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January 24, 2011 - Marshall Coyle
Which Is Best : Platform Bed, Box Spring, or Foundation ?
By Marshall Coyle, the Old Bed Guy.
Individual questions can be asked , and personally answered, via the survey> CLICK HERE TO START
If whatever you have under your mattress or have seen in a store, it is only a BOX SPRING if it has springs. If it has springs , it will feel "springy". There are some hybrid bases with flexible springs in the middle third any stiff unyielding wires at the top and bottom. The made up word, "POSTURIZED" is often used in connection with mattresses or foundations that are designed for extra support or flexibility in the center third.
A traditional BOX SPRING is a soft-surfaced lightly padded box containing upholstery grade coil springs and thin smooth minimal padding. When in good condition the surface will go down slightly when weight is applied. Springs age and lose their springiness. A queen size BOX SPRING HAS 60-80 large heavy wire round coils attached to each other with flexible wire or strong upholstery twine. Better quality designs have a thin strong insulation on top of the springs and a layer of firm cotton felt directly under the top fabric. Some lightweight hybrid waterbed mattresses may be used on a FOUNDATION but are safer directly on a floor.
ALL REVERSIBLE TWO-SIDED INNERSPRING MATTRESSES should be used on a BOX SPRING. They lose much of their life expectancy an at least half of their potential comfort when used on a PLATFORM BED, or a FOUNDATION.
NEVER-FLIP ONE SIDED INNERSPRING OR FOAM MATTRESSES should always be used on a FOUNDATION or a PLATFORM BED. They are not designed for use on a flexible base and may fail prematurely.
A new genuine spring filled box spring is a genuine rarity in today's mattress market. I would estimate that 99.9% of all upholstered boxes found under a new mattress are some form of foundation. This is not a bad thing unless the mattress is old style two sided innerspring. Old style innerspring mattresses rely on the spring action of a genuine box spring to supply the desired comfort and durability. The upper and lower unit work in a silent partnership. Sometimes, BOX SPRINGS, are not so silent. When they were popular, better box springs were made with cloth strips between the metal coils and the wood slats that they were attached to. A coil would move along with the sleeper's motion and rub against wood making the traditional squeak that people under sixty have probably never heard.
If you purchase a new one-side innerspring mattress with the intent of using it on your old box spring, it is a false economy. You are not only shortening the comfort life of the mattress, but you are taking away much of the comfort designed into it. One sided mattresses are not just mattresses with half of the filling omitted. I am, and now you should be, aware that it is possible to buy just such a mattress if you deal with one of the minority of bad actors waiting to take your money under false pretenses. If you have the strength to read this blog and also study the available material at Consumer Reports, you probably will end up with a good mattress at a good price. And, you will now what to look for when you shop. Consumer Reports even has a chart with ratings for mattress sellers as well as mattresses. When you take advice from almost any internet review site other than Consumer Reports, you have the very real risk of getting a mattress because the maker owns the site or pays a commission to recommend it.
If you did buy a one sided mattress and are using it on an old box spring, the best way to get the sleep you paid for is to convert the box spring into a sort of a platform bed. Measure the length and width of your old box spring and buy half inch or thicker, smooth one side, softwood plywood to place between the box spring and the mattress. It is fine if you use three pieces equally divided or one long piece and one short piece. If your lumberyard offers you some other board other than plywood, politely decline. Only plywood is strong and durable enough. More than 3/4″ thick is a waste of money.
There is a third type of under-mattress box shaped like a box spring now finding its way into the market. It is a foundation with wood slats across the top instead of the base. It is actually an upside down cheap foundation. No one, to my knowledge has found a less costly way to make a foundation. This is not a good thing. The individual slats are invariably made with the cheapest available softwood, thinner than desirable, sometimes covered with a sheet of heavy new or re-used cardboard. A store that lacks the experience or the integrity that should keep this junk out of their store or website does not deserve any of your business.
Fortunately few buyers will ever have to decide between a foundation and box spring as box springs are high on the endangered species list. No major mattress maker and certainly none that begin with "S" still offer old-style box springs. It is a fact, not a supposition, virtually all mattress makers that sell foundations do not make them themselves. Leggett and Platt, the major resource for all things good and otherwise that fill and cover a mattress will and do sell everything from pre-cut wood for the platform base, to complete uncovered foundations made with a variety of formed and bent indurated heavy wire with little or no flexibility replacing the coil springs of old. It costs makers like Simmons, Sealy, Serta, and almost 600 others no more to buy the ready-to-cover foundation than to pay workers in their factories.
Then the fun starts. Since the products offered by almost every maker in the store, even in sleep shops with a dozen brands, are all virtually identical, each brand pays wordsmiths to come up with countless phrases and sentences. You can change brand names around but they are all selling peas in a pod. These foundations are strong, durable, and perform the job expected of them. Minor variations that cost pennies to the maker can sometimes cost several hundred dollars to the under informed shopper.
When you see a box spring advertised, or demonstrated by a retail chain "sleep expert", more than likely it is a foundation with no springs. These are rigid boxes 4-16" thick designed to fit on a metal bed frame under a mattress to provide support and distance from the floor. Foundations can and be made in many ways and some are superficially better than some others, but they all have a slatted bottom base, a smooth hard top, and something to full the space between top and bottom . Most frequently used are toughened rigid formed steel rods that are bent to provide a flat surface on top. Leggett and Platt is not the only supplier, but the minor ones mirror the L&P technology.
Essentially, a well made foundation mirrors the sleep and support benefits of a platform bed. It will provide smooth, durable, strong, and predictable support. The quality of sleep comes 99% from the mattress and 1% from the platform or foundation. Aside from aesthetics, there is no reason not to just put your new one sided mattress on your floor, carpeted or otherwise, and get the same quality sleep as you would get with the factory foundation. Actually, the feel is improved by a padded carpet to the point of being better than most platform beds or any "foundation". A tiny number of platform bed makers lightly pad their platforms for added comfort. Ligne Roset, Flou, and Charles P. Rogers are the most significant. You still benefit from using a purpose designed and built platform mattress
Please be aware that all of the above advice assumes that you have or will buy a one-sided mattress. A few mattress makers still make reversible, two sided models. These were designed for use on flexible springs, open coil and box. Most are either very inexpensive or very very expensive. Nothing in the middle. Nothing. The inexpensive come from tiny local factories and mattress renovators. Depending on whether the mattress is all new or has partially reused parts, such a mattress and foundation can be as cheap as three hundred dollars, rarely a bit more. The other side of the spectrum are two wonderful mattress makers. One on each coast. McCroskey in the SF area and Shifman in the NYC area. Mostly thick, thicker, and too thick, all reversible and inner or outer tufted. McCroskey even makes their own vintage style innerspring units, and both make some coil box springs. Both still make the best mattress you could buy in 1951, the year I went into business. Shifman was the best mattress in my store in the fifties and we slept on one for a while until we made what was going to become a permanent fact: we started sleeping on naturally cool latex and never went back. Latex mattresses from about 1930-2,000 were as good as one could get as they almost all came with a coil box spring. Now, the hybrid innerspring with all latex has replaced the all-latex on a box spring. A wonderful benefit for consumers.
In the post WW2 years, hard mattresses were considered the best and healthiest. Maybe someday "hard" will again become popular. However, they virtually disappeared when the competition started using new padding material and more flexible innersprings to make far more comfortable mattresses. Both firms still use large, heavy gauge coils, and layers of felted cotton for the core of their beds. Some concessions to comfort have been added, usually in the form of pillow tops, but they can't compete with good pocketed coils and natural latex and other healthy foams.
SO WHICH SHOULD YOU CHOOSE? Sorry, but you really don't have the luxury of choice with only minor exceptions. You are going to get a FOUNDATION. You have to be very patient and energetic to find a real coil box spring. If you seek a coil box spring, I mention a few sources in the previous paragraph. There are others that I can supply if you request by email. I am building a list and will publish it, but for now you have to write to me. Another excellent choice is to get a well built platform bed.
If you get either a new platform bed, or foundation, and you get a mattress properly designed for a solid base support, you can find your perfect bed. I know of no current mattress thicker than sixteen inches from upper to lower binding that will have the comfort life expectancy of a normally obese purpose built platform mattress. You should only buy a box spring if your new mattress is reversible. Shifman, Marshall, Hastens, McCroskey, EJ Kluft, and other makers of replica post-WW2 mattresses are major players. If the maker claims that their mattress is platform-ready then you know it will do fine on a foundation or a platform bed, and even better if the platform bed has a solid top.
When we bought our own latex hybrid, we also ordered a platform bed with a solid, lightly padded, deck, instead of a foundation and a metal bed frame. Why? A bed like this http://goo.gl/itqaX completely steady. All foundations or box springs on metal bed frames tend to move a bit when you do. We were getting a mattress with intelligently assembled individual coil springs that prevents "motion transfer". Even with such a good mattress, if what is underneath can jiggle, then no matter how well the mattress is designed and built, the bed still shakes when one of us moves. An added bonus was finding some needed storage space. This bed has inconspicuous space for four large plastic boxes from Bed Bath and Behind.
Remember, do not use any innerspring mattress on any platform bed with wooden slats for the top support, EXCEPT, if the space between the slats is 2.75″ or less. You would be surprised to see how quickly the mattress fails if the airspace between the slats is greater. And do not use a solid foam of any kind on anything except an almost unobtainable box spring unless you do not mind missing out on at least half of the comfort that the nice cushy mattress could give you. Of course, you could always do beter for yourself and not buy anything other than a hybrid and get the best of both possible worlds.
Marshall Coyle, The Old Bed Guy –
Have you heard of Carolina beds? It's made of a combination of latex & memory foams and springs. It has a breathable top fabric bamboo fibers. Warranty is 15 years. Any info would be great .
Don't ever buy a bed from Carolina Mattress Guild. Our was misrepresented by the store (Mattress Capital in Raleigh NC), was way overpriced, and had a 1.5 inch sag within the first week! I'm on this page because I'm trying to replace their junk foundation that they sell with their beds because it creaks very loudly every time I get off the bed.
I am currently shopping for a new mattress set and have narrowed it down to two
which both seem very comfortable in the showroom. Either the Charles P. Rogers
Powercore Estate 5000 or a Bloomingdales Shifman Original Firm which I found at
a great price. I am have some low back issues and a back/ side sleeper. Help I can't decide?
One more thing…I sleep well on my back and would never consider torturing myself
with a tennis ball! something much better is a body pillow.
Hello, Thank you for a very helpful blog. What is your recomendation for a less than 12 inch mattress thickness which is one sided (for platform bed). Challenge is finding a good quality mattress that is not so deep and thick.
Lastly, what are your thoughts about the firm mattresses made by Room and Board or BoConcept which are meant for platform beds they sell?
Are there any good reasons to buy a metal frame? If so, what are they?
Are there any good reasons to buy a (hard) foundation? If so, what are they?
I gather two-sided mattresses work best when on a spring mattress (as opposed to the floor or a platform bed).
I can think of one good reason for both–they both constitute one way to make the top of the bed higher from the ground–which for some people may be a good thing. It would be one reason to opt for a platform bed instead too. Possible reason #2. I suppose a frame gives bugs fewer places from which to move from the floor on which they are walking onto the bed. (Also, a foundation would give bugs further to walk to get to where the people sleep).
Relatedly, is "foundation" a genus of which hard foundations and box springs are two genera (with adjustable bases a possible third), or is a box spring not a kind of foundation (this is a terminological question)? I've been in the habit of using the word 'foundation' to cover both, pointing out that single-sided mattresses should not be used with box springs.
It would seem that you, at least, use "base" as the genus term, such that box springs and "foundations' are two species of bases. But I see that Leggett and Platt use "box springs" to refer to solid bases, aka, foundations: http://www.beddingcomponents.com/boxsprings.asp.
You would think they would be terminologically more careful.
Adjustable bases replace both bases and frames. So perhaps, it is not good to treat adjustable bases as a third species of base. They are more accurately, adjustable base-frames.
I love my platform bed. I've never gone back to the old box spring of my childhood. There's really no need for them. If you're worried about platform beds being stiff, take advice from a soft sleeper, it's really not that big of a difference. It ultimately depends on your mattress. Here's some tips you should look at:
Get a platform bed. You won't look back!
(I have deleted a link to the platform bed seller, Cheryl Khan)
To all the nice people out there who sell bed products, please don't foul up one of the two or three review sites on the net that do not accept pay for praise. Marshall Coyle )
What a great blog! Thx for taking the time to educate us all! I recently purchased a storage bed. my traditional boxspring made it way too high so I got rid of it. Now my back is suffering. I just moved and am on a budget so I won't be investing in a good mattress for another year of so. In the meantime, I've heard people say to try either: putting a piece of plywood under the mattress, buying a bunky board (2 in) or low profile box spring (5 in). The bunky board would be a good size since it looks like the bed looks best the way it is now without the additional height. There is nothing solid under the mattress now, it's about 5 slats, which I think are causing the problem with support. Your suggestion for a temporary (1-2 year fix)?
Hi Marshall – thank you for your time and expertise! I have a fast question: I'm looking at a latex/foam mattress from Lucid. Its a 9″ inch thick mattress with a 3″ natural latex comfort layer and a 7″ high-density polyurethane foam support base. They say use of a platform or box spring will void the warranty. Why do you think that is? Are they meant to be put on the floor only? Thanks for your help! Becky
Hi Marshall,
I'm so glad to find your page when I was out of ideas on what to do!!
Long story short, I bought a platform bed online for a new mattress. The package came but without nuts/washer and one of the leg was bent. I have no time to wait for the parts to be resent/replaced as my guest arrives in two days and I need something quick and easy. (easy because I'm a DIY idiot…sadly) I have an old box spring so i thought I'd do what you suggested and place a 1/2″ plywood between the new mattress and old box spring. I went to Homdepot but they said they can't cut it as one big piece. Your Blog mentioned multiple piece is workable. So, here comes my stupid question. Do I nee to find a way to "join" the plywood together if I get 3 pieces (running in the width direction)? Will them slid/move around if it is not one big piece? Truthfully, I don't know how to "join" them together. The gentleman from Homedepot suggest a mending plate that has teeth so I can just hammer it along the seam of plywood plates. (I guess that side would be facing down, towards the box, in this case) But that way, ultimately the mending plate would bend/deform along the seam of the plywood?
Thank you very much for your help.
Dear Mr. Coyle,
We are currently looking for a new mattress and are literally at our wits end trying to find a quality queen
flip/double-side inner coil mattress for under $1,000. We live in Southern California and every place we have looked don't even carry double-sided mattresses. Any suggestions? Also, can we use a platform base for our new mattress, or should we be using a box spring, or can we put our new mattress on top of our old mattress (which is also a flip, double-sided mattress that is only four years old, but not as firm as we would like — we bought new from my brother who was transferred overseas just weeks after he purchased).
Many thanks for your response and your most valued opinion and assistance.
Just purchased a king mattress and was wondering if I can do a sort of DIY platform bed using a metal bed frame and purchasing some wood from Lowes cut to the width of the frame to use as "slats" (maybe 1×6 boards). Would that be sufficient if we used about 10 of them?
Thanks for the best mattress information I have encountered. It is obvious that you are both honest and expert. Here is a bed height problem that I hope you can help solve. We have a Sealy latex king mattress (11 inches high) and Twin XL foundations (9.5 inches high) on a K52RS standard steel frame (7.25 inches high). Altogether, the bed is 27.25 inches high. I have two medical problems requiring me to simultaneously get the whole bed as close to the floor as possible, and also to raise the head above the feet by 7 inches (which precludes simply putting the mattress on the floor). The head of the frame is already up on 7-inch blocks; the question is how to lower the total height while keeping the very heavy latex mattress supported properly without needing another mortgage. After hours of reading, I have narrowed the solution down to the following choices: 1) Replace the standard frame with a low-profile version to save 3 inches and replace the two Twin XL foundations with low-profile models to save 4 inches so that the total height (not counting the blocks) will be 21 inches. 2) Replace the frame with a low-profile version to save 3 inches and replace the two Twin XL foundations with 1 x 6 wood slats (like those suggested by "becs" on February 15) so that the total height (not counting the blocks) will be about 17.5 inches. 3) Replace the frame with a low-profile version to save 3 inches and replace the two Twin XL foundations with Twin XL bunkie boards so that the total height (not counting the blocks) will be about 18.5 inches. Based on what I have learned from you already, the first solution will support the mattress enough, but will either of the other two do so? If either of the other two will work, I will both save money and get the bed closer to the floor. Can you suggest any other alternatives? Thanks very much.
Greets Marshall,
I purchased this queen sized metal bed frame from Amazon: http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00R6OXJWE/
I plan on putting a memory foam mattress on it. The frame has 9 feet, which I read is good, but the spaces between the metal bars is too far for a foam mattress to sit nicely. I plan on getting some 3/4″ plywood to place on it (two 30″x80″ pieces I think, unless you have a better thought?). Do you think that will be a nice solution for this frame? Also, I've read that placing foam mattresses on plywood can lead to possible mold on the bottom, since moisture has no way of escaping. In your experience, is that a concern? Would drilling 1″ holes in the plywood somehow help with airflow? I also thought I may cover the plywood with some sort of canvas fabric, if I'm feeling spunky.
Any thoughts would be appreciated. Thanks in advance!
We are looking for a bed without flame retardants and toxic materials. We are looking at an Essentia bed. With our doctor prescription, we can get the bed made without the kevlar barrier to eliminate the fire retardant. Do you think this is a good choice for a non toxic bed? Also…..unfortunately, this company does not make a base or foundation for their beds because they are encouraging their customers to use a platform bed. We do not have one and want to know what we should put under this bed. Presently, we have a traditional king size head board and foot board held together by a metal frame where the traditional box frame sits. What about a STL frame? Maybe a bunkie board on top of that? Should we be concerned about the EMFs associated with the metal in the STL bed frame foundation? We need advice! Thank you!!!!!!!!! Margo
Dear Marshall,
I am so delighted to have found your site. From what I have read it appears to be very informative…My questions are: I have a very solid platform bed, I was wondering if there is an adjustable mattress that can be utilized on this platform? I have physical problems, back, nerve damage in leg. I think I prefer a firmer matress with a softer top? What mattress would you suggest (if adjustable would be available/or another mattress suggestion)? I do not like any mattress that will hold heat….
Thank you,
I just purchased a double sided innerspring mattress. Didn't know it was double sided. Should I buy a box spring?
This new mattress cost me $2500…. Don't want to ruin it with a slatted platform bed.
It's a Organic Cotton RoyalPedic mattress (the one that requires a dr. note). And yes, it's super hard.
My previous mattress was a double sided pillowtop mattress. That one was awesome.
I think I am going to purchase the matching box spring from Royal Pedics.
Dear Mr. Coyle,
We currently have a Sleep Number bed, horrible bed, but that's another story. We are considering buying a Simmons Beautyrest Recharge World Class Henderson Bay or Ultra St. Caroline. Both have 1000 density pocketed coil technology, one has 14 gauge steel wire and the other has 15 gauge. Both seem to be very comfortable. We have been waking up daily with backaches. on our sleep number bed, no matter how we adjusted it. We even tried a foam layer on top, still backaches. We recently vacationed at a very nice hotel that used this BeautyRest Recharge mattress. We did not have any backache for a whole week! My question is two-fold. One, what is your opinion on this kind of mattress, and two could we use the sleep number platform as the foundation or use the foundation that comes with the set? Thank you for your opinion.
Kimberly A. Mendoza
Havebyounever heard of the Bed In A Box? It has excellent reviews. J
I first would like to say Thanks! I've learned so much about your website. Second, and I know this is a couple of months late, but in answer to Christina's question from February, there is a custom mattress place in Seguin (close to San Antonio) that makes mattresses for antique beds, and another place in New Ulm (in between San Antonio and Houston) that makes them as well. Now, onto my question…
We have a king-size platform bed with slats, I believe to be approx 2.5 inches apart measuring with my fingers, with a middle support beam and legs running from head to foot. Our current mattress (some one-sided bamboo something that's about 5 years old) is starting to sag on either side where we sleep with a rise in the middle. Would this peak/valley problem be caused by a poorly constructed mattress or poorly constructed platform bed? I want to replace the mattress at some point in the near future, but I don't want to keep the bed if it's shortening the life of the mattresses because the slats possibly don't provide enough support for the weight and eventual toll of gravity. Any advice would be appreciated. Thanks for sharing your wisdom to those of us just looking for a better night's sleep without all the sales pitches!
Dear Mr. Coyle, I hope you continue your way to a speedy recovery and are feeling much better each day! Thanks for sharing all of your wisdom!
I've read through most of your blogs, conducted the survey and emailed you. I only say all of this so that you know I'm not just posting something. I fully realize you have so many folks contacting you and that you've had a rough month with excessive amounts of surveys followed by the fall!!! I'm just posting here in case it's easier for you/helps someone else out in the future with a similar question (and hence less emails/surveys for you
Would you find it suitable to take a California King bed (specifically, the Macy's Victoria, can be seen online), and place 3/4 inch plywood onto the slats to provide an adequate foundation for a Powercore Estate mattress (9000)? This would of course be done by following your guidance of placing the plywood smooth side down onto the slats (or personally upholstering the plywood pieces). If the bed has more than 3 slats, I would remove all but three and in the configuration you mentioned to Diane in her post above (September 14th/16th 2014). Was that only suitable for a temporary fix (Diane's situation)? I realize she was trying to do something for 1-2 years until she was able to buy a new mattress. Would this be ok for a new bed and new mattress?
I could purchase the accompanying foundation , but I would be out an additional $528 (after discounts), and even the low profile of 5 inches creates a whopping 20.5 inches in combination with the mattress–and would stick up past the space in the Macy's headboard where the tufted upholstered design begins (unfortunately does not have the tufting all the way down, but rather has about a 15-16 inch space to slide mattress/foundation if trying for pure aesthetic appeal).
I would very much like to just purchase Charles P Rogers' Hampton platform bed, but then I would be striving to stop the Macy's order and would be out an additional $3-400 as well (the Macy's Victoria was purchased for about $1,128 after discounts, the Hampton will be about $1,600 after discounts I believe). Plus, the Charles P Rogers Hampton bed is not available in a California King for another 8-12 weeks–confirmed with their reps over the phone! I'm a tall guy, so I was looking forward to the length of a Cal King.
The plywood option (if an option in your opinion) would save a chunk of change, especially since we're going over budget a bit to get the right mattress (Powercore Estate 9000).
Thanks again for all of your help!
My husband and I could really use some advice. We have a steel frame which is high from the ground and put a mattress on top of it. (See http://www.walmart.com/ip/15739166?wmlspartner=wlpa&adid=22222222227001329410&wl0=&wl1=g&wl2=c&wl3=40844529752&wl4=&wl5=pla&wl6=78657248432&veh=sem)
I have an innerspring mattress from Ikea that I have loved in the past, but now that we bought a king, it's terrible. We are not sure if it's the mattress or frame.
What do you think of the frame? Is it something we should return and start over?
Thank you in advance for advice! We are at our wits end, I'm 6 months pregnant and sleep has become a thing of the past!
I must say this website is awesome. I filled out your questionnaire seeking for assistance to replace a really bad 7 month old on a Christeli mattress that has messed up my back pretty bad and my wife is not too happy herself. Currently sleeping on the floor since it's the only thing that brings relief to my back pain other than this wack mattress. I'm awaiting your recommendation on the mattress I should get but wanted to ask if an Ikea king size platform bed with slats that go from the middle of the bed to each side and not side to side is good enough foundation, or if I should replace those little Ikea slats with a thick plywood board for support or perhaps just throw it on top of the slats. Great site I feel like I found a savior in this mess and your knowledge is incredible and really appreciated by a lot of people as I can see. Me included.
Mr. Coyle,
We have what is now an "old" queen Serta Perfectsleeper hybrid w/box spring circa 2006: a "Scarborough" for what that's worth. Loved the bed: supportive but soft. When seeking a king last year, we bought a Serta iSeries vantage firm. It definitely felt different in the store. At home, it is not supportive at all, just mashed down to a hard rock (sagging firm vs. supportive firm). When I found out the it was a foundation, I did a test and swapped it out for the 'old'/queen box spring. Maybe placebo, but it was a lot more comfortable. I returned the "foundation" for the king. I called Leggett and Platt directly: they recommended 9.5 gauge/ 80+ (?? can't recall) count coil box spring. I called some manufacturers. They want to charge $500+ for two twins (sometimes with shipping). I have been searching Craigslist for old box springs. And I do see some. Most recently a Stearns Foster from 2000 (serial number 693234 to be exact). Others seem to have "weblock" linking system. In general: just seeking your input on my pursuit. When exactly did coil box springs stop? Thank you!
Dear Mr. Coyle,
Wonderful website – thank you for all your work! I'm a senior on mental overload with all this great information and apologize if I've missed understanding the answer I was looking for. I don't need counsel on a mattress, as I've already bought one. It's the box spring I need clarification about. I've let my old mattress go but kept the "vintage" box springs, and now not sure if I should have. I'm replacing a wonderful old style Simmons BeautyRest which I loved and turned faithfully for 15 years, but gave today to Salvation Army for recycling. Of course age has taken its toll on both myself and the BeautyRest. Decided to go back to the comfort of our first natural latex beds in the 60's & 70's. So I've purchased online a Dunlop, Medium, with 2 " top layer, Soft, which is not meant to be turned. Delivery expected tomorrow. Now on my box spring I can see and feel the strong wires under a thin top fabric. Don't know if the latex mattress should go on top with or without a board of some kind, or not at all. I have some thin foam "egg crate" that I can cut to fit if that would help somewhat. The company does not sell foundations and had advised that many customers do use platforms or their old foundation. But until my mattress was gone, I had not realized this one might not be suitable. What is your opinion?
Hello again, Mr. Coyle – Thank you for your response. I always appreciate it when answers are not cut & dried, and show the kind of personal interest and caring that you give in replying to us. I've absorbed almost everything on all the different topics here and enjoyed the read . . . very much appreciate you, your mission, humor, and writing style.
I did indeed know that natural foam should not go on a platform, that's why I kept my old Beautyrest box spring for use with the new mattress, even though the latex company said any kind could be used. Just had those second thoughts when I could see the top surface was not smooth, and could see and feel the springs. If the mattress turns out as comfortable as I believe it will be, I think first I'll improvise to make the surface a little more smooth or cushioned and give it a try. If not, I can have our locally owned and operated business, make me a proper box spring. That's where our first latex mattresses came from, and where last year I bought a twin size (med) Talalay (with box spring) for my guest bedroom. I didn't go into all this in my first query, of course. I slept on that for a long time trying to decide on which firmness for replacing my own queen bed. Even though very good, it was not quite right for me now, but "firm" wasn't either. The young proprietor said he thought it might have been the Dunlop that was sold by his grandfather back when we first bought in 1961/62.
Yes, trying to become "my own expert" as you suspected, I have considered the differences in ILD of both latex types and my own frame now, plus fibromyalgia needs, and came up with a guess that I'm hoping will be "just right." If not, that's life. Thanks for "listening" and best wishes to you and your family!
Thank you for the wonderful blog. I have an unusual situation.
We have a wood frame king size bed.
A furniture maker took our set of antique twin beds and expertly joined the headboards and foot-boards to create a king size. (See photos)
We retained the four metal (Hollywood) frame rails (two for each previous twin) and the two twin sized box springs to form the "foundation". Because the maximum height of box spring/mattress cannot exceed 14-15 inches without sitting higher than the foot-board level we put a king sized Ohio-Sealy brand mattress ( innerspring I believe – see tag photo) on top of the two twin sized box springs.
The box springs and mattress are each about the same thickness of +/- 7 inches making a 14 inch total thickness. I believe we purchased the mattress in 1988 although the tag says 1986).
The overall design/look was excellent and has been reasonably comfortable including a thick cotton mattress cover ( maybe ½ or so inch thick).
Now we would like to get a more plush/pillow-top feel of some comfortable beds we have experienced in hotels but are unsure of what to change. We recognize that the existing mattress is 18 years old.
1 – Should we try a high quality latex "topper" with the existing old BS/Mattress or:
2 – Replace the BS/Mattress with a one sided 14 inch mattress only
3 – replace the box springs with some different type of foundation with a newer mattress on top?
If you have a different suggestion that would be appreciated also. We of course would like to maintain the total thickness as close to 14 inches as possible to retain the aesthetic of having the bed nearly level with the top of the foot-board.
I have several photos to show the design, BS and mattress thickness and quality, etc. but will need your email address to send to you.
Thank you in advance.
Houston, Tx.
Thank you for the wonderful blog. I have an unusual situation.
We have a wood frame king size bed.
A furniture maker took our set of antique twin beds and expertly joined the headboards and foot-boards to create a king size. (See photos)
We retained the four metal (Hollywood) frame rails (two for each previous twin) and the two twin sized box springs to form the "foundation". Because the maximum height of box spring/mattress cannot exceed 14-15 inches without sitting higher than the foot-board level we put a king sized Ohio-Sealy brand mattress ( innerspring I believe – see tag photo) on top of the two twin sized box springs.
The box springs and mattress are each about the same thickness of +/- 7 inches making a 14 inch total thickness. I believe we purchased the mattress in 1988 although the tag says 1986).
The overall design/look was excellent and has been reasonably comfortable including a thick cotton mattress cover ( maybe ½ or so inch thick).
Now we would like to get a more plush/pillow-top feel of some comfortable beds we have experienced in hotels but are unsure of what to change. We recognize that the existing mattress is 18 years old.
1 – Should we try a high quality latex "topper" with the existing old BS/Mattress
2 – Replace the BS/Mattress with a one sided 14 inch mattress only
3 – replace the box springs with some different type of foundation with a newer mattress on top?
If you have a different suggestion that would be appreciated also. We of course would like to maintain the total thickness as close to 14 inches as possible to retain the aesthetic of having the bed nearly level with the top of the foot-board.
I have several photos to show the design, BS and mattress thickness and quality, etc. but will need your email address to send to you.
Thank you in advance.
Houston, Tx.


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The governments signatory hereto, being members of the Council of Europe,
Considering that the aim of the Council of Europe is to achieve a greater unity between its members;
Considering that it is important in the interests of European cultural and economic unity that programmes may be exchanged by means of television films between the member countries of the Council of Europe as freely as possible;
Considering that national legislations allow different conclusions as regards the legal nature of television films and as regards the rights which they grant in respect of such films;
Considering that it is necessary to resolve the difficulties arising from this situation;
Having regard to Article 20 of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, by the terms of which the governments of the countries of the Union reserve to themselves the right to enter into special arrangements which do not embody stipulations contrary to that Convention,
Have agreed as follows:
In the absence of any contrary or special stipulation within the meaning of Article 4 of the present Agreement, a broadcasting organisation under the jurisdiction of a country which is a Party to this Agreement has the right to authorise in the other countries which are Parties thereto the exploitation for television of television films of which it is the maker.
- All visual or sound and visual recordings intended for television shall be deemed to be television films within the meaning of the present Agreement.
- A broadcasting organisation shall be deemed to be the maker if it has taken the initiative in, and responsibility for, the making of a television film.
- If the television film has been made by a maker other than the one defined in Article 2, paragraph 2, the latter is entitled, in the absence of contrary or special stipulations within the meaning of Article 4, to transfer to a broadcasting organisation the right provided in Article 1.
- The provision contained in the preceding paragraph applies only if the maker and the broadcasting organisation are under the jurisdiction of countries which are Parties to the present Agreement.
By "contrary or special stipulation" is meant any restrictive condition agreed between the maker and persons who contribute to the making of the television film.
This Agreement shall not affect the following rights, which shall be entirely reserved:
- any moral right recognised in relation to films;
- the copyright in literary, dramatic or artistic works from which the television film is derived;
- the copyright in a musical work, with or without words, accompanying a television film;
- the copyright in films other than television films;
- the copyright in the exploitation of television films otherwise than on television.
- This Agreement shall be open to signature by the members of the Council of Europe, who may accede to it either by:
- signature without reservation in respect of ratification; or
- signature with reservation in respect of ratification, followed by the deposit of an instrument of ratification.
- Instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Secretary General of the Council of Europe.
- This Agreement shall enter into force thirty days after the date on which three members of the Council shall, in accordance with Article 6 thereof, have signed it without reservation in respect of ratification or shall have ratified it.
- In the case of any member of the Council who shall subsequently sign the Agreement without reservation in respect of ratification or who shall ratify it, the Agreement shall enter into force thirty days after the date of such signature or deposit of the instrument of ratification.
- After this Agreement has come into force, any country which is not a member of the Council of Europe may accede to it, subject to the prior approval of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe.
- Such accession shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument of accession with the Secretary General of the Council of Europe, and shall take effect thirty days after the date of deposit.
Signature without reservation in respect of ratification, ratification or accession shall imply full acceptance of all the provisions of this Agreement.
The Secretary General of the Council of Europe shall notify members of the Council, the governments of any countries which may have acceded to this Agreement and the Director of the Bureau of the International Union for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works:
- of the date of entry into force of this Agreement and the names of any members of the Council which have become Parties thereto;
- of the deposit of any instruments of accession in accordance with Article 8 of the present Agreement;
- of any declaration or notification received in accordance with Articles 11 and 12 thereof.
- This Agreement shall apply to the metropolitan territories of the Contracting Parties.
- Any Contracting Party may, at the time of signature, ratification or accession, or at any later date, declare by notice addressed to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe that this Agreement shall apply to any territory or territories mentioned in the said declaration and for whose international relations it is responsible.
- Any declaration made in accordance with the preceding paragraph may, in respect of any territory mentioned in such a declaration, be withdrawn under the conditions laid down in Article 12 of this Agreement.
- This Agreement shall remain in force for an unlimited period.
- Any Contracting Party may denounce this Agreement at one year's notice by notification to this effect to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe.
In witness whereof, the undersigned, being duly authorised thereto, have signed this Agreement.
Done at Paris, this 15th day of December 1958, in English and French, both texts being equally authoritative, in a single copy, which shall remain in the archives of the Council of Europe and of which the Secretary General shall send certified copies to each of the signatory and acceding governments and to the Director of the International Bureau for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works.
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Feeding boards at a slight angle not only reduces surface chip-out, but also helps limit any snipe to one corner. You can also feed a board at a sharp angle; then straighten it somewhat after a couple of seconds. This only works, however, on benchtop planers with rubber feed rollers. Stationary models with steel rollers will not allow you to straighten a board once it starts feeding.


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May 24, 2016
The forecast team at Colorado State University, including Dr. William Gray, expect an above-average end to the hurricane season.
The Atlantic Basin -- which includes the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico -- has produced 13 named storms, 4 hurricanes and 2 major hurricanes so far this season. The average for an entire hurricane season is about 10 named storms, 6 hurricanes and 2 major hurricanes.
Dr. Gray's group expects 4 additional named storms to form in the months of October and November 2007. Of those 4 storms, 2 are predicted to reach hurricane intensity.
While meteorologists say it's impossible to predict where these storms may go, the La Nina phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean is expected to reduce vertical wind shear through the end of this hurricane season. Strong vertical wind shear disrupts hurricane formation.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or email@example.com.


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Crush injury
A crush injury occurs when force or pressure is put on a body part. This type of injury most often happens when part of the body is squeezed between two heavy objects.
Damage related to crush injuries include:
- Bleeding
- Bruising
- Compartment syndrome (increased pressure in an arm or leg that causes serious muscle, nerve, blood vessel, and tissue damage)
- Fracture
- Laceration (open wound)
- Nerve injury
- Secondary infection
- Smashed fingers
- Wounds
First Aid
Steps for first aid treatment of a crush injury are:
- Stop bleeding by applying direct pressure.
- Cover the area with a wet cloth or bandage, then raise the area above the level of the heart, if possible.
- If there is suspicion of a head, neck or spinal injury, immobilize those areas if possible and then limit movement to only the crushed area.
- Call your local emergency number (such as 911) or local hospital for further advice.
Crush injuries usually require emergency department evaluation. Surgery may be needed to correct and treat the problem fully.
Klimke A, Furin M. Prehospital immobilization. In: Roberts JR, Hedges JR, eds. Clinical Procedures in Emergency Medicine. 6th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2014:chap 46.
Review Date:
Reviewed By: Jacob L. Heller, MD, MHA, Emergency Medicine, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Bethanne Black, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997- A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.


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The Oklahoma City Thunder are just 8-8 straight up and 6-9-1 against the spread versus the Memphis Grizzlies the past two seasons. That stretch includes Memphis' 4-1 series romp in last season's second round of the playoffs.
Yet, the Thunder are -360 favorites to win their first-round series over the Grizzlies. Russell Westbrook is the biggest reason why.
Game 1 tips at 9:30 p.m. ET, Saturday on ESPN, capping a four-game slate of NBA playoff action.
Line: OKC -7, 192.5
Oklahoma City's dynamic point guard missed last season's playoff series with the Grizzlies and played in only two of four meetings against them this season. The Thunder won both of those games by an average score of 114.5-103.5, with Westbrook averaging 24.5 points and 7.5 assists.
Only one game in the last nine meetings between OKC and Memphis has been decided by more than seven points. Dating back through last season's playoff series, the defensive-minded Grizzlies are 6-2-1 ATS vs. the Thunder. Memphis scrapped its way to the seventh seed behind first-year coach David Joerger.
Notable: Kevin Durant averaged 30.8 points in four games against Memphis this season. Memphis PG Mike Conley tweaked his hamstring in Monday's win over the Mavericks. His status should be monitored. … Oklahoma City has a significant advantage at the foul line, where it shoots 80.6 percent, compared to Memphis' 74.1 percent. But the Grizzlies are one of the best at not fouling. They commit an average of only 19.1 fouls per game.
The Linemakers' lean: The Grizzlies have momentum coming into this series, as they've won five-straight playoff-like, do-or-die type of games, including over Miami, Phoenix and Dallas. Memphis has given OKC fits over the last two seasons, making the points here awfully enticing. We'll also make a correlation play on the OVER.
More NBA from The Linemakers: Series prices, predictions | Odds to win title
Brooklyn Nets at Toronto Raptors (-2, 194), 12:30 p.m., ESPN
The Nets' veteran-laden lineup has played approximately 10 times more post-season minutes than the Raptors' rotation (h/t National Post). That playoff experience is the No. 1 reason why the Nets are the only lower seed to be favorites in a first-round series. The Nets are underdogs in Saturday's Game 1, though.
The youthful Raptors have thrived off an enthusiastic home atmosphere this season, going 26-15 straight-up and 21-18-2 ATS in Air Canada Centre. It should be raucous on Saturday.
The two teams split their four games, three of which were decided by four points or less, with only Toronto's 96-80 home win on Jan. 11 getting out of hand. The games averaged 195.75 points. The average total was 191.87.
Toronto point guard Kyle Lowry averaged 22.0 points and 6.0 assists against the Nets this season.
Notable: Brooklyn is 14-18 ATS as an underdog this season. … The Raptors failed to cover the spread in six of their last seven games. … Seven of Toronto's final eight games went OVER the total.
The Linemakers' lean: We're taking a shot with the Raptors, who come in playing extremely well, winning nine of their last 11 games. They haven't been covering many spreads as their rating has spiked, but the number here is low enough where a win should equal a cash.
Golden State Warriors at Los Angeles Clippers (-7, 210.5), 3:30 p.m. ET, ABC
The Warriors went 11-4 SU, 9-3-1 ATS in the 15 games center Andrew Bogut missed this season. Keeping that up against the Clippers' dynamic frontcourt is a gigantic task. Bogut is out indefinitely with a fractured rib.
The two teams spit the four meetings this season, with both teams winning twice on their home floor. Bogut played in all four games. The Clippers were favored by 6.5 points in three of the four meetings. The games averaged 215.25 points, with two OVERs.
Golden State point guard Stephen Curry averaged 22.0 points and 9.5 assists against the Clippers this season. L.A. point guard Chris Paul averaged 28.0 points and 12.7 assists in three games against the Warriors. Paul did not play in a 111-92 loss at Golden State on Jan. 30.
Notables: The Clippers lead the NBA in offensive efficiency (1.083 points per possession). … L.A. went 7-3 SU and ATS down the stretch. Eight of the Clippers' last 10 games went OVER the total. .. The Warriors covered the spread in six of their last seven. They went 10-7 ATS as underdogs. … Overall, seven of the last nine meetings have gone OVER the total.
The Linemakers' lean: We like the Clippers to win the series, but expect plenty of tough battles along the way, including Game 1 on Saturday. If the game is close, free-throw shooting could be an issue for L.A., and that generally bodes well for the underdog. Golden State + 7.
More NBA betting info: Power ratings | ATS standings
Atlanta Hawks at Indiana Pacers, 7 p.m. ET, ESPN
The Pacers are the biggest favorites on Saturday's NBA board, despite a post-All-Star break meltdown that saw them go 6-23-1 ATS.
Can Paul George, Roy Hibbert and company flip the switch against an Atlanta Hawks team that handed them a serious beat down two weeks ago?
The Hawks clubbed the Pacers, 107-88, in Indianapolis on April 6. The Pacers scored 23 points in the first half. Hibbert was benched, and the Hawks shot 56.2 percent from the floor. It may have been the most shocking result of Indiana's meltdown and came at a time when the Hawks were also struggling.
The teams split their four meetings this season, with games averaging 189.75 points. The average total was 193.75.
The Hawks' lost their best player, forward Al Horford, midway through the season, but managed to keep things together under first-year coach Mike Budenholzer, a longtime assistant under San Antonio wizard Gregg Popovich. They are vulnerable on the inside, especially if rookie center Pero Antic's ankle doesn't hold up, but have an advantage a point guard in emerging star Jeff Teague.
Notable: In four games against the Hawks, Hibbert averaged 5.0 points and 3.8 rebounds. … The Pacers finished the season with six OVERs and one push. … Both teams rank in the top 10 in the NBA free-throw shooting: Hawks 78.1 percent, Pacers 77.9 percent. … The Hawks attempt the second most 3-pointers per game…. The Pacers lead the league in field-goal percentage defense…. Indiana went 3-9-1 ATS at home after the All-Star Break.
The Linemakers' lean: The Pacers have dropped precipitously down our power ratings – from first not too long ago to ninth currently. The Hawks are on a role, covering seven of their last eight. The points are too many to pass up. Atlanta + 7.5 is the play.
Notes: Line were available in Las Vega as of Friday morning. For current NBA spreads and totals, visit our live odds page….h/t TeamRankings.com for statistical data used in this article.
Sign up for The Linemakers' free newsletter and follow us on Twitter.


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I've never done this before, but I've had lots of friends who do it every year.
There are 31 restaurants participating this year. You can dine for only $25 for two lunches or one three-course dinner. Looking at the menu, my mouth is already watering!
I've been to Proof several times, but I've never taken my husband. I'm thinking that is a must visit in the next week. Check out the menus HERE and let me know where you want to go!


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The 10 Best Action Movie Scenes Of 2012
By Sean O'Connell 2012-12-27 13:47:15 comments
6. The Avengers | The Unbroken Shot
In a year filled with comic-book heroics, Joss Whedons The Avengers stands head-and-costumed-shoulders above the fray. Singling out one scene from the jam-packed Avengers is a fools errand. Whedon and his creative team assemble a veritable Greatest Hits of action scenes to keep the second half of The Avengers humming. Forced to name one sequence for this list, though, wed have to go with the expertly choreographed unbroken shot that shows each team member in action as they fend off alien invaders in New York City. Structured like a video-game sequence, it starts with Iron Man teaming with Cap to eliminate marauders, and concludes with the Hulk-Thor punch that got a laugh every time I managed to see the movie with a crowd.
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Rachel will be at Fred Meyer in Meridian, Idaho on June 30, 2012.
Enter Rachel's Contest to Win a Kindle Fire HDX 7″ Tablet!
My new website is now live!
Run to you releases today!
My new ebook novella, Blue By You is now available for e-Readers everywhere!
Crazy Sweet Fine, an Anthology featuring stories from me, Candis Terry and Jennifer Bernard is now out!
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VIDEO: Robert Jasper's Trad M12 Scarefest
In February, German alpinist Robert Jasper opened an exciting new four-pitch M12 WI5 trad mixed-climb on the Breitwangflue wall above Kandersteg, Switzerland. Jasper's route—Ritter der Kokosnuß (Monty Python and the Holy Grail)—is the direct line next to Jasper's Flying Circus (the world's first M10), which he established in 1998. The route has a crux pitch of naturally protected M12 climbing (using pegs, nuts, and friends), an M9 pitch and then finishes with a WI5 pitch. For the full story of Jasper's Ritter der Kokosnuß, click here.
Scott Cosgrove Gravely Injured
Updated! Back-to-Back Strong Sends for Angela Eiter
DiGiulian and Marin Send 1,000-Foot 5.14 in Sardinia
Fabian Buhl Expands Repertoire With Six-Pitch Silbergeier (5.14a)
New Four-Pitch Mixed Testpiece in Utah
Robert Jasper - Ritter der Kokosnuss from Hans Hornberger on Vimeo.
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I had 3 $4 off coupons on any almay product. I went to wal mart and got mascara and eye shadow for $4.97 each, with the $4 off coupon made in 97 cents each! So happy :)
#441 Almay Black Mascara is the best one on the market. It comes off with soap and water and doesn't irritate eyes. Lashes always looks long and natural.
Great brand. Great products.


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We used our fairy wands to create the perfect invitation for your daughter's big day! The 5X7 Fairy Party Personalized Invitation shows a fairy sprinkling fairy dust of stars and hearts right above your special invitation message. Below it, another fairy tends to her magical garden. This pretty pink card will bring your theme together, and each invitation ordered comes with a mailing envelope!
Hints: Your text will automatically align in the Preview when typing, use the Enter key to create a new line.
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Good value
By Texas Grandma
from Dallas, TX
Comments about ... Fairy Party Personalized Invitation (each):
A good value for the money - not a formal, printed invitation, but it works for our needs and I could order as many or as few as I needed. Delivery was very fast for a custom order.
Bottom LineYes, I would recommend this to a friend
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By Fairy party planner
from CT
The invitations were perfect for my daughters birthday party! They arrived quickly and looked just like I thought they would. I would defiantly use Birthday in a box again.
Wonderful personalized invitation
By Christie
from Greenville, SC
I loved having the option of personalized invitation to this Fairy party. It was great because they matched everything else! Great not having to go to the invitation store for personalization.
(1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
These invites were so ...
By trelleysgirl
from Lynden, WA
These invites were so cute, I loved that they were a fairy theme, but not TOO pastel-pink! I also liked that they were personalized and affordable.
(1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
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To bring their numbers over the edge, GMA, who has been running this drive with Burlington Coat Factory since 2007, has partnered with Zynga's Hidden Chronicles to provide a special, in-game offer. Players who donate $5 USD to the Warm Coats, Warm Hearts drive through the game will receive the following four rewards: 40 Energy, a Warm Coats Heart decoration piece, a Jewelry Store level scene, and 20 Estate Cash (the game's premium currency). Normally, paying for the game's $5 package gets you the choice of 34 Estate Cash or 5,000 Coins.
This isn't the first time Zynga has reached out to GMA. Josh Elliot, along with ABC anchorwoman Lara Spencer, earned themselves an official CastleVille makeover when they visited the Zynga HQ last November.
Will you be donating to the national coat drive by using Zynga's game? Sound off in the comments. Add Comment


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Sports News-February 15, 2012
CBS Sports Programming now at 105.9 WJAG-FM & 780 WJAG-AM Mon-Fri at 5:00 PM; Sat & Sun at 4:00!
TORONTO (AP) - Jeremy Lin canned a game-winning 3-pointer with
less than a second to play and the New York Knicks rallied to beat
the Toronto Raptors 90-87 for their sixth straight win. Lin, the
NBA's first American-Taiwanese player finished with 27 points and a
career-high 11 assists and had the season-high crowd of 20,092 in
Toronto roaring as he hit the game-winner.
INDIANAPOLIS (AP) - The Miami Heat are the first NBA team in 33
years to win three road games in three nights. LeBron James scored
33 and the Heat turned the trick in Indianapolis by beating the
Pacers 105-90 to join the 1970 Milwaukee Bucks as the only NBA
teams to win three road games in three nights.
AUBURN HILLS, Mich. (AP) - Tim Duncan had 18 points and 13
rebounds, and the San Antonio Spurs overcame a spirited Detroit
rally to beat the Pistons 99-95 for their eighth consecutive
victory. Detroit trailed by 15 in the fourth quarter but came back
to take the lead behind Ben Wallace, the veteran big man who set a
record by appearing in his 1,055th career game - the most for an
undrafted player since the NBA-ABA merger.
FORT WORTH, Texas (AP) - The upset of the night in college
basketball goes to the unranked TCU Horned Frogs, who knocked off
their first ranked team in five years. Hank Thorns scored eight of
his 32 points in overtime in TCU's 102-97 win over 11th-ranked
DETROIT (AP) - The Detroit Red Wings own the NHL record with
their 21st straight home victory, 3-1 over Dallas. The Red Wings,
who have not lost at home since Nov. 3, broke the mark of 20 set by
the Boston Bruins during the 1929-30 season and matched by the
Philadelphia Flyers in 1976.
Doug McDermott scored 18 points and Creighton broke a Missouri Valley record by shooting 77.5% in an 88-69 victory over Southern Illinois last night. The Bluejays, who came in first in the nation in field goal percentage at 50.4%, improved on that by making 31-40 shots, including 12-14 from three-point range. That bettered the conference record of 75% set by Bradley against West Texas State in 1984. Jahenns Manigat scored 17 points, including five three-pointers, as Creighton snapped a three-game slide. Gregory Echenique, Antoine Young and Ethan Wragge added 15 points a piece. Echenique also blocked two shots, giving him 100 for his career, and grabbed nine rebounds. Young dished out eight assists. Creighton improves to 22-5 overall and are now 12-4 in the conference while Southern Illinois drops to 8-19 overall and 5-11 in the MVC.
Local Schedule: Central CC at NECC (MBB-8:00).
Thursday-Saturday: The State Wrestling Meet gets underway at CenturyLink Center Omaha. We'll have reports throughout the day with Mike Carnes on 106 KIX, Lite Rock 97-5, & Newstalk WJAG.
Thursday Night: Norfolk Catholic takes on Pierce in the Girls C-1-7 Sub-District final from Norfolk High School at 8:00. Pregame coverage at 7:40 on 106 KIX & 106KIX.com.
Friday Night: The Norfolk High girls & boys basketball teams visit Elkhorn South in a 6:00 doubleheader. Pregame coverage at 5:40 on Newstalk WJAG 105.9 FM & WJAG.com.
Saturday Morning: Sportstalk on 106 KIX & 106 KIX.com from 9:00-10:00 AM from Hy-Vee West. Get the lowdown with the coaches.
Local Scores: Nfk Cath 68 Madison 30 (GBB C-1-7 Sub-Dist. Semifinals); LHNE 60 Oakland/Craig 29; North Bend Central 54 Stanton 37 (GBB C-2-7 Sub-Dist. Semifinals).
Spracklen Physical Therapy Star Athlete of the Week: Patrick Meuret of the Norfolk High swim team.
Final Memphis 93 Houston 83
Final Chicago 121 Sacramento 115
Final Oklahoma City 111 Utah 85
Final Denver 109 Phoenix 92
Final Washington 124 Portland 109
Final L-A Lakers 86 Atlanta 78
Final New Jersey 4 Buffalo 1
Final N-Y Rangers 3 Boston 0
Final Ottawa 4 Tampa Bay 0
Final Columbus 2 St. Louis 1
Final Anaheim 2 Minnesota 1
Final Nashville 3 Chicago 2
Final N-Y Islanders 3 Winnipeg 1
Final Calgary 5 Toronto 1
Final ( 6) Ohio St. 78 Minnesota 68
Final (14) Florida 61 Alabama 52
Final Clemson 60 (22) Virginia 48
Final ( 4) Notre Dame 66 Providence 47
Final (14) Texas A&M 56 Missouri 52
Final (15) Georgetown 60 Villanova 54
Final OT (19) Louisville 71 Pittsburgh 66
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Public Records Disputes
Frequently asked questions regarding public records
How do I access and examine a public record?
A person has the right to examine and copy and to publish or otherwise disseminate public records. The right to examine includes the right to examine a public record without charge while the public record is in the physical possession of the lawful custodian. The right to copy includes the right to photograph or make photographic copies while the records are in the possession of the lawful custodian.
Can I be charged for obtaining copies of public records?
Iowa's Public Records Act requires the lawful custodian to provide any person a reasonable number of copies of any public record if copy equipment is available at the office of the custodian. The custodian is authorized to charge a reasonable fee for the services of supervising the records during the examination and copying and for copies provided.


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Lisa + Tucker Engagement
Lisa and Tucker. They have stories even before we go out and shoot. Everyone has a story right? But these two…
Even down to their wedding rings. They went to NYC and took a class on ring making and made their own wedding ring and wedding bands. And we aren't talking about just molding metal into a band here. They did a mix of metals and really created something unique for each of them. Very impressive. (Ring shots to come during the wedding day.)
They scheduled their session with the blooming of trees/flowers in the city and were just fun and easy to work with. Very excited for the wedding and to see what else is up their sleeve!
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Kentucky Derby style hat. Heart. what a beautiful session, they fully took advantage of the early blooming. I adore the locations, they really bring the best out of Boston.


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I have a form that is dynamically created. It is a winForms application.
This form is just a menu and a series of textboxes and labels. For the sake of this example, you can ignore the labels.
My problem is: When I edit stuff in the textboxes, then click the menu to issue "Save", the text from the last text box still hasn't issued its "Validating" method. This appears to be because the control still has focus, and that the menu is in a separate thread.
How can I force the validating events to fire when the user clicks "save"? I don't know which text box the user is on (if any), and issuing
SomeKnownControl.Focus(); within the "save" function doesn't seem to help.


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|AA To End BOS-LAS And JFK-PHX posted Fri Oct 1 2004 18:03:20 by MAH4546
|AA To Start JFK-SJD posted Wed Jul 26 2006 18:50:18 by BigGSFO
|AA To End Mainline Service At PIT posted Fri Sep 16 2005 01:40:24 by N670UW
|AA To Resume JFK-FCO-JFK... posted Wed Mar 30 2005 15:50:34 by B742
|AA To END SJC-HNL/OGG posted Fri Mar 11 2005 23:19:01 by Aa777flyer
|AA To End RDU-NAS And RDU-FLL posted Sat Oct 2 2004 11:03:32 by MAH4546
|AA To End Service To Islip And Sioux Falls posted Sat Oct 2 2004 11:02:12 by MAH4546
|AA To End STL-JLN (Joplin To Lose All Air Service) posted Tue Mar 30 2004 06:23:12 by MAH4546
|AA To Resume JFK-BRU? posted Fri Nov 14 2003 21:55:43 by Kabila
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Saturday, September 6 2:00 – 3:30 P.M. Tiny creatures often contain big surprises! September is a great time for noticing the myriad chitinous creatures crawling, buzzing and flitting about. Join us as we investigate the secret lives of insects and their relatives. Dress for an outdoor adventure. Non-Members $5 environmemtal impact fee per car at gate.
Insect Safari
September 6, 2014 By | Leave a Comment


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Ladies Gold & Diamond Ring .12cts DO9
You are bidding on the following lot: Ladies Gold & Diamond Ring .12cts DO9. Many of our items have been professionally appraised by an actual gemologist. This item is valued at $ 480. When shown with the lot, a genuine appraisal will be included and shipped with this item. (See disclaimer for details regarding jewelry appraisals).
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Free Crochet Pattern from Lion Brand Yarn, formatted for input to refreshable Braille displays or Braille software
Ruffle Scarf
Lion Brand« Homespun
Thick & Quick
Pattern Number: L20260B This spiral scarf is great for when you just want something ruffly to wear. Click here to see it in other colorways.
SKILL LEVEL: Beginner (Level 1)
SIZE: One Size
About 5 x 50 in. (12.5 x 127 cm), measured across last row.
CORRECTIONS: (applied Mar 14, 2013)
MATERIALS LION BRAND crochet hook size N-13 (9 mm) Q-19 (5.75 mm)The above is only a summary of corrections; the corrected pattern text is below (if free) or shipped upon completion of order (if purchased)
792-412 Homespun Thick & Quick Yarn: Pearls
'Painterly' color
Creamy white and taupe
Quantity needed: 1 Skeins
Estimated Price: $ 8.99
Lion Brand Crochet Hook - Size Q-19 (15mm)
Quantity needed: 1
Estimated Price: $ 3.70
Lion Brand Large-Eye Blunt Needles (Set of 6)
Quantity needed: 1
Estimated Price: $ 3.59
The turning chains do not count as a stitch and they are not included in the stitch count at the end of each row.
Do not work into the top of the turning chain when you reach the end of a row.
SCARF Chain 58 VERY loosely.
Row 1: Work 2 double crochet in 4th chain from hook, *2 double crochet in next chain; repeat from * across - 110 double crochet at the end of this row.
Row 2: Chain 3, turn, double crochet in first stitch, 2 double crochet in next stitch, *double crochet in next stitch, 2 double crochet in next stitch; repeat from * across -165 double crochet at the end of this row.
Row 3: Chain 3, turn, double crochet in first 2 stitches, 2 double crochet in next stitch, *double crochet in next 2 stitches, 2 double crochet in next stitch; repeat from * across - 220 double crochet at the end of this row.
Fasten off.
FINISHING Weave in ends.
Every effort has been made to have the knitting and crochet instructions accurate and complete. We cannot be responsible for variance of individual knitters and crocheters, human errors, or typographical mistakes.
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I'm building a client server application from an android device to a server over 3G. Because of the network operator that is providing 3G, the client device is behind a NAT. Therefore, it is impossible for the server to make a connection to the client. I could adopt an approach of polling, however before doing so, I want to exhaust all other options. Is there some way ( I haven't yet found one ) to keep a TCP Socket connection open between the client and server, such that the server would be able to initiate communications to the client?
The scenario is that there will be very regular client/server communication based on server state that updates on an extremely regular basis - we would be talking every couple of seconds. Would UDP be a better option here? Maybe not as the NAT issue still knocks it on the head.
Are there any other options available to me?
Many thanks


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Frostbite by Richelle Mead
My Rating: 4 stars
Everything is confusing for Rose Hathaway; especially with her tutor Dimitri is interested with someone else and her best friend Mason has a huge crush on her. And then there is a surprise Strigoi attack on St. Vladimir's Academy which sends everything out of control. The Academy is filled with overprotective guardians and concerned students. Since the Strigoi are getting closer and stronger, this year's ski trip is absolutely mandatory. While at the slopes, the beautiful resort they're staying at makes you think you're actually being protected. Then three students escape to fight back against the deadly Strigoi. So Rose must team up with someone completely unexpected to help and rescue them. Only Rose doesn't know how much herself and her heart are at risk this time.
Posted: November 28th, 2009 under Richelle Mead.
Tags: Frostbite, review, Richelle Mead, teen, Vampire Academy Novels


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Did Kate Gosselin have a boob job? The woman did have two pregnancies, and not just two regular pregnancies… one resulted in twins, and the other in sextuplets. That obviously takes a toll on a woman's body!
Another pic after the jump
According to RadarOnline:
Kate Gosselin is one hot mama in her cobalt blue bikini in this photo taken outside her home on June 24. It set off a tidal wave of Internet rumors that the mother of eight had undergone either breast augmentation or a breast lift sometime after our "before" picture in her black bikini was taken on June 2.
But RadarOnline's own Style Guy Bryan Moore says to get the right "boob scoop," you don't need surgery, and the Jon & Kate Plus 8 star probably didn't go under the knife either. "You can get the same lift and boost with the perfect underwire," he said. "It's all about the fit!"
See the "before/after" photo.
Nah, don't see it. Definitely looks like a great bikini top lifting those boobs up! And hey, even if she did have work done, big deal. Lots of women get their breasts worked on especially after having children- pregnancy and breastfeeding can do a number on your assets. I say go for it if that's what you want!
In other related Jon and Kate news, the couple have decided to keep quiet and not speak to media about their pending divorce. They are putting their family first. Good!
Related Posts:
Kate Gosselin's Mommy Meltdown on VIDEO!
Kate Gosselin Spanks Daughter Leah (VIDEO)!
Kate Gosselin: Itsy Bitsy Teeny Weeny Blue Bikini!
Kate: Jon Wanted Out Of The Marriage
CONFIRMED: Jon Gosselin Moving to New York City


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Pregnant American Woman Survives Earthquake, Could Be Evacuated To Give BirthMonica Bielanko
An Iowa couple living in Japan could be facing possible evacuation with a baby due in just two weeks.
Airman First Class Michael Holben, 23 lives on an Air Base there with his wife, Kara, who is also 23.
Kara is 37 weeks pregnant and due to have Bryelle Ruth Holben on April 2.
They're anxiously awaiting the outcome of nuclear power plants near Tokyo that were damaged in the massive 9.0 earthquake. "The nuclear reactor situation would have to get really out of control" for them to evacuate, Holben said in an e-mail interview Monday with The World-Herald.
But if that time comes, "I don't know where we would have to go and in what condition my wife would be at the time. God willing, we will have her (the baby) here on base in Japan."
Holben, from Mondamin, was running errands on the base when the quake hit Friday. Kara, from Council Bluffs, was asleep.
"When she woke up, she yelled at me to stop shaking the bed. Of course, when she realized what was going on, she quickly ran to the doorway and crouched with the pets to ride it out," Holben said.
The Holbens do not live in an area hit by the tsunami that killed thousands in the coastal areas of northeastern Japan.


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May 26, 2016
Jackson, Miss.
Federal court records say a woman charged with leading the plot to kidnap a 6-year-old girl from a Mississippi school will use insanity as her defense.
The woman who authorities say orchestrated the plan, Jesse Mae Brown Pollard, and her son, Devonta Pollard, a former basketball player at the University of Alabama, are among seven people charged in the case.
The document filed Thursday in U.S. District Court in Jackson said Pollard will use insanity as her defense.
The child was taken from East Kemper Elementary School April 30 and turned up unharmed on a rural road in Lauderdale County the next day.
Abby Brumley, Jesse Pollard's lawyer, had no comment other than to say the defense will be that her client "was insane at the time of the offense."
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PubMed Submission Abstract PDF Cover Contents Editorial Board Count: 2847 Download Count: 420
Omer Khalid, Sofyan Radaideh, Department of Medicine, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
Oscar W Cummings, Department of Pathology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
Michael J O'Brien, Department of Anatomic Pathology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, United States
John R Goldblum, Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
Douglas K Rex, Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
Author contributions: Khalid O and Radaideh S recorded and collected the data; Rex DK designed the research; Cummings OW, O'Brien MJ and Goldblum JR reviewed slides and reviewed the manuscript; Rex DK analyzed the data; Khalid O and Rex DK wrote the paper.
Correspondence to: Douglas K Rex, MD, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 550 N. University Boulevard UH 4100, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States. email@example.com
Telephone: +1-317-2788741 Fax: +1-317-2745449
Received: April 7, 2009 Revised: July 16, 2009
Accepted: July 23, 2009
Published online: August 14, 2009
AIM: To evaluate how proximal colon polyps interpreted as hyperplastic polyps in 2001 would be interpreted by expert pathologists in 2007.
METHODS: Forty consecutive proximal colon polyps ≥ 5 mm in size, removed in 2001, and originally interpreted as hyperplastic polyps by general pathologists at Indiana University, were reviewed in 2007 by 3 GI pathologists.
RESULTS: The gastrointestinal (GI) pathologists interpreted 85%, 43% and 30% of the polyps as sessile serrated polyps (sessile serrated adenomas). The overall Kappa was 0.16. When diagnoses were compared in pairs, Kappa values were 0.38 and 0.25 (fair agreement) and 0.14 (slight agreement).
CONCLUSION: Many polyps interpreted as hyperplastic in 2001 were considered sessile serrated lesions by GI pathologists in 2007, but there is substantial inter-observer variation amongst GI pathologists.
© 2009 The WJG Press and Baishideng. All rights reserved.
Key words: Colonoscopy; Colorectal polyps; Hyperplastic polyps; Inter-observer variability; Serrated adenomas; Sessile serrated polyps
Peer reviewers: Javier San Martín, Chief, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Sanatorio Cantegril, Av. Roosevelt y P 13, Punta del Este 20100, Uruguay; Francis Seow-Choen, MBBS, FRCSEd, FAMS, Professor, Seow-Choen Colorectal Centre, Mt Elizabeth Medical Centre, Singapore, 3 Mt Elizabeth Medical Centre #09-10, 228510, Singapore
Khalid O, Radaideh S, Cummings OW, O'Brien MJ, Goldblum JR, Rex DK. Reinterpretation of histology of proximal colon polyps called hyperplastic in 2001. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15(30): 3767-3770 Available from: URL: http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/15/3767.asp DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.15.3767
Serrated colorectal polyps in the proximal colon are now recognized as precancerous lesions that should be removed during colonoscopy[1-3]. Previously, hyperplastic polyps have been considered innocuous when identified anywhere in the colon; however, some proximal colon serrated polyps are better classified as sessile serrated polyps (sessile serrated adenomas) and closer endoscopic follow-up may be appropriate[4-7].
Much about hyperplastic polyps remains unknown. The extent to which they are recognized as polyps by endoscopists is uncertain, since miss rates for proximal colon hyperplastic polyps have not been reported[8]. Further, the extent to which they have been recognized endoscopically but not removed (their endoscopic appearance might initiate observation or sampling, rather that removal), or ineffectively removed, is uncertain and has not been reported. Finally, the extent to which proximal colon serrated lesions are distinguished as hyperplastic versus sessile serrated polyps (or sessile serrated adenomas) versus traditional serrated adenomas by pathologists is not known[9,10].
In this report, we describe the results of a quality improvement project in which we sought to estimate the extent to which proximal colon polyps removed in prior years and designated as hyperplastic polyps by pathologists might now be considered more clinically significant lesions, such as sessile serrated polyps or serrated adenomas[11-13]. The issue was deemed pertinent to our colonoscopy callback process, since in prior years we had recommended routine colonoscopic follow up if only hyperplastic polyps were removed from the colon, including from the proximal colon. Recently, we began recommending follow up at shorter intervals if hyperplastic or other serrated polyps were removed from the proximal colon[14]. In order to assess whether we had patients who had serrated proximal colon polyps removed earlier and whom we should consider calling back earlier than we previously recommended, we evaluated histologic slides of 40 consecutive proximal colon "hyperplastic polyps" ≥ 5 mm in size removed at Indiana University Hospital in 2001 which were reviewed by three expert gastrointestinal (GI) pathologists.
We utilized an endoscopic database that includes histology of more than 10 000 consecutive colorectal polyps[15]. We selected 40 consecutive lesions originally diagnosed as hyperplastic polyps removed from the proximal to the sigmoid-descending junction that were at least 5 mm in size. The sample size was selected for feasibility of review in our quality improvement process and not on the basis of a power calculation. The original interpretation in each case was made by 1 of 8 attending pathologists at Indiana University Hospital, none of whom was a specialist in GI pathology. The review was performed by a specialist in GI pathology currently in GI practice at I.U. (OC) and two outside pathologists (J.G. and M.O.). Each of the reviewers was aware that the original slide had been interpreted as a hyperplastic polyp. Each pathologist performed their review independently without any knowledge of the other's findings. We did not supply the reviewing pathologists with standard terminologies to utilize in describing their findings. Permission to report the results of the quality study was granted by the Institutional Review Board of Clarian Health Partners. The Kappa statistic was used to determine agreement between the three specialists in interpretation of the polyps. For the purposes of the comparisons, we considered "sessile serrated polyp" and "sessile serrated adenoma" to be equivalent, but distinct from traditional serrated adenoma.
After the reviews, the pathologists were asked to provide the criteria they used to interpret the histology. Pathologist A indicated that he used the World Health Organization criteria[16] for serrated adenoma and published criteria from another source for sessile serrated adenoma and hyperplastic polyp[2]. Pathologist B utilized the criteria of Torlakovic et al[17] that described 3 variants of hyperplastic polyp (the microvesicular serrated polyp, the goblet cell serrated polyp, and the sessile serrated adenoma). The term serrated adenoma was used by pathologist B when some component of the polyp has serrated architecture and overt cytological dysplasia was present. Pathologist C provided two references that best described his criteria for diagnosis of serrated polyps[18,19].
The three GI pathologists interpreted 43%, 30% and 85% of the (cases) as sessile serrated polyps or sessile serrated adenomas (Table 1). Only one polyp was called a traditional serrated adenoma, and by only one of the pathologists.
Based on diagnoses for all three pathologists, the overall Kappa value was 0.16, indicating only slight agreement. When the pathologists' diagnoses were compared in pairs, the Kappa values for the comparisons were 0.38 and 0.25 (fair agreement) and 0.14 (slight agreement).
In this report, we describe a quality improvement project in which we explored issues relating to pathologic interpretation of proximal colon polyps with serrated histology. Our results indicate that polyps interpreted as hyperplastic in 2001 by non-specialist pathologists at a university hospital were frequently called sessile serrated polyps or sessile serrated adenomas by GI pathologists in 2007. To the extent that "sessile serrated polyp" triggers a recommendation for earlier colonoscopic follow-up compared to "hyperplastic polyps," this could affect clinical outcomes for patients. The extent to which earlier follow-up by clinicians would be undertaken is unknown, as current postpolypectomy surveillance colonoscopy guidelines indicate that shorter intervals are appropriate for these patients but these guidelines do not make distinct interval recommendations for these patients[14].
We found that each of three expert pathologists used different published references to support their criteria for sessile serrated adenoma (polyp) and serrated adenoma. A review of the various references[2,16-19] cited by the pathologists indicated that they utilize substantially similar but not identical language to describe these pathologic entities. The extent to which only slight-to-fair interobserver agreement in this report is the result of variations in criteria vs interobserver variation with essentially equivalent criteria is uncertain.
After examining these results, we elected not to systematically call back patients for earlier surveillance colonoscopy if they had undergone colonoscopy less than 10 years ago and had proximal colon polyps originally interpreted as hyperplastic and no adenomas anywhere else in the colon. Our rationale for this decision included (1) lack of clear recommendations on appropriate follow up intervals for this population and (2) the marked interobserver variation in the interpretation of these polyps among experts in GI pathology, and (3) no specific observation that patients with these polyps are a source of interval cancers in our endoscopy unit, and (4) no clear evidence that patients would benefit from being called back early for "sessile serrated polyp" or "sessile serrated adenoma." We were reassured that only one polyp was called a true serrated adenoma, and this by only one pathologist. We acknowledge uncertainty regarding the appropriateness of the decision to not call patients back earlier than originally planned.
Others have also noted interobserver variation in the pathologic interpretation of serrated polyps[9,10], even among specialists in GI pathology[9], as well as variation in the terminology used to describe these lesions[9]. Certainly, recent evidence suggesting that colonoscopy is more effective at reducing the risk of distal compared to proximal cancers[20] has raised concerns in our unit that these polyps be carefully looked for, removed completely, and interpreted correctly by pathologists.
In summary, our results suggest that as recently as 2001, non-GI pathologists at a university hospital were uniformly interpreting proximal colon polyps with serrated histology as hyperplastic polyps that GI pathologists would now interpret as sessile serrated polyps (sessile serrated adenomas). If this phenomenon has occurred on a widespread basis (which seems likely) it might have a negative effect on colorectal cancer prevention, but this is very uncertain. We elected not to bring patients with only proximal colon hyperplastic polyps diagnosed in the period around 2001 back for follow-up colonoscopy sooner than originally planned. However, we admit uncertainty regarding the optimal management of these patients, and physicians might reasonably choose to recall these patients for colonoscopy at earlier intervals[14]. Clinicians should be aware that substantial percentages of patients with lesions diagnosed as proximal colon hyperplastic polyps may have had lesions which would now be called sessile serrated polyps or sessile serrated adenomas by expert pathologists.
Serrated polyps in the proximal colon share molecular features with a group of proximal colon cancers and maybe precursors of these cancers. Subtypes of serrated polyps include hyperplastic polyps, sessile serrated polyps (also called sessile serrated adenomas) and serrated adenomas.
Research frontiers
The clinical relevance of the distinction between hyperplastic and sessile serrated polyps is unknown. Possibly the number, size, and location of serrated polyps has as much relevance as the pathologic distinction between hyperplastic polyps and sessile serrated polyps. True serrated adenomas, however, are likely more important than hyperplastic polyps and sessile serrated polyps, and also are much less common. The accuracy of the pathologic distinction of these polyp types in clinical practice is probably quite low.
Innovations and breakthroughs
Serrated polyps in the proximal colon often have molecular features in common with a subgroup of colon cancers, including BRAF mutations, the CpG island methylator phenotype, and microsatellite instability. These common molecular features underlie the hypothesis that some hyperplastic polyps become serrated adenomas and then cancers.
The results indicate that clinical decision making regarding serrated polyps is complicated by variations in pathology terms and substantial interobserver variation in pathologic interpretation of serrated polyps, even among experts.
The term "serrated polyps" describes a set of polyps divided into subgroups believed to have variable risk for short term transformation into cancer. Hyperplastic polyps are believed to have the most benign behavior, while true serrated adenomas (which are dysplastic) have the greatest risk. Sessile serrated polyp is a term often used for a set of polyps called sessile serrated adenoma, and these lesions may be intermediate in the transformation of hyperplastic polyp to serrated adenoma.
Peer review
Original evaluation of histologic features of hyperplastic polyps in different periods, with experienced pathologists applying new concepts. Several problems are highlighted in this paper: Missing polyps during colonoscopy; Absence of unique terminology; Difficulties in interobserver agreement in histologic interpretation.
1 Spring KJ, Zhao ZZ, Karamatic R, Walsh MD, Whitehall VL, Pike T, Simms LA, Young J, James M, Montgomery GW, Appleyard M, Hewett D, Togashi K, Jass JR, Leggett BA. High prevalence of sessile serrated adenomas with BRAF mutations: a prospective study of patients undergoing colonoscopy. Gastroenterology 2006; 131: 1400-1407 PubMed DOI
2 Higuchi T, Sugihara K, Jass JR. Demographic and pathological characteristics of serrated polyps of colorectum. Histopathology 2005; 47: 32-40 PubMed DOI
3 O'Brien MJ. Hyperplastic and serrated polyps of the colorectum. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2007; 36: 947-968, viii PubMed DOI
4 Goldstein NS. Clinical significance of (sessile) serrated adenomas: Another piece of the puzzle. Am J Clin Pathol 2005; 123: 329-330 PubMed DOI
5 Yang S, Farraye FA, Mack C, Posnik O, O'Brien MJ. BRAF and KRAS Mutations in hyperplastic polyps and serrated adenomas of the colorectum: relationship to histology and CpG island methylation status. Am J Surg Pathol 2004; 28: 1452-1459 PubMed
6 Montgomery E. Serrated colorectal polyps: emerging evidence suggests the need for a reappraisal. Adv Anat Pathol 2004; 11: 143-149 PubMed DOI
7 Mäkinen MJ. Colorectal serrated adenocarcinoma. Histopathology 2007; 50: 131-150 PubMed DOI
8 Rex DK. Maximizing detection of adenomas and cancers during colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 2866-2877 PubMed DOI
9 Glatz K, Pritt B, Glatz D, Hartmann A, O'Brien MJ, Blaszyk H. A multinational, internet-based assessment of observer variability in the diagnosis of serrated colorectal polyps. Am J Clin Pathol 2007; 127: 938-945 PubMed DOI
10 Sandmeier D, Seelentag W, Bouzourene H. Serrated polyps of the colorectum: is sessile serrated adenoma distinguishable from hyperplastic polyp in a daily practice? Virchows Arch 2007; 450: 613-618 PubMed DOI
11 Lazarus R, Junttila OE, Karttunen TJ, Mäkinen MJ. The risk of metachronous neoplasia in patients with serrated adenoma. Am J Clin Pathol 2005; 123: 349-359 PubMed DOI
12 Sheridan TB, Fenton H, Lewin MR, Burkart AL, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA, Frankel WL, Montgomery E. Sessile serrated adenomas with low- and high-grade dysplasia and early carcinomas: an immunohistochemical study of serrated lesions "caught in the act". Am J Clin Pathol 2006; 126: 564-571 PubMed DOI
13 Cunningham KS, Riddell RH. Serrated mucosal lesions of the colorectum. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2006; 22: 48-53 PubMed DOI
14 Levin B, Lieberman DA, McFarland B, Andrews KS, Brooks D, Bond J, Dash C, Giardiello FM, Glick S, Johnson D, Johnson CD, Levin TR, Pickhardt PJ, Rex DK, Smith RA, Thorson A, Winawer SJ. Screening and surveillance for the early detection of colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps, 2008: a joint guideline from the American Cancer Society, the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, and the American College of Radiology. Gastroenterology 2008; 134: 1570-1595 PubMed DOI
15 Chen SC, Rex DK. Endoscopist can be more powerful than age and male gender in predicting adenoma detection at colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 856-861 PubMed DOI
16 Hamilton S, Aaltonen LA. World Health Organisation classification of tumours. Pathology and genetics. Lyon: IARC Press, 2000
17 Torlakovic E, Skovlund E, Snover DC, Torlakovic G, Nesland JM. Morphologic reappraisal of serrated colorectal polyps. Am J Surg Pathol 2003; 27: 65-81 PubMed DOI
18 Snover DC. Serrated polyps of the large intestine. Semin Diagn Pathol 2005; 22: 301-308 PubMed DOI
19 Snover DC, Jass JR, Fenoglio-Preiser C, Batts KP. Serrated polyps of the large intestine: a morphologic and molecular review of an evolving concept. Am J Clin Pathol 2005; 124: 380-391 PubMed DOI
20 Singh G, Gerson L, Wang H, Nannalithara A, Mithal A, Graham D, Triadafilpous G. Screening colonoscopy, colorectal cancer and gender: An unfair deal for the fair sex? Gastrointest Endosc 2007; 65: AB100 DOI
S- Editor Tian L L- Editor Webster JR E- Editor Yin DH


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15 Healthy Grilled Chicken Recipes
Grilled Chicken Salad With Avocado and Mango
The star of this summer salad is the deliciously tangy dressing, made of lime juice, mango chutney, soy sauce, and bit of ginger. The mangoes add a sweet layer and the avocados give the dish a richness not found in most salads.
Ingredients: Olive oil, limes, mango chutney, low-sodium soy sauce, fresh ginger, chicken breast halves, cooking spray, salad greens, mango, avocado
Calories: 185
Try this recipe: Grilled Chicken Salad With Avocado and Mango
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Eze Obiora signed with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats
May 3, 2013
CARBONDALE, Ill. - Southern Illinois defensive end Eze Obiora signed a free-agent contract with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League, the school announced on Friday.
Obiora tied for the team lead in sacks in 2012 with 8.0 and had 12 tackles for loss. A former rugby player and native of Manchester, England, Obiora came to the United States in 2008 with the express goal of learning to play football and turning it into a career. He walked on at Purdue, but never played for the Boilermakers, transferring instead to the College of DuPage, where he had 14 sacks in 2010.
"A lot of NFL teams told me they weren't sure if I could play linebacker," said the 6-foot-3, 240-pound Obiora. "In the CFL, the field is wider, it's three downs and a lot of passing. Pass-rushing and running around is my game, so it's a good fit for me."
Training camp begins on May 28 and the regular-season starts in June.