connections between authoritative knowledge and organizational power, endures. Participants positioned lower in the hierarchies are not denied the "right" to have a say in development planning by virtue of their social standing or otherwise, but the perspectives of those individuals who represent less authoritative knowledge domains (or organizations) are simply trumped in decision making by those with greater authority.
As a brief example, let us consider a development project aimed at disseminating solar home systems in rural Sri Lanka. Community-level expertise with regard to the effectiveness of this project in meeting rural development goals—such as increased economic security, higher education achievements, and initiation of entrepreneurial activity—was neither denied legitimacy nor publicly devalued by the most powerful decision makers. To the contrary, its legitimacy was affirmed. Yet, in the relevant decision-making settings, it was nevertheless considered less important than the financial solvency of the development program itself. Rural development expertise simply did not overrule financial concerns affecting development planning.
Organizations with expert knowledge in domains lower in the hierarchy struggle to find ways to inject their perspectives into development planning, working within the dominant discourse to be heard while simultaneously challenging basic assumptions of that discourse. One such organization is the Energy Forum, a small non-governmental organization staffed and directed by six engineers and experts in community organizing and awareness raising. It works closely with project implementers and development workers representing a variety of disciplines. It also has exceptionally strong ties to local knowledge "experts" at many levels: Sri Lankan energy policy makers, regional environmentalists, provincial government functionaries, and community-based organizations across rural Sri Lanka. The Energy Forum employs a roundabout strategy for bringing marginalized expertise to the decision-making table. Rather than confronting the legitimacy of organizational power imbalances in Sri Lanka—a strategically "unmentionable" topic—the Energy Forum challenges the legitimacy of the given expert knowledge authority structure. Instead of confronting institutional power inequalities head on, which most certainly would be a losing battle, the Energy Forum targets the knowledge hierarchy itself. In so doing, it seeks to put "experts" of various stripes on more equal footing, both in numerous local contexts and across the nation's energy and development community.
The Energy Forum's Three Development Interventions
In part because of its competing missions, the Energy Forum occupies an interesting place in Sri Lanka's alternative energy community (see Figure 2). As a "forum" for Sri Lanka's energy sector the organization's first mission is to facilitate communication and cooperation among sometimes-competing energy-sector interest groups. In this role, the Energy Forum's leadership seeks to maintain the organization as a nonpartisan "network hub" by not taking sides but by facilitating dialogue in energy controversies. The organization's second mission, however, is to advocate specific types of solutions to energy and development problems. Of course, advocacy entails partisanship which conflicts with the first mission. Additionally, this second mission has its own internal tension, namely, that between endorsing specific alternative energy technologies and promoting the interests of the rural poor, especially through rural electrification.8 Members of the Energy Forum recognize that, although these two goals are often aligned, alternative energy technologies and the interests of rural villagers are not always compatible.
Figure 2 Tensions in Energy Forum's organizational missions
The Energy Forum's efforts to negotiate the tensions surrounding its multiple organizational missions parallel its work to reconcile a host of sometimes aligning, sometimes competing external interests and expertise surrounding energy and development in Sri Lanka. To provide a concrete sense of the organization's approach, the following subsections will describe three specific activities: interest-group organizing, consensus meetings, and organizational networking. Each of these activities captures the Energy Forum's implicit strategy of renegotiating the role of expert knowledge in development decision making.
Interest-group Organizing
The first strategy employed by the Energy Forum to achieve its organizational missions has been interest-group organizing. Many players within Sri Lanka's energy community are poorly organized or totally unorganized, and many established development organizations work to coordinate a variety of interest groups in a number of contexts. Energy-sector development organizations seek to engage with rural communities for different reasons. One reason is the widely held belief that establishing formal organizational structures in beneficiary communities is needed to coordinate grassroots-development activities and to institutionalize responsibilities surrounding electrification-development initiatives. For example, if local community leaders are enrolled to promote solar-home systems or to collect loan repayments from community members who purchase such systems, it greatly facilitates the ability of rural electrification projects to meet their administrative and financial objectives. Likewise, if villages with micro-hydro facilities could effectively manage their own energy systems, rather than having them administered from distant Colombo, these projects could also more easily meet their goals.
In this vein, the Energy Forum organized several electricity consumer societies (ECSs) within villages that hosted alternative energy development projects. ECSs were initially launched in remote mountain villages with micro-hydro power plants. This was undertaken in part because such systems require careful monitoring (so that appliances such as irons, immersion water heaters, and refrigerators do not cause overloads), but also because a formal institutional structure is required for on-going management of project financing, systems operation, and plant maintenance. Almost everyone in Sri Lanka agrees that grassroots community organizations facilitate the administration of development projects and, therefore, are important determinants of project "success."
Most development workers recognize that strong community organizations benefit development projects by facilitating their administration. However, rural community advocates like the Energy Forum prioritize community organizing for a different reason, namely, because of its potential to promote learning and consolidate political power within rural communities, making them more effective in negotiating with external development decision makers. Community organization promotes learning by creating focal points for the interaction of residents and local skills-building initiatives. By consolidating political power within communities this kind of participation creates the potential to reverse the flow of information and, hence, development "knowledge." The Energy Forum's staff believes that for any group to have a voice in development decision making, even an indirect one, that entity needs to be cohesively organized so that powerful external groups do not advance their own interests by playing one community group against another. Rural communities without formal organizations cannot effectively represent their interests to government officials or external development agencies. The Energy Forum worked directly with many rural communities and local organizations across Sri Lanka and it often attempted to represent their interests in development planning meetings. At times, the Energy Forum was partially effective in speaking on behalf of rural communities, but its staff members believed they could only do so imperfectly, in a manner different from those groups speaking for themselves.
While ECSs effectively operated in dozens of villages across Sri Lanka as of 2002, the remoteness of the villages and the lack of communication channels meant that most of them could not share their experiences or coordinate their activities. Poor interaction among ECSs also meant that even official ECS representatives could speak authoritatively only on behalf of individual villages. For instance, when ECS representatives criticized specific policies or practices surrounding development programs, national decision makers easily dismissed those criticisms as anecdotal, "non-expert," or otherwise not characteristic of systemic shortcomings. To foster greater collaboration among ECSs and to bolster their authority the Energy Forum sought to take their organization to the next level. Working together with all of the individual societies, the Energy Forum helped to create a formal meta-organization, the Federation of Electricity Consumer Societies (FECSs). This meta-organization, the Energy Forum hoped, would not only encourage mutual learning among individual societies but also provide a powerful voice for communicating shared concerns to development program decision makers.
As this initiative illustrates, the Energy Forum seeks to create strong, cohesive organizations that can provide a vehicle for rural communities to present for themselves their experiences and understandings, allowing them to initiate communication flows that move up the development chain of command instead of always remaining only on the receiving end. By coordinating interest groups within and between rural communities, and by creating organizations to communicate rural perspectives to national decision makers, the Energy Forum has sought to increase the authority of rural community representatives vis-à-vis recognized development experts in Colombo's highly organized institutions.
Consensus Meetings
A second strategy employed by the Energy Forum has been the "consensus meeting." In Sri Lanka's national energy sector, certain groups are mired in highly contentious disputes over energy planning: community-development experts struggle with least-cost economists, socialist Provincial Council ministers struggle with World Bank program managers, and environmentalists struggle with coal- power advocates. Although all these groups are represented by what most participants would concede are, in fact, "experts," there are significant differences in their authority. The Energy Forum's consensus meetings brought together these "competing" experts to counter the divisiveness that inhibits development planning surrounding energy and electrification.
Through its consensus-building approach, the Energy Forum does not intend to eliminate substantive disagreement, but to catalyze constructive dialogue and mend strained relations among entrenched positions. For example, in bringing together CEB officials with representatives of environmental groups the Energy Forum did not expect to resolve a decades-long debate over the future of coal power in Sri Lanka. This debate has forced the CEB to conduct site and environmental impact assessments for one proposed plant location after another, costing the CEB, and hence the nation, millions of dollars. The controversy also allows the CEB to place responsibility for deficiencies in the country's electricity supply squarely, though undeservedly, on the shoulders of the environmental lobby. Especially in the nation's newspapers, the debate between the two sides of the coal-power option is deeply divisive and, for the most part, unproductive. Similarly, though with less derision or fanfare, Provincial Council socialists clash with the World Bank over the appropriate role of government in rural electrification, with the former advocating a central role for government and the latter striving to eliminate, insofar as possible, government agencies from the implementation of development projects. Community development experts advocating decentralized technologies clash with least-cost energy planners advocating centralized coal power.
Rather than expecting to resolve these deep-seated disagreements or to equalize the considerable institutional power imbalances, the Energy Forum used its consensus meetings to subtly but significantly shift the discourse surrounding these issues. The consensus meetings achieved this goal by creating a balanced conversation among experts representing radically different positions of institutional authority. The Energy Forum adopted the position of "neutral mediator" by laying out the ground rules for the discussion and moderating interactions to ensure that those rules were followed. It otherwise played a minimal role. The agendas for these meetings gave equal time to each side to present and respond, followed by a carefully moderated open discussion in which the Energy Forum did not take sides, explicitly or otherwise. Nevertheless, the very act of putting experts with different kinds and levels of institutional authority together as equals increased the less authoritative groups' legitimacy.
Since the Energy Forum's aim with the consensus meetings was to achieve agreement in terms of procedure, not necessarily in terms of substantive outcomes, participants were expected to agree on the importance of "hearing out" opposing perspectives. They were also expected to identify both where and why they disagreed and where and why they agreed. To be sure, creating procedural consensus in the face of ideological disagreement fueled by organizational power imbalances was no trivial achievement; the Energy Forum expended significant social capital and achieved modest results. But here again, as with organizing the FECSs, something more was at stake: systematically empowering institutionally marginalized groups and increasing the relative authority of their expert knowledge. Whereas the Federation empowered rural community members vis-à-vis Colombo experts, the consensus meetings empowered one group of experts relative to another.
Organizational Networking
A third strategy employed by the Energy Forum has been organizational networking. The prior strategies discussed—interest group organizing and consensus meetings—are two among many ground-level activities that the Energy Forum has sought to integrate into a larger networking initiative. This larger initiative is intended to achieve systematic, fair, and well-informed energy decision making in Sri Lanka. In particular, the Energy Forum has sought to institutionalize a comprehensive approach to empowering marginalized groups through the creation of what it called the "National Energy Network." As with consensus meetings and interest-group organizing, the Energy Forum had both modest, practical goals and grand ambitions for the National Energy Network. Practical goals included identifying and initiating strategic linkages between a host of previously unconnected organizations or interest groups, especially among different levels of the network. More ambitiously, the Energy Forum sought explicitly and systematically to bring more diverse interests and knowledge domains into the nation's energy-planning and decision-making processes. For example, the network included organizations from all three social sectors—public, private, and civil society—as well as from all three levels of government—national, provincial, and community. The National Energy Network was envisioned as a path to sustainable development through "strongly democratic" energy decision making.9
The Energy Forum's conceptualization of the National Energy Network is illustrated in Figure 3. Despite the top-down representation of the national, provincial, and community levels in the figure, the individual arrows linking each level to the national network are intended to communicate that each is to have equal input. Similarly, input is to flow up, from communities to national organizations, and resources are to flow down. The Energy Forum's coordinator intended this depiction to show how all energy policies should be directed to local community development needs rather than to solidifying the positions of authority of national or provincial organizations vis-à-vis other interests. In other words, the Energy Forum believed that while national-level organizations should provide the financial and technological resources needed by local communities, the communities themselves should have a say in determining how those resources ultimately would be directed, based both on their priorities and on their knowledge about what is workable within their specific local contexts. Once again, we see a strategy to renegotiate the authority of different knowledge domains. One might even say that "expert" knowledge is involved in both flows: "how-to" knowledge as a resource flowing down and "what can work" knowledge flowing up.
According to the Energy Forum, the National Energy Network schematic also communicates something important about where "global" perspectives are to fit. The "international networking" diamond exists outside of the national network, indicating that it is Sri Lanka's prerogative to determine its energy-policy directions and development goals and not that of the international agencies that provide development assistance. In the Energy Forum's version of a national energy network, Sri Lankan decision makers would first determine the nation's energy and development goals and then proactively "network" with international players for assistance to achieve those goals. Here again, strategic planning input flows "up" to international agencies and resources flow "down" to increasingly local contexts: national, provincial, and rural community.
As conceptualized and represented, the National Energy Network embodies a powerful criticism of dominant development practice where external organizations determine development priorities (based on their own assessments of what is desirable and possible) and then create financial incentive structures for Sri Lankan organizations to achieve those priorities. With its conceptualization of the National Energy Network, and efforts to institutionalize elements of it, the Energy Forum attempted to renegotiate the relative authority of diverse knowledge domains contributing to development decision making, emphasizing the knowledge held by participants occupying different positions in the local-global spectrum. Here we see most explicitly how the Energy Forum has sought to empower marginalized social groups by increasing the authority of their knowledge relative to that of institutionally authorized development experts.
Challenging Knowledge Hierarchies
For most intractable development problems, the root cause is not lack of relevant knowledge but institutional structures that systematically exclude relevant groups from contributing their knowledge in effective ways (Chambers, 1983; 1997; Cooke & Kothari, 2001). In Sri Lanka, as in many development contexts, organizational power and expert authority reinforce one another and, intentionally or not, combine to exclude relevant knowledge domains from development decision making. Efforts to include "local knowledge" through more effective direct participation are an important step toward addressing the problem, but without simultaneously focusing on inequalities arising from knowledge hierarchies, these initiatives cannot address the underlying causes of unsustainable development practices. The Energy Forum countered this tendency by challenging the knowledge hierarchies that undermined effective participation by diverse stakeholders. In this way, the Energy Forum worked to create settings where diverse knowledge domains could be put on the table simultaneously and with greater equality, thereby building social and institutional infrastructure to enable sustainable, participatory development decision making (Sclove, 1995; Fischer, 2000). Arguing for the inclusion of local knowledge in development, however, does not go far enough (Cooke & Kothari, 2001). It is necessary to move beyond simple dualities regarding knowledge domains, such as "expert" and non-expert/local. The concept of a knowledge hierarchy suggests a much more complex arrangement of "competing" knowledge domains and types of expertise within a given context. Within Sri Lanka's energy community more and less authoritative knowledge domains constantly interact, including more and less authoritative domains of expert knowledge.
The most important mechanism of exclusion in this context is not outright denial of participation through raw institutional power. Rather, the most important mechanism is systematic delegitimation through highly circumscribed participation. Here, the Sri Lanka case sheds light on the more general lesson of how expertise can inhibit sustainable development. Exclusion operates through the relative authority of different knowledge domains and their prioritization: which receive the most attention, which receive first consideration, and which hold the power to overrule others. Of course, this insight does not deny the ability of powerful institutional players to simply deny or ignore competing perspectives. But such heavy-handed exclusion is relatively easy to identify and analytically straightforward to counter. More often, exclusion operates through more subtle mechanisms, such as minimizing the relevance or diminishing the authority of entire knowledge domains.
The development interventions discussed above show how the Energy Forum's overarching intervention strategy is to challenge knowledge authority structures themselves. This strategy highlights the need to move beyond facile calls for greater inclusion in development decision making by confronting the mechanisms of exclusion resulting from knowledge hierarchies. Rather than advocating solely for wider inclusion in development decision-making contexts, the Energy Forum strives to understand how the knowledge hierarchy operates in Sri Lanka's energy community and then to design intervention strategies that directly challenge the operation of that hierarchy. This strategy is founded upon recognition of how expertise embodies not only relevant expert knowledge but also how it is grounded in socially contingent authority structures. In other words, it recognizes how expert knowledge and authority come together as a resource for consolidating power around established institutions and approaches to development planning.
Through its interventions into Sri Lanka's energy community, the Energy Forum challenges knowledge hierarchies by creating 1) localized contexts where participants' expert authority is temporarily equalized (relatively, not absolutely) and 2) institutional structures that solidify authority and project it into the future. In this way, the Energy Forum seeks to mediate and redirect Sri Lanka's overall energy and development planning by flattening the surrounding knowledge hierarchies in ways that systematically empower marginalized knowledge domains. This strategy enables a form of inclusion that is genuinely open to diverse knowledge domains rather than merely allowing token representation of certain perspectives while simultaneously disqualifying that input by setting the terms of discussion so that their underlying knowledge becomes irrelevant. This strategy can easily be generalized to any development context. Because knowledge domains that are lower on relevant knowledge hierarchies are so regularly excluded in development planning, which further exacerbates political and economic inequalities, scholars interested in sustainable development should dedicate special attention to the operation of knowledge-authority structures and to theorizing alternatives.
By intervening to promote more open development processes, the Energy Forum challenged not just the exclusion of one or another particular group, but also the primary mechanism of exclusion—the knowledge hierarchy. By employing this approach, the Energy Forum recognized that even accepted "experts" of various stripes are marginalized relative to experts representing more authoritative knowledge domains. Challenging knowledge hierarchies themselves addressed the process of exclusion, not just one or more particular outcomes of that process. Hence, this approach challenges power imbalances head on instead of seeking to reconcile the particular makeup of a specific knowledge hierarchy at a given time. This approach confronts power imbalances head on instead of seeking to reconcile the makeup of a specific knowledge hierarchy at a given time. When the Energy Forum challenged knowledge hierarchies, it disallowed the most powerful groups from determining the terms of discussion, and instead allowed each major stakeholder to contribute its perspective—its knowledge and interests—in its own terms. Creating ways for particular groups to interact around common development questions required the Energy Forum to provide not only alternative contexts for collaboration, but also to fashion alternative structures for interaction. To achieve this goal, the Energy Forum built upon its expertise in community-awareness raising by reflecting that expertise back into the assemblage of development experts—not only toward rural villages. The Energy Forum's authority was based on an innovative mix of competence in diverse development discourses, a steadfast appeal to common development goals, and a widely perceived sense of commitment and good will. The organization leveraged this authority in its efforts to challenge knowledge hierarchies.
Expertise and Sustainable Development
Achieving sustainable development requires going beyond the recognition that many knowledge domains are legitimate within decision making. The task also entails identifying systematically excluded domains, understanding how that exclusion takes place, and devising strategies for effectively including these marginalized perspectives. The existence of knowledge hierarchies creates barriers for effective integration of diverse knowledge domains by linking knowledge authority to institutional power rather than relevance to the problem at hand. When different knowledge domains suggest divergent decision paths, or when the complexity of an intervention requires planners to prioritize inputs, more authoritative knowledge domains typically trump less authoritative ones. Here, we see most clearly the importance of understanding expertise as specialized knowledge plus authority. It is authority rather than the possession of relevant knowledge that most sharply distinguishes those considered "experts" from other participants in the development process.
Without an understanding of how expertise is implicated in development failures, genuine and sustained empowerment of intended beneficiaries is impossible, and hence sustainable development is unlikely. The rearrangement of material resources by itself—that is, devising and distributing new technologies or new systems of material interaction while maintaining dominant relations of expertise—leaves existing authority structures intact and thereby precludes sustainable development. It is imperative, therefore, that experts who wish to contribute to more sustainable development initiatives attend to the knowledge hierarchies in which they operate. Unreflective appeals to the authority of expert knowledge—what we typically take to be "expertise"—recreates the very power inequalities that disable devolved decision making and local empowerment. If we consider "development" as empowerment, and "sustainable development" as empowerment that systematically leads to non-exploitative social and human-ecology interactions, then expertise hierarchies must be flattened (not inverted) so that experts representing the experiences, knowledge, and interests of marginalized social groups have a relatively greater voice in development decision making.
I would like to acknowledge the assistance of Deborah Johnson and Camar Díaz Torres who carefully read multiple drafts of the article and assisted in focusing its argument; Steven Moore and Andy Karvonen who offered helpful input on a prior version; and the journal's editor, Maurie Cohen, along with three anonymous reviewers, who provided detailed, germane feedback.
1 Following current trends in development scholarship, I use the shorthand "North" and "South" to distinguish between economically wealthier and poorer countries, respectively. Within this terminology, Australia and New Zealand are understood to be economically (as well as culturally) integrated among the economically powerful countries in the global North.
2 Dependency theory has been widely discussed and has different variations, including notably Frank's (1967) macro-level Marxian treatment. For an accessible introduction to dependency theory, see Ferraro, 1996. Harvey & Lind (2005) provide a recent review and critique of the dependency thesis.
3 Portions of this section are taken from my dissertation (Nieusma, 2004).
4 My research in Sri Lanka consisted of 11 months of participant-observation, dozens of interviews, and media coverage analysis in 2000 (supported by the US National Science Foundation) and 2001–2002 (supported by the US-Sri Lanka Fulbright Commission).
5 "Integrated rural development" strategies were popular during the 1970s and then fell out of favor after about a decade (Smillie, 2000). Still, the general idea of integrated development has remained in circulation, including among development workers in Sri Lanka. A contemporary example of an integrated development strategy is the World Bank's cross-sectoral initiatives that attempt to connect various projects and experts, in sectors as diverse as healthcare, education, infrastructure, and rural economic development.
6Scholars in science and technology studies have shown that all knowledge is an integral part of the specific worldviews in which it functions (Haraway, 1991; Restivo, 1994). No group brings pure knowledge divorced from the worldview that gives it meaning. Thus, as knowledge, even technical knowledge, is created within or moves between cultural groups, it is adapted to fit within those groups' worldviews (Eglash, 2004). This insight has particular importance for how we conceptualize "local knowledge." In an important respect, all knowledge is "local" in terms of being situated in a particular context. While Colombo is Sri Lanka's "national" decision-making setting, the knowledge that circulates in Colombo is no more national than that which circulates in rural villages. Colombo knowledge does not encompass the knowledge of rural localities in the same way as a nation encompasses its hinterlands.
7 One could reasonably argue that the appropriate technology movement's most enduring contribution to development thinking is that "context matters," that context-specific knowledge is crucial to development planning and project implementation (Willoughby, 1990).
8 The Energy Forum promoted "renewable, decentralized energy options," such as small-scale hydro, solar photovoltaic, solar thermal, wind, and bio-energy. My shorthand "alternative energy technologies" encompasses these various systems.
9 Benjamin Barber (1984) defines "strong democracy" as broad-based citizen participation in governance and elaborates how such participation contributes simultaneously to better decisions and participant edification. Sclove (1995) extends the application of Barber's concept from ordinary political contexts to technology design and implementation. Using the language of democratic deliberation, Fischer (2000) makes a similar argument in the context of environmental decision making.
Appendix: Acronyms for the Energy Forum's National Energy Network Schematic
Agre, P. & S. Douglas (Eds.). 1997. Reinventing Technology, Rediscovering Community: Critical Explorations of Computing as a Social Practice. Greenwich, CT: Ablex.
Antweiler, C. 1998. Local knowledge and local knowing: an anthropological analysis of contested "cultural products" in the context of development. Anthropos 93(4-6):469–494.
Barber, B. 1984. Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Bereiter, C. & Scardamalia. M. 1993. Surpassing Ourselves: An Inquiry into the Nature and Implications of Expertise. Chicago: Open Court.
Brand, R. & Karvonen, A. 2007. The ecosystem of expertise: complementary knowledges for sustainable development. Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy 3(1):21-31. http://sspp.proquest.com/archives/vol3iss1/0601-004.brand.html.
Ceylon Electricity Board. 1999. Long-Term Generation Expansion Plan, 1999–2013. Colombo: CEB.
Chambers, R. 1997. Whose Reality Counts? Putting the First Last. London: Intermediate Technology Development Group.
Chambers, R. 1983. Rural Development: Putting the Last First. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.
Cooke, B. & U. Kothari (Eds.). 2001. Participation: The New Tyranny? London: Zed.
Eglash, R. 2004. Appropriating technology: an introduction. In R. Eglash, J. Croissant, G. Di Chiro, & R. Fouché (Eds.), Appropriating Technology: Vernacular Science and Social Power. pp. vii–xxi. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Epstein, S. 1996. Impure Science: AIDS, Activism, and the Politics of Knowledge. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Escobar, A. 1995. Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Ferraro, V. 1996. Dependency theory: An introduction. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/depend.htm. July 7, 2006.
Fischer, F. 1990. Technology and the Politics of Expertise. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Fischer, F. 2000. Citizens, Experts, and the Environment. Durham: Duke University Press.
Fortun, K. 2001. Advocacy After Bhopal: Environmentalism, Disaster, New Global Orders. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Frank, A. 1967. Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Frankena, F. 1992. Strategies of Expertise in Technical Controversies: A Study of Wood Energy Development. Bethlehem, PA: Lehigh University Press.
Haraway, D. 1991. Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. New York: Routledge.
Harvey, P. & Lind, J. 2005. Dependency and Humanitarian Relief: A Critical Analysis. Humanitarian Policy Group, Report 19. London: Overseas Development Institute.
Hutchins, E. 1995. Cognition in the Wild. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Kothari, U. 2001. Power, knowledge and social control in participatory development. In B. Cooke & U. Kothari (Eds.), Participation: The New Tyranny? pp. 139–152. London: Zed.
Martin, B. 1996. Confronting the Experts. Albany: State University of New York Press.
McLennan, J. 2004. The Philosophy of Sustainable Design: The Future of Architecture. Kansas City: Ecotone Publishing.
Nieusma, D. 2004. The Energy Forum of Sri Lanka: Working towards Appropriate Expertise. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. Department of Science and Technology Studies. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
Papanek, V. 1984 [1969]. Design for the Real World: Human Ecology and Social Change, 2nd Ed. Chicago: Academy Chicago Publishers.
Restivo, S. 1994. Science, Society, and Values: Towards a Sociology of Objectivity. Bethlehem, PA: Lehigh University Press.
Rist, G. 1997. The History of Development: From Western Origins to Global Faith. London: Zed.
Schumacher, E. 1973. Small Is Beautiful: Economics as if People Mattered. New York: Harper & Row.
Sclove, R. 1995. Democracy and Technology. New York: Guilford Press.
Sen, A. 2004. How does culture matter? In V. Rao & M. Walton (Eds.), Culture and Public Action. pp. 37–58. Stanford: Stanford Social Sciences.
Smillie, I. 1991. Mastering the Machine: Poverty, Aid, and Technology. Boulder: Westview.
Smillie, I. 2000. Mastering the Machine Revisited: Poverty, Aid, and Technology. London: Intermediate Technology Development Group.
United Nations Development Program. 2005. Human Development Report 2005 International Cooperation at a Crossroads: Aid, Trade, and Security in an Unequal World. New York: UNDP.
United Nations Division of Economic and Social Affairs. 2002. Global Challenge, Global Opportunity: Critical Trends in Sustainable Development. New York: UNDESA.
Van der Ryn, S. & Cowan, S. 1996. Ecological Design. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Willard, T. & M. Andjelkovic (Eds.). 2005. Bridging the Policy Gap Between the Information Society and Sustainable Development. Winnipeg: International Institute for Sustainable Development.
Willoughby, K. 1990. Technology Choice: A Critique of the Appropriate Technology Movement. Boulder: Westview.
Woodhouse, E. & Nieusma, D. 1997. When expert advice works, and when it does not. IEEE Technology and Society Magazine 16(1):23–29.
Woodhouse, E. & Nieusma, D. 2001. Democratic expertise: integrating knowledge, power, and participation. In M. Hisschemöller, R. Hoppe, W. Dunn, & J. Ravetz (Eds.), Knowledge, Power, and Participation in Environmental Policy Analysis. pp. 73–96. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.


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Today the XCM Team has officially introduced their new XCM USB Hot and Cold Coaster for PCs and car use.
Below are the details from their official site, as follows:
This device is for computer peripherals or car to heat or cool drinks via USB power cord, able to drink cold drinks in hot summer days or hot drinks in chilly winter, no matter inside the car or next to the computer, this device can provide you the excellent lifestyle.
Product Functions:
1. Using low voltage and universal USB power, it is safe and convenient, excellent for using at home, office and on board.
2. Built in the heating and cooling function, work on any weather or season.
3. Built in the double color LED (Red LED – Heating, Blue LED- Cooling)
4. Built in adjustable tap to hold the beverage not to spill.
5. Double USB power supply, enhance the efficiency.
6. Unique design-Multi-curvature arc conduction plate for better conductive efficiency.
7. Built in semiconductor refrigeration and PTC heating component
More PlayStation 3 News...


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Email firstname.lastname@example.com
Who says wedding dresses need to be traditional and prim? WhiteAzalea sexy wedding dress collection refutes this conservative opinion. The collection employs a set of figure-flaunting features to achieve a seductive visual effect. Belauded for sexy appeal, it fulfills most dreams of being alluring. Heat up your bridal runway with our come-hither sexy wedding dresses.


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Location: Tisno, Croatia
Date: 18th - 22nd July
Headliners: Bonobo (live) / DOOM / Ghostpoet
Why Go? For the boat raving and island hopping.
Nestled into Croatia's azure coastline, Soundwave brings musical quirkiness and feel-good vibes to a sunny spot, popularised as of late by thousands of festivalgoers. But for a very good reason.


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The Fed Experience is an interactive exhibit that lets visitors explore their connection to the economy. The exhibit is free and open to the public.
An academic competition designed to expand the community's understanding of the Federal Reserve System's unique role in the economy and the importance of Federal Open Market Committee decisions.
2016 registration information to come
In 2015, participating colleges and universities will organize and host the preliminary regional rounds of the competition. Register by emailing the regional organizer in your region. The registration deadline for all regional competitions is October 2, 2015.
Regional competition winners will advance to participate in a semi-final competition round at the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond on November 20, 2015. The semi-final competition winner will advance to compete in the finalist competition at the Board of Governors in Washington, D.C. on December 2, 2015 with other teams from participating Reserve Banks.
Regional organizers should be contacted with any questions about the regional competitions.
Region 1 Organizers
Philip Heap, James Madison University
Oleg Korenok, Virginia Commonwealth University
Competition Location: Virginia Commonwealth University School of Business, Richmond, VA
Competition Date: Saturday, November 14, 2015
Region 2 Organizer
Matthew Chambers,Towson University
Competition Location: Towson University, Towson, Md.
Competition Date: Friday, October 30, 2015
Region 3 Organizer
Mike Aguilar
Competition Location: University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C.
Competition Date: October 30, 2015
The Fed Experience
(804) 697-8110


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Mercyhurst Professor Excavating Dunkleosteus Bones In Erie County
Date: 3/5/2013 Album ID: 1619298
Photos by Christopher Millette
See all the photos of Scott McKenzie, 58, assistant professor of geology and curator of the Sincak Natural History Museum at Mercyhurst University with pieces of shoulder armor bone from a Dunkleosteus, a powerful pre-historic fish that could grow up to 30 feet long and hunted sharks. Northwest Pennsylvania was covered by a salt-water ocean 364 million years ago, during the Devonian period, when Dunkleosteus lived. McKenzie's fossil was found in Erie County in an area that is still being excavated by McKenzie and his team.


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After a week-long run in New York which is now coming to close, the film will show in select cities across North America, including Atlanta, Nashville, Austin, New Orleans, Los Angeles, Houston, Oakland, San Francisco, and Vancouver.
A recap follows...
The fantastical narrative, which stars Saul Williams and Aissa Maiga, follows a man named Satche (played by Williams) during the last 24 hours of his life.
Of the film, director Gomis previously stated, "It's the kind of tale that takes place in an imaginary society in which death comes looking for someone. The film starts when he opens his eyes and ends when they close," said the director of the critically-acclaimed L'Afrance (2001) and Andalucia (2008).
Saul Williams, who most will likely recall from his work on the 1998 film Slam (as both writer and star), last appeared as himself in a series of documentaries - most recently Nelson George's paean to the city he loves, Brooklyn Boheme.
On Aujourd'hui, Williams adds, "The film is not set in Dakar, we never say where it is taking place... [Satche is a] man of great intelligence, with little ambition who is not interested in the American dream and returns to his country after 15 years in the United States, to the unpleasant surprise of his family."
The award-winning critical favorite, produced by Senegalese company Cinekap, and financed mostly with French funds, co-stars the absolutely lovely and talented Aissa Maiga (who you may recall, also co-stars in Phillip Niang's Toussaint L'Ouverture), in a cast that also includes Djolof Mbengue, and Doss Thierno Ndiaye.
BelleMoon Productions notes that, in addition to the above-announced play-dates, the company is also attempting a hybridized, community-driven distribution model for the film, and would like to work with entities who are interested and equipped with the right tools, to co-host community screenings of the film as well.
I've seen Tey twice, and found it enrapturing. A quiet, mythical tale that progresses more like a lush visual poem. It's recommended viewing, so see it, if you're in NYC this weekend!
Here's a trailer:


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NBC To Search For America's Favorite Mom
January 27, 2008 09:09 AM by Joe Reality
In a new twist on the reality TV format, NBC is launching a nationwide search for America's favorite mom. The search is being done to commemorate Mother's Day. NBC will partner with Reveille and Teleflora to give children and adults the chance to nominate their moms for this special recognition.
Since January 7, people have been nominating their mothers at AmericasFavoriteMom.com. After all the nominations have been received, the top twenty-five nominees will appear throughout the week before Mother's Day on the Today show on NBC. Viewers will then be given the chance to vote for their favorite mom.
The winning mom from each day of the week will be featured on the America's Favorite Mom finale on Mother's Day. On the program, one mom will be announced as the winner of America's Favorite Mom. The winner will have a rose named in her honor and will receive thousands of dollars in cash and prizes, including an 18-carat, gold heart-shaped America's Favorite Mom pendant trimmed with diamonds.
Teleflora Presents America's Favorite Mom was announced by Craig Plestis, Executive Vice President of Alternative Programming, Development and Specials at NBC Entertainment. "Partnering with Teleflora and showcasing America's best moms on the Today show creates the perfect platform to recognize these amazing women," said Plestis. "We want to highlight America's favorite mothers on a grand scale and give them the spotlight they deserve."
Teleflora Presents America's Favorite Mom airs on Mother's Day, Sunday, May 11 from 7 PM to 8 PM ET on NBC.
Photo Credit: NBC
Topics: Reality TV |
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Investigators say the suspects originally prepared for an Independence Day atrocity and also considered a suicide attack.
23:00, UK, Friday 03 May 2013
The two brothers suspected of carrying out the Boston Marathon bombings originally planned to attack on July 4, according to law enforcement officials.
The anonymous sources, speaking to the New York Times and other media, claimed that Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev advanced the date of their attack because they built their deadly devices quicker than anticipated.
The two brothers allegedly detonated two improvised pressure-cooker bombs at the end of the Boston Marathon, killing three people and wounding 264.
The April 15 attack came on Patriots' Day in Massachusetts.
But an attack on July 4 would have carried the extra symbolism of disrupting Boston's famed Independence Day celebrations.
Dzhokar Tsarnaev is said to have told investigators the bombs were made at the home of his brother Tamerlan, who was killed during a shootout with police early on April 19.
Investigators have already compared fingerprints and DNA found on bomb fragments to those of Tamerlan Tsarnaev's widow Katherine Russell, who insists she had no knowledge of the attack.
The New York Times has also reported that the ethnic Chechen brothers allegedly considered suicide attacks and that they had viewed online sermons by Anwar al Awlaki, a radical US-born Muslim cleric who was killed by an American drone strike in Yemen in 2011.
There is no indication the brothers communicated with Awlaki.
However, any ties the two suspects had with foreign militants will be key to determining how the pair may have become radicalised.
The younger brother is also said to have told FBI agents that they worked alone and were not part of a wider terrorist group.
The Tsarnaevs are also suspected of killing a university police officer. Another officer was badly wounded during an earlier confrontation.
Dzhokhar Tsarnaev has been charged over the bombing and could face the death penalty if convicted. He is being held at a prison medical facility in Massachusetts.
On Thursday, Tamerlan Tsarnaev's body was claimed by a funeral home on behalf of relatives living in the US.
Authorities are set to reveal his cause of death.
Three 19-year-old college friends of Dzhokar Tsarnaev have been charged with interfering with the investigation of the bombing.


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Scott T. Charlottesville, Virginia
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Bowling News USA - December 17, 2013 Jones Wins 7th Kingdom International Open in Saudi Arabia
Tommy Jones of Simpsonville, S.C., won then 7th Kingdom International Open at Universal Bowling Center Monday for his 15th Professional Bowlers Association Tour title. It was the final tournament of the 2012-13 PBA season.
Jones, who entered the modified stepladder finals as the No. 2 qualifier, defeated top qualifier Michael Mak of Hong Kong twice, 247-218 and 268-258, to claim the $25,000 first prize and his second World Bowling/PBA International Tour title of the season. Jones also won the International Bowling Championships title in Tokyo, Japan, last January.
Jones defeated Bahrain's Yousif Falah, 218-211, in the semifinal match after Falah started the championship round by winning the three-player "shootout" opening match. Falah's 258 game eliminated Bill O'Neill of Langhorne, Pa. (217) and Sweden's Daniel Fransson (193).
Storm's Tim Mack was sixth.
The Saudi Arabia tournament concluded an extended 14-month PBA season as the PBA returns to a calendar year schedule beginning January 1. During its extended season, the PBA conducted 23 traditional tournaments, including five major championships, and 11 World Bowling/PBA International Tour tournaments in addition to its inaugural PBA League schedule of team events.
The final two standard PBA Tour telecasts of the season – the PBA Scorpion Championship (including Jones as one of the four finalists) and the PBA World Championship – will be air on ESPN on Sunday, Dec. 22, at 3:30 p.m. ET and Sunday, Dec. 29, at 1 p.m. ET, respectively.
The 2014 PBA Tour schedule gets underway in late January in Allen Park, Mich.
Universal Bowling Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Monday
Final Standings:
1, Tommy Jones, Simpsonville, S.C., $25,000.
2, Michael Mak, Hong Kong, $12,000.
3, Yousif Falah, Bahrain, $7,000.
4, Bill O'Neill, Langhorne, Pa., $4,500.
5, Daniel Fransson, Sweden, $4,000.
(courtesy: pba.com)
News Filter
December, 2013
- 12/29/2013: Dom Barrett Wins PBA World Championship with the BYTE!
- 12/27/2013: Friday Fun Day - How To Pick Up The 7 - 10...
- 12/26/2013: Liz Johnson Over Wes Malott at 53rd Annual Beat The Champs.
- 12/24/2013: Storm WSOB V Post Game Shows - 2013 PBA World Championship
- 12/23/2013: Storm Young Gun Marshall Kent Impresses Bowling World at PBA Scorpion Championship...
- 12/20/2013: Friday Fun Day - The Infamous Backward Bowler!
- 12/18/2013: The Best Balls Make The Perfect Gifts!
- 12/17/2013: Storm's PJ Haggerty Knocks Off 7th PBA Regional Title in Reno!
- 12/17/2013: Storm's Marshall Kent, Hall of Famer Bob Hart on Storm WSOB V Post Game Show!
- 12/17/2013: Storm's Eric Forkel Rolls To 14th SNBT Title...
- 12/17/2013: Jones Wins 7th Kingdom International Open in Saudi Arabia
- 12/15/2013: In The Bag - 2013 PBA Chameleon Championship
- 12/10/2013: This Just In - Storm's Dom Barrett Wins Third PBA Title in Qatar...
- 12/10/2013: Chuck Groat Wins Grand Finals on Storm Northwest Tour
- 12/09/2013: Tune into ESPN Sunday for Chameleon Championship...Post Game with Brian Kretzer, Dom Barrett!
- 12/08/2013: In The Bag - 2013 PBA Viper Championship
- 12/07/2013: Thomas Larsen Wins First PBA Title in Abu Dhabi...Dom, Osku, Fourth, Fifth
- 12/03/2013: Catch Belmo. Stu Williams on ESPN Sunday!
- 12/01/2013: Malott Marches To 2013 PBA Cheetah Championship Victory


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She was preceded in death by her parents, husband, one son, David Carvajal, two brothers and five sisters.
Visitation was held on Sunday, Jan. 1, 2012 from 2 p.m.-9 p.m. at Galloway Chapel in George West. Prayer service was held on Jan. 1 at 7 p.m. at Galloway Chapel in George West. Funeral was held on Monday, Jan. 2 at 10 a.m. at Church of Christ in George West with Brother Braulio Carvajal, III presiding. Burial was in the George West Cemetery.
Arrangements were under the direction of Galloway and Sons Funeral Home of George West.