text:
Felicity, the companion of content,
is rather found in our own breasts than
in the enjoyment of external things.
– Daniel Boone/John Filson
Within the first year of their residence at Plymouth Plantation the Pilgrims learned to appreciate what a hunter's paradise they had found. Seasonally, it provided them with an abundance of waterfowl, as well as a "great store of wild turkeys, of which they took many, besides venison." That supply of meat combined with their first year's harvest of Indian corn enabled them to celebrate their famous first Thanksgiving with several days worth of feasting. Some later arrivals to Massachusetts country regarded the wild richness of the new land differently. Thomas Morton (1590?-1647), for example, was the adventurous entrepreneur whom the Pilgrims' stern leader, Governor William Bradford of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, excoriated for his un-Puritanical "worldliness," and even more for his practice of providing guns to their Indian neighbors and then hiring them to hunt fowl and deer for his own settlement. The Indians, Bradford scolded–scarcely suppressing a hint of admiration–"became far more active in that employment than any of the English by reason of their swiftness of foot and nimbleness of body, being also quick sighted and by continual exercise well knowing the haunts of all sorts of game."1 Later settlers, especially those without the resources to hire Indians to do their hunting, studied Indian practices and embellished them with their own expedients.
Early in the 18th century the prominent Virginia planter and public figure, Robert Beverly (ca. 1673-1722), inventoried the repertoire of hunting techniques commonly in use at the opening of the eighteenth century. His list read, in part:
§. 87. The Indians . . . had in their Hunting, a way of concealing themselves, and coming up to the Deer, under the blind of a Stalking-Head,2 in imitation of which, many [white] People have taught their Horses to stalk it, that is, to walk gently by the Huntsman's side, to cover him from the sight of the Deer. Others cut down Trees for the Deer to browze upon, and lie in wait behind them. Others again set Stakes, at a certain distance within their Fences, where the Deer have been used to leap over into a field of Peas, which they love extreamly; these Stakes they so place, as to run into the Body of the Deer, when he Pitches, by which means they impale him.
§. 88. They Hunt their Hares, (which are very numerous) a Foot, with Mungrils [mongrels] or swift Dogs, which either catch them quickly, or force them to hole in a hollow Tree, whither all their Hares generally tend, when they are closely pursued. As soon as they are thus holed, and have crawl'd up into the Body of the Tree, the business is to kindle a Fire, and smother them with Smoak, till they let go their hold, and fall to the bottom stifled; from whence they take them (Fig. 3).
§. 89. They have another sort of hunting, which is very diverting, and that they call Vermine Hunting; It is perform'd a Foot, with small Dogs in the Night, by the Light of the Moon or Stars. Thus in Summer-time they find abundance of Raccoons, Opossums (Fig. 6-7), and Foxes in the Corn-Fields, and about their Plantations: but at other times, they must go into the Woods for them. The Method is to go out with three or four Dogs, and as soon as they come to the place, they bid the Dogs seek out, and all the Company follow immediately. Where-ever a Dog barks, you may depend upon finding the Game. . . . In this sort of Hunting, they also carry their great Dogs out with them, because Wolves, Bears, Panthers, Wild-Cats, and all other Beasts of Prey, are abroad in the Night. 3
§. 90. They have many pretty devices besides the Gun, to take wild Turkeys; And among others, a Friend of mine invented a great Trap, wherein he at times caught many Turkeys, and particularly seventeen at one time, but he could not contrive it so, as to let others in after he had entrapped the first flock, until they were taken out.
Figure 7
A Trap for Upland BirdsDenis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d'Alembert,
L'Encyclopédie: Recueil de planches,
sur les sciences, les arts libéraux,
et les arts méchaniques: avec leur explication.
40 Vols. (Paris, 1762), Plate XXI, Vol. 20.
This engraving represents a scene at the edge of a wood or hedgerow which would have been natural cover for "pheasants" (grouse). Beneath the wooden cage grain has been strewn to attract the birds into the trap. When the hunter hidden behind the brush at right pulls the string, the sticks holding up the side of the cage are jerked away and it falls, capturing the baited birds. Diderot didn't explain in his "explication" how the hunter could retrieve even one bird from beneath the cage without the rest escaping. Might this have been the kind of "great Trap" Robert Beverly's friend "invented"?
§. 91. The Indian invention of Weirs in Fishing, is mightily improved by the English besides which, they make use of Seins, Trolls, Casting-Netts, Setting-Netts, Hand-fishing, and Angling, and in each find abundance of Diversion. . . . They also fish with Spilyards, which is a long Line staked out in the River, and hung with a great many Hooks on short strings, fasten'd to the main Line, about three or four Foot asunder.4
After the Indians of the Northern Plains acquired horses in the early eighteenth century, they developed a variation of coursing, without dogs, in what may be called relay or persistence hunting. This was a coordinated marathon pursuit of deer, elk, or pronghorns by relays of mounted hunters who would chase their quarry in circles until the animals were overcome by exhaustion, and then could easily be killed with arrows or clubs. On 14 August 1805 Lewis and Clark observed Shoshone hunters trying to run down a herd of pronghorns that way, although without success. Even at best, Lewis learned, "forty or fifty hunters will be engaged for half a day in this manner and perhaps not kill more than two or three Antelopes." Indians may have learned this procedure from watching packs of wolves. Near the mouth of "Marthey's river"6 on 29 April 1805 Lewis observed wolves that "appear to decoy a single one from a flock, and then pursue it, alturnately relieving each other untill they take it."
Under certain circumstances a large, heavy net called a deer-hay could be used to capture deer alive. A lightweight deer-hay was sometimes employed to capture squabs (young pigeons) and passenger pigeons after baiting them with broadcast grain.
"Driving," sometimes called "surrounding," was another Indian hunting technique that white settlers sometimes adapted to their own use as a community exercise. It was undertaken only when the opportunity was clear and convenient. Whole families would encircle a herd of deer, for instance, or flocks of gray squirrels or passenger pigeons and in unison drive them toward the center of the circle, trapping the animals so they could be shot or clubbed to death. Lewis and Clark observed an Indian variant of this practice near an Arikara village on 16 October 1804, when Indians on both sides of the Missouri contained a large herd of pronghorns in the river while boys swam among the animals, killing them with sticks and hauling them ashore.
Burning was another Indian strategy that early white American settlers occasionally employed. Thaddeus Harris, who toured western Pennsylvania and Ohio in 1803, was disappointed in what he saw.
We remarked, with regret and indignation, the wanton destruction of these noble forests. For more than fifty miles, to the west and north, the mountains were burning. This is done by [white] hunters, who set fire to the dry leaves and decayed falled timber in the vallies, in order to thin the undergrowth, that they may traverse the woods with more ease in pursuit of game. But they defeat their own object; for the fires drive the moose, deer, and wild animals into the more northerly and westerly parts, and destroy the turkies, partirdges, and quails, at this season on their nests, or just leading out their broods.5
Harris evidently didn't know that in the aftermath of a forest fire the new ground cover that emerges the following spring, more nutritious to some animals than dense underbrush, attracts more wildlife. Lewis and Clark made note of the fact that the Hidatsa Indians set fire to the plains in early spring "for an early crop of Grass as an endusement for the buffalo to feed on" (6 March 1805).
All of these methods were convenient options for the majority of Colonial citizens, to whom hunting was not a recreational pastime but one of a number of daily obligations to be met, especially among subsistence farmers at or near the frontier. What Lewis and Clark hoped to find, however, were men with experience as professional hunters, men with patience, skill and reliability, who could surrender themselves completely to their quarry's environment and spirit. The captains were experienced enough as military officers to know that they would be unlikely to find any such candidates among enlisted men. In 1805 the commander of one frontier garrison was so frustrated over the inadequacy of the provisions reaching his post that he was on the point of ordering his men to start hunting in order to supplement their meager rations. Evidently he considered that tactic only as a last resort.7
"Still" Hunting
One other prehistoric hunting practice that Americans learned from Indians came to be known as still hunting. In contrast with the musically embellished, pseudo-dramatic charades and artifices of the aristocratic chase, it was indeed still–silent, that is–with no coursing or chase involved. But it was much more than that. It was by necessity the means employed by primitive hunters who had to get close enough to their quarry to disable and kill it by hand.
The still hunter could neither hurry, nor trust to luck. There was much to learn. Henry Herbert, writing of it in 1864, declared that it was "so difficult, that an apt and observant scholar shall require many seasons of apprenticeship to a wise woodman, ere he may hope for the least success in attempting it unaided."8 Beginning early in the morning, when the leaves and grass, still wet with dew, would favor relatively silent footfalls through the forest and field, the still hunter stalked his way slowly through the woods, well before his quarry came into view. He made each movement deliberately, to avoid making noise that would alert any animals he could not yet see, and pausing every little while to look and listen. The objective was to get within firing range of a herd of deer, elk, or bison, either feeding or bedded-down, in order to make at least one quick, sure kill shot and not have to track a wounded animal. The expert still hunter sought to identify the leader of a herd and bring that one down first, which often produced confusion and hesitation among the remainder, allowing time for more shots.
Successful still hunting depended first upon the hunter's ability to recognize favorable habitat for the species he sought, in places other hunters had not yet entered and the game would less easily be spooked. The ability to read and interpret signs left by animals was essential–not only to look for bedding sites, hoof prints, and evidence of browsing, but also to estimate recency, as well as direction of departure. Tracking in snow would convey the most information. An experienced hunter could count the number and size of the deer occupying a given area. He could also judge the pace and pattern of their movements. For instance, a buck will normally proceed in a rather straight line, but when the hoof prints draw closer together and the line wavers, the observant hunter might deduce the animal had been looking for a place to bed down, which would tell him what to look for next.
Because a wild quadruped's main defense is its sense of smell, the still hunter always worked either into the wind or across it, bearing in mind that air masses almost always move up-slope in the morning and down-slope in the evening. He remembered that even a movement of air that is too languid to flutter a leaf may betray his presence to a deer in time to rouse it into flight. Inasmuch as the hunter had to place his bullet within a zone no more than ten inches in diameter in order achieve a quick, clean kill, he preferred not shoot a running deer because a running wounded deer would spook and scatter the rest of the herd. If the animal were able to flee, pain and fear would generate chemical changes that would make its flesh tough and ill-tasting. But if the hide, not the meat, were the prize, the hunter would take only standing shots in order to aim for the spine in the neck, leaving an unpunctured body skin.
The still hunter had also to be acutely attentive to nearby creatures other than his quarry. Nature's tattle-tales, such as squirrels, ravens and grouse, are always prepared to telegraph news of a hunter's presence far and wide. Therefore the still hunter had to learn to recognize the differences between their "conversational" sounds and their cries of alarm.
Finally, the still hunter had to be consciously aware of his location at every moment relative to his point of departure, and able subconsciously to remember the course of his steps over an hour, a day, a week, or even many months. This was the salient mark of a skillful woodsman. A lost hunter was no hunter at all, especially when he was aiming to make a living, or when he had mouths at home to feed.
Still hunting would have been the means employed by primitive hunters individually, or in twos or threes at most, who had to get close enough to their quarry to disable and kill it with stones, clubs, or spears. In later times, as John James Audubon wrote in 1831, it was practiced by frontiersmen who considered themselves professional hunters.9 Still hunting was the method used by the men who came to be known as "long hunters."
The Long Hunters
Despite the dire threats of perdition and the dour predictions of ruin from critics such as St. John de Crévecur, many frontiersmen turned to hunting in order to supplement the meagre incomes their farms provided. Deer hides and beaver pelts were in high demand on the Atlantic Coast, and that market grew larger each year as urban populations increased. Similar markets in Europe offered even more oppurtunities for profit. By 1750, however, farm families that had moved into the Piedmont Plateau during the early eighteenth century found that continued pursuit had driven both furbearing and ruminant animals westward beyond the Appalachian Mountains. Market hunters who had once been able to fill their needs within a few days' travel from their homes had to undertake longer and longer trips to reach prime hunting grounds. In the 1730s and 40s a profitable market hunt could begin in early October and last from a few weeks to several months. By the 1750s a need for change was obvious.
The solution was not far off. In the 1763 Treaty of Paris, which ended the Seven Years War in Europe, ownership of Canada and all of the continent east of the Mississippi was transferred from France to England (except New Orleans, which, along with all of Louisiana, went to Spain, thereby setting up the conditions for the Louisiana Purchase.) At that point, the prospect of hunting on the west slopes of the Appalachians became more appealing because, being British territory, it was ostensibly safer than it had been during the concurrent "French and Indian War." But there was a catch. Under the terms of that same treaty the Crown acknowledged that all the land west of the Appalachians belonged to the Indians, and promised that European settlers would remain on their own side of the mountains.
Nevertheless, economics, opportunity and a sense of entitlement impelled Piedmont market hunters to accept the risks that accompanied defiance. Frontier families who lived in southwestern Virginia's Clinch, Holston, and Powell River valleys, as well as the valley of the Yadkin River in western North Carolina, were in the best position to take the lead. The Cumberland Gap, the ancient gateway on the Indian highroad to and from the trans-Appalachian west, was at their doorstep, and a new breed of American hunter-explorer was poised to meet the challenge. They were still hunters who were capable of traveling as far as necessary to find the best—that is, most profitable—hunting grounds. They literally earned their own name: Long Hunters.
Daniel Boone
He was by no means the first long hunter, nor the only important one, but he was the one who was destined to become, through none of his own doing, the first and most famous American hunter-hero.10 Like young Meriwether Lewis forty-one years later, Daniel Boone (b. 1732) became "habituated to the hunting life" beginning in childhood. At age ten, while helping his mother move their cows to summer pastures, he learned to use a "herdsman's club" to kill birds and small game, and in the process studied their habits. "When he was twelve or thirteen," according to his son, Nathan, "his father bought him a gun, and he became a good marksman. The only problem was that he often neglected his herding duties to hunt, but this experience gave him his love of woods and hunting."11 Daniel made his first long hunt during the summer and fall of 1750, accompanied by his boyhood friend, Henry Miller.
They didn't venture into Indian country beyond the last ridge, but worked their way along the Shenandoah Mountains, hunted and trapped around Big Lick on the Roanoke River, crossed the Blue Ridge Mountains through Roanoke Gap, clambered over the foothills around the Virginia-North Carolina boundary, lugged their hides and furs to market up north in Philadelphia, and finally spent three weeks—and all their profits—on "a general jamboree or frolick" in the city before they headed home. Boone immediately declared hunting as his full-time profession, his "business of life." And so it was. He didn't miss a single hunting or trapping season for the next 65 years.
His longest earthly hunt began on 1 May 1769 when he set out from his home on Beaver Creek in the Upper Yadkin River valley of North Carolina accompanied by his brother-in-law John Stewart and three neighbors. With a total of ten or fifteen horses, they headed for Cumberland Gap, the principal gateway to what was then the West, situated today where the common border of Kentucky and Tennessee meet the southwestern tip of Virginia. Once in the western wilderness, their first task was to build a rendezvous and assembly point they called Station Camp, near today's town of Irvine, on the Kentucky River.
Three of the men in Boone's party were camp keepers whose jobs included preparing the deer hides for transport to market at the hunt's end. After making sure a skin was free of all flesh and fat they scraped off the hair and the outer grain, then either salted it to draw out moisture, or allowed it to sun-dry completely. When a skin was dry it was stiff and brittle, and had to be vigorously rubbed across a staking-board until it was soft.14 At that point the "half dressed" skins were subjected to Boone's or Stewart's inspection, then packed in fifty-skin, 250-pound bales, each worth at least one hundred dollars. Elk and bison were plentiful, to be sure, but except that their meat was sometimes a welcome relief from venison, their hides were worthless except for the hunters' own use as tugs or straps, or winter coats.
The principal risk to every Long Hunter was the threat of capture, torture, and possibly execution by Indians, or at the very least, loss of whatever hides they had on hand, plus their expensive traps and Pennsylvania long rifles. Late in December of 1769 a band of Shawnees confronted them, confiscated the hides and furs they had accumulated in the previous eight months, and politely but emphatically ordered Boone and his party back through Cumberland Gap to remind all Colonists to stay out of the Shawnees' homeland. Indian people were not only angered by the effrontery of the trespass, but disgusted by the Long Hunters' wastefulness, taking hides but leaving the carcasses to be devoured by scavengers—wolves, magpies, ravens—and the remains cleaned up by maggots.
When Boone got back to camp he found that during his absence his brother Squire had recently arrived from the Yadkin with fresh supplies. Rather than go home as ordered, the Boone brothers and Stewart moved their Station Camp to the vicinity of Blue Lick, Kentucky, about fifty miles to the southwest, and began to rebuild their store of hides and furs. Late in the winter of 1770, while hunting alone, Stewart was killed by Indians. No sign of him was found until five years later, when one of Boone's crew who was helping to build the Wilderness Road came upon the missing man's remains and powder horn.
Daniel and Squire were now "in a dangerous, helpless situation, exposed daily to perils and death amongst savages and wild beasts." His reaction is recorded in John Filson's flowery turns of phrase, although Boone himself later acknowledged the substance as genuinely his own.
Thus situated, many hundred miles from our families in the howling wilderness, I believe few would have equally enjoyed the happiness we experienced. I often observed to my brother, You see how little nature requires to be satisfied. Felicity, the companion of content, is rather found in our own breasts than in the enjoyment of external things; And I firmly believe it requires but a little philosophy to make a man happy in whatever state he is. This consists in a full resignation to the will of Providence; and a resigned soul finds pleasure in a path strewed with briars and thorns.15
That thoughtful descant earned him the reputation as a hunter-philosopher. What is more, the euphonious phrasings of the "autobiography" contrived by John Filson convinced many readers that he was also a gentleman at heart.
In the spring of 1770 Squire left Daniel alone in the woods for almost three months while he rode east of the mountains again with a load of furs and brought back more ammunition. Throughout the following summer the brothers hunted deer and half-dressed the skins themselves. In the fall Squire made another trip back east with several packs, while Daniel again remained in the wilderness. To assuage his occasional pangs of loneliness, melancholy and despair he would talk aloud to himself and his three dogs about the "diversities and beauties of nature," and sing every song he could remember. Squire returned in due time and the brothers continued hunting and trapping. Heading home in March of 1771 with several hundred dollars' worth of beaver pelts, they made their way through Cumberland Gap and descended into the Powell River Valley, where once more, Indians robbed them of all their pelts as well as their guns. In May, with next to nothing to show for more than twenty-four months of hard, dangerous work, Daniel Boone returned to his home on the Upper Yadkin, to his patient wife Rebecca, and to the infant son she had delivered in his absence.16 The real capital he earned from his odyssey, however, was a more intimate knowledge of a large part of the wilderness tract that in 1792 would become Kentucky, the fifteenth state in the Union.
He had a reputation for remembering every trail he ever walked, and for remembering it whenever and wherever he came upon it again. Whether true or not, that was central to his durable image as a woodsman. It was his legendary skill as a born hunter, however, that dominated the lore that surrounded him well into the 20th century. Like Meriwether Lewis, however, he was decidedly "habituated to the hunting life." In his own time, it is said, the highest compliment any hunter could desire was to be called "a Boone."
Throughout his long life he was periodically drawn to other pursuits: farmer, merchant, surveyor, tavern-keeper, land speculator and, out of his idealism and conscientious citizenship, politics and public service. But he never found another viable niche for himself. He was inept as a surveyor; many of his observations and calculations wound up in court. And not one of his hopeful land deals turned out in his favor.
Despite the rigors and dangers of his many long hunts, including several captures by Indians, Boone suffered only two serious accidents in his entire life that we know of. The first occurred in the winter of 1802-03, when he was 68. A beaver trap snapped on one of his hands, and he had to carry it back to camp for help getting it open. Two winters later he got dunked in the Missouri River when the ice broke beneath him; he apparently suffered a severe case of hypothermia.
By the late 1780s the frontier lifestyle in Kentucky was beginning to give way to the basics of statehood, which officially arrived on June 1, 1792, and accounted for the fifteenth star in the flag Lewis and Clark were to carry. It was time for Daniel Boone to find new hunting grounds. Besides, he had become embittered with life in Kentucky, owing to his misfortunes in land speculation. His impulse to move farther westward was soon intensified by auspicious developments in Missouri. In the mid-1790s the Spanish provincial government began encouraging Americans to settle in upper Louisiana to serve as bulwarks against the extension of British immigration and commerce from Canada. Daniel Morgan Boone, the son who had been born during his father's two-year long hunt of 1769-71, traveled to Missouri in 1797, winding up on the Femme Osage River in the St. Charles District. Upon his father's request, he made inquiry to the Spanish Lieutenant Governor Zenon Trudeau, who forthwith offered Boone 1,000 arpents tax-free, simply for the cost of surveying them plus the registration fee at New Orleans.17 In view of Boone's fame and wide influence among Americans, Trudeau encouraged him to invite more of his friends to settle west of the Mississippi, for similar grants of land. The elder Daniel and some members of the rest of the extended Boone family followed two years later. Trudeau appointed him syndic (civil judge, over all but capital offenses) and commandant (with both civil and military authority) of the Femme Osage District. As Amos Stoddard pointed out, "these liberal encouragements, the fertility of the lands, and the prospect of mineral riches, in Upper Louisiana, extended the stream of population (hitherto limited to regions on the Ohio) to that country."18
After the U.S. Government assumed authority over Upper Louisiana in 1804, all Spanish land grants had to be reviewed, and most were approved and reconfirmed. Regretably, Boone's was not, because the Spanish authorities had exempted him from the usual requirement of living on his land. He had to leave the Femme Osage, so he packed up and moved twenty-five miles farther up the Missouri to Nathan Boone's home at Charette. The last of his many hopeful land deals had gone sour.
On 23 May 1804 the Corps of Discovery stopped for an hour at "Boone's settlement" of "30 or 40 famlys," where "their was maney people assembled to See us." The Field brothers had been sent there to buy corn and butter. Considering at least his own brother's acquaintance with Boone, one would expect Clark at least to have mentioned the famous Kentuckian's name, but it was only Whitehouse who did so: "This settlement was made by Colonel Daniel Boone, the person who first discover'd Kentucky, & who was residing at this place, with a number of his family and friends." That sentence occurs only in the fair copy of Whitehouse's journal, so it may have been inserted by his editor. Boone's whereabouts on that day evidently cannot be known.
Common Ground
Like William Clark, Daniel Boone was a natural geographer. Indeed, the greatest benefit to him of his years as a long hunter was his education in the geography of Kentucky, which he grasped without benefit of a single navigation instrument, not even a compass. Also like Clark, he named many streams and landmarks, thereby identifying places to remember and go back to. On that account he became a highly respected authority on the Kentucky wilderness, and was much sought-after as a consultant, even though he never published a single map. There were more subtle similarities between the two wayfarers, however—in their dealings with Indians, for example. "Clark had always felt at ease with Indians," writes Landon Jones. "He and his brothers, like Daniel Boone, had adopted many of the Indians' ways: they dressed like Indians, hunted like Indians, and knew the vocablary and rituals of Indian diplomacy."19 The Shawnees at first welcomed Boone as a brother; Clark, "the red-headed chief" as Superintendent of Indian Affairs, was similarly respected by many of the tribes he served. Boone told Alexander Wilson that he survived several captures—three times in all—by showing he was no more afraid of death than any of his captors.20 He also stroked their egos by allowing them to win shooting contests often enough to confirm their belief that Indians were superior to white men.
Beyond a thin thread of a genealogial connection, there were various functional links between Boone and the Clark family. George Rogers Clark had supported Boone's Kentucky settlement with his mobile militia. Boone's son, Nathan, at age twenty-six, was at the head of a company of dragoons that escorted General William Clark up the Missouri to meet with the Osage Indians and begin building Fort Osage. Upon their arrival Clark dispatched Nathan to the Osage villages to summon them to the treaty.
Unlike Clark, who at least kept field notebooks for most of his major travels, Boone never wrote a single page of a travelog. He once dictated a long account of his life to one of his sons, but it was soon lost in a boating accident. Some of the experiences he related to his family were written down, but all those have long since disappeared.
Nevertheless, the wellspring of legends about his life has been virtually inexhaustible. As a popular American hunter-hero and symbol of personal freedom combined with republican citizenship, he has known no equal.
On March 18, 1813, Boone's devoted wife, Rebecca, died, at age seventy-three. Her husband's last earthly long hunt was in the winter of 1815-16, when he departed from his son Nathan's home at Charette and arrived at Fort Osage, 140 miles up the Missouri, in April. He wanted to make an even longer journey the following year—to the Rockies and "the Salt mountains, lakes and ponds"21—but illness demolished that dream.22 In 1817, at age 83, he tried a short hunt with his seventeen-year-old grandson James, but that too was shortened by his frailties. At Nathan's home on Femme Osage Creek, on September 26, 1820, near the beginning of a new deer-hunting season, eighty-six-year-old Daniel Boone finally set out, alone, on the longest hunt of all.
Moving On
Sunset fell slowly on the Kentucky long hunters after the Revolutionary War. By the turn of the new century that vanguard, and the settlers who followed them, had fulfilled their destinies east of the Mississippi. By 1820 there were no bison left on the Old Frontier, and even the hardy deers' numbers had been significantly reduced. Other uniquely American entrepreneurs, the mountain men and fur trappers, were to take up the long hunters' mantle, and in turn give way to the market hunters who, by the end of the 1880s, nearly extirpated all the bison from North America, at the close of America's last western frontier. By that time the hunting grounds were virtually empty, and there was noplace else to go. But the man credited with first showing the way was still alive in American popular history—Daniel Boone, the great still hunter, long hunter, explorer, pioneer, and legend.
Figure 9 Daniel Boone—the Legend
George Caleb Bingham (1811-1879)
In this painting, executed more than three-quarters of a century after the event it commemorates, George Caleb Bingham evoked the spirit of a crucial moment not only in Daniel Boone's life but also in American history. Late in the summer of 1775, the forty-one-year-old pioneer led his family and more than forty of their friends through the gloom of Cumberland Gap toward their new homes in the Kentucky wilderness.
The patriarchal Boone, in buckskins, moccasins and a Quaker-style beaver-felt hat, strides with dignity and self-assurance between the "cliffs . . . so wild and horrid, that it is impossible to behold them without terror,"23 into the warm light and bright hope of the trans-Appalachian West. He leads a symbolic white horse24 bearing his wife Rebecca, who resembles a Madonna by Raphael. Behind her is their daughter Jemima. They would, Boone boasted, be the first two women to stand on the banks of the Kentucky River. To underscore the implications of their presence Bingham added, as a subtitle, the dedication "To the Mothers and Daughters of the West." Jemima's future husband, Flanders Callaway, is at Boone's left.
Thus far, the scene evokes the combination of a Biblical flight into Egypt and a sally toward the promised land. It is an apt comparison. Their destination was Boonsborough, the riverside settlement that Boone had recently established 300 miles into the unspoiled Kentucky wilderness from their homes on North Carolina's Yadkin River.
At Boone's far right, the young man bending to adjust a moccasin is believed to represent his oldest son James, as a gesture of memorial by the artist. James was tortured and killed by a party of Delaware Indians who foiled his father's first attempt, in 1773, to lead his family and friends through Cumberland Gap to a new home in Cherokee country.
Reproduced countless times in engravings and lithographs throughout the second half of the nineteenth century, Bingham's painting did more, perhaps, than any other single literary or artistic monument to Daniel Boone to consolidate the hunter-explorer's place in popular American history.25
In mid-November of 1806 Meriwether Lewis led a small group of expedition veterans eastward over Boone's Wilderness Road on a triumphal return from what was soon to be accepted as a major part of the Far West. With them were the Mandan chief Sheheke ("Big White") and his wife Yellow Corn, who had eagerly accompanied them to meet President Jefferson at Washington City. They passed through Cumberland Gap a mere thirty-one years after Daniel Boone had led the way through it into the region that is now thought of as the First American West.
As a young man Daniel was widely respected for the keen eye and steady hand that he showed in the numerous target-shooting contests he won, whether "shooting for the beef" or merely for the right to salvage all the lead embedded in the target. John James Audubon, himself a skillful hunter, remembered another popular proof of marksmanship that Boone once showed him.
Figure 10
Audubon the Naturalist, 1842
John Woodhouse and Victor Gifford Audubon
American Museum of Natural History
Department of Library Services
Image #1822
Although he became best known on two continents for his beautiful paintings of American birds and quadrupeds, John James Audubon (1785-1851) considered himself essentially a hunter-naturalist (a category of hyphenated hunters in which Meriwether Lewis was among the first). Audubon had at least two different portraits painted of himself with gun, dog, and knapsack. At age eighteen he was already a skilled hunter, spending long hours in the woods with his closest friends and his dog, referring to his solitary, protracted expeditions as "rambles."
Audubon frequently took part in shooting competitions such as "Driving the Nail." After hammering a nail about two-thirds of its length into a board hung on a tree, he and his companions would step back forty paces and try to "hit the nail on the head," driving the rest of its length into the target.
Another hunters' game was to shoot off the snuff, or burned tip, of a candlewick in the dark of night from a distance of 50 yards without extinguishing the flame or damaging the candle. This was considered good practice for shooting deer or wolves by torchlight, when the only clearly visible parts of the animal that were its eyes. A score of three hits out of seven tries was considered exceptionally good.26
Sometime in 1810 Audubon enjoyed a ramble through the woods near Louisville with Boone, who was then in his mid-seventies. The artist described the elderly Kentuckian's demonstration of how to "bark" squirrels so as not to damage any of the meat:
Later, as he became more interested in drawing and painting the wildlife he encountered, Audubon's gun was as essential as his notebook and pencils, since he had to shoot every bird and quadruped, stuff it and mount it before he could paint it.28
Audubon was proud of his long wavy hair, which he customarily dressed with bear grease. On his way to London and Paris in the late 1820s he stopped in Edinburgh to visit friends, who advised him to get a haircut before venturing into the refined circles of urban European society. Having already relinquished his comfortable buckskins and hunting shirt for more modish dress, he regretfully summoned a barber, "and gave up the last vestige of American woodsmanhood." He arrived in London looking like an ordinary respectable English gentleman, although he took great pride in being referred to there as "The American Woodsman."29
Daniel Boone was sixty-nine years old in 1803, too old to go traipsing out to the Pacific Ocean with the likes of those twenty-something youths of the Corps of Discovery, even if he had been invited. But Lewis's "qualifycations" suggest that Boone would have been precisely the kind of hunter he hoped to find. Although he never openly declared that he had found any "Boones," the journalists clearly tell us that as many as ten of the enlisted men evidently came close, and that there was one who stood out from them all. Who were they, and what skills did they need to develop to achieve that status? To find answers, we need only resort to the journals, as incomplete as they are on the subject of hunting.
1. William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620-1647 (ed. Samuel Eliot Morison; New York: Knopf, 1952), 90, 206-07.
2. Lewis (29 May 1805) described the Indian practice in which "one of the most active and fleet young men is scelected and disguised in a robe of buffaloe skin, having also the skin of the buffaloe's head with the years and horns fastened on his head in form of a cap, thus caparisoned he places himself at a convenient distance between a herd of buffaloe and a precipice proper for the purpose; . . . the other indians now surround the herd on the back and flanks and at a signal agreed on all shew themselves at the same time moving forward towards the buffaloe; the disguised indian or decoy has taken care to place himself sufficiently nigh the buffaloe to be noticed by them when they take to flight and runing before them they follow him in full speede to the precepice, the cattle behind driving those in front over and seeing them go do not look or hesitate about following untill the whole are precipitated down the precepice forming one common mass of dead an mangled carcases; the . . . decoy in the mean time has taken care to secure himself in some cranney or crivice of the clift whih he had previously prepared for that purpose. the part of the decoy I am informed is extreamly dangerous, if they are not very fleet runers the buffaloe tread them under foot and crush them to death, and sometimes drive them over the precepice also, where they perish in common with the buffaloe." More than likely Lewis learned of this from the Indians at Fort Mandan the previous winter. Clark (10 April 1806) described a group of Nez Perce hunters as they left the Clearwater River valley "on their way up the leavel uplands to run and kill the deer with their horses and Bows and arrows Some of them were also privided with deers heads Cased for the purpose of decoying the deer."
3. In his boyhood Meriwether Lewis was fond of "Vermine Hunting." Jefferson, in the eulogy of Lewis that he wrote for the 1814 edition of the expedition's journals, recollected that, "When only eight years of age he habitually went out, in the dead of night, alone with his dogs, into the forest to hunt the raccoon and opossum, which, seeking their food in the night, can then only be taken. In this exercise, no season or circumstance could obstruct his purpose—plunging through the winter's snows and frozen streams in pursuit of his object." Thus Lewis began to make himself, as Jefferson phrased it in the same memorial, "habituated to the hunting life."History of the Expedition under the Command of Captains Lewis and Clark, 2 vols. (Philadelphia: Bradford and Inskeep, 1814), 1:xvii, xxii. "Vermin hunting" typically involved the use of torches or lanterns, and thus was sometimes called "torch hunting" or "jack lighting."
4. Robert Beverly (ca. 1673-1722), The History and Present State of Virginia, in Four Parts (London: printed for R. Parker, at the Unicorn, 1705) Book IV, Part II, p. 71-73. Electronic edition, Documenting the American South, North Carolina Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. http://docsouth.unc.edu/southlit/beverley/beverley.html. Accessed October 25, 2007. In the 1890s the first known hunter-photographers, A.G. Wallihan and George Shiras, similarly used tripwires to set off flash pans and camera shutters at night. The spilyard, also called a "trot line" is still used today in certain regions of the U.S.
5. Thaddeus Mason Harris, The Journal of a Tour into the Territory Northwest of the Alleghany Mountains; Made in the Spring of the Year 1803, in Reuben Gold Thwaites, ed., Early Western Travels, 1748-1846, 32 vols. (New York: AMS Press, 1966), 3:327. Robert Beverly described the Indians' practice of surrounding and containing a game herd in successively smaller rings of fire in The History and Present State of Virginia, p. 137.
6. Clark named the stream after the obscure but "Selibrated M. F" and immediately explained that her given name was "Marthey." Lewis partially clarified Clark's naming on the same date with the statement, "This stream my friend Capt. C. named Marthas river
in honor of Miss M F –." Her true identity has never been determined. A proposal to replace the name Big Muddy Creek with the original Marthas River was submitted to the U.S. Board on Geographic Names in December 1998, but was rejected by the Board in March of 2000. In 1883 it was shown on a map of Montana as Park River, perhaps merely through a map-maker's error.
7. Cited in Theodore J. Crackel, Mr. Jefferson's Army: Political and Social Reform of the Military Establishment, 1801-1809 (New York: New York University Press,1987), 90.
8. William Henry Herbert [Frank Forester, pseud.] Frank Forester's Field Sports of the United States, and British Provinces of North America, 2 vols. (New York: W. A. Townsend, 1864), 2:245-46. He called it "American Deer Stalking." It is still considered the only true hunting by men and women who take the sport seriously.
9. John James Audubon, "Deer Hunting," Ornithological Biography, or an Account of the Habits of the Birds of the United States of America; . . . interspersed with Delineations of American Scenery and Manners, (Philadelphia: E.L. Carey and A. Hart, 1832), 335.
10. Ted Franklin Belue, The Hunters of Kentucky: A Narrative History of America's First Far West, 1750-1792 (Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, 2003), 87-94, 119-35. Lawrence Elliott, The Long Hunter: A New Life of Daniel Boone (New York: Reader's Digest Press, 1976). Emory L. Hamilton, "The Long Hunters," Historical sketches of Southwest Virginia, Publication 5 (March, 1970). Online at http://www.rootsweb.com/~vawise2/sketches/HSpubl35.html. Accessed November 29, 2007.
11. Neal O. Hammon, ed., My Father, Daniel Boone: The Draper Interviews with Nathan Boone (Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1999), 10-11.
12. Usually, but not invariably, large animals such as deer were "open skinned." The skin was first cut from the anus up the belly to the lower lip; another cut was made inside each leg from the center cut to the hoof. The skin was then trimmed off at each hoof and peeled from the belly to the back. Small animals were usually "cased," and large animals were sometimes cased to make containers for jerky or pemmican. After cutting the skin on the inside of the legs from one hind hoof to the opposite one, the skin was peeled off from the back legs forward until the head was skinned out and the result was shaped like a tapered tube. James Churchill, The Complete Book of Tanning Skins and Furs (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, 1983), 2. En route home on 10 April 1806, Lewis and Clark purchased the cased skin of the head of a mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus). See "The Other Sheep."
13. Hammon, 138, 140.
14. Quoted in John Bakeless, Daniel Boone (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Company, 1939), 413.
15. John Filson, The Discovery, Settlement and present State of Kentucke: and an Essay towards the Topography, and Natural History of that important Country: to which is added an Appendix containing The Adventures of Col. Daniel Boon, of the first Settlers, comprehending every important Occurrence in the political History of that Province (Wilmington, Delaware: Printed by James Adams, 1784), 42. Online Eletronic Text Edition, ed. by Paul Royster, (Electronic Texts in American Studies, Libraries at University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2006) p. 24. Filson's version of Boone's story covered only the years from May 1768 to October of 1782. It was first published in Mathew Carey's American Museum magazine, Volume II (1787), then as part of Filson's book, and again by George Imlay in 1793.
16. John Mack Faragher, Daniel Boone: The Life and Legend of an American Pioneer (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1992), 28-31, 76-87.
17. An arpent was a French measure of land area that was equal to approximately 0.85 of an acre. Daniel Boone's 1,000 arpents equalled between 800 and 850 acres. The survey cost him $41 plus the chainmens' fees.
18. Amos Stoddard, Sketches, Historical and Descriptive of Louisiana (Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1812; reprint, New York: AMS Press Inc., 1973), 249.
19. Landon Y. Jones, William Clark and the Shaping of the West (New York: Hill and Wang, 2004), 7.
20. John James Audubon, Delineations of American Scenery and Character (New York: G. A. Baker & Company, 1926), 112.
21. Precisely what he meant by "Salt mountains" is a mystery. He believed that "the Salt Mountain is but five or six hundred miles west of [Fort Osage]," which would have meant somewhere between the Platte River and Floyd's River. Perhaps he, the subject of so many legends, tall tales, and fantasies, was equally susceptible to similar delusions, like the one about the mountain of salt 1000 miles up the Missouri, which had seduced Thomas Jefferson's gullibility.
22. Faragher, 314-15.
23. Filson, The Adventures of Colonel Daniel Boone, 2.
24. See, for example, Revelations 19:11, 14.
E. Maurice Bloch, George Caleb Bingham: The Evolution of an Artist (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967), 120-137.
26. John James Audubon, "Kentucky Sports," Ornithological Biography, 294.
27. Francis Hobart Herrick, ed., Delineations of American Scenery and Character (New York: G.A. Baker, 1926), 60-61.
28. A few of Audubon's paintings are reproduced elsewhere in Discovering Lewis & Clark: Carolina parakeet, bighorn sheep, hare, mountain beaver (sewelel) , common deer, long-tailed deer, Columbia blacktailed deer, mule deer.
29. Shirley Streshinsky, Audubon: Life and Art in the American Wilderness (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1998), 207.
Funded in part by a grant from the National Park Service's Challenge Cost Share Program.


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Video: Civil Affairs Unit Opens for Business
Video by Sgt. 1st Class Andy Yoshimura
The 440th Civil Affairs Battalion stands up and is activated in a ceremony on Fort Carson, Colo. Includes sound bites from Lt. Col. Damone A Garner, Commander, 440th Civil Affairs Battalion. Hometown: Clarksville, Tenn., Command Sgt. Maj. Aaron Miller, 440th Civil Affairs Battalion. Hometown: Byron, Minn. and Spc. Matthew Taylor, Alpha Company, 440th Civil Affairs Battalion. Hometown: Colorado Springs, Colo. Also available in high definition.
This work, Civil Affairs Unit Opens for Business, by SFC Andy Yoshimura, identified by DVIDS, is free of known copyright restrictions under U.S. copyright law.
Date Taken:09.16.2012
Date Posted:09.17.2012 12:56AM
Video ID:155522
Location:FORT CARSON, CO, US
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Hometown:CLARKSVILLE, TN, US
Hometown:COLORADO SPRINGS, CO, US


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Sometimes, the threads of the news come together so elegantly you'd think there was an invisible hand at work making sense of it all. At least that's my experience from time to time over the years.
Take the fact that last Wednesday, the City Council rejected the DWP's demand for a blank check to buy renewable energy on the open market no matter what it costs ratepayers struggling to keep their jobs if they have one, to pay their rent or mortgages and make ends meet in the midst of the worst recession in their lifetimes..
Then, on Friday, I accepted an invitation to go to City Hall this week to hear the DWP present its revised plan for solar energy that seems to be a lot like the Measure B plan the public voted down in March.
On Saturday, I dropped by the LA Neighborhood Council Coalition meeting when Councilman Bernard Parks decided to step out in public and tell us the end of the world was coming — or at least the end of LA as we know it — unless we take drastic steps like massive layoffs of city workers to avoid bankruptcy.
The unions, particularly the IBEW which virtually runs the DWP, have taken the city hostage and have a stranglehold on our elected officials who owe their jobs to them, he said. The result is pensions costs and spending are out of control because the unions get whatever they want from the politicians whenever they want it.
Then, Saturday night a 95-year-old water main burst on Coldwater Canyon in Studio City, flooding dozens of homes and businesses with up to three feet of water and causing massive traffic snarls that will last all week.
The mayor got there at 4 p.m. Sunday to take charge and Twitter us with the news our DWP workers were there on overtime to restore order:


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A veil of sheer metallic hues give these unique shadows a glowing, light-reflective finish not seen in traditional eye shadows. They have a subtle, glossy quality, giving them a very fashion forward finish that is both flattering and youthful. These sensual shadows need to be applied very sparingly and worked into the skin like you would a moisturizer. RMS Beauty Cream Eye Shadows double as an eye cream to nourish and moisturize the eye area. These shadows work amazingly well on dry or aging eyes.
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March is National Craft Month! Everyone is celebrating in different ways: learning a new technique, teaching others how to knit or crochet, finishing old projects, or crafting for charity. Many craft stores are doing free demos and classes, so be sure to check out what your local stores are doing. On Saturday March 6, Michaels stores are doing a demonstration of how to make Nick and Nora dolls with Vanna's Choice!
I am using March to get my friends involved in crafting. Many of my friends have always wanted to learn to knit, so we're finally taking the time to do it. We'll be meeting once a week to perfect techniques and work on projects. Friends who already know how to knit are joining us to start new projects that challenge their skills.
What are you doing for National Craft Month? Share with us in the comments!
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River of Love - Video Review
Oh, I do love this video of Amma's life (full name - Mata Amritanandamayi Devi). I play my copy over and over, especially when I want to feel uplifted.
Watching the video is like being right alongside Amma while she's growing up in her little fishing village in the state of Kerala in southwestern India. The actresses who portray Amma's early life are from her birth village and are her disciples. As they dance in devotion it seems that Amma, herself, is inspiring their movements.
We see her childhood family struggles culminating in a beautiful miracle that finally convinces her family that indeed she is a saint amongst them.
The rest of the video is with Amma herself and gives us glimpses up close of her blessing those in need by pulling people to her shoulder in a hug, one by one, and moves on to describe many of the projects those who have met her have been inspired to fund in Amma's honor.
The gentle woman that is Amma today travels the world and her very presence is said to bring a permanent change for the better in the attitudes of those who meet her - certainly a hallmark of a living saint.
Well, I will add, that even watching the video of Amma's life and work has been enough to bring up my own joy and enthusiasm for caring and service.
I highly recommend this video for the whole family's viewing!
Details - NTSC format for VHS in US and Canada; Michael Tobias, Director; 78 minutes; A Dharmic Production Presentation; ASIN: 187941077X
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text: Police contacted over Sir Cliff case 15 Aug 2014 Police have confirmed that a number of people have contacted them with information, following searches of the Berkshire home of pop veteran Sir Cliff Richard over an alleged sexual assault. Share Share Share Story by UTV Staff, Belfast South Yorkshire Police searched the house in the Sunningdale area on Thursday, after an allegation was made regarding a sex attack in the 1980s on a boy aged under 16.Sir Cliff, 73, has strenuously denied the claim."The allegations are completely false. Up until now I have chosen not to dignify the false allegations with a response, as it would just give them more oxygen," he said, in a statement."However, the police attended my apartment in Berkshire without notice - except, it would appear, to the press."On Friday, South Yorkshire Police also released a statement about the media coverage of the case."When a media outlet contacted SYP with information about an investigation, we took the decision to work with them in order to protect the integrity of that investigation," the statement said."Since the search took place, a number of people have contacted the police to provide information and we must acknowledge that the media played a part in that, for which we are grateful."Sir Cliff, while not currently in the UK, has said he will cooperate fully with the investigation. © UTV Share Share Share


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Nurse JoAnn Conaway fills in for Dr. Wallach. JoAnn begins the show discussing the importance of eating whole foods for good health. By 'whole foods' she's referring to "unprocessed" foods, fresh fruits and vegatables, eggs and meats. Processed foods include canned foods asserting the canning process actually kills off the food's natural enzymes that aid in digestion.
Pearls of Wisdom
Doug Winfrey and JoAnn Conaway discuss a recent news release regarding vaccines. An FDA advisory panels has recommended the approval of a new 5 in 1 vaccine for young children. The new vaccine made by Sanofi Pasteur is meant to help prevent diptheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio and bacterial infection caused by Haemophilus influenza type b. The later known to cause meningitits, pneumonia and arthritis. The vaccine will eliminate 7 of the now 23 federally recommended shots children get before 18 months.
- Kathy has a son with a slow gastro intestinal tract.
- Carol has two questions the first concerns a recent stroke suffered by her father. Second she has questions regarding sarcoidosis.
- Peggy wants a nutritional plan for her grand children ages 9 months, 18 months and 7 years.
- Andreas has questions regarding proper digestion.


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- RNS - RN'S-THE WEEKENDS ARE YOURS! Expansion is the key word at Hines & Associates, a leader in managed care for 28 years! Come join our growing staff in a case management position in our St. Charles location where you coordinate care and resources for your patients. NO NIGHTS, HOLIDAYS OR WEEKENDS! Must be an RN Critical Care or med/surg exp a plus! Email your resume to: firstname.lastname@example.com or fax it to 847-741-1728 Or call 877-429-7345 X 3426 with questions (id:4441812) OFFICE CLEANER - Very good, 25 year old cleaning company looking for employees for basic cleaning duties (vacuuming, dusting, wiping, trash) in Lisle, Illinois. Starting pay $10.50 per hour. Increases and bonus' available. Send email to firstname.lastname@example.com. (id:4440507) WILDLIFE TECHNICIAN / GENERAL LABOR - NW suburb business offering 2 positions: 1) Wildlife technician -will train, carpentry skills a plus 2) General labor -will train. Call 847-456-3617 or email@example.com (id:4441914)
- ROUTE DRIVER - Canteen Vending is hiring Route Drivers to fill & merchandise vending machines. We offer competitive pay & FT benefits. Pls email resumes to email@example.com (id:4442124) ASSISTANT COMMERCIAL PROPERTY MANAGER - Crossroads Partners is looking for a part-time Assistant Property Manager with 3-5 years' experience managing commercial properties (Office and Retail). This position is on-site at a large retail-office property located in the north western suburbs of Chicago. Responsibilities include, but are not limited to: walking properties on assigned days monitoring activities of contractors, oversee property management lease-rent cycle, request bids for services from contractors, coding invoices, and other administrative duties, as assigned. Experience with Yardi a plus. Please contact Kirsten Bowersox at (847) 239-7519 or email@example.com. (id:4439955) PATIENT COORDINATOR - HEALTHCARE We are looking for an experienced Patient Coordinator to handle the demands of the front office of fast paced surgical practice in NW suburbs. Candidate MUST have at least 3-5 years of medical office experience, a high-school diploma with 2 or more years of college education preferred. Experience with EMR necessary, eClinicalWorks knowledge a plus. Candidate must be professional, possess excellent customer service skills, able to handle multiple tasks effectively and calmly. Good computer skills a must. Commensurate salary, good location. Candidates please email resume to: email@example.com (id:4442011)
- SENIOR ENGINEERS - Sr. Engineers Gamma Technologies, LLC seeks Sr. Engineers for Westmont, IL to research, dev & test mathematical models of fluid & thermal system models in engine & powertrain systems. PhD or ABD in Mechanical Eng or Theoretical & App-lied Mechanics+1yr exp req'd. Must have fluids thermodynamics exp/edu w/ inviscid & viscous flows, turbulence, combustion & emissions modeling for premixed & diffusion flames, developing models & algorithms for numerical simulation of combustion processes, optimization of flow & thermal behavior, flame propagation in laminar & turbulent flows for internal combustion engines, Fortran, C/C++, Python, Fluent/StarCD, ANSYS, Matlab, 1-D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Apply online at:https://www. gtisoft.com/about-gt/careers/ Job ID: 48225 (NF). (id:4442170) SERVERS &BUS BOYS - Truck Drivers Wanted Busy transportation company seeks exp'd truck drivers. Clean driving record req'd. Apply in person: Boston Fish Market 1225 E. Forest Ave. Des Plaines, IL 60018 847-803-2100 (id:4442109) RESTAURANT - Restaurant seeks Asst Mgr/ Server, busboy. Mundelein area. Call Peter after 4P Tues-Sat. 847-566-1090 (id:4442262)


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It's hard to miss all of the pink shoes, wristbands and (briefly) penalty flags that have filled NFL games for the past few weeks as part of the league's annual Breast Cancer Initiative. Each team also sells pink merchandise to support the cause, but how much of that money actually goes to breast cancer research? Not a lot, according to data obtained by ESPN. The league takes a cut from the wholesale price, and donates 90 percent of the royalties to the American Cancer Society.
… That might sound hefty, but consider that of the overall price, the retailer and manufacturer get most of the money — only a little over 11 percent of the total you spend goes to the American Cancer society. And because the ACS has its own operating costs, it only uses 71 percent of the money it receives for research and cancer programs. That means that for every $100 spent on a pink Broncos hat (or any other pink NFL merchandise), just a little over 8 bucks actually goes to cancer research.


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Schools boast increased security
(Page 2 of 2)
"We have increased our vigilance with parents and visitors to our schools," Harper said. "We ID everyone. We have a teacher aide or security guard at every door of each school, and that's the case after school as well. Doors are guarded during after-school school activities, and we have cars patrolling around the school between 4 p.m. and 11 p.m. on Saturdays for activities held that day."
Harper said that there are also districtwide safety meetings for students' parents and other residents. "We have the Nassau County Police Department, Nassau BOCES, parents and administration [at the meetings] as well," he said.
Security in the Sewanhaka Central High School District — Elmont Memorial, H. Frank Carey, Sewanhaka, Floral Park Memorial and New Hyde Park Memorial schools — has also been updated. Superintendent Dr. Ralph Ferrie said that every door of every school either remains locked or is monitored by a security guard, and that there are plans for additional security cameras. Those cameras, Ferrie said, were critical components of the $99.5 million bond proposal that was defeated on Dec. 4, but, he added, district officials would continue exploring ways to add those cameras.
"The district is in the process of making every attempt to increase the number or surveillance cameras at each of the buildings," Ferrie said. "In addition, each school located a security station at one entrance in order to monitor visitors while also monitoring the cameras. Additional security cameras were included in the proposed referendum. As a result of the outcome, other potential ways to finance this equipment will be continually explored in the future."
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While I realize the school district is "proud" of its increased security, the reality of it is that this is nothing to be "proud" of. In fact, it's something to be ashamed of. When we have to put increased security into our schools for fear of violence, it makes a greater statement about our diseased society than it does about the school's efficiency to ward of a potential disaster. And please make no mistake, I am not talking about more 2nd Amendment restrictions. What I'm talking about is our failing social and cultural structure that has created a youth to whom "shooting up" people seems to be de rigueur. Unfortunately, we have no alternative but to heighten school security and even entertain the idea of armed guards in our schools, due to the pervasive "sickness" that continues to surround today's youth. Twisted posts all over "Facebook," "Instagram," and various other venues destroys innocence and childhood.
Friday, December 20, 2013 | Report this
We're societal prisoners. Trapped within our own accomplishments. We have become a fearful people, due to the lack of criminal consequence.
Friday, December 20, 2013 | Report this


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Welcome to Music Biz 2014! Creative Spotlights was invited by the Music Biz Association to join the conference in West Los Angeles and by covering the event we have assisted our artists with the latest news from inside the hotel and the buzz around the city. Our direction with this specific campaign was to receive valuable information regarding publishing, music licensing and digital rights.
2014 promises to deliver great and worthy information regarding digital music. Creative Spotlights had our ears tapped to the pulse of the music industry. From May 6th-8th, Music Biz 2014 touched down with opportunities for music industry professionals, lifestyle brands, musicians and artists from the online sphere.
Day # 1 – Transparancy in the Digital Age of Music Copyright
On day one, we had the opportunity to interview Chris Crawford – Founder of Loudr – Music Biz 2014 Loudr is an online platform designed to assist recording artists with streamlining licensing for cover songs. Loudr makes selling cover songs easy as well, so this platform delivers opportunities for both songwriters, performers and recording artists.
Day #2 – Managing The Complexity Of An Artist's Digital Experience
The day began with networking in the lounge with the music professionals that have came to this conference in order to gain a foothold and an understanding on where this industry is heading to in the future. In the afternoon it was all about the digital music experience and the platforms leading the way in transitioning our industry from a unit-based model to a service-based model.
Liv Buli- resident data journalist for Next Big Sound gave us her time and energy to deliver information regarding the direction of Next Big Sound.
We interviewed the president of Music Biz – Jim Donio and he laid out a great description of the future of the music industry and where Music Biz fits in.
We also interviewed Gregory Miller – CEO of Spacebar outside by the pool of the Hyatt Regency. Spacebar is a platform that provides high-quality online live streaming.
Day #3 – Managing The Complexity Of An Artist's Digital Experience
Paul Rodgers received Chairman's Award at Music Biz 2014
Ariana Grande to be Awarded 'Breakthrough Artist of the Year' by Music Business Association
If you are attending the event as a music industry professional and you are interested in contributing your time to Creative Spotlights, schedule an interview or to contribute to our professional industry advancement opportunities, please contact Dani Felt's email – firstname.lastname@example.com. Creative Spotlights E-Book is available for e-mail sign up. We will be delivering information regarding Music Biz 2014, the topics of publishing, digital media rights and online marketing being at the helm of our topics for discussion.


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Welcome to the Alliance for Forgotten Australians
Navigation: You are on AFA's Main Page / Home / Skip to Contents
Welcome to this website produced by the Alliance for Forgotten Australians (AFA). AFA is a national alliance of Forgotten Australians and supporters working in partnership to advocate for, and promote, national policies and services to meet the needs and interests of Forgotten Australians.
Since 2008, more than 175,000 copies of the AFA educational booklet have been distributed nationally and internationally.
Since 2011, more than 2,000 copies of the AFA DVD have been distributed nationally and internationally and the material has been accessed online tens of thousands of times.
AFA has contributed to the development and implementation of the Australian Government's four national projects announced at the National Apology to Forgotten Australians and Former Child Migrants, 16 November 2009.
AFA provided advice that contributed to the development and implementation of the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse.
AFA has provided submissions to Senate and other government inquiries which aim to influence government policy and improve outcomes for Forgotten Australians and former child migrants.
AFA undertook an investigation of tertiary teaching materials for social work education on Forgotten Australians.
Learn more on the About AFA page.
Site last updated
February 27, 2015
// © Alliance For Forgotten Australians 2007-2015 // Terms Of Use


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"Night Writing" is a soft cover notebook sprinkled with images of a recent fabric art series titled "Desert Dreaming" by M. Lehrer-Plansky ... 2012-2013. It has a total of 102 pages of both lined paper and color photos. A great notebook for anyone keeping a journal and looking for words and images that might prove to be inspirational.
Working artist since the late 80's. Participated in competitions, gallery shows, both group and one woman shows. My work has sold moderately and I have a blog: blueskydreaming-sc.Blogspot.com/ and Facebook: Mary Ann Lehrer Plansky. This catalog represents specific work from 2008-2012.
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2015 Weekly Planner Published December 17, 2014
M. Lehrer-Plansky Published September 05, 2012


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Welcome to the very final edition of the EmoTrance Newsletter! Why is this the last edition? Full details inside...
In this issue:
** EmoTrance Now Part of The AMT
** 10th Anniversary EmoTrance Conference – Call for Presenters
** Enlightenment for Modern Human Beings by Silvia Hartmann
** The 2011 EFT & Energy Psychology Conference – Latest News
** EmoTrance Snow Globe by Silvia Hartmann
** The Snow Globe & God's Love by Sister Margarita Foley
** EmoTrance Reviewed by Paradigm Shift Magazine
** EmoTrance Multiple Proxy by Patricia DancingElk
** The StressFish Guide to EmoTrance by Dr Teresa Lynch ePub Now Available


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Frontrunning: September 21
- Apple
- Bank of England
- Barclays
- Bond
- Budget Deficit
- China
- Citigroup
- Credit Crisis
- Daimler
- Deutsche Bank
- E-Trade
- Evercore
- General Motors
- Glencore
- India
- Japan
- Mercedes-Benz
- Merrill
- Mervyn King
- Mexico
- Porsche
- ratings
- Reuters
- Simon Johnson
- Time Warner
- Unemployment
- Wall Street Journal
- Wells Fargo
- Wen Jiabao
- Europe's crisis will be followed by a more devastating one, likely beginning in Japan. (Simon Johnson)
- Porsche, Daimler Indicate Europe's Car Crisis Spreading (Bloomberg)
- No progress in Catalonia-Madrid talks (FT)
- Hilsenrath speaks: Fed's Kocherlakota Shifts on Unemployment (WSJ) - luckily QEternity made both obsolete
- Lenders Reportedly Consider New Greek Haircut (Spiegel)
- Fed Officials Highlight Benefits of Bond-Buying (WSJ)
- ESM to Launch without Leverage Vehicle Options (WSJ)
- Japanese companies report China delays (FT)
- Borg Says Swedish Taxes Can't Go Into Ill-Managed European Banks (Bloomberg)
- Greek Leaders Struggle With Spending Reductions (Bloomberg)
- Asian Stocks Rise as iPhone 5 Debut Boosts Tech Shares (Bloomberg)
- China government's hand seen in anti-Japan protests (LA Times)
- IMF Chief: Spain Banks' Recapitalization Needs Close to IMF Projections (WSJ)
- Senate JPMorgan Probe Said to Seek Tougher Volcker Rule (Bloomberg)
- King gives green light to break debt rule (FT)
- S. Korea Growth Estimate Cut by IMF as Europe Caps Exports (Bloomberg)
- ECB's Coeure sees no signs that euro zone needs QE (Reuters)
Overnight Media Digest
* Apple Inc's move to replace Google Inc's mapping software with its own on its mobile devices sparked a world-wide consumer backlash, marking a rare strategic blunder by a company more accustomed to rave reviews from users.
* Glencore International Plc's seven-month quest to seal a merger deal with Xstrata Plc is nearing a climax, with expectations building that Xstrata's board will endorse Glencore's latest proposal and pave the way for the creation of a $75 billion mining and commodity-trading colossus.
* An interest-rate-fixing scandal this summer felled a number of Barclays Plc executives. But a top Barclays compliance official, who was notified in 2008 about problems brewing within the bank, is now in a similar senior position at another major bank.
* The global economic slowdown is ensnaring two of Germany's luxury auto makers with Daimler AG on Thursday warning that its Mercedes-Benz division would miss its profit target for the year and Porsche preparing for weaker demand next year.
* A federal judge ordered Taiwan-based AU Optronics Corp to pay $500 million for participating in a conspiracy to fix prices on liquid-crystal-display panels.
Bank of England governor Mervyn King has given the coalition government a green light to break its self-imposed deadline to start lowering the nation's debt within three years.
EU authorities are working behind the scenes to pave the way for a new Spanish rescue programme and unlimited bond buying by the ECB, by helping Madrid craft an economic reform programme that will be unveiled next week.
James Murdoch is being lined up to take direct responsibility for News Corp's US television businesses, even as his record in the UK was attacked by media regulator Ofcom.
Guido Mantega, Brazil's finance minister, has warned that the US Federal Reserve's "protectionist" move to roll out more qe will reignite the currency wars with potentially drastic consequences for the rest of the world.
The broadcasting regulator has ruled that James Murdoch's shortcomings in dealing with the phone-hacking scandal did not warrant stripping BSkyB of its broadcast licence.
The boards of Glencore and Xstrata were holding last-minute meetings on Thursday to review the final details of the planned $80 billion combination of the resources companies.
Apple stands accused of putting competitive differences with Google ahead of its customers, as complaints about the iPhone's new Maps app threaten to overshadow its launch.
Crest Nicholson, the housebuilder that collapsed during the credit crisis, is weighing a return to the stock market, underscoring the resurgence of investor confidence in its sector.
* Wal-Mart Stores, the nation's largest retailer, said on Thursday it was dropping Amazon's Kindle tablets and e-readers, a sign of how seriously it views Amazon as a competitor in the consumer goods market.
* European regulators are set to approve a reduced version of the Universal Music Group's $1.9 billion takeover of EMI Music, people involved in the talks said.
* The desires of the British prime minister to cut the budget deficit are running up against a situation created over decades: the large number of public entitlements.
* Business software maker Oracle Corp reported quarterly earnings on Thursday that matched Wall Street's estimates, but a revenue decline signaled that the company was having a tougher time closing deals.
* While Canadians publicly debate allowing a state-owned Chinese firm to buy a piece of the oil sands, federal officials are privately concerned about security risks to Ottawa's computer networks from China's telecom equipment giant, Huawei Technologies Co Ltd.
* Ontario's cash-strapped government is considering the creation of two massive pension funds to manage the retirement savings of public-sector workers - everyone from nuclear engineers and university professors to hospital custodians.
Report in the business section:
* A number of foreign companies are flocking to Canada's oil patch in search of acquisitions and investments as Ottawa weighs the $15.1 billion takeover of energy company Nexen Inc by China's CNOOC Ltd.
* The government of Eritrea has agreed to stop collecting a controversial "diaspora tax" at its consulate in Toronto after the Department of Foreign Affairs threatened to send home the repressive African regime's only diplomat in Canada.
* The Canadian Auto Workers hammered out a four-year tentative agreement with General Motors Thursday under the threat of a strike if a deal wasn't reached by the end of the day.
Fly On The Wall: 7:00 am Market Snapshot
Altria Group (MO) upgraded to Buy from Neutral at Citigroup
Autonation (AN) upgraded to Buy from Neutral at BofA/Merrill
ConAgra (CAG) upgraded to Buy from Neutral at UBS
Expedia (EXPE) upgraded to Buy from Hold at Deutsche Bank
International Paper (IP) upgraded to Buy from Hold at Deutsche Bank
KapStone (KS) upgraded to Buy from Hold at Deutsche Bank
MasterCard (MA) upgraded to Buy from Neutral at Citigroup
Molina Healthcare (MOH) upgraded to Positive from Neutral at Susquehanna
Packaging Corp. (PKG) upgraded to Buy from Hold at Deutsche Bank
Rock-Tenn (RKT) upgraded to Buy from Hold at Deutsche Bank
Time Warner Cable (TWC) upgraded to Overweight from Equal Weight at Evercore
Wet Seal (WTSLA) upgraded to Buy from Neutral at Roth Capital
Zions Bancorp (ZION) upgraded to Neutral from Underperform at Sterne Agee
Celanese (CE) downgraded to Market Perform from Outperform at Wells Fargo
Charles Schwab (SCHW) downgraded to Underweight from Equal Weight at Evercore
Cooper Tire (CTB) downgraded to Hold from Buy at KeyBanc
E-Trade (ETFC) downgraded to Underweight from Equal Weight at Evercore
Goodyear Tire (GT) downgraded to Hold from Buy at KeyBanc
IHS Inc. (IHS) downgraded to Neutral from Outperform at RW Baird
MakeMyTrip (MMYT) downgraded to Hold from Buy at Deutsche Bank
National Grid (NGG) downgraded to Underweight from Neutral at JPMorgan
AOL (AOL) initiated with a Buy at Deutsche Bank
Angie's List (ANGI) initiated with a Hold at Deutsche Bank
Burger King (BKW) initiated with a Neutral at UBS
CECO Environmental (CECE) initiated with an Outperform at JMP Securities
EMC (EMC) initiated with a Buy at Jefferies
Facebook (FB) initiated with a Hold at Deutsche Bank
GasLog (GLOG) initiated with a Buy at Jefferies
Golar LNG (GLNG) initiated with a Buy at Jefferies
IBM (IBM) initiated with a Hold at Jefferies
Liquidity Services (LQDT) initiated with a Buy at Deutsche Bank
NetApp (NTAP) initiated with a Hold at Jefferies
Nordstrom (JWN) initiated with an Outperform at William Blair
NuVasive (NUVA) initiated with a Buy at Brean Murray
Panera Bread (PNRA) initiated with a Market Perform at Wells Fargo
Radware (RDWR) initiated with a Buy at Needham
TripAdvisor (TRIP) initiated with a Hold at Deutsche Bank
Vical (VICL) initiated with a Buy at Canaccord
Wright Medical (WMGI) initiated with a Buy at Brean Murray
Zimmer (ZMH) initiated with a Buy at Brean Murray
Moody's placed U.S. Bancorp (USB) ratings on review for possible downgrade, Bloomberg reported
Oracle (ORCL) sees 2Q hardware revenue decline of 8%-18%
Sees Q2 new software license, cloud subscription revenue up 55-15%
Texas Instruments (TXN) to raise quarterly dividend 24% to 21c
McDonald's (MCD) raised quarterly dividend 10% to 77c
CoreSite (COR), RiverMeadow Software and Violin Memory form alliance
Loral Space (LORL) and MDA received approval for SS/L sale from CFIUS
Daimler (DDAIF) planning EUR1B savings program for Mercedes-Benz unit, DJ reported
Amgen (AMGN) announced FDA approval of new indication for Prolia
Clear System Recycling (CLSR) announced MOU to acquire CI Holdings
Shutterfly (SFLY) to open new art production facility in Fort Mill, SC
Peugeot (PEUGY) entered into exclusive negotiations with JSC Russian Railways
Companies that beat consensus earnings expectations last night and today include:
Park Electrochemical (PKE), KB Home (KBH), Cintas (CTAS), TIBCO (TIBX)
Companies that missed consensus earnings expectations include:
DynaVox (DVOX)
Companies that matched consensus earnings expectations include:
Oracle (ORCL)
Following the significant decline in oil production after the Deepwater Horizon disaster, the U.S. Gulf of Mexico is set for an energy boom (XOM, CVX, RDS.A). Gulf oil flows will increase by about 28% by 2022 to 1.8M barrels per day, according to consulting firm Bentek Energy, the Wall Street Journal reports
Wal-Mart Stores (WMT) hopes to open its first retail stores in India within two years after the government opened the way for international supermarket chains to enter the country through joint ventures, the Wall Street Journal reports
Amid concerns about the state of the U.S. economy, Minneapolis Fed President Narayana Kocherlakota, who has argued that pushing too hard to get Americans back to work risks inflation, proposes to keep interest rates low until unemployment falls sharply, Reuters reports
Honda Motor (HMC) looks to nearly double its car sales to at least 6M vehicles worldwide in four years, said CEO Takanobu Ito, Reuters reports
The SEC wants to determine if some private-equity firms are taking more profits from investments than they should under agreements with fund clients, sources say, Bloomberg reports
Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao pressed the EU not to put up trade barriers amid a EU threat to impose tariffs on solar panels from China, Bloomberg reports
Arlington Asset Investment (AI) commences offering of 2M shares of common stock
Pacific Ethanol (PEIX) announces offering of common stock, warrants
Smith Electric Vehicles (SMTH) withdraws plans for initial public offering
Thermon Group (THR) 10M share Secondary priced at $22.00
- advertisements -
in other words...expect every person / company / govt you ever meet to be the next one trying to steal ur wallet
Heh heh.......the sign on Zerohedge read Virginians for Obama.
$30 each.
God bless Capitalism....
I'm Karl Marx......and I approve this message.
Whatever those cats paid you Tyler......it wasn't enough.
If they want to do it again....take their money.
BANK CDS rising again sharply:
The best comment on the Bank of England Governor Mervyn King's performance on UK national television last night came during it on twitter I think.
Shaun Richards@notayesmansecon
Governor: What happened to the "economic rebalancing" you promised after the £ fell by 20-25% in 2007/08? #4King
poor Hilsenrath....all the mystery of the Fed is gone, hence no more frontrunning articles needed. You're fired!
Chinese government behind those anti-Japanese riots? Really? I thought the Chinese Sheeple suddenly cared about a couple of rocks in the Ocean.
You will know when there is a real protest, the tanks will be rolling out.
"Workers at a South African gold mine have begun a wildcat strike - the latest labour unrest in the country's vital mining industry.
The strikers at the Kopanang mine, which employs 5,000 staff, reportedly want their pay to more than double to 12,500 rand ($1,513; £935) a month.
The strike comes a day after miners at the Marikana platinum complex returned to work after reaching a pay deal."
Jim Rickards talks... short video but very interesting...
Hat tips to Keiser, Jesse, ZH
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Read Full Article | Application
The seminar will provide an introduction to combustion and radiation modeling capabilities within CFX, including Eddy Dissipation modeling, custom reactions features, flamelet model capabilities, liquid fuel modeling, coal combustion modeling, P1 radiation modeling for participating medium, surface-to-surface radiation modeling for non-participating medium, and finite volume radiation modeling for the most general range of radiation problems.
A demonstration will be given which includes the entire process of setting-up, running and analyzing a small industrial furnace. This will include:
Finally, a questions and discussion session will be held which will allow participants to better understand how CFX can solve their specific problems. All that is required is Internet access and a telephone.
Sorry, this web demonstration is only available in North America.
To register, visit the seminar web site or contact Chris Reeves at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Post Comment | Events
The performance, speed and user-friendly features have been enhanced in Fluidyn-NS version 4.2:
For more information, all contact addresses can be found on : http://www.fluidyn.com
Post Comment | New Software
The study also found that more NVIDIA graphics boards were shipped in Q3 & Q4 2001 than any other supplier.
Post Comment | Business
CFD-PLASMA-2002 offers:
Read Full Article | New Software
Buying computer hardware can be confusing--not only do you need to worry about performance and price, but you also want assurance that it will work well with your current system, as well as with tomorrow's. Now's the time to learn how to shop.
Post Comment
Thursday March 28
Tuesday March 26
Monday March 25
Sunday March 24
Friday March 22
Tuesday March 19
Monday March 18
Thursday March 14
Older Articles
Yesterday's Edition


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Does anyone know by chance if the FAA will be doing anymore General Public Hiring this year?
Also, do all AT-CTI schools require a 2 or 4 year degree with that program or can you still complete the program without the degree. The reason being my age would put me at that limit if I had to go for a 4 year, I would just be cutting it close with a 2 year.... Thanks guys!
Please check your spelling (press "Check Spelling" above)
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Printable View
maybe she was and maybe she wasn't
Why not.
I don't know if this is relevant, but I have had dreams recently where I was a woman. This isn't too out of the ordinary, except being a women wasn't the main thing of the dream, and I only realize that I was one after I wake up and think about the dream.
i think whenever the issue of kirby's human identity comes up we need to remember that he couldn't tell he was playing with robots for like half an hour on risk that one time
they were so lifelike
Kirby is almost a carbon copy of Dark Predator.
you know, every since I came out about this, I have been getting more feminine focused advertisements on my computer, its rather amusing actually
Google knows literally everything about you.
I believe most of these targeted ads use search terms you put into Google so if you started searching for feminine products, you'll get more ads for them.
why don't I get more porn adverts then? I searched up like one thing about hair
Most websites filter out porn ads so people can't complain about them. For the most part, you'll only see porn ads on actual porn sites or sites whose owners may not know how or care about filtering them out.
I always knew. Now that he has accepted it, I'm sure life will emerge with a form of proper balance for Kirby.
I have little boobies now :]


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From student events and academic activities to the performing arts and athletic competitions, @UD is the campus hub where you can find everything happening at the University of Delaware.
Labour is a Brooklyn-based creative office and workshop. We make short films, create graphics and print pieces, design typefaces, direct music videos, write music, and construct art objects.
For our clients, we create unique visual identities by combining formal invention with unconventional narratives. Our goal is to add wit, imagination, and a dose of the unexpected to every project that finds its way to our desks.
Labour has created work and consulted for a wide range of clients and organizations, from international corporations like Google, Porsche, and General Electric, to top arts institutions the Museum of Modern Art and the Whitney Museum, fashion and beauty lines like Kate Spade, Puma, and Sephora, while continuing to produce content for networks like Vh1 and MTV, as well as contributing music videos, illustrations, short films, and essays for various independent projects.
Lectures & Programs, Students, College of Arts and Sciences, Academics, Lectures and Programs, Community
Department of Art
Smith Hall, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USAEnlarge Map


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Robert Moone, President, Chairman & CEO of State Auto Financial Corporation (NASDAQ:STFC), will preside over the opening bell.
NASDAQ MarketSite -- 4 Times Square -- 43rd & Broadway -- Broadcast Studio
Thursday, November 17th, 2005 at 9:30 a.m. EST
Feed Information:
The opening bell is available from 9:20 a.m. to 9:35 a.m. on uplink IA-5 C-band/transponder 14. The downlink frequency is 3980 horizontal; audio: 6.2/6.8. The feed can also be found on Waterfront fiber 1623. If you have any questions, please contact Stephanie Lowenthal at (646) 441-5220.
To obtain a hi-resolution photograph of the Market Open, please go to http://www.nasdaq.com/reference/marketsite_events.stm and click on the market open of your choice.
Kyle Anderson
AVP, Director of Corporate Communications
(614) 917-5497
Tara Shull
Investor Relations and Finance Director
(614) 917-4478