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Why does Python's tuple not have any method associated with it? e.g.
tuple.remove(), etc.?
If the contents of tuple are accessed as we access list items, then why does tuple not have list-related methods?
EDIT - as commented on the question, and I'm not sure came clear from my answer - there are methods for tuples, but not methods that modify them.
Tuples are immutable, whereas lists can be modified. This in itself explains why tuples don't have any way of modifying them, but implies another question... why are they immutable? what good is an immutable list? why not just have a single list type? It comes down to a couple of subtle design considerations...
To a degree, it provides a semantic convention: a
So that's nice and all, but what actual good is it? For one thing, since tuples are immutable, they can't be changed once created. This lets you use them as keys in a dictionary, whereas a list might have it's contents changed, and thus can't be hashed.
This lets them be treated more as an anonymous pairing of objects, equal to any other identical pairing of the same set of objects, whereas lists may have hidden behaviors... if a reference to a list is stored somewhere, modifying the list could change a list of names displayed in a gui, or what have you. Thus two lists may have equal contents, but modifying them may have different behaviors in the overall program. Whereas when you're passing a tuple around, you know there's no way it will be modified out from under you... this particular choice has been set in stone. Thus, instead of modifying a tuple, you have to make a new tuple.
I don't think I captured all the use-cases, and don't worry if you don't quite get the intended use-cases just yet... the difference in intent of the two classes is subtle, but powerful, it may take some playing around with before it clicks.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Hull FC owner Adam Pearson has moved to reassure Black and Whites supporters that his focus and full financial backing remains at the club following recent rumours of a return to football.
It comes after reports in the national and regional press linking him with a takeover of Championship side Leeds United, a club he has previously worked for as commercial director.
But speaking in an interview with Hull FC Live, the club's exclusive online subscription service, Pearson has quashed suggestions of a move to Elland Road or elsewhere, insisting his only focus is on helping Hull FC climb the table and compete with Super League's best for silverware.
He said, "It's a funny one because Hull FC is mine. I own the club, it's my baby and I want to grow and develop it. Football is my business and I'll always get rumours and connections in football as that's my industry.
"Leeds is a club that I live close to and I've worked there before so I understand how big a club it is but at this minute in time, it's not for me. My focus is completely on Hull FC and my other business interests.
"There'll be no movement to Elland Road in the near future. This is my complete focus and so I'd like to squash those rumours once and for all. I've not made a single comment in the press about it and all my focus and financial backing is on this club."
Pearson continued, "I'm incredibly passionate about the club. Watching the team and the commitment and effort they put in, and the supporters are so passionate about the club, you can't help but reach those levels of passion yourself.
"Certainly I won't be leaving FC until there's some silverware and we're established as a top Super League club. I want to win something and try to get into that top four.
"There are some really strong clubs who all want to do the same thing, with some good owners and some good coaches. We'll just keep battling away but it won't be a lack of effort or a lack of commitment if we don't reach those goals. We are going to be going all out to make sure we succeed here."
Pearson was speaking to Hull FC Live as part of an interview that also saw him comment on the recent Johnny Whiteley saga for the first time as well as discuss his plans to develop the club on and off the field in the near future, including recruitment for 2014.
Other topics up for discussion include his thoughts on Hull's start to the season and what winning a Challenge Cup at Wembley would mean to him.
To listen to the full and exclusive interview, sign up to Hull FC Live today. The online package is available for Black and Whites supporters to purchase now and will be priced at £5.99 per month or the bargain price of £60 for the full year.
Click here to buy a Hull FC Live subscription for one year or six months, or pay monthly via Direct Debit by signing up at the Hull FC reception next to the club's retail store at the KC Stadium.
Existing subscribers can click here to watch the full interview with Pearson on www.hullfclive.co.uk


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C25K April 1
Wednesday, May 02, 2012
Wasn't sure about my run this morning. It was chilly. I still have no cool weather clothes, but the Y doesn't open until 9 on Sundays and I wanted to get my run in early as I had things to do. I do have some long sleeved cotton t-shirts that and decided to risk it. Got my apps and music ready and headed out the door. My warm up walk was a lot more brisk than in the past. I'm sure it had nothing to do with the fact that I was cold. I was thinking a jacket and some gloves would have been nice, but kept walking anyway.
Today's recipe called for 5 minutes of running, 2 minutes of walking, 4 minutes of running, 2 minutes of walking and repeat both intervals. I was still debating whether or not I wanted to be outside when I hit the first "Run." So I ran. About 30 seconds in I realized that I need to buy new underpants. They were creeping up uncomfortably. About 60 seconds in I realized that for some reason my bra was creeping northward and the girls were running their own race. I pulled everything back to where they belonged and kept going. I had to readjust the girls several more times in that first half of my run. About this point I lamented about how lucky guys are that they don't have to worry about these things. Then thought about the uncomfortable things that might happen to their body parts and was grateful to just have to deal with bouncy-bouncy.
So I was cold, uncomfortable and questioning my sanity when I hit my first walk. I figured I might as well keep going. Besides, I was having.. fun? It's quiet in the park still. I'm sure that will change. I saw a few people fishing, some squirrels, goose poop, and the robins and black-capped chickadees were out in force. I also became very glad that I HADN'T put on a jacket or worn gloves.
I'm not really sure how many laps around the park I went. After a few adjustments the girls stayed where they were supposed to be. My underpants, well, I'll be buying some new stuff soon. Disadvantage of getting smaller, I guess. Not that I'm complaining. One thing that I did notice is that when I hit the "walk" I thought, "I could keep going."
My cool down walk home was nice. So nice in fact that I paid no attention to my route and ended up taking a longer way home. The last few blocks I had two options, a longer flatter route or a shorter route up a fairly substantial hill. I chose the hill. That's a first.
And then there was a shower.
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December 4, 2009
Attorney General defends Indiana robo-call law from national political group's challenge
Zoeller urges Federal Election Commission to keep state law intact
INDIANAPOLIS – In light of a political activist group's efforts to invalidate state laws protecting consumers from annoying prerecorded calls, Indiana Attorney General Greg Zoeller is urging federal officials not to override Indiana's law restricting robo-calls.
Since 1988, Indiana law has prohibited the use of robo-calls -- prerecorded messages placed to thousands of phone customers through "auto-dialer" technology. Just last year, the attorney general's office was given the green-light by the Indiana Supreme Court for enforcement over those who would violate the law following a challenge to that authority by political action groups in 2006. Prerecorded phone messages are illegal in Indiana unless the individual consumer's permission is obtained first, through a live operator or "opt-in" agreement.
"Hoosiers have come to appreciate the peace and quiet that our telephone privacy statutes have returned to their homes. I've been told repeatedly that they detest robo-calls and don't want to receive them. Most consumers don't want pre-recorded phone calls from businesses and they certainly don't want them from political candidates," Zoeller said. "Indiana's strong Do Not Call law and Auto-Dialer law are nationally respected and my office will resist any attempt by political activists to weaken or undercut them."
A political group that advertises on behalf of certain candidates, America Future Fund Political Action or AFFPA, has asked the Federal Election Commission to issue an advisory opinion that federal election law supersedes or overrides robo-call restrictions in Indiana and other states. The FEC is asked to consider whether political groups that spend money in federal election campaigns are exempt from state laws limiting or prohibiting robo-calls.
"If AFFPA prevails, any political group that spends money on federal candidates could be exempt from state-level robo-call laws. Candidates and the groups that support them could blast out prerecorded calls with impunity," Zoeller said. "This effort to erode our protections from robo-calls comes after the Federal Trade Commission recently banned prerecorded sales calls to consumers without their permission, due to greater use of auto-dialer technology by scammers."
Zoeller's official response to the FEC urges the commission to rule against AFFPA and find instead that existing federal regulations on campaign spending do not override or preempt state laws limiting robo-calls. "The notion that a national political group could somehow trump state law merely by spending campaign funds on advertising is disturbing and offensive," the attorney general said. "If that were true, political activists could circumvent local ordinances restricting pamphlet-littering or campaign billboards, just by spending campaign money on their promotion."
Instead, Zoeller favors no change in the longstanding current interpretation of FEC regulations, which allows Indiana and other states to enforce their individual robo-call restrictions.
Zoeller noted that Indiana's Auto-Dialer law is crafted so that candidates can send prerecorded messages to any voters who want to receive them. Robo-calls from candidates are legal if a live operator obtains the consumer's permission first, or if the consumer opts in to receiving such calls, usually through an email permission form.
The campaign organizations of two Indiana elected officials – U.S. Rep. Brad Ellsworth, a Democrat, and Governor Mitch Daniels, a Republican – previously have used the opt-in feature to send prerecorded messages legally and properly to consumers who requested them, Zoeller said.
During the 2006 election cycle, former Attorney General Steve Carter filed suit against two political groups – who were making illegal campaign-related robo-calls for and against congressional candidates -- for violating the Auto-Dialer law.
Zoeller, who succeeded Carter as attorney general in January, is now plaintiff in both lawsuits.
The FEC's decision on AFFPA's request for an opinion on federal preemption of state robo-call laws is expected at a later date. "A ruling by the FEC in Indiana's favor will let us maintain our strong enforcement against robo-calls while maintaining Indiana's vigorous tradition of sharp political debate," Zoeller said.


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From: bb on: Tue Oct 30, 2007 9:54 pm
Song of the Day: aasai pOvathu vinnilE from naam piRandha maN.
- Saravanan writes:
A long pending request of Mythila, here is a forgotten number by MSV from the 70s….
'aasai pOvathu vinnilE' from naam piRandha maN
Sung by S. P. B.
Lyrics by Kannadasan
Music by M.S. Viswanathan
* * * *
'Have you seen 'naam piRandha maN?' was Kamalhasan's query to Shankar when the director first narrated the story of his 'Indian' to him. Hearing the gripping outline of an aged freedom-fighter who becomes the nemesis for his wayward son, Kamal must have been engulfed by a sense of déjà vu, for Shankar's narrative bore startling similarities to 'naam piRandha maN'. Kamal's thoughts must have raced back to more than two decades when 'vietnam veedu' Sundaram met him with the script (inspired ever so slightly perhaps, by 'Mother India'?) and offered the upcoming actor the role of the rebellious, well-meaning son.
naam piRandha maN (Vijaya Arts/ 7.10.1977) had Rajasekhar's story being drafted into 'vietnam veedu' Sundaram's riveting screenplay and dialogues. It was produced by 'The Hindu' S. Rangarajan. Rangarajan had earlier tasted success by producing 'gowravam' (under the banner 'Vietnam Movies') with Sivaji Ganesan in the lead and with 'vietnam veedu' Sundaram as the director. This time around too, Sundaram was initially appointed as director, but cameraman A. Vincent took over the direction later on. The titles credit the screenplay to both Sundaram and Vincent.
The movie recounted the life and times of a fictitious revolutionary freedom fighter called Sandhana Thevan. The first half of the movie is filled with his daring exploits, how even while leading the blameless life of a respected village-head during the day, Thevan heads a clandestine band of brave youngsters who strike terror at the British bases in the night. Not even his wife and sister are aware of his dual life. Thevan has to suffer untold miseries when his identity becomes known- his sister is molested and left to die, and he gives himself up to the British at the tearful entreaty of his wife. Thevan is released from prison when India attains independence. He has now lost all his ancestral wealth, and his son Ranjit grows up to a life of scarcity and poverty. Ranjit is disheartened by the depths to which the family fortunes have sunk, and he longs to restore to his proud father and long-suffering mother all that they have lost. All his attempts to secure employment are in vain, and he resorts to crime as an easier means to wealth. But he has not accounted for the anger of his principled father, and events then move to a tragic climax.
If Sivaji Ganesan's performance as Thevan leading a dual life was marked by majestic histrionics, his restrained underplay as the father who refuses to sacrifice his lofty principles was heartwarming. Kamal as the frustrated son brimmed with righteous fury and anguish. K.R. Vijaya played Thevar's wife Deivanayagi, and hers was a dignified portrayal as well. Gemini Ganesh as another revolutionary Joseph, Nagesh as the faithful family retainer Thavasu, 'Fadafat' Jayalakshmi as Thevan's sister Papa and Reena as the British Sergeant's wife were all well cast in their respective roles.
The proceedings were punctuated with several interesting twists and some emotional highpoints- the playful banter between Deivanayagi and Papa accentuating the deep affection they have for each other, the young revolutionary Viswanathan venturing out on a valiant mission on the night of his wedding and killing himself after shooting the British collector at Maniachi Junction, Deivanayagi nursing the British child who is down with chicken-pox and proclaiming the oneness of Mary and Maari, the amazement of Joseph when he discovers that Sandhana Thevan is none other than his employer 'vEttaikkaara' Thevan, the daring encounter that James and Thevan have with the British troops in the still of the night and their seeking sanctuary in a church, all the men in the village sporting bandages in their legs to foil the attempts of the British when they try to trace Sandhana Thevan through his wounded leg, the moving episode where Thevan escapes from police to attend the funeral of Joesph's mother, Thevan rescuing the British commander from a pit into which they had fallen together, the unblemished loyalty of Thavasu even when Thevan has fallen upon bad times, the arresting arguments between the principled father and practical son with the anguished mother playing the eternal arbitrator, the moving scene where Thevan and Joesph meet after many years, the undisguised pride in Thevan's eyes when Ranjit buys back their ancestral house and presents it to his parents, and how the same eyes fill with tears of shame and rage when he learns the secret of his son's sudden affluence, the inexorable end…. The movie was also well made technically with Vincent's cinematography and Mohana's art direction presenting with pulsating life the ambiance of a feudal village down south in pre-independence India.
Despite everything going for it, naam piRandha maN was a commercial failure. Perhaps the public were tired of another Sivaji movie having a father-son tussle, or it could be that the image of Chappani (16 vayathinilE was released a few weeks earlier, on 15 September 1977) had the public in a trance which they were not willing to come out of yet.
* * * *
MSV and Kannadasan had come up with a winsome album as always. 'annai bagavathikku thannai koduththu vittu' by P. Suseela (Deivanayagi singing at the temple of the goddess as a thanksgiving for the British child's recovery), 'thaai paadum paattu thaanE thaalattu paattu', by P. Suseela and Vani Jairam (an endearing bout between the sisters-in-law), 'bhaarathathil Or pOr nadakkum, idhu sathiyam sathiyam' by K. Veeramani ( an intelligent juxtaposition of a folk performance of the Mahabharatha war with Thevan galloping to avenge Papa's gory end), and 'idhaya thalaivaa nee sollu, irumbu manitha nee sollu- naan yaar, naan yaar' by TMS (a ruminative number by Thevan when Ranjit informs him that a member of the assembly to whom he had gone for an attestation was wholly ignorant of Thevan and his part in the freedom struggle).
The fifth song is the SOTD.
* * * *
But knowledge to their eyes her ample page
rich with the spoils of time did ne'er unroll;
Chill Penury repress'd their noble rage,
and froze the genial current of the soul…
- Thomas Gray (Elegy in a Country Churchyard)
The proud Thevar remains proud and principled, while the Thevar magan languishes in abject penury. He has grown up listening to tales of the fabulous wealth that was once theirs, the acres of land that yielded bountiful harvest year after year, the huge amounts that his father gave away in charity, the thousands of people who were fed by his family during temple festivities…. But all he has known first-hand is poverty and deprivation. He is not educated, not because he was a dunce, it was because his impoverished father could not afford to educate him. Much like the children of poor families whom Thomas Gray alludes to in the above verse, knowledge to our man's eyes did never unroll. As a result, this illiterate youngster is unable to find a job. And when finally he gets a job in a wine shop, his enraged father comes to know and puts an end to that soon enough…. What does he do…he cannot bear to see his long-suffering mother scrimp and scrounge and starve herself even while trying to feed her husband and son… he cannot bear to see youngsters of his age enjoying life when he is stricken by perennial poverty… How true was the sagacious old woman when she observed 'kodidhu kodidhu vaRumai kodidhu, adhaninum kodidhu iLamaiyil vaRumai!'
Frustrations galore… he lands a job as a crooner in a hotel… develops dubious contacts from there…. gets trapped in a vortex of crime that fetches him the riches that he has always longed for…He despises himself for what he has become, his inner conscience and his principled upbringing gnaw him to penitence, yet he stifles the alarm bells, justifying crime as a necessary evil… His is a brooding, introspective lot that evening… the usual revelers gather in the hotel, but he is lost in the labyrinth of his wretchedness…. And so he narrates his travails in a song that he croons…
aasai pOvathu vinnilE
kaalgaL pOvathu mannilE
paalam pOdungaL yaaravathu
paadi aadungaL indRaavathu….
In the prelude to the song, Vincent employs some imaginative touches that capture the above philosophical lines of the bard… the first shot shows Kamal walking on the road (kaalgaL pOvathu mannile), the next one shows an airplane in the sky (aasai pOvathu vinnilE), and then…there are montage shots showing him meeting shifty men, receiving mysterious consignments (paalam pOdungaL yaaravathu)…The scene then shifts to the interiors of the hotel where Kamal sings, a girl sways to his song, the bacchanalian audience intent on their own pleasures indifferent to the angst that peeps through his lines (paadi aadungaL indRaavathu )….
And as his wont, Kannadasan lets his lines reflect the inner turmoil of the character… And the thoughts of the great writers of the world creep unintentionally into his poetic lines… Oliver Goldsmith's 'The nakedness of the indigent world may be clothed from the trimmings of the vain' finds new meaning in 'kattidam jolikkiRathu, asthivaaram azhugiRathu.' Ella Wheeler Wilcox would have discovered a kindred soul in Kannadasan had she happened to hear 'yaarum sindhattum kaNNeerai, neengaL theLiyungaL paneerai', for the line is a sardonic leaf out of her own 'Laugh, and the world laughs with you; weep, and you weep alone…' And had John Milton who wrote 'These evils I deserve, and more…Justly, yet despair not of His final pardon, Whose ear is ever open, and His eye gracious to re-admit the suppliant' and Alexander Pope who declared 'To err is human, to forgive divine' lived in the time of our bard, they would have doubtless saluted the heart and shook the hand that interpreted the same thoughts so eloquently in
deivam sila nEram sindhikkum
mannil pala pErai mannikkum
indha manRathil aadungaL..
andha mannippai kOrungaL
ennai maniththu vidu!
As for MSV, he must have been delighted to obtain this philosophical soliloquy from the bard, and he sets it to a simple tune that brings to the fore the somber undercurrent of the lines. It is a stylish composition of the master wherein the first four lines of the charaNam are but a variation of the pallavi's tune. The first three charaNams close with didactic reflections, while the last charaNam ends with a desperate cry to the Lord for forgiveness. In perfect congruence with the plush interiors of the opulent hotel, MSV employs the guitar, drums and trumpets to tantalizing effect. There are four charaNams, and alternate interludes are similar. The second and fourth interlude open with the bells that jingle in the glittering sequins of the danseuse's dress, and as the singer's thoughts fly to his mother amidst her domestic drudgery, MSV's violins wail in empathetic anguish...
The sharpest weapon in MSV's arsenal though, is SPB. How fetchingly does he portray the misery of the on-screen singer… Listen to the cynical chortle in 'inbangaL thoonguvathu illai…thunbangaLaum appadithaan' and the hushed sob in the final plea, 'iRaiva…..ennai maniththu vidu!' Frustration, anger, guilt, rationalization, resignation, and prayer… all delivered with operatic flourish parade in mesmerizing succession in SPB's song…
Tags: M.S.Viswanathan , S.P.B
Categories: MSV - SPB songs


text:
By: Melissa Koznuk
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Average Score: 69
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How to Create an Epic Fantasy Story
Two Methods:Writing HelpCreating Your Own Fantasy StoryCommunity Q&A
Feeling inspired after reading 'Arthurian legends', 'Tristram', 'Isolde', and other epics? Wanting to make your own fantasy story?
Writing Help
Creating Your Own Fantasy Story
1Choose the point of view. The most common points of view are first person, which lets you show more of the character's feelings, and third person, which is more general but makes it easy to follow multiple characters. There is also second person, which is an uncommon point of view and basically tells the story as if it happened to the reader. Consider the advantages and disadvantages of each point of view before choosing one.
2Think about the setting. What kind of world does your story happen in? How large is it? Where are the civilizations?
- Make your world consistent, but not too consistent. You want to make your world realistic, but not all the same. Think about our world: people are similar, but have many different cultures, beliefs, opinions, and so on. Think about this in the world you create. How consistently do different cultures and races mix? If, for example, your world is based on ancient Scandinavia and one part of the world is a techno-futuristic city, you better have a good reason for it, or your world will become too inconsistent.
- Draw a map of your imaginary world. Feel free to change anything to make it suit your likings (yet don´t forget consistency). The map is in many ways the basis for your story. Famously, Robert Louis Stevenson was inspired to write Treasure Island by a map.
- Create a history for the world.
- Start with your map.
- Draw dots for budding civilizations.
- Imagine the differences between two countries, for instance, always warring over a particular border, and give characteristics to them. Consider the stereotypes people in our world hold regarding other countries, originating in anything from petty disputes over land to not showing up to help an ally in a crucial battle.
3Creatures and races. Take some standard races that are common in fantasy (elves, dwarves, goblins, dragons, and so on). Change them and give them your own special, unique twists. Create your own races, too. Give them all at least a hint of history (again, your map can help you here, and you can also use a timeline). They should be there in a way that deepens and enriches your world. Include cultures, religions, gods and beliefs to show why the people act in a certain way or to explain their festivals. Give each race its own strengths and weaknesses and explain their creation. Races don't just appear, how and why were they created? (Do they have stories about being created by their god(s), do they agree with evolution, were they the result of some experiment by some other race...?)
4Create complex, deep, multifaceted and memorable characters. Think about these questions: What is the hero´s motive for setting out for a quest? What does he/she want? What does he/she learn during the quest? Why does the villain oppose the hero? Who does the hero meet during his/her journey? How do they help or hinder him/her? Why?
- You can make your hero a sword-swinging, puzzle-solving young boy or girl and the villain an evil overlord, who wants to take over the world, but give them depth and something that sets them apart from other swashbuckling heroes and evil masterminds. The less cliched, the better.
- Give a rich background to as many characters as possible (especially main heroes and villains). Even though it may never play part in a story, it helps you understand them, and make realistic choices for them.
- Give your main character stake in the quest. Be it saving a loved one, seeking vengeance for an unforgivable crime, escaping someone or something, preventing something bad from happening or anything, make clear what happens if the hero fails.
5Ask yourself: What is your story´s overall narrative theme? Having a clear theme in mind helps drive the narrative and makes it less likely to stray.
6Give your hero challenges to deal with and watch how he deals with them. Also, let him face despair and suffer.
- Sometimes you find that your hero is going to face a tragic fate. It may be painful, but good tragedy always hurts. And remember, struggle and conflict are good. Tragic stories are often those remembered best.
- If you still want your hero to survive, find some way around it. Maybe some honorable minor character the hero saved earlier in the story saves the hero in turn, out of gratitude. Maybe the hero has kept an item his friend gave him in the beginning (Chekov´s gun) and manages to save himself, or perhaps he convinces a selfish antihero that he is the only way for the latter to get what they want and thus gets saved. But never, ever, play deus' ex machina'. If there is nothing in the story to save the hero, let them die. If you need a hero after the first one dies, maybe their friend can take over the dead hero's role.
Community Q&A
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Will this work for any story?
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- You can always write a sequel, so don't rush the story, but don't make the pace too slow either or your story will be boring.
- Have your characters develop slowly, gradually and subtly. Sometimes it's even better if they do not realize they are changing. Change can be simple or complex, depending on your story. But don't have characters be the same during the first half, then face an epiphany and change completely, otherwise you have 2D characters. Even if the epiphany is meant to be extremely traumatic, build it up so the change doesn't come out of the blue.
- Remember that you don't have to follow the steps in the order that they're listed. If you would prefer to create your characters before you create the setting, go ahead.
- Feel free to take some influences from famous epics, but don´t outright copy them. The more original you manage to make it the better.
- Try adding your own passionate subjects, if it adds to a story. Tolkien had his own made-up languages. Other good touches are, for instance, poetry, art, story-telling, myths and their ilk. Anything you happen to enjoy!
- Add characters' internal journeys that tie to your story's theme and you make your story even more interesting. Captivating themes are, for instance, a teenager growing into an adult, fall of a hero, atonement, redemption, growing out of your shell, seeking acceptance, becoming a better person and overcoming prejudice. There are various roads to character development.
- One of the most important aspects of the epic stories is that a lot happens. No one wants to read a story where nothing at all happens. Whether it be a quest heroes set out to, war, political intrigue, fighting monsters, seeing mythic places, seeking vengeance (it's an old staple, but it works!), hunting treasures, just about anything interesting, something has to happen. The more stuff happening you have in your story, the more fascinated and interested your readers are, assuming you can tie it all together in a pleasing bundle.
- You don't have to write your story in order. If you have a great idea for a scene in the middle of the story but you're still writing the beginning, go ahead and write down the scene in the middle. You can add it to your story when you get to that part.
- Interesting secondary and minor characters may enrich your story, but be careful not to let them get out of hand. They are a supporting cast-don't let them steal the spotlight.
- Secondary characters can and should have a part in revealing and developing your character. What different sides do they bring out?
- But if they're well-developed enough, they might merit their own story — although not a fantasy, look at Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead.
- Try to think from the perspective of the main character and consider how it changes with each person they meet. This will help you show how the background of the main character has developed differently from that of the supporting characters.
- If you have a great idea for a scene in the middle of the story, feel free to write it down somewhere else - you can always change it later.
- Don't copy from other authors. You can get inspiration from them, but do not plagiarize their work.
- Plan ahead, but not too far ahead, otherwise you will most likely start concentrating more on the sequel than on the book you are currently writing.
- It is very easy to forget about your story and concentrate only on the world you created.
Things You'll Need
- Paper and pencil/pen or computer- some way to write down your story and ideas
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Español: crear una historia de fantasía épica, Italiano: Scrivere una Storia Epica in Stile Fantasy, Русский: написать эпическое произведение в жанре фэнтези, Português: Criar uma História Épica de Fantasia
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Cooler than average temperatures this week.
A company said it has faced challenges since seeking approval to put a care ...
The No. 24 Arkansas baseball team (21-13) raced out to an early lead Wednesday ...
Due to the threat of inclement weather, Arkansas baseball's series opener with ...
ARKADELPHIA, Ark--Following his exciting win at the 2013 Travelers Championship, former Henderson State golfer Ken Duke is a candidate for the PGA TOUR Player of the Month presented by Avis.
Duke is one of four nominees selected by a media panel based on his performance during the month of June.
Fans will determine who wins the PGA TOUR Player of the Month award.
Duke will be featured on PGATOUR.COM for fan voting from Wednesday, July 3rd through Sunday, July 7th. For access to voting, please visit www.pgatour.com/pom.
Avis will contribute a $50,000 donation to the winner's charity of choice. The winner will be able to choose up to two (2) charities to receive this donation.
Troy Mitchell: Sports Information Director


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SD region gets $100M in high-speed rail money
SACRAMENTO Gov. Jerry Brown's expected signature on a high-speed rail bond measure will help lower the local price tag for several transit improvements designed to make commuting by train easier, faster and safer throughout San Diego County.
The region is counting on an immediate $100 million, in addition to millions more in the future, to keep three key transit projects on track, according to Gary Gallegos, executive director of the San Diego Association of Governments.
Those are making improvements along the Blue Line trolley from downtown to San Ysidro, installing a federally mandated computerized safety system in North County and upgrading train service between San Diego and Los Angeles.
Lawmakers last week narrowly sent Brown legislation that will clear the way for the state to begin selling $4.5 billion worth of voter-approved bonds to launch the controversial high-speed rail system. The governor has already announced his support and has until July 23 to sign the bill.
The local agencies would have still pushed ahead with or without bond funds, but passage means that a like amount of local money will be freed for other uses, Gallegos said.
"If we don't have this bill we would have to continue totally on our own and at a much slower pace," he said.
Voters approved the high-speed rail measure in 2008, but escalating costs and complaints threatened to shut down the system. The plan was reworked to lower the price to an estimated $68 billion and a number of urban projects, such as those in San Diego, were promised first-round funding to shore up support.
Lawmakers were also under pressure to move ahead or risk losing $3.2 billion in federal dollars that are conditioned on building the first 130-mile segment in the Central Valley connecting Madera to Bakersfield despite low ridership projections, Opponents had called for sending the question back to voters or at least delay the sale given the ongoing budget crisis.
The nonpartisan Legislative Analyst's Office raised alarms in April and today still maintains that the project's financing plan is unrealistic given its reliance on uncommitted future dollars from state and federal coffers.
The Legislative Analyst did say that spending money on so-called "connectivity" projects that will eventually link urban train systems, such as those in San Diego County, with the high-speed rail line are worthwhile.
The San Diego area projects that will benefit from the passage of Senate Bill 1029 are:
Blue Line Trolley
The San Diego Metropolitan Transit System plans to use its $57.85 million grant to help pay for a more expansive project to rehabilitate tracks, improve grade crossings an add signaling.
"It's a major rehabilitation to the most productive and oldest trolley on the San Diego system," Gallegos said.
Overall, the project price tag is an estimated $583 million. Work started about a year ago and is expected to be completed toward the end of 2013.
LOSSAN rail corridor
This train line running from San Diego north to Los Angeles and San Luis Obispo draws the second most riders in the country, Gallegos said.
The legislative action will help corridor planners eventually secure $1 billion out of the high-speed rail bond account to make a number of improvements that could be approved by the California Transportation Commission later. he said.
The various transit agencies plan to widen the single track to two- or three-tracks and build grade separations to bypass the busiest intersections.
The goal is to reduce the three-hour San Diego-to-Los Angeles commute by about a third.
"If we can cut it to two hours then the train ride is pretty competitive to the automobile," Gallegos said.


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The Tempest With a Twist: Stress Ball Tomatoes
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Lots of fun and a versatile cast!
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The Baltimore Shakespeare Factory is dedicated to bringing Shakespeare to life for audiences of all ages and backgrounds, and has the following major objectives: Create performances that inspire audiences to the wonder of Shakespeare's language, use Shakespeare's work to educate and entertain people of all ages in the communities we serve, and present performances that use the staging conditions of Shakespeare's time to illuminate the plays in new ways for a modern audience.


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'Inside MAD' Goes Apatow Crazy
By DAVID WEINER
October 28, 2013
Longtime MAD magazine fan Judd Apatow finally gets the MAD treatment in the new hardcover tribute Inside MAD, available Oct. 29, and we've got an exclusive first look at the star-studded mania! Click to the next frame for a wider look, then keep clicking to see star MAD tributes!
' More Sad Details Revealed About Robin Williams' Final Resting Place'(Fox News)
' WOW: 'Dating Naked' Is In Big Trouble'(Fox News)
' Katie Holmes Talks More About Tom Cruise'(Celeb Dirty Laundry)
' Are Taylor Swift and John Mayer Back Together?'(Celeb Dirty Laundry)
' What Is Really Going On With Nick Cannon and Mariah Carey?'(Hollywood Hiccups)


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Rambam - 1 Chapter a Day
Shemita - Chapter 4
Shemita - Chapter 4
All produce that grows from the earth1 in the Sabbatical year:2 whether it grew from seeds that fell into the earth before the Sabbatical year, it grew from roots whose plants were harvested previously, but nevertheless grew again - in both instances [such produce] is referred to with the term safiach3 - or grasses and vegetables that grew on their own accord [in the Sabbatical year], is permitted to be eaten according to Scriptural Law,4 as [Leviticus 25:6] states: "And [the produce that grows] while the land is resting shall be yours to eat." Even when a field was plowed thoroughly5 in the Sabbatical year, and produce grew in it, that produce is permitted to be eaten. The statement [ibid.:] "Do not reap the aftergrowth of your harvest" means that one should not reap it in the same manner as one does every year.6 If one reaps it according to the ordinary manner, he is worthy of lashes. For example, he harvested the entire field, set up a grain heap, and threshed it with cattle or harvested it for the sake of tilling the land as we explained.7 Instead, he should reap it little by little, beat it,8 and partake of it.
According to Rabbinic decree, all the sifichim are forbidden to be eaten. Why was a decree established concerning them? Because of the transgressors, so that they could not go and sow grain, beans, and garden vegetables in one's field discretely and when they grow, partake of them, saying that they are sifichim. Therefore the Sages prohibited all the sifichim that grow in the Sabbatical year.
Thus we have learned that the only produce of the Sabbatical year of which one may partake are fruit from trees9 and herbs that are not sown by most people,10e.g., rue, amaranth,11 and the like. With regard to vegetables that most people sow in their gardens and species of grains and beans, by contrast, anything that grows from these species is forbidden according to Rabbinic decree. One who gathers them12 is liable for stripes for rebellious conduct.
When sifichim grow in an underdeveloped field,13 a field that was plowed, a vineyard, and a field where crops had been sown,14 they are permitted to be eaten.
Why was the above decree not applied to these places? Because a person will not sow these fields. [He will not sow] an underdeveloped field, because no one pays attention to it. When a field has been plowed, [the owner] desires that it remain lying fallow. With regard to a vineyard, no person will cause his vineyard to become forbidden.15 And when a field has been sown, the aftergrowth will spoil it. Similarly, straw that grows in the Sabbatical year is permitted in all places; no decree was issued against its use.16
When onions of the Sabbatical year enter the eighth year, they are permitted when there is enough time for produce of that size to have grown [in the eighth year].22 If not, they are forbidden.23
Similar concepts apply with regard to other produce. They should not be purchased in the eighth year24 until produce of that size could have grown in the eighth year. When, in the eighth year, the produce which grows rapidly reaches [the size of the produce which grew in the Sabbatical year], the prohibition is lifted from the produce that remains.25 It is permitted to purchase garden vegetables in the eighth year immediately.26
When is a person permitted to purchase wild onions in the eighth year? When the new produce exceeds [the old].27
The first of Tishrei is Rosh HaShanah with regard to the Sabbatical and Jubilee years.28 [The following rules apply with regard to] produce of the sixth year that enters the Sabbatical year. Grain, legumes, or fruit29 that reached the stage when tithes are required to be separated30 before Rosh HaShanah [of the Sabbatical year] are permitted [to be reaped]. Even though they are gathered in the Sabbatical year, they are considered like produce of the sixth year in all regards.31 If they did not reach the stage when tithes are required to be separated until after Rosh HaShanah, they are considered as produce of the Sabbatical year.32
When rice, millet, poppy seeds, sesame seeds, and Egyptian beans are sown to produce seed,35 [the ruling depends on] when the produce completes its growth.36 If its growth is completed before Rosh HaShanah, these [seeds] are permitted [to be harvested] in the Sabbatical year like the produce of the sixth year. If their growth is completed after Rosh HaShanah, even though [the plants] took root before Rosh HaShanah, they are forbidden as sifichin.
[The ruling regarding] vegetables [depends] on the time they were harvested.37
With regard to an esrog, even if it was the size of a bean before Rosh HaShanah [of the Sabbatical year] and grow to the size of a loaf of bread in the Sabbatical year, it is obligated to be tithed like the produce of the sixth year.38 [Conversely,] even if it had reached the size of a loaf of bread in the sixth year, since it was reaped in the Sabbatical year, it is considered as the produce of the Sabbatical year.39 As a stringency, the tithes are separated like the produce of the sixth year.
Similarly, when the produce of the Sabbatical year is reaped in the eighth year: With regard to grain, legumes, and the fruit of the trees, [the ruling depends on when the produce reached] the stage when tithes are required to be separated.40 When rice, millet, poppy seeds, sesame seeds, and Egyptian beans are sown to produce seed, [the ruling depends on] when the produce completes its growth.41 [The ruling regarding] vegetables [depends] on the time they were harvested.42
When one sowed Egyptian beans for seed in the sixth year and the produce was completed before Rosh HaShanah of the Sabbatical year, both its vegetables and its seed are permitted in the Sabbatical year.43 If one sowed it to use as a vegetable44and it entered the Sabbatical year, both its vegetables and its seed are forbidden like the sifichin of the Sabbatical year. Similarly, if he sowed it both for its seed and to use as a vegetable, it is forbidden.45
[The following rules apply if] one transgressed and sowed [such beans] in the Sabbatical year, [their growth was completed in the Sabbatical year,] but they remained [in the ground] until eighth year: If they were sown for seed,46 both the seed and the vegetables are forbidden in the eighth year like other sifichin. If one sowed it to use as a vegetable, since it was harvested in the eighth year, both its vegetables and its seed are permitted.47 If he sowed it both for its seed and to use as a vegetable, its seed is forbidden as sifichin and its vegetables are permitted.
Since white figs48 take three years before their growth is completed, if they reach the stage when tithes are required to be separated before Rosh HaShanah of the eighth year,49 they should be eaten in the second year of the seven year cycle according to the restrictions50 governing fruit of the Sabbatical year.
Onions that will not produce scallions51 and Egyptian beans from which water was withheld for 30 days before Rosh HaShanah and onions that do produce scallions52 from which water was withheld for three irrigation periods53 before Rosh HaShanah are considered as the produce of the sixth year.54 If water was withheld from them for a shorter period, they are considered as sefichin from the Sabbatical year.55
[The following laws apply with regard to] gourd plants which were maintained [in the ground] to produce seed. If they became hard56 before Rosh HaShanah and thus were unfit for human consumption, it is permitted to maintain them in the Sabbatical year, for they are from the produce of the sixth year.57 If not,58 they are considered as sefichin from the Sabbatical year.59
Similar [laws apply with regard to] vegetables. Any ones that become hard before Rosh HaShanah are permitted to be maintained in the Sabbatical year.60 If they were soft,61 it is forbidden to maintain them, as [is the law regarding] sefichin.62
We do not require a person to uproot wild onions. Instead, we allow him to leave them in the ground as they are.63 If they grow in the eighth year, they are permitted. Similarly, we do not require him to uproot an artichoke plant.64 All that is necessary is to cut off its leaves.65 If it grows again in the eighth year, it is permitted.
When, in the Sabbatical year, rain descended upon onions70 and they sprouted leaves, the leaves are permitted as long as they are light green.71 If they have turned dark,72 it is considered as if the plants were planted in the earth and those leaves are forbidden as sefichin. In both situations, the onions themselves remain permitted.73
When an onion was uprooted in the Sabbatical year and replanted in the eighth year and its growth exceeded its original size, the additional growth elevates the original mass74 and the entire [onion] is permitted. [The rationale is that] since the prohibition of the Sabbatical year comes about via the earth,75 it can be removed via the earth.76
Fruits produced by a tree in the Sabbatical year should not be reaped in the same manner as they are reaped every year,77 as [Leviticus 25:5] states: "The grapes you had designated you shall not gather."78 One who reaps grapes to improve the vine or in the ordinary manner of reaping is liable for lashes.
How should one conduct himself?79 Figs of the Sabbatical year should not be set out to dry in the place where they are usually set out to dry. They can, however, be left to dry in a ruin.80 We may not crush grapes81 in a vat, but they may be crushed in a kneading trough. Olives should not be crushed82 in a press, but they may be squeezed and placed in a very small press. One may grind them83 in the oil press and place them in a small press. Similarly, with regard to other matters, [the fundamental rule is]: One should deviate from the norm in whatever way possible.
It is a positive commandment84 to divest oneself from everything that the land produces in the Sabbatical year, as [Exodus 23:11] states: "In the seventh [year], you shall leave it untended and unharvested."
Anyone who locks his vineyard or fences off his field in the Sabbatical year has nullified a positive commandment.85 This also holds true if he gathered all his produce into his home. Instead, he should leave everything ownerless. Thus everyone86has equal rights in every place, as [ibid.] states: "And the poor of your people shall partake of it." One may bring a small amount into one's home, just as one brings from ownerless property,87e.g., five jugs of oil, fifteen jugs of wine.88 If he takes more than that, it is permitted.89
[The laws of] the Sabbatical year are observed only in Eretz Yisrael alone, as [Leviticus 25:2] states: "When you will come to the land...."90 It is observed while the Temple is standing and when the Temple is not standing.91
In the entire area taken possession of by the Jews who ascended from Babylonia until Kziv,92 it is forbidden to work the land and the sifichin that grow there are forbidden to be eaten. In the entire area that was taken possession of only by the Jews that ascended from Egypt, i.e., from Kziv to the River [of Egypt]93 and to the Umanum Mountains,94 even though it is forbidden to till [the land] in the Sabbatical year, the sifichin that grow there are permitted to be eaten. From the River [of Egypt] and from the Umanum Mountains [onward], one may till [the land] in the Sabbatical year.95
Although the Sabbatical year is not observed in Syria96 according to Scriptural Law, [our Sages] decreed that it would be forbidden to till it in the Sabbatical year like Eretz Yisrael, so that [the Jewish people] would not abandon Eretz Yisrael and go and settle permanently there. In Ammon, Moab,97 Egypt, and Babylonia, by contrast, though the tithes must be separated according to Rabbinic Law,98 the Sabbatical year is not observed.
When a gentile purchases land in Eretz Yisrael and sows it in the Sabbatical year, the produce is permitted.101 For our Sages decreed that sifichin should be forbidden only as a safeguard against transgressors and the gentiles are not commanded to observe the Sabbatical year. Thus there is no need to institute a safeguard for them.
In the cities of Eretz Yisrael that are close to the border, we appoint a trustworthy watchman so that the gentiles will not spread [through the land] and take the produce of the Sabbatical year.102
As opposed to fruit; see Halachah 3.
As indicated by Halachah 9, this refers to produce that reached the stage of growth that obligates the separation of tithes - i.e., one third of its growth - after Rosh HaShanah of the Sabbatical year. If the produce reached this stage of growth beforehand, it is permitted to be harvested in the Sabbatical year.
This term is generally translated as "aftergrowth."
There is an opinion that such produce is forbidden according to Scriptural Law, but the Rambam's view follows the opinion of Menachot 5b.
Our translation is taken from the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (Sh'vi'it 4:2, based on the Jerusalem Talmud).
Sefer HaMitzvot (negative commandment 222) and Sefer HaChinuch (mitzvah 328) includes this commandment among the 613 mitzvot of the Torah.
I.e., harvesting produce will enable the land to generate better produce in the future. This apparently is the intent of Chapter 1, Halachah 1.
To separate the grain from the chaff.
For fruit will grow from trees without any effort on man's part.
Since they are not sown by most people, there is no reason to forbid them from being reaped in the Sabbatical year, for it is unlikely that anyone would plant them.
Both of these are fragrant herbs. Our translation is taken from Rav Kappach's notes to the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (Sh'vi'it 9:1).
The Radbaz questions the Rambam's statement, for seemingly, the Rabbinic decree was against eating, not gathering. He, however, states that from the Jerusalem Talmud (Sh'vi'it 9:1), it would appear that the decree also included gathering the aftergrowth.
In his Commentary to the Mishnah (Pe'ah 2:1), the Rambam defines this term as a field left desolate and untilled.
Apparently, this refers to a field where crops had been sown in the sixth year and they reached more than a third of their growth in that year. Hence, it is permitted to harvest them in the Sabbatical year.
For that would bring about the violation of the prohibition of kilayim, mixed species in a vineyard, and cause the vineyard to become forbidden. See Hilchot Kilayim 6:1.
Although it is not forbidden, it must be treated with the holiness of the Sabbatical year (Ra'avad; see Chapter 5, Halachah 19-20, 23).
I.e., that attained one third of their growth in the Sabbatical year.
If the aftergrowth of the Sabbatical year was allowed, it is possible that transgressors would sow their fields at the end of the Sabbatical year and then say that the crops that are growing are merely an aftergrowth.
And in that way, destroy the crops. We are not concerned with the fact that they will fertilize the field or serve as food for his animals, for there is no prohibition against benefiting from the aftergrowth.
For by that time, the majority of the produce will have grown in the eighth year. The Ra'avad questions the Rambam's source. The commentaries maintain that it follows the wording of the version of the Jerusalem Talmud, Demai 2:1, possessed by the Rambam.
The rationale is that this produce is brought about by a combination of two factors: one (the earth) which is permitted and one (the aftergrowth) which is forbidden. In such situations, the produce is permitted. See Hilchot Ma'aser Sheni 10:21.
For it is possible that these are onions of the eighth year. And if they are from the Sabbatical year, it is possible that they increased their size to the extent that the majority of their growth took place in the eighth year (Radbaz).
Lest one be partaking of an onion that grew in the Sabbatical year.
From a person who is suspect of violating the prohibitions of the Sabbatical year.
Our translation is based on the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (Sh'vi'it 6:4).
See Halachot 12-13.
The Radbaz quotes the Jerusalem Talmud (Sh'vi'it 5:5) as explaining that this refers to after the Pesach festival.
The year is considered to begin from that date. See also Chapter 10, Halachah 4.
The mention of fruit is somewhat problematic, because, as stated in Hilchot Ma'aser Sheni 1:2, the fifteenth of Shvat is "the New Year of the Trees." The Radbaz, however, explains that there is no contradiction. Each "new year" is considered in its own context. With regard to the calculation of the cycle of the tithes and the laws of orlah, the fifteenth of Shvat is "the New Year of the Trees." With regard to the prohibitions of the Sabbatical year, by contrast, the new year begins on Rosh HaShanah.
The Shelah, however, states that even with regard to the Sabbatical year, the fifteenth of Shvat is the Rosh HaShanah of the Trees and wit regard to them, the laws of the Sabbatical year begin from that date. This is the present practice in Eretz Yisrael.
I.e., one third of its growth.
It is permitted to harvest them and partake of them without any restrictions. Nor are they endowed with the holiness of the crops of the Sabbatical year. Similar laws apply with regard to the separation of tithes (ibid.).
As explained in the following halachah.
And harvested.
See Chapters 5-6.
From Rav Kappach's translation of the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (Sh'vi'it 2:8), it appears that the intent is that his purpose is to use the kernels as seed and not to partake of them. Others, however, interpret the Rambam's as meaning that he desires to eat the seeds and not the pods. Were the person concerned with eating the pods - or even the kernels according to the first interpretation - the plants would be considered like vegetables; see Halachah 14.
I.e., they are not considered like vegetables in which the time when they are gathered determines the ruling (Halachah 12), because they are not gathered immediately after their growth is completed, but rather left growing in the earth so that they dry. Nor are they considered like grain or beans in which instance, the time when they reach one third of their growth determines the ruling (Halachah 9), because they complete their growth at different times. See also Hilchot Ma'aser Sheni 1:8 which sets these species aside from others.
It is bound by the agricultural laws governing the year in which it was reaped (ibid.:4).
The produce of the Sabbatical year need not be tithed. Nevertheless, as a stringency, the ruling governing an esrog is dependent on when the fruit first budded (Rosh HaShanah 15b). Hence, it is necessary to tithe such an esrog. Compare to ibid. 1:6.
And must be eaten with consideration shown for the special holiness of that year (Radbaz).
As in Halachah 9. Thus if they complete one third of their growth before the advent of the eighth year, they are considered as produce of the Sabbatical year.
As in Halachah 11. I.e., whether in the Sabbatical year or in the eighth year.
As in Halachah 12. The Rambam does not mention the laws pertaining to an esrog, because since it is reaped in the eighth year, it is considered entirely as the produce of the eighth year. None of the restrictions of the Sabbatical year apply and tithes must be separated.
Since it was sowed for seed, that intent determines the ruling, and the laws stated in Halachah 11 apply. Since as a whole, the plant is considered as the produce of the sixth year, even if part of the plant is harvested as a vegetable, we are not concerned about when it was harvested and it is still considered as produce of the sixth year.
The ruling is governed by that intent and the laws mentioned in Halachah 12 apply, even to the seeds.
Because of the impression that might be created. With regard to this question, the standard published text of the Jerusalem Talmud (Sh'vi'it 5:5) states that the seed is permitted and the vegetable is forbidden. The Radbaz maintains that the Rambam's ruling should be interpreted in the same manner (as might be understood from the conclusion of the following halachah). The Kessef Mishneh suggests that perhaps the Rambam had a different version of the Jerusalem Talmud.
The ruling is determined by when the growth of the produce was completed, in this instance, the Sabbatical year. Hence, it is forbidden as are the other sifichin of that year (Halachah 5).
For the ruling concerning vegetables depends on when they were harvested.
The Ra'avad differs with the Rambam's ruling, maintaining that there is no room for leniency with regard to produce that was sown in the Sabbatical year. The Radbaz justifies the Rambam's ruling, maintaining that it is based on a passage from the Jerusalem Talmud. Rav Yosef Corcus explains that even though sowing the land involves a transgression and in the Sabbatical year, the crops should be uprooted, if that did not happen, the vegetables are not forbidden.
Our translation is based on the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (Sh'vi'it 5:1).
As stated in Halachah 9, this is the determining factor with regard to fruit from trees. Hence they are considered as fruit of the Sabbatical year.
I.e., in a manner which acknowledges their holiness.
Our translation is based on the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (Sh'vi'it 2:9). The term seris means "eunuch." It is used in this instance because generally, onions produce scallions if they are left in a moist place after being uprooted from the earth. Just as a eunuch cannot produce seed, this species does not produce scallions.
Here too our translation is based on the above source.
In that age, when water pumps and piping did not exist, irrigation was a much more complicated matter and plants would be irrigated at specific periods. When a farmer would like to harvest his produce, he begins withholding water from it beforehand, so that it will begin to dry.
Even if they are harvested in the Sabbatical year, for it is considered as if their growth was completed in the sixth year.
For it is considered as if they were still growing at the end of the sixth year.
They dried out [the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (Sh'vi'it 2:10)].
For they did not grow in the Sabbatical year.
And thus they grew in the Sabbatical year.
And they must be destroyed, for it is forbidden to take produce of the Sabbatical year and set it aside to be used for seed in future years (ibid.).
For they did not grow in the Sabbatical year.
And thus they grew in the Sabbatical year.
The Tosefta, Sh'vi'it 2:11 explains that the prohibition stems from the impression that might be created. An onlooker might think that they were planted in the Sabbatical year (Kessef Mishneh).
Wild onions grow in the ground for up to three years. Hence, there is no question about what an onlooker might say, for the majority of the produce will have grown at a time when it is permitted.
Our translation is taken from Rav Kappach's notes to the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (Uktzin 1:6). Our text follows the version of the Mishneh Torah published by Rav Shabse Frankel. The standard printed text offers a slightly different version. Since the artichoke plant grows primarily in the ground and that portion is not visible, it need not be uprooted.
This is necessary. Because the leaves are soft and edible, we are concerned with the impression an observer might receive.
The Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (Sh'vi'it 5:4) states that we are speaking about onions that have reached the stage that all that is necessary is to dig them out and uproot them.
Which become dried out (ibid.).
A plant which produces a powerful red dye.
Although using the metal hatchets would overturn the earth, this is not considered as tilling the land, because one's intent is obviously to harvest the produce (Radbaz).
We are speaking about onions that had completed their growth before the Sabbatical year, but had been left in the ground.
As long as the leaves are green, they are considered as if they come from the onion itself [the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (Sh'vi'it 6:2)].
As the leaves grew, the onion produces roots. As the roots grow, the leaves turn dark green.
For their growth was completed before the advent of the Sabbatical year.
The onion becomes permitted when the majority of its mass is permitted. The new growth nullifies the forbidden matter.
I.e., growing in the earth in the Sabbatical year.
Increasing its size in the eighth year.
The Ra'avad objects to the Rambam's ruling, noting that the Jerusalem Talmud (Sh'vi'it 6:3) appears to imply that the leniency is granted only when the leaves of the onions were bent over. Otherwise, the onions remain forbidden. The Radbaz and the Kessef Mishneh justify the Rambam's ruling, stating that it reflects the treatment of the subject in the Babylonian Talmud (Nedarim 59b). Moreover, even the Jerusalem Talmud can be interpreted in this manner.
The prohibition does not prevent us from reaping the fruits of the trees during the Sabbatical year. On the contrary, the fruits are ownerless and are meant to be eaten by people at large, as Leviticus 11:39 states, "[The fruit produced as] the land rests shall be yours to eat." The point of the mitzvah is that one may not reap in the same manner that he usually does [the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (Sh'vi'it 8:6)].
Sefer HaMitzvot (negative commandment 223) and Sefer HaChinuch (mitzvah 329) include this commandment among the 613 mitzvot of the Torah.
I.e., what changes should be made to the usual manner of reaping.
Our translation of this halachah is based on the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (Sh'vi'it 8:6).
To produce wine.
To extract their oil.
After olives were pressed once and the higher quality of oil extracted, the olives would be ground and pressed again to produce more oil. Compare to Hilchot Issurei Mizbeiach 7:8.
Sefer HaMitzvot (positive commandment 134) and Sefer HaChinuch (mitzvah 84) includes this commandment among the 613 mitzvot of the Torah.
The Rambam's wording implies that the commandment is incumbent on the person; he must consider his property ownerless. Other commentaries note that Bava Metzia 39a speaks of "the land being declared ownerless by the King," i.e., that automatically, the person's right to his produce is removed from him by Divine order. See Likkutei Sichot, Vol. XVII, p. 287ff., which clarifies the difference between these perspectives.
The Kessef Mishneh quotes the Mechilta which explains that according to Scriptural Law, it would appear that one should rip down the fences around his fields. Our Sages did not require that. They did, however, forbid erecting new fences.
The rich as well as the poor.
I.e., although the owner of the land does not have greater privileges than others, he does not have lesser privileges either and may take some of the produce.
For this is an ordinary amount which a person would store for immediate use. To set aside produce for long term storage is forbidden in the Sabbatical year.
For ultimately, he has not treated the field as his own, but has left it ownerless.
Implying that these mitzvot are observed only in that land.
For this reason, the laws of the Sabbatical year were observed even before the Temple was constructed (Radbaz).
Although the laws of the Sabbatical year are not dependent on whether or not the Temple is standing, they are dependent on the presence of the majority of the Jewish people in Eretz Yisrael, as stated in Chapter 10, Halachah 9. As stated in Halachah 8 of that chapter, after the exile of the tribe of Reuven and Gad, slightly more than a hundred years before the destruction of the First Temple, this criterion was not met and the Sabbatical year and many other mitzvot are observed only because of Rabbinic decree.
(As will be explained in the notes to that source, there is some difference of the opinion concerning both the actual ruling and the Rambam's stance on that issue.)
As the Rambam explains in Hilchot Terumah, ch. 1, and Hilchot Beis HaBechirah, ch. 6, when the Jews conquered Eretz Yisrael after the exodus from Egypt, the land became holy and all the agricultural laws incumbent on it took effect. After the exile of the tribes of Reuven and Gad, these laws no longer applied according to Scriptural Law. When Ezra led the people back from the Babylonian exile, he sanctified the land a second time according to Rabbinic decree. At this time, however, the people settled in a much smaller area than they had originally lived. Kziv was the northern boundary of that area and is considered outside the area. See the maps accompanying Hilchot Terumah, loc. cit. See also the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (Sh'vi'it 6:1).
According to the Radbaz (Hilchot Terumah 1:9), this refers to Wadi el Arish and not the Nile. There are, however, other sources which identify "the River of Egypt" as the Nile.
A mountain range in Northern Lebanon. This represents the boundaries of the land conquered by the Jews after the Exodus from Egypt. As the Rambam explains, our Sages imposed certain restrictions on this land as well.
This area is considered as part of the Diaspora and none of the agricultural laws relating to Eretz Yisrael apply there. The Umanum Mountains themselves are part of the Diaspora.
"The lands which [King] David conquered outside of the Land of Canaan, e.g., Aram Naharaim, Aram Tzovah, Achlab [which are located slightly north of Eretz Yisrael]... before he conquered Eretz Yisrael entirely." See Hilchot Terumah 1:3 and the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (Demai 6:11).
Countries to the southeast of Eretz Yisrael.
See Hilchot Terumah 1:6.
Transjordan refers to the area extending outward from the eastern bank of the Jordan. The tribes of Reuven, Gad, and half the tribe of Menasheh settled there. Rav Yosef Corcus maintains that according to Scriptural Law, the Sabbatical year never had to be observed there (see Sifra, the beginning of Behar), because it is not part of Eretz Yisrael in certain contexts. Others maintain that according to Scriptural Law, in the era of the First Temple, the Sabbatical year was to be observed there. All agree that our Sages required its partial observance.
The Radbaz explains that this applies even if the Jews returning from Babylon had settled in a portion of this territory, the sificihin are not forbidden.
I.e., we are allowed to purchase this produce and partake of it. This applies even in the portion of the land where the Sabbatical year is observed according to Rabbinic decree.
The Radbaz and the Kessef Mishneh refer to the Kaftor VePerach who states that seemingly, although produce grown by a gentile in Eretz Yisrael in the Sabbatical year is permitted, it would have to eaten with respect to its holiness, as described in the following chapter. For as the Rambam states in Hilchot Terumah 1:10: "When a gentile purchases land in Eretz Yisrael, he does not cause it to be absolved from [the observance of] the mitzvot. Instead, its holiness is still intact." Thus although there is no reason to forbid one from partaking of the produce grown by a gentile, seemingly, it should be considered "holy."
They note that in their time this was not the common practice, (nor is it the practice in Eretz Yisrael today). They justify this conduct on the grounds that, according to certain views (see Chapter 10, Halachah 9, where this subject is discussed) that in the present era, the observance of the Sabbatical year is a Rabbinic ordinance (and not of Scriptural authority). And our Sages did not impose any restrictions on produce grown by gentiles.
In addition to the material motive involved, there is a ritual dimension to this restriction. We are forbidden to allow a gentile to partake of the produce of the Sabbatical year (Chapter 5, Halachah 13). The Radbaz questions if watchmen should be appointed to guard the fields of Jews in Eretz Yisrael that are not located on the border, but are near areas where gentiles are located and there is a possibility that they will take the produce that is left ownerless.
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Tour De france route
Tourmalet .... twice .....................
Tour De france route
Tourmalet .... twice .....................
Last edited by ednwireland; 10-14-09 at 10:29 AM.
No TTTs ... well.
A long ITT ... in the final week.
Lotsa climbs, but no Ventoux. Good enough.
I read there will only be 3 uphill finishes, which was said to be the same as the 2009 edition. I was hoping for more this year.
"If ya got beef then fool eat a pork chop"
Mountaintop finishes!!!
i may have overreacted
The stage ending at the top of the Tourmalet looks awesome!
The rider in my avatar is David Etxebarria, not me.
Fine course for a Contador/Schleck showdown.
In search of what to search for.
nice to see the tourmalet get the respect it deserves and garner a stage finish. it is all
too often (along with the aubisque) the pyrenean equivalent to the alpine trio of the
bonette, izoard & galiber on the road to elsewhere. granted, the bonette & galibier
don't seem to have enough room to host a finish but the tourmalet & the various ski
areas along the way should host a mountaintop finish every other year-at least!
glad to see that the race at least skirts the massif central on july 16-stage 12.
not as dramatic as the pyrenees or alps but as the bridge between the two,
definitely outweighs any flatter stage that passes to the south of it. really beautiful country
and contains the "puys." to me, this is the authentic french mountain country. wish this
area were featured more often. there are always some riders bold enough to animate
the race here instead of waiting for the last mountain range. if there are not going to be more
mountaintop finishes or a ttt, more hilly/medium mountain stages please!! both the
massif central & the vosges (another argument, another time) fit that bill perfectly.
I'd like to see an ITT down L'Alpe d'Huez!
Stupidity got us into this mess - why can't it get us out?
- Will Rogers
Whoa! And I thought I was crazy!
Stupidity got us into this mess - why can't it get us out?
- Will Rogers
Love it.
Prologue and start of first stage are 30km from my front door.
Was rocking out to the supplied video tour.
Boop-bee-boop, ba-da-boop-dee-doop.
Best tune evar.


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Flight delayed after Israelis refuse to fly with Palestinians on board
A group of passengers reportedly accused two people from East Jerusalem of being 'terrorists' in Athens
A group of passengers reportedly accused two people from East Jerusalem of being 'terrorists' in Athens
Golden Dawn party denies a part in the murder of anti-fascist campaigner
Man admits to killing leftist hip-hop artist in the name of far-right party Golden Dawn
Greece has unlocked access to nearly €7 billion in European aid by sacking 25,000 public sector workers, in a move which has sparked a new surge of anti-austerity protests outside parliament.
EU finance inspector Olli Rehn calls for political unity to ensure wider austerity measures
Otto Rehhagel, the German football coach who led Greece to victory in the 2004 European Championships was unmasked as Chancellor Angela Merkel's latest weapon in a campaign to restore Berlin's tattered image in Greece and Cyprus.
The player's insistence that he did not know the meaning of the gesture seems ridiculous
A footballer has been handed a life ban from all national teams in Greece after he appeared to give a Nazi salute to supporters during a match.
There are some lovely things in it, and there's one riotous surge of profane comic energy, but a faint sense of disappointment lingers over this much-anticipated reunion of director Tom Morris and South Africa's Handspring Puppet Company, the team that conquered the world with the wondrous War Horse.
German Chancellor urged by her party not to increase bailout as Greece struggles to pay debts
With wages, pensions and healthcare under threat, protesters flood the streets of Athens
Prime Minister Samaras pleads for breathing space but has little room for manoeuvre
Greene looked like a man who had run into a nightmare – or a timewarp
As politicians wrangle, the daily reality of the eurozone crisis is driving Greeks to despair
The Olympic Flame was handed over to London today.
The 300 MPs elected in Greece's inconclusive May 6 ballot were sworn in today, including 21 from the right-wing Golden Dawn party.
What began with solidarity is ending in blackmail threats. Everyone associated with the acceptance of Greece into the eurozone knew that it had fiddled its budgetary figures to appear compliant with the terms of the Maastricht treaty that set up the euro; but this was thought of minor importance compared to the greater mystical truth of pan-European harmony via common banknotes. The non-compliant Italians had earlier been let in to the club for the same reason, so the argument went: why discriminate against our Greek cousins, descendants of the very inventors of democracy?


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We want your ZIP-Code Story! The deadline for our current round is October 31st at 10 p.m. EST. Your fiction or non-fiction story must be 500 words or less and include the words apple, pickup truck and mask. For full rules and instructions on how to submit, see our submission FAQ.
ZIP-Code Stories is a collaboration between WBUR's Radio Boston and The Drum, Boston's audio literary magazine. It's our effort to gather your stories about your neighborhoods.
Each round, we'll pick ZIP codes or a theme and ask you to write a short story — 500 words — on that theme or location. Together, Radio Boston and The Drum will pick the best story from each ZIP code. We'll then ask one of the authors to come into our studios to read an excerpt and tell us the story behind the story.
Learn more about how to submit your stories at our ZIP-Code Stories FAQ page.
Check out past ZIP-Code Stories we've featured:
- ZIP Code 02139 "Moment of Forgiveness"
- ZIP Code 01951: 'The Sea Gives'
- ZIP Code 01890: 'The Fells'
- ZIP Code 02563: 'Sandwich'
- ZIP Code 02482: 'Off The Map'
- ZIP Code 01702: 'The Start of Something'
- ZIP Code 02151: 'Revere Beach Incident'<
- ZIP Code 02657: 'Bent'
- ZIP Code 02151: 'In Revere, In Those Days'
- ZIP Code 02139: 'Smedley's Secret Guide To World Lit'
- ZIP Code 02446: 'Sunshine Cleaners'
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7. A seat of one's own
In her timeless novel The Secret Garden, Frances Hodgson Burnett told us that, "However many years she lived, Mary always felt that she should never forget that first morning when her garden began to grow." And we're convinced it's in this chair (or, well, something very similar) that Mary sits and remembers nurturing her garden from its withered and forgotten beginning to its lush and verdant recovery. Inspired by 20th-century garden furniture, Pottery Barn's Berkshire Garden Chair is made of reclaimed teak for that rustic cottage look. Tuck it somewhere with a great view so you can sit back and reflect on your own garden's beginnings.
Price: Berkshire Garden Chair, $299 US
Available at: Pottery Barn
* Prices accurate as of May 2011.


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Police find drugs after stopping vehicle in W-B
Police witnessing a vehicle make a careless turn pulled it over, searched inside and found crack cocaine in a center console, according to court records.
A passenger, Antonio F. Cruz, 32, of 48 Darling St., is charged with two felony counts of possessing a controlled substance with the intent to deliver following the stop about 3:40 p.m. Wednesday.
Police say an officer in an undercover vehicle near Scott and Butler streets saw a green Pontiac sedan make a turn without using its signal, nearly striking another vehicle. The officer called for a marked unit to pull over the car, which was registered to a convicted drug dealer, according to the affidavit.
Officers stopped the vehicle at 300 Parkview Circle, in the Sherman Hills Apartments, which police say in the affidavit is known as a high drug and crime area.
The occupants of the car appeared nervous, giving short answers avoiding eye contact and fidgeting in their seats, according to the affidavit.
Police ordered them out to perform pat-downs, and the driver gave them consent to search the car, according to police.
In the center console, police found undisclosed amounts of crack and heroin, as well as a cellphone, according to the affidavit. The drugs were packaged into small bags for resale, police said.
The affidavit says Cruz gave police a written statement accepting full responsibility for the drugs, and the driver and passenger were released.
Magisterial District Judge Diana Malast arraigned Cruz on Thursday morning and set his bail at $5,000. He was being held at the Luzerne County Correctional Facility with a preliminary hearing set for 10 a.m. Aug. 1.
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