text:
U.S. Department of State Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2005 - Burkina Faso
|United States Department of State
|Publication Date
|8 March 2006
|Cite as
|United States Department of State, U.S. Department of State Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2005 - Burkina Faso , 8 March 2006, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/4418218132.html [accessed 1 June 2016]
|This is not a UNHCR publication. UNHCR is not responsible for, nor does it necessarily endorse, its content. Any views expressed are solely those of the author or publisher and do not necessarily reflect those of UNHCR, the United Nations or its Member States.
Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
March 8, 2006
Burkina Faso is a parliamentary republic with a population of approximately 12.2 million. On November 13, President Blaise Compaore was reelected to a third term with 80 percent of the vote. Observers considered the election free, despite minor irregularities, but not entirely fair due to the resource advantage held by the president. President Compaore, assisted by members of his party, the Congress for Democracy and Progress (CDP), continued to dominate the government. The civilian authorities generally maintained effective control of the security forces.
The government's human rights record remained poor, but there were improvements in some areas. Poverty, unemployment, a weak infrastructure, and drought exacerbated some of the following human rights problems:
- security force use of excessive force against civilians, criminal suspects, and detainees, which resulted in deaths and injuries
- societal violence
- abuse of prisoners and harsh prison conditions
- official impunity
- arbitrary arrest and detention
- occasional restrictions on freedom of the press and assembly, including the forcible dispersion of demonstrations
- violence and discrimination against women and children, including female genital mutilation (FGM)
- trafficking in persons, including children
- discrimination against persons with disabilities
- child labor
During the year the government continued significant efforts to combat FGM and trafficking in persons.
1. Respect for the Integrity of the Person, Including Freedom From:
a. Arbitrary or Unlawful Deprivation of Life
There were no known politically motivated killings by the government or its agents; however, security forces were responsible for the deaths of civilians, criminal suspects, and detainees.
On February 13, Karim Bikienga died after being detained for 18 days in Ouagadougou Prison; Bikienga was suspected of involvement in the killing of 3 policemen in Ghana. The government provided no explanation for Bikienga's death, but human rights nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) charged that it was likely the result of abuse by prison authorities. No investigation was being conducted at year's end.
On March 10, gendarmes killed three residents, injured several others, and destroyed property during a raid on Bossoura village in Poni; six residents were arrested and subsequently sentenced to prison terms from one to three years. The raid occurred after a mob from Bossoura broke into the local gendarmerie station and freed a prisoner suspected of assault and theft. The gendarmes charged that the villagers had fired at them when they tried to re-arrest the freed suspect. The Burkinabe Movement for Human Rights (MBDHP), the country's largest human rights organization and a vocal critic of the government, denounced the raid and demanded that the security minister take action against the responsible gendarmes; however, no action had been taken by year's end.
No further action was taken during the year against security forces believed to be responsible for the following 2004 killings: The February torture and killing of Badolo Wango; the April deaths of two criminal suspects; and the July death in detention of Pitroipa Yemdaogo.
There were no developments in any of the reported 2003 killings by security forces.
During the year regional governor Kilimite Hien instructed security forces to execute suspected highway bandits. Similar orders reportedly were issued in other areas of the country. The government had made no comment on the instructions by year's end.
Societal violence resulted in deaths and injuries during the year (see section 1.c.). On September 1, the body of an unidentified man was found along the roadside in Ouagadougou. Witnesses alleged that an angry mob lynched the man after he attempted to break into a store. An investigation was ongoing at year's end.
There were no developments in the April 2004 societal killings in Sigle county seat and Tiemnore village.
During the year the government continued to distribute funds from the $9 million (5 billion CFA francs) fund to compensate the families of victims of the political violence that occurred between 1983 and 1997. By year's end $6.5 million (3.7 billion CFA francs) had been distributed.
Unlike in the previous year, there were no deaths or injuries that resulted from land use conflicts between farmers and herders. During the year the 19 Kassena farmers accused of such killings in 2004 were released pending trial. remained in detention at year's end. The case of the 15 Kassena farmers arrested for the June 2004 killings of 10 Fulani herders was settled out of court, and the farmers were released.
b. Disappearance
There were no reports of politically motivated disappearances.
c. Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
Although the law prohibits such practices, members of the security forces continued to abuse persons with impunity, and suspects were frequently subjected to beatings, threats, and, on occasion, torture to extract confessions. Abuse by security forces resulted in deaths (see section 1.a.).
On February 27, two army recruits in Ouahigouya, Yatenga Province, beat high school teacher Aristide Kambou for allegedly harassing a local beer vendor. Kambou's family filed a case in court, but no action had been taken against the two recruits by year's end.
On June 10, six soldiers from the Bobo-Dioulasso airbase beat Jonathan Bonkian for allegedly insulting them. The soldiers reportedly received disciplinary sanctions. The family filed a court complaint to seek stricter punishment, and the case was pending at year's end.
On August 27, police in Bobo-Dioulasso beat Desire Sanou with batons and a metal ruler to extract a confession that he had stolen a mobile phone. The family filed a case in court, but no action had been taken against the police officers by year's end.
Police beat a journalist and forcibly dispersed demonstrators and strikers during the year (see sections 1.d., 2.a., and 2.b.).
No action was taken against police who arrested, stripped naked, and beat with rubber batons 11 residents of Yako, Passore Province in 2004.
Societal violence was a problem. On September 2, a mob severely beat Noufou Bance for suspected witchcraft and destroyed his home and other property in Ouaregou village, Boulgou Province. Police arrested 10 suspects, who were awaiting trial at year's end.
Prison and Detention Center Conditions
Prison conditions were harsh and could be life threatening. Prisons were overcrowded, and medical care and sanitation were poor. The prison diet was inadequate, and inmates often relied on supplemental food from relatives. Pretrial detainees usually were not held separately from convicted prisoners.
Prison authorities granted prison visits at their discretion. Permission generally was granted, and advance permission was not required. Prison observers visited prisons during the year.
d. Arbitrary Arrest or Detention
The constitution prohibits arbitrary arrest and detention; however, the government did not observe these prohibitions in practice.
Role of the Police and Security Apparatus
The national police, under the Ministry of Security, and the municipal police, under the Ministry of Territorial Administration, are responsible for public security. Gendarmes reporting to the Ministry of Defense also are responsible for some aspects of public security. Corruption was widespread, particularly among lower levels of the police, and impunity was a serious problem. The gendarmerie is responsible for investigating police and gendarme abuse; however, the government took no known disciplinary action against those responsible for abuses, and the climate of impunity created by the government's failure to prosecute abusers remained the largest obstacle to ending abuses.
On February 18, police and police cadets began a strike to demand transparency in the assignments process, better equipment and training, higher pay, and the right to join a union. The government used riot police to forcibly disperse the march, expelled 500 cadets, and closed the police academy for nearly a month. Under pressure from the police force, President Compaore reopened the school and reinstated the cadets, once they apologized.
Arrest and Detention
The constitution provides for the right to expeditious arraignment, bail, access to legal counsel after a detainee has been charged before a judge, and if indigent, access to a lawyer provided by the state; however, authorities did not ensure due process.
Police arbitrarily arrested demonstrators and a journalist during the year (see sections 2.a. and 2.b.).
On February 9, police released Noel Yameogo after he reportedly agreed to cooperate with the state's investigation of opposition leader Hermann Yameogo. Since his September 2004 arrest of treason charges, Noel Yameogo was held in solitary confinement and was not allowed visits from his family or his lawyer, according to press reports.
On March 30, two of the remaining four persons detained in connection with the October 2003 coup plot received presidential pardons and were immediately released; the other two remained in prison at year's end.
The law limits detention for investigative purposes without charge to a maximum of 72 hours, renewable for a single 48-hour period, although police rarely observed these provisions in practice. The average time of detention without charge was a week, and the law permits judges to impose an unlimited number of six-month preventive detention periods. Defendants without access to legal counsel were often detained for weeks or months before appearing before a magistrate. In some cases prisoners were held without charge or trial for longer periods than the maximum sentence they would have received if convicted of the alleged offense. Approximately 72 percent of those held in Ouagadougou Prison were pretrial detainees. There was a pretrial release system; however, the extent of its use was unknown.
e. Denial of Fair Public Trial
The law provides for an independent judiciary; however, the judiciary was subject to executive influence in practice. The president has extensive appointment and other judicial powers. Constitutionally, the head of state also serves as president of the superior council of the magistrature, which nominates and removes senior magistrates and examines the performance of individual magistrates. Systemic weaknesses in the justice system included the removability of judges, outdated legal codes, an insufficient number of courts, a lack of financial and human resources, and excessive legal costs.
There are four operational higher courts: The Supreme Court of Appeal; the council of state; the audit court and office; and the constitutional council. Beneath these higher courts are 2 courts of appeal and 20 provincial courts. There is a high court of justice with jurisdiction over the president and senior government officials. In addition, there is a tribunal to try persons under 18 who are charged with felonies or misdemeanors as children rather than adults. Customary or traditional courts presided over by village chiefs handled many neighborhood and village problems, such as divorce and inheritance disputes. Citizens generally respected these decisions but also could take a case to a formal court.
Trial Procedures
Trials are public but do not use juries. Defendants are presumed innocent and have the right to consult and be represented by an attorney. Defendants can challenge and present witnesses and have the right of appeal. While these rights were generally respected, citizens' ignorance of the law and a continuing shortage of magistrates limited the right to a fair trial.
Military courts tried only military cases and were subject to executive influence.
Political Prisoners
There were no reports of political prisoners.
f. Arbitrary Interference with Privacy, Family, Home, or Correspondence
The constitution prohibits such actions, and the government generally respected these prohibitions in practice. In national security cases, a law permits surveillance, searches, and monitoring of telephones and private correspondence without a warrant. By law and under normal circumstances, homes may be searched only with the authority of a warrant issued by the attorney general.
2. Respect for Civil Liberties, Including:
a. Freedom of Speech and Press
The law provides for freedom of speech and of the press; however, the government at times restricted these rights and intimidated journalists into practicing self-censorship. The president and his government remained sensitive to criticism. The independent press, particularly the written press, continued to exercise great freedom of expression.
The official media, including the daily newspaper Sidwaya, and the national radio and television displayed a progovernment bias. There were numerous independent press, radio, and television stations, some of which were critical of the government. Foreign radio stations broadcast without government interference.
All media were under the administrative and technical supervision of the Ministry of Information. The Superior Council of Communication, which was under the presidential office and had limited independence, regulated the media industry.
On February 3, six policemen from Bobo-Dioulasso beat journalist Urbain Kabore following a heated discussion over press access to returning Hajj pilgrims. The newspaper filed a case in court; however, no action had been taken against the police by year's end.
There were no new developments in the government's investigation of the 1998 killing of journalist Norbert Zongo, who had been investigating a scandal close to the presidency. This case continued to be a high-priority for both international and domestic human rights activists, who on December 13 commemorated his killing with a march to demand the arrest and trial of those responsible.
Journalists charged with libel may defend themselves in court by presenting evidence to support their allegations, but the burden of proof rests with journalists.
There were no government restrictions on the Internet or academic freedom.
b. Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association
Freedom of Assembly
Although the law provides for freedom of assembly, the government at times restricted this right in practice. Political parties and labor unions are allowed to hold meetings and rallies without requesting government permission. However, advance notification is required for planned demonstrations that might threaten public peace. Penalties for violation of the advance notification requirement include two to five years' imprisonment. Denials or modifications of the requested march route or schedule may be appealed before the courts.
On February 18, riot police forcibly dispersed striking police (see section 1.d.).
On April 23 and June 2, youths believed to be supporters of the ruling CDP attacked authorized marches by the Collective for the Defense of the Constitution (CODECO). The police subsequently arrested and detained CODECO activists for several hours; no CDP supporters were arrested.
On July 7, security forces in Bobo-Dioulasso threatened to arrest and forcibly disperse an unapproved march by civil society organizations protesting the rising cost of living and the lack of security in the city's industrial zone. The organizations cancelled the march.
No action was taken against police responsible for the violent dispersal of Ouagadougou merchants in February 2004.
Freedom of Association
The law provides for freedom of association, and the government generally respected this right in practice. Political parties and labor unions were permitted to organize without seeking government permission.
c. Freedom of Religion
The law provides for freedom of religion, and the government generally respected this right in practice.
The government required that religious groups register with the Ministry of Territorial Administration. There were no penalties for failure to register. All groups were given equal access to licenses, and the government approved registrations in a routine fashion.
Societal Abuses and Discrimination
There is no Jewish community in the country, and there were no reports of anti-Semitic acts.
For a more detailed discussion, see the 2005 International Religious Freedom Report.
d. Freedom of Movement Within the Country, Foreign Travel, Emigration, and Repatriation
The law provides for these rights, and the government generally respected them in practice. Gendarmes and police agents routinely stopped travelers for identity checks and to levy road taxes. Customs agents stopped travelers for customs checks.
Unlike in the previous year, there were no reports that the government confiscated passports from political leaders.
The law prohibits forced exile, and the government did not use it.
Protection of Refugees
The law provides for the granting of asylum or refugee status in accordance with the 1951 UN Convention relating to the Status of Refugees or its 1967 protocol, and the government has established a system for providing protection to refugees. In practice the government provided protection against refoulement, the return of persons to a country where they faced persecution, and granted refugee or asylum status. The government cooperated with the office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and other humanitarian organizations in assisting refugees and asylum seekers. The government also provided temporary protection to individuals who may not qualify as refugees under the 1951 convention/1967 protocol. There were 521 persons with refugee status and 541 persons who had requested refugee status residing in the country. Most were nationals of Cote d'Ivoire, Togo, Rwanda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the Republic of the Congo; others were from Chad and Liberia. Almost all the refugees and applicants lived in Ouagadougou.
During the year the government's National Refugee Committee and UNHCR continued their efforts to respond to the needs of refugees. Some refugees asked the UNHCR to send them to third countries; these requests were being evaluated at year's end.
Despite increased violence in Cote d'Ivoire, there were fewer Burkinabe returnees from Cote d'Ivoire than in previous years. Burkinabe returnees reported physical abuse, harassment, and extortion from Ivorian police officials.
3. Respect for Political Rights: The Right of Citizens to Change Their Government
The law provides citizens with the right to change their government peacefully through multiparty elections; however, in practice citizens were unable to exercise this right fully due to the continued dominance of the president and his ruling party.
Elections and Political Participation
In 2001 the National Assembly decided a constitutional amendment providing for presidential term limits was not explicitly retroactive and would not be applied to President Campaore. On August 10, President Compaore announced his decision to seek a third term as president. On October 2, the constitutional court ruled that there was no legal impediment to Compaore's candidacy, overruling appeals by several opposition candidates.
On November 13, President Blaise Compaore won the presidential election with 80 percent of the vote. Opposition candidate Benewende Sankara, the closest runner-up, received 5 percent of the vote. Despite minor irregularities, international observers considered the election free but not entirely fair due to the resource advantage held by the president.
The government-funded Independent National Electoral Commission (CENI) has full responsibility for managing its budget and is the only organization responsible for monitoring elections and referendums. Five representatives of opposition parties served on the CENI in addition to five representatives of progovernment parties and five representatives from civil society.
In April 2004 the National Assembly adopted a controversial bill to revise the electoral code for municipal elections. The CDP claimed the law would correct imbalances in the previous system; however, opposition parties charged that the bill was designed to reverse reforms that facilitated large opposition gains in the 2002 legislative elections. Most observers believed the changes would favor larger and more organized parties.
Most appointed provincial officials, most traditional chiefs, and all but one of the country's mayors were members of the ruling CDP. On July 27, the Ministry of Territorial Administration removed the country's only opposition mayor for alleged mismanagement; however, the opposition-dominated city council elected another opposition member to replace him.
CDP membership conferred advantages, particularly for businessmen and traders in competition for open bidding contracts.
There were 12 women in the 111-seat National Assembly and 3 women in the 31-member cabinet. The cabinet included 17 minority members; the National Assembly included 61 minority representatives.
Government Corruption and Transparency
Official corruption was a serious problem, especially in the police and customs services. At the outset of the country's food crisis during the summer, police arrested several regional officials for embezzling food aid, and in September the government removed the minister of basic education and literacy for alleged corruption. However, despite the citation of numerous instances of high-level corruption in the 2004 report of the High Authority to Fight Against Corruption, no senior officials were prosecuted for corruption during the year.
There were no laws that provided for public access to government information; however, government ministries generally released nonsensitive documents.
4. Governmental Attitude Regarding International and Nongovernmental Investigation of Alleged Violations of Human Rights
A number of human rights groups generally operated without government restriction, investigating and publishing their findings on human rights cases. Government officials were somewhat cooperative and responsive to their views.
The government permitted international human rights groups to visit and operate in the country. The MBDHP was affiliated with the Inter-African Human Rights Union.
The National Commission on Human Rights serves as a permanent framework for dialogue on human rights concerns and included representatives of human rights NGOs, unions, professional associations, and the government. The MBDHP did not participate on the commission and continued to charge that the commission was subject to government influence.
In April 2004 the UN Independent Commission of Inquiry released its report on human rights violations committed against Burkinabe refugees in Cote d'Ivoire. The report found that Ivoirian security forces targeted specific communities of foreigners, including Burkinabe, in suppressing opposition demonstrations.
5. Discrimination, Societal Abuses, and Trafficking in Persons
The law prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, ethnic origin, gender, disability, and social status; however, the government was not able enforce this prohibition effectively. Discrimination against women and persons with disabilities remained a problem.
Domestic violence against women, especially wife beating, occurred frequently. No law specifically protects women from domestic violence, and cases of wife beating usually were handled through customary law and practice. Rape was a crime, although there were no statistics on rape. There is no explicit discussion of spousal rape in the law, and there have been no recent court cases. There were organizations that counseled rape victims, including Catholic and Protestant missions, the Association of Women Jurists in Burkina, the MBDHP, the Association of Women, and Promofemmes – a regional network that works to combat violence against women. The government continued efforts to change attitudes toward women through media campaigns.
FGM was practiced widely, especially in many rural areas, and usually was performed at an early age. Up to 70 percent of girls and women have undergone this procedure. The government has demonstrated its commitment to eradicate FGM through education, and the National Committee for the Fight Against Excision (CNLPE) reported that the incidence of excision has decreased by approximately 40 percent since 1996, when the parliament passed legislation making FGM a crime. Perpetrators were subject to a significant fine and imprisonment of 6 months to 3 years, or up to 10 years if the victim died. More than 400 persons have been sentenced since 1996 for perpetrating FGM. "Operation Hotline," established by the CNLPE to provide citizens with a fast and anonymous way to report violations, received approximately 150 calls during the year.
On April 17, the tribunal of Dedougou, Mouhoun Province, sentenced Mariam Ouedraogo to one year imprisonment and two of her accomplices to eight months' imprisonment for practicing FGM on nine girls in Siwi village, Mouhoun Province.
On August 25, gendarmes in Ouahigouya arrested Kadisso Ouedraogo for practicing FGM on eight girls in Ouahigouya city and Bissiguin village, Yatenga Province. Ouedraogo was in prison awaiting trial at year's end.
On September 2, gendarmes arrested Azeta Ouedraogo for practicing FGM on 16 girls in Tansaliga village, Loroum Province. Ouedraogo was in prison awaiting trial at year's end.
Yiere Mamou Berte, who was arrested in January 2004 for practicing FGM on 41 girls in Sefina village, remained in prison awaiting trial at year's end.
During the year the woman arrested in August 2004 for practicing FGM on 12 girls ranging in age from 2 to 12 was sentenced to 3 years' imprisonment. The case received widespread media coverage because of the public outcry that the practice still occurred in metropolitan areas.
The law does not specifically prohibit prostitution; however, pimping and soliciting are illegal. Prostitution was widespread and tolerated by security forces.
There were occasional reports of trafficking in women (see section 5, Trafficking).
The law explicitly prohibits sexual harassment, but such harassment was common.
The law prohibits forced marriage, with specific penalties for violators. Polygyny was permitted, but both parties must agree to it prior to a marriage, and the woman could oppose further marriages by her husband if she could provide evidence that he abandoned her and her children. Either spouse could petition for divorce; custody of children was granted to either parent based on the children's best interests.
Women continued to occupy a subordinate position and experienced discrimination in education, jobs, property, and family rights. Although the law provides equal property rights for women and inheritance benefits depending on other family relationships, in practice traditional law prohibits women from the right to own property, particularly real estate. In rural areas, land belonged to the family of the man whom a woman married. Women still did much of the subsistence farming work. Traditional law does not recognize inheritance rights for women and regards the woman as property that can be inherited upon her husband's death.
Overall, women represented 45 percent of the workforce. In the modern sector, women comprised one-fourth of the government workforce, although they usually held lower paying positions. The Ministry of Women's Promotion actively promoted women's rights during the year, and the minister was a woman. During the year the government continued to establish income-generating activities for women, including the production of fabric, shea butter, and soap.
Several NGOs were active in promoting women's rights, including Women in Law and Development in Africa, Association of Female Judges, Association of Elected Women of Burkina Faso, Women's Coalition of Burkina Faso, and Kebayina Association of Women of Burkina Faso.
The constitution nominally protects children's rights. The government demonstrated its commitment to improve the condition of children by continuing efforts, in cooperation with donors, to revitalize primary health care by including care for nursing mothers and infants; vaccination campaigns for measles, meningitis, and other illnesses; and health education.
The government allotted approximately 25 percent of the national budget to education, and the law provides for free compulsory primary education until the age of 16; however, the government lacked the means to provide universal, free primary education. If a child qualified on the basis of grades and social condition (that is, the family was "poor"), tuition-free education could continue through junior high and high school. Children still were responsible for paying for school supplies, which often cost significantly more than tuition. Many parents could not afford to lose a child's labor in the fields or at other remunerative jobs; as a result, overall school enrollment was approximately 57 percent (51 percent for girls). The government has promoted primary education for girls through encouragement of donor scholarships, school feeding programs, and information campaigns to change societal attitudes toward educating girls. In the primary school system, girls made up slightly more than one-third of the student population. Schools in rural areas had even lower percentages of female students, and illiteracy for girls in the rural areas were as high as 95 percent. The rate of male literacy was approximately 32 percent, and female literacy was 15 percent.
The law prohibits the abuse of children under 15 years old and provides for the punishment of abusers; however, corporal punishment was accepted and widely practiced.
Scarification of the faces of both boys and girls of certain ethnic groups was gradually disappearing.
FGM was performed commonly on young girls (see section 5, Women).
Several NGOs believed that child marriage was a problem in the provinces of Senou, Soum Fada, Pama, and Diapaga; however, there were no reliable statistics.
Trafficking of children was a problem (see section 5, Trafficking).
Trafficking in Persons
The law prohibits trafficking in children; however, the country was a source, transit, and destination country for internationally trafficked persons, including children. The law also specifically prohibits slavery, inhumane treatment, and mistreatment of children and adults, kidnapping, violence, and mistreatment of children. The penalty for child trafficking is 1 to 10 years' imprisonment and fines from $525 (299,250 CFA francs) to $2,600 (1.5 million CFA francs). The sexual exploitation of children was a problem.
Since 2004 police have arrested 41 child traffickers and intercepted 921 trafficked children: at year's end, 16 traffickers had been sentenced to prison; 6 were being tried; and 19 were in detention awaiting trial.
The ministries of social affairs and labor were responsible for enforcing trafficking and child labor laws and regulations; however, the government had limited resources to combat trafficking.
The government has cooperated with Cote d'Ivoire in several trafficking cases and signed a cooperative agreement with the government of Mali to combat transborder child trafficking.
The country was an occasional source for women who traveled to Europe to work as domestics but subsequently were exploited sexually. The country was a transit point for trafficked children, notably from Mali, who often were trafficked to Cote d'Ivoire. Malian children also were trafficked into the country. Destinations for trafficked children from the country included Mali, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Benin, and Nigeria.
Trafficked children were subject to violence, sexual abuse, forced prostitution, and deprivation of food, shelter, schooling, and medical care. Organized child trafficking networks existed throughout the country, and during the year security forces dismantled four such networks. Child trafficking networks cooperated with regional smuggling rings.
According to the 2004-05 report by the Protection of Infants and Adolescents office, security forces intercepted 921 trafficked children, more than half of whom were girls; 158 were destined for international trafficking.
The government worked with international donors and the International Labor Organization to address child trafficking, in part by organizing seminars against child trafficking for customs officers. During the year security services and civil society groups organized similar workshops and seminars. The government also established watch committees in certain provinces in which child trafficking and labor were problems. The watch committees included representatives of industries usually implicated in child labor (cotton growers, for example), the police, NGOs, and social welfare agencies. An IPEC program to prevent child trafficking for work purposes on cotton plantations continued during the year.
From 2003-04 the NGO Research Action Group for an Endogenous Development of Rural Women in Burkina Faso conducted a nationwide education campaign that reached 700 thousand persons and established a rehabilitation center that rehabilitated 70 trafficked children. The government operated a center in Ouagadougou to assist with the social reintegration of trafficked children. In a joint venture with UNICEF, the government operated 19 transit centers for trafficked children. In 2004 these centers served 921 children, 158 of whom were foreign children. Children typically stayed in the transit centers for a few days before being returned to their families. The government also used financial assistance from UNICEF and other aid partners to assist victims and their families.
Persons with Disabilities
There was no legislation to protect persons with disabilities from discrimination, and advocates reported that such persons often faced social and economic discrimination. There was no government mandate or legislation concerning accessibility for persons with disabilities. Programs to aid persons with disabilities were limited. Persons with disabilities who were willing and able to work frequently found it difficult to find employment, including in government service, because of deeply entrenched societal attitudes that persons with disabilities should be under the care of their family and not in the workforce.
Other Societal Abuses and Discrimination
Societal discrimination against homosexuals and persons with HIV/AIDS was a problem. Persons who tested positive for HIV/AIDS were sometimes shunned by their families, and HIV/AIDS positive wives were sometimes evicted from their homes.
6. Worker Rights
a. The Right of Association
The law provides workers, including civil servants, the right of association, and workers exercised this right. Essential workers such as police could not join unions. Approximately 85 percent of the workforce was engaged in subsistence agriculture and did not belong to unions. Of the remainder approximately 50 percent of private sector employees and 60 percent of public sector employees were union members.
The law prohibits antiunion discrimination.
b. The Right to Organize and Bargain Collectively
The law allows unions to conduct their activities without interference, and the government protected this right in practice. Unions have the right to bargain directly with employers and industry associations for wages and other benefits, and there was extensive collective bargaining in the modern wage sector; however, it encompassed only a small percentage of workers. There are no export processing zones.
The law provides for the right to strike, and workers exercised this right. On May 10, all the major trade union federations and autonomous unions called a strike to demand higher salaries and pensions, a decrease in taxes on basic products, and the reopening of the central market. Some public institutions and private enterprises were closed. None of the strikers' demands were met by year's end.
During the year the president expelled 500 police cadets from the police academy and closed the academy in response to a strike by police and police cadets (see section 1.d.).
c. Prohibition of Forced or Compulsory Labor
The law prohibits forced or compulsory labor, including by children; however, there were reports that children were used for domestic labor outside their own families without any status or formal remuneration and that young girls were procured for domestic labor (see sections 5 and 6.d.).
Trafficking in persons, including children, was a problem (see section 5.).
d. Prohibition of Child Labor and Minimum Age for Employment
The law sets the minimum age for employment at 14 years; however, child labor was a problem. The minimal age for employment was inconsistent with the age for completing educational requirements, which was 16 years. In the domestic and agricultural sectors, the law permits children under the age of 14 to perform limited activities for up to 4½ hours per day; many children under the age of 14 years worked longer hours. An estimated 50 percent of children worked, largely as domestic servants or in the agricultural or mining sectors, where working conditions were harsh. Children commonly worked with their parents in rural areas or in family-owned small businesses in villages and cities. There were no reports of children under the age of 14 employed in either state or large private companies.
Trafficking of children was a problem (see section 5).
The Ministry of Employment, Labor, and Youth, which oversees labor standards, lacked the means to enforce work safety and age limit legislation adequately, even in the small business sector. Punishments for violating child labor laws included prison terms of up to 5 years and fines of up to $1,078 (600 thousand CFA francs).
The government organized workshops during the year, and in cooperation with donors, has undertaken many sensitization programs to inform children and parents of the dangers of sending children away from home to work.
e. Acceptable Conditions of Work
The law mandates a minimum monthly wage of approximately $53 (22,800 CFA francs) in the formal sector; the wage does not apply to subsistence agriculture. The minimum wage did not provide a decent standard of living for a worker and family. Wage earners usually supplemented their income through reliance on the extended family, subsistence agriculture, or trading in the informal sector. The law also mandates a standard workweek of 40 hours for nondomestic workers and a 60-hour workweek for household workers, provides for overtime pay, and establishes safety and health provisions.
A system of government inspectors under the Ministry of Employment, Labor, and Youth and the labor tribunals were responsible for overseeing occupational health and safety standards in the small industrial and commercial sectors, but these standards did not apply in the subsistence agricultural sector. The government's Labor Inspector Corps did not have sufficient resources to fulfill its duties adequately. Every company was required to have a work safety committee. If the government's Labor Inspection Office declared a workplace unsafe for any reason, workers had the right to remove themselves from the dangerous work without jeopardy to continued employment. There were indications that this right was respected in practice, although such declarations by the Labor Inspection Office were relatively rare.


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Zochi's Easiest Shrooms Yet
Zochi's Easiest Shrooms Yet
Xochipilli: "Prince of Flowers." The ancient Mexican god of sacred plants/mushrooms.
Possession of Psilocybe spores is legal at this time but growing or possessing Psilocybe mushrooms may not be. This document is not intended to encourage the violation of any laws and is presented for informational purposes only.
Psilocybin mushrooms are a very powerful entheogenic or "psychedelic" substance. They have been used safely by millions of people for thousands of years. Most people and cultures that use them regard the mushrooms as powerful spiritual allies. However they may provide a very unpleasant experience in those who are not properly prepared for the experience. Make sure you are well informed about their effects before consuming them.
This document will allow you to grow magic mushrooms for the rest of your life. After an initial investment of approx. $125-175 you will be able to grow them for about $3/oz.
Do not sell your mushrooms. This degrades their spiritual value and may lead to legal entanglements. If your friends want mushrooms teach them how to produce their own.
Read this document a couple of times to make sure you know what you will be doing and that you have all the necessary supplies. Do not alter any steps in this procedure; follow it to the letter. It takes about 4?5 weeks before you can harvest mushrooms. The first time you try this you may be a little unsure of what you are doing but you'll soon get a feel of what the mushroom needs to grow well. The three most important things that will determine your success are: the sterility of your jars and syringe, the humidity of your terrarium, and making sure that you drop the temperature at the proper time. You may find it easier to grow them in the winter. It is easier to control the temperature in the winter (unless you have air conditioning) and there tends to be much less air borne contamination. Most contaminants are found in the kitchen, bathroom and near the floor. Try to avoid performing these steps in these locations. Sterilization obviously has to be done in the kitchen.
This method has been made possible by the innovations of a company called Psilocybe Fanaticus. We owe a lot to the ingenuity of the person who developed this method. If this procedure works well for you please send a note of thanks and $10 (the original cost of their document) to: Psilocybe Fanaticus, 1202 E, Pike #783, Seattle WA 98122, USA. I am in no way connected to this company and won't benefit if you send them money but they have basically had their system ripped off by others and should receive a token of appreciation for their work. If you research other methods of growing shrooms you will realize how much more work (plus time and money) they are and see that it is worth paying tribute to the Fanaticus innovation. They have truly revolutionized shroom growing for the average grower.
125 ml tapered canning jars, Fine or medium size (fine is the best size)
vermiculite (from any garden centre)
Organic brown rice flour (from a health food store ? no preservatives!),
Pressure cooker or Large pot with lid,
Measuring cups, Mixing bowl, Hammer and small nail,
Spore Syringe, distilled water,
Terrarium, Perlite (from a garden centre). Water spraying bottle. See the terrarium set?up section for specific details on these last items.
The canning jars need to be tapered. This means that the opening of the jar is wider than the body of the jar. This is important because the fully colonized rice cake needs to be removed intact from the jar. You simply want the cake to slide out when the time is right. I use what are called 125ml harvest jars. You can buy organic rice flour in a health food store. I prefer to buy whole organic rice and grind it myself ? fresher flour can make a difference in total shroom production.
Follow these steps carefully
1. Get a small nail and use the hammer to poke 4 holes in the lid of each canning jar as shown in figure #1 at the end of this document. If you use a drill and small bit you may not end up with sharp bits of metal protruding around holes.
2. Decide on how many jars you are going to use. I usually use the 12 that come in a box. For each 125 ml jar mix 1/3 cup vermiculite and 1/8 cup brown rice flour in a mixing bowl. When these ingredients are well mixed, add 1/8 cup or a little more of distilled/spring water. For 12 jars that would be 4 cups of vermiculite, 1 ½ cups of rice flour and 1 ½ - 2 cups of water. Mix all of this stuff up well. This mixture is the substrate material that the fungus will consume and use for growth. I sometimes add a little extra water if it feels to dry for me. Maybe do some jars with this recipe and do a few jars with a little more water and keep records so you can see what works best for you. Different moisture levels in the rice flour and vermiculite will alter the amount of water you add. Also whether you use fine or medium vermiculite will determine the amount of water you use. The mixture should feel moist but should not be soggy. If you do jars with extra water, mark the lids of these jars (scratch or use permanent marker) and keep track of their performance. You can alter the above recipe for your future crops.
3. The next step is to fill each jar with the above mixture. Place the mixture in the jars and fill to about one half an inch below the top of the jar. Do not pack the mixture at all. Just tap on the counter to help level the mixture. Smooth out the surface of the mixture. If you carefully spoon the mixture into the jars it makes the next step much easier.
4. The top ½ inch of the glass on each culture jar needs to be cleaned. No substrate material can be left on the glass above the rice cake. First wipe it with your finger to get the bulk of the material off of it and then do a thorough job with a moistened paper towel. The glass needs to be spotless. The reason this is necessary is that bacteria and mold can use any material left there as a wick to infect the main substrate body.
5. Next, fill the top ½ inch of each culture jar with dry vermiculite. This layer is pure vermiculite. Fill the jar to the very top. This layer is a break-through pioneered by Psilocybe Fanaticus. It insulates the sterilized substrate from any airborne contamination. This layer gets sterilized with the substrate layer and air borne molds and bacteria cannot (usually) get through it to contaminate the substrate. At the same time it allows some gas exchange to occur. The fungus needs oxygen and gasses can filter through the vermiculite.
6. Put the lids on the jars. If you place the lid on with the rubber part facing up (away from the glass) it makes it easier to remove this part when it comes time to empty the jar. Screw the lid down tight. You must have the holes poked in the lid or you will have real problems you it's time to cook the jars.
7. Place a piece of tin foil over the top of each jar and crumple it around the sides of the jar. This is to keep water drops from going in the lid holes while the jar is being sterilized. Be careful not to rip or puncture the tin foil. You can add a second or even a third piece of tin foil to the lid if you need to.
8. Now the culture jars need to be sterilized. I have always used a pressure cooker for this next step and have had zero contamination. I have seen small ones at Canadian Tire for about $40 and big ones for $120. Just make sure that you can get your 12 jars in (or however many you want to cook) I think that this is well worth the investment. A pressure cooker will definitely sterilize your jars and is way less hassle than a pot. If you use a pressure cooker follow the instructions carefully. Since these jars are so small you may want to elevate them so that they are above the water. This is done by putting 3-4 jars filled with water in the bottom of the cooker. Next place the metal tray that comes with the cooker on these jars and then place your rice cake jars on top of the tray and close up cooker. If using a kitchen pot add about 2" of water and do as above. A good tray can be made of "hardware-cloth." This is wire made into ½ inch squares like small size chicken wire. Cut this so that it will fit in the pot. Bring the water to a slow boil and place the lid on the pot. From the time the water starts to boil, the jars need 1 hour to be sterilized. Water should not be bubbling and splashing all over the place. Another reason the jars should not sit on the bottom of the pot is that too much heat can transfer directly to the jars and cause a loss of moisture in the cakes.
9. Let the jars cool completely. This may take several hours. Leave them covered in the cooker or pot that was used to sterilize them. The jars need to be at or close to room temperature in order to perform the next step. The spores will be killed if the jars are not cool enough when they are inoculated. It will take several hours to cool sufficiently. You may hear sounds as the jars cool. This is normal. If using a pressure cooker you can wrap the stopcock with a paper towel soaked in Lysol. This will help stop contaminants from entering the cooker while the jars cool. It wouldn't be a bad idea to let the jars cool in a closet or other confined space that has been sprayed with Lysol to partially sterilize the surrounding environment.
10. The needle of the spore syringe must be sterile. If your fingers or anything other than the jar lid or contents of the culture jars come in contact with it, assume it is no longer sterile. If there is any doubt about its condition, use a cigarette lighter to heat the entire needle. Heat it until it glows red. Let it cool for a few minutes and squirt some of the solution out of the syringe. Shake the syringe. Make sure the spores are mixed well within the syringe. This can be accomplished more easily if you pull the plunger back on the syringe to get a little air into it. I would recommend doing this while the tip is being heated red hot to sterilize incoming air. I make my syringes with a little air pocket already in the syringe. The air we breathe is filled with thousands of bacteria and fungal spores per cubic foot. All you need is for one of these contaminants to get into a jar and it could be spoiled. Remove the tin foil from each culture jar as you prepare to inoculate it. Insert the needle of the syringe as far as it will go into a hole in the lid of the culture jar and get the needle to press against the glass. Make sure that you can see the syringe tip is touching the glass. Do not put the tip into the cake itself. Inject 1/4cc of solution into each hole in the lid, total of 1 cc of solution for each jar. A 10 cc spore syringe is sufficient to inoculate a dozen jars if you inject slightly less than 1 cc in each jar. Shake the syringe at least every time you start to inject a new jar if they seem to settle in the syringe.
11. Put the culture jars in a dark place and wait. I put them back in the box they came in. For fastest growth try to keep the jars at about 8O - 85F/28C. In hardware stores they sell fixtures that screw into incandescent light sockets. These fixtures have an electrical receptacle on both sides to allow you to plug another heat (light) source in. An easy method of raising the temperature of a closet is to plug another light in (if your original bulb doesn't raise the temperature to the desired level). The fungus will first appear as little splotches of white fuzzy stuff at the inoculation sites. This takes about 4 - 7 days. The white fuzziness is the root system of the mushroom and is called mycelium. As the time goes by the fungus will spread throughout the jar. Eventually, the entire surface of the glass will be covered with mycelium. Typically, the bottom of the jar is the last area to be colonized. This takes about 2 ½ - 3 weeks from the inoculation date. Be on the look out for any contamination. Any odd colors that might appear are due to contamination and the jar must be thrown out. Do not take any chances. If you think the jar might be contaminated, throw it out! Some molds and bacteria produce toxins and disease that can kill you. Just because a mushroom is growing on the opposite side of the cake from the contamination does not mean you are safe. The mycelium network carries nutrients and moisture to the mushrooms from far away and can easily pick up the toxins and bring them to the mushroom. The fact that you are using this guide means you are not an experienced mycologist. You do not know which molds and bacteria are deadly. Do not take a chance! Don't touch the contents of the contaminated jars and clean them well. Throw the jar contents into a couple of plastic bags and tie them up. The one exception to the previous statements is the mycelium will some times change from a bright white to a very pale yellow if it has water droplets touching it on the side of the glass. It is very unusual for any area that is colonized by the mushroom fungus to become infected while in the jar. The uncolonized areas of the substrate are usually significantly more prone to infection. The cake must stay in the jar until the entire surface area is covered with mycelium (jar contents must be completely covered with white fuzz). As the substrate gets more colonized, the growth slows down. This is a result of carbon dioxide (C02) building up and less oxygen being available for the fungus to consume.
12. Once a rice cake is fully colonized there are no areas on the substrate that can easily be infected by competitor molds or bacteria. Now the rice cakes can be taken out of the jars and put in the terrarium. The jars can be put in the refrigerator if you need to stop the process for any reason.
Don't skimp on buying a cheap terrarium or water bottle - you'll regret it and end up buying a good one anyway.
Canadian Tire, Wall mart etc. sell a variety of plastic containers with lids. The best ones are called "Rubbermaid storage box Hi Top" model #7023 about 22" long by 16" wide and 10" tall (55cmx40cmx25cm) and have a top that is about 2" (5cm) deep. They hold 48.4 liters or 12.9 U.S. gallons. Model #7022 will hold 6 jars. The container itself should be see-through. Just grab a tape measure from another part of the store to check the size. There are several advantages to using a container with a deep lid. If you set it up as shown below you don't have to spray water directly onto the cakes or reach down into the container to pick mushrooms (which can be difficult when you have a container filled with mushrooms). You can get up closer to the cakes to check them out without having to handle them. The rice cakes produce carbon dioxide (CO2), which is heavier than air and will build up in the container. CO2 inhibits the growth of mushrooms and makes them produce small caps. If you put the cakes in the bottom of a terrarium it can be a hassle trying to make sure you drain out the built up CO2. With the lid on the bottom the CO2 gets drained every time you open the lid. If you can't find a container with a deep lid you can buy the standard type.
Buy a good water bottle that will produce a fine mist without any water droplets falling down - some of the cheaper ones won't spray very fine mists. It is best to fill sprayer with distilled or spring water (nothing with chlorine). If using a deep-lidded unit remove the lid and lay it on a table. Place about 1 ½ "/ 3cm of wet perlite in it. Add a little water so the lid has about 1/8"/5mm water in it, but no more that. If using a regular plastic container place the perlite in the bottom of the unit.
Unscrew and remove the lid from the canning jars. Scrape all the loose vermiculite on top of the substrate into the garbage. Take care not to gouge into the substrate material as this can leave areas open to infection. Place the flat disk part of the jar lid on the perlite and then place the colonized rice cake on the lid. All 12 cakes should easily fit in the terrarium. Do this step with as little handling of the cake as possible.
Fill your spray bottle with distilled water. Make sure that your spray bottle is producing a fine mist with no water droplets falling down to the ground. Even the smallest water droplets can damage the cakes' ability to fruit (produce mushrooms). Spray a mist of water into the clear part of the container and close the container.
When the cakes are placed in the terrarium the temperature should be dropped to the low 70's F (approx. 22 Centigrade) for a few days and then raised back up to the original temp. This is a very important step. If you don't drop the temp you may not get any mushrooms, or very few. Once the temp has been dropped you don't have to raise it back up, it just means that they will grow slower at the lower temperature.
Spray the terrarium 2-3 times a day by lifting the clear part of it and spraying up into it. Never spray directly onto the cakes. Place this set-up where it will get some light but not too much. A closet with a light bulb works fine and safer than keeping them out in plain view. You can use an incandescent bulb about a foot or so above the terrarium, a fluorescent light 3 feet above or normal room light. Avoid direct sun or any very strong light. Have the light on for several to a dozen hours a day.
After about a week the first mushrooms should start to develop and then take several days to fully develop. Pick them just before the cap starts to open up. You can leave a few to fully develop for spore prints but you must pick them before they start dropping spores. Mature shrooms produce millions of spores and they will make a mess of your terrarium and even inhibit new mushrooms from growing. After you have picked the mushrooms you can leave the jars in the terrarium and continue spraying. They will produce another small crop after several days.
If the cakes start to turn bluish it means that the humidity isn't high enough. Try spraying more frequently. You can also take the cake off its lid and place it on the perlite. This will allow it to soak up some more water but keep an eye on it because sometimes the cakes get soggy on the bottom. If this happens just put them back on their lid.
If you find that you can't spray 2-3 times a day you may be better off putting fewer jars in the terrarium.
Dry them by placing them in front of a fan or over a warm radiator but don't put them anywhere too hot. When they snap like a cracker they are fully dry. Once you have picked and dried them all it is best to grind them into a powder and store in a jar. It is best to store them in a cool, dry, dark place (freezer). When powdered you can weigh or measure out a certain amount and have a fairly consistent trip each time. Each mushroom can vary in strength by quite a bit and if you leave them whole you may find that one trip or a certain amount will be fine, but the next week it may be too intense or not enough.
Materials: Isopropyl alcohol, lO-12cc syringe, Shot glass, Exacto knife blade (short bIades are better than the tall ones), Microscope slides (science shop), Glass or bowl, Tape.
By making your own spore syringe you can grow shrooms for the rest of you life for a couple of dollars of rice and vermiculite. Also soon you may not be able to buy spores easily or legally in the future so it is wise to learn how to do this.
CAUTION: Make sure that your hands are completely dry from rubbing alcohol before using any lighters etc. - nasty burns may result. It is best to spray the room with Lysol before taking spore prints and don't take them in the kitchen or bathroom (too many contaminants) Allow 1 mushroom or 2 or 3 from the best producing cake to fully open. For the following procedures make sure that your hands are very clean. Wash and dry with a newly washed towel and rinse in alcohol. Use 2 glass microscope slides per mushroom cap and sterilize them by washing with dish soap and drying with a clean cloth. Rinse them in isopropyl alcohol and allow to dry.
Cut the mushroom cap off the stem as close to the cap as possible using a sterile knife (either soak in alcohol or heat to red hot and allow it to cool). A propane torch is nice and fast. Do not touch the underside of the mushroom (gills) with your hands. You can use toothpicks or whatever else works for you. The mushroom caps are slippery and can be hard to handle. Place the mushroom cap on a microscope slide (or both if it is large enough) and cover with a bowl and leave it for several hours. Remove the bowl and the cap and a spore print should be quite visible. Fold the 2 slides together and tape along the edges to keep it sterile. Don't breathe on or touch the exposed prints. You can use paper instead of microscope plates but the chance of contamination of the print is much higher (not recommended). Spore prints taken this way will remain viable for many years if kept in a cool place (fridge - do not freeze).
When you want to grow some more mushrooms, place your empty syringe and a shot-glass of water in the cooker with your rice jars. After cooking and cooling, fill the syringe with water from the shot glass and dump the remaining water. Heat up an exacto knife blade to red hot and let it cool. Open up your slides with the blade and reheat the blade and let it cool (or just have a couple of blades ready). Scrape the spores (or even just a quarter or half of them) into the shot glass and squirt the water back into the shot glass. Then pull the water back into the syringe and you're ready to go.
Another way to make your syringes/prints is to place the shroom cap in a sterilized empty 125ml jar and put the lid on. Remove the cap when a print has been made. Just make sure that the jar and lid has been sterilized and the cap surface or your fingers don't touch the inside of the jar. After you have taken the print the jar can be sealed with the lid. It can be filled with sterilized water when needed and many syringes may be produced. This can be stored in the fridge also but won't last as long as spore prints and is more likely to contaminate.
More Resources: www.torontohemp.com, www.fanaticus.com,
Make sure that when the 2 pieces of the lid are together you can put the syringe tip in the jar. You don't want the holes hidden by the threaded piece of lid. Place holes so that when syringe is inserted the tip can touch the side of the jar.
Again, possession of Psilocybe spores is legal at this time but growing or possessing Psilocybe mushrooms may not be. This document is not intended to encourage the violation of any laws and is presented for informational purposes only. Keep in mind also that sources of spores sell them only for legal purposes.
To people who have never used magic mushrooms (or only used low "partying" doses) these tips may sound strange but I feel I have an obligation to include them.
First of all, you must realize that these mushrooms should only be taken by happy, stable people who are able to accept responsibility for their actions. If you don't fit into these categories DO NOT TAKE THEM. Shrooms intensify reality and may make your unhappiness and problems seem worse. They may aggravate pre-existing psychiatric conditions. On the other hand if you are happy and stable they may reward you on many levels and be viewed as life enriching gifts.
Read information from reliable sources about these mushrooms and their effects.
Some people get stomach cramps after ingesting these shrooms. The best way to prevent this is to fast for 8 or more hours before taking them. A good way to take them is in a hot herbal tea (lemon zinger) especially when taking large doses.
Start with accurately measured low doses (1g) and work your way up. After several sessions you may find yourself taking several (4-6g dry) grams and things can get extremely out of the ordinary. A ritual often helps. Create a sacred space and learn some grounding techniques. It is best to have an experienced guide on your first trips and always a good idea to have someone reliable and straight to act as "reality checker". This person can perform simple tasks such as making tea or change music (which can become impossible at higher doses). When on large doses it is very common to go through rough spots in the trip or INTENSE alterations in reality and believe that the house is on fire etc. so having someone straight is always a good idea. It is also easy to do things like turn on the stove or whatever without realizing or remembering about it and creating potentially dangerous situations.
Make sure you are in a safe and familiar environment. Trip with people you know and trust. High dose tripping with people you don't know and in a place you aren't familiar is a recipe for a difficult trip. Unplug the phone and tell your friends not to drop by. Have a selection of good music or try to ensure silence.
Relax. I like to close my eyes, relax, and float downstream.
On your first large doses you may go through a few "rough spots". No matter what you're going through stay calm. Concentrate on your breathing and take some deep, slow breaths. Stay where you are. If you have made sure that you are in a safe environment before you start tripping try to realize that you are probably safest where you are. It is easy to get in in your head that you may be better off going somewhere else. If you are really high this can be a big mistake.
These mushrooms have been safely used by people for thousands of years. If you have faith/trust in the mushrooms, the universe and yourself this will greatly help you through any rough spots.
The very best place to trip is in the wilderness away from all signs of civilization. Go with a couple of friends and just tune into nature.
Proceed with care, respect and humility and the shrooms may present you with profoundly spiritual experiences beyond your present comprehension.


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3 people still missing after floods in Kansas and Texas
The Latest: Another Texas city orders residents to evacuate
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Here's a story of a lovely lady and Gomer at the Indy 500


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Next OSADL Events:
Breaking News:
2015-12-01 12:00
OSADL celebrates its 10-years anniversary
Ready for the next decade
2015-10-05 12:00
Real-time Linux on the go!
On its way to mainline ...
2014-11-18 00:00
Linux real-time: New stable release available -
but next one depends on more support from industrial users
2014-06-15 12:00
Help, my bootloader has no device tree support.
How can I boot a recent kernel?
2014-06-09 12:00
The deadline scheduler is here ...
Do you know how to use it?
2014-04-09 12:00
First LCA certificate issued
Major automation provider passed OSADL License Compliance Audit
Open Source software such as the Linux operating system has gained wide acceptance in the machine and automation industry. But introducing Open Source into a company may have an impact on the way people interact and collaborate. Let's assume a company is planning to use, develop and distribute Open Source software. What must be considered? Click here to display the program of our conference where this question will be answered by experts in the various related fields. A German version of the program is also available. Click here to register.
The conference is organized in close collaboration with the Hannover Fair, the Robotation Academy and the German Engineering Federation (VDMA).


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|Oracle FAQ
|Your Portal to the Oracle Knowledge Grid
Home -> Community -> Usenet -> comp.databases.theory -> Re: why hierarchy?
> You leave it up to us to infer the /what/ or /semantics/ by essentially guessing.
> That is inefficient and annoying.
Does the below updated description explain it sufficiently?
This example models the following things:
A thing named God.
A person named Adam.
A person named Eve.
A person named John whose age is 35.
A person named Mary whose age is 25.
A thing named Universe.
A planet named Mars.
A planet named Venus.
This example also models two hierarchies. In the first hierarchy, John and Mary are children of Adam and Eve who are children of God. In the second hierarchy, John and Mary are part of Mars and Venus respectively which are part of the Universe.
Even though John and Mary are in both hierarchies, they are not stored redundantly. To verify this, enable the displaying of each thing's ID via the View Menu. Received on Wed Jul 26 2006 - 20:41:54 CDT
Original text of this message


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Cinematical has received this exclusive poster for the film Gigantic, starring Paul Dano, Zooey Deschanel and John Goodman (check out the full-sized version in the gallery below). Co-written and directed by Matt Aselton, Gigantic follows a depressed mattress salesman (Dano) who, while on a quest to adopt a Chinese baby, is sidetracked when he falls in love with a girl named Happy (Deschanel). Completely bizarre plot, but I have no problem whatsoever watching Deschanel in anything, and it's damn good to see our buddy Dano back up on the big screen (that yellow on the poster remind you of anything?). Oh, and I should mention that Ed Asner and Jane Alexander co-star. Right on! Click on the image below to see the full poster.
Gigantic hits theaters (in limited release) on April 3. Check out a full synopsis after the jump.
%Gallery-43506% Brian Weathersby (PAUL DANO) is a 28 year-old salesman at a high-end Swedish mattress company. The afterthought child to elderly parents (ED ASNER, JANE ALEXANDER), and the youngest son in a trio of successful brothers, a shady oil man (IAN ROBERTS), a surgeon (ROBERT STANTON), Brian is searching for his place in the world. Unfulfilled by his work he spends a good portion of his day pursuing his goal of someday adopting a baby from China. He gets swept up in a romance with the lovely but misguided Harriet
Lolly (ZOOEY DESCHANEL) when she comes in to his store one day and falls asleep on one of the beds. To win her over, he must compete with her bear of a father, Al Lolly, (JOHN GOODMAN) an art-collecting loudmouth with a bad back and deep pockets. GIGANTIC is a funny, surreal love story about the anxiety that comes when two people with crazy families collide unexpectedly and fall for each other.
categories Movie Photos, Movies, Cinematical


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Description & Details
- Set of 2
- 5"H, 4" diameter
- Handblown glass
- 7 oz
- Hand wash
- Czech Republic
- Exclusive to BHLDN
You're in luck- swatches for this style are available and 100% complimentary! (Shipping is on us, too!) Please select what you'd like to see below.
Have questions? Read our FAQs
Learn more about our return policy
See information on our shipping rates
Are you an international customer? Read more about our shipping rates for international orders
Gowns not returned in original condition may be refused or subject to a $75 restocking fee. Learn more


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McKenzie Clemens
McKenzie Clemens
Undergraduate College/University: Alfred University
I worked with Dr. Ying Gu in the summer of 2010 on a project to study the time dependency of the effects of LPS and C-reactive protein/oxLDL cholesterol complex on cytokine and MMP levels in human blood cultures. We used ELISA, gelatin zymographs and casein zymographs to study the cytokine and MMP levels in monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils taken from human blood.
I did my undergraduate studies at Alfred University and earned a BA in chemistry and biology last May. While at AU I worked on an organic chemistry project synthesizing benzophenones with suspected activity against apicoplast parasites (like Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii). During the summer of my junior year (2008) I participated in the Nuclear Chemistry Summer School program at Brookhaven National lab. Last summer (2009) I worked at Syracuse University with Dr. Robert Doyle. I worked on a project to biosynthesize coenzyme Q10 using yeast and then purify the CoQ10 to be used in supplements. As for awards, I was given the ACS senior chemistry student award at AU. I also received a research grant from Alfred for use during my senior year, and those are difficult to get so the research money was presented at an awards ceremony.


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I understand emacs lisp is great for handling dates and times, but does it have a function to convert strings to internal representation of integers using formats like
%Y, %m, %d, %H, %M, %S, and so on? And also, in the emacs reference manual, it says that times are lists of two or three integers, but is there a more formal specification or description? ~ Thanks ~
Edit: Thanks for the responses - but guess I was wondering if there was a function that does format-time-string in reverse (like
parse-time-string but with structure specifications for the input string)?
Edit2: I guess the answer is that there is nothing built in... but a partial implementation has been implemented here.


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America's First CTO?
Cisco's Padmasree Warrior tells us what role a U.S CTO should play.
Discover one of our 28 local entrepreneurial communities »
Be the first to know as we launch in new countries and markets around the globe.
Interested in bringing MIT Technology Review to your local market?
Cisco's Padmasree Warrior tells us what role a U.S CTO should play.
A leading economist explains why a carbon tax is the best strategy for cutting greenhouse gases and the use of fossil fuels.
The founders of startup 23andMe want to know your genome.
Mitch Kapor, a pioneer of personal computing, says the position is vital given the growing importance of technology.
We asked technology innovators, luminaries, and users what the Web might be in five to ten years.
The director of the new Massachusetts-based Microsoft Research lab wants to use mathematics to design better search engines, recommendation systems, and online auctions.
One Laptop per Child's president for software and content explains why the program's strategy has changed.
Google's director of research talks about the evolution of Web search.
Embryonic stem cells without embryos.
How an African entrepreneur put cell phones in Congo.


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10 Must-Do Summer Hikes in Tahoe
With its strong Sierra sun, enticing shoreline, and stunning natural beauty, Lake Tahoe just may embody the perfect locale for a summer mountain getaway. Whether you're looking for a picturesque beach from which to take a swim or paddle, a secluded cove for some clothing optional bathing, or a panoramic trail that is sure to get the heart rate going, Lake Tahoe has you covered this summer.
5 Beginner Backpacking Trips in Tahoe
If watching the movie Wild made you want to strap on a backpack and hit the Pacific Crest Trail, then head to Tahoe this fall for some quick overnight treks to satiate your wanderlust. If you're new to the sport, these five backpacking trails will challenge you, but also reveal the best places around the lake to pitch a tent and take a nap during a long weekend.
Is Reno Poised to Become a Culture Capital?
Reno isn't called Artown for nothin'. The city mostly known for its gaming is blooming with Burning Man sculptures, murals, Broadway musicals, and bluegrass music. The Nevada Museum of Art and its Center for Art + Environment was recently awarded a 2014 TripAdvisor Certificate of Excellence and will soon have one of the best views in Reno from its new Sky Room. Art in all its forms is now woven through the fabric of the city in unexpected ways.
Discover Tahoe's Backyard: What to Do in Sierra & Plumas Counties
Summer at Lake Tahoe is stunning, but Big Blue can sure get crowded. Head just an hour north of Interstate 80 into Tahoe's "backyard" and visit the alpine lakes, lodges, breweries, and bars of Plumas and Sierra Counties.
10 New Summer Activities to Try in Tahoe
Summer activities are in full swing at Lake Tahoe and they range from drive-in movies by the lake and interactive art in the forest to flying through the air with your best friends.
Take to the Skies with Stargazing in Tahoe
This summer, stargazers are invited to experience the night sky with Tahoe Star Tours at the new mountainside viewing venue at The Ritz-Carlton, Lake Tahoe. On the open meadow in The Backyard of the resort, guests will learn about the night sky and have the opportunity to view various constellations and intergalactic objects through high-powered Celestron telescopes with personalized service offered by The Ritz-Carlton staff.
Where to Watch Movies Outside This Summer
With the summer months fast approaching, it's time to take advantage of the beautiful weather and bountiful outdoor spaces the Bay Area offers. From Jack London Square to Union Square, here are some of the best places to catch an al fresco flick this summer.
Photos: Hipster vs. Hippie Water Fight in Dolores Park
Labor Day Beer Picks from City Beer Store and Monk's Kettle
With Labor Day fast approaching (although not fast enough), we've got our minds on something that quite honestly does not pair well with labor: beer. And in a city where there's about as many brews as there are foggy days, there's no excuse to be caught drinking a Bud. This year, use the holiday as an excuse to celebrate your taste buds and kick back with a cool one.
We talked to local beer experts, City Beer Store and Monk's Kettle and got the lowdown on what we should be stocking our coolers with.
Wanderlust Redefines the Summer Festival Experience
Throw all those preconceived notions of summer festivals out the window. Forget the aggro mosh pits, scary camping conditions, and mid-afternoon burnout you normally suffer by day 2. A new kind of summer festival is headed your way, and it'll replace that post-event exhaustion with a rejuvenated after-show glow.


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Nice work, that really has a Forgotten Reams Atlas feel to it!
A few years ago I played in a friend's campaign in the Hellfrost world released by Triple Ace Games. The game is wonderfully produced but I absolutely hated the map, a thought I heard repeated by many folks. So I set out to make a better one on my own. After playing around a bit I settled on the original and excellent Forgotten Realms style of map. This was digitally drawn in Fireworks and actually maxed out my laptop due to the size of the working file. For those interested, click here for the original map.
and my version:
Nice work, that really has a Forgotten Reams Atlas feel to it!
My Battlemaps Gallery http://www.cartographersguild.com/al...p?albumid=3407


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Laura Effie (Buchanan) Brown
Laura Effie (Buchanan) Brown, 80, of Greenwood, passed away Wednesday, Nov. 28, 2012.
She was born June 29, 1932, in Richland County Ill., to the late Laura Buchanan Brock-Jones. She grew up in Casey, Ill., graduated from Casey High School in 1950 and graduated magna cum laude from Indiana Central College in 1954, with a bachelor's degree in English. She married her college sweetheart, Keith Brown, on Dec. 19, 1953.
Effie taught at IPS School 33 for two years and Perry Township Junior High for one year before rearing four children. She earned her master's degree from Butler University and returned to Perry Township in 1973 as a media specialist at Perry Meridian High School. In 1977, she transferred to Meridian Middle School as media director until her retirement in 1992.
Effie was a great helpmate to Keith and had a love for reading and sharing family history with her children and grandchildren.
She served on the Indiana Central College (now University of Indianapolis) Alumni Association Board of Directors, including one year as president; and at Rosedale Hills United Methodist Church as church librarian and communion steward for many years. She served on the the Volunteer Executive Committee at Greenwood Village South, her home for the past eight years.
Effie is survived by her husband, Keith; four children, Derek (Debbie) Brown of Galena, Kevin (Charlene) Brown and David Brown, both of Indianapolis, and Lisa (Albert) Andreas of Fort Wayne; five grandchildren, Laurann Rodriguez, Cara, Kelly and Kacey Brown, and Steven Andreas; a great-grandson, Diego Rodriguez; and a half brother, Terry Brock-Jones.
A service will be at 11 a.m. Saturday at Singleton Community Mortuary and Memorial Center, 7602 Madison Ave., Indianapolis. Visitation will be from 4 to 8 p.m. today and from 10 a.m. until service time Saturday at the funeral home. She will be laid to rest at Forest Lawn Memory Gardens in Greenwood.
In lieu of flowers, memorial gifts have been suggested to Rosedale Hills United Methodist Church, Brown Scholarship Fund at UIndy or Greenwood Village South library fund.
All content copyright ©2016 Daily Journal, a publication of AIM Media Indiana unless otherwise noted.
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DAVID GONZALEZ is the proud recipient of the 2011 International Performing Arts for Youth "Lifetime Achievement Award for Sustained Excellence." He was also named the Joseph Campbell Foundation Fellow for 2010. Mr. Gonzalez was nominated for a 2006 Drama Desk Award for "Unique Theatrical Experience" for his production of The Frog Bride at Broadway's New Victory Theater. He has created numerous productions, including the critically acclaimed ¡Sofrito! with The Latin Legends Band, and MytholoJazz, both of which enjoyed sold-out runs at New Victory Theater. He is currently working on Wounded Splendor, a two-year residency and commission from the University of Maryland that celebrates the natural world and our responsibility to it. Sleeping Beauty, co-commissioned by the New Jersey Performing Arts Center, Brooklyn College, and The McCallum Theater, premiered in March 2010.
He was a featured performer at the 2007 National Storytelling Festival, and also appeared for three seasons at the Royal National Theatre in London. Mr. Gonzalez is also the author of the opera libretto Rise for Freedom!, produced at the Cincinnati Opera, and Jimi and Mr. B, a musical commissioned by the Empire State Plaza Performing Arts Center. His long form poem Oh Hudson in collaboration with violin virtuoso Mark O'Connor commemorates the Hudson quadricentennial, and his version of The Carnival of the Animals with pianist Frederic Chui, premiered in 2008. Mr. Gonzalez received his doctorate in Music Therapy from NYU and taught there for ten years. He earned a doctoral degree from New York University in Music Therapy and has conducted numerous seminars, workshops and lectures, and worked as a music therapist in clinical and educational institutions.


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Welcome to the Potsdam Public Library PCC Website!
People must have an appointment in order to access services at the PCC. Please call (315)265-7230 and ask for the PCC or email email@example.com to make an appointment.
Potsdam Public Computer Center is happy to welcome you to our FREE classes and one-on-one teaching sessions! We help with basic computer software functions, job searches, resume writing and more!
The Public Computer Center offices are located downstairs at the Potsdam Public Library near the Neighborhood Center. If you are unsure of where to find us, please ask for directions at the front desk. They will be happy to assist you.
We look forward to working with you!


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Sending mail to Microsoft email accounts
If you send email to someone who uses a Microsoft-hosted email account domain, such as:
- @hotmail.com
- @live.com
- @msn.com
- @outlook.com
- or any country-specific address, such as @msn.ca, or @hotmail.br
the message may not be delivered. There are two ways to fix this issue:
- Ask the intended recipient to provide another email address (@gmail.com, @yahoo.com, @university.edu, etc.) and resend the message.
- Ask the intended recipient to change the settings in their Microsoft account to allow messages coming from @udel.edu addresses and resend the message.
To change the Microsoft account settings, the person must:
- Log in to their Hotmail, Live, Outlook, or MSN account in a web browser (Do not use a mobile app client or a desktop program such as Thunderbird or Microsoft Outlook).
- Click the cogwheel icon on the right (step 1) then click Safe and Blocked Senders (step 2).
- Click Safe Senders (step 3).
- Type @udel.edu in the field on the left (step 4) and click Add to list >> (step 5).
- If the @udel.edu domain is listed on the right, you will be able to receive email from someone at @udel.edu. Your window should look like the one below:
Once the intended recipient has completed this process, you will be able to send email to them successfully.


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I am blown away!
07-Nov-11 08:58 AM
Would be more accurate to hear the sounds dry without the delay and ambience, but this sounds really nice.
07-Nov-11 03:34 PM
sounds great; would be nice if demo video actually showed the patches being used vs a static image... or moving a slider to show something other than what sounds like sample playback...
07-Nov-11 05:35 PM


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If you would like to receive Latest News via email, you can Subscribe to our Email Notifications by following these INSTRUCTIONS.
The Doña Ana County Comissioners Court today ratified grant agreements totaling $17.9 million with the North American Development Bank (NADB) for wastewater collection and treatment systems in Doña Ana County, New Mexico.
In order to replace a failing culvert, Doña Ana County road crews will close access to through traffic on Shalem Colony Trail from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. Saturday, June 29, 2002.
A community youth organization will participate in a community clean-up event Thursday, June 20, 2002.
Las Cruces' simultaneous listings in Forbes and Money magazines as a highly desirable place to live and conduct business represents an opportunity for attracting economic development upon which government and private industry absolutely must capitalize.
Sales of certain types of fireworks will be restricted in Doña Ana County until further notice, following a unanimous vote by the Doña Ana County Board of Commissioners at its June 11 regular meeting.
Doña Ana County, the City of Las Cruces and New Mexico State University have teamed up with a number of public and private entities to stage a press conference on National Small Cities Day, Friday, June 14, 2002, at 1:30 p.m.
The South Central Solid Waste Transfer Center and the county's solid-waste convenience stations in Anthony, La Mesa, Hill, Butterfield, Mesquite, La Union, Hatch and Garfield will be closed all day Sunday, June 16, 2002 for Father's Day.
The Doña Ana County Assessor's Office appraisal staff will begin a door-to-door assessment of all residential and commercial properties in the county to update files and note improvements or degradations to property conditions. The project will begin Monday, June 24, 2002, and is expected to continue until about the end of the year.
Michael Phillip Gabany has been hired by Doña Ana County Manager David R. King to take over the position of County Fire Marshal.
Alzheimer's disease patients in Doña Ana County, who may wander and become lost from their residence or nursing homes, can be rescued with greater efficiency by tracking equipment purchased by the Doña Ana County Sheriff's Department.


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Hampden-Sydney Honors Scholars receive special designations used during important College events (i.e., convocation, graduation). In addition, Hampden-Sydney Honors Scholars are eligible for additional benefits:
*Through the Honors Summer Research Program, Honors Scholars are given priority for research awards that provide a stipend and on-campus housing for students interested in pursuing independent research during the summer.
*The Honors Program offers a housing option for a small number of upperclassman Honors Scholars who wish to live together in a special academic environment.
*The Honors Program subsidizes cultural and social events for Honors Scholars, such as trips to plays, concerts, and lectures.
*The Honors Program subsidizes travel expenses for scholars attending regional and national conferences and workshops with a faculty supervisor.
*The Honors Program holds an annual competition for The Harrison Scholarship, an "in course" scholarship for exemplary students who have excelled while at the College. Candidates are identified after their freshman year at Hampden-Sydney, based on their grades. Harrison Scholars are entitled to the same benefits, and bound by the same requirements, as other Honors Scholars. The scholarship stipend is $20,000 and takes the place of the student's original academic scholarship.


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Kaci is a hot little solo girlfriend with a nice set of titties on her. She likes getting them out anytime she has a chance and everybody around her takes notice when this happens. She's a little shy at first but she warms up to the camera quickly and enjoys putting on a show.
Kaci strips, masturbates, flashes, and plays with her friends and it's all documented on her camera. WeGetNaked.com sent her an HD camera and she has used it to shoot the hottest naked girl videos ever! She and her friends are all out on the town, getting all sorts of crazy with their self shot videos.
Her friends, Zoe and Mae, love hanging out with her because they all lose their inhibitions and things get wild!