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This Summary of Australian Indigenous health provides a plain language summary of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health, with brief information about the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population, health problems and common risk factors.
This summary includes the following information about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples:
This summary uses information from up-to-date sources to help create a picture of the health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia (including information for the states and territories: New South Wales (NSW), Victoria (Vic), Queensland (Qld), Western Australia (WA), South Australia (SA), Tasmania (Tas), the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and the Northern Territory (NT).
This report uses three main sources of information:
Data for these reports are collected through health surveys, by hospitals, and by doctors across Australia.
An important issue when collecting health information or data is to make sure the information is accurate and reliable. If some details are missing, the information may not be accurate. For example, to understand health data about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, states and territories need to collect information about their patients, including whether a person is Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. Some states and territories (like SA, WA and the NT) reliably collect this information, but others (for example the ACT and Tas) do not. This means that most information about the health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples is only accurate for certain states and territories, but not for Australia as a whole. The information about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations is getting better, but there are still limitations. To get a more detailed picture of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health (which includes details of the coverage of each health topic by state/territory), please refer to the Overview of Indigenous health status (www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/overviews).
To create a complete picture, all the information in this report should be looked at in the context of the 'social determinants of health', the term used to talk about factors that affect people's lives, including their health [1][2][3].
The social determinants of health include if a person:
Social determinants that are particularly important to many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are:
If a person feels safe, has a job that earns enough money, and feels connected to their family and friends, they will generally be healthier. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are generally worse off than non-Indigenous people when it comes to the social determinants of health [1].
A lot of health services are not as accessible and user-friendly for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people as they are for non-Indigenous people, adding to higher levels of disadvantage. Sometimes this is because more Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people than non-Indigenous live in remote locations and not all health services are offered outside of cities. Sometimes health services are not culturally appropriate (which means they do not consider Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures and the specific needs of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples). Also, some Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people may not be able to use some services because they are too expensive.
Factors that make health services more accessible for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are:
More detailed information about the health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, associated social and economic circumstances, and risk and protective factors, is available from the HealthInfoNet's web resource (www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au).
Based on information from the 2011 Census, the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) estimates that there were 713,600 Indigenous people living in Australia in 2014 [4][5]. NSW had the largest number of Indigenous people, and the NT had the highest percentage of Indigenous people. Indigenous people made up 3% of the total Australian population. For more details on the Indigenous population in each state and territory see Table 1.
|Number of Indigenous people
|Proportion (%) of Indigenous population living in that state/territory
|Proportion (%) of state/territory population that are Indigenous
|Source: ABS, 2014 [5]
In 2011, around one-third of Indigenous people lived in major cities [6].
The number of Indigenous people counted in the 2011 Census was much higher than the number counted in the 2006 Census [7][8]. This could be because:
In 2011, 90% of Indigenous people identified as Aboriginal, 6% identified as Torres Strait Islanders, and 4% identified as both Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander [6].
The Indigenous population is much younger overall than the non-Indigenous population. In 2011, more than one-third of Indigenous people younger than 15 year of age (compared with one-fifth of non-Indigenous people) [9]. Almost 4% of Indigenous people were 65 years or older, compared with 14% of non-Indigenous people.
Box 1
Figure 1 is a population pyramid; it shows a comparison of the age profiles of the Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations [9]. The bars show the percentage of the total population that falls within each age group. The general shapes of the Indigenous and the non-Indigenous pyramids are different. The Indigenous pyramid is wide at the bottom (younger age-groups) and narrow at the top (older age-groups); this shape shows that the Indigenous population is a young population. The non-Indigenous pyramid has a more even spread of ages through the population.
Figure 1. Population pyramid of Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations, 2011Source: ABS, 2012 [9]
In 2013, there were 18,368 births registered in Australia where one or both parents were Indigenous (six in every 100 births) [10]. Overall, Indigenous women had more children and had them at younger ages than non-Indigenous women.
Indigenous women had, on average, 2.3 births in their lifetime (compared with 1.9 births for all Australian women) [10]. Nearly three-quarters of Indigenous mothers were 30 years or younger when they had their babies, compared with less than one-half of non-Indigenous mothers (Derived from [10]). Around 18 in 100 Indigenous mothers were teenagers, compared with 3 in 100 for non-Indigenous mothers.
In 2012, babies born to Indigenous mothers weighed an average of 3,211 grams, 162 grams less than those born to non-Indigenous mothers [11]. Babies born to Indigenous mothers were almost twice as likely to be of low birthweight (less than 2,500 grams) than babies born to non-Indigenous mothers. Low birthweight can increase the risk of a child developing health problems.
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are much more likely than non-Indigenous people to die before they are old [12][13]. The most recent estimates from the ABS show that an Indigenous boy born in 2010-2012 was likely to live to 69.1 years, about 10 years less than a non-Indigenous boy (who could expect to live to 79.7 years) (Figure 2) [12]. An Indigenous girl born in 2010-2012 was likely to live to 73.7 years, which is almost 10 years less than a non-Indigenous girl (83.1 years). (There have been a number of changes to how figures are calculated throughout time, so recent estimates cannot be compared to older estimates.)
Figure 2. Expectations of life at birth for Indigenous and non-Indigenous males and females, 2010-2012
Source: ABS, 2013 [12]
In 2013, there were 2,811 deaths registered for Indigenous people [13]. Many Indigenous deaths are incorrectly counted as non-Indigenous because the person or family are not identified as Indigenous – the actual number of Indigenous deaths is not known, but would be higher than the number registered as such.
The leading causes of death for Indigenous people in 2012 were:
Babies born to Indigenous women are twice as likely to die in their first year than those born to non-Indigenous women [13]. In 2011-2013, the Indigenous infant mortality rate for NSW, Qld, WA, SA and the NT was highest in the NT and lowest in NSW.
What is a 'rate'?
One way of looking at how common a disease is in a population is by calculating a 'rate'. A rate is the number of cases of a disease divided by the population, for a specific amount of time. By calculating rates, you can compare how common a disease is in different populations (like Indigenous and non-Indigenous people) or between sexes (men and women). You can also calculate rates for deaths and compare the number of deaths in two different populations.
There is a special calculation for 'infant mortality rates'. To calculate this rate, the number of infants (children under one year of age) who died in one calendar year is divided by the number of live births in the same year.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a group of diseases affecting the heart and circulatory system [15]. The most common types of CVD are coronary heart disease (including heart attack), stroke, heart failure, and high blood pressure. Risk factors (a behaviour or characteristic that makes it more likely for a person to get a disease) for CVD include: smoking (both smoking tobacco and being exposed to second-hand smoke), high blood cholesterol, being overweight, not eating well, being physically inactive and having diabetes.
Many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are affected by CVD. One-in-eight (13%) Indigenous people reported in the 2012-2013 Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health survey (AATSIHS) that they had some form of CVD [16]. One-in-twenty-five (4%) Indigenous people reported having had heart, stroke and/or vascular diseases [16][17]. One-in-twenty (6%) Indigenous people reported having had high blood pressure (hypertensive heart disease) [18].
More Indigenous women (14%) reported having CVD than Indigenous men (11%) in 2012-2013 [18]. Indigenous people living in remote areas were more likely to report having heart disease than those living in non-remote areas [19]. Heart and related conditions were 1.2 times more common for Indigenous people than for non-Indigenous people [18].
CVD was the leading cause of death of Indigenous people in 2012. It was responsible for 25% of the deaths of Indigenous people living in NSW, Qld, WA, SA and the NT [14]. After age-adjustment, the death rate for Indigenous people was almost twice as high than for non-Indigenous people [4]. There were more deaths from ischaemic heart disease among Indigenous males than among Indigenous females but more Indigenous females died from cerebrovascular diseases than Indigenous males [20].
Indigenous people are more likely to die from CVD when they're young or in middle age than non-Indigenous people. In 2009-2010 in NSW, Qld, WA, SA and the NT, the death rates for all coronary heart disease (the leading cause of CVD-related deaths) were 7 to 13 times higher for Indigenous people in the 25-39 and 40-54 years age-groups than the rates for their non-Indigenous counterparts [21].
Cancer is a term used for a variety of diseases that cause damage to the body's cells (the basic building blocks of the body) [22][23]. Normally cells grow and multiply in a controlled way but cancer causes cells to grow and multiply in an uncontrolled way. If these damaged cells spread into surrounding areas or to different parts of the body, they are known as malignant [23]. Cancer can occur almost anywhere in the body.
In 2005-2009, the overall rate of new cases (incidence rate) of cancer was slightly lower for Indigenous people than for non-Indigenous people [24]. Incidence rates varied depending on the type of cancer. Indigenous people had higher incidence rates than non-Indigenous people for:
Indigenous people had lower incidence rates than non-Indigenous people in 2005-2009 for:
The types of cancer that caused the most deaths among Indigenous people in 2008-2012 were lung cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer (for women) and cancer of 'unknown primary site' [24].
The fact that Indigenous people are more likely than non-Indigenous people to die from cancer could be because:
Diabetes is a group of disorders due to high levels of glucose (a type of sugar) in the blood [26] and caused by either or both of the following:
Without enough insulin, the body cannot turn glucose into energy, and it stays in the blood. The treatment of diabetes depends on the type of diabetes that a person has – if someone has type 1 diabetes they will need insulin injections; if someone has type 2 diabetes they may be able to manage it by living a healthy lifestyle or taking some medicines. It is possible for a person to have type 2 diabetes without knowing it. Type 1 diabetes is not common in the Indigenous population [28]. Type 2 diabetes is a serious health problem for many Indigenous people, who tend to develop it at earlier ages than other Australians, and often die from it at younger ages. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) develops in some women during pregnancy [29] and is more common among Indigenous women than among non-Indigenous women [30]. Diabetes can lead to life-threatening health complications, some of which may develop within months of diagnosis while others may take years to develop [31]. For many Indigenous people diabetes is not diagnosed until after complications have developed [32].
Diabetes was reported by 9% of Indigenous people in the 2012-2013 AATSIHS [16][17]. After adjusting for age, the level of diabetes and/or high sugar levels for Indigenous people was three times higher than for non-Indigenous people [33]. More Indigenous women reported having diabetes and/or high sugar levels than Indigenous men [18].
According to the 2012-2013 AATSIHS, diabetes was more common for Indigenous people living in remote areas than for those living in non-remote areas [19]. Diabetes affected Indigenous people at a younger age than non-Indigenous people – 5% of Indigenous people aged 25-34 years had diabetes, and up to 39% of those aged over 55 years had the disease (Figure 3) [33]. Overall, diabetes was around three times more common among Indigenous people than among other Australians.
Figure 3. Proportion (%) of people reporting diabetes/high sugar levels as a long-term health condition, by Indigenous status, and age-group, Australia, 2012-2013
Source: ABS 2014 [33]
Diabetes was responsible for one-in-twelve deaths (201 deaths) of Indigenous people living in NSW, Qld, SA, WA and the NT in 2012 [14][20]. Diabetes was the second leading cause of death for Indigenous people. The overall death rate was seven times higher for Indigenous people than for non-Indigenous people.
Social and emotional wellbeing is a term used to talk about a person's overall social, emotional, psychological (mental), spiritual, and cultural wellbeing. Factors that are important to social and emotional wellbeing include a person's:
Social and emotional wellbeing is often confused with mental health, but it is much broader and is concerned with the overall wellbeing of the person. On the other hand, mental health describes how a person thinks and feels, and how they cope with and take part in everyday life. It is often seen, incorrectly, as simply the absence of a mental illness.
Many things can influence a person's social and emotional wellbeing, including:
Measuring social and emotional wellbeing is difficult, but it usually relies on self-reported feelings (like happiness or calmness) or 'stressors' (stressful events in a person's life).
The 2012-13 AATSIHS collected information on positive wellbeing and asked people to report on feelings of happiness, calmness and peacefulness, fullness of life, and energy levels [4]. The survey found that most (nine-in-ten) Indigenous people felt happy some, most, or all of the time. Around four-in-five Indigenous people reported feeling calm and peaceful, full of life, and that they had a lot of energy some, most, or all of the time.
However, the survey found that Indigenous adults were almost three times more likely to feel high or very high levels of psychological distress than non-Indigenous adults [36]. Indigenous people may have higher levels of psychological distress because they experience more stressful events than non-Indigenous people. There were differences between men and women with more women reporting high levels of distress than males. People living in non-remote areas reported higher levels of distress than those in remote areas.
The higher levels of distress are reflected in the number of stressful events experienced. Almost seven-in-ten Indigenous people experienced one or more significant stressors in the year before the survey, which was almost one-and-a-half-times higher than experienced by the total Australian population [37]. Indigenous people most often reported stressors like:
These same stressors were also experienced by non-Indigenous people but at lower levels (Figure 4). Stressors like 'trouble with the police' and 'gambling problems' were five and six times more likely to be reported by Indigenous people than by the general population.
Once again more females than males reported experiencing one or more stressful events, though the type of stressful events were quite similar.
Figure 4. Proportion (%) of Indigenous and non-Indigenous people who experienced stressor(s), by type of stressor, 2012-2013
Source: ABS, 2013 [37]
The most detailed information on the social and emotional wellbeing of Indigenous children comes from the Western Australian Aboriginal child health survey (WAACHS) [38]. This survey found that almost one-quarter of Indigenous children and young people were rated by their carer (parent or guardian) as being at high risk of 'clinically significant emotional or behavioural difficulties' (emotional or behavioural problems that affect a person's day-to-day life); this compares with one-in-seven children for the general WA population. Indigenous children whose carers had been forcibly separated (taken away) from their families were at high risk of having 'clinically significant emotional or behavioural difficulties', more than twice the risk of children whose carer had not been forcibly separated [38]. These children also had twice the rates of alcohol and other drug use.
The WAACHS also found that seven-in-ten Indigenous children were living in families that had experienced three or more major life stress events (like a death in the family, serious illness, family breakdown, financial problems, or arrest) in the year before the survey, and one-in-five had experienced seven or more major stress events [38].
In 2012-13, there were 16,393 hospitalisations with a main diagnosis of 'mental and behavioural disorders' that were Identified as Indigenous ('mental and behavioural disorders' occur when a person becomes unwell in the mind and experiences changes in their thinking, feelings, and/or behaviour that affects their day-to-day life) [39].
The latest information available from 2006-2010, indicates that there were 312 Indigenous deaths from 'mental and behavioural disorders' [35]. Compared with the non-Indigenous population, Indigenous people were one-and-a-half times more likely to die from these disorders.
Deaths from 'mental and behavioural disorders' do not include deaths from 'intentional self-harm' (suicide). In 2012, Indigenous people were twice as likely to die from 'intentional self-harm' than were non-Indigenous people [20]. It was the fifth highest cause of death among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Deaths from intentional self-harm were especially high for Indigenous people younger than 35 years of age, with Indigenous men at a very high risk of death from 'intentional self-harm'.
Healthy kidneys help the body by removing waste and extra water, and keeping the blood clean and chemically balanced [40]. When the kidneys stop working properly - as is the case when someone has kidney disease - 'waste' can build up in the blood and damage the body. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is when the kidneys gradually stop working [41]. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is when the kidneys have totally or almost totally stopped working. People with ESRD must either have regular dialysis (be hooked up to a machine that filters the blood) or have a kidney transplant to stay alive.
Kidney disease is a serious health problem for many Indigenous people. In 2009-2013, ESRD was six times more common for Indigenous people than for non-Indigenous people (Derived from [5][42][43][44]).
ESRD affects Indigenous people when they are much younger compared with non-Indigenous people. In 2009-2015, almost three-in-five Indigenous people who were diagnosed with kidney disease were younger than 55 years (less than one-third of non-Indigenous people were younger than 55 years) (Figure 5) (Derived from [5][42][43][44]).
The rates of ESRD were highest for Indigenous people living in the NT (17 times higher for Indigenous people than non-Indigenous people) and WA (10 times higher) (Derived from [5][42][43][44]).
Figure 5. Rates (per million) of end-stage renal disease for Indigenous and non-Indigenous people, by age-group (years) 2009-2013
Note: These rates show how many Indigenous and non-Indigenous people had ESKD per million. This means, for example, that for every 1 million Indigenous people aged 55-64 years, over 1,800 had ESKD in 2009-2013.Source: Derived from ANZDATA, 2014 [42], ABS, 2014 [5], ABS, 2011 [43], ABS, 2003 [44]
Dialysis was the most common reason for Indigenous people to be admitted to hospital in 2012-13 [39]. Almost one-half of all Indigenous hospital admissions were for dialysis. Indigenous people were admitted to hospital for dialysis around 10 times more often than other Australians [45].
Some people need to have dialysis every day. Dialysis can be undertaken at hospitals, special out-of-hospital satellite units, or in the home (which requires special equipment and training for the patient and their carers, and is very costly) [46]. Accessing dialysis can sometimes be very difficult for Indigenous people who live in rural or remote locations and they may have to travel to receive treatment.
In 2008-2012, Indigenous people were almost three times more likely to die from kidney disease than non-Indigenous people [4].
Injury can include both physical harm and non-physical harm, [47] but in public health terms, injury generally refers to physical harm to a person's body [48] including:
Culture and everyday life situations for Indigenous people can affect the types of injuries and the frequency of injuries experienced. Some factors that can increase the risk of injury include:
Indigenous people were more likely than other Australians to be admitted to hospital for injuries in 2012-2013 [4]. Injury was the most common reason for Indigenous hospital admissions (after dialysis). The main causes of Indigenous injury-related hospital admissions were medical complications, assault, and falls.
In 2012, injury was the third most common cause of death for Indigenous people [14]. The most common causes of injury-related death for Indigenous people were suicide and transport accidents. Indigenous people were more than twice as likely as non-Indigenous people to die from suicide and almost three times as likely to die from traffic accidents.
The respiratory system includes all the parts of the body involved with breathing, including the nose, throat, larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and lungs [50]. Respiratory disease occurs if any of these parts of the body are damaged or diseased and breathing is affected. Common types of respiratory disease include colds and similar viral infections, asthma, and pneumonia.
Risk factors for respiratory disease include: infections, smoking (including passive smoking, which is particularly bad for children), poor environmental conditions (especially areas that are dusty or have lots of pollen or pollution), poor living conditions, and other diseases (like diabetes, heart and kidney disease) [50].
Respiratory disease was reported by around one-third of Indigenous people in the 2012-2013 AATSIHS [51]. Respiratory problems were reported more often by Indigenous women than Indigenous men. Asthma (the respiratory condition most often reported by Indigenous people) was nearly twice as common for Indigenous people than for non-Indigenous people.
In 2012-13, Indigenous people were four times more likely than non-Indigenous people to be admitted into hospital for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, three times higher for influenza and pneumonia, and nearly twice as high for asthma [4].
In 2012, respiratory disease was the cause of 8% of Indigenous deaths in NSW, Qld, SA, WA and the NT. Indigenous people were more than twice as likely as non-Indigenous people to die from a respiratory disease [14].
Healthy eyes are important for everyday life; they are needed to read and study, play sports, drive, and work [52]. A number of problems can affect the health of the eye [53]. The most common conditions are [54]:
Eye health is affected by getting older, smoking, injuries, exposure to ultra-violet (UV) light from the sun, and not eating enough healthy food [53]. Eye problems can result in low vision (not being able to see properly) which can be improved with glasses, contact lenses or eye surgery [55]. Eye problems can also result in impaired eyesight and blindness.
In the 2012-2013 AATSIHS, eye and sight problems were reported by [56][57][58]:
The 2008 National Indigenous eye health survey (NIEHS) found [59]:
Refractive error was the most common cause of low vision and caused one-half of vision loss in both Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults and children [59]. Cataract was the leading cause of blindness for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults in 2008.
Diabetes, a major problem for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, can cause eye disease (diabetic retinopathy) and loss of vision [60][61]. Blinding diabetic retinopathy (damage to the small blood vessels in the back of the eye) was 30 times more common among Indigenous adults than non-Indigenous adults in the 2008 NIEHS. Only one-in-five Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people with diabetes had had an eye examination within the previous year [59].
Trachoma still occurs in some remote areas of NT, WA and SA. The overall levels of trachoma in these communities have reduced from 14% in 2009 to 4% in 2014. It has been suggested that targeted screening, treatment and health promotion programs have contributed to the decrease of trachoma.
Most eye problems are preventable and treatable [62], however, many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people do not have access to specialised eye health services from providers such as optometrists and ophthalmologists (specialist eye doctors) [63][64]. As a result, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are more likely than non-Indigenous people to have poor eye health that is preventable.
Ear health is very important for hearing, learning, and balance [65]. If ears get damaged, people might:
There are a number of ear diseases, but the most common is otitis media (OM). OM occurs when the middle ear is affected by infection from bacteria or viruses. OM can be very painful and sometimes damages the ear drum; fluid can also leak from the ear (known as 'runny ear'). In another type of OM, fluid builds up in the middle ear without damaging the ear drum ('glue ear'). Both types of OM can cause hearing loss. Risk factors for ear disease include overcrowded homes, exposure to smoking, living in poor conditions, and poor hygiene. Children who go to day-care centres are more likely than others to get ear infections.
Indigenous people, especially children and young adults, have more ear disease and hearing loss than other Australians [65][66].
Diseases of the ear and mastoid (portion of the temporal bone of the skull behind the ear) and/or hearing problems were reported as a long-term health condition by one-in-eight Indigenous people in the 2012-2013 AATSIHS [61]. Ear/hearing problems were reported by 13% of Indigenous males and by 12% of Indigenous females. Ear/hearing problems were reported by the same proportion of Indigenous people in non-remote areas and remote areas (both 12%). Hearing loss was more common in older people.
The 2008 National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander social survey (NATSISS) found that one-in-ten Indigenous children had ear or hearing problems [67].
The WAACHS found that almost one-in-five Indigenous children had recurring ear infections [68]. Young children (0-11 years) were more likely to have recurring ear infections than older children (12-17 years). Hearing that wasn't normal was reported by their carers for 7% of Indigenous children. There is a strong link between recurring ear infections and abnormal hearing: 28% of children who had recurring ear infections with discharge (runny ears) also had abnormal hearing, compared with 1% of those without ear infections.
Hearing health services in the NT in 2012-13 found that for Indigenous children who received audiology services, the most common condition was OM with effusion (OME) and half of the children had some form of hearing loss [69].
In the NT in 2007-2012, two-in-three Indigenous children who had child health checks with an ear, nose, and throat examination had at least one middle ear condition [70]. For Indigenous children who had a follow-up hearing test, more than one-half had hearing loss in at least one ear.
In 2012-13, the hospitalisation rate for diseases of the ear and mastoid process for Indigenous children aged 0-3 years was slightly lower than for non-Indigenous children and the rate for those aged 4-14 years was 1.6 times higher than for non-Indigenous children [4].
Oral health is a term used for the health of a person's teeth and gums [71]. If people have unhealthy teeth and gums they will probably have some pain. Also, they may not be able to eat a variety of healthy foods or talk to other people comfortably.
Two common oral health problems are caries and gum diseases [71][72]. Caries is caused by bacteria that decay (break down) the enamel (hard outer part of the tooth); if caries is not treated the tooth will continue to decay and will eventually have to be removed [72]. Caries is caused by eating a lot of sticky and sweet foods that allow bacteria grow and multiply. Gum disease (also known as periodontal disease) is caused by bacteria that attack the gums causing them to swell and bleed. If gum disease is not treated, the gums start to break down and the teeth will become loose because the gums won't be strong enough to hold them in place. Gum disease is caused by poor oral hygiene (poor care of the teeth and gums).
Around one-in-three Indigenous children reported oral health problems in the 2008 NATSISS, and almost one-half of older Indigenous children (those aged 10-14 years) reported these problems [35]. Oral health problems were reported more often in non-remote areas than in remote areas.
The oral health of Indigenous Australians is not as good as that of non-Indigenous people [73]. The oral health of young non-Indigenous children has improved in recent years, but the oral health of young Indigenous children has generally become worse. Indigenous children have more caries in their deciduous (baby) and permanent (adult) teeth than non-Indigenous children, and their caries often more severe. Indigenous children have more decayed, missing and filled teeth than non-Indigenous children. In 2000-2003, Indigenous children also had more gingivitis (a mild form of periodontal disease) than non-Indigenous children.
Indigenous adults had more than twice as much caries as non-Indigenous adults, and had three times the number of decayed tooth surfaces, which is often because there is not enough access to dental services [74]. Indigenous adults also suffered from more periodontal disease than non-Indigenous adults. More Indigenous adults than non-Indigenous adults suffered from edentulism (losing all of their teeth), especially at younger ages.
Disability may affect how a person moves around and looks after themselves, how they learn, or how they communicate [75][76]. There are a lot of different kinds of disability, for example:
A disability that is severe and affects how a person is able to live their life is classified as a 'profound/severe core activity restriction' [75].
In 2012, about a quarter of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people had a disability [77]. Indigenous people had higher rates of disabilities than non-Indigenous people across all age groups and for both males and females. Indigenous children aged 0-14 years were more than twice as likely as non-Indigenous children to have a disability.
In 2011 about one-in-twenty (5%) of Indigenous people needed assistance with looking after themselves, getting around or communicating [78]. These needs for assistance generally increased with age among both Indigenous and non-Indigenous people; the proportions requiring assistance were higher among Indigenous people than among their non-Indigenous counterparts for all age-groups.
Communicable diseases are diseases that are passed from person to person either by direct contact with an infected person or indirectly, such as through contaminated (dirty/unclean) food or water. Another example of indirect transmission is when the disease is spread through the air, such as when an infected person coughs or sneezes and another person breathes in the air that contains the germs. Communicable diseases can be caused by:
Improvements to personal and environmental cleanliness, and the introduction of new immunisations (vaccines), have greatly reduced the number of people who catch some communicable diseases [29].
If a person develops certain communicable diseases (like tuberculosis), the disease must be 'notified'; this means that the information is collected by health authorities. Data from state and territory collections are collected and published by the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (NNDSS), but Indigenous status is often not reported for large proportions of notifications.
Recent information about communicable diseases includes:
Tuberculosis: a lung infection caused by a bacterium that can trigger a range of symptoms, such as coughing, weight loss, and fever [80].
Hepatitis: an inflammation of the liver caused by viral infections, alcohol or other drugs, toxins, or an attack by the body's immune system on itself [87]. The most common types of hepatitis are hepatitis A, B, and C.
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib): a bacterium that can cause a range of illnesses, such as meningitis, septicaemia, and pneumonia [91][92][93][94].
Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD): caused by a bacterium and can lead to several major health conditions, such as pneumonia and meningitis [92].
Meningococcal disease: caused by a bacterium and can lead to meningitis, meningococcaemia without meningitis, and septic arthritis [92].
Sexually transmissible infections: caused by bacteria and viruses and can lead, if left untreated, to a range of health conditions, such as pelvic inflammatory disease in women [95].
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): an infection that destroys cells in the body's immune system [97].
If a person eats healthy food they are more likely to be healthy [98]. A healthy diet includes:
Having access to healthy foods can be a challenge for some Indigenous people who live in remote locations. Food may have to be sent over long distances and is not always available and fresh foods may be expensive [98].
Poor nutrition is an important factor contributing to overweight and obesity, malnutrition, CVD, type 2 diabetes, and tooth decay [98][99]. The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) guidelines recommend that adults eat fruit and plenty of vegetables every day, selected from a wide variety of types and colours [100]. The guidelines also recommend including reduced fat varieties of milk, yoghurts and cheeses, and to limit the intake of foods and drinks containing added salt.
The 2012-13 AATSIHS found that less than one-half of Indigenous people reported eating the recommended amount of fruit every day (42%) and only one-in-twenty people (5%) ate the recommended amount of vegetables every day [101][102]. Women were more likely than men to have eaten an adequate amount of fruit (44% and 40% respectively) and vegetables (7% and 3% respectively) each day.
Levels of fruit and vegetable consumption were slightly different for Indigenous people living in remote and non-remote areas; less than half of Indigenous people living in remote areas (46%) consumed the recommended number of servings of fruit each day compared with two-in-five (41%) of people in non-remote areas. Conversely, Indigenous people living in non-remote areas were more likely than those in remote areas to consume adequate amounts of vegetables (5% compared with 3%) each day.
The AATSIHS 2012-2013 collected information on the fruit and vegetable consumption of children and found that three quarters (78%) of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children aged 2-14 years were eating adequate amounts of fruit eat day, but only 16% were eating enough vegetables [98]. Similar proportions of girls and boys were meeting the guidelines for fruit intake (81% compared with 76%) and vegetable intake (14% compared with 17% respectively). The rates of fruit and vegetable intake were similar for children in remote and non-remote areas.
The National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health measures survey (NATSIHMS) 2012-2013 collected information on three biomarkers (measurable indicators for biological state) of nutrition - vitamin D, anaemia and iodine [103]. It was found that:
Physical activity is important for maintaining good health [104]. Australia's physical activity and sedentary behaviour guidelines recommend moderate physical activity on most, preferably all, days of the week to improve health and reduce the risk of chronic disease and other conditions [105]. Not doing enough physical activity, and leading a sedentary lifestyle, are risk factors for a variety of health conditions including CVD, type 2 diabetes, certain cancers, depression and other social and emotional wellbeing conditions, overweight and obesity, a weakened musculoskeletal system and osteoporosis [104][105].
In the 2012-2013 AATSIHS, 46% of Indigenous people aged 18 years and over living in non-remote areas reported that they had done enough moderate intensity physical activity to meet the target of 30 minutes per day (or a total of 150 minutes per week); this level was 0.9 times that of non-Indigenous people of the same age [61]. Two-fifths (40%) of Indigenous adults had exercised for at least 150 minutes over five sessions in the previous week; this level was 0.9 times that of non-Indigenous adults. Over 28% of Indigenous adults had exercised at a moderate level and 10% at a high level; these levels of physical activity were 0.9 and 0.6 times that of non-Indigenous adults. Indigenous adults spent around 39 minutes per day including 21 minutes on walking for transport compared with children aged 5-17 years [104]. The participants in a pedometer study recorded an average of 6,963 steps per day; 17% met the recommended 10,000 steps or more a day.
Among Indigenous adults living in non-remote areas, more males (50%) than females (41%) met the target of 150 minutes of moderate intensity exercise per week and had exercised for at least 150 minutes over five sessions in the previous week (44% compared with 36%) [61]. Indigenous males (31%) were more likely than Indigenous females (25%) to have exercised at moderate intensity and were twice as likely to have exercised at high intensity (14% compared with 7%) in the previous week. In remote areas, Indigenous adults exceeded the recommended 30 minutes of physical activity (55%) and 21% did not participate in any physical activity on the day prior to the interview [104]. The most common type of physical activity for adults was 'walking to places' (71%). One-in-ten (11%) participated in cultural activities, including hunting and gathering bush foods or going fishing.
Among Indigenous adults living in non-remote areas, 62% reported that they were physically inactive (sedentary or had done little exercise) in the week prior to the survey; this level of physical inactivity was 1.1 times more than their non-Indigenous counterparts [105]. A higher proportion of Indigenous women (68%) than Indigenous men (55%) were physically inactive; this was evident for all age-groups [61]. Indigenous adults spent an average of 5.3 hours per day on sedentary activities, including 2.3 hours of watching television, DVDs and videos [104].
Indigenous children aged 2-4 years living in non-remote areas spent an average of 6.6 hours per day doing physical activity and spent more time outdoors (3.5 hours) compared with non-Indigenous children of the same age who spent 2.8 hours outdoors. [104]. Indigenous children aged 2-4 years spent an average of 1.5 hours on sedentary screen-based activities such as watching TV, DVDs or playing electronic games.
Indigenous children aged 5-17 years living in non-remote areas spent an average of two hours per day participating in physical activity (exceeding the recommendation of one hour per day); this was 25 minutes more than non-Indigenous children of the same age [104]. Around half (48%) of Indigenous children met the recommended amount of physical activity, compared with 35% of non-Indigenous children. The most common physical activities among Indigenous children were 'active play and children's games' (57%) and swimming (18%). Those who participated in the pedometer study recorded an average of 9,593 steps per day, with an average of one-in-four children (25%) meeting the recommended 12,000 steps per day.
Indigenous children aged 5-17 years living in non-remote areas spent an average of 2.6 hours per day on sedentary screen-based activities (exceeding the recommended limit of two hours). Indigenous children aged 12-14 years spent half the time that non-Indigenous children spent using the internet or computer for homework (4 minutes compared with 8 minutes per day) and those aged 15-17 years spent nearly one third of the time spent by non-Indigenous children of the same age (8 minutes compared with 20 minutes per day). Indigenous children aged 15-17 years spent more time on screen-based activities than those aged 5-8 years (3.3 hours compared with 1.9 hours).
In remote areas, 82% of Indigenous children aged 5-17 years did more than 60 minutes of physical activity on the day prior to the interview [104]. The most common activities were walking (82%), running (53%), and playing football or soccer (33%).
Smoking tobacco is a major cause of:
Passive smoking (breathing in another person's tobacco smoke) also contributes to poor health, particularly for children.
The proportion of Indigenous adults who smoke declined significantly between 2002 and 2012-2013 (from 51% to 43%), but smoking was still more than twice as common among Indigenous adults than among non-Indigenous adults in 2012-2013 [107][108]. According to the 2008 NATSISS, two-out-of-three Indigenous current daily smokers had tried to quit in the previous year [108].
In 2008, around one-in-six Indigenous children 0-3 years and one-quarter of Indigenous children 4-14 years lived with someone who usually smoked inside the house [109][110].
Around one-quarter of Indigenous adults were living with someone who usually smoked inside the house [111].
Tobacco use was responsible for one-in-five deaths among Indigenous people in 2003 [112].
Drinking too much alcohol is associated with:
If a woman drinks alcohol when she is pregnant, the unborn child may be affected by fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), the term used to describe the physical, behavioural, and learning problems caused by alcohol damage to the brain and other parts of the body of the unborn baby [114]. The 2008 NATSISS found that 80% of mothers of Indigenous children aged 0-3 years did not drink during pregnancy, 16% drank less alcohol and only 3% drank the same amount or more alcohol during pregnancy [115].
Indigenous people are more likely to not drink alcohol (abstain) than non-Indigenous people but those who drink are more likely to drink at harmful levels [116][117]. The 2012-2013 AATSIHS found 23% of Indigenous people had never consumed alcohol or had not done so for more than 12 months [117]. Abstinence was 1.6 times more common among Indigenous peoples than non-Indigenous people; however the difference in abstinence is mostly due to those Indigenous people who used to drink and have given up.
Levels of short term/single occasion drinking risk (more than four standard drinks on a single occasion) were similar for Indigenous and non-Indigenous people; around half of drinkers in 2012-2013, drank at levels exceeding the guidelines (52% compared with 45%) [117]. However Indigenous people were 1.4 times more likely to drink at levels of 'high risk' of short-term harm as non-Indigenous people (37% compared with 27%).
Levels of long-term/lifetime drinking risk (more than two standard drinks per day) were similar for Indigenous and non-Indigenous people. One-in-five drinkers aged 18 years and over in 2012-2013, drank at levels exceeding the 2009 guidelines for long-term/lifetime drinking risk [117]. However, Indigenous people were 1.4 times more likely to drink at levels of 'high risk' of lifetime harm than non-Indigenous people. For the five year period 2006-2010 in NSW, Qld, WA, SA and the NT, approximately 3.4% of total Indigenous deaths were related to alcohol use, with the majority of these due to alcoholic liver disease [35].
Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people's health continues to improve slowly although they are still not as healthy as non-Indigenous people overall. The reasons why the health of Indigenous people is worse than for non-Indigenous people are complex, but represent a combination of general factors (like education, employment, income, and socioeconomic status) and health sector factors (like not having access to culturally appropriate services or support).
Within the health sector, there is a need for:
Making and combining these changes are important to the long term future for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and for strengthening and empowering strategies to improve health outcomes.
Health improvements for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population will require the ongoing commitment by all Australian governments through the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) to 'closing the gap' in health and other disadvantages between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and other Australians. The COAG commitments to date are encouraging, but 'closing the gaps' in health and other disadvantages will take time. Strategies are needed that improve health services and the social and other factors that affect the health disadvantages faced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.
There are good signs of contributing to continued efforts to close the gap. There is increased acknowledgement of the importance of strong cultural foundations to sustainable improvements in health and well-being [118][119]. The recognition of the importance of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community controlled health sector will be crucial [120].
A change to strengths based approaches to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health is a powerful and empowering development [4]. An increased focus on 'what works' provides signposts for positive pathways forward.
© Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet 2015
This product, excluding the Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet logo, artwork, and any material owned by a third party or protected by a trademark, has been released under a Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 3.0 (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0) licence. Excluded material owned by third parties may include, for example, design and layout, images obtained under licence from third parties and signatures.


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My advice:
1. Replace the derailleur with a new one.
2. Take the bike to a good bike shop and have the derailleur hanger (the "tab") checked for alignment.
have the hanger aligned (you can do it yourself, carefully, with an adjustable wrench if it's not bent too badly), then see what the derailleur tells you. friction derailleurs can take a lot and still work; sometimes you have to tweak the cage a little to eliminate chain noise.
I have a couple candidate RD to use. The current RD is actually attached directly to the frame.Originally Posted by HillRider
Thanks, the deraileur hanger is actually part of the frame. It's not bent much. I like the idea of using an adjustable wrench.Originally Posted by dafydd
Korval is Ships
See my Hyperlite 411 it's the photo model on OutRiderUSA web page
I had the exact same problem with the Woodrup I aquired. I did what HillRider said. IMHO, I wanted a pro who's done this before to correct the frame lest I make a mistake and suddenly have a very nice single speed frame. All Star Bikes of Cary, NC did a great job. He fixed the derailer too, but I replaced it anyway.
Roccobike BF Official Thread Terminator
Hangers are difficult to align without a gage. Take it to someone who has one and knows how to use it. Watch him do it. Go from there.
Stupidity got us into this mess - why can't it get us out?
- Will Rogers

subset: commoncrawl


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Should Archie Moore rank higher than Duran?
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East Side Guru
Join Date: Dec 2005
Posts: 5,345
vCash: 1000
Re: Should Archie Moore rank higher than Duran?
Originally Posted by
I particularly like this. I may use it - with the proper credits, of course:
Fear not, those Hagler and Barkley (and Buchanan) jibes were just illustrative. Those form some of the constituent that is Duran's top ten placing.
I'm sure Duran hit fairly hard at middleweight, although I would contend the notion that he was a pound-for-pound better hitter than Moore - not that you were implying this - due to Moore's numerous stoppages of boxers (some decent, some ****) of 200lbs+.
You know I've been appreciative of Duran's skills (even if I think Ike Williams handles him, at least in the initial encounter; but we've been there before). In fact, he's long been one of my favourites. Duran holds the place in my head for 'most aesthetically and functionally perfect' for the Palomino performance. Not many can rival Duran's level of skill around that time. Jose Napoles and Archie Moore pulled off some stuff at the same level but not as consistently in one fight. Saying that, I don't know now, but either way, Duran's skills were truly elite.
Add those to a man who skips from a crouch and you have one of the best ever.
Rewriting history I'd start Duran in 1940 in a time zone more suited to his tenacity. I'd see his record take a beating but have faith in him pulling out a case for the #1, ever.
Duran in the 40s... against LWs and WWs and fighting middles in the 50s. That looks a thread. Funny thing is, he's have Arcel and Brown anyway.
I count Duran as a great composite puncher, but Moore is out of his reach.
"Skips from a crouch"--? A la Dempsey? Would you mind explaining that a bit? It's an interesting point.
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Real Housewives of Beverly Hills
Whose Side Are You on Now: Brandi Glanville or Joyce Giraud?
One of the major storylines on this season of Real Housewives of Beverly Hills is the battle between Brandi Glanville and Joyce Giraud. So whose side are most of the viewers on? You just might be surprised!
Brandi and Joyce continue to go at it this season, whether they're bickering in Palm Springs, at Yolanda Foster's dinner party, or at SUR. And their issues range from whether Joyce threw Brandi under the bus in the hair-fixing incident, to Brandi's race-related comments, to Brandi's creative names for Joyce, to Joyce's husband Michael getting involved. Whew.
So after all of those incidents, the audience on Watch What Happens Live was asked this week to choose which Housewife they feel is in the right. So which is it?
As it turns out, the choice is quite decisive: A whopping 71% of the voters side with Joyce, while a mere 29% are on Team Brandi. Wow!
We can see why the vote went this way, given that most viewers seem to feel that Brandi's attacks at Joyce's expense have been unprovoked. Plus, it's hard to side with Brandi when she gets as drunk as she sometimes does.
Are you on Brandi's side or Joyce's side?
Source: Joyce on Twitter


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Have Legal Questions? Ask a Lawyer Now.
I have a follow up question for you ZDN. After investigation, we found out that the lien was not valid - it was recorded too late, and that the subcontractor didn't perfect it by foreclosing the lien. I guess we could fight it out by saying it was invalid but out of goodwill, since the work was done, we decided to pay the subcontractor and get the money back from the general contractor. My question is, what do we have to do to make sure the subcontractor releases the lien in exchange of the payment? We have the Unconditional Waiver and Release on Final Payment form from the state website. Is there anything else we need to do to lift the lien? Do we have to go to the recorder's office to lift the lien? Or can we make the subcontractor do it?
Thank you ZDN. Also, the first set of information you gave was very helpful - the basic rules of valid liens and etc. - do you know where it comes from? Since that's the law, I'm assuming they're written somewhere....It'd be helpful for me to know where it's coming from. And if you could let me know any resources from which I could find such info, it'd be further appreciated. thank you!
HI ZDNLaw, according to the webiste we could get two types of releases - conditional and unconditional. Are both necessary to remove a lien or would an unconditional release suffice?
Hi, Welcome to JustAnswer, My name isXXXXX am a Licensed, Practicing Attorney and would be glad to help,
Please do not forget to rate my service to you before you leave the site
In Answer to your question, you must require the subcontractor to give you an "Unconditional Release" upon payment to him. In other words, the Release should be absolute and not be contingent on anything or any event because the subcontractor will have been paid in full.
Please be kind enough to rate my service to you as "Excellent Service", Bonus and Positive Feedback are greatly appreciated,
Thank you Andrea. So if I obtain an Unconditional Release, I don't have to obtain a conditional release. It's not the case where you need both to lift the lien?
You had also requested the law which embodies the California Mechanics' Lien Law. Pursuant to Senate Bill 189, California's laws regarding Mechanics' Liens, stop notices, and payment bonds were revised and took effect on July 1, 2012.
And, all of the Mechanics' Lien Laws and related laws were moved from Civil Code Sections 3081.1 through 3267 and replaced with new laws set forth in California Civil Code § 8000 through §8848 and §9000 to §9566, and you can .
access these sections by clicking on the link which I have provided below for your convenience of reference:
Please be kind enough to rate my service to you as "Excellent Service", Bonus and Positive Feedback are greatly appreciated,
I apologize for not Answering your question completely, maybe I wasn't clear enough. All you need is an "Unconditional Release", just think of it as a Release "with no strings attached",
Thank you so much for the "Excellent Service" rating, I appreciate it greatly. If you have additional questions, or I may be of service in the future, please feel free to ask for me by typing my name at the beginning of your question, like this,
"For Andrea only ............" And your questions will be directed to me,
Thank you once again for allowing me the opportunity to be of service,
DISCLAIMER: Answers from Experts on JustAnswer are not substitutes for the advice of an attorney. JustAnswer is a public forum and questions and responses are not private or confidential or protected by the attorney-client privilege. The Expert above is not your attorney, and the response above is not legal advice. You should not read this response to propose specific action or address specific circumstances, but only to give you a sense of general principles of law that might affect the situation you describe. Application of these general principles to particular circumstances must be done by a lawyer who has spoken with you in confidence, learned all relevant information, and explored various options. Before acting on these general principles, you should hire a lawyer licensed to practice law in the jurisdiction to which your question pertains.
The responses above are from individual Experts, not JustAnswer. The site and services are provided "as is". To view the verified credential of an Expert, click on the "Verified" symbol in the Expert's profile. This site is not for emergency questions which should be directed immediately by telephone or in-person to qualified professionals. Please carefully read the Terms of Service (last updated February 8, 2012).


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Sticks and Stones (really do break bones)
October 9, 2012 in blog posts
I thought it would be so fun to make a Thanksgiving tree for our family.
(Picture below taken from Skip To My Lou. <- click to view tutorial)
You fill a vase with branches, and each day everyone in the family writes down what they are thankful for and hang it on the tree. We could all use a reminder of how much we have to be grateful for, so I was excited to do it.
We live so close to many canyons filled with beautiful, fall-colored leaves. I called my friend Ange and presented her with my brilliant idea: our families should go up the canyon, roast hot dogs, have watermelon and smores and let the kids run wild and find sticks for our Thanksgiving trees. We loaded up our cars, packed our food and sweatshirts and headed up the canyon.We arrived safely and quickly got the fire started and sent the kids to get sticks for our project. The kids found lots of great sticks and we piled them up nicely behind the fire pit. We were happily roasting hot dogs until we heard Ange's son, Jack, crying. He had burned his hand while roasting his hot dog… poor guy.
As I was trying to hold Ange's hot dogs while she helped Jack, all of a sudden I hear Anderson SCREAMING. Murder-style.
Justin and I stop what we're doing and run to the scene of a pretty bloody face. Poor Anderson had a large scrape on his cute little face. The crying did go on a little longer than one would hope… but he is really cute so all was forgiven.
Soon all the kids were happy again and playing. Anderson and Jack realized it was possible to have fun despite their battle scars. It started getting late and cold, and it was a school night, we decided it was time to pack up. Let's face it: a campfire means five showers and a load of laundry for Ange and I and our combined 7 children.
We all walked to the car carrying children, camp chairs and coolers. We left the sticks behind, because we figured it would be easiest to buckle our kids in there carseats, leave our husbands at the car and Ange and I would go back and get the sticks.
We returned back to our campfire to find that our stick were gone… and burning in the fire the next campsite over. Two injuries and 7 messy kids later, we had no sticks to show for our trip up the canyon. Hey, all that matters is our good intentions… right? Please say yes.
The next day when my children asked when we were going to make our Thanksgiving trees, I assured them that we will do it in time for November.
Anybody have a tree you need cut down?


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Networkfleet Inc., provider of wireless fleet management services, is offering a Best Practices for Fleet Management series of complimentary webinars and e-books focused on fuel, risk, and labor. Topics include reducing idle time and speeding, keeping fuel costs to a minimum, reducing accidents and unsafe driver behavior, and using telematics and GPS fleet tracking to manage labor and improve productivity.
To register for a webinar or to download an e-book, click here.
Best Practices
Look no further than the American Public Works Association's WorkZone Job Board. The...
PUBLIC WORKS Staff
APWA announces its most recent class of professionals who have earned this...
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Trucks & Accessories
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Finding affordable health care is a challenge for many people, with and without insurance. People often go without necessary preventative or regular care and medical problems fester and become much worse. Much worse can be translated into much more expensive. Or people use the emergency room as their primary care treatment option, only to wind up with big bills they ... Read More »
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Options: 500 Seeds - Price: $38.80
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72 Days to maturity.King Arthur combines high yield and virus resistance
like few other varieties can. The large, blocky peppers are sweet,
thick-walled, and ripen from green to bright red. The upright,
multi-virus resistant plant sets well in heat and provides excellent
cover for its heavy yields.Supplied as treated seed.
The Harris Seeds company began catalog operation in 1879. It evolved from the efforts of Joseph Harris who was extremely successful in the selection of superior strains of vegetables and grains. The company became wildly popular because of his basic business philosophy - "Offer my customers a quality product at a fair price and they will return."
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The Rise of Punk Civilization
When We Play for Real
Coffman Memorial Union Great Hall University of Minnesota, Saturday at 7:00 p.m.
Every aging punk singles out a metaphor for the underground's passage into "alt"-hood. My usual choice is Everclear, whose '90s interactions with Twin Cities culture shifted within a few years' span from drunken nights in a dirty South Minneapolis basement to lip-synching in pristine Gap ads crafted by local filmmaker Phil Harder. These days, as someone remarks in Jem Cohen's new straight-to-video documentary on Fugazi, it's nearly impossible to examine the American scene that spawned Everclear and countless others without looking at the music through an industry lens. But, to its credit, a new independent documentary attempts to do just that.
The ornately pierced, spiky-haired subjects of Patti Rhodes's hourlong video-film on the local punk underground, Debasement Video Fanzine, Vol. 1: When We Play for Real, seem almost nostalgic for a time when punks at least received the recognition of shock. But if this primitively shot, meticulously edited slice-of-punk-life one day brings the bands it features to the attention of, say, PBS viewers, the subjects and filmmaker alike seem less than fazed by the prospect.
True to the pun in its title, Debasement barely identifies its bands (and sometimes neglects to do so) before lunging into hand-held concert sequences shot mostly below ground. The vid feels less like a booster-shot for this hidden world than a fascinated self-portrait, with just enough interspersed Q&A to delineate the (sort-of) anarchist politics informing the players.
Minneapolis's lefty discourse sets our punk outpost apart, so I gather, and when two unidentified teenage girls talk about bringing the revolution to punk rather than vice versa, you get the feeling they've had this conversation many times before. "If you don't expect punk to change your life," says one, "and you just have it be part of your life, then you don't get sick of it as much." These high-schoolers aren't the desperate gutter-punks of Penelope Spheeris's The Decline of Western Civilization, Part III (due here later this year), who use the culture as a way out rather than a way in. They want a community, but on their terms, and they don't have to rack their brains to describe how they feel.
Rhodes also introduces us to bands and activists that have thrown themselves wholeheartedly into "our little soap opera," as one punk calls it. "We're in a space that is a material proof that punk ideologies work," says punk activist Dan Siskind in the offices of the nationally known punk fanzine (and distribution company) Profane Existence. And though the zine has folded since Rhodes wrapped shooting, the videographer sees no reason not to take his word at face value. When she shows us Felix Havoc's self-admittedly money-losing record operation and T-shirt mini-factory--or drops by the democratically run meetings of the Minneapolis volunteer record store, Extreme Noise--it's not to glamorize the process or even to raise the likelihood of breaking even in the non-Everclear punk market. This is just what we do, the subjects say, and their reasons are left as open questions. (Extreme Noise, by the by, just marked its fifth year of not going under.)
Having shot, by her estimation, some 30 tapes' worth of footage between late 1995 and early 1998, Rhodes is undoubtedly connected to the scene. But she also maintains an objective, if nonjudgmental, tone, with bands ranging wildly in styles from the Clash-like, clean-cut mods of the Strike to the goateed, beer-swilling hardcore heads in Quincy Punx. Rhodes isn't big on context, but she manages to keep her camera rolling when the red-haired Bob Murderer of the Murderers incomprehensibly picks a fistfight with a younger bandmate during an interview. She doesn't ask anyone to explain this behavior--or the different mini-fragments of the community ("emo," "straight-edge," "pop-punk")--and the film feels almost too cropped as a result, leaving out a level of interpretation that might help orient cultural outsiders.
Still, Debasement holds interest, if only because the 24-year-old director has captured a vital, hidden part of '90s American life, one with its own laws of gravity drawn from hardcore punk's heyday. In Basementland, the modes of production take on extra weight, while the means of melody are feather-light. When the Quincy Punx scream the line "This is my America" over and over in concert, you realize they're making a point of pride, not just staking out territory.
Performances by five bands featured in Debasement--Dillinger Four, the Quincy Punx, the Strike, the Murderers, and Misery--will follow the screening at Coffman Memorial Union; (612) 624-8638.
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text: Hey everyone, just wanted to say hi. I'm new to road cycling and I just got a new Specialized Allez Competition Compact a week ago and so far love it. I'm hoping to be able to my first century in July, but the main reason I started cycling is to have another form of training for motorcycle racing.


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"The Bureau of Land Management's (BLM) announcement that it has lifted its moratorium on solar energy applications on federal lands is the right decision. While we applaud today's announcement, BLM has only resolved half the problem. They have yet to approve a single solar energy project. Expediting the permitting process is the next step in developing solar energy projects on federal lands.
News tagged Renewable Energy Deployment
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Annual Solar Energy Report Demonstrates Record Growth of U.S. Market After Two Years with Investment Tax Credits
Today the Solar Energy Industries Association released its 2007 U.S. Solar Industry Year in Review produced in conjunction with the Prometheus Institute. The report noted that 254 megawatts of photovoltaic and concentrating solar power were installed in 2007.


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In my app I'm displaying a table with different elements if a user taps on a tableviewcell a detailview gets pushed onto the navigationstack. I now want to provide the user with abilty to "long tap" on a tableviewcell in order to pop up an alertview showing the user different options that can be applied on said tableviewcell (email information to a friend, print it out, add to bookmarks etc)
how do i implement a "long tap" gesture recognizer on a UITableViewCell??
thanks for your help


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Cranberry Apple-Nut Pie RecipeRead Reviews Be the first to add a review
5 1
Wedges of this tangy Christmas-red pie are a feast for the eyes and the taste buds.
- 2 cups fresh or frozen cranberries, chopped
- 1-3/4 cups sliced peeled tart apple
- 1/2 cup slivered almonds, toasted
- 1 tablespoon grated orange peel
- 1-3/4 cups sugar
- 1/4 cup all-purpose flour
- 1/2 teaspoon ground cinnamon
- 1/2 teaspoon ground nutmeg
- 1/8 teaspoon salt
- Pastry for double-crust pie (9 inches)
- 2 tablespoons butter, melted
- In a large bowl, combine cranberries, apple, almonds and orange peel. In another bowl, combine sugar, flour, cinnamon, nutmeg and salt; add to fruit mixture and toss gently. Line a 9-in. pie plate with the bottom crust; add filling. Drizzle with butter. Roll out remaining pastry to fit top of pie. Place over filling; cut slits in top crust. Seal and flute edges. Bake at 400° for 45 minutes or until golden brown. Cool before serving. Yield: 6-8 servings.
Originally published as Cranberry Apple-Nut Pie in Country Woman Christmas Annual 1998, p43
Reviews for Cranberry Apple-Nut Pie
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Reviewed Dec. 28, 2013
"Delicious! I made a butter crust for it, and used orange marmalade instead of orange zest. Cut back on the sugar to 1 2/3 cup because of the marmalade. Looks awesome and tastes awesome!"


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Congratulations to Mr Mott! It's quite something when the first 2 novels you write are optioned by major Hollywood players, and, even more impressive, months before they are published.Read More »
Interview: A Chat w/ Author Jason Mott Whose Debut Novel Is The Basis For ABC's New Series 'Resurrection'Read More »
Good Monday Morning! Here Are 8 News Items You May Have Missed This WeekendRead More »
Omar Epps Books Lead Role In TV Serial Adaptation Of Jason Mott's 'The Returned'Read More »
It was less than a month ago, when it was announced that author Jason Mott's debut novel, The Returned, had been optioned by Brad Pitt's Plan B production company, with the goal being to develop a TV drama series for ABC, based on the "high...Read More »


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If you didn't like Jeremy Lin already, try to resist the basketball star after seeing him butcher "A Whole New World" from Disney's "Aladdin."
The sweet and funny karaoke session is one of a handful of surprises in "Linsanity," Evan Leong's complimentary and workmanlike documentary about the Bay Area prep star turned NBA sensation. With seemingly unlimited access to the Lin family and footage from throughout Lin's career, the film will be best received by two groups: Lin's biggest fans, and non-sports fans who somehow missed the story the first time.
Lin was a state champion at Palo Alto High School, had more success at Harvard and bounced around the NBA, before he was inserted in the New York Knicks starting lineup in February 2012, and Linsanity ensued.
The biggest thing going against "Linsanity" is out of the filmmakers' control. Less than two years ago, at the peak of Lin's heroics, ESPN (and a few co-conspirators) obsessed about Lin to the point of overexposure. Many of the best stories in the documentary — sleeping on Landry Fields' too-small couch, getting questioned by staff at the Warriors' player's entrance and facing racial taunts — will already be familiar to basketball fans.
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"Linsanity" is at its best when it uses the filmmakers' access to go even deeper. Lin always seemed well-spoken, but he doesn't normally let his guard down the way he did in the aforementioned karaoke scene.
Another highlight is Lin's reaction to a question about Kobe Bryant, after Bryant dismissed Lin's talents and was punished with a 38-point performance. Lin says he nearly slammed Kobe back in a news conference, but prayed on it in the moment, and came up with a more gracious response. The scene is deftly handled by Leong and editor Greg Louie, and offers solid insight into the player's humility and strength of faith.
Leong covers Lin's life chronologically, with heavy emphasis on his pre-NBA years. The plodding buildup seems like a detriment at first, but the slow start enhances the payoff. You may have watched Lin's rise to national prominence the first time, but it's still easy to get caught in the moment.


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25 Fattening Foods You Should Never Eat
Wendy's Sweet and Spicy Boneless Wings
In June, Wendy's launched this item, claiming it was "as far as it gets from fast food."
Calorie-wise, this meal isn't that bad if it makes up your entire lunch. But it has more salt than you should have in a day, let alone at one sitting.
One order: 550 calories, 18g fat, 27g sugar, 2,530mg sodium.
Choose this instead: Try the Ultimate Chicken Grill, a grilled chicken breast on a sesame-seed bun: 320 calories, 7g fat, 8g sugar. Still, with 950 milligrams of sodium, don't make it a daily habit.
Get the latest health, fitness, anti-aging, and nutrition news, plus special offers, insights and updates from Health.com!


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How long can I store cookies?
Store baked cookies for up to 3 days in a tightly covered container. For longer storage, freeze them for up to 3 months. Since cookies are small, they thaw quickly and will be ready to eat in 15 minutes. For best results, freeze cookies unfrosted or unadorned with chocolate chips or drizzles. Frost, dip, or drizzle the cookies after they thaw.


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I really like the description of this city and the sketch you've done. I'd like to take a crack at this if no one else is going to. Can you give me more details on the sections of the city and the landmarks?
Hello everyone,
I am looking for someone to help me create a map of a town for a DnD game. Unlike most campaigns this one will revolve completely around the town, with no to little action outside the city limits.
There will not be any payment with an exception. I am planning to pitch the idea of my town to WotC (and possibly other publishers) I will then give 10% of the proceeds to the artist. For this reason, I will have the right to use the image for commercial purposes, the artist will have the right to exhibit the image as part of his portfolio but not to exploit it for commercial gain.
The timeline for this project will be 2-6 weeks, as I would like to have the map by summer, although I am fairly flexible.
The work I am looking for will be of professional quality, sized to about 12 by 10, and will be required for print.
The style that I am looking for is similiar to an official DnD map, although a darker tone to fit the world would be appreciated. I have uploaded something similar to what I am looking for. I do like the parchment , sketched look of maps and would prefer something along those lines.
The setting is dark, horror, and medieval. Here is a description of the town that I gave to my players:
There is a city, or so the whispers say, where there are no heroes.
Where adventurers are devoured, and where there is no light of hope.
Many have set out to the west in search of this city. Past the Searing
Plains, between twin mountain ranges that have never been climbed
there is a valley. If you manage to make it through the the the Wilds,
where even the great wyrms fear to stay, you will find this city. Set
against a vast mountain range, and on top of great tear in the earth.
It is here where races once considered feral, live together. In this
city, it is not humans or elves who rule, or even the stout dwarves.
In this city it is not even the orcs, goblins, or the undead that
threaten the eastern lands. In this city it is the more monstrous
denizens of the world that build their monuments. The Savage
Minotaurs, feral Ogres, and great Ettins make their home here. The
serpentine Naga build towers with vast vaults to horde their mystical
knowledge. Great Eyed Beholders and Cyclops worship viscous elemental
gods, and the Enormous Giants and Titans of legend build their
fortresses out of black obsidian.
It is here where danger lurks all around, and heroes are needed, that
they do not exist. For the humane races of the world to wish for
anything more than survival and slavery is unheard of in this place.
This is Death. This is Despair. This is Draken Hold.
I am uploaded is my own feeble attempt at putting a slight layout to the city, along with some important landmarks and areas (which I have more description for if it is desired).
I will give more information to the artist or upon request before a commission is taken.
Thank you for reading this and considering my proposal.
I really like the description of this city and the sketch you've done. I'd like to take a crack at this if no one else is going to. Can you give me more details on the sections of the city and the landmarks?
I am working on compiling all the information that i have for the world right now, i can email it to you when it is done if you want? Or i can post it up on megaupload or something if you would feel safer doing that.
Either way is fine. I kind of like the community on this site. Maybe posting it here is better that way everyone can contribute to the development with their ideas. Up to you really.
If you want to email it, my address is kalvinlyle at--symbol gmail dotcom
Can I mark this taken?
-Rob A>
My tutorials: Using GIMP to Create an Artistic Regional Map ~ All My Tutorials
My GIMP Scripts: Rotating Brush ~ Gradient from Image ~ Mosaic Tile Helper ~ Random Density Map ~ Subterranean Map Prettier ~ Tapered Stroke Path ~ Random Rotate Floating Layer ~ Batch Image to Pattern ~ Better Seamless Tiles ~ Tile Shuffle ~ Scale Pattern ~ Grid of Guides ~ Fractalize path ~ Label Points
My Maps: Finished Maps ~ Challenge Entries ~ My Portfolio: www.cartocopia.com
Yes, you can mark this as taken, TY
I marked it as Paid? - Taken because we don't have an Other - Taken tag.
If the radiance of a thousand suns was to burst at once into the sky, that would be like the splendor of the Mighty One...I am become Death, the Shatterer of worlds.
-J. Robert Oppenheimer (father of the atom bomb) alluding to The Bhagavad Gita (Chapter 11, Verse 32)
My Maps ~ My Brushes ~ My Tutorials ~ My Challenge Maps


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Published: Friday, August 15, 2014 at 2:01 p.m.
Last Modified: Friday, August 15, 2014 at 2:01 p.m.
A judge has sentenced a 27-year-old man to a quarter of a century in prison for inappropriately touching a young girl.
On Thursday, Justin Andrew Groom pleaded guilty to two felony counts of attempted sexual battery on a child younger than 12.
The plea agreement calls for Groom to serve 25 years for each charge, but the sentences will run concurrently.
A 421-day credit for time served pending resolution of this case was applied to the sentence.
Groom was arrested in June 2013 after a 9-year-old girl told a social worker that Groom had touched her private area. He initially denied the accusation, but later admitted touching the girl and having her reciprocate the contact.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


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Paleyfest, True Blood
Of course we had to go…
We were excited to see not only what season 4 of True Blood held for us, you, the cast… we were also ecstatic that after almost two years of knowing one another, us good friends would finally get to meet face to face.
Our crazy fun loving group joined together, in LA… the outcome would be epic and it titillated our dreams… (well okay… maybe not quite that far but… just saying)!
Lividity came from the south, Jenna the north, Jody the east, Marie the west and ZZ from far, far away. We traveled the miles, the distance, to swoop in and grab the event by the proverbial balls… complete coverage for you… a long awaited meeting of the minds for us!
Much happened in those four fabulous days! Mostly the sounds of laughter, lack of sleep, the frequent consumption of alcoholic beverages, even a few unnecessary pole dances (a result of the alcohol which produced the laughter… *cough* LIV *cough*). A lot of which we'll never share, not yet at least, but we inevitably got some work done!
A few of us toured the Warner Brother Lots… getting a glimpse of the Merlotte's building, its parking lot and the sacred tree under which Sookie saved Bill.
We found the treasured Hickey Freeman billboard on which the Swedish Viking, Alexander Skarsgard, so graciously lent his beautifulness (much to Jenna's chagrin for even attempting)! It was quite the scavenger hunt, even though we knew exactly where it was… and it was large… almost three stories actually (late nights and lots of alcoholic beverages remember)?! Of course the sun had been shining and attempting to ruin our elaborate multi-camera photo shoot! Standing in the middle of Sunset Blvd, during rush hour was NOT above us however! We had work to do!!
After fleeing the angry mob of Angelenos, we hit yet more restaurants, Rodeo Drive, Venice Beach and drank late into the night out of coconuts filled with mysterious concoctions that made one fall on their ass after four… or was it only two?
On Saturday we crawled from our beds, hesitantly, to attend the scheduled event, PaleyFest!
L.A. traffic was horrendous! It was almost as if some unseen force was working against us. We just couldn't get there! But our knight in shining armor AKA Beefcake AKA Dan, fought bravely against the steel dragons and got us to the party on time! If not for the help of a few kindred spirits, Christy & Crystal, bless their hearts, we may not have achieved the results we did!
Thankful… ever thankful, we sat and observed the crowd, their readiness to see the celebrities, learn the secrets of what was to come. We watched as their smiles grew, their eyes sparkled with joy, like kids on Christmas morning.
The air in the place was filled with excitement, you could almost smell the anticipation…dear gods…at least I hope that's what that was!!
It was obvious, True Blood was a show which fed into the fantasies and desires of so many. No man, woman or self proclaimed real life supernatural was safe! It's a show that excites the mind, makes our hearts beat faster and most often leaves us blushing (then rewinding a few times). However others consider its subject matter to be of the "evil" kind, undead killers and monsters of the dark. Yet there, in that theater, we were surrounded by laughter, close friends and good acquaintances made online because of a mutual fascination with the series. This was a group who when the events called, they banded together to happily show their love and support to the individuals who continued to impress and make "IT" happen. This was also a group who united together outside the events to make wonderful things occur worldwide. From Kristin Bauer's IFAW charities, to Sam Trammell's Oceana cause, to our very own Battle of the Fang where True Blood fans internationally, pulled through once again and assisted us in raising $70,000 to clean up the oil spill and help some little teacup humans have a better life. This theater was NOT just filled with True Blood junkies, it was filled with the very people we call supporters and friends. What a wonderful place to be!
It was also filled with the loudest females' globe wide BAR NONE! Smartest move was donning your ear plugs before the cast began to take the stage. Due to the weekend's events however, none of us were on the Smart Train! My ENT says the damage is NOT permanent however, (at least that's what I think he said) could have been something about rainbows and pickles. *shrugs*As usual the cast was wonderful…sexy and funny. Each and every one of them had the crowd in stitches. Some were more handsome than others, say for example, Sam Trammell. Studious, talented, gorgeous and hilarious Sam… and Alexander Skarsgard, very endearing in his goofball kinda way – yet he really, really worked it for the ladies and… *Liv scowls as ZZ pushes Jenna from the keyboard*. Stephen, now he was something! Debonair, engaging, he really had the crowd focused… *TEAM BELLEFLEUR* shouts Liv defiantly as all eyes turn slowly toward her. Undaunted and chin held high she goes back to editing photos. Jenna pushes ZZ from the keyboard once again!*
Alan Ball, Executive Producer – The creator of this madness *glare* The one who unknowingly created these hobbies/jobs for us that are not only thrilling at times but have also become actual work, a self-felt responsibility, a joy, a pain…
What to say about/to Alan Ball???
Thank you seems right, (also can you make sure to add more witty comments between Eric and Sookie, maybe while Eric is naked… *JODY! The others shout!* Jenna rolls her eyes then privately nods her head in agreement*).
Loads of video and 1600 photos later we cleared the way as the fans crowded the stage in hopes of a signature or a personal glace from their favorite character(s). We're professionals, no less, and wanted the fans to have their "moment," plus we are far from insane and refused to be trampled to death unnecessarily. *NO SERIOUSLY…TRAMPLED. TO. DEATH.*
Women swooned, husbands growled and whimpered for escape, the cast shined with their own adoration – It was obvious they loved their fans!
After the event we stood back and watched as the folks exited the theater. It was quite the sight to see grown women emerge, giggling like the school girls they once were…
"I touched Alexander Skarsgard!" screams one while jumping up and down in place.
"Stephen signed my shirt!" shouts another as they hug and continue to jump.
As for the shirts… many folks proudly wore theirs in support of the show, their favorite fansite or their beloved team *BELLEFLEUR!!! Shouts Liv again. Multiple eyes roll…*Tiredly we trudged to our car as excitement continued to brew around us. All the work, the planning, the money spent… now it was over.
"Alcohol!" someone shouts from the back.
"Sleep!" grumbles another.
"Alcohol from coconuts!" shouts the first with a scowl.
"BED!!" the majority responds.
None of which happened too soon. We still had work to do! The horror of our miserable existences was that we still had 1600 photos of extremely beautiful people to go through, videos to post, an editorial to write up… no, there would be no rest for our weary souls.
LIV with a smirk: Hey chica…did you get enough pix of your boys Jenna?
Jenna: scowls…
ZZ: chuckles and pushes Jenna from the stool… taking over control of the laptop once again as her pix come into view.
Jody watching the screen: Stephen…Stephen…Stephen…*sigh*…Stephen…Stephen…Oh look…it's Alex's elbow and Stephen…Stephen…
LIV: grabs the comp as multiple pix in honor of the Bellefleurs fly across the screen…
Jenna: Pfttt! *does a simultaneous eyeroll with Jody*
LIV smirks: Ahh Jody…where's your pix???
*Jody…knowing her photos were mainly of a tall Swedish guy from Sweden suspiciously YAWNS and adds a very dramatic STRETCH… "Night!" she replies and hurries up the steps to her room.
The rest of us finally hit our beds around 4:30 am. Such dedication… such loyalty… such insanity!!!
We separate the following day. A bond forever forged between us… a bond that's only gotten stronger over the past two years.
Why do we do this? Because we, like so many other fans worldwide, shared an interest. We used our skills, whatever they were, what little we may have, to make a few places on the web where others could share our interests with us! Where those fans could gather information, attend events, walk excitedly (or exhausted) back to their vehicles and gloat over the interaction they had with a celebrity (or two…or five) they admire. A place where those fans could meet, face-to-face, with friends they made on-line because they too shared a common interest.
Friends they may hold dear for a very long time…kinda like us!
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One of the biggest amounts of money you will ever have access to in your life may be the distribution from your retirement account. Understanding what you can do and should do with it are huge factors in your successful use of the retirement funds.
I retired last year. I want to share a few things that surprised me when deciding how to take my distributions.
My company retirement funds were divided into two plans. When I started at the company, they had an employee stock plan – where the company made all the contributions but they were all in shares of the company stock. About half way through my career with them, they switched over to a Profit sharing/401K plan – with the company contributing cash to a the profit sharing part, the employee contributing to the 401k part with a company match up to 3%. Not bad plans actually.
For about a decade, the company had been selling stock in the first plan and replacing it with 'diversified' funds – so that our retirement plan was not concentrated in company stock. Even during the 2008/2009 recession stock was redeemed and the proceeds placed into the 'diversified' funds. The stock price at the time was ¼ of the value it had been in 2007, so needless to say I wasn't real happy about these transactions. I wanted that stock in my control so I could manage it the way I thought best for my personal situation. The company was managing it so as to be held blameless – not necessarily for my best results!
Here are four things you should know – things that may or may not apply to you, but did happen to me. Remember that your retirement plan and plan sponsor are most likely very differnt than mine and will have their own rules, quirks and surprises. This is just what happened to me.
I got to benefit from the Net Unrealized Appreciation (NUA) rule.
There is a special tax rule (or was when I took distributions) called NUA which lets you avoid paying earned income tax rates on the net unrealized appreciation of the stock since it was placed in the plan for you. To benefit from this rule I had to take the stock as a lump sum distribution (not roll it over into an IRA). I will have to pay long term capital gains on the stock when I sell it however. After talking it over with my accountant, we decided this would save me tax money – plus it let me put the stock into a taxable brokerage account that I control. Consult an accountant if you have company stock or other company securities in your retirement plan, to see what works best for your situation.
I couldn't do a trustee to trustee rollover.
Since I have IRAs and have changed custodians on them, I am familiar with trustee to trustee rollovers – where I never touch the money or see a check. This is the easiest way to avoid a tax bite when changing custodians on your IRA.
This is what I was expecting to happen when I rolled over the 'diversified' fund part of my Employee Stock Ownership plan to an IRA, but it is not what did happen. My company insisted on sending me a check, which I then had to send along to the custodian of the new IRA I set up to handle the funds. This took a
lot of coordination, done by me, to ensure that the check was made out correctly so the custodian could accept it. As a side note, I then had to decide what to invest the 'diversified' fund money in and set up some automatic transactions to make that happen over time.
I had to cash out of the 401K to move it.
Since I was invested in mutual funds in my 401K, I had blithely assumed – pretty much since I started contributing – that I would be able to move those shares 'in kind' to another institution when I took the funds out of the 401K and put them into an IRA with another custodian. For me, this is not going
to happen.
My company's 401K custodian insists on cashing out the shares and sending along a check. They say this is because the shares are institutional and I guess you can't have institutional shares in an individual IRA. This is bad news for me, on a small scale, because I hadn't moved one of my international
funds into a money market or bond fund by the time I left work. Our asset allocation called for international components and the 401k fund was filling a lot of that allocation. So, here we are in 2011 – with the international scene in a huge down turn.
My company is refusing to pay plan sponsor fees.
The downturn wouldn't matter too much, I could just leave the 401K/Profit sharing plan with the current plan sponsor – except that the company has decided they will no longer pay the fees associated with the profit sharing piece of it. The sponsor will begin charging me one percent of the profit sharing balance each year – starting in January. Apparently – unbeknownst to me – the company I worked for had been paying this management fee the whole time – and will still pay it but only for current employees. We did get two months notice, but in this market, that really isn't enough time for my shares to recover.
So I guess my choice now is to either pay the fee or take the loss, get right back into international shares while they are still down and move the funds to my own IRA.
Get the scoop ahead of time!
If you are within a few years of retiring (or moving your money from your current plan sponsor to an IRA), read those boring plans – and not just the summary! Talk to folks who have been there in your company to see what they have encountered. Ask to see the materials that the company sends to folks eligible for retirement to see what considerations might be a surprise to you and talk to someone in your retirement department to get the low down from them ahead of time.
Did you have surprises or unanticipated complexities when taking control of your retirement plan assets? If so, please share in the comments!


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Rosa Negra
Rosa Negra engages the bass bloom and zestful clarity of Madagascar rosewood to deliver the punch and versatility found in the best flamenco negras. Rosa is as powerful and authoritative as she is beautiful.
Solid Madagascar rosewood back and sides; solid European spruce top; gloss finish; Honduras cedar neck (shallow/flat angle-to-body); Indian ebony fingerboard and bridge; bone nut and saddle; wood binding and rosette; brass machines with black accents; crystal clear golpeador (tap plate); 650 mm scale length; 52 mm neck width at nut; RC Strings; CGHC deluxe hard case included.


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Poetry Writing Prompts
Write a Diamante Poem
Show your child how to write a diamante poem, which makes use of a simple structure and results in a diamond-shaped poem.
Write a Simile Poem ... Starring Your Pet!
Give your fourth grader a head start in poetry with a simile writing activity that guides him in crafting a cute poem about the beloved family pet.
Valentine Haiku
Looking for a simple, yet unique writing activity for your child on Valentine's Day? Have her try her hand at haiku.
Make Shape Poem Greeting Cards
Help your fourth or fifth grader design and write her own innovative greeting card by formulating a poem in the shape of her favorite object of choice.
Tanka Poem
Most of us are familiar with haiku, but the tanka is an even older form of Japanese poetry. Learn to write a tanka poem with this activity.
Write a Secret Sentence Poem
Write a poem with a twist! Your child can write a poem that also has a secret sentence hidden within the words of the poem.
Write a Funny Limerick
Your fifth grade aspiring poet will be delighted to learn how to write limericks, funny poems that correspond to a simple rhyming structure.
Write an Acrostic Poem
This festive New Year activity will encourage your fifth grader to reflect on her year and express her New Year's resolutions in a creative acrostic poem.
Book Spine Poems
Let your aspiring poet use book titles to create a funky and visually-appealing masterpiece!
False Apology Poems
Tired of fake apologies? What if that insincere apology was in the form of a poem?


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Lot 817 View Catalog
Fretwork, Remember The Maine, c.1900
A remarkable Spanish-American War tribute comprised of many pieces of scroll cut wood. It is laid out in the form of a U.S. shield flanked by flags and surmounted by a spread winged eagle holding a banner that reads "Remember The Maine". At the center is the U.S. Battleship Maine. All Laid on red and blue velvet fabric. Mounted in an exceptional mahogany frame inlaid with contrasting birch. The frame has medallions along with a crest at the top and the letter "A" in the center. Circa 1900.
Work Size: 24" H x 20" L
Framed Size: 25" H x 29.25" L x .75" D
Weight: 13lbs
Condition: Excellent. Frame shows minor scratches and a few minor chips.
Meta: Maine, war, battleship, Maine, velvet
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