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Check out appoLearning.com, because your kids deserve the very best educational apps!
Google Gesture Search is a unique app that serves as more of a future concept or tech demo than an actual integration into the Android software. The app's whole goal is to experiment with a new way to browse the content on your phone. Instead of typing or even vocalizing your search, you can now write the search on your touch screen.
So let's say I was looking for a certain application out of the hundreds I have installed on my device. I can write the first letter of its name and continue to write letters until it appears on the screen. This is a very useful tool for anyone annoyed with the need to use a keyboard. While it does provide a new experience and way to browse, it still isn't something that I personally believe to be practical. The process of writing letters on the screen still requires opening the app, writing however many letters it takes to narrow the selection, and tapping on the app.
This app could be useful if someone has a ridiculously large contact list but still the ability to utilize voice commands still trumps this app. It is available free in the Android Market so definitely try it out. It is pretty accurate and fun to use the first few times.


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Here is where you connect to other ZT faces, places and general info on other ZT fans and friends. Stick around and don't forget to tell us what you think! Send in your reviews, comments, photos, links, and, who knows - you may be featured here!
"Amazingly loud and a great tone all its own. Hats off to The ZT team."
- Brent Bunke (happy Lunchbox owner)
"I can remember 30 years ago talking about how nice it would be to have a small, light, loud amp that kicks. The future is finally here."
- Jono Smith
"I bought one few months ago...LOVE it. I am a Greek Bouzoukee player...semi pro and have been using the amp in small clubs. Other musicians are amazed of the power and sound...and when they see how small and ez to carry, they are more amazed. "
- George Stringos
"This amp has the midas touch, everyone that plays it or hears it just thinks it's gold."
– Gavin Downie
"I love this thing, it sounds great. I don't know what you guys stuffed into that little box, but man, it's the right stuff."
— Mike Argento
"As a guitar player for nearly 40 years and a former studio owner, I have played dozens (if not hundreds) of guitars and amps. The ZT Lunchbox is the first amp I've played through that gives TRUE tube sound without the tubes: warm, responsive, plenty of head-room, and smooth breakup when pushed. Add to that the fact that it is literally the size of a lunch-box and you have an amp EVERYONE is going to want. It's a good sounding, portable, and loud little monster! Good work, Ken!!"
- Barbara King, Ph.D.
"I think you guys did a great job and it's about time someone made an amp that I can carry 6 NY city blocks without having to use and inhaler and stop for Gatorade. I LOVE IT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"
- Tom Cavanagh
"I just played a lunchbox this past weekend and had to have one for myself. They are exceptional little amps--and apparently--with customer service to match."
-Chris Cameron
"OK, you guys earned this, a one word response. WOW! …finally someone seems to have really gotten the human factors side of the small amp idea exactly right."
-Steve Little
"I did live show as a member of doom metal. Of course I used ZT amp.
It was louder than two bass amps!!! Audience and engineer could not understand the truth. After live show, many men asked what ZT is. I was very glad!!!"
- Matsubara, Japan
"Congratulations on a wonderful product. The Lunchbox seems like a dream come true for many gigging players. I am very impressed"
- Fredrik Olsson
"My goodness! I just wanted to thank you guys for putting out a product that (for once) does exactly what it says it will do. My lunchbox is loud, clean, portable, seems extremely well built, and most importantly--sounds great. It is the ultimate "take the subway to the gig" amp. As a jazz player, I can see these becoming VERY big in that market--we're always looking for cleaner, louder and smaller."
- Jeff in Chicago
"This little amp is just amazing. The sound quality is pretty unbelievable, for it's size. Even after using it a few times with a couple of different bands up here in Santa Rosa, the guys in the band still comment on how cool this amp is. I'm even using my guitar synth through it in one band, and it really has a big sound, relatively speaking. I don't know how you guys did it, but the tone that comes out of the Lunchbox definitely rivals any of these amps. It's a really easy amp to play through, and makes the guitar sing; for about a 10th of the price (and a 10th of the size and weight) of some of the afore-mentioned amps."
-Craig Wiper
"Man – I've been playing this amp for about a week or so now and it's great! It absolutely loves the Wurlitzer."
- Casey Mcallister
"I've just picked up the amp - It has arrived in good order and sounds fantastic - 'sounds bloody marvelous' ... as some would say in this neck of the woods. I'm totally in love, thanks very much."
- Dui Pitoun Bunyapana
"I watched the VH1 Storytellers ZZ Top special yesterday? Man, those little #^*&%$ ARE loud!!!!!!! Can't wait to get mine tomorrow :-)"
- Laurence Schwarz
"I would gig with this amp ANY day. GREAT sound, but really portable, and not very expensive at all." - Ken Adler (reviewer, Harmony-Central.com)
"The Lunchbox is REALLY A REVOLUTIONARY AMP, YOU GUYS ROCK!!!" - Vincenzo Erriquenz (customer, Bari, Italy)
"The amp is LOUD. When teaching guitar lessons, I plug my iPod in with a stereo 1/8" cable. If it were stolen or lost I would definitely get one again." - Ken Barr (Guitar Teacher, Alpharetta, GA)
"The amp is really cool. It keeps up with my band at practice with only the internal speaker. A 1x12 ext cab makes it even better. It weighs about eight pounds, so it is perfect for jams and open mics. All in all they deliver what they promise." - portsider (forum contributor, tdpri.com)
"This little amp will absolutely blow you away! I use a PRS Santana and a PRS Al DiMeola so tube like that in a blind test you couldn't tell it from a tube amp. This amp exceeds my expectations and with the volume available you can gig anywhere you take a normal 50-100 watt amp. I own several boutique amps, and to be honest this little amp is very impressive and for the money every guitarist in the US will have to have one of these." - Don Seery (reviewer, Harmony-Central.com)
"I bought a Lunchbox Amp a couple of months ago, and last night I took it to a jam for the first time. When I walked in, the other players laughed. One asked "Are you going to mic that or something?" I replied "I don't think that will be necessary." Over 3 other guitar players, a bass player, and a drummer, it had no trouble cutting through and was easily heard. The comments went from disbelief to "Can I play through it?" This is an amazing piece of gear." - Frank Giffen (customer, CA, USA)
"I love your Lunchbox amp - just the perfect thing for a New Yorker!" - Sheryl Bailey
"I have never been completely blown away by a guitar amp before until now. That's a mean little amp with an awesome volume and tone. I take my hat off to you and your staff for these amps." - Joe Griffin, Jr
"I plugged it in, straight up, no pedals. It more than kept up with a four-piece band, sounded good on the Elmore James tunes we played, and earned its fair share of respect… for the sheer convenience of being able to grab a guitar, put the Lunchbox in a backpack and jump on the subway, your product is worth its weight in gold." - Eric Stanglin
"I received my Lunchbox this week and I am absolutely amazed by this little monster! This amp is not just loud, but has got a HUGE TONE!!! Thank you very much for your amazing work! Rock On!" - Laszlo, Hungary
"You folks nailed it! I've owned a bunch of Champ sized amps over the years, and this one has my jaw on the floor and my hands constantly on my guitar. Stunning. I'm packin' my own lunch from now on!" - John Mercer
"I find your company to be the most responsive and down to earth company I have ever dealt with. I was surprised at how nice the low end of this amp can sound by making very fine adjustments to the Ambience control…you bring out a true fan." " - Abelardo Cabrera
"Just fantastic stuff that is professional, powerful and provocative. I wish I was shooting video every time someone comes up to the stage and realizes that the Lunchbox is what's making all the dBs! Freakin' amazing!" - Stan Borek
What Reviewers are Saying
"I find ZT Amplifiers innovations into the market of compact lightweight amplifiers to be intriguing and this is definitely a brand I am going to be keeping my eye on." - Gary Allen, GuitarGearHeads (Lunchbox Acoustic Review, November 2010)
"Perfect for Pop, Country and Rock players of all styles, the Lunchbox amp from ZT Amplifiers represents a new paradigm-a brilliant piece of gear that shatters all previous perceptions of what makes a fine guitar amplifier." - Barry Rudolph (recording engineer/producer/journalist)
"Sure, it looks kitschy-cool, but don't let that fool you: This lunchbox-size guitar amp, from a new Berkeley, California company, cranks 200 watts of screaming raw power." - Rolling Stone (The Great Rock And Roll Gift Guide, December 2008)
"The Club not only packs a wallop that you wouldn't expect from this little beastie, it also has a damn nice tone. The bass response is surprising. With a distortion box cranking, I found an amazing bass womp for great chugga-chug action. For jazz, the tone is fat and round, the response is quite even, and there's headroom to burn. The Club has nice tones all the way. Frankly, everything about this amp caught me off guard. I do believe the Club could be the jazz amp of choice for today, just as the Polytone Mini-Brute was back in the '70s. The power, portability, and all-around nice tone make this a good choice for any electric player." - Premier Guitar (Club Review, May 2010)
"This (the Lunchbox) is the neatest, niftiest, and nastiest guitar amp I've heard."- Scott G. (Music Industry Newswire)
"This amplifier is extraordinary. I reckon that the Lunchbox is set to become one of the all time "classics". What a sound!" - Jazzwisemagazine.com (Lunchbox Review, May 2010)
"The (Lunchbox amp) not only got loud, but actually sounded great with a warm, fat sound. I was kind of stunned. I've been producing records and doing live concert sound for years and on many nights I'd rather have the guitarist playing through this than their own, bigger amp." - Robin Danar (MOG.com)
"The folks at ZT Amplifiers are the type of people we want in our musical community. Clearly, their mission is to meet the needs of working musicians, and they are willing and prepared to exert the effort to ensure that these needs are met. The Lunchbox Acoustic is an outstanding product made by people who truly care." - Just Jazz Guitar Magazine (Lunchbox Acoustic Review, November 2010)
"Put simply, there is no more portable solution for a singer/ guitarist than this (Lunchbox Acoustic)." - Acoustic Magazine UK (Lunchbox Acoustic Review, October 2010)
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May 28, 14 •
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Our Wednesday Environment Focus We have intentionally created some of the sounds that our technology makes. Take the beep… You know that beep..beep..beep sound of a truck in reverse. It all began during the 1960s in Boise, Idaho when Ed Peterson, an...... [read more]
Feb 5, 14 •
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Elaine Schwartz • No Comments
In 1932, the NYC Noise Abatement Commission received a letter from Mr. N. Schmuck of 137 Milton Street in Brooklyn about the noise from a nearby pickle factory. Other 1930s noise complaints included early morning ice deliveries, "ear splitting shrieks...... [read more]
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We've assembled this on-line encyclopedia of knitting
and crochet facts, abbreviations and instructions to help you find
exactly the information that you need to make your project a
success! You can probably immediately find the information you need by typing key words or phrases
into the search box below.
You can find many patterns here on LionBrand.com. Select patterns will also be available on MarthaStewart.com and retailer websites. Also, there are many websites devoted to loom knitting patterns. You can use your Loom Kit to make many of the projects you will find on these websites.


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May 28, 2016
A fully equipped team from the 81st Medical Group at Keesler Air Force Base left for Chile Sunday to help victims of the magnitude-8.8 earthquake that hit Feb. 27.
The 60-member team of doctors, field medics, surgical nurses and support staff assembled at Base Operations at Keesler for the first leg of the 48-hour trip.
Lt. Col. Chris Morgan, 81st Medical Support Squadron medical readiness flight commander, said Keesler was called because the mobile hospital is light and the medical team can move quickly.
The team is expected to operate the hospital up to 30 days but could return in two weeks.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or email@example.com.


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Images: Soldiers experience Japanese culture [Image 4 of 4]
Photo by Jesse Houk
Pfc. Core Candace of 225th Brigade Support Battalion, 2nd Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 25th Infantry Division, out of Schofield Barracks, Hawaii, and Sgt. Risati Taufaanuu of Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 1st Battalion, 14th Infantry Regiment, 2nd Stryker BCT, out of Schofield Barracks, get pictures with traditionally dressed Japanese children while visiting Heian Shrine in Kyoto, Japan. Troops from both the Japan Ground Self Defense Force and 1st Battalion, 14th Infantry Regiment went to the ancient city of Kyoto, Japan for culture day. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. Jesse Houk)
This work, Soldiers experience Japanese culture [Image 1 of 4], by Jesse Houk, identified by DVIDS, is free of known copyright restrictions under U.S. copyright law.
Date Taken:11.05.2012
Date Posted:11.06.2012 18:25
Photo ID:776843
Size:8.11 MB
Location:KYOTO, SHIGA, JP
Gallery Images
Associated News
Soldiers experience Japanese culture


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Learn more about the five boroughs that make up New York City with our complete guide.
Discover what to do, where to stay and what to see in New York City with our planning tool.
Get ready to take on New York City with Leonardo, Donatello, Raphael and Michelangelo.
Enjoy Shakespeare in the Park, the Museum Mile Festival, Macy's Fourth of July Fireworks and more.
Download your free copy or order a guide online today.
Wireless Internet is available at locations throughout NYC—including many parks and libraries.
Get tips, maps and everything else you'll need during your stay.
These NYC-centric mobile apps put the City at your fingertips.
See NYC's iconic sights at discounted rates.
Get the best prices at NYC's bars, clubs and restaurants.
Stay in New York City and save with these offers.
New York City is made up of five boroughs: the Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens and Staten Island. Each one has enough attractions—and enough personality—to be a city all its own. Learn more about them with this guide.
Chavella's doesn't offer much by way of decor--the kitchen is hidden behind green blinds, the floor tiles are a basic tan, and patrons sit at simple wooden tables. But this reasonably priced spot shouldn't be overlooked as a place to eat out. The trio of salsas (spicy salsa verde, smoky chipotle and chunky pico de gallo) is served with freshly fried, multicolored chips, replenished free of charge. Order the bistec taco and you'll receive two soft corn tortillas cradling tender marinated flank steak, fresh cilantro and pico de gallo for just $2.50. Addictive grilled ears of corn are buttered, then topped with dollops of creamy chipotle mayo and a sprinkling of cotija cheese.


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May 25, 2016
Funeral services for Henry Lee Barber, Sr., 55, of Lenoir City, Tennessee will be held Tuesday, August 6, 2013 at 2 P.M. from the Ebenezer Baptist Church with burial to follow in the Ebenezer Cemetery. Visitation will be Monday from 6 to 8 P.M. at Bumpers Funeral Home in Butler.
Mr. Barber passed away Thursday, August 1, 2013 at Physicians Regional Medical Center in Knoxville, Tennessee. He was an iron worker for the C.L.C Construction Company. He is a native of Butler, Alabama.
Survivors include his wife Teresa Barber of Camden, SC; sons Henry Lee Barber, Jr. (Krystal) of Killen, AL; John Terry Barber (Tessa) of Lenoir City, TN; daughter Melissa Barber Hensley (Toady) of Butler; brother Benjamin Washington Barber, Jr., of Butler; sisters Anita Jo Barber Tyson of Butler; Belinda Gay Mozingo of AL; and Cheryl Anderson of MS; grandchildren Raven Barber, Rhys Barber, Rexa Barber, Terry Barber, Kaleb Barber, and Colt Hensley, Jr.
He was preceded in death by his parents Benjamin Barber, Sr. and Cora Lee Barber and his granddaughter Mariah Katelynn Hensley.
Pallbearers are Melissa Barber Hensley, John Terry Barber, Henry Lee Barber, Jr., Toady James Hensley, Steven Colt Hensley, Sr., and David Ray "D.R." Dykes. Honorary pallbearer Dale "Whit" Whittington.
Visit bumpersfuneralhome.com to sign the online register and post condolences to the family.
Bumpers Funeral Home of Butler will be in charge of arrangements.
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Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or email@example.com.


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Developing In Javascript
Still, Javascript is most often associated with web development. It has become the de-facto HTML scripting language and it certainly is ubiquitous in web development these days.
With just some knowledge of a language from the C-family (such as Java and C#), it is easy to get started with Javascript, even without really knowing much about the language itself. The language is very forgiving of errors. However, the flexibility of the language can mask its true power, and more importantly the differences with C-like languages. It is not uncommon that this leads to frustration and discourages developers, resulting in a characterization of Javascript as "not a real language."
Core Language
Javascript has been around for 15 years and shares a C-like syntax with Java, but at a fundamental level it shows greater similarity to a Lisp dialect (Scheme) and a prototype-based language (Self.) Javascript is a relatively small language, but as it turns out, it is a surprisingly powerful and expressive language. The functionality inspired on paradigms of Scheme and Self are significantly different than the programming paradigms typically found in C-like languages.
Just like every other language, Javascript has its quirks (such as semi-colon insertion), and perhaps even more so than other languages. Javascript can definitely throw you a curveball. However just like with any other language, if you understand its core principles, you can harness its power and avoid problems. There are plenty of great resources to be found in helping you to understand the language. I like "Douglas Crockford on Javascript", but there many others.
Functional Programming
I had already done some Javascript development, adding simple behavior to HTML pages, before I had my Aha!-moment. My earliest professional programming experiences were rooted in functional programming, developing knowledge-base (aka expert) system components using Common Lisp Object System (CLOS). Early on, I learned the benefits of functional programming concepts, such as pure functions (functions without side-effects), high-order functions, closures, and monads. Every programmer should probably have some functional programming experience under their belt to make them a better, more rounded programmer. Once I realized Javascript supports functional programming concepts as well, programming in Javascript became a lot simpler, and more fun. The availability of the functional programming paradigm is what makes Javascript a powerful language.
Javascript at Aquilent
At Aquilent we do our fair share of Javascript development. For example, Aquilent recently customized the webmail application of the Disaster Information Management Research Center (DIMRC) radio emergency backup system, which the US National Library of Medicine (NLM) develops for the Bethesda Hospitals Emergency Partnership. This system provides a means of (electronic) communication, in case of an internet blackout, between various locations in the participating hospitals. The system also allows for communication from the hospitals to the world outside the blackout area using radio transmissions. The customization involved extending the webmail application with a chat function that allows for direct communication between the hospitals. This chat function makes extensive use of Javascript and was built on top of the JsJaC library (implementing the XMPP protocol.) Thorough understanding of core Javascript helped us significantly reduce the complexity of this functionality.
In summary, when developing in Javascript, especially web applications, it pays to understand the core principles of Javascript. It can help to avoid many frustrations and help you build powerful features providing excellent functionality to the end-user.


text: It's kind of weird, I woke up this morning with a strange craving for some pictures of forty-three year old breasts and then this happened. Here is Jennifer Aniston at some party showing off all kinds of awesome cougar boobage in some sexy low cut dress. Those breasts are just awesome and I just fuckin love when Jen brings the girls out… This reminds me of the scene in Horrible Bosses where Jennifer Aniston upskirt by the desk in a white coat half open. Good times.


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CAMBRIDGE - Corey Leasure finished second with a 16:23.65 to advance to regionals in Saturday's Ohio Division III cross country district meet.
Caldwell's Tanner Harding and Fort Frye's Jordan Anderson also advanced by finishing fourth and sixth, respectively.
Both schools finished in the top four to also advance along with Garaway and Malvern.
Jonathan Niswonger, Jon Anderson, and Matthew Cheeseman rounded out the Top 16 to advance.


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Temporal range: Rupelian to present
|Female black-chinned hummingbird
|Scientific classification
Vigors, 1825
For an alphabetic species list, see:
Hummingbirds are New World birds that constitute the family Trochilidae. They are among the smallest of birds, most species measuring in the 7.5–13 cm (3–5 in) range. Indeed, the smallest extant bird species is a hummingbird, the 5-cm bee hummingbird weighing less than a U.S. penny (2.5 g).
They are known as hummingbirds because of the humming sound created by their beating wings which flap at high frequencies audible to humans. They hover in mid-air at rapid wing-flapping rates, typically around 50 times per second, allowing them also to fly at speeds exceeding 15 m/s (54 km/h; 34 mph),[1] backwards.[2]
Hummingbirds have the highest metabolism of any homeothermic animal.[3] To conserve energy when food is scarce, and nightly when not foraging, they go into torpor, a state similar to hibernation, slowing metabolic rate to 1/15th of its normal rate.[4]
- 1 Evolution
- 2 Systematics
- 3 Specialized characteristics and metabolism
- 4 Reproduction
- 5 Feather colors
- 6 Aerodynamics of flight
- 7 Feather sonation
- 8 Range
- 9 Migration
- 10 Diet and specializations for food gathering
- 11 Superficially similar birds
- 12 In myth and culture
- 13 Gallery
- 14 See also
- 15 References
- 16 External links
A map of the hummingbird family tree—reconstructed from analysis of 284 of the world's 338 known species—shows rapid diversification from 22 million years ago.[5] Hummingbirds fall into nine main clades, the Topazes, Hermits, Mangoes, Brilliants, Coquettes, Patagona, Mountain Gems, Bees, and Emeralds, defining their relationship to nectar-bearing flowering plants and the birds' continued spread into new geographic areas.[5][6][7][8]
While all hummingbirds depend on flower nectar to fuel their high metabolisms and hovering flight, coordinated changes in flower- and bill shape stimulated the formation of new species of hummingbirds and plants. Due to this exceptional evolutionary pattern, as many as 140 hummingbird species can coexist in a specific region, such as the Andes Mountains.[5]
The hummingbird evolutionary tree shows ancestral hummingbirds splitting from insectivorous swifts (family Apodidae) and treeswifts (family Hemiprocnidae) about 42 million years ago, probably in Eurasia.[5] One key evolutionary factor appears to be an altered taste receptor that enabled hummingbirds to seek nectar.[9] By 22 million years ago the ancestral species of current hummingbirds became established in South America, where environmental conditions stimulated further diversification.[5]
The Andes Mountains appear to be a particularly rich environment for hummingbird evolution because diversification occurred simultaneously with mountain uplift over the past 10 million years.[5] Hummingbirds remain in dynamic diversification inhabiting ecological regions across South America, North America, and the Caribbean, indicating an enlarging evolutionary radiation.[5]
Within the same geographic region, hummingbird clades co-evolved with nectar-bearing plant clades, affecting mechanisms of pollination.[10][11] The same is true for the sword-billed hummingbird (Ensifera ensifera), one of the morphologically most extreme species, and one of its main food plant clades (Passiflora section Tacsonia).[12]
Sexual dimorphisms[edit]
Hummingbirds exhibit sexual size dimorphism according to Rensch's rule,[13] in which males are smaller than females in small species, and males are larger than females in large-bodied species.[14] The extent of this sexual size difference varies among clades of hummingbirds.[14][15] For example, the Mellisugini clade exhibits a large size dimorphism, with females being larger than males.[15] Conversely, The Lophomithini clade displays very little size dimorphism; males and females are similar in size.[15] Sexual dimorphisms in beak size and shape are also present between male and female hummingbirds,[15] where in many clades, females have longer, more curved beaks favored for accessing nectar from tall flowers.[16] For males and females of the same size, females will tend to have larger beaks.[15]
Sexual size and beak differences likely evolved due to constraints imposed by courtship because mating displays of male hummingbirds require complex aerial maneuvers and are costly in terms of energy.[13] Males tend to be smaller than females, allowing conservation of energy to forage competitively and participate more frequently in courtship.[13] Thus, sexual selection will favor smaller male hummingbirds.[13]
Female hummingbirds tend to be larger, requiring more energy, and their beaks longer to access preferred flowers.[15] Female hummingbirds tend to have longer beaks that allow for more effective reach into crevices of tall flowers for nectar.[16] Thus females are better at foraging, acquiring flower nectar, and supporting the energy demands of their larger body size.[16] Directional selection will thus favor the larger hummingbirds in terms of acquiring food.[14]
Another evolutionary cause of this sexual bill dimorphism is that the selective forces from competition for nectar between the sexes of each species are what drive the sexual dimorphism.[15] Depending on which sex holds territory in the species, it is advantageous for the other sex to have a longer bill and be able to feed on a wide variety of flowers, decreasing intraspecific competition.[16] For example, in species of hummingbirds where males have longer bills, males do not hold a specific territory and have a lek mating system.[16] In species where males have shorter bills than females, males defend their resources and therefore females must have a longer bill in order to feed from a broader range of flower.[16]
Co-evolution with ornithophilous flowers[edit]
Hummingbirds are specialized nectarivores[17] and are tied to the ornithophilous flowers upon which they feed. Some species, especially those with unusual bill shapes such as the sword-billed hummingbird and the sicklebills, are co-evolved with a small number of flower species.
Many plants pollinated by hummingbirds produce flowers in shades of red, orange, and bright pink, though the birds will take nectar from flowers of many colors. Hummingbirds can see wavelengths into the near-ultraviolet, but their flowers do not reflect these wavelengths as many insect-pollinated flowers do. This narrow color spectrum may render hummingbird-pollinated flowers relatively inconspicuous to most insects, thereby reducing nectar robbing.[18][19] Hummingbird-pollinated flowers also produce relatively weak nectar (averaging 25% sugars w/w) containing a high proportion of sucrose, whereas insect-pollinated flowers typically produce more concentrated nectars dominated by fructose and glucose.[20]
Possible beak evolution[edit]
Upon maturity, males of one species, Phaethornis longirostris, the long-billed hermit, appear to be evolving a dagger-like weapon on the beak tip as a secondary sexual trait to defend mating areas.[21]
In traditional taxonomy, hummingbirds are placed in the order Apodiformes, which also contains the swifts. However, some taxonomists have separated them into their own order, the Trochiliformes. Hummingbirds' wing bones are hollow and fragile, making fossilization difficult and leaving their evolutionary history poorly documented. Though scientists theorize that hummingbirds originated in South America, where species diversity is greatest, possible ancestors of extant hummingbirds may have lived in parts of Europe to what is southern Russia today.[22]
Between 325 and 340 species of hummingbirds are described, depending on taxonomic viewpoint, divided into two subfamilies, the hermits (subfamily Phaethornithinae, 34 species in six genera), and the typical hummingbirds (subfamily Trochilinae, all the others). However, recent phylogenetic analyses suggest that this division is slightly inaccurate, and that there are nine major clades of hummingbirds: the topazes and jacobins, the hermits, the mangoes, the coquettes, the brilliants, the giant hummingbird (Patagona gigas), the mountain-gems, the bees, and the emeralds.[23] The topazes and jacobins combined have the oldest split with the rest of the hummingbirds. The hummingbird family has the second-greatest number of species of any bird family (after the tyrant flycatchers).
Fossil hummingbirds are known from the Pleistocene of Brazil and the Bahamas; however, neither has yet been scientifically described, and fossils and subfossils of a few extant species are known. Until recently, older fossils had not been securely identifiable as those of hummingbirds.
In 2004, Dr Gerald Mayr of the Senckenberg Museum in Frankfurt am Main identified two 30-million-year-old hummingbird fossils.[24] The fossils of this primitive hummingbird species, named Eurotrochilus inexpectatus ("unexpected European hummingbird"), had been sitting in a museum drawer in Stuttgart; they had been unearthed in a clay pit at Wiesloch–Frauenweiler, south of Heidelberg, Germany, and because it was assumed that hummingbirds never occurred outside the Americas, were not recognized to be hummingbirds until Mayr took a closer look at them.
Fossils of birds not clearly assignable to either hummingbirds or a related, extinct family, the Jungornithidae, have been found at the Messel pit and in the Caucasus, dating from 40–35 mya; this indicates that the split between these two lineages indeed occurred at that date. The areas where these early fossils have been found had a climate quite similar to that of the northern Caribbean or southernmost China during that time. The biggest remaining mystery at the present time is what happened to hummingbirds in the roughly 25 million years between the primitive Eurotrochilus and the modern fossils. The astounding morphological adaptations, the decrease in size, and the dispersal to the Americas and extinction in Eurasia all occurred during this timespan. DNA-DNA hybridization results[25] suggest that the main radiation of South American hummingbirds took place at least partly in the Miocene, some 12 to 13 million years ago, during the uplifting of the northern Andes.
In 2013, a 50-million-year-old fossil bird unearthed in Wyoming was found to be a predecessor to both hummingbirds and swifts before the groups diverged.[26]
Lists of genera and species[edit]
- List of hummingbird genera
- List of hummingbird species, sortable alphabetically by common or binomial name
Specialized characteristics and metabolism[edit]
With the exception of insects, hummingbirds while in flight have the highest metabolism of all animals - a necessity to support the rapid beating of their wings during hovering and fast forward flight.[3][27] Their heart rate can reach as high as 1,260 beats per minute, a rate once measured in a blue-throated hummingbird,[28] with a breathing rate of 250 breaths per minute, even at rest.[29] During flight, oxygen consumption per gram of muscle tissue in a hummingbird is about 10 times higher than that measured in elite human athletes.[3]
Hummingbirds consume more than their own weight in nectar each day, and to do so they must visit hundreds of flowers. Hummingbirds are continuously hours away from starving to death and are able to store just enough energy to survive overnight.[30]
Hummingbirds are rare among vertebrates in their ability to rapidly make use of ingested sugars to fuel energetically expensive hovering flight, powering up to 100% of their metabolic needs with the sugars they drink (in comparison, human athletes max out at around 30%). Hummingbirds can use newly ingested sugars to fuel hovering flight within 30–45 minutes of consumption.[31][32] These data suggest that hummingbirds are able to oxidize sugar in flight muscles at rates high enough to satisfy their extreme metabolic demands. By relying on newly ingested sugars to fuel flight, hummingbirds can reserve their limited fat stores to sustain their overnight fasting or to power migratory flights.[31]
The dynamic range of metabolic rates in hummingbirds[33] requires a corresponding dynamic range in kidney function.[34] The glomerulus is a cluster of capillaries in each nephron of the kidney that removes certain substances from the blood, like a filtration mechanism. The rate at which blood is processed is called the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Most often these fluids are reabsorbed by the kidneys. GFR also slows when a bird is undergoing water deprivation. The interruption of GFR is a survival and physiological mechanism unique to hummingbirds.[34]
Studies of hummingbirds' metabolisms are relevant to the question of how a migrating ruby-throated hummingbird can cross 800 km (500 mi) of the Gulf of Mexico on a nonstop flight.[29] This hummingbird, like other birds preparing to migrate, stores fat as a fuel reserve, thereby augmenting its weight by as much as 100%, hence increasing potential flying time over open water.[29][35]
The metabolism of hummingbirds can slow at night or at any time when food is not readily available: the birds enter a hibernation-like, deep-sleep state (known as torpor) to prevent energy reserves from falling to a critical level. During night-time torpor, body temperature falls from 40 to 18 °C,[36] with heart and breathing rates both slowed dramatically (heart rate to roughly 50 to 180 beats per minute from its daytime rate of higher than 1000).[37]
During torpor, to prevent dehydration, the GFR ceases, preserving needed compounds such as glucose, water, and nutrients.[34] Further, body mass declines throughout nocturnal torpor at a rate of 0.04 g per hour, amounting to about 10% of weight loss each night.[34] The circulating hormone, corticosterone, is one signal that arouses a hummingbird from torpor.[38]
Use and duration of torpor vary among hummingbird species and are affected by whether a dominant bird defends territory, with nonterritorial subordinate birds having longer periods of torpor.[39]
Hummingbirds have long lifespans for organisms with such rapid metabolisms. Though many die during their first year of life, especially in the vulnerable period between hatching and leaving the nest (fledging), those that survive may occasionally live a decade or more. Among the better-known North American species, the average lifespan is probably 3 to 5 years. (For comparison, the smaller shrews, among the smallest of all mammals, seldom live longer than 2 years.[40]) The longest recorded lifespan in the wild relates to a female broad-tailed hummingbird that was banded (ringed) as an adult at least one year old, then recaptured 11 years later, making her at least 12 years old. Other longevity records for banded hummingbirds include an estimated minimum age of 10 years 1 month for a female black-chinned hummingbird similar in size to the broad-tailed hummingbird, and at least 11 years 2 months for a much larger buff-bellied hummingbird.[41]
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As far as is known, male hummingbirds do not take part in nesting.[42] Most species build a cup-shaped nest on the branch of a tree or shrub,[43] although a few tropical species normally attach their nests to leaves.[citation needed] The nest varies in size relative to the particular species—from smaller than half a walnut shell to several centimeters in diameter.[42][44]
Many hummingbird species use spider silk and lichen to bind the nest material together and secure the structure.[43][45] The unique properties of the silk allow the nest to expand as the young hummingbirds grow.[43][44] Two white eggs are laid,[43][45] which despite being the smallest of all bird eggs, are in fact large relative to the adult hummingbird's size.[44] Incubation lasts 14 to 23 days,[45] depending on the species, ambient temperature, and female attentiveness to the nest.[42] The mother feeds her nestlings on small arthropods and nectar by inserting her bill into the open mouth of a nestling, and then regurgitating the food into its crop.[42][44]
Incubating in Copiapó, Chile
nest with two nestlings in Santa Monica, California
feeding two nestlings in Grand Teton National Park
Fallen Anna's hummingbird nest in Ventura County, California, shown next to toothpick for scale
Feather colors[edit]
To serve courtship and territorial competition, many male hummingbirds have plumage with bright, varied coloration[46] resulting both from pigmentation in the feathers and from prism-like cells within the top layers of feathers of the head, gorget, breast, back and wings.[47] When sunlight hits these cells, it is split into wavelengths that reflect to the observer in varying degrees of intensity,[47] with the feather structure acting as a diffraction grating.[47] Iridescent hummingbird colors result from a combination of refraction and pigmentation, since the diffraction structures themselves are made of melanin, a pigment,[46] and may also be colored by carotenoid pigmentation and more subdued black, brown or gray colors dependent on melanin.[47]
By merely shifting position, feather regions of a muted-looking bird can instantly become fiery red or vivid green.[47] In courtship displays for one example, males of the colorful Anna's hummingbird orient their bodies and feathers toward the sun to enhance the display value of iridescent plumage toward a female of interest.[48]
One study of Anna's hummingbirds found that dietary protein was an influential factor in feather color, as birds receiving more protein grew significantly more colorful crown feathers than those fed a low-protein diet.[49] Additionally, birds on a high-protein diet grew yellower (higher hue) green tail feathers than birds on a low-protein diet.[49]
Aerodynamics of flight[edit]
Hummingbird flight has been studied intensively from an aerodynamic perspective using wind tunnels and high-speed video cameras.
Two studies of rufous or Anna's hummingbirds in a wind tunnel used particle image velocimetry techniques to investigate the lift generated on the bird's upstroke and downstroke.[51][52] The birds produced 75% of their weight support during the downstroke and 25% during the upstroke, with the wings making a "figure 8" motion.[53]
Many earlier studies had assumed that lift was generated equally during the two phases of the wingbeat cycle, as is the case of insects of a similar size.[51] This finding shows that hummingbird hovering is similar to, but distinct from, that of hovering insects such as the hawk moth.[51] Further studies using electromyography in hovering rufous hummingbirds showed that muscle strain in the pectoralis major (principal downstroke muscle) was the lowest yet recorded in a flying bird, and the primary upstroke muscle (supracoracoideus) is proportionately larger than in other bird species.[54] Hummingbird hovering has been estimated to be 20% more efficient than performed by a helicopter drone.[55]
Because of their flying technique, these birds no longer have an alula, while the alula digit has evolved to become absent.[56]
The giant hummingbird's wings beat as few as 12 beats per second[57] and the wings of typical hummingbirds beat up to 80 times per second.[55]
A slow-motion video has shown how the hummingbirds deal with rain when they are flying. To remove the water from their heads, they shake their heads and bodies, similar to a dog shaking, to shed water.[58] Further, when raindrops collectively may weigh as much as 38% of the bird's body weight, hummingbirds shift their bodies and tails horizontally, beat their wings faster, and reduce their wings' angle of motion when flying in heavy rain.[59]
Feather sonation[edit]
Courtship dives[edit]
The outer tail feathers of male Anna's (Calypte anna) and Selasphorus hummingbirds (e.g., Allen's, calliope) vibrate during courtship display dives and produce an audible chirp caused by aeroelastic flutter.[60][61] When courting, the male ascends some 35 meters before diving over an interested female at a speed of 27 m/s, equal to 385 body lengths/second, producing a high-pitched sound.[62] This downward acceleration during a dive is the highest reported for any vertebrate undergoing a voluntary aerial maneuver; in addition to acceleration, the speed, relative to body length, is the largest known for any vertebrate. For instance, it is about twice the diving speed of peregrine falcons in pursuit of prey.[62] At maximum descent speed, about 10 g of gravitational force occurs in the courting hummingbird during a dive.[62] By comparison to humans, this is a g-force acceleration causing near loss of consciousness in fighter pilots during flight of fixed-wing aircraft in a high-speed banked turn.[62][63]
Hummingbirds can not make the courtship dive sound when missing their outer tail feathers, and those same feathers could produce the dive-sound in a wind tunnel.[60] The bird can sing at the same frequency as the tail feather chirp, but its small syrinx is not capable of the same volume.[64] The sound is caused by the aerodynamics of rapid air flow past tail feathers, causing them to flutter in a vibration which produces the high-pitched sound of a courtship dive.[60][65]
Many other species of hummingbirds also produce sounds with their wings or tails while flying, hovering or diving, including the wings of the calliope hummingbird,[66] broad-tailed hummingbird, rufous hummingbird, Allen's hummingbird, and streamertail, as well as the tail of the Costa's hummingbird and the black-chinned hummingbird, and a number of related species.[67] However, the harmonics of sounds during courtship dives vary across species of hummingbirds.[61]
Wing trill[edit]
Male rufous and broad-tailed hummingbirds (genus Selasphorus) have a distinctive wing feature during normal flight that sounds like jingling or a buzzing shrill whistle.[68] The trill arises from air rushing through slots created by the tapered tips of the ninth and tenth primary wing feathers, creating a sound loud enough to be detected by female or competitive male hummingbirds and researchers up to 100 m away.[68]
Behaviorally, the whistle serves several purposes:[68]
- Announces the sex and presence of a male bird
- Provides audible aggressive defense of feeding territory and an intrusion tactic
- Enhances communication of threat
- Favors mate attraction and courtship
Hummingbirds are restricted to the Americas from south central Alaska to Tierra del Fuego, including the Caribbean. The majority of species occur in tropical and subtropical Central and South America, but several species also breed in temperate climates and some hillstars occur even in alpine Andean highlands at altitudes up to 5,200 metres (17,100 ft).[69]
The greatest species richness is in humid tropical and subtropical forests of the northern Andes and adjacent foothills, but the number of species found in the Atlantic Forest, Central America or southern Mexico also far exceeds the number found in southern South America, the Caribbean islands, the United States, and Canada. While fewer than 25 different species of hummingbirds have been recorded from the United States and fewer than 10 from Canada and Chile each,[70] Colombia alone has more than 160[71] and the comparably small Ecuador has about 130 species.[72]
The migratory ruby-throated hummingbird breeds in a range from the southeastern United States to Ontario,[73] while the black-chinned hummingbird, its close relative and another migrant, is the most widespread and common species in the southwestern United States. The rufous hummingbird is the most widespread species in western North America.[74]
Most hummingbirds of the U.S. and Canada migrate southward in fall to spend winter in Mexico, the Caribbean Islands, or Central America. A few southern South American species also move north to the tropics during the southern winter. A few species are year-round residents of California and southwestern desert regions of the USA. Among these are Anna's hummingbird, a common resident from southern Arizona and inland California, and buff-bellied hummingbird, an uncommon resident in subtropical woodlands of southern Texas east through the Gulf coast to the Atlantic coast of Florida. Ruby-throated hummingbirds migrate from as far north as Ontario, Canada, in summer, returning to Mexico, South America, southern Texas, and Florida to winter.[75]
The rufous hummingbird breeds farther north than any other species of hummingbird, often breeding in large numbers in temperate western North America and wintering in increasing numbers along the coasts of subtropical Gulf of Mexico and Florida, rather than in western or central Mexico.[76] By migrating in spring as far north as the Yukon or southern Alaska,[76] the rufous hummingbird migrates more extensively and nests farther north than any other hummingbird species, and must tolerate occasional temperatures below freezing in its breeding territory. This cold hardiness enables it to survive temperatures below freezing, provided that adequate shelter and food are available.
As calculated by displacement of body size, the rufous hummingbird makes perhaps the longest migratory journey of any bird in the world. At just over 3 in long, rufous birds travel 3,900-miles one-way from Alaska to Mexico in late summer, a distance equal to 78,470,000 body lengths.[76] By comparison, the 13-inch-long Arctic tern makes a one-way flight of about 11,185 miles, or 51,430,000 body lengths, just 65% of the body displacement during migration by rufous hummingbirds.[76]
The northward migration of rufous hummingbirds occurs along the Pacific flyway[76] and may be time-coordinated with flower and tree leaf emergence in spring in early March, and also with availability of insects as food.[77] Arrival at breeding grounds before nectar availability from mature flowers may jeopardize breeding opportunities, a factor of phenology possibly determining future migratory patterns linked to climate change.[78]
Diet and specializations for food gathering[edit]
Hummingbirds drink nectar, a sweet liquid inside certain flowers. Like bees, they are able to assess the amount of sugar in the nectar they eat; they normally reject flower types that produce nectar that is less than 10% sugar and prefer those whose sugar content is higher. Nectar is a mixture of glucose, fructose, and sucrose, and is a poor source of nutrients, so hummingbirds meet their nutritional needs by preying on flying insects and spiders.[79][80]
Hummingbirds do not spend all day flying, as the energy cost would be prohibitive; the majority of their activity consists simply of sitting or perching. Hummingbirds eat many small meals and consume around half their weight in pure sugar (twice their weight in nectar, if the nectar is 25% sugar) each day.[81] Hummingbirds digest their food rapidly due to their small size and high metabolism; a mean retention time less than an hour has been reported.[82] Hummingbirds spend an average of 10–15% of their time feeding and 75–80% sitting and digesting.
Because they starve so easily, hummingbirds are highly attuned to food sources. Some species, including many found in North America, are territorial and will try to guard food sources (such as a feeder) against other hummingbirds, attempting to ensure a future food supply for itself.
Hummingbird bill shapes vary dramatically, as an adaptation for specialized feeding. Some species, such as hermits (Phaethornis spp.) have long bills that allow them to probe deep into flowers with long corollae. Thornbills have short, sharp bills adapted for feeding from flowers with short corollae and piercing the bases of longer ones. The sicklebills' extremely decurved bills are adapted to extracting nectar from the curved corollae of flowers in the family Gesneriaceae. The bill of the fiery-tailed awlbill has an upturned tip, as in the avocets. The male tooth-billed hummingbird has barracuda-like spikes at the tip of its long, straight bill.
The two halves of a hummingbird's bill have a pronounced overlap, with the lower half (mandible) fitting tightly inside the upper half (maxilla). When a hummingbird feeds on nectar, the bill is usually opened only slightly, allowing the tongue to dart out and into the interior of flowers. Hummingbird bill sizes range from about 5 mm to as long as 100 mm (about 4 in).[83] When catching insects in flight, a hummingbird's jaw flexes downward to widen the gape for successful capture.[80]
Tongue as a micropump[edit]
Hummingbirds drink with their tongues by rapidly lapping nectar. Their tongues have tubes which run down their lengths and help the hummingbirds drink the nectar.[84] While capillary action was believed to be what drew nectar into these tubes, high-speed photography has revealed that the tubes open down their sides as the tongue goes into the nectar, and then close around the nectar, trapping it so it can be pulled back into the beak.[85][86] The tongue, which is forked, is compressed until it reaches nectar, then the tongue springs open, the rapid action traps the nectar and the nectar moves up the grooves, like a pump action, with capillary action not involved.[84][87] Consequently, tongue flexibility enables accessing, transporting and unloading nectar.[88][89]
Feeders and artificial nectar[edit]
In the wild, hummingbirds visit flowers for food, extracting nectar, which is 55% sucrose, 24% glucose and 21% fructose on a dry-matter basis.[90] Hummingbirds also take sugar-water from bird feeders. Such feeders allow people to observe and enjoy hummingbirds up close while providing the birds with a reliable source of energy, especially when flower blossoms are less abundant. A negative aspect of artificial feeders, however, is that the birds may seek less flower nectar for food, so reduce the amount of pollination their feeding naturally provides.[91]
White granulated sugar is the best sweetener to use in hummingbird feeders. A ratio of 1 part sugar to 4 parts water is a common recipe,[92] although hummingbirds will defend feeders more aggressively when sugar content is at 35%, indicating preference for nectar with higher sweetness and sugar content.[93] Boiling and then cooling this mixture before use has been recommended to help deter the growth of bacteria and fungi. Brown, turbinado, and "raw" sugars contain iron, which can be deadly to hummingbirds if consumed over long periods.[94] Honey is made by bees from the nectar of flowers, but it is not good to use in feeders because when it is diluted with water, microorganisms easily grow in it, causing it to spoil rapidly.[95][96][97]
Red food dye is often added to homemade solutions, but is not necessary. Commercial products sold as "instant nectar" or "hummingbird food" may also contain preservatives and/or artificial flavors as well as dyes, and are not necessary. The long-term effects of these additives on hummingbirds have not been studied.[98] Although some commercial products contain small amounts of nutritional additives, hummingbirds obtain all necessary nutrients from the insects they eat. This renders the added nutrients unnecessary in most situations.[74]
Other animals also visit hummingbird feeders. Bees, wasps, and ants are attracted to the sugar-water and may crawl into the feeder, where they may become trapped and drown. Orioles, woodpeckers, bananaquits, and other larger animals are known to drink from hummingbird feeders, sometimes tipping them and draining the liquid.[99] In the southwestern United States, two species of nectar-drinking bats (Leptonycteris yerbabuenae and Choeronycteris mexicana) visit hummingbird feeders to supplement their natural diet of nectar and pollen from saguaro cacti and agaves.[100]
Superficially similar birds[edit]
Some species of sunbirds of Africa, southern and southeastern Asia, and Australia resemble hummingbirds in appearance and behavior, as do perhaps also the honeyeaters of Australia and Pacific islands. These two groups, however, are not related to hummingbirds, as their resemblance is due to convergent evolution.[101]
The hummingbird moth is often mistaken for a hummingbird.
In myth and culture[edit]
- Aztecs wore hummingbird talismans, the talismans being representations as well as actual hummingbird fetishes formed from parts of real hummingbirds: emblematic for their vigor, energy, and propensity to do work along with their sharp beaks that mimic instruments of weaponry, bloodletting, penetration, and intimacy. Hummingbird talismans were prized as drawing sexual potency, energy, vigor, and skill at arms and warfare to the wearer.[102]
- The Aztec god of war Huitzilopochtli is often depicted as a hummingbird (right). It was also believed that fallen warriors would return to earth as hummingbirds and butterflies.[103] The Nahuatl word huitzil (hummingbird) is an onomatopoeic word derived from the sounds of the hummingbird's wing-beats and zooming flight.
- One of the Nazca Lines depicts a hummingbird (right).
- Trinidad and Tobago, known as "The land of the hummingbird," displays a hummingbird on that nation's coat of arms,[104] 1-cent coin[105] and emblem of its national airline, Caribbean Airlines (right).
Hummingbird feeding from a flower in the University of California Botanical Garden
Hummingbird attacking larger song sparrow
Hummingbird and honey bee sizes compared
See also[edit]
- AeroVironment Nano Hummingbird — artificial hummingbird
- Macroglossum stellatarum — hummingbird hawk-moth
- Hemaris — sphinx moths (hummingbird moths) confused with hummingbirds
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- ^ Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Bird Banding Laboratory. Longevity Records AOU Numbers 3930–4920 2009-08-31. Retrieved 2009-09-27.
- ^ a b c d Oniki, Y; Willis, E. O. (2000). "Nesting behavior of the swallow-tailed hummingbird, Eupetomena macroura (Trochilidae, Aves)". Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia 60 (4): 655–62. doi:10.1590/s0034-71082000000400016. PMID 11241965.
- ^ a b c d "Hummingbird nesting (video)". Public Broadcasting System - Nature; from Learner.org, Journey North. 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
- ^ a b c d "Hummingbird nesting and fledgling (video)". YouTube. 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
- ^ a b c "Hummingbird Q&A: Nest and eggs". Operation Rubythroat: the Hummingbird Project, Hilton Pond Center for Piedmont Natural History. 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
- ^ a b "Hummingbird characteristics". learner.org. Annenberg Learner, The Annenberg Foundation. 2015.
- ^ a b c d e Williamson S (2001). A Field Guide to Hummingbirds of North America. Section: Plumage and Molt. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 13–18. ISBN 0618024964.
- ^ Hamilton WJ (1965). "Sun-oriented display of the Anna's hummingbird" (PDF). The Wilson Bulletin 77 (1).
- ^ a b Meadows MG, Roudybush TE, McGraw KJ (2012). "Dietary protein level affects iridescent coloration in Anna's hummingbirds, Calypte anna". J Exp Biol 215 (16): 2742–50. doi:10.1242/jeb.069351. PMC 3404802. PMID 22837446.
- ^ Rayner, J.M.V. (1995). "Dynamics of vortex wakes of flying and swimming vertebrates". Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol. 49: 131–155. PMID 8571221.
- ^ a b c Warrick DR, Tobalske BW, Powers DR (2005). "Aerodynamics of the hovering hummingbird". Nature 435 (7045): 1094–7. doi:10.1038/nature03647. PMID 15973407.
- ^ Sapir, N; Dudley, R (2012). "Backward flight in hummingbirds employs unique kinematic adjustments and entails low metabolic cost". Journal of Experimental Biology 215 (Pt 20): 3603–11. doi:10.1242/jeb.073114. PMID 23014570.
- ^ Tobalske BW, Warrick DR, Clark CJ, Powers DR, Hedrick TL, Hyder GA, Biewener AA (2007). "Three-dimensional kinematics of hummingbird flight". J Exp Biol 210 (13): 2368–82. doi:10.1242/jeb.005686. PMID 17575042.
- ^ Tobalske, B. W.; Biewener, A. A.; Warrick, D. R.; Hedrick, T. L.; Powers, D. R. (2010). "Effects of flight speed upon muscle activity in hummingbirds". Journal of Experimental Biology 213 (Pt 14): 2515–23. doi:10.1242/jeb.043844. PMID 20581281.
- ^ a b Gill V (30 July 2014). "Hummingbirds edge out helicopters in hover contest". BBC News. Retrieved 1 Sep 2014.
- ^ Videler JJ (2005). Avian Flight. Oxford University Press, Ornithology Series. p. 34. ISBN 0198566034.
- ^ Fernández, M. J.; Dudley, R; Bozinovic, F (2011). "Comparative energetics of the giant hummingbird (Patagona gigas)". Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 84 (3): 333–40. doi:10.1086/660084. PMID 21527824.
- ^ Morelle R (November 8, 2011). "Hummingbirds shake their heads to deal with rain". BBC News. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
- ^ St. Fleur N (July 20, 2012). "Hummingbird rain trick: New study shows tiny birds alter posture in storms (video)". Huffington Post. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
- ^ a b c Clark, C. J.; Feo, T. J. (2008). "The Anna's hummingbird chirps with its tail: A new mechanism of sonation in birds". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275 (1637): 955–62. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1619. PMC 2599939. PMID 18230592.
- ^ a b Clark CJ (2014). "Harmonic hopping, and both punctuated and gradual evolution of acoustic characters in Selasphorus hummingbird tail-feathers". PLoS One 9 (4): e93829. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093829. PMID 24722049.
- ^ a b c d Clark, C. J. (2009). "Courtship dives of Anna's hummingbird offer insights into flight performance limits". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276 (1670): 3047–52. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0508. PMC 2817121. PMID 19515669.
- ^ Shender, B. S.; Forster, E. M.; Hrebien, L; Ryoo, H. C.; Cammarota Jr, J. P. (2003). "Acceleration-induced near-loss of consciousness: The "A-LOC" syndrome". Aviation, space, and environmental medicine 74 (10): 1021–8. PMID 14556561.
- ^ Clark, C. J.; Feo, T. J. (2010). "Why do Calypte hummingbirds "sing" with both their tail and their syrinx? An apparent example of sexual sensory bias". The American Naturalist 175 (1): 27–37. doi:10.1086/648560. PMID 19916787.
- ^ Clark, C. J.; Elias, D. O.; Prum, R. O. (2013). "Hummingbird feather sounds are produced by aeroelastic flutter, not vortex-induced vibration". Journal of Experimental Biology 216 (Pt 18): 3395–403. doi:10.1242/jeb.080317. PMID 23737562.
- ^ Clark CJ (2011). "Wing, tail, and vocal contributions to the complex acoustic signals of courting Calliope hummingbirds" (PDF). Current Zoology 57 (2): 187–196.
- ^ Kovacevic M (2008-01-30). "Hummingbird sings with its tail feathers". Cosmos Magazine. Retrieved 2013-07-13.
- ^ a b c Miller SJ, Inouye DW (1983). "Roles of the Wing Whistle in the Territorial Behaviour of Male Broad-tailed Hummingbirds (Selasphorus platycercus)". Hummingbirds.net, republished from Animal Behavior, 31, 689-700, 1983. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
- ^ Fjeldså, J., & I. Heynen (1999). Genus Oreotrochilus. pp. 623–624 in: del Hoyo, J., A. Elliott, & J. Sargatal. eds. (1999). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 5. Barn-owls to Hummingbirds. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-25-3
- ^ Jaramillo, A., & R. Barros (2010). Species lists of birds for South American countries and territories: Chile.
- ^ Salaman, P., T. Donegan, & D. Caro (2009). Checklist to the Birds of Colombia 2009. Conservation Colombiana 8. Fundación ProAves
- ^ Freile, J. (2009). Species lists of birds for South American countries and territories: Ecuador.
- ^ "The Ontario hummingbird project". The Ontario Hummingbird Project. 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- ^ a b Williamson, S. L. (2002). A Field Guide to Hummingbirds of North America (Peterson Field Guide Series). Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. ISBN 0-618-02496-4
- ^ "The Ontario hummingbird project: migration and range maps". The Ontario Hummingbird Project. 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2014.
- ^ a b c d e "Rufous Hummingbird". Cornell University Laboratory of Ornithology. 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
- ^ "Hummingbird news: Tracking migration". Journey North, Annenberg Learner, learner.org. Retrieved March 2014.
- ^ McKinney, A. M.; Caradonna, P. J.; Inouye, D. W.; Barr, B; Bertelsen, C. D.; Waser, N. M. (2012). "Asynchronous changes in phenology of migrating Broad-tailed Hummingbirds and their early-season nectar resources". Ecology 93 (9): 1987–93. doi:10.1890/12-0255.1. PMID 23094369.
- ^ Connor J (15 October 2010). "Not All Sweetness and Light". Cornell University, Laboratory of Ornithology, Allaboutbirds.org, Ithaca, NY.
- ^ a b Yanega GM, Rubega MA (2004). "Feeding mechanisms: Hummingbird jaw bends to aid insect capture". Nature 428 (6983): 615. doi:10.1038/428615a. PMID 15071586.
- ^ Unwin, Mike (2011). The Atlas of Birds: Diversity, Behavior, and Conservation. Princeton University Press. p. 57. ISBN 9781400838257.
- ^ Stevens, C. Edward; Hume, Ian D. (2004). Comparative Physiology of the Vertebrate Digestive System. Cambridge University Press. p. 126. ISBN 9780521617147.
- ^ Temeles EJ (1996). "A new dimension to hummingbird-flower relationships" (PDF). Oecologia 105: 517–23. doi:10.1007/bf00330015.
- ^ a b Rico-Guevara, Alejandro; Fan, Tai-Hsi; Rubega, Margaret A. (2015-08-22). "Hummingbird tongues are elastic micropumps". Proc. R. Soc. B 282 (1813): 20151014. doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.1014. ISSN 0962-8452. PMID 26290074.
- ^ Rico-Guevara, A; Rubega, M. A. (2011). "The hummingbird tongue is a fluid trap, not a capillary tube". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (23): 9356–60. doi:10.1073/pnas.1016944108. PMC 3111265. PMID 21536916.
- ^ Mosher D "High-Speed Video Shows How Hummingbirds Really Drink". Wired.com. May 2, 2011.
- ^ Gorman, James (2015-09-08). "The Hummingbird's Tongue: How It Works". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2015-09-10.
- ^ Kim, W; Peaudecerf, F; Baldwin, M. W.; Bush, J. W. (2012). "The hummingbird's tongue: A self-assembling capillary syphon". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279 (1749): 4990–6. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.1837. PMC 3497234. PMID 23075839.
- ^ Frank, David; Gorman, James (2015-09-08). "ScienceTake | The Hummingbird's Tongue". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2015-09-10.
- ^ Stahl, J. M.; Nepi, M; Galetto, L; Guimarães, E; Machado, S. R. (2012). "Functional aspects of floral nectar secretion of Ananas ananassoides, an ornithophilous bromeliad from the Brazilian savanna". Annals of Botany 109 (7): 1243–52. doi:10.1093/aob/mcs053. PMC 3359915. PMID 22455992.
- ^ Avalos, G; Soto, A; Alfaro, W (2012). "Effect of artificial feeders on pollen loads of the hummingbirds of Cerro de la Muerte, Costa Rica". Revista de biologia tropical 60 (1): 65–73. doi:10.15517/rbt.v60i1.2362. PMID 22458209.
- ^ "Hummingbird Nectar Recipe". Nationalzoo.si.edu. Retrieved 2010-03-20.
- ^ Rousseu, F; Charette, Y; Bélisle, M (2014). "Resource defense and monopolization in a marked population of ruby-throated hummingbirds (Archilochus colubris)". Ecology and Evolution 4 (6): 776–93. doi:10.1002/ece3.972. PMC 3967903. PMID 24683460.
- ^ "Arizona Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Newsletter, April 2005" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-03-20.
- ^ "Feeders and Feeding Hummingbirds (The Entire Article)". Faq.gardenweb.com. 2008-01-09. Retrieved 2009-01-25.
- ^ "Hummingbird F.A.Q.s from the Southeastern Arizona Bird Observatory". Sabo.org. 2008-11-25. Retrieved 2009-01-25.
- ^ Attracting Hummingbirds | Missouri Department of Conservation. Mdc.mo.gov. Retrieved on 2013-04-01.
- ^ "Should I Add Red Dye to My Hummingbird Food?". Trochilids.com. Retrieved 2010-03-20.
- ^ Williamson, S. (2000). Attracting and Feeding Hummingbirds. (Wild Birds Series) T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. ISBN 0-7938-3580-1
- ^ "Tucson's Hummingbird Feeder Bats". The Firefly Forest. Retrieved 2010-03-20.
- ^ Prinzinger, R.; Schafer T. & Schuchmann K. L. (1992). "Energy metabolism, respiratory quotient and breathing parameters in two convergent small bird species : the fork-tailed sunbird Aethopyga christinae (Nectariniidae) and the chilean hummingbird Sephanoides sephanoides (Trochilidae)". Journal of thermal biology 17 (2): 71–79. doi:10.1016/0306-4565(92)90001-V.
- ^ Werness, Hope B; Benedict, Joanne H; Thomas, Scott; Ramsay-Lozano, Tiffany (2004). The Continuum Encyclopedia of Animal Symbolism in Art. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-8264-1525-7.
- ^ Fiona MacDonald (2008). How to Be an Aztec Warrior. National Geographic Books. p. 25. ISBN 9781426301681.
- ^ "National Symbols of Trinidad and Tobago". National Library of Trinidad and Tobago, Port of Spain. 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
- ^ "Coins of Trinidad and Tobago". Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago, Port of Spain. 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
External links[edit]
|Wikiquote has quotations related to: Hummingbirds
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trochilidae.
|Look up hummingbird in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
|Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Humming-birds.
- The Hummingbird Website Hummingbird photos, videos, articles, links, frequently asked questions
- High-resolution photo gallery of almost 100 species
- High-resolution photo gallery of many species of Hummingbirds
- Hummingbird videos on the Internet Bird Collection
- Photographs of SouthWest U.S. Hummingbirds and International Hummingbirds
- Hummingbird Banding Research
- Hummingbird Plants Database
- Hummingbird gardens
- Hummingbird garden species, suitable for the California High Desert
- How to create a butterfly and hummingbird garden
- Hummingbird nesting data for 7 years at one site
- High-resolution photos/blog of Baby Hummingbirds
- Aerial combat between two hummingbirds
- Video of hummingbird tongue acting as a micropump during nectar feeding


text:
Images: India Company Patrols [Image 1 of 7]
Photo by Lance Cpl. James Mast
U.S. Marine Corps Lance Cpl. Marco Baro, a rifleman with India Company, 3rd Battalion, 7th Marine Regiment, patrols with his squad near Forward Operating Base Musa Qala, Helmand province, Afghanistan, Oct. 20, 2013. The Marines with 3/7 patrolled to reduce enemy activity in the area. (Official Marine Corps photo by Lance Cpl. James Mast / Released)
This work, India Company Patrols [Image 1 of 7], by Cpl James Mast, identified by DVIDS, is free of known copyright restrictions under U.S. copyright law.
Date Taken:10.20.2013
Date Posted:10.24.2013 00:33
Photo ID:1039276
Size:1.35 MB
Location:FORWARD OPERATING BASE MUSA QALA, AF


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Spanish Rice
With the perfect mix of spices, peppers, and tomatoes, these Spanish rice recipes turn out every time. From yellow rice and chicken to Spanish rice with beef, these recipes are as authentic as they come.See Popular Spanish Rice Recipes
Spanish Rice: 30-Minute Meal
Spanish rice is one those go-to weeknight suppers that never go wrong. But is it Spanish? Well, no.
How to Make Spanish Rice
Spanish rice, ironically, is not a Spanish at all -- it originated in Mexico (and is sometimes referred to as Mexican rice). Spanish conquistadors introduced rice to Mexico in the 1500s, hence the name; it soon took on a life of its own, evolving into an economical "peasant" dish that turned bits of leftovers into a full meal. So we can thank Mexican chefs for the popularity of this deliciously versatile dish that has become an American favorite.
How to Make a Spanish Rice
Making your own rice is a great option if you are watching your sodium. Tomatoes, spices and veggies is all it takes to make this easy, healthy recipe.
Spicy Meat Loaf with Fiesta RiceRO*TEL
Update your family's meat loaf with a spicy kick from Ro*Tel.
Mario Batali's Spanish-Style Rice with Winter VegetablesBetter Homes and Gardens
Spanish RiceTaste of the South
Spanish RiceRO*TEL
Long-grain rice kicked up with zesty tomatoes, corn, peppers, and black beans.
Spanish RiceBetter Homes and Gardens
A can of tomatoes, a few spices, and chopped veggies are all it takes to make this rice side dish recipe. It's lower in sodium than packaged mixes.
Flank Steak with Spanish RiceBetter Homes and Gardens
Broil or grill this spicy steak to serve with homemade Spanish rice.
Spinach-Rice CasseroleBetter Homes and Gardens
Try a new comfort food--this easy meatless casserole is made with spinach, tofu, and rice.
Stuffed PeppersHeart-Healthy Living
Sweet peppers are the container for this version of Spanish rice. Or, you can serve the rice in a bowl as a side dish for chicken or pork.
Spanish Rice with Chicken and ShrimpMidwest Living
This easy entree starts with rice pilaf mix. Add chicken, shrimp, tomatoes, and peppers to make a flavorful 30-minute dinner.
Rice and Sweet Pepper BowlBetter Homes and Gardens
Here's a meatless meal the whole crowd will love. Jalapeno pepper-seasoned Monterey Jack spices things up.


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May 28, 2016
The Pittsburgh Steelers used a dominant first half to beat the New Orleans Saints 20-7 in the NFL preseason opener at Canton, Ohio.
The win came in Mike Tomlin's debut as only the third head coach for the Steelers in 38 years.
Ben Roethlisberger was sharp in his only series, completing two of his three throws for 73 yards to Cedrick Wilson.
Pittsburgh's first-stringers were, by far, more efficient than New Orleans' starters, who missed blocks and dropped passes on offense and couldn't handle Roethlisberger or Charlie Batch when they threw.
In the first half, Pittsburgh outgained New Orleans 305-56, including 205-32 in the air. The Saints' third-stringers staged a 16-play, 72-yard drive capped by a fourth-down, one-yard scoring pass from Jason Fife to Kevin Dudley to open the second half.
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text:
|Release Date: April 28, 2000
|Running Time: 117 mins.
|MPAA Rating: PG 13
|Box Office: $44,983,704.00
|Genre: Drama, Mystery, Sci-Fi, Thriller
Dennis Quaid
Jim Caviezel
Shawn Doyle
Elizabeth Mitchell
All Cast & Crew >>
Summary:A tale of time travel in which a father and a son reach out to one another across parallel universes to stop a terrible crime: For John Sullivan, there is no question. He would undo the events of October 12, 1969, when the out-of-control Bruxton fire took the life of his father, a heroic firefighter. Ever since he was a kid, John has dreamed of being able to stop the tragedy of that fateful day, which set into motion the anger and loneliness that have haunted his adult life as a cop in the 1990s. Now John may get exactly what he wished for... and much more than he bargained for.


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Leather bar tape! I'm stoked! I also like the look of the stitched B17 N, and those tire irons are pretty classy...
Leather bar tape! I'm stoked! I also like the look of the stitched B17 N, and those tire irons are pretty classy...
Too bad all that inventory is stuck underwater, or possibly looted by now in New Orleans.
Yeah, poor Wallbikes.
The stuff isn't released yet, though,...
Leather bar tape, sweet !!
This is Africa, 1943. War spits out its violence overhead and the sandy graveyard swallows it up. Her name is King Nine, B-25, medium bomber, Twelfth Air Force. On a hot, still morning she took off from Tunisia to bomb the southern tip of Italy. An errant piece of flak tore a hole in a wing tank and, like a wounded bird, this is where she landed, not to return on this day, or any other day.
The best new offering will be the Ti-framed Pro. w00t! It's about time!
There is no finer bicycle company on this planet . Brooks leather saddles are legendary. I thank the bike gods for every Brooks saddle that I have had the privelege of breaking in.
I'm eyeing that leather bar tape for my new bike-looks nice
I carry a plastic baggie under my Brooks saddles as cheap, easily replaced rain covers; what does one do about covering leather bar tape in heavy rain? I guess there's less to worry about bat tape in the way of stretching or sagging.
Just try not to ride in heavy rain! That's what the Weather Channel is for.Originally Posted by lrzipris
I've heard it's not a huge deal...
Originally Posted by jerry lasala from fgg forums


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Pasco News
Former home of NPR Baptist Church is coming down
NEW PORT RICHEY - The job of knocking down the former home of First Baptist Church of New Port Richey will resume Monday - come rain or shine. The city of New Port Richey, which bought the former church property in 2005 for $3.2 million, is having the land cleared to make it easier to sell or lease. It hired Boca Raton-based wrecking and demolition company B.G. Group to do the work. The demolition work began about a week ago with a couple of houses on the church site. The work is now moving on to the former sanctuary building and its tower steeple, a landmark in the area around Orange Lake. Andrew Stull, the B.G. Group superintendent at the demolition site, declined to say Friday afternoon when the project would be completed.Stull, however, isn't worrying about the weather, which has been rainy in recent days, delaying completion. He said the demolition would resume Monday, "with or without the weather." In fact, knocking down buildings when it is raining is "better" because the rain holds down the dust the work usually creates, he said. Before knocking down the former sanctuary, B.G. Group workers have removed the building's stained glass windows and turned them over to First Baptist Church, which is now on Trouble Creek Road. New Port Richey bought the former church property during the height of the Florida real estate boom of the early part of this decade for possible use in the city's downtown redevelopment project. The subsequent collapse of the state's housing and real estate markets has stalled downtown redevelopment and made it hard for the city to find anyone to buy or lease the former church buildings and land.
Trending Now


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Anti-game crusading MP Keith Vaz once again took to the House of Commons floor to harangue videogames.
NegativeGamer reports on the debate, which took place in the House yesterday as part of a discussion over the invalid 1984 Video Recordings Act. Vaz once again called for cigarette style health warnings to be affixed to the front of videogames, justifying the need for special warnings because the interactive nature of games sets them apart from movies:
A film with inappropriate content is not interactive. The point about video games, which is backed up by research from America, is that the player is part of the process. Players shoot and stab people in a videogame, and that is different. I accept that inappropriate content is wrong, wherever it is found, but videogames are different.
Vaz attempted to bolster his claims by mentioning the "No Russian" Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 level and the 2004 Manhunt murder case that dominated British tabloids in 2004.
Head over to NegativeGamer for more on Vaz's remarks.


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May 25, 2016
By: Garin Flowers
October 17, 2013
Tallahassee, FL - The jersey of a former FAMU DRS football player killed was retired today. The number 28 jersey worn by Jonathan Ferrell will never be worn by anyone else again at the school
The Thursday football matchup for FAMU DRS against Port Saint Joe was more than just a game. It was a moment where people honored a fallen Rattler.
Ferrell had just moved to North Carolina when he was killed by the police officer. Authorities say Ferrell was unarmed and the shooting was unjustified leading to the arrest of the officer.
Ferrell started every year he played varsity football at FAMU DRS. He then went on to play at the University. His number 28 jersey will never be worn by any other baby Rattler.
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text: The Quartier Saint Germain des Prés is THE place for shopping. The key word here is luxury. The neighbourhood has become a byword for chic, with top designers like Yves-Saint-Laurent, Christian Lacroix, Christian Dior, Sonia Rykiel, Givenchy, Céline, Cartier, Armani, Versace, Guerlain, Louis Vuitton etc. vying for space. In addition to the luxury storefronts of the boutiques selling fashion and accessories, however, the many art galleries, antique dealers and antiquarian booksellers still preserve the spirit of the historic Saint Germain des Prés.


text:
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Item Size: L Weight:53Kg/116.8Lbs Height:161cm/63.4in Bust:34B Waist:68cm/26.8in Hips:90cm/35.4in Overall Fit:Large
Love the skirts, tuns a little big. its knee high so if you're expecting a midi, its not, its a knee high skirt, lovely.
so much style! this is so cute
This dress has a very interesting design!
love it for summer :D
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text:
After foolhardily promising to provide a tutorial for the style of my pirate cove map, and equally foolhardily implying I would pitch in for this month's contest, I have decided to kill two birds with one stone and do my May entry as a tutorial.
I have decided to draw a ship-wreck as my tactical encounter map. There seems to be a sea theme to the current challenges so I thought I'd shamelessly pander the the audience and continue the pirate theme. I also need a ship-wreck for my current game so it seems to work.
The first step in these maps is to get hold of a decent parchment background. There are many excellent tutorials on how to create such a thing from scratch and I will not go into this here. However, note that a lot of the colour of your map will come from this parchment colour, so make sure it has the tone you are looking for. If you are mapping for a dark game - Cthulhu being the obvious culprit - then dark tones, low saturation and the odd blood-stain are the order of the day. If you are mapping for a standard high-fantasy map then ramp up the saturation a bit, and lighten the parchment colours. The lighter the map, the more colourful it will be later on. If you find the colours are off later in the process, don't worry. We'll be keeping the parchment layer as the background so it can always be swapped out later to test different effects.
Make sure you have a parchment background of the correct size for your final map. Set this to be your background and create a new transparent layer. Name it sketch.
Now, I will be assuming the use of a tablet for this I am afraid. A mouse will also work, as will a scanned pen drawing - I'll add an aside on the pen drawing question a little later.
The first order of the day is to sketch a rough layout of the drawing. This will be the base for the careful pen drawing that will come next. At this point it is all about getting the composition right. I now (after RobA's excellent tip) use the ink tool. This is highlighted in the following image. I set the size to 2.5 (or thereabouts) and have the size sensitivity ramped all the way up. Now sketch (on the sketch layer) a rough design for the map. Don't worry about mistakes, this will never see the light of day. You'll use it as a base for later on. You should now have something that looks like this:
Note that this is not neat. It should be quick to draw and quick to correct. It should show all the major areas clearly and every main feature should be in roughly the correct position.


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by Kathy Chambers on Mon, Aug 20, 2012
A modern wind turbine has more than 8,000 component parts that must withstand the wear and tear of wind stresses. DOE researchers and stakeholders have been working hard to predict and eliminate wind stress related barriers and extend the lifespan of wind turbines. Working on a paper on this subject? OSTI can save you wear and tear by providing web tools that eliminate the need to search through database after database to find the research you need. For example, if you use DOE's Science Accelerator, you could search through 11 DOE databases, and in about 10 seconds or less, retrieve hundreds of documents about the use of simulations to understand wind turbine shear stress. You could learn about wind turbine gearbox reliability in Energy Citations Database, a database that contains research results submitted by DOE offices, national labs and technology centers and their contractors. Or you have the option to search the resources of 13 government agencies in Science.gov to instantly find thousands of records about wind turbine stress prediction and other related topics. Avoid wear and tear. Visit these and other great time saving resources at www.osti.gov.
For more information on wind power, see In the OSTI Collections: Wind Power.
it is quite clear that there is a tremendous amount of money required to maintain wind turbines as there are so many components that can break. What would be nice to know is if these energy producers are really a liability or an asset and to what degree.
As a resident of Colorado, yesterday NPR announced that one of the local solar energy companies will layoff approximately half of its workforce. Although they may not be creating wind turbines, the matter of profitibility is still in question. I assume that this is in large part due to the lack of orders and wonder if the same conditions apply to the turbines.


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Good morning everyone. Full plate today as despite "nothing going on" ahead of the match against Manchester City there are plenty of stories about Arsenal to dive into.
First, we have Robin van Persie proving that great players don't limit themselves to this notion that there are "positions that suit them." (Red Level membership required to watch). This topic deserves better treatment than I'm going to give it today but basically Robin confirms Wenger's approach to getting players to change positions and some of the trepidations that players have about switching positions. This is one of only a handful of interviews from players who played under Wenger and spoken openly about how he transformed them from one position to another¹ and as such hearing Robin talk about how he kept telling Arsene he didn't think it would work and the boss just gently telling him to keep at it, that he was doing fine, and just enjoy his game is fascinating. Given all the debate about Arshavin's "correct position" and Ramsey being "played wide" I'd love to devote some time to this topic. You can help by providing links to players who gave interviews that expressed either loved for the change or hated it.
Second, there was another great piece on Arsenal Player today, this time by Stuart Robson², on how both Arsenal and QPR got their defensive tactics wrong. Specifically, Stuart highlights Taarabt's goal and how he felt the Arsenal defensive line could have gotten into a better position once they saw Vermaelen was going to try to win the ball. Robson rightly points out that once TV5 moves forward, the other two defenders (Gibbs and Koz) needed to actually drop back and cover in case he didn't win the ball. Koz nearly got that right and almost got the block in that would have saved the goal but was a fraction late in sensing the danger.
Vermaelen has a tendency to try to jump the pass which is normally ok in defense as long as your teammates cover. This may be "basic" football but it takes time to develop the kind of understanding that saves that fraction of a second between Koz blocking the shot and just sliding in late.
Robson is right in pointing out and how on the other end QPR basically did the same thing which is how Arsenal scored their first goal. Here's one thing about the defense that I have noticed of late: the number of offside traps that we have sprung. I wonder if there has been an uptick in offside traps at Arsenal and if we can show that numerically. I also wonder if the fact that I saw a metric assload of photos of Tony Adams at the training ground had anything to do with that? (Oops, I'm starting rumors again.)
Third, yes, I saw that Marouane Chamakh went for a smoke after the loss to QPR and I don't care. I did get a chuckle out of him reportedly telling his agents to reject bids from other clubs. As if… Yeah, if PSG came along and offered twice the money Chamakh would reject the chance to go back to Paris because he is content sitting on the bench and smoking shisha on the weekends. My only question for you, the unwashed masses is whether or not you feel like Bendtner's performances of late have merited a return to Arsenal over Chamakh? Unless you feel like he burned that bridge forever.
And finally, I am working on the web site and I have an artist lined up to do the work for the masthead. Not long now and I can start messing around with the format and whatnot. I promise you will love the new text, it's going to be red background, white text, and 16 point Goudy Stout.
Ok so maybe not 16 point Goudy Stout. Maybe 14 point, but two new features that you will see are going to be a section of "deadline poems" on what's happening in the League in the style of Calvin Trillin (though I'm not comparing myself at all) and a section for the 7amkickoff Flickr group.
For poems, I'm currently working on one called The Ballad of King Kenny and have ideas for works on Henry's return and of course an epic poem on the Arsenal season 2011-2012. If you have ideas for pieces or parts of King Kenny's return that you'd really like highlighted let me know below.
As for the Flickr group there's still plenty of time to contribute your shots before publication on Thursday. Just please make sure that the photos are Arsenal related (they can be of games, the stadium, or the other supporters) and that they are original work.
Right, that's it for today. See you tomorrow!
1. If you have links to other players and their thoughts on this, please include them in the comments.
2. Stuart Robson is infuriating as the color commentator on television but his analysis on Arsenal Player is very good. I just wish he didn't step on his dick to show that despite his connection to the club he is "fair and balanced" in his on-air commentary. I mean, how many former Liverpool players are so overtly anti-Liverpool in their commentary?