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Former HANGNAIL vocalist Heck Armstrong has been kicking around the scene for years, but he's still got that teen scream going on, the primal yowl of a pimply young Chris Cornell celebrating the onset of his first pubes by caterwauling along with his beat-to-shit ZEPPELIN tapes in the shower. It's a throaty, untutored, emotional yell (see also: Butch Balich of PENANCE, or hell, even John Bush if you wanna stretch the point a little), full of doomy catharsis and Valhallan vigor.It may seem strange upon first listen that, rather than dino-rock crunge or KYUSS recycling, Armstrong is screaming to a soundtrack that's more VOIVOD and NEUROSIS wrecking Battlebots in a decaying missile factory than anything else. There's that loose, clattery feel of punks trying really hard to write a step or two above their playing abilities, then just getting lit in the studio and tearing into the songs with snarling abandon. Odd chords and ham-fisted time changes give off that aura of rusting industrial hulks and dissipating isotopes, while the epic nature of the songs and Armstrong's dramatic vocals provide that same gaunt, gothic swamp melodrama that fueled ACID BATH. The whole thing tends to run together into one grandiose movement, a rancid slice of filthy prog, for lack of a better term. Think the musical dexterity and basement grime of KYLESA, maybe, or the ferocious emotion of MILLIGRAM hepped up on a cocktail of murky and obscure early-'90s Rotz Records industrial punk-metal (INTRICATE, anyone?). It's all a gloriously whacked lo-fi experiment by people who just don't know any better, as fuzzy and doomed-on-paper as any mid-'70s SABBATH trainwreck, with similar "holy shit, did that work?" results. Think "Dimension: Hatross" with less meth and aluminum poisoning, and more skunk weed, cheap lager, and '70s rock albums inherited from burnout older brothers. But does it rock? Yea, verily, and mightily, and in its own flaming facemelt trailer-trash genius way. Pick it up.
(Exile On Mainstream)
01. Freak Waves
02. Disjointhead
03. Vivid
04. Hedonophobia
05. Noisepicker
06. Step the Mind Gap
07. Spine Transfer
08. Leaving the Chemosphere
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Remember that Walden's Title IV Code is 025042.
Call us now toll-free on1-866-492-5336 or
Do you live outside the US?
Call us now using these toll-free numbers or visit our International Students area.
A leading provider of education programs for working professionals, The Richard W. Riley College of Education and Leadership is dedicated to increasing educator effectiveness and student achievement. The college offers a diverse portfolio of instructor-led individual courses for adult learners who are seeking to grow as educators without enrolling in a degree or certificate program. Current course topics include:
See a complete listing of courses offered at Walden. View education courses by selecting the prefixes EDUC, EDAD, EIDT, MATH, SCIE or READ.
A Walden enrollment advisor is available to assist you in selecting and registering for a course. To speak with an enrollment advisor, call 1-866-492-5336 in the U.S. or view list of international toll-free phone numbers. You can also request information online. Be sure to select "Individual Courses" under "Programs of Interest" when completing the online request form.
If you would like to learn more about Walden's degree programs in education, please visit Walden's Richard W. Riley College of Education and Leadership.
© 2016 Walden University

subset: commoncrawl


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Morning Lovelies!
How are you this lovely Saturday morning? I am great if you are asking!
Have you ever wondered why most camera bags are so boring (You can seriously fall asleep look in at one)? C'mon, as a community aren't photographers suppose to be a very creative bunch? Don't they love visual beauty? Yet, all the camera bags on the market are generic, very uninspiring and unfashionable clones of each other. Just saying…
OK, so most of you know I have been on the hunt for a nice, stylish and fashionable camera bag for a really long time now, almost a year (man, time flies). When I finally found one (after spending hours and hours online) I loved it but it was out of stock, in all the colors. I was so disappointed that I couldn't buy it but the quest continued for a fashionable camera bag.
I mean there's no shame in wanting to tote a stylish camera bag when you're out and about, right? I want to look stylish when I go to all my events, hell yeah! I want a camera bag that is not only fashionable but functional. Yes, I want it to store my camera and a equipment but look good while doing so.
However, the bag I fell in LOVE with is called THEIT camera bag and it's back in stock. I received an email this morning that it's available for purchase but yet again the quantities are limited. That is why I wanted to share this with all of you in case you are one of those fashionable girls in need of a stylish camera bag.
This bag is for the fashion forward photographer / blogger or anyone really that loves a gorgeous handbag. This double handled, chain link cross-body strap, perfectly detailed antique brass hardware bag and tassels is THEIT bag.
THEIT – A little bit of history
THEIT (the-it bag) was born from the Canadian designer and former flight attendant, Nicole Farjardo. While working as an international flight attendant and developing her passion for photography through her travels, Nicole also yearned for a fashionable camera bag to protect her gear. Yet her search did not a bear the fashion forward camera bag that captured her heart. Thus, her dream was sparked and the vision of THEIT became a reality in 2010.
About THEIT – Bossi Bag
One of my favorite quotes is from Coco Chanel (yes, I am talking about Chanel again), "A girl should be two things: classy and fabulous." With the Bossi bag on my arm i'll be both those things.
The Bossi is a perfectly sized bag that makes great use of the space with plenty of interior and exterior pockets. I can easily see myself slipping in my wallet, iphone, lipgloss and keys along side my camera and atleast two of my lenses. From what I can see the the Bossi bag looks like it's made with great quality materials. It look very soft on the inside and nicely padded so I am sure my beloved camera would be safe in this bag and that is highly important. Another very, very exciting thing about this bag is that you can actually remove the padded camera compartment and use it as a regular handbag. How cool and amazing is that?! For the exterior of the bag this medium size satchel measures 14L x 9H x 6D. It comes in black, fawn and ivory which are great colors because they will pretty much match any outfit without being to loud. Another great feature of this bag is that it is waterproof which is a absolute must. It is made of faux leather (which makes it waterproof like I said) but it does not look very faux to me which is great.
My reason for NEEDING (there is no want in this context) this bag was I don't own a pocket camera, just my big SLR with a few lenses. So when I wanted to "discreetly" take it on social gatherings without looking like I arrived to do a photo session with all my gear this Bossi looks like it fits the bill perfectly. No one will ever guess that it is more than just a fabulous bag I am carrying so like I mentioned earlier this bag is not only perfect for a girls who loves her photography and fashion but a great bag for the everyday girls who wants to strut down the streets of Montreal or any-where-else in the world looking tres chic!
I so badly NEED one of these bags but I am kind of over budget on spending money this month (already) but hopefully I will figure something out since this is the camera bag of my dreams!!!!
And me too I want to be strutting down the streets of Montreal with my gear in style!


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See All Contributors »
New Equipment Trailer Ready for Iowa City Trek - Iowa State University Athletics Official Web Site - www.CYCLONES.com - Iowa State Cyclones Sports
looks good!
Very nice! Good clean look, but yet so bold at the same time - I like!
Better watch where they park that sucker at Kinnick, and hire security. It's been vandalized before over there.
Damn. I want one of those.
Where are the Independence Bowl stickers!?! j/k I am glad they left them off.
Kinnick smells like syrup.
That thing looks sweet! Our old trailer was absolutely hideous.
Originally Posted by ISUboi12
Where are the Independence Bowl stickers!?! j/k I am glad they left them off.
maybe next year. then cotton, then orange.
A million times better. Love the big logo on the front.
College Football Analytics on Twitter & Facebook
Wide Right & Natty Lite - Loyal Sons, Forever True. With beer!
Very Cool!
I love it! I can't wait until we can put some championship years on that bad boy!
When Prepared, Fear No One.
Hmmm while I like the "storm" that we had on the other one.... it had some stuff on it that was pretty old (including some of our less than decent uni's) and pretty busy...
This one will be easier for people to read but it's a little duller (What can I say? I'm a big fan of the storm type things... kinda like what they put on the score board at Hilton in the intro video) but I am glad it got redone, it needed it
Oh we will fight, fight, fight for Iowa State,
and may her colors ever fly!!!
In Accordance with Prophecy
Did Chase Graphics in Ames do the wrap? It kind of looks like their work, they do our racecar stuff and do a exceptional job.
Now that is how a Big 12 football equipment trailer should look!
a picture of the old one (or part of it) for reference... could have sworn I had others but oh well
I dig it! Id go the hawkeye route, pull that up to a park and live in that sucker if I could!
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text: So I had a bike stolen almost 3 weeks ago. I contacted cops, etc. Well last week the bike was posted on CL as for sale, well to my luck the seller took the bait of a friend's email and has called me on setting up a sale. tomorrow afternoon the police should have my bike in their possession, if everything works out I will have the bike back. Never thought anyone would be stupid enough to post it on CL, but hey I'll let it slide and get back my bike.


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Training at one of the area's military bases means more noise than usual this week.
Seymour Johnson Air Force Base in Goldsboro says people who live nearby can expect more jet noise, low level flying and loudspeaker comments Monday through Thursday. Some of the extra noise could go as late as 1 a.m..
The 4th Fighter Wing is training with their F-15 Strike Eagles.


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Related Articles
- Hyundai rolls out five millionth car in IndiaLower interest rates may not add sparkle to Diwali car salesRating: 'Hold' Maruti Suzuki shares, Mahindra & Mahindra 'underperform', Hero MotoCorp 'preferred'Maruti Suzuki new small car 'YL7' diesel caught under wraps, Zen Estilo, A-Star sunset-bound
In its bid to maintain its lead over rivals like Honda Cars India and Hyundai Motor India, which have of late come out with new small cars and have some more in the pipeline, market leader Maruti Suzuki India plans to launch a completely new premium hatchback within the next two years.
Due for launch in 2015-16, Marutis new premium small car code named YRA will be produced both in India and in Hungary for the European market. It is likely to be sold under an entirely new brand positioned above its existing premium hatchbacks Swift and Ritz. Incidentally, the Ritz will also see a facelift (2015), while the Swift will first see a facelift (2014) and then a full model change (2017).
Though Maruti is the undisputed leader in the small car segment with a 48% market share, industry sources said it needs to guard its turf as both Honda and Hyundai are coming with new launches a refurbished Jazz and i20, respectively by next year.
Strengthening small car portfolios is today the focus of most mass segment carmakers since small cars have about a 54% share in the 27-lakh-unit domestic passenger vehicle volumes.
Maruti currently has seven brands in this segment including the popular WagonR, Alto and Swift.
"Maruti is developing a new model in order to expand its premium hatchback range to tackle the fresh competition coming from nearly all rivals. Also, what works in its favour is that premium hatchbacks like the Swift have been doing well because owners of cars like the Alto are upgrading to the next level, a source said.
A second source in the auto supplier industry confirmed the development. The new YRA model could fit somewhere between the Swift and the Ritz, but the company may also position it above the Swift. It will definitely offer a diesel engine option as well. Development is in the advanced stages both in Japan (parent Suzuki Motor) and in India, the person said.
When contacted, a Maruti Suzuki spokesperson said, We will not comment on product plans.
Maruti Suzuki, one of the earliest international carmakers to enter India in 1984, today has an over 40% market share of the overall market and has been able to weather the slowdown of the last two years better than competitors because of its wide range of products, vast distribution


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The ECB's Collateral Bailout
Frankfurt finds subtler ways to support euro-zone sovereigns.
So Mario Draghi is going to do whatever it takes to save the euro—but not yet. That was the message delivered after last week's meeting of the European Central Bank's Governing Council, dashing hopes for immediate action to dampen yields on Spanish and Italian debt. The ECB's policy interest rate is at a record-low 0.75%, but it's clearly too much to expect Mario Monti and Mariano Rajoy not to clamor for more central-bank action to cure their countries' economic doldrums.
It's not quite correct, though, to say that last week was a total wash for Mr. Draghi's petitioners. Some less-noticed news out of Frankfurt highlights a subtler channel through which the ECB has been keeping the lights on in ailing euro-zone countries: collateral requirements for central-bank assistance to banks. The Bundesbank may still be holding the ECB President back from large-scale monetization of European debt, but the Germans haven't stopped the central bank from drip-feeding euro-zone states in more indirect ways.
The ECB's recent fiddling with collateral requirements began in December, in concert with the central bank's first round of Long-Term Refinancing Operations (LTROs). Mr. Draghi's second bank rescue, in February, was accompanied by a relaxation of collateral requirements for central-bank loans in seven euro-zone nations: France, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Ireland, Austria and Cyprus.
These affected the conditions under which banks in those countries could seek emergency loans from Frankfurt. But euro-zone states' national central banks are also authorized to provide their own emergency liquidity assistance (ELA) to financial institutions within their jurisdiction. Local lenders can tap ELA funding "in exceptional circumstances," as a way to "ease an institution's liquidity strains, as well as to prevent any potential systemic effects," such as "disruption of the smooth functioning of payment and settlement systems."
This backup liquidity is meant to be accessed when banks are not creditworthy enough—or the quality of their collateral is too low—to request funding from the ECB.
Information on ELA facilities is scarce. Loan terms are not publicly disclosed, and national central banks are not even required to announce when a lender has requested assistance.
We've gotten a few hints, however, about how and when ELA facilities have been used. According to Citigroup research, banks in four euro-zone countries tapped ELA credit between 2007 and February this year: Greece, Ireland, Germany and Belgium. The Bundesbank extended liquidity to struggling lenders at the outset of the 2008 panic but not since then. Belgium's central bank had about €9 billion outstanding on its ELA facility in February.
Greece and Ireland are a different matter. The Irish central bank has provided liquidity almost continuously since 2008, with its outstanding loan balance peaking at €69 billion in February 2011 and since dipping to about €46 billion. The Greek central bank activated an ELA facility last August and had offered some €55 billion to banks as of November.
Spain hasn't opened ELA for its banks, but Spanish lenders are running low on ECB-eligible collateral. The Banco de España would likely have to offer liquidity on a scale far beyond what its Irish and Greek counterparts have done.
Though ELA facilities are nominally the responsibility of national central banks, the ECB has a supervisory role. Frankfurt sets the upper limit on the amount of credit that can be extended in an emergency facility. The central bank can also veto the terms on which credit is extended.
But the ECB can also influence the conditions under which lenders would be motivated to request ELA credit. Last month the ECB said it will no longer accept Greek debt as collateral for ECB loans, at least not while Athens's bailout program is under review. That means that ailing Greek banks, spurned by Frankfurt, have very likely been forced to turn to the Greek central bank for emergency aid.
Hence the significance of last week's less-noticed bit of ECB news: German daily Die Welt reported Saturday that the ECB Governing Council agreed to increase the limit on the amount of Greek government debt that the Bank of Greece can accept as ELA collateral. The ceiling was raised to €7 billion from €3 billion, according to the paper. This means Athens should be able to raise a fresh €4 billion from banks eager to tap aid from the Greek central bank.
This is a backdoor rescue of a familiar form. As with the LTROs, the ECB is helping to keep banks afloat, and the banks in turn are helping to keep sovereigns afloat. Banks are evidently playing along: Tuesday's auction of six-month Greek debt was more than twice oversubscribed and sold at a slightly lower yield than last month.
What are the costs of this central-bank lifeline? The ECB isn't directly on the hook for ELA losses. National governments are responsible for backstopping their central banks' credit transactions, but that depends on those governments being solvent and capable of absorbing losses—hardly certain in the cases of Greece, Ireland and others.
Which is why the ECB might still eventually be liable. Mr. Draghi declared last week that the euro is "irreversible." That suggests the ECB would act—and pay—to keep ELA facilities open and lending rather than risk forcing a country to leave the currency union.
None of this is likely to receive as much attention this month as the bazooka that Frankfurt is apparently readying. The details of an ECB bond-buying program will be worked out "over the coming weeks." Germany's central bank remains opposed, and it will likely be at September's Governing Council meeting that we find out exactly how much Bundesbank President Jens Weidmann has stayed Mr. Draghi's hand.
But reinforcing ELA as a support mechanism for weak sovereigns is already a worrisome expansion of European monetary policy into the tasks of fiscal policy. Mr. Draghi may not even need to unveil the big guns to have done serious damage to the basic principles of Europe's monetary union.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|21 Sep 1993
|Filing date
|11 Jun 1991
|Priority date
|21 Sep 1987
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Ross J. Cozens, William S. Greenlee, Douglas E. Skillicorn
|Original Assignee
|The B. F. Goodrich Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (16), Classifications (18), Legal Events (10)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 07/449,487 filed on Dec. 11, 1989 now abandoned, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/099,818 filed on Sep. 27, 1987, now abandoned.
Polymeric articles because of their inherent properties are replacing glass in many end use applications, such as bottles, packaging, containers, window panes, light covers, shower doors, and the like. Some of these applications are enhanced by a "frosted" look either for practical reasons such as to block sight through the material or for aesthetic reasons. Glass is normally made frosted by etching the surface of the glass to create a light scattering and thus the frosted look is achieved. Because many polymerics cannot withstand a mechanical etching process such as sandblasting, other methods must be used to achieve the frosted appearance. To create the frosted glass look in polymeric articles, those skilled in the art will etch the mold by sandblasting or other means to give a rough surface on the mold. The rough surface on the mold transfers to the moldable polymeric article, thus creating a frosted appearance.
The practice of altering the molds is an expensive process because the mold cannot be used again for non-frosted articles. Many molding machines for polymerics have multi-cavity molds and thus several cavities must be altered. Injection blow molding is a common process used to produce bottles. The molds for this process cost from about $100,000 to $200,000, thus making the increased inventory of molds uneconomical. Also, some polymeric materials such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), when injection blow molded into bottles, have a low pressure applied to the PVC during the molding process, such that the PVC would not be forced into the mold at sufficient pressure to transfer a small surface roughness to the PVC bottle. This explains the absence of frosted PVC bottles from the marketplace, even though they are desired by customers.
For the rare polymeric materials which can withstand a post molding treatment of etching, the post molding treatment is an added process which adds greatly to the cost of the article.
It would be desirable to have a process which could produce frosted polymeric articles which did not involve etching the mold or an abrasive aftertreatment, and which could be molded in conventional smooth molds.
It is an object of the invention to provide frosted polymeric articles.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a process for producing these novel frosted polymeric articles.
It is an additional object of this invention to provide compositions which are suitable for the production of frosted polymeric articles.
These and other objects which will become evident from the following disclosure are accomplished by forming a polymeric article from a composition comprising a first polymeric component and a second polymeric component, wherein said first polymeric component and said second polymeric component have different viscoelastic properties. Preferably, the first polymeric component and the second polymeric component also have similar optical properties such as refractive index.
In the most preferred embodiment of this invention, the first polymeric component is a PVC polymer and the second polymeric component is a crosslinked PVC.
FIG. 1 is an optical microscope photograph showing an extruded strip according to this invention made with the composition of Example 1, run 4. The microfracture or roughness of the surface is visible from the photograph. The scale of the photograph is 1 inch=100 μm.
FIG. 2 is an optical microscope photograph showing an extruded strip made with the composition of Example 1, run 1 (control). This sample is the same as FIG. 1 with the exception that FIG. 1 composition contains 20 weight parts of crosslinked PVC. The scale of the photograph is the same as in FIG. 1.
The polymeric materials used to produce the articles of this invention include polymeric materials such as polyvinyl chloride and optically transparent copolymers of polyvinyl chloride, polyester, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate and the like. Any optically transparent polymer or polymer which can be rendered optically transparent by appropriate processing is useful in this invention. The term polymer includes oligomers, copolymers, terpolymers or higher order polymers of materials normally referred to as thermoplastic or elastomeric and blends thereof. The invention will be described in terms of a polyvinyl chloride article.
The frosted articles of this invention include articles such as bottles, packaging sheet, containers, window panes, light covers, shower doors, door panels, imitation glass block and the like. The invention will be described in terms of a frosted bottle but other articles could be made using this invention. The articles may be rigid or flexible depending upon the desired end use application.
The articles of this invention are optically transparent in the interior of the article but demonstrate limited light transmission due to a surface microfracture or roughness resulting from different viscoelastic properties of the article's polymeric components. This contrasts with a consistent haziness throughout an article produced with two polymeric materials, which when blended together, have different refractive indices.
The polymeric compositions used to produce the articles of this invention are optically transparent compositions. That is, the compositions are substantially free of pigments which block the transmission of light. The composition needs to be optically transparent in order to give an aesthetically appealing frosted look. With an optically transparent composition the frosted article has a sparkle appearance much like frosted glass. The compositions may, however, contain a tinting pigment, to give a color effect to the article while still allowing the article to transmit light.
The compositions may be rigid, semi-rigid or flexible. Rigid compositions are those which contain less than about 10 parts by weight of plasticizer per 100 parts by weight of polymer, other than the stabilizers, lubricants and processing aids. Likewise, semi-rigid compositions contain from about 10 to about 40 parts plasticizer, while flexible compositions contain greater than about 40 parts by weight plasticizer per 100 parts by weight polymer. The term plasticizer includes materials such as oil extenders and other materials which soften the product.
The compositions of this invention must contain at least two polymeric components, that is a first polymer component and a second polymer component. The first and second polymer components must have different viscoelastic properties. Preferably, the first polymer component and the second polymer component also have similar optical properties, such as refractive index. The term similar optical properties also means that when the first and second polymers are mixed together, the interior of the article produced has good light transmission, preferably greater than about 60% to light transmission. It should be recognized that some polymers can have different refractive indices in their initial state, but when worked together in a mixing operation will have similar refractive indices. This can occur because of crystallinity of one of the polymers. For the interior of the article to be optically transparent, the polymers in the final mixed or combined state should have similar refractive indices, or be so miscible that they will have domain sizes small enough to provide good light transmission.
One method to achieve different viscoelastic properties is to crosslink a polymer, thus making the polymer more rubber-like. Therefore, the first polymer component could be polyvinyl chloride while the second polymer component could be crosslinked polyvinyl chloride. When polyvinyl chloride is crosslinked, its optical properties remain essentially unchanged, as can be calculated by those skilled in the art, but its viscoelastic properties are substantially changed. The viscoelastic properties at a given temperature can also be changed in polyvinyl chloride by increasing the molecular weight. Molecular weight is commonly expressed as inherent viscosity (IV). Inherent viscosity is measured according to ASTM Procedure D-1243. PVC polymers having an IV greater than 1.02, preferably greater than 1.4, are materials where the high molecular weight, and thus high crystallinity, exhibit behavior similar to crosslinked PVC at temperatures below which the crystals melt. The higher IV material tends to be more crystalline and the crystals act like crosslinks as long as they are maintained below their melting point.
The first and second polymer components may both be present as one resin. For example, a core/shell overpolymer could be formed by making a crosslinked PVC core and then overpolymerizing with vinyl chloride to form a crosslinked PVC core with a non-crosslinked PVC shell. In this instance, both the first and second polymer would be present in the same resin particle. Crosslinked PVC resin particles often contain both crosslinked PVC and uncrosslinked PVC. Depending on the selection of the crosslinking agent, the crosslinking agent can be completely reacted with vinyl chloride during the early part of the polymerization, in which case the following part of the polymerization would be producing homopolymer PVC that is not crosslinked.
The following Table I, although not exhaustive, represents various possible combinations of polymers to give first and second polymer components with desired optical and viscoelastic properties:
TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________Composition No. First Polymer Second Polymer__________________________________________________________________________ 1. Polyvinyl chloride Crosslinked polyvinyl chloride, very high molecular (rigid, semi-rigid, weight polyvinyl chloride, crosslinked polyester or flexible) 2. Polyester Crosslinked polyvinyl chloride, crosslinked polyester 3. Polystyrene Crosslinked polystyrene 4. Polycarbonate Crosslinked polycarbonate 5. Polymethylmethacrylate Crosslinked polymethylmethacrylate 6. Poly 4-methyl-pentene-1 Crosslinked poly 4-methyl-pentene-1 7. Optically transparent Crosslinked nylon nylon 8. Polyarylate Crosslinked polyarylate 9. Polysulfone Crosslinked polysulfone10. Polyurethane Crosslinked polyurethane11. Silicone Crosslinked silicone12. Vinyl chloride copolymers Crosslinked polyvinyl chloride13. Lightly crosslinked Heavily crosslinked polyvinyl chloride polyvinyl chloride14. Cellulose acetate Crosslinked cellulose acetate15. Cellulose acetate butyrate Crosslinked cellulose acetate butyrate16. Ionomer resin Crosslinked ionomer resin17. Styrene butadiene thermo- Crosslinked styrene butadiene thermoplastic elastomer plastic elastomer18. Styrene-acrylonitrile Crosslinked styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer copolymer19. Ethylene ethyl acrylate Crosslinked ethylene ethyl acrylate copolymer copolymer20. Ethylene methyl acrylate Crosslinked ethylene methyl acrylate copolymer copolymer__________________________________________________________________________
When rubbery polymers with different optical properties than polyvinyl chloride are added to polyvinyl chloride compositions, the molded article becomes excessively hazy, which is undesirable. This is the case when many conventional impact modifiers such as acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene and acrylate rubbers are added to polyvinyl chloride. Amounts of rubbery impact modifiers which result in haze should be held to a minimum or not used at all so as to achieve a high degree of optical transparency. Certain specialty impact modifiers are available which give optically transparent compositions with PVC but these compositions do not exhibit a surface frosting effect.
The invention will be further described with the preferred embodiment of a rigid optically transparent frosted polyvinyl chloride (PVC) article made with a mixture of PVC polymer and crosslinked PVC polymer.
PVC polymers as used in this invention means polyvinyl chloride homopolymers as well as vinyl chloride polymerized with up to 50%, preferably up to 20%, by weight of one or more other monomer which will give an optically transparent copolymer with vinyl chloride. Suitable comonomers that may be used to give an optically transparent copolymer includes esters of acrylic acid, for example, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, octyl acrylate, cyanoethyl acrylate, and the like; vinyl acetate; esters of methacrylic acid, such as methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, and the like; styrene and styrene derivatives including α-methyl styrene, vinyl toluene, chlorostyrene; vinyl naphthalene; diolefins including butadiene, isoprene, chloroprene, and the like; and mixtures of any of these types of monomers and other olefinic monomers copolymerizable therewith; and other monomers known to those skilled in the art which will give optically transparent copolymers with vinyl chloride. The amount of comonomer that can be polymerized with vinyl chloride to give an optically transparent copolymer is a function of the choice of comonomer, as is well understood by those skilled in the art. Some of the comonomers listed herein will give undesirable hazy copolymers if the comonomer is used at levels greater than about 3%. Preferably, the polyvinyl chloride polymer of this invention is a polyvinyl chloride homopolymer.
The PVC polymer of this invention may be produced by any of the known polymerization processes such as mass, suspension, solution or emulsion. Mass and suspension are the preferred processes to produce the PVC polymer. The process to be described is a suspension process. When using the suspension process, suitable dispersing agents or suspending agents, such as known in the art, may be used. Examples of suitable dispersants are partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose ethers, starch, gelatin, and the like. The level of dispersant used will be less than about 2.0 parts by weight, preferably less than about 0.5 part by weight per 100 parts by weight of monomer. Excellent results are obtained with from 0.05 to 0.3 part by weight of dispersant per 100 parts by weight of monomer.
The polymerization is initiated with a free radical catalyst. The monomer-soluble or oil-soluble catalysts that may be used in the polymerization process to produce the polyvinyl chloride polymer used in this invention are the alkanoyl, aroyl, alkaroyl, and aralkanoyl diperoxides and monohydroperoxides, azo compounds, peroxy ester, percarbonates, and other free radical type catalysts. As examples of such catalysts, there may be named benzoyl peroxide, lauryl peroxide, diacetyl peroxide, cumene hydroperoxides, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, diisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide, 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl peroxide, naphthoyl peroxide, t-butyl perbenzoate, di-t-butyl perphthalate, isopropyl percarbonate, acetyl cyclohexane sulfonyl peroxide, disecondary butyl peroxydicarbonate, 5-butyl peroxyneodecanoate, di-normal propyl peroxydicarbonate, azo-bisisobutyronitrile, α,α'-azodiisobutyrate, 2,2'-azo-bis-(2,4-dimethyl valeronitrile), and many others. The particular free radical catalyst employed will depend upon the monomeric material(s) being polymerized, the molecular weight and color requirements of the polymer, the temperature of polymerization, etc. Insofar as the amount of catalyst employed is concerned, it has been found that an amount in the range of about 0.005 parts by weight to about 1.00 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the monomer or monomers being polymerized, is satisfactory. However, it is preferred to employ an amount of catalyst in the range of about 0.01 part by weight to about 0.20 part by weight based on 100 parts by weight of monomer(s).
The preferred suspension polymerization process to produce the PVC polymers of this invention may be carried out at any temperature which is normal for the monomeric material to be polymerized. Preferably, a temperature in the range of about 0� C. to about 100� C. is employed, more preferably from about 40� C. to about 85� C. In order to facilitate temperature control during the polymerization process, the reaction medium is kept in contact with cooling surfaces cooled by water, brine, evaporation, etc. This is accomplished by employing a jacketed polymerization reactor wherein the cooling materials are circulated through the jacket throughout the polymerization reaction. This cooling is necessary since most all of the polymerization reactions are exothermic in nature. It is understood, of course, that a heating medium can be circulated through the jacket, if necessary.
The second polymer that is used in the preferred embodiment of this invention is a crosslinked PVC polymer. The term PVC polymer as used to describe the crosslinked PVC polymer has the same meaning as the above description of PVC polymer for the first polymer which includes copolymers with vinyl chloride as described above. Preferably, the second polymer is a crosslinked PVC homopolymer. The term polyvinyl chloride homopolymer as used to describe the second polymer in this specification includes the polymerized vinyl chloride as well as the small amount of crosslinking agents. Technically, the crosslinked PVC of this invention will always be a copolymer, because the crosslinking agent copolymerizes with the vinyl chloride. However, the amount of crosslinking agent is so small that in this specification the crosslinked PVC having only vinyl chloride and crosslinking agent as monomers will be referred to as a crosslinked PVC homopolymer. The invention will be described in terms of a crosslinked polyvinyl chloride homopolymer as the preferred embodiment for the second polymer of this invention.
The inherent viscosity of polyvinyl chloride used in combination with crosslinked polyvinyl chloride can range from about 0.4 to 2.5. Preferably, the I.V. for this uncrosslinked polymer ranges from about 0.4 to less than 1.4 with the most preferred I.V. range of 0.4 to 1.2.
The combined resin composition containing uncrosslinked and crosslinked PVC will have a behavioral equivalent I.V. compared to a single uncrosslinked PVC composition, ranging from about 0.4 to about 2.0 with a preferred behavioral equivalent I.V. of from 0.8 to about 1.6.
The preferred crosslinking agents are those materials which are soluble in the vinyl monomer and the vinyl polymer. The reactivity ratio of the crosslinking agent should be such that it prefers to add to itself. The rate constants (K) can be expressed as: ##STR1## The monomer reactivity ratio of vinyl monomer (R1) can be expressed as ##EQU1## The monomer reactivity ratio of the crosslinking agent (R2) can be expressed as ##EQU2## Ideally the product of R1 and R2 would be equal to 1 (R1 �R2 =1).
The crosslinking agents preferably should be completely reacted before the normal termination of the polymerization, so as not to have crosslinking monomer present as residual monomer in the vinyl polymer. Vinyl chloride polymerizations are normally run to a % conversion of monomer to polymer of from about 50% to 90%, preferably from about 65% to about 80%. The conversions can of course be higher or lower depending on the desired properties of the resin.
The crosslinking agents which are suitable to produce the crosslinked PVC used in this invention include, for example, diallyl phthalates such as diallyl phthalate, diallyl isophthalate, diallyl terephthalate, etc.; other esters such as diallyl maleate, diallyl fumarate, diallyl itaconate, diallyl adipate, diallyl azelate, diallyl sebacate, triallylcyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, triallyl trimellitate, etc.; vinyl ethers such as diallyl ether, ethylene glycol divinyl ether, n-butanediol divinyl ether, octadecane divinyl ether, etc; esters such as di(meth)acryl esters of polyhydric alcohols such as ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, etc.; tri(meth)acryl esters of polyhydric alcohols such as trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, trimethylolethane trimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, trimethylolmethane triacrylate, tetramethylolmethane triacrylate, etc; polyfunctional compounds such as bismethacryloyloxyethylene phthalate, 1,3,5-triacryloylhexahydrotriazine, etc. A mixture of more than one crosslinking agent may be used. Diallyl phthalate is the most preferred crosslinker for making the crosslinked PVC polymer used in this invention.
The crosslinking agent may be added to the polymerization medium in any manner known to those skilled in the art; such as premixing with the vinyl monomer before charging, charging directly into the polymerization medium or metering into the reaction during the polymerization. The preferred method is to first premix the crosslinking agent with the vinyl monomer before charging to the reaction vessel. If a mass polymerization is used to produce the crosslinked PVC polymer, then the crosslinking agent could be added at any location in the process such as the prepolymerizer or the autoclave, preferably the crosslinking agent should be added in the prepolymerizer.
The amount of crosslinking agent used to make the crosslinked PVC polymer used in this invention is from about 0.05 part by weight to about 5.0 parts by weight, preferably about 0.15 part to about 1.0 part by weight, more preferably about 0.25 part to about 0.6 part by weight per 100 parts by weight of vinyl monomer. The amount used varies with the degree of crosslinking desired.
If one elects to use polymers other than PVC to produce frosted clear articles, then the selection of crosslinking agent would depend upon the relative reactivity rates of the monomer being polymerized and the crosslinking agent. The reactivity ratios of various monomers are published in reference books, and well known to those skilled in the art.
A critical feature of the present invention is that the first PVC polymer and the second PVC polymer have dissimilar viscoelastic properties. Preferably, the first and second PVC polymers also have similar refractive indices.
The method used for determining viscoelastic properties of the polymers used in this invention involves subjecting a disk-shape sample to very small deformation (less than 1% strain) in a cyclic fashion using a Rheometrics Mechanical Spectrometer equipped with oscillating parallel plates. During deformation of the sample, a certain amount of energy is lost due to molecular segmental motions. The remaining energy is stored by elastic mechanisms. These two types of behavior are simultaneously measured during testing and are reflected in the magnitudes of the loss modules (G") and storage or elastic modulus (G'). Also measured is the complex viscosity (n*), which is analogous to the steady state shear viscosity as might be measured by a capillary rheometer.
Complex viscosity is an indication of molecular weight. Intrinsic viscosity (IV) is normally the method of expressing molecular weight of a PVC resin. However, with crosslinked resins the resin is not completely soluble, thus the IV cannot be accurately determined. Therefore molecular weight of the resins of this invention are expressed as complex viscosity, with the units being poise. The complex viscosity is measured at 210� C. The crosslinked PVC polymers suitable for use as the second polymer component of this invention will have a complex viscosity equivalent I.V. of from 0.8 to 1.5, preferably from 0.8 to less than 1.4, and most preferably from 0.9 to 1.2. In equivalent K-values (in cyclohexanone) these ranges corresponds to preferred K-values between 62 and less than 90 and most preferredly between 66 and 75. In terms of complex viscosity, the preferred ranges for complex viscosity are from 0.9�106 poise, to less than (K-value 90) 2.55�106 poise, and most preferredly from 2.2�105 to 1.4�106 poise.
Another important viscoelastic property of the resins of this invention is the tan δ, which is the ratio of the loss modulus (G") to the energy storage modulus (G'). The tan δ can be expressed by the formula: ##EQU3## Tan δ is an indication of the amount of long chain branching (crosslinking) present in the resin. A PVC homopolymer with no crosslinking would have a tan δ of about 1.0. As crosslinking occurs, the tan δ gets smaller. The tan δ of the crosslinked PVC polymers of this invention are less than 1.0, preferably from about 0.1 to about 0.5, more preferably from about 0.2 to about 0.4. The tan δ is measured at 210� C.
The preferred compositions of this invention contain both the non-crosslinked PVC polymer and the crosslinked PVC polymer. The compositions contain a total of 100 parts by weight of PVC polymer, crosslinked and non-crosslinked. For rigid end use applications, such as bottles, the non-crosslinked PVC polymer is preferably present at a level of from about 60 to about 97 parts by weight and the crosslinked PVC polymer is present at from about 3 to about 40 parts by weight. More preferably, the ratio of non-crosslinked to crosslinked PVC is about 80:20 to about 90:10. The degree of crosslinking (tan δ) will somewhat affect the amount of crosslinked PVC needed to create a frosted appearance. When a PVC with a higher degree of crosslinking is used, then less of an amount is needed to give the frosted article. Likewise, if a very lightly crosslinked PVC polymer is used, then a larger amount would be required to give the frosted article. When the compositions are softer, such as when they are semi-rigid or flexible, then the amount of crosslinked PVC used can be greater. For example, with flexible PVC compositions, frosting occurs even with 100% of the PVC being crosslinked PVC. Flexible compositions can contain from about 3 parts to about 100 parts, preferably from about 30 to about 75 parts of crosslinked PVC per 100 total parts PVC.
The compositions will normally contain other ingredients such as stabilizers, lubricants, processing aids, plasticizers and impact modifiers, all of which are to enhance the processing and performance of the composition in its end use application. Small amounts of tinting pigments may be used to give a coloring to the compositions. Pigments which block the passage of light, such as titanium dioxide, should be avoided to achieve an optically transparent article.
The compositions are optically transparent and frosted. A frosted optically transparent appearance creates a light scattering such that an article molded from the untinted compositions will have a high measured % haze value. Preferably, the % haze value is greater than about 15%, more preferably greater than about 50%. Haze is expressed as a percentage and is measured according to ASTM D-1003-61 on a 0.065 inch thick sample. The compositions and articles show a high haze value but this is due only to a surface effect caused by the frosting. The interior of the article has low haze.
The compositions and frosted articles molded with the compositions are optically transparent, that is, they allow light to pass through. The articles have a high degree of clarity, if the frosting effect on the surface is removed. The interior of the article is very clear. The frosting effect of the surface can be masked by placing on the surface oil with a refractive index the same as the PVC and covering the oil with a glass slide. The masked surface has a high degree of % light transmission and a low % haze, thus indicating that the frosting is a surface effect. The compositions can also be compression molded under high pressure and cooled under pressure and the result is no frosting will occur. This is believed to be because the crosslinked PVC is prevented from shrinking by the rigid matrix to create the surface frosting. When the untinted compositions are made to exhibit no frosting, they have a % light transmission greater than about 60%, preferably greater than about 70%. Light transmission is measured according to ASTM Procedure D-1746.
The invention was described above in terms of a crosslinked PVC with a non-crosslinked PVC. One could use a lightly crosslinked PVC with a heavy crosslinked PVC. For example, a lightly crosslinked PVC with a tan greater than about 0.7, preferably greater than 0.9, could be used with a heavily crosslinked PVC with a tan δ less than about 0.5, preferably less than about 0.4. The important feature being that they possess different viscoelastic properties. One could also use a very high molecular weight PVC with an IV greater than about 1.4 in place of the crosslinked PVC with a low molecular weight polyvinyl chloride having an IV less than about 0.8 since the high crystallinity of the high molecular weight PVC would act like crosslinks until the crystals melt. A crosslinked PVC offers much more practical advantage over high IV PVC because the processing temperature range is not as critical as with high molecular weight (high IV) PVC.
The ingredients of the composition of this invention may be mixed by any of the known compounding methods for compounding PVC such as Henschel, mill rolls, Banbury, mixing extruder, and the like. The amount of work applied on the polymers during mixing can effect the amount of frosting achieved. For example, a mixture of PVC and crosslinked PVC which would normally give frosting could be excessively worked during mixing to a point where the two polymers become completely miscible and homogenous therefore eliminating the mixture's ability to create frosting. Normal work applied during mixing will not destroy the frosting ability but the degree of frosting can be varied by mixing conditions.
The compositions of this invention may be shaped to form useful articles by any of the known methods such as calendering, molding, injection blow molding, extrusion blow molding and extrusion. A particularly useful article that can be formed from the composition of this invention is a frosted bottle by either injection blow molding or extrusion blow molding.
Quite surprisingly, it has been found that bottles molded in smooth mold cavities will exhibit a frosted appearance when using the compositions of this invention. Although not certain of the scientific principles involved, it is believed that the different viscoelastic properties of the polymers causes the more rubbery (crosslinked PVC) to relax a different amount after molding, thus creating a fine grained roughness on the surface as can be seen in FIG. 1. This surface roughness creates a frosted effect.
Articles, such as bottles, made according to this invention, have a satin feel. The surface roughness is very shallow which makes bottles of this type highly desirable. They do not have a knobby feel as one would get with high peaks of roughness spaced far apart. The peaks and valleys of the roughness are very even and closely spaced.
To further illustrate the present invention, the following specific examples are given, it being understood that this is merely intended in an illustrative and not a limitative sense. In the examples, all parts and percents are by weight unless otherwise indicated.
In this example, 4 different PVC compositions were evaluated for their suitability for producing rigid frosted articles. The compositions were all mixed using a Banbury and two roll mill mixers following normal mixing procedures which are well known to those skilled in the art. The mixing procedure was as follows: Banbury mixing to 350� F., and two roll mill mixing at 360� F. mill roll temperature for 2 minutes.
The recipes for the compositions evaluated are as shown in Table II. All amounts of ingredients are shown in weight parts based on 100 weight parts of vinyl chloride polymer.
TABLE II______________________________________Ingredient 1-control 2 3 4______________________________________1 PVC 100 95 90 802 Crosslinked PVC #1 -- 5 10 20Tin Stabilizer 2 2 2 2Impact Modifier 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5Processing Aids & 2.95 2.95 2.95 2.95LubricantsBlue Tint 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096% Haze 5.49 12.59 34.45 62.16______________________________________ 1 PVC homopolymer produced by the mass process having an IV = 0.68 2 Tan δ = 0.34 and complex viscosity = 15.3 � 105 poise
Strips were extruded from the above 4 compositions on a Brabender extruder using a 4" sheet die with a stock temperature of 350� F. The control (1) had a clear tinted appearance while the remainder of the compositions (2-4) gave a frosted tinted appearance.
The % haze value shows that the haze increases as the amount of crosslinked resin is increased. This is further indication of frosting in that the haze value goes up because of a surface effect and not because of an inherent clarity change in the composition.
A microscopic photograph was taken of strips of compositions 1 and 4. Composition 4 is shown in FIG. 1 which shows the microscopic rough nature of the surface. This surface roughness is what creates the satin feel and frosting effect of the articles of this invention. As can be seen from FIG. 1, the roughness is of a very fine nature in that it is evenly spaced across the surface and the peaks and valleys are small and uniform. FIG. 2 is a microscopic photograph of the control showing a smooth surface.
The following compositions in Table III were mixed as in Example 1 and bottles were made by extrusion blow molding the compositions.
TABLE III______________________________________ 1Ingredient (control) 2 3 4 5______________________________________1 PVC 100 80 80 80 602 Crosslinked PVC #1 -- 20 -- -- --3 Crosslinked PVC #2 -- -- 20 -- --4 Crosslinked PVC #3 -- -- -- 20 40Tin Stabilizer 2 2 2 2 2Impact Modifier 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5Processing Aids & 2.95 2.95 2.95 2.95 2.95LubricantsBlue tint 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.45 % Haze 5.98 58.6 55.37 18.0925.16______________________________________ 1 PVC homopolymer as in Example 1 2 Tan δ = 0.34 3 Tan δ = 0.40 4 Tan δ = 0.56 5 As measured on molded bottle sections
The % haze values show that the control had little haze while the compositions containing crosslinked PVC had much higher haze. Also, compositions 4 and 5 contained a crosslinked PVC which was more lightly crosslinked than the PVC used in compositions 2 and 3 as evidenced by the higher tan δ of the lightly crosslinked PVC. Even 40 weight parts of the lightly crosslinked PVC of composition 5 did not give the degree of frosting (haze) as did the 20 part level of a more crosslinked PVC.
All of the bottles made with the compositions containing crosslinked PVC were of good quality and exhibited a frosted surface while the bottles made with the control had smooth surfaces.
This Example is presented to demonstrate a process to produce a crosslinked resin suitable for use in this invention. An 1100 gallon reactor equipped with agitation and cooling means was used in this Example. The following polymerization recipe was used:
TABLE IV______________________________________Ingredient Parts by Wt.______________________________________Vinyl Chloride 100Water (demineralized) 150Diallyl phthalate 0.260Polyacrylic Acid Dispersant 0.025NaOH 0.0025Isopropyl Alcohol 0.120Low Hydrolysis (55%) PVA 0.3002-ethyl Hexyl Peroxydicarbonate 0.045Phenolic Shortstop 0.020______________________________________
The ingredients were charged according to the two poly method disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,668,707, incorporated herein by reference. The reaction was conducted at 53� C. The NaOH was charged as a solution in water after 15 minutes into the reaction (about 1% conversion). At 275 minutes the reaction was terminated with the phenolic shortstop. The resin was removed from the reactor, stripped of residual monomer and dried to a free flowing powder.
The resin particles were agglomerated, irregular shaped, porous, crosslinked resin particles which were absent a skin with the following properties:
______________________________________Weight average particle size - 160 micronsMercury porosity - 0.407 cc/gmPowder mix time - 216 secondsComplex viscosity - 20 � 105 poiseTan δ 0.5______________________________________
This example demonstrates a crosslinked resin suitable for use in this invention. The tan δ indicates a significant amount of crosslinking. The amount of crosslinking can be varied by the level of crosslinking agent (diallyl phthalate) in the polymerization recipe.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|24 Aug 1983
|4 Apr 1984
|Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft
|Moulded mass for extruding hollow bodies and profiles with an opaque surface
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|31 Mar 1997
|12 Jan 1999
|Cohon; Richard
|Hard-backed lampshade
|29 Sep 2000
|12 Nov 2002
|Cryovac, Inc.
|Vinylidene chloride polymer composition and film
|24 Mar 2004
|4 Apr 2006
|Morgan Adhesives Company
|Breathable film cover for window panes
|25 Sep 2002
|20 Nov 2007
|Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc.
|Plasticized polyvinyl chloride
|29 Aug 2007
|19 Aug 2008
|Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc.
|Plasticised polyvinyl chloride
|20 Mar 2006
|9 Jun 2009
|Arkema France
|Polymeric articles having a textured surface and frosted appearance
|21 Feb 2007
|16 Jun 2009
|Arkema France
|Polymeric articles having a textured surface and frosted appearance
|14 Jul 2008
|8 Sep 2009
|Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc.
|Plasticised polyvinyl chloride
|29 Jul 2009
|21 Dec 2010
|Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc.
|Plasticised polyvinyl chloride
|11 Jan 2011
|Arkema France
|Polymeric articles having a textured surface and frosted appearance
|25 Sep 2002
|27 Jan 2005
|Claudius Gosse
|Plasticised polyvinyl chloride
|22 Sep 2005
|26 Jan 2006
|Carine Lefevre
|Method of forming a breathable film cover
|20 Mar 2006
|20 Jul 2006
|Shi-Jun Yang
|Polymeric articles having a textured surface and frosted appearance
|21 Feb 2007
|7 Jun 2007
|Arkema France
|Polymeric articles having a textured surface and frosted appearance
|21 May 2009
|10 Sep 2009
|Arkema France
|Polymeric articles having a textured surface and frosted appearance
|5 Apr 2012
|30 Jan 2014
|Arkema France
|Novel impact-reinforced acrylic material
|U.S. Classification
|525/239, 524/527, 524/525, 524/515
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|9 Oct 1992
Owner name: DEARTH, MILES B., OHIO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:COZENS, ROSS JAMES;REEL/FRAME:006353/0126
Effective date: 19920610
|24 Dec 1992
Owner name: DEARTH, MILES B., OHIO
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|20 Jul 1993
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|14 Dec 2000
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|19 May 2003
Owner name: U.S. BANK TRUST NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, AS SUCCESSOR
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|Volleyball girls all set for '12 season
|Written by Darci Tomky
Fall is in the air, and that means it's time for Holyoke High School girls to get the ball rolling for their 2012 volleyball season. Twenty-four girls are pumped to kick off the year with their first game Tuesday, Sept. 4 in Merino.
Coaches Michelle Vieselmeyer and Theresa Tharp said they have a tall team this year with a lot of potential, and they are setting their goals high to go far this season.
Returning letterwinners on the HHS volleyball team are seniors Molly Brandt, Lindsay Helgoth and Erin Vieselmeyer as well as junior Maddie King.
They have a lot of great senior leadership, said Vieselmeyer and Tharp, and the whole team has had a really positive attitude so far.
Also on the team are senior Gabriela Chavez; juniors Tia Huffman, Ashley Humphreys, Jacinda Krueger, Malena McWilliams, Audi Peña and Eva Penzing; sophomores Jentry Andersen, Anastasia Conklin, Kaylee Ham, Alexandria McCallum, Rosa Ochoa, Lynnette Stark and Megan Vieselmeyer; and freshmen Adilene Bencomo, Peyton Dittmer, Jaylene Dominguez, Lori McWilliams, Megan Parker and Kaely Zilla.
Returning letterwinners on the 2012 HHS volleyball team are pictured from left, Erin Vieselmeyer, Maddie King, Molly Brandt and Lindsay Helgoth. —Enterprise photo
Serving as student managers are Rachel Schneider and Kanyon Moore.
Vieselmeyer moved up as this year's head coach after serving as assistant volleyball coach in the 2011 season. She played volleyball at Northeastern Junior College.
Assistant coach Tharp has coached junior high volleyball for around 20 years, with 12 of those at Holyoke Junior High. She also played during college at CSU-Pueblo.
Home games scheduled for this fall include Wray on Sept. 15, Caliche Sept. 29, Yuma Oct. 5, Burlington Oct. 13 and Wiggins Oct. 19.
Away games will be played at Merino Sept. 4, Grant, Neb. Sept. 7, Fort Morgan varsity tournament Sept. 8, Imperial, Neb. Sept. 11, Peetz Sept. 18, Ovid Sept. 25, Akron Sept. 27, St. Francis, Kan. Oct. 6 and Haxtun Oct. 18.
Districts are set for Oct. 23 and 27 followed by regionals Nov. 3. The ultimate goal, Colorado volleyball state championships, are Nov. 9-10 in Denver.
Holyoke Enterprise August 30, 2012


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After a brief rest at the camp, the Mourner's continue on into the night following Zorrhan's mystical compass. Several more hours they travel into the dark forest when they come upon a stone carved stairwell descending deep into the belly of Khyber.
Zorrhan points the way and Tiberius descends first with the rest of the Mourners on his heels. Roughly 90 to 100 feet below the surface the carved stairwell ends on a pad next to a murky stream. The stream is bridge by a rickety looking wooden path just wide enough for one person to cross at a time. The water is too dark to gauge its depth. Blade, seeing hesitation in the eyes of his companions, crosses first to test the strength of the bridge.
With the bridges construction proven sound, the rest of the group crosses with Kysa and Tiberius bringing up the rear. Before the group can complete the traversing, an ambush is sprung and battle rages. Two Barghests emerge from the waters next to the bridge taking out Zorrhan almost immediately. A score or more goblins emerge from nearly every crevice in the cavern to sling javelins and arrows at the party before rushing ahead to engage in melee. The battle rages for many desperate moments with the Mourner's losing Kysa, and nearly Tiberius and Twizzle before the enemies could be defeated. Working with his last prayers, Magnarr restores Zorrhan and does his level best to get the party back to fighting order before the group continues on.
Traveling further down into the hole that is this cavern, the party discovers an offshoot tunnel that descends deeper down into Khyber and at a more rapid decline. They also find that the walls of this tunnel give off an eerie purple sparkling hew. After many moments of travel down its dark depths the tunnel ends at a set of golden doors set with a jewel that seems to suck the light from their lantern.
Opening the door the Mourners found a single room wherein the walls are lined with archaic ruins in the draconic language. The runes glow a radiant white and seem to hover above the walls them selves. Magic hums from their very presence. It doesn't take Twizzle and Zorrhan very long to realize that they have come upon a piece of the Draconic prophecy. After many minutes of study, both decipher its words but not necessarily its meaning. Then Zorrhan remembers that the prophecy's power can be captured in a dragon shard and kept for later decerning. Using the Khyber shard the group found earlier, Zorrhan collects the essence of the prophecy with the shard and stores it safely away.
As the Mourner's ascend the tunnel to leave the depths of Khyber they make it back to the stream where the first into the caverns and battled the barghests earlier. As they prepare to make their way across the bridge and out, a figure slowly begins emerging from the water again. Startled, the group falls back into battle formation, determined not to be surprised again. As the figure continues to emerge they realize, to their terror at first, that they are looking upon the emerging form of a huge Silver Dragon. As the water cascades down over his body, he roars and unfurls his wings, sending shivers through each member of the party.
Extending his head forward, and speaking in his own tongue, he references the prophecy that the Mourner's just found. He speaks specifically of the Seeker of Inspirations and Zorrhan steps forward to parlay with the dragon in his native tongue. The dragon calls himself Lanzerrix, the Bringer of Dreams, and states that he has put himself at odds with others of his order for revealing the prophecy to the Seeker. Though his kind believes that mortals minds are too insignificant to understand the prophecy true meanings Lanzerrix believes that all beings play a part in destiny. He tells the Seeker to unravel the prophecy and fulfill his destiny or the price of failure will be more than any one mans loss. Kingdoms and Cultures crumble on the backs of destinies, Lanzerixx says.
With that Lanzerrixx bids the party to leave. After passing by Lanzerrixx, the dreamscape seems to crumble around the Mourner's and each awakens the next day in their bed's. It all feels like a dream except that Blade, and the shard, are their to remind them of just how real it all was.


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There is some wonderful information about building healthy placentas in Nina Planck's new book, Real Food for Mother and Baby: The Fertility Diet, Eating for Two, and Baby's First Foods.
As for me, I froze my placenta in a round plastic take-out container and 7 months later carried it onto a cross country flight in a cooler. My husband and I then thawed and buried it in one of my families most magical places. Fortunately it is a place that will always be in my family, so I feel great about the placenta nourishing the earth there. We then planted a flowering plant over it and now we visit it every year.
It is a wonderful reminder of the joy of giving birth. :)
I have a story. My third baby was born at home in March, 11 days late. My sister in law overheard the midwives talking in the kitchen after the birth, saying how horrible the placenta looked. They thought it had all come out of me, but apparently there were a lot of thick calcium deposits all over it and one of the midwives said she'd never seen anything like it! Yikes. A few days later I started feeling very bad - fever, chills, malaise, and eventually - TMI warning ***************** I passed several chunks of rotten placenta at 3, 4 and 5 days postpartum that I had retained. I had to go on antibiotics and methergine. I have attatched a picture of the aforementioned placenta for your viewing pleasure. :) We threw it away. We've always rented whenever I've given birth, so we haven't planted any trees in the yard or anything.
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John Welsh was 3-for-5 at the plate in Utah's loss to UVSC Tuesday.
May 3, 2005
SALT LAKE CITY - Utah Valley State College snapped Utah's four-game winning streak Tuesday afternoon at Ute Field. UVSC scored seven runs in the fourth inning and held on for a 12-8 victory.
UVSC (15-33) scored three runs in the top of the first, knocking Utah starter Bryce Freed from the game after just two-thirds of an inning. Utah (17-25) got two back in the bottom of the inning when John Welsh and Doug Beck each crossed the plate. But Wolverines' starter Brady Drake held Utah off the scoreboard for the next three innings, allowing UVSC to build on its advantage.
The Wolverines tallied a single run in the second to go on top 4-2. But the flood gates opened in the fourth. UVSC put together five hits, drew two walks, had a hit batsman and took advantage of two Utah errors in the frame. The Wolverines used all that for seven runs to take an 11-2 lead.
Utah got a single run back in the fifth when Ryan Khoury was hit by a pitch and later scored on a Trevor Eastman single. UVSC's Trent Perry made it 12-3 when he led off the sixth inning with a solo home run to left field.
Utah sent 10 batters to the plate in the seventh inning, including a one-out double from second baseman Doug Beck. A two-run UVSC error, three hits and two walks led to five Ute runs. Utah trailed 12-8 after seven innings and had a chance to get back into the contest.
UVSC reliever Beau Giles, who finally got the Wolverines out of the seventh, tossed a perfect eighth and ninth to pick up the save. Brady Drake (4-5) went six innings and allowed three runs to pick up the win for UVSC. Freed (1-6) suffered the loss for Utah.
Welsh led Utah at the plate, going 3-for-5 with one run scored and one RBI. Beck was 2-for-4 with two runs scored and one RBI. The Wolverines were led by Trent Perry, who was 2-for-4 with two RBIs and two runs scored.


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Oct. 7, 2008
Junior Kyle Thomas, sophomore John Farrelly and senior Kevin Sasena all shot sub-par rounds on the final day of the tournament to lead Butler to a fourth place team finish at the Butler Fall Invitational, held at Eagle Creek Golf Course on Monday and Tuesday, Oct. 6-7. It was the Bulldogs' best tournament finish this fall.
Thomas carded a two-under-par 69 in the final round and finished the tournament with a 54-hole score of even-par 213. He shot a 71 in the opening round and then added a 73 in the second round. His final total placed him in a tie for seventh place in the final individual standings.
Farrelly had Butler's best final round with a three-under-par 68, and he finished in a tie for 13th place with a three-round score of 216. He had a 73 in the first round and a 75 in the second round. Sasena posted back-to-back rounds of 76 on the first day of the tournament, and then stormed back with a one-under-par 70 on the final day to tie for 37th place (222).
Freshman Jordan Mack had his best tournament of the fall with rounds of 73, 72 and 73 for a two-day total of 218 and a tie for 21st place. Senior Elliot Retzlaff completed Butler's scoring team with rounds of 73, 75 and 77 for a 225 and a tie for 52nd place.
Butler opened the tournament with a team score of 290 and then slipped five strokes in the second round. The Bulldogs charged back with a 280 in the final round, the second-best score of any team on the final day.
Sophomore Ryan Wegeng, playing as a non-scoring individual, also cared a sub-par round on the final day of the tournament. He closed with a two-under-par 69 and finished in a tie for 15th place in the final individual standings with a 54-hole total of 217 (74-74-69).
Also competing as non-scoring individuals were junior Isaac Mulvihill, who tied for 37th (72-78-72 222), freshman Josh Ruff, who tied for 48th (78-73-73 224), freshman Elliot Bloom, who tied for 52nd (75-77-73 225), freshman Ben Nichele, who tied for 52nd (74-75-76 225), freshman Alex Walker, who tied for 62nd (80-74-74 228), junior Kevin Swanson, who tied for 77th (78-81-73 232) and freshman Alex Snyder, who finished 91st (87-81-77 245).
Indianapolis won the 14-team event, while Creighton finished runner-up and Morehead State came in third. Seth Fair of Indianapolis captured medalist honors with an eight-under-par 205 (67-68-70). He shot sub-par scores in each of the three rounds.
Indianapolis (284-279-277 840)
Creighton (282-286-294 862)
Morehead State (286-284-293 863)
Butler (290-295-280 865)
Eastern Illinois (290-287-290)
Wright State (294-292-285 871)
SIU Edwardsville (288-288-299 875)
Evansville (298-290-290 878)
Green Bay (304-285-291 880)
Cornerstone (311-296-299 906)
Illinois-Springfield (312-319-308 939)
Chicago State (321-316-314 951)


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The Department of Homeland Security's latest version of a border "virtual fence" has suffered another setback.
TUCSON, Ariz. — The Department of Homeland Security's latest version of a border "virtual fence" has suffered another setback — prompting Secretary Janet Napolitano to order a departmentwide reassessment of the program.
Officials expected to have a 17-tower system up and working along 23 miles of the U.S.-Mexico border flanking Sasabe, Ariz., by the end of 2009. But the handover to the Border Patrol has been delayed at least three more months. The Sasabe grid is the first in a series of virtual fences planned for the Southwest border.
In the fall of 2009, Napolitano directed the acting commissioner of U.S. Customs and Border Protection to evaluate the SBInet program, according to a statement e-mailed from Napolitano.
"As his analysis uncovered unacceptable delays … I ordered a departmentwide reassessment of the program to consider options that may more efficiently, effectively and economically meet our border security needs," Napolitano said in the statement. "Americans need border security now — not 10 years down the road. I am committed to ensuring that our border security programs are timely and cost-effective."
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From 2006 through July 2009, Customs and Border Protection paid Boeing $1.1 billion to create and build a border-long network of camera, sensor and radar towers, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) reported in September.
To date, only a flawed test system in Arizona is being used by the Border Patrol.
Virtual fences along the entire Southwest border were supposed to be completed by October 2009. Now they are expected to be finished by 2016, the GAO reported.
Napolitano said the department will work with Congress, the GAO, border-state officials, law enforcement and technical experts "to ensure that we are maximizing every taxpayer dollar in protecting our communities from all security threats."
Work on the system will continue during the reassessment, Homeland Security officials said. On the Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge southwest of Tucson — where five of the 17 towers are located — officials have been conducting tests such as walking known migrant trails to see if radar and sensors operate correctly, refuge manager Mike Hawkes said.
The towers have been up for months and were supposed to be ready by January or February, Hawkes said.
Rep. Ann Kirkpatrick, D-Ariz., supports the reassessment ordered by Napolitano. Arizona's only representative on the House Committee on Homeland Security said in a statement that the virtual fence is vital to national security but that the program is way off-track.
"We have been told again and again that the roadblocks have been cleared and the project is back under way, and again and again we have seen little actual progress," Kirkpatrick said in the statement.
In addition to the "Tucson-1"-system flanking Sasabe, Homeland Security also has plans to put up a 12-tower system called "Ajo-1" along 30 miles of border in southwestern Arizona near Ajo.
Boeing is being paid $100 million to carry out the Tucson-1 and Ajo-1 projects under its contract with Homeland Security.
The surveillance systems are one part of the government's three-pronged border-security strategy, which also includes added border barriers and agents.
The sensor towers have day and night cameras. Radar and sensor signal control units on top and unattended ground sensor receivers halfway down are linked to collect information about who and what is coming across the border. The sensor towers have a 3.7-mile radius.
That information is sent to control rooms via a microwave data transmitter. Officials say the system gives agents more information that puts them in a better position to arrest illegal immigrants and drug smugglers.
Each grid includes a combination of sensor towers and communication towers used to relay the signal back to Border Patrol stations. The "Tucson-1" system has nine sensor towers and eight communication towers, while "Ajo-1″includes six sensor and six communications towers. Towers range from 40 to 120 feet high.


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The trade reports that he's being officially offered the role this weekend and that Del Toro has met with returning director J.J. Abrams but "in an effort to keep the role a secret, still doesn't know exactly what it is." Now, from the speculation that Abrams and his original collaborators, co-screenwriters Alex Kurtzman, Roberto Orci and Damon Lindelof, would be taking on the original "Star Trek II: Wrath of Kahn" storyline in some capacity, well, Del Toro as Ricardo Montalbán isn't a huge stretch.
For those of you who have moved out of your parents' basement and are comfortably enjoying an active sex life with a human woman, Montalbán originated the Khan Noonien Singh character on a 1967 episode of the original "Star Trek" series entitled "Space Seed." In 1982 the character was brought back for the theatrical sequel, "Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan," considered largely by both action figure devotees and regular people, to be the pinnacle of the 'Trek' movies... at least until Abrams' sparkly 2009 reboot jumped to warp speed.
And we could very easily see the new 'Trek' team tackling the Khan character, although his primary motivation (revenge against Kirk for sending him to prison), is an awful lot like the one that drove Eric Bana's Nero character in the 2009 film. It's very likely that Abrams has conceived of a way to bring Khan back in a way that is altogether different than his original series incarnation (especially given the taffy-like metaphysical tangle that the new 'Trek' universe occupies). Could the supposedly retired Leonard Nimoy be brought back to identify Khan? What about William Shatner? Has his angry protesting about being left out of the reboot endeared him enough to show up in the sequel?
Back in 2009 (aka when "Cowboys & Aliens" seemed like a cool idea) co-writers Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman told Collider that they were debating between "the exploration sci-fi plot where the unknown and nature itself is somehow an adversary or the villain model." Clearly they've chosen the latter. It'll be interesting to see what kind of villain Del Toro plays if he doesn't play Khan, and since "Star Trek" was one of the rare tent pole films from the last couple of years that actually got our blood pumping, we're very excited he'll be teaming up with that film's original creative team.
While "Star Trek 2" (which isn't the actual title) is scheduled to start shooting soon, the release day hasn't been locked down, but we're guessing summer 2013, alongside "Iron Man 3," "Pacific Rim," "The Lone Ranger," and "Superman: Man of Steel." Count us among the many that are ready to be beamed up again.


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Black Fox
Home > Television > B > Black Fox
Christopher Reeve
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Chris Wiggins
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Summary:Two "blood" brothers -- one a former plantation owner, the other his former slave and childhood friend -- leave California with their families to settle in Texas, where they hope to find a life free from racial tension. Set in the 1860s.
After some of the villagers are kidnapped by Native Americans, Britt and Alan lead a rescue mission.


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Princeton, WI
In July of 2005, I was baptized. I have surrendered my life over to the Lord. With my surrendering to God, only good has come of it. I have quit a life long habit of daily drinking, I went on our church's mission trip to Central America, I am on our church's worship team, and I have become very involved in various church activities. I even started my own bible study for weight loss through biblical principals. I know He can also help me with an eating disorder that I have carried my entire life. I also listen to The Family everyday. It is so uplifting and reminds me of the hope that is there for all that will believe in Him. It is refreshing to hear announcers not afraid to speak the truth. To take a stand on issues on behalf of our Creator. The Family and worship songs have had a huge impact on my life. I have been made new! Keep spreading the wonderful message that The Family has to share.


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Saw this on another board. Just trying to gauge the age of first time parents.
I'll be 32 and DH will be turning 35 once baby is here.
I'll be 32 and DH will be turning 35 once baby is here.
I will be turning 25 right after my littel penut arrives, and daddy will be 28! Im scared to death yet so excited!
I'll be 27 and my husband will be 30. This is our first pregnancy and we're expecting twins.
DH and I will be 26
Lots of love & happiness,
Married to the best hubby in the world 03/06/10
This is my first child. I will be 40 and my husband will be 33 years old.
Married to the love of my life ~ DH (34) Me (40).
DD born on June 20, 2013. We love her so much! :)
My frist child. I am 22 and still will be. And my boyfriend will be turning 31!


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Fratricide is the order of the day as our four paragons of hedonism assassinate each other's character at the Florida debates. Ron Paul seems to be the only one enjoying himself. Rick Santorum shows positive signs of improving, but remains too wet behind the ears, to earnest and too much like junior grade candidate.
New was seriously holed in the Thursday debate by a renewed, testier and invigorated Romney who had clearly, and finally, done his homework. Not once was he caught flat-footed although he and Newt both looked a bit meek when Rick Santorum chastised them for pursuing irrelevancy through their personal attacks on each other.
Just as Newt has his debating 'moment' in South Carolina and went on to win, the pundits say Mitt has countered with several 'moments' and is slated to win hands down. This is an important win because in Florida, whoever wins takes all the delegate votes. You may recall that by comparison, South Carolina apportions them to each candidate.
Yes, the Haditha raid was a travesty as was the military tribunal that only managed to slap a wrist or two. My call is that such things happen in war, and indeed in peace, as our race still contains traces of troglodyte and Neanderthal behavior. I am afraid there is a lot of it in some of us and a little of it in most of us.
The lesson we will not learn from Iraq is that we engaged ourselves militarily in a civil war and caused massive death and destruction, and departed leaving the country still in the throes of its civil war. Afghanistan is the same thing all over again. One would think that after Korea and Vietnam, we would have been the wiser.


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Betz, Gregor (2011) Justifying Inference to the Best Explanation as a Practical Meta-Syllogism on Dialectical Structures. [Preprint]
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This article discusses how inference to the best explanation (IBE) can be justified as a practical meta-argument. It is, firstly, justified as a *practical* argument insofar as accepting the best explanation as true can be shown to further a specific aim. And because this aim is a discursive one which proponents can rationally pursue in--and relative to--a complex controversy, namely maximising the robustness of one's position, IBE can be conceived, secondly, as a *meta*-argument. My analysis thus bears a certain analogy to Sellars' well-known justification of inductive reasoning (Sellars 1969); it is based on recently developed theories of complex argumentation (Betz 2010, 2011).
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|inference to the best explanation; abduction; argumentation theory; degree of justification
|General Issues > Confirmation/Induction
General Issues > Explanation
|Depositing User:
|Gregor Betz
|Date Deposited:
|03 Oct 2011 08:21
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|03 Oct 2011 08:21
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As expected, Andrew Schlichtemeier was sentenced Thursday to 50 years in prison for killing four friends who were riding motorcycles home from a trip.
Schlichtemeier, 22, had pleaded guilty Feb. 10 to driving drunk when his pickup truck veered into four oncoming motorcyclists on Interstate 29 last Aug. 9.
I will forever be remorseful, he told the judge in February. I am at fault.
Schlichtemeier, of Murray, Neb., was sentenced Thursday on four counts of vehicular homicide. Each count carries a penalty of 25 years in prison. In a plea deal, Schlichtemeier will serve 50 years two consecutive 25-year sentences and two more 25-year sentences to be served at the same time. Legal experts have said he could be paroled in 10 to 20 years.
50 years for motorcycle deaths - Omaha.com
4 innocent people dead and he is looking at being parolled in 10 to 20 years?
Originally Posted by Cyclonestate78
4 innocent people dead and he is looking at being parolled in 10 to 20 years?
What? You're expecting people to be accountable for their actions? He was drunk...not his fault.
(hopefully the jimlad will not be needed)
Originally Posted by Boxerdaddy
What? You're expecting people to be accountable for their actions? He was drunk...not his fault.
(hopefully the jimlad will not be needed)
No jimlad necessary. What a sad story and a pathetic outcome. Sure the guy didn't intend to kill anyone but when you get hammered and drive you know full well when you start that car up that you are putting yourself and others in danger. Sounds like a "willful" act to me.
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Check out the latest news and insight from the ever-evolving world of institutional investing and hedge funds from around the globe.
Read More Industry News >
Dallas-based hedge fund firm Highland Capital Management announced the expansion of the firm Monday through two hires.
Highland Capital said in a statement that Andrea Lloyd and Scott Baker have joined the firm as a credit trader and a director, respectively.
Formerly the vice president of investor relations at a California-based fund of hedge funds firm, Lloyd will be responsible for trading bank loans and high yield bonds in the primary and secondary markets in her new role.
As the new director of Highland, Baker will be in charge of "identifying new opportunities, assessing risk and conducting due diligence on the firm's investment ideas, as well as developing investment recommendations."
Founded in 1993, Highland specializes in credit strategies with approximately $19 billion in assets under management.
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