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Home > Stocks 101
Stocks 101
Concepts, definitions, and terms on investing stocks in the stock market.
401(k). Employer sponsored retirement saving plans for companies that intends to make a profit.
403(b). Employer sponsored retirement saving plans for companies that are non-profit such as schools, hospitals, and tax exempt companies.
457. Employer sponsored retirement saving plans for state and local government and some tax exempt companies.
52 Week High. The highest price the stock traded in the last 52 weeks.
52 Week Low. The lowest price the stock traded in the last 52 weeks.
529 College Savings Plan. A state-sponsored education savings plans in which an investment portfolio is chosen.
All Or None (AON). The order must be completed at one time or not at all.
Annuity. An annuity is an insurance contract when you make an investment and receive income in the future. The money earned in the contract is tax deferred.
Arbitrage. Making money during short-term differences in price. For example, purchase a stock in two different countries which the prices are different. Buy at the county with the lower price and sell at the country with the higher price.
Ask Quote. The price a seller is wanting to sell. Think of Ask Quote as the asking price of a painting in an art store. The quoted ask price is the lowest price a seller wants to sell.
American Stock Exchange (AMEX). One of two major exchanges in the United States where stocks are traded. An exchange is a place where buyers and sellers meet to trade stocks.
Asset Class. A category that divides which stock belongs either in the Large Cap, Small/Mid Cap, or International.
Basis Point. A basis point equals 0.01%. 50 basis points equals 0.50%.
Beta. The Beta measure price volatility. If the Beta is greater than 1, the stock price is more volatile than the market. If the Beta is less than 1, the stock price is less volatile than the market.
Bid Quote. The price a buyer is wanting to purchase. Think of Bid Quote in an auction and you are bidding to purchase shares. The quoted bid price is the highest price a buyer wants to purchase.
Blue Chip. Blue Chip companies are companies that have been in business for a long, long time. The companies consistently generate higher revenues and are considered the safest companies to invest. The chances a Blue Chip company declares bankruptcy is virtually zero.
Bonds. When you own a bond, you are lending money. There are three types of bonds which receives the money which are Corporate, Government, and Municipal. In return, you receive a fixed rate of interest. When the bond expires, the face value of the bond is paid back. Bonds and stock prices move in opposite direction.
Book Value Per Share. Book Value Per Share is the difference between the total assets and total liabilities. Book Value Per Share = (Total Assets) - (Total Liabilities).
Buy and Hold Strategy. The Buy and Hold Strategy is an investment strategy for which the owner can minimize capital gains taxes and maximize growth in his/her portfolio.
Capital Gain. Capital gain is the profit earned from selling a stock. The capital gain is taxed either at your ordinary income tax rate if the stock was owned for one year or less, or at a long term capital gains tax rate if the stock was owned for more than one year.
Capital Loss. Capital loss is how much the owner of a stock lost from selling the stock. In other words, the price sold was below the price purchased. For example, a stock was purchased at $50.00 per share and sold for $40.00 per share. The capital loss is $10.00 per share. Capital losses can be used to offset capital gains. Also, capital losses can be used as a deduction against ordinary income when filing taxes (see your tax advisor for more information). The "wash sale" rule applies to capital losses.
Cash. In stocks and investment, cash refers to Certificate of Deposits (CD), Treasury Bills, and Money Market Funds. In a portfolio, typically cash is in the form of Money Market Funds for which the cash can be withdrawn anytime.
Change. The difference between the previous closed price and the last trade price. In other words, it's when people say "it's up $.75" or "it's down $1.50" at the moment.
Charge Offs. When a company announces $X million charge off, it's a one time charge that includes the cost of downsizing, write offs, buying another company, and other unusual costs. Usually the charge offs are costs the company doesn't deal with in a fiscal year and removes the charge off from the earnings results. For example, a company reported $100 million in earnings and spent $5 million in downsizing. The $5 million is labeled charge off. As a result, the company actually earned $105 million.
Compounding. Earning additional income from the original plus all past additional income. In other words, earning interest over interest. For example, an account with $100.00 earning 10% interest a year. In the first year, the account earned $10.00 for a total of $110.00. In the second year, the account earned $11.00 for a total of $121.00. The $11.00 is the compounding or the compounded earnings in the second year for the $121.00 total.
Cyclical. Cyclical companies expand and contract, and expand and contract in a regular and almost predictable way. Their sales and profits go up and go down usually as expected. Autos, airlines, steel, and defense industries are examples. Cyclical companies react to economic change as expected.
Day Order. The order to buy or sell a stock is valid for today's session.
Dealer Market. A dealer market is multiple market makers deal in their over-the-counter stocks making buying and selling over-the-counter stocks competitive and fair.
Debt To Equity. How much debt the company has relative to shareholder equity. Debt To Equity is calculated by dividing the total debt by shareholder equity. Debt To Equity = (Total Debt) / (Shareholder Equity).
Defensive. Defensive companies are companies that are less affected during economic recessions. Defensive companies may be a great choice because they generally continue to generate revenues during an economic downturn.
Developed Markets. Companies in these markets have a major role in the world economy, politically stable, steady growth, and low risk.
Diluted Earnings Per Share (EPS). Diluted means the company is going to issue additional shares. The additional shares are added to the actual outstanding shares. For example, a company has 10 million outstanding shares. The company is going to issue an additional 2 million shares. The diluted shares is 12 million or 10 million + 2 million = 12 million shares. Combining diluted and diluted EPS, Diluted EPS = (Total Net Income) / (Total Diluted Shares).
Direct Stock Purchase Plans (DSPs). The DSPs allow an individual to purchase stocks directly from the companies or their agents. You can invest a small amount of money a time with either low fees or no fees. There is no need to purchase a full share for each contribution.
Diversify. Spread your investment portfolio in different investment assets such as stocks, bonds, and cash. Diversification brings stability to a portfolio during the fluctuations in the market.
Dividends. Some stocks pay dividends. Dividends are cash payments paid annually, semi-annually, or quarterly to shareowners from the company's profits. Shareowners can take the cash for income or can reinvest to purchase additional shares; regardless, dividends are taxable income whether paid in cash for income or reinvested.
Dividend Reinvestment. Dividend Reinvestment is the dividends paid are automatically used to purchase more stocks. The dividend earned to purchase more stocks are taxable income. If you are in a plan, it's called the Dividend Reinvestment Plan (DRPs) or Drips.
Dividend Yield. The annual dividend divided by the stock's current price. Dividend Yield = (Annual Dividend) / (Stock Price).
Dollar Cost Averaging. Buying a stock at different times in a period of time. For example, you buy a stock at $400.00 every month for the next 12 months. When the stock price is down, you buy more stocks. When the stock price is up, you buy less stocks. Dollar Cost Averaging is a way to buy stocks on a limited budget.
Double Taxation on Dividends. The Double Taxation term means dividends are doubled taxed. The first tax is the company's income. When a company issues a dividend, the dividend comes from the company's profits which comes from the company's income. The second tax is the shareholder's income. When a shareholder receives a dividend, the dividend is income to the shareholder. The Double Taxation is the company's income and the shareholder's income.
Earnings Per Share (EPS). How much net income the company made per share. EPS = (Total Net Income) / (Total Shares Outstanding).
Developed Markets. Companies in these markets have a small role in the world economy, politically unstable, growth potential, and higher risk.
Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs). ETFs are mutual funds traded on a stock exchange like a stock. Most ETFs are based on indexes such as the Dow Jones Industrials, NASDAQ 100, and the S&P 500 indexes.
Extended Hours Trading. Stocks can be purchased or sold before and after standard market hours. The standard market hours are 9:30 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. Eastern or 6:30 A.M. to 1:00 P.M. Pacific. The extended market hours are 8:00 A.M. to 9:15 A.M. Eastern or 5:00 A.M. to 6:15 A.M. Pacific and 4:15 P.M. to 8:00 P.M. Eastern or 1:15 P.M. to 5:00 P.M. Pacific. Stocks are traded differently during extended hours trading.
Fill Or Kill (FOK). The order must be completed in full immediately or canceled.
Float. A stock's Float is how much shares outstanding that are available for trading. For example, if a company has 100 million shares outstanding and the founder owns 10 million shares, the float is 90 million shares.
Good Til Cancelled Order. The order is valid longer than today's session until the order is filled or canceled.
Goodwill. Money a company pays to purchase another company which is above the actual value of assets received. The difference between the purchase price and the actual value is the money lost in the acquisition or Goodwill.
Growth Stocks. Growth stocks are companies that are well established and the price of the stock may increase when earnings increases. The price of the stock tend to rise higher than the market average when earnings and good and tend to fall lower than the market average when earnings are bad.
High or Day High. The highest price the stock traded for the session.
Immediate Or Cancel (IOC). The order must be filled as much as possible immediately and cancel any remaining.
Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs). There are three types of IRAs which are Traditional IRA, Roth IRA, and Rollover IRA. Each IRA has different characteristics. Anyone can open an IRA as long as the eligibility requirements are met.
Income Stocks. Income stocks have a more steady stock price. The stock price changes little during an economic boom and an economic bust. Companies considered an income stock pays high dividends. Utilities and real estate are examples of Income Stock companies.
Industry Class. A category that divides which stock belongs in which industry. Hotels, Casinos, Semi-Conductors, and Restaurants are examples of Industry Class.
International Stocks. Stocks whose company is located outside the United States.
Intrinsic Value. How much the company is worth based on assets, debts, growth targets, and how much cash the company generates. Intrinsic Values varies among analysts.
IPO. IPO stands for Initial Public Offering. An IPO is a company issuing shares of stock to the public to raise money.
IRA. IRA stands for Individual Retirement Account.
KEOGH. Self-employed and small business plan retirement plan for the self employed.
Large Cap Stocks. Known as Large Capitalization Stocks, these companies known as Large Caps have a market capitalization value $10 billion and greater. Large Cap Stocks have established growth and dividend payments.
Last Trade Price. The latest price of the stock which either was the purchased price by a buyer or a sale price by a seller.
Last Trade Time. The time of the last traded price of the stock.
Limit Order. An order to buy or sell a stock at a price set by the buyer or seller, respectively. If the Limit Order is a buy, set the maximum price you want to buy. If the Limit Order is a sell, set the minimum price you want to sell. The set price is the Limit.
Liquidity. The ability of a stock to handle a large volume of trading without price fluctuations.
Low or Day Low. The lowest price the stock traded for the session.
Margin. Margin is borrowing money to purchase stocks and bonds. Your portfolio is used as collateral. A minimum margin equity called Maintenance Requirement is required to keep the margin or the broker can issue a Margin Call.
Margin Call. Margin Call is when your broker requires additional funds or securities to maintain the margin or loan. The broker issues a Margin Call when the margined securities drops to a certain price. Your broker can sell securities in your portfolio to protect its interest in your margin or loan.
Market Capitalization. The market value of a company. Market Capitalization is calculated by multiplying the total common shares and the current price of the stock. Market Capitalization = (Total Number of Common Shares) * (Current Price of the Stock). Market Cap is short for Market Capitalization.
Market Makers. Market Makers buy and sell Over-The-Counter stocks to have an inventory of the stock or stocks responsible.
Market Order. An order to buy or sell a stock now.
Market Value. How much investors want to pay for a company. The Market Value is the Market Capitalization. If the market capitalization for a company is $1 million or 100,000 shares at $10.00 per share price, then the market value is $1 million.
Mid Cap Stocks. Known as Middle Capitalization Stocks, these companies known as Mid Caps have a market capitalization value between $1.5 billion and $10 billion.
Money Market. A short term investment where money (or cash) is in Treasury bills, short-term commercial debt, and Certificates of Deposit. Money Market is one of the safest investments and one of the lowest annual returns.
Moving Average. A moving average or rolling average take a time period and averages out the time period in a defined time period set by the person calculating the moving average or rolling average. For example, a 10 year period and the time period to calculate the moving average or rolling average is 2 years. The first moving average is the 1st year and 2nd year, the second moving average is the 2nd year and the 3rd year, the third moving average is the 3rd year and the 4th year, etc.
Mutual Funds. When you own a mutual fund, you own a fund which contains stocks, bonds, money market funds, and/or a combination. Professional money managers take the money from all the owners of the mutual fund to buy and sell the stocks, bonds, and/or money market funds.
National Association of Security Dealers Automated Quotation (NASDAQ). The NASDAQ is an Over-The-Counter (OTC) market where buying and selling are through a computer network. There are over 5,000 stocks traded on the NASDAQ. Companies traded on the NASDAQ must have a market capitalization of at least $8 million.
Net Income. Another word for profit.
Net Profit Margin. How much profit is made from total revenues. Net Profit Margin = (Net Income) / (Total Revenues).
New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). One of two major exchanges in the United States where stocks are traded. An exchange is a place where buyers and sellers meet to trade stocks. The NYSE is the largest exchange with at least 3,000 stocks listed for trading. Companies traded on the NYSE must be profitable for the last three years and have a market capitalization of at least $40 million.
Over The Counter Bulletin Board. A stock is traded Over The Counter Bulletin Board or Over The Counter (for short) or OTCBB meaning the stock is not traded on any of the national securities exchange including the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ. A company whose stock is traded Over The Counter has the symbol ob at the end of their stock symbol.
Quote, In General. In the NYSE and AMEX, the specialist sets the bid quote from the highest price an investor wants to buy and sets the ask quote from the lowest price an investor wants to sell. In the OTC market, the multiple market makers' highest price an investor wants to buy and the lowest price an investor wants to sell are the bid and ask quotes, respectively.
Partial Fills. Complete an order a different and best prices.
Pink Sheets. A stock is traded on the Pink Sheets when the stock is considered a penny stock. The stock has the symbol pk at the end of their stock symbol.
Points. In the stock market, indexes are quoted as points even though their stock components are quoted as prices.
Price To Book Value (P/B). The P/B Value is how much shareholders receive from the company's assets if liquidated. P/B Value is calculated by dividing the stock price by the Book Value Per Share. P/B = (Stock Price) / (Book Value Per Share).
Price To Earnings Growth (PEG). The PEG is an indication on how expensive the stock is compared to the 5 Year Projected Growth. The PEG is calculated by dividing the P/E Ratio and the 5 Year Projected Growth. PEG = (P/E Ratio) / (5 Year Projected Growth).
Price To Earnings Ratio (P/E). The well known P/E Ratio is how much investors are paying for the stock for each dollar in net income. P/E Ratio is calculated by dividing the stock price by the earnings per share for the previous 12 months. P/E = (Stock Price) / (Earnings Per Share). P/E Ratios are interpreted in many ways good and bad. Forwarding looking P/E ratios is the stock price divided by the expected earnings per share.
Price to Sales Ratio (PSR). The PSR calculates the company's valuation. PSR = (Market Capitalization) / (Total Revenue in One Year). The lower the PSR, the more undervalued the company.
Primary Capital Market. Investing or purchasing shares of a company in which the money goes directly to the business.
Public Traded Company. When a company issues stock to raise money, the company is a public traded company. A public traded company must release quarterly earnings reports and annual detailed reports. These companies must have a board of directors to guide the company.
Return. How much money you receive from your investment.
Return on Assets (ROA). How much the company is maximizing their assets. ROA is calculated by dividing the net income by the total value of the assets. ROA = (Net Income) / (Total Value of the Assets). The ROA in percentage terms converted to dollars is how much net income was earned for each dollar of assets. For example, if ROA is 3.5%, the company made a net income of $.035 for each dollar of assets.
Return on Equity (ROE). How much profit made from the money the company raised from selling their shares and from retained earnings or accumulated profits not spent. ROE is calculated by dividing the net income by shareholder equity. ROE = (Net Income) / (Shareholder Equity).
Risk. The maximum amount of money you choose to lose from your investment. The more money you choose to lose, the higher the risk tolerance you have.
Roth IRA. An IRA which is a tax-free account. Contributions do not reduce taxable income. Qualified withdraws are not taxed.
Russell 2000. A stock index that measures the movement of the stock market. The Russell 2000 measures the bottom 2000 of the 3000 largest companies. The Russell 2000 can be used to assess the performance of small cap stocks.
Rule of 72. Use the Rule of 72 formula to estimate how many years to double your money. The formula is Years = 72 / Rate of Return. For example, if the Rate of Return is 12%, it takes six years to double your investment or 6 = 72 / 12.
Sales Per Employee. How much revenue the company makes per employee. Sales Per Employee is calculated by dividing the total revenue by the total number of employees. Sales Per Employee = (Total Revenue) / (Total Number of Employees).
Same Store Sales Numbers. Sale figures in stores opened one year or greater.
Seasonal. Seasonal companies generate higher revenues during specific seasons or specific times during the year. For example, retail stores make higher revenues during the Christmas season.
Secondary Capital Market. Investing or purchasing shares of a company for which the money goes to the seller of the shares. These shares are traded at the NYSE, NASDAQ, AMEX, or over-the-counter. The company already has the money from the shares because the company issued the shares for money.
Sector Class. A broad category that divides which stock belongs in which sector. Retail, Transportation, Technology, and Financial are examples of Sector Class.
Security. Security is a broad term for stocks and bonds.
SEP-IRA. Self-employed and small business plan retirement plan for the self employed.
Shareholder Equity. The total amount of money a company raised from selling their shares. Shareholder Equity can be calculated by taking the total assets and subtracting from the total liabilities. Shareholder Equity = Total Assets - Total Liabilities.
Simple IRA. Self-employed and small business plan retirement plan for owners of small businesses and their employees.
Small Cap Stocks. Known as Small Capitalization Stocks, these companies known as Small Caps have a market capitalization value $1.5 billion and below. Small Cap have potential for rapid growth and are more volatile than Large Cap Stocks.
Specialist. The specialist facilitates the buying and selling one or more stock on the trading floor. The specialist maintains a fair buying and selling of the stock or stocks responsible.
Spread. The difference between the bid price and the ask price.
Standard & Poor 500 (S&P 500). A stock index that measures the movement of the stock market. The S&P 500 measures 500 companies considered the leaders from their various industries. The S&P 500 can be used to assess the performance of large cap stocks.
Stock Buyback. A company purchases shares of their own stock on the market.
Stock Split. A recapitalization of the total number of shares outstanding. For example, a company announces a 2 for 1 stock split. One old share becomes two new shares and the stock price is half the price. A person owns 200 shares at $10.00. The stock splits 2 for 1. The person now owns 400 shares at $5.00. Sometimes, a company announces a reverse stock split such as a 1 for 2 reverse stock split.
Stocks. When you own a stock in a company, you own the company in the form of shares. Market trends, earnings reports, current events, company announcements, and analyst ratings affect the stock market. Stocks and bonds prices move in opposite direction. A company sells stocks to generate capital.
Stop Order. An order to buy or sell a stock at the market price when the price of the stock reached or passed the buyer's or seller's (Stop) price. In other words, when the price of the stock reached or passed the Stop price, the Stop Order becomes a Market Order.
Stop Limit Order. An order to buy or sell a stock at a price set by the buyer or seller when the price of the stock reached or passed the buyer's or seller's (Stop) price. In other words, when the price of the stock reached or passed the Stop price, the Stop Order becomes a Limit Order.
Symbol. Every stock and mutual fund has a symbol. The symbol is three or more letters that represents the company. For example, the stock symbol for Walt Disney Company is DIS, the stock symbol for Southwest Airlines is LUV, and the stock symbol for Intel Corporation is INTC. Stocks traded on the New York Stock Exchange usually have three letters or less. Stocks traded on the NASDAQ usually have four letter or more.
Tax Deferred. Tax deferred means the person pays taxes at a later time.
Time of Quote. The time of the Last Trade Price.
Trading Floor. Area in the NYSE and the AMEX where buyers and sellers exchange stocks.
Traditional IRA. A type of IRA.
Value Stocks. Value stocks are companies that are undervalued and the market hasn't realized the great potential of the company.
Volume. The number of shares bought and sold for the session.
Wash Sale Rule. The capital loss can't be claimed for tax purposes if you purchased shares in the same company within 30 days after the sale.
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War Horse Star Jeremy Irvine Joining Colin Firth In The Railway Man
By Sean O'Connell 2011-11-01 12:27:21 comments
Starting now and heading through the end of the year, you are going to hear Jeremy Irvines name. A lot. The young actor with one television series to his credit (Life Bites) landed the lead role in Steven Spielbergs Oscar bait, War Horse, where hell play a heroic teen who enters the battlefields of World War I to retrieve his pet horse, which has been recruited to serve. His involvement in a Spielberg production brings recognition, obviously, which is why Irvines career is starting to heat up.
Irvines latest casting coup is landing the role of young Colin Firth in Jonathan Teplitzkys The Railway Man, according to The Hollywood Reporter. As we reported earlier, Railway recounts the time WWII prisoner of war Eric Lomax spent working on the Japanese Death Railway that connects Bangkok to what is now known as Yangon, Myanmar. As the story evolves, the freed Lomax will track down and confront his captors. Irvine, obviously, will play Lomax in flashbacks.
Thats not the only prestige picture on Irvines rapidly developing resume. He currently hard at work on Mike Newells adaptation of Great Expectations alongside Ralph Fiennes and Helena Bonham Carter. (He plays Pip, of course.) And he already wrapped filming on Now Is Good, Ol Parkers drama about a dying girl who wishes to lose her virginity that co-stars Dakota Fanning and Paddy Considine.
Needless to say, Irvines star is on the rise. And its likely wise that Railway locked him up before War Horse drops, because if its as good as many expect it to be, this young actor could be in demand for years to come.
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subset: commoncrawl


text: I use some very large boots for my commute. (Bunny Boots. Ask any Vet or someone in Alaska what they are and they tell you one word, WARM!) The problem comes in the boots don't fit into any Toe Clip that I have ever seen. In my case, the foot get off angle and I have some minor Knee pain because of it. I am using an XL Toe Clip and still I feel that fit isn't right. Has anyone run into this problem and if so, how did you fix it?


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|A Message from the Dean
|Made For TV
|Law School is One-Stop Shop for Clerkships
|In Career-Defining Case, Adelman Put Hinckley away
|At Reunion, Sadler Flashes Back 40 Years
|The Brief
|The Board of Overseers
|Faculty News & Publications
|Alumni Briefs
|In Memoriam
|Case Closed
ROBERT L. FRIEDMAN L'67, a senior managing director of The Blackstone
Group, has made a leadership gift to the Institute of Law and Economics and to Annual Giving. Friedman, Blackstone's chief administrative
officer and chief legal officer, is an expert in mergers and acquisitions and private equity matters. Previously, Friedman was a partner at Simpson
Thacher & Bartlett for 25 years. He was a senior member of the firm's mergers and acquisitions practice.
|Previous Page
|Next Page


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Unique and truly stunning, this original design is sure to blow away your guests. The incredible Esprit Pedestal Vanity in striking Black Granite will really kick up your bathroom remodel and is sure to make a statement. Double up for a spectacular His/Hers arrangement that's sure to be the envy of all your guests.
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Natural stone like marble and granite, while otherwise durable, are vulnerable to staining from hair dye, ink, tea, coffee, oily materials such as hand cream or milk, and can be etched by acidic substances such as alcohol and soft drinks. Please protect your countertop and/or sink by avoiding contact with these substances.


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More New and Used
from Private Sellers
Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.
Do Unto Others
ISBN13:by Williamson, Michael Z.
Questions About This Book?
What version or edition is this?
This is the edition with a publication date of 8/3/2010.
What is included with this book?
- The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any CDs, lab manuals, study guides, etc.
The Prescot family were miners. At one time, they were contracted to develop technology for a mineral rich but uninhabitable system. Gradually, all the investors shied away. Then the Prescots broke through with the technology needed to exploit entire planets, and incidentally develop domed playgrounds for the perversely rich, including indoor ski slopes and cable cars over megavolcanos, casinos and rides. This created the economic problem of being the richest people in the universe, having more money than most governments and effectively unlimited resources. Money is a small blessing when enemies are quite willing to spend billions for the chance at trillions. Bryan Prescot and his daughter might as well have targets painted on their backs for the thugs, kidnappers and assassins their cmpetitors would throw at them. Bodyguards were necessary--Highly trained bodyguards who could be bought once and be utterly loyal no matter the circumstances. The altercation comes to a head inside the domes and mines of Govannon, with their enemy desperate to do anything to save their own lives, now that the gloves are off. Caron Prescot has only six bodyguards against an army, but she has two aces in the hole: The miners are on her side, and Elke, Ripple Creek's psychotic demolition expert, has a nuke. The problem with Elke having a nuke is that Elke WILL use it.
Author Biography
Michael Z. Williamson was born in
Birkenhead, England and raised in Liverpool, and Toronto, Canada, before moving to . An 18-year veteran of the US Army and US Air Force, he is a state-ranked competitive shooter in combat rifle and combat pistol. His other books include Freehold, The Weapon, Better to Beg Forgiveness . . ., and Contact with Chaos (all from Baen), the Target Terror series for Harper-Collins, so far including Targets of Opportunity and The Scope of Justice, and Hero, a collaboration with New York Times best-selling author John Ringo for Baen. He currently lives in Columbus, Ohio with his wife Gail, their two children, and various cats that are not to be trusted. Indianapolis


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« The Voice Recap: The Final Blind Auditions! | Home | Maksim Chmerkovskiy Partnered With Melissa Gilbert On Dancing With The Stars »
Dancing With The Stars Season 14 Celebrity Cast And Pairing Announcement
February 28, 2012 06:47 AM by Lisa Princ
ABC's Dancing With The Stars announced their celebrity cast this morning! So, which of rumors proved true? Read on to find out who will be competing for the mirror ball trophy this season!
Thanks to TMZ.com, we already learned that Jack Wagner, Sherri Shepherd, and Melissa Gilbert will be competing on season 14 of Dancing With The Stars, as well as Gavin DeGraw and Maria Menounos, who were leaked out early. Those five spoilers proved true, but who will be joining them?
ABC announced this morning that the remaining celebrities will be:
Donald Driver, the all-time leading receiver from the Green Bay Packers;
Telenova star, William Levy, who also appeared in Jennifer Lopez's video I'm Into You;
Roshon Fegan, Disney star best known for his role in Shake it Up!;
Jaleel White, also known as Steve Urkel of the hit show, Family Matters;
Retired Tennis superstar, Martina Navratilova;
Katherine Jenkins, Opera singer, who has performed on the show in the past;
Last, but not least is Gladys Knight, who needs no introduction!
ABC also announced the pairings for season 14, and they are as follows:
Jack Wagner and Anna Trebunskaya; Melissa Gilbert and Maksim Chmerkovskiy; Donald Driver and Peta Murgatroyd; Sherri Shepherd and Val Chmerkovskiy; Gavin DeGraw and Karina Smirnoff; Martina Navratilova and Tony Dovolani; Roshon Fegan and Chelsie Hightower; Maria Monounos and Derek Hough; Jaleel White and Kym Johnson; Gladys Knight and Tristan MacManus; Katherine Jenkins and Mark Ballas; and William Levy and Cheryl Burke.
What do you think of the celebrity cast for season 14 of Dancing With The Stars? Comment and share your thoughts with us!
Want more? Follow our tweets on Twitter and like us on Facebook! For other great Dancing With the Stars news, please feel free to check out Sir Links A Lot: Dancing With The Stars.
Visit our sister site SheKnows for more breaking news about celebrities and entertainment!
Photo Courtesy of ABC!
Topics: ABC Reality TV Shows, Dancing With the Stars |
« The Voice Recap: The Final Blind Auditions! | Home | Maksim Chmerkovskiy Partnered With Melissa Gilbert On Dancing With The Stars »
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2 Responses to "Dancing With The Stars Season 14 Celebrity Cast And Pairing Announcement"
DANIELLE Says:
February 28th, 2012 at 7:47 am
Desilu Says:
February 29th, 2012 at 9:41 pm
Kind of disappointed. I thought Eddie Cibrian would be one of the celebrities. There's really not a lot in the cast that would be interest to look forward to. I think I will stay watching the "Voice" instead.


text: AdChoices Terms of Use Privacy Policy Hide GALLERIES Meryl Streep Getty Images" data-filename="galleries/meryl-streep/picture-22.html" > Meryl Streep Picture 11 11/22 Meryl Streep AskMen Editors April 3, 2007 Share Tweet 0 Shares Two-time Academy Award-winner Meryl Streep is America's most decorated actress. The multitalented star has been nominated for 13 Oscars and 20 Golden Globes, and she earned the prestigious American Film Institute Lifetime Achievement Award in 2004. It's little wonder that Diane Keaton has called her "my generation's genius" and that Robert Redford has raved, "There's simply no finer craftsman in… Continue reading Meryl Streep's profile. Next Slide gallery Comments Share your opinion Your name More Like This Celeb Galleries Kurt Russell Read More Celeb Galleries Viola Davis Read More Celeb Galleries Adrian Grenier Read More Celeb Galleries Stanley Tucci Read More Celeb Galleries Anna Wintour Read More Celeb Galleries Natalie Portman Read More Around the Web Special Features Gift Guide Top 25 Father's Day Gifts Read More Dating Tips A Guide To Hooking-Up Online Read More


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As early as 1918 we find evidence of activity with youth in corn, beef, and pig project work. Most of the club work prior to 1924 was carried out on an individual basis rather than through organized 4-H clubs.
In 1924, a baby beef club was organized through the efforts of E.B. Thomas, C. A. Pardee, William Esbeck and W. D. Sampson. The same year O.C. Colee and J. W. Kersin, Harry Nailor and Ward Hoyt were involved in organizing sheep clubs.
Girl's 4-H club work was started in 1924 with the organization of four clothing clubs. Mrs. O. C. Colee was the first chairman.
Membership in the Agriculture and Home Economics clubs increased through the years. In the 1920's the total enrollment was from 100 to 200 members. In the 1930's it increased to 200. During the 1940's local 4-H clubs organized for both Agriculture and Home Economics in all parts of the county. During the 1940's the membership grew toward 400. In recent years the total has been between 425 and 475 boys and girls in 4-H club work in Audubon County.
The recent trends in 4-H have been to provide a broader program of projects and activities to the members. In addition to the beef, dairy, swine, sewing, cooking, etc. members have been involved in citizenship, electrical, health, safety, photography, gardening, small engines, and others.
Over the years the trend has been to develop a joint boys and girls program. Local clubs continue to be organized by Agriculture and Home Economics clubs. County activities are quite largely set up on a joint basis including such events as annual meeting (Roundup), Awards Night, County Camp, Mardi Gras Party, Officer Training School, and Others.
The County Fair has provided a highlight for 4-H club members over the years. Audubon County 4-H club members have had outstanding exhibits in livestock and in Home Economic exhibits year after year. Fairground facilities have been developed and improved for both boys and girls exhibits in recent years through monetary contributions and donated labor by 4-H families and friends of 4-H.
Some of the 4-H members in Audubon County have won high recognition. At least 8 members have won national 4-H Club Congress trips. They include Dale Henricksen in 1947, Betty Nelsen in 1949, Dale Nelsen in 1954, Catherine Olson and Willie Simmons in 1955 and Glen Nelson in 1956, Patricia Barnett in 1960 and Dave Esbeck in 1964 and Marcia Rattenberg in 1967. In 1953 Shirley Johnson won a trip to National 40H Conference in Washington, D. C. Winners to Camp Miniwanca at Shelly, Michigan include Robert D. Hansen in 1950 and Dave Esbeck in 1965. State Officer Candidates include Doris Nelson in 1935, Dale Henricksen in 1946, Jane Bauer in 1961 and
Dave Esbeck in 1964 and Marica Rattenberg in 1967. Of these candidates Dave Esbeck and Marica Rattenberg were elected to the office of State Historian and Secretary.
The 4-H Club program is being carried out through the active work of 4-H leaders. Sixty or more adults work with the local clubs as organization leaders, project leaders and subject matter leaders in carrying out work in organized clubs throughout the County.
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Miley Cyrus
Miley Cyrus's Bangerz Track Pretty Girls Leaks (VIDEO)
Miley Cyrus loves herself a pretty girl (see concert footage of her locking lips with Katy Perry) but she obviously wasn't feeling one song all about ladies. Her number, "Pretty Girls (Fun)," didn't make the cut for Bangerz and we didn't even know of its existence until it leaked earlier this week!
Currently making the rounds online, "Pretty Girls" is quite the tease. Barely two minutes long, the song might have been meant to be a bridge between longer songs on the complete album. Think musical interlude to get you from Point A to Point Bangerz.
While most versions of the song have mysteriously disappeared from the interwebz (funny how that happens), Billboard did jot down the lyrics. "All pretty girls wanna have fun," Miley sings, reminding us of a classic Cyndi Lauper tune that didn't mess around with adjectives in the title.
As for the pretty girl behind Bangerz, Miley's currently overseas as she continues on her tour. While it's got to be a nice change of pace after the multiple stints she had in the hospital stateside, Miley doesn't seem all that thrilled about being so far from home.
"imsooooohomesickimissmypuppies," she tweeted June 4.
Cheer up, Miles! Go out and have some fun!
Sources: Billboard, Miley Cyrus on Twitter


text:
PubMed Submission Abstract PDF Feed Back Count: 2595 Download Count: 693
Yong-Quan Chu, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang Province, China
Zai-Yuan Ye, Hou-Quan Tao, Yuan-Yu Wang, Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
Zhong-Sheng Zhao, Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
Author contributions: Chu YQ and Zhao ZS contributed equally to this work; Chu YQ, Zhao ZS, Tao HQ, Wang YY, Ye ZY, designed research; Chu YQ, Wang YY, Ma HF, Li SG and Tao HQ performed research; Zhao ZS contributed new reagents/analytic tools; Chu YQ, Wang YY analyzed data; and Chu YQ, Ma HF, and Wang YY wrote the paper.
Supported by The Grant of Zhejiang Province Natural Science Foundation, No. M303843
Correspondence to: Dr. Zhong-Sheng Zhao, Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China. firstname.lastname@example.com
Telephone: +86-571-85893289 Fax: +86-571-85131448
Received: August 29, 2007 Revised: January 3, 2008
AIM: To evaluate the relationship between the expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and the biological behavior of gastric carcinoma.
METHODS: Expression of syndecan-1, E-cadherin and integrin b3 were evaluated by immunohistochemical study in a total of 118 gastric carcinomas and 20 non-tumor gastric mucosas.
RESULTS: The expressions of syndecan-1 and E-cadherin were significantly lower in gastric carcinoma compared to non-tumor gastric mucosa, and the low expression rates were positively correlated to the tumor invasion depth, vessel invasion, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis (P < 0.01 in all cases). However, the expression of integrin 3 was significantly higher in gastric carcinoma compared to non-tumor gastric mucosa, and the high expression rates were positively correlated to the tumor invasion depth, vessel invasion, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis (P < 0.01 in all cases). In addition, the three protein expressions were correlated to the tumor growth pattern (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, and P < 0.05 respectively), but not correlated to tumor differentiation (P > 0.05, P > 0.05 and P > 0.05 respectively). Positive correlation was observed between the expressions of syndecan-1 and E-cadherin, but they which were negatively correlated to the expression of integrin 3 (P < 0.01 in all cases). Univariate analysis demonstrated that the mean survival time and 5-year survival rate were lower in the cases with low expressions of syndecan-1 and E-cadherin and high expression of integrin 3 (P < 0.01, in all cases). COX multivariate analysis showed that the expression level of syndecan-1 could be an independent prognostic index of gastric carcinoma (P < 0.01), whereas E-cadherin and integrin 3 could not be independent indexes (P > 0.05, P > 0.05 respectively).
CONCLUSION: The low expression of syndecan-1 and E-cadherin and the high expression of integrin 3 are significantly correlated with the invasion and metastasis of gastric carcinoma, and they are highly correlated with each other. Therefore they may serve as important prognostic markers of gastric carcinoma.
© 2008 WJG. All rights reserved.
Key words: Cell adhesion molecules; Gastric Carcinoma; Invasion; Metastasis; Prognosis
Peer reviewer: Toru Ishikawa, MD, Department of Gastroenterology, Saiseikai Niigata Second Hospital, Teraji 280-7, Niigata, Niigata 950-1104, Japan
Chu YQ, Ye ZY, Tao HQ, Wang YY, Zhao ZS. Relationship between cell adhesion molecules expression and the biological behavior of gastric carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14(13): 1990-1996 Available from: URL: http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/14/1990.asp DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.14.1990
Gastric carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of the digestive system. Two of the most important causes for the high mortality are invasion and metastasis. However, the mechanism of invasion and metastasis of gastric carcinoma is still not definitely clear at present[1]. Cell adhesion is one of the important steps in metastasis. Syndecan-1, E-cadherin and integrin 3 make up cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and participate in the adhesion between the cell and the extracellular matrix[2]. Syndecan-1 is a set of transmembrane heparitin sulfate glycoproteins (HSPGS), which is present at the surface of most epithelia cells and take part in the adhesion between the cell and the extracellular matrix. The expression of syndecan-1 was augmented during epithelial regeneration and rearrangement in the stomach and other tissues[3,4]. E-cadherin is a calcium dependent intercellular adhesion molecule and it is present in normal cells to maintain the normal structure of tissues which has special biological characters and is highly related to invasion and metastasis of cancer cells[3]. Studies show that the reduction or absence of syndecan-1 and E-cadherin expressions could induce the growth, invasion and metastasis of tumors[5]. Integrin is a heterodimer consisting of a group of and polypeptide chains which can be divided into three groups based on the difference of a common chain (1, 2 and 3). By identifying the extracellular matrix such as laminin, fibronectin and immunoglobulin superfamily on the cell membrane (I-CAM for example) etc., mediating adhesive reaction of cell-extracellular matrix and cell-cell and receiving and conducting cascade signals, Integrin regulates the survival, apoptosis, movement, proliferation and inflammatory reaction of cells[6]. To our knowledge, the co-expressions of syndecan-1, E-cadherin and integrin 3 in gastric carcinoma and their clinical significances have not been reported before. We thus studied the expressions of CAMs in gastric carcinoma patients to find out the relationship among three of them using the immunochemical S-P method and to explore the correlation in their expression and pathological indexes of gastric carcinoma and survival time.
One hundred and eighteen specimens were collected from gastric carcinoma patients (91 men, 27 women, average age 56.3 years, range 25-79 years). They received the radical operations in our hospital from October 1986 to November 2002. Follow-up period was up to 5 years and the survival period was calculated from the day of surgery to the end of the follow-up or to the day of death. The censored value was zero. Of 118 gastric carcinomas, 70 were highly or moderately differentiated, while 48 were poorly or undifferentiated. According to the tumor, lymph node, and metastasis (TNM) standard stadiation, 47 were in T1-T2 stages and 71 were in T3-T4 stages. Eighty nine cases had vascular invasion and 29 without. Eighty three had lymph node metastasis and 35 without; distant metastases of carcinoma were found in 55 cases, while no distant metastasis in 63 cases. Twenty gastric mucosa specimens were collected 5 cm away from the cutting edges of radical operation as normal controls, which were detected as non-tumor mucosa.
Main reagents
Mouse anti-human syndecan-1, E-cadherin and integrin 3 were purchased from ZYMED Company. SP kit was purchased from Maixin Biotect Company, Fuzhou, China. Streptavidin peroxidase staining was performed according to the kit instruction. Normal gastric mucosa was used as a positive control and PBS was used to replace the first antibody as a negative control.
Immunohistochemistry was made according to the streptavidin peroxidase (SP) methods. The staining step followed the routine process. In order to examine the specificity of immunostaining, both positive and negative controls were run at the same time in each experiment. The normal gastric mucous was used as the negative control.
Results evaluation
Based on the proportion of positively stained cells in the sections, the criteria of syndecan-1 and E-cadherin were set as follows[7]: (1) if more than 90% of the tumor cells exhibited intense membranous staining similar to that of normal cells, the result was considered as positive (++); (2) if the staining intensity was demonstrably reduced relative to that of normal cells and/or the staining pattern was heterogeneous (10%-90% positive), the result was deemed to be weakly positive (+); (3) if its expression was completely lost or positive in less than 10% of cells, the result was defined as negative (-). In statistical analysis, ± were classified as the low expression group and ++ were set as the high expression group. In addition, the criteria for integrin 3 were classified into four grades[8]. Briefly, -, no staining in fewer than 10% of tumor cells; +, weak staining in only 10%-50% of tumor cells; ++, moderate staining in 50%-75% of tumor cells; and +++, strong staining of more than 75% of tumor cells. The sections for integrin 3 were judged as a high expression group when more than 50% of cancer cells (++ or +++) were stained; others were judged as a low expression group.
Statistical analysis
SPSS 11.5 software package was used in data processing. Non-parameter Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between the expressions of syndecan-1, E-cadherin and integrin 3 and the pathological indexes of the progression of gastric carcinoma. The survival rate was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and analyzed by the long-rank test. Fisher's exact test was used to differentiate the rates of different groups. Univariate analysis and Cox-multivariate analysis were used to analyze the effect of the pathologic parameters (differentiation level, invasion depth, vessel invasion and lymph node metastasis), the expression of syndecan-1, E-cadherin and integrin 3 on the total survival.
The expressions of syndecan-1, E-cadherin and integrin 3 in gastric carcinoma and non-tumor gastric mucosa
Of a total of 118 gastric carcinomas the following was
found: syndecan-1 low expression 57.6% (68/118) (Figure 1A)
Relationship between the expression levels of syndecan-1, E-cadherin and integrin 3 and the pathological indexes of progression of gastric carcinoma
The low expressions of syndecan-1 and E-cadherin were positively correlated with the gastric carcinoma growth mode (χ2 = 12.47, P < 0.01; χ2 = 15.27, P < 0.01), invasion depth (χ2 = 32.95, P < 0.01; χ2 = 28.73, P < 0.01), vessel invasion (χ2 = 46.22, P<0.01; χ2 = 40.52, P < 0.01), lymph node metastasis (χ2 = 43.49, P < 0.01; χ2 = 38.28, P < 0.01) and distant metastasis (χ2 = 63.30 P < 0.01; χ2 = 51.98, P < 0.01). Additionally, the gastric carcinoma growing in invasive style had low expressions of syndecan-1 and E-cadherin which were not correlated to the differentiation level of gastric carcinoma (χ2 = 1.60, P > 0.05). The high expression of integrin 3 protein was positively correlated with gastric carcinoma growth modes (χ2 = 5.83, P < 0.05), invasion depth (χ2 = 29.74, P < 0.01), vessel invasion (χ2 = 33.33, P < 0.01), lymph node metastasis (χ2 = 29.61, P < 0.01) and distant metastasis (χ2 = 41.72, P < 0.01). The gastric carcinoma growing in invasive style had high expressions of integrin 3 protein, which was not correlated to the differentiation level of gastric carcinoma (χ2 = 0.14, P > 0.05) (Table 1).
Relationship among the expressions of syndecan-1, E-cadherin and integrin 3 in gastric carcinoma
There was significant positive correlation between the expression levels of syndecan-1 and E-cadherin. Both of them had negative correlation with integrin 3 expression (Table 2).
Factors that affect the survival rate of gastric carcinoma
Univariate analysis showed that the patients with high syndecan-1 expression had a 5-year survival rate of 91.66%, while it was 12.8% in those with low syndecan-1 expression. There was significant difference between the rates (χ2 = 53.13, P < 0.01). The patients with high E-cadherin expression level had a 5-year-survival rate of 93.59%, which was significantly different from that of the patients with low E-cadherin expression with the rate of 12.8%. There was significant difference between the rates (χ2 = 43.36, P < 0.01). The patients with high integrin 3 protein expression had a 5-year-survival rate of 13.85% and the patients with low integrin 3 expression had the rate of 72.75%. There was significant difference between the rates (χ2 = 35.11, P < 0.01). Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that the patients with low syndecan-1/E-cadherin protein expression level and high integrin 3 expression level had poor prognosis (Table 3, Figure 4A-C).
COX-multivariate analysis showed that syndecan-1 expression could be used as a prognostic marker of gastric cancer patients (P < 0.01). However, E-cadherin and integrin 3 could not be used as independent prognosis markers (P > 0.05 and P > 0.05 respectively). (Syndecan-1: B = 3.447, SE = 0.988, Wald = 12.183, P < 0.01; E-cadherin: B = 0.019, SE = 0.686, Wald = 0.001, P > 0.05; integrin 3: B = 0.098, SE = 0.364, Wald = 27.711, P > 0.05).
Gastric carcinoma is highly malignant and usually results in a poor prognosis. Although the achievement in early diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer has improved the patients' outcome, it is still one of the leading causes of mortality in countries such as China and Japan. Currently, about 39% of gastric cancer cases occur in the Chinese population, ranking the leading cause of cancer-mortality in China, particularly in rural areas[9]. The overall 5-year survival rate for patients who undergo curative surgical resection for gastric carcinoma ranges from 47% to 60.4%[10]. The typical characteristics of malignant tumor are invasion and metastasis, which are the main cause for their lethality. Tumor progression is considered to be dynamic, complex, and a multi-step process, where the essential steps are the breakdown of cell-cell adhesion and degradation of basement membrane (BM)[11]. The cellular and molecular steps required for metastases of neoplastic cells are starting to be elucidated. The metastatic cascade starts with a downregulation of the epithelial bonds which enables tumor cells to leave epithelial structures, to invade the stroma, to enter the blood stream or the lymphatics, to extravasate, and to colonize the target organs. Interestingly, invasive growth and metastases often recapitulate embryonic development and are greatly influenced by the stromal microenvironment[12]. Thus, carcinoma cells interact bidirectionally with neighboring fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and lymphocytes through growth factors, chemokines, cell adhesion molecules, and extracellular matrix proteases.
Loss of cell adhesion may contribute to loss of contact inhibition of growth, which is an early step in the neoplastic process. It has been shown that various cell adhesion molecules expressed on carcinoma cells play crucial roles. However, the mechanisms of invasion and metastasis are still under investigation. Until now there is no satisfactory tumor marker for predicting its evolution.
Syndecan-1, E-cadherin and integrin 3 make up CAMs together[2] to participate in adhesion between cell and extracellular matrix. Experimental studies show that changes in cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion are central to the conversion from premalignant lesions to early invasive carcinoma[13].
Syndecan-1 (CD138) is a member of the transmem-brane heparin sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) family, taking part in and improving adhesion between cell and extracellular matrix[14], improving cell proliferation, maintaining the differentiation phenotype of cells and inhibiting the growth of tumor cells[15]. Wiksten et al[16] reported that abatement or loss of syndecan-1 expression is highly correlated to the focal size, lymphatic metastasis, invasion depth, TNM stage and prognosis of gastric carcinoma. It is reported that the expression of syndecan-1 increases gradually from large intestine adenoma to carcinoma, then to invasive carcinoma[17,18].
E-cadherin is a calcium dependent transmembrane glycoprotein and has the functions of mediating the adhesion of homogeneous cells among epithelia and of maintaining the integrity and polarity of tissue structures[19]. The abatement or loss of E-cadherin expression may induce the decrease of adhesion among cells and thus make cancer cells disunite, grow invasively toward peripheral tissues and leave original focal to form metastasis once the necessary conditions are met[20,21]. Documents indicate that in gastric carcinomas, the reduction in E-cadherin expression activation of E-cadherin gene varies from 17% to 92%[22]. This phenomenon has been confirmed in many kinds of tumors such as lung cancer, breast cancer, large intestine cancer, liver cancer and gastric cancer[24-27].
Integrins belong to the family of transmembrane glycoprotein hetero-dimer. They mediate adhesion of neighboring cells and participate in the growth and repair of cells and vascular proliferation etc as important receptors of extracellular matrix protein[28]. Molecular biological studies on melanoma, colon and rectal cancer and other carcinomas in the past few years showed that the dissociation from or penetration through BM of tumor cells, caused by the adhesion of 31, 51, 3 and other Integrins on tumor cell surface to extracellular matrix, is the initial step for the invasive growth and remote metastasis of malignant tumor. Moreover the high expression of integrin 3 in malignant melanoma and malignant ovarian tumor cells is positively correlated to invasion and metastasis of cancer cells[29].
Documented data shows that these three proteins,
syndecan-1, E-cadherin and integrin
cooperate with each other for expressions and functions; moreover their
expression levels are correlated with
the progression of gastric carcinoma. Experimental studies show that
syndecan-1 and E-cadherin are all present in epithelia and both can form
immunoprecipitation with transcription regulatory factor
and this indicates that they are materially and functionally correlated
with each other[30]. The expression of syndecan-1 and
E-cadherin in gastric carcinoma is low and their expression levels are
positively correlated[31]. The abatement or loss of
E-cadherin expression is involved in lymph node micro-metastasis of
gastric carcinoma[32]. Sun et al[33]
proposed the following point of view based on different studies: the
decrease of in vitro
Signal conduction mediated by syndecan-1 needs the cooperation of integrin 3[34]. Mammary glandular epithelia short of syndecan-1 show rearrangement of integrin 3 and markedly low expression of E-cadherin at the same time[15]. Wound healing theory indicates that E-cadherin activates the migration of integrin 3-transfected cells and constrains them to separate from wound margin. The study of Ohta et al shows that over expression of the homeobox gene HOXD3 promotes the non-expression of E-cadherin and increased expression of integrin 3, which plays an important role in the quick migration and isolation of tumor cells[29]. Zhang et al[11] reported that E-cadherin loss in epithelial tumor progression was not only related to severing cell-cell adhesion but also associated with increased integrins expression, which induced cell-matrix adhesion of these cells[13].
The results of this study indicate that the expressions of syndecan-1 and E-cadherin in gastric tumor tissues are low and their levels are significantly correlated. This suggests that syndecan-1 and E-cadherin play a positively cooperative role in the genesis and development of gastric carcinoma. They are negatively correlated to the level of integrin 3 expression and this suggests that Integrins have different effects on the progression of gastric carcinoma. The functional consequence of enhanced cell-matrix adhesion is the initial attachment and retention of these cells at the epithelial-stromal interface, thus providing the appropriate microenvironmental conditions for incipient tumor cell invasion[13].
Basing on the biological characters of syndecan-1, E-cadherin and Integrins, on relevant documents and on the results of this study, the correlation of CAMs with the progression of gastric carcinoma can be summarized as follows: (1) at the early stage of gastric carcinoma, tumor cells have low E-cadherin and syndecan-1 expression, adhesion between cells is weak and tumor cells are isolated from primary tumor, which is the initial step of invasion and metastasis of gastric carcinoma; (2) the decrease of the expressions of E-cadherin and syndecan-1 reduces adhesion between tumor cells and BM or extracellular matrix mediated by them and this is propitious to local growth and dispersion of tumor. At the same time, various hydrolytic enzymes will be released, after the adhesion of cancer cells to BM or extracellular matrix, to degrade the BM or extracellular matrix which tumor cells adhere to. Thus cancer cells may enter into the blood circulation. Experimental studies show that Integrins are the main receptors for cells adhesion to extracellular matrix and syndecan-1 increases the combination of them; (3) the increase of Integrin expression, after that cancer cells enter the blood circulation, is in favor of adhesion of tumor cells to endothelia to induce invasive growth and remote metastasis of gastric carcinoma. In these processes, adhesion of tumor cells to endothelia and the BM under endothelia is the key process for the invasion and metastasis.
The pathological indexes and survival analysis results confirm that gastric cancer tissues with low syndecan-1 and E-cadherin protein expressions and high integrin 3 protein expression have deeper invasion depth, higher occurrences of vascular invasion, lymph node metastasis and remote metastasis, shorter average survival time and lower 5-year survival rate, which is consistent with the study results of Wiksten et al[16], Trikh et al[36] and other researchers.
In conclusion, low expressions of syndecan-1 and E-cadherin protein and high expression of integrin 3 protein are significantly correlated to invasion of gastric carcinoma. As intracellular adhesion molecular complexes, these three proteins are highly correlated with each other. Therefore, the results of co-examination of them can be important indexes for prognosis of gastric carcinoma.
Cell adhesion is one of the important steps in invasion and metastasis Syndecan-1, E-cadherin and integrin 3 make up intercellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) and participate in the adhesion between cell and extracellular matrix. One or two of them in gastric carcinoma has been reported before; however, in order to better understand the coordinated regulation of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions during malignant transformation, we study the coexpression of E-cadherin, syndecan-1 and integrin 3 by immunohistochemical study in gastric carcinomas.
Research frontiers
Recent investigations have suggested that frozen tissue-based molecular classifications effectively predict prognosis of gastric cancer, prognostic classification on formalin-fixed tissue is needed. Therefore additional markers are required in the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer.
Innovations and breakthroughs
In this article, we identified that syndecan-1, E-cadherin and integrins were highly correlated with each other as intracellular adhesion molecular complexes. We suggest that the results of co-examination can be important indexes for prognosis of gastric carcinoma.
The results from the study confirm the correlation between expressions of CAMs and gastric cancer. It suggests that the coexpression of them can be used to identify the prognosis of gastric carcinoma.
CAMs are proteins located on the cell surface involved in the binding with other cells or with the extracellular matrix in the process called cell adhesion.
Peer review
This report analyzed that advanced gastric cancer including with/without distant metastases. Prognostic factor of each stage of gastric cancer about CAMs should be analyzed and author should speculate other factors too.
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18 Fujiya M, Watari J, Ashida T, Honda M, Tanabe H, Fujiki T, Saitoh Y, Kohgo Y. Reduced expression of syndecan-1 affects metastatic potential and clinical outcome in patients with colorectal cancer. Jpn J Cancer Res 2001; 92: 1074- 1081 PubMed
19 Shiozaki H, Oka H, Inoue M, Tamura S, Monden M. E-cadherin mediated adhesion system in cancer cells. Cancer 1996; 77: 1605-1613 PubMed
20 Hirohashi S. Inactivation of the E-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion system in human cancers. Am J Pathol 1998; 153: 333-339 PubMed
21 Shiozaki H, Tahara H, Oka H, Miyata M, Kobayashi K, Tamura S, Iihara K, Doki Y, Hirano S, Takeichi M. Expression of immunoreactive E-cadherin adhesion molecules in human cancers. Am J Pathol 1991; 139: 17-23 PubMed
22 Shimoyama Y, Hirohashi S. Expression of E- and P-cadherin in gastric carcinomas. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 2185-2192
23 Oka H, Shiozaki H, Kobayashi K, Tahara H, Tamura S, Miyata M, Doki Y, Iihara K, Matsuyoshi N, Hirano S. Immunohistochemical evaluation of E-cadherin adhesion molecule expression in human gastric cancer. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 1992; 421: 149-156 PubMed
24 Elzagheid A, Algars A, Bendardaf R, Lamlum H, Ristamaki R, Collan Y, Syrjanen K, Pyrhonen S. E-cadherin expression pattern in primary colorectal carcinomas and their metastases reflects disease outcome. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 4304-4309 PubMed
25 Wu ZY, Zhan WH, Li JH, He YL, Wang JP, Lan P, Peng JS, Cai SR. Expression of E-cadherin in gastric carcinoma and its correlation with lymph node micrometastasis. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11: 3139-3143 PubMed
26 Kase S, Sugio K, Yamazaki K, Okamoto T, Yano T, Sugimachi K. Expression of E-cadherin and beta-catenin in human non-small cell lung cancer and the clinical significance. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6: 4789-4796 PubMed
27 Kowalski PJ, Rubin MA, Kleer CG. E-cadherin expression in primary carcinomas of the breast and its distant metastases. Breast Cancer Res 2003; 5: R217-R222 PubMed
28 Springer TA, Wang JH. The three-dimensional structure of integrins and their ligands, and conformational regulation of cell adhesion. Adv Protein Chem 2004; 68: 29-63 PubMed
29 Maubant S, Cruet-Hennequart S, Dutoit S, Denoux Y, Crouet H, Henry-Amar M, Gauduchon P. Expression of alpha V-associated integrin beta subunits in epithelial ovarian cancer and its relation to prognosis in patients treated with platinum-based regimens. J Mol Histol 2005; 36: 119-129 PubMed
30 Zimmermann P, Tomatis D, Rosas M, Grootjans J, Leenaerts I, Degeest G, Reekmans G, Coomans C, David G. Characterization of syntenin, a syndecan-binding PDZ protein, as a component of cell adhesion sites and microfilaments. Mol Biol Cell 2001; 12: 339-350 PubMed
31 Huang MF, Zhu YQ, Chen ZF, Xiao J, Huang X, Xiong YY, Yang GF. Syndecan-1 and E-cadherin expression in differentiated type of early gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11: 2975-2980 PubMed
32 Wu ZY, Zhan WH, Li JH, He YL, Wang JP, Lan P, Peng JS, Cai SR. Expression of E-cadherin in gastric carcinoma and its correlation with lymph node micrometastasis. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11: 3139-3143 PubMed
33 Sun D, Mcalmon KR, Davies JA, Bernfield M, Hay ED. Simultaneous loss of expression of syndecan-1 and E-cadherin in the embryonic palate during epithelial-mesenchymal transformation. Int J Dev Biol 1998; 42: 733-736 PubMed
34 Beauvais DM, Rapraeger AC. Syndecan-1-mediated cell spreading requires signaling by alphavbeta3 integrins in human breast carcinoma cells. Exp Cell Res 2003; 286: 219-232 PubMed
35 Ohta H, Hamada J, Tada M, Aoyama T, Furuuchi K, Takahashi Y, Totsuka Y, Moriuchi T. HOXD3-overexpression increases integrin alpha v beta 3 expression and deprives E-cadherin while it enhances cell motility in A549 cells. Clin Exp Metastasis 2006; 23: 381-390 PubMed
36 Seftor RE, Seftor EA, Hendrix MJ. Molecular role(s) for integrins in human melanoma invasion. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1999; 18: 359-375 PubMed
S- Editor Ma L L- Editor Alpini GD E-Editor Yin DH


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Susquehanna School District continues to approve staff positions
Susquehanna Community School District board of directors met on October 16 with a quorum of five members present.
President Steven Stanford, Vice-President Clay Weaver, Secretary Evelyn Cottrell and Jason Chamberlain were not in attendance. Left to make the decisions for the October meeting were: Lori Canfield, Jason Chamberlain, Amanda Cook, Holly Kubas and Martha Stanford. Chamberlain presided as president pro tem for the meeting.
The board approved a settlement of a matter concerning a special education student. The terms of the settlement include the establishment of an education fund and the reimbursing of attorney's fees.
As there is no November meeting, Superintendent Bronson Stone was granted permission to tentatively hire pending board approval for any vacancies that may occur between October 19, 2013 and December 4, 2012. The business office was also granted permission to pay bills during that period. The next regular board meeting will be December 4.
Matters given board approval were: the revised Memorandum of Understanding between the Claire Williams O'Neill Foundation and the district; snow removal with Larry Todd at a rate of $26 per occurrence; the contract for Homestead/Farmstead printing services between Government Software Services, Inc. and the district for the 2014 fiscal year; a donation to the Susquehanna Fire Department in the amount of $100.
Under personnel, the board approved time off for Susan Whitney from December 16 to 20; the resignations of Kris Gardner as basketball coach effective October 4 and Debra Benson as ticket taker effective September 30.
The board approved hiring the following for staff positions: Karyn Armitage, Debra Stone, Dan Maurer and Sarah Krause for elementary after school tutoring; Elizabeth Updyke, Matthew Misiura, Stephen Nayduch and Ryan Gilleran for high school after school tutoring; Joel Hubal, substitute maintenance; Ed Krug, softball coach; Jeff Baldwin, basketball coach; Alice Rhone, track helper and substitute basketball scorer; Jessica Welch, track helper and Carol Bushong, boys basketball ticket taker.
The following volunteers were given board approval: Jami Hyndshaw for 5th and 6th grade girls basketball coach; Debbie Branning, varsity basketball cheerleader.
The following teachers were given approval to attend a Disorders Clinic Workshop in Endicott on December 6th: Thomas Adornato; Andrea Sanders, Carmen Maby; Carla Perry.
Among the many requests for field trips, training sessions and use of the facilities approved was a natural gas site field trip for students; Local Government Day at Blue Ridge for senior students; elementary school cafeteria for Junior Sabers Football Awards Ceremony on November 3rd; Kim Burdick and Life Skills class to Riverside Lanes for bowling (Special Olympics) October 28th; Dakota Irwin, Tyler Petriello and Brandy Towner Charity Drive to collect winder gear for elementary students, November 4th to 22nd; Windwood Hill Dance Academy use of auditorium for dance show on December 15th; Austin Felter and Christian Miller for basketball tournament for grades 5-12 with proceeds donated to Johnson famiy; Ariana Hagopian to conduct a Self Esteem Program for 5th and 6th grade-senior project.


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Petition set up in support of HCZ but others campaign to save zebra crossing (From This Is Wiltshire)
Petition set up in support of HCZ but others campaign to save zebra crossing
9:36am Thursday 6th March 2014 in By Katie Smith
A petition has been set up for residents and businesses in Bradford on Avon in support of the town's Historic Core Zone which includes the removal of the Market Street zebra crossing.
The HCZ aims to rebalance the relationship between motorists and pedestrians.
Phase one, developed by Bradford on Avon Town Council and Wiltshire Council, focuses on the junction at Market Street and Church Street.
The proposals are pavement widening, removal of yellow lines and removal of the zebra crossing to be replaced with five striped courtesy crossings.
The petition set up by Dave and Georgina Knight – who have owned The Olive Tree shop in Market Street since September 2011 – was a response to another petition calling for the zebra crossing to remain.
Mrs Knight said that petition gave misinformation because people did not realise that the striped courtesy crossings would take its place.
She said: "It is completely misleading that people want to save the crossing – but don't realise what is going in its place.
"The whole reason the HCZ got going was because people didn't feel safe in the town."
Godfrey Marks, who helped set up the Save our Zebra petition, said the petition was not against the HCZ, but to keep the zebra crossing within the HCZ.
He said: "We cannot understand how people think that a voluntary courtesy crossing is safer than a zebra crossing."
The iPetition and paper petition supporting the HCZ has 145 signatures and is available in businesses including Tillions, Fetch and The Swan Hotel.
Comments (5)
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10:29am Thu 6 Mar 14
medievalvillager says...
This crackpot scheme will not make it any safer for pedestrians, that can only be achieved by a reduction in the amount of vehicles.
12:30pm Thu 6 Mar 14
brandx says...
What's the betting?
7:14pm Thu 6 Mar 14
Mike_Wazowski says...
9:53pm Thu 6 Mar 14
Trombone stand says...
8:05am Sat 8 Mar 14
Andrew Claridge says...
Comments are closed on this article.


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Huber Issues Challenge to Class of '83
Mark Denniston Huber, BSBA83, JD86, co-chair of the Ignite the Greatness campaign has issued a challenge to his former classmates to join him in elevating the College of Business to new heights.
Huber will match all Class of 83 gifts over a five-year pledge timeline, up to $1 million until the class celebrates its 30-year reunion in September.
This campaign represents a watershed moment for our school, Huber said. I am issuing this challenge to inspire my classmates. Wouldnt it be great if 100 percent of the College of Business class of 1983 participated?
Huber said that the time is right for the college to grow. It has been rising steadily in national rankings and employers are hiring Creighton business graduates at unprecedented rates 98 percent are employed or enrolled in graduate school within six months of graduation.
To meet the demand, Creightons College of Business will expand. It will relocate to the Harper Center on campus and increase scholarship support for students and endowment support for faculty. It will expand recruitment efforts to new markets, to enroll greater numbers of students.
If you have already made a gift, please accept my heartfelt thanks. If not, please consider this challenge as an opportunity for your gift to have even greater impact.
With our help, more students than ever will attain the same life-changing business education that we did, and they will carry the values of a Creighton business education into careers throughout the world.
Make a gift to the Ignite the Greatness campaign.


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Re: Fascist Obama & Personality Over Principle Progressives
Oh damn, now you've done. Poke holes in the cheering from the "liberal" media and blogosphere that Obama just might not be pro-democracy.
What I find very frightening about the defense of Obama's assassination program is what a future president could do with it on his own or if he fell under the influence of a Dick Cheney. That thought is quite chilling in light of how Jose Padilla and whistle blowers like Bradley Manning and John Kiriakou have been treated by this administration with a complicit Justice Department
John Brennan is a war criminal who has now been given a green light to cover up his crimes under Bush and Obama, as well as theirs.


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The CBA750E-SP has been discontinued and is no longer available. The ARC CBA750B with embedded 3G and 4G LTE is recommended in place of the CBA750E-SP and will be available soon.
The CradlePoint ARC CBA750B Integrated Business Series Routers enable easy-to-install cellular connectivity in fixed business locations. It combines the CBA750B router as well as the MC100E-SP Sprint 3G modem cap, making it ideal for distributed enterprises such as branch offices, retail POS locations, restaurants, and small businesses. The ARC CBA750B provides wired Ethernet and Sprint 3G wireless WAN connectivity to keep your business up and running.
Fast Facts About This Product:
CBA750B Features:
CBA750 Specs:
Cradlepoint MC100E-SP (modem cap) Specs:


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All it needs is a catchy acronym.
With the world of baseball statistics being populated these days by VORP and WAR and WHIP, it seems the key to creating an interesting statistical category is the initials.
So let's call this one VOD, or Value On the Dollar. And let's look at the surprises it unveils.
For example, did you know that the most valuable position player in baseball last year was a 21-year-old outfielder who batted .262 with 34 homers and 87 RBI? Did you know that he since has changed his name and changed his team? Sort of.
Giancarlo Stanton of the Miami Marlins — who went by Mike Stanton while playing his first two seasons with the Florida Marlins — also had 79 runs, 30 doubles, and 70 walks in 2011. Valuable numbers, sure, but not enough to typically land a player in the MVP discussion.
Unless you're talking about VOD.
Stanton, according to the numbers-crunchers at baseball-reference.com, contributed 5.7 Wins Above Replacement to his team in 2011.
Wins Above Replacement compares a player to a hypothetical replacement player — basically somebody a team could pick up out of the minor leagues or off the bench.
Stanton's WAR of 5.7 ranked seventh in the National League, and that's where it gets interesting. When you factor in his salary last season of $416,000, he was good for 13.7 WAR per million dollars. That's a high VOD — the best for any position player in the game.
Overall, the best value in baseball came from pitcher Clayton Kershaw, who cost the Dodgers $500,000 while racking up 7.0 WAR and winning the Cy Young Award. Kershaw also landed a new two-year contract worth $19 million, which tends to happen with pitchers who go 21-5 with a 2.28 ERA.
But Kershaw will regret that contract this year when he fails to repeat as the major-league VOD champion, don't you think?
Not that VOD is really that important. But it can reveal some players who otherwise would be well-kept secrets.
Typically, the league leaders are young stars who are making at or near the minimum salary on their way to mega-contracts. But the numbers also can highlight a front office's ability to find effective complimentary players — the kind of guys who can be productive while earning $1 million or less.
It's no coincidence that Tampa Bay had four of the top 21 position players in the American League in terms of VOD last year.
For example, Sam Fuld was picked up in a trade prior to the 2011 season after appearing in 98 games over three seasons with the Cubs. He played in 105 games for the Rays, batting .240 with 20 stolen bases and a few walks while playing outstanding defense in left field — not All-Star numbers, but well worth the $418,300 he was being paid.
And what about the world champions? The Cardinals may have had Albert Pujols, but they also got productive seasons at bargain prices from Allen Craig, David Freese, Jon Jay, Daniel Descalso and Nick Punto.
All six of them ranked among the top 39 NL position players in terms of VOD.
Seattle, meanwhile, had two players among the top 72 among American League position players in terms of VOD — Brendan Ryan at No. 23, and Justin Smoak at No. 30. It's not that Smoak was productive; it's that he was a full-time first baseman making about 5 percent as much as the typical starting first baseman.
For 27 major-league teams — save for the bottomless pockets of the Yankees, Phillies, and Red Sox — the ability to maximize production on a budget is the difference between being an also-ran and a contender.
And while fans like to lament that those teams "buy" championships, the fact is that the Rays have one of the best records in baseball over the past couple years, and they ranked 29th in payroll in 2011.
So when it comes to getting a bang for their buck, you could say the Rays are the Kings of VOD. And that kind of has a catchy ring to it.
By the Numbers appears each Saturday during baseball season. If you have questions or suggestions, contact Greg Jayne, Sports editor of The Columbian, at 360-735-4531 or by e-mail at email@example.com. To read his blog, go to columbian.com/weblogs/GregJayne


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University of Pennsylvania Professor Marie Gottschalk has a wonderful essay, reviewing a new book about the death penalty, that is well worth the read.
It remains a scandal that America continues to indulge this barbarism. Gottschalk helps explain why and what can be done.
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Ingredients Party Salad serves 8
2 whole lettuce
6 Roma or vine tomatoes
200 g mushrooms
2 bunches red radishes
2 red onions
2 small cans garbanzo beans
4 spring onions
2 garlic gloves
6 tbsp vegetable broth
2 tbsp Dijon mustard
4 tbsp red wine vinegar
4 tbsp olive oil
juice of 1 small lemon
100 g croutons
Cooking Instructions Party Salad
- Wash lettuce, remove old leaves, put leaves in a salad spin and turn until dry; tear leaves into small pieces. Wash tomatoes, cut them in quarters.
- Wash mushrooms and radishes, cut them in thin slices; peel onions, cut them in thin slices. Wash garbanzo beans in a sieve and let it drain. Add these ingredients into a big bowl and mix them thoroughly.
- Wash spring onions, cut them into small cubes; peel garlic and chop it fine or use a garlic press. In a bowl mix broth, mustard, oil, vinegar and lemon juice. Add the dressing to the salad before serving, not earlier.
Sprinkle croutons over the salad.


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NEW YORK CITY – July 30, 2007 – To control mosquitoes, the Health Department will apply larvicide by helicopter to marsh and other non-residential areas of Staten Island, Queens and the Bronx. Weather permitting, larvicide will be applied on Thursday, August 2, Friday, August 3, and Monday, August 6, 2007 from 6:00 A.M. to 9:00 P.M. each day. In case of bad weather, the Health Department will begin the morning of Friday, August 3 or the next possible day. While three days are allotted for this activity, the application may be completed in less time.
Mosquito Control Definitions
Aerial Larviciding - Dropping natural bacterial pellets by helicopter to marshes and other large natural areas to kill mosquito larvae before they grow into adult mosquitoes. Does not take place in the residential areas of NYC.
Adulticiding – Spraying a liquid insecticide from trucks to kill adult mosquitoes. Can take place in residential or non-residential areas. No adulticidings are scheduled at this time.
The areas to be treated appear below. These are marshy, natural areas, which are common breeding grounds for mosquitoes. Due to their size and difficulty to reach by ground vehicles, these areas will be treated with larvicide from a low-flying helicopter.
Marsh areas bound by Richmond Terrace to the north; Holland Avenue to the east; Western Avenue to the west; and the former North Shore Railroad to the south
11354, 11356
11368, 11354
VectoBac CG and/or VectoLex CG– both natural bacterial agents - will be used use for this application. These larvicides will also be used throughout the mosquito season to treat mosquito-breeding sites. Additional surveillance activity is currently being conducted to determine whether further application of larvicide in these areas will be necessary. During West Nile Virus season, New Yorkers can report dead birds or standing water online at http://www.nyc.gov/health/wnv. For more information about West Nile virus, call 311 or visit http://www.nyc.gov/health/wnv.


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Experience the highest quality of Lifestyle dentures.
The Enigma Philosophy
It is impossible to overstate the importance of dentures to the wearer yet they remain one of the most challenging aspects of modern dentistry. Meeting this challenge has been the inspiration for the creation of the Enigma Cosmetic Teeth & Denture System. Details of these remarkable teeth and what they have done for other patients can be seen at http://www.enigmacosmeticdentures.com
Innovation Recognised
The Enigma Cosmetic Teeth & Denture System are truly innovative. So much so that they won The Queen's Award for Enterprise in the innovation category.
To quote the Queen's Award Office "A Queen's Award is the highest honour that can be bestowed on a UK business. To have a Queen's Award is to be acknowledged as the best in your field".
Our highest quality and most natural looking dentures consider gender, age, and personality when restoring your smile and appearance. These dentures offer a unique individuality that is core to the Lifestyle Denture clinic ethos.
By bringing together the individual elements of your smile, including teeth, gums, lips and how they interact together with your face as a whole, the smiles we create are in harmony with your appearance and truly unique.
An outstanding lifelike appearance can be achieved by simple guidelines, using tooth shapes specifically designed for males and females, arranging teeth to correspond with personality and age and sculpting the denture gum with more natural colour contours.
With Optimum dentures you will also benefit from:
- Enigma Denture Teeth that are as close as possible to your own natural teeth and designed to last approximately 5 years and beyond
- Enigma Denture Teeth made from the next generation materials, guaranteed against excessive wear for 7 years
- 18-month guarantee against manufacturing faults
- Choice of over 40 different tooth shapes, newly developed to compliment age and gender
- Choice of hundreds of different combinations of the very latest tooth colours
- Choice of multiple realistic gum tones
- Injection moulded impact resistant denture base for precision fit
- Enigma Denture Teeth with superior strength and durability, ideal for complete dentures retained by dental implants


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I tried to do again the experience on a test server, and I have the same error that makes absolutely impossible (at least for me) to upgrade/uninstall/reinstall Zimbra. I don't know exactly what happens but here are some elements.
What I did:
- install 5.0.11
- uninstall it: sh install.sh -u
- reinstall it: sh install.sh
What happens:
- the install fails when installing zimbra-core
- when I try a manual install of this package, it blocks when displaying unpacking zimbra-core
- it's impossible to uninstall zimbra-core manually with apt-get or dpkg (message saying that zimbra-core is in an incoherent state and that I have first to reinstall it)
- in logs (zimbra logs, dmesg, /var/log/syslog, /var/log/messages) I can see nothing special
If someone has an idea I would be really really interested to understand what happens, since I wasn't able to do any upgrade of Zimbra successfully (I had each time to reformat the server and reinstall the OS to clean up everything).
I have time to investigate with you since it's a test server. What's important for me is to understand and be able to upgrade properly ma production server next time.
Many thanks in advance for your help !
What are the specs of your test server ? Are you running with at least 1GB of RAM ???
Hi uxbod
Thanks for your very fast answer
My server is a small one (test server) with 1GB RAM.
When installed it works perfectly, problems occur only when upgrading / reinstalling
I have had the same problems on a bigger production server (4-Xeon and 4GB RAM).
The problem is the same with 2 different servers...
If it interests you to play with the server, I can give you by private message the login/password for ssh access. Just tell me.
Thanks again !
I do not understand the steps you have taken above but the order I follow is :-
1) /etc/init.d/zimbra stop
2) ps aux | grep zimbra
3) Kill off any zombie processes from step 2
4) Backup /opt/zimbra
5) cd ~
6) tar zxvf zcs*.tar.gz
7) cd zcs*
8) ./install.sh
What O/S are you running aswell ?
It's exactly what I did (except the first time I forgot to kill remaining zimbra processes)
I use Debian 4.0 etch
Here is where it freezes each time:
Code:# ./install.sh Operations logged to /tmp/install.log.4890 Checking for existing installation... zimbra-ldap...NOT FOUND zimbra-logger...NOT FOUND zimbra-mta...NOT FOUND zimbra-snmp...NOT FOUND zimbra-store...NOT FOUND zimbra-apache...NOT FOUND zimbra-spell...NOT FOUND zimbra-proxy...NOT FOUND zimbra-archiving...NOT FOUND zimbra-convertd...NOT FOUND zimbra-cluster...NOT FOUND zimbra-core...FOUND zimbra-core-5.0.11_GA_2695.DEBIAN4.0 ZCS upgrade from 5.0.11 to 5.0.11 will be performed. Saving existing configuration file to /opt/zimbra/.saveconfig PLEASE READ THIS AGREEMENT CAREFULLY BEFORE USING THE SOFTWARE. ZIMBRA, INC. ("ZIMBRA") WILL ONLY LICENSE THIS SOFTWARE TO YOU IF YOU FIRST ACCEPT THE TERMS OF THIS AGREEMENT. BY DOWNLOADING OR INSTALLING THE SOFTWARE, OR USING THE PRODUCT, YOU ARE CONSENTING TO BE BOUND BY THIS AGREEMENT. IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO ALL OF THE TERMS OF THIS AGREEMENT, THEN DO NOT DOWNLOAD, INSTALL OR USE THE PRODUCT. License Terms for the Zimbra Collaboration Suite: http://www.zimbra.com/license/zimbra_public_eula_2.1.html Press Return to continue Checking for prerequisites... FOUND: NPTL FOUND: sudo-1.6.8p12-4 FOUND: libidn11-0.6.5-1 FOUND: fetchmail-6.3.6-1etch1 FOUND: libpcre3-6.7+7.4-4 FOUND: libgmp3c2-2:4.2.1+dfsg-4 FOUND: libexpat1-1.95.8-3.4 FOUND: libxml2-2.6.27.dfsg-6 FOUND: libstdc++6-4.1.1-21 FOUND: openssl-0.9.8c-4etch4 FOUND: libltdl3-1.5.22-4 Checking for suggested prerequisites... FOUND: perl-5.8.8 Prerequisite check complete. Checking for installable packages Found zimbra-core Found zimbra-ldap Found zimbra-logger Found zimbra-mta Found zimbra-snmp Found zimbra-store Found zimbra-apache Found zimbra-spell Found zimbra-proxy The Zimbra Collaboration Suite appears already to be installed. It can be upgraded with no effect on existing accounts, or the current installation can be completely removed prior to installation for a clean install. Do you wish to upgrade? [Y] N Select the packages to install Install zimbra-ldap [Y] Install zimbra-logger [Y] Install zimbra-mta [Y] Install zimbra-snmp [Y] Install zimbra-store [Y] Install zimbra-apache [Y] Install zimbra-spell [Y] Install zimbra-proxy [N] Checking required space for zimbra-core checking space for zimbra-store Installing: zimbra-core zimbra-ldap zimbra-logger zimbra-mta zimbra-snmp zimbra-store zimbra-apache zimbra-spell The system will be modified. Continue? [N] Y Shutting down zimbra mail Removing existing packages zimbra-core...done Removing deployed webapp directories Removing /opt/zimbra Removing zimbra crontab entry...done. done. Cleaning up zimbra init scripts...done. Cleaning up /etc/ld.so.conf...done. Cleaning up /etc/security/limits.conf...done. Finished removing Zimbra Collaboration Suite. Installing packages zimbra-core......zimbra-core_5.0.11_GA_2695.DEBIAN4.0_i386.deb...
I finally found what was blocking the update !
I installed samba, libnss-ldap, libpam-ldap in order to sychronise everything with zimbra, and use also my server to share files.
If i force the cleanup with dpkg --force-all -r zimbra-core, uninstall manually zimbra following the wiki, and if I uninstall samba, libnss-ldap, and libpam-ldap then zimbra can be installed as usually.
The problem comes from these 3 packages.
So my question is: does it mean that we have to remove these 3 packages for each Zimbra upgrade ? Or I am doing something false ?
Many thanks for your help !
zimbra@host:~$ zmcontrol stop
zimbra@host:~$ exit
root@host:~# ps auxww | awk '{print $1" "$2}' | grep zimbra | kill -9 `awk '{print $2}'`
this is as per Open Source Edition Backup Procedure - Zimbra :: Wiki - would I be correct?