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Term Paper ID:19017
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Examines decisions to drop nuclear bombs on two Japanese cities during World War II.... More...
13 Pages / 2925 Words
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Paper Abstract:
Examines decisions to drop nuclear bombs on two Japanese cities during World War II.
Paper Introduction:
One of the most significant events of the modern world has been the use of nuclear weapons in warfare. Since the dropping of two small atomic devices on Japan in August, 1945, global society, international relations, warfare, science, and philosophy have been impacted. Additionally, human culture has never been quite the same. Although there are numerous perspectives from which one could address the issues surrounding the Allied bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, this paper will concentrate on the decisionmaking process and alternatives available prior to August 1945. It will begin with an overview of the background to the bombing and the Manhattan Project itself. Alternatives will then be examined, including invasion, inducement, and the shock value of atomic weapons. The paper will then analyze the policy constraints of the decision based on
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A world destroyed: Hiroshima and theorigins of the arms race. Byrnes did not argue that it was necessary to use the bomb against the cities of Japan in order to win the war . First, Truman wasrelatively new at international politics, having just succeeded Franklin D.Roosevelt after his death in April, 1945. New York: Vintage Books. Fusion firsthand: A personalaccount of one scientist's role in the Manhattan Project. The making of the atomic bomb. It is not stated just whose error the dropping of the bomb was. Rhodes, Richard. The Japanese would likely be forced into a surrender if a weapon wasused that would utterly defeat them without a chance at defense (For moreon the secret nature of the Manhattan Project, and the way some of thescientific community viewed this "shock" value, see, Herbert E. 15-19. Infact, ". (199 , April 19). Japan, nevertheless, was still vehemently fighting. Their reasons seemedfourfold: 1) Churchill firmly agreed with the decision to use the weapon,2) the British believed that the United States had borne the main burden ofthe Pacific theater of operations, and deserved a conclusive say in theoutcome and method, 3) Churchill also viewed the decision to use the weaponas a military matter, and, 4) the British knew their share in developingthe weapon had been small, and the costs for development lay with theUnited States. . Also, theUnited States had only limited resources of uranium-235, a necessarycomponent in the early atomic devices. War's new science. Feis, Herbert. President Truman indicated that it wasthe greatest announcement he had ever made. New York: Oxford University Press. Mr. Byrnes's . New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Yet, the political systems of the world also usethe idea of nuclear annihilation to make foreign policy, increase domesticspending, and maintain the status quo of the military industrial complex.There is also a conflict between the nation-state and science, deepeningsince 1945, that holds that terrible new weapons using atomic energy shouldbe banned. Probably so, although the American government was thencounting on Soviet entry into the war to supplement the impact of theatomic bomb - in combination to compel the Japanese to recognize thatinstant surrender was the only way to avert the ruin, if not the extinctionof their nation. One account notes that incities like Okinawa, over one hundred thousand Japanese, "hunted" withmortar and fire, shelled from the sea and bombed from the air, wererefusing to give up. Day of the bomb. . (1988). However, it mustalso be remembered that the decision to use the bomb took place within alarger historical situation. By nightfall,victims of poisoning by what was thought to be a mysterious 'gas' -actually, radiation sickness - began to appear at aid stations around thedestroyed city. Even today, the city of Hiroshima stands as a memorial to the August6, 1945 event. The center of that activity is a park,known as Hiroshima Peace Park, built upon the epicenter of the bomb'sblast. (1987). Kubitschek, Herbert E. Since Roosevelthad refused to open negotiations with the Soviet government for theinternational control of atomic energy, and since he had indicated hisintention to use the new weapon to help win the war, it would have beendifficult indeed for Truman to reverse these decisions. 289-9 ). Byrnes was a firm believer in the use of thebomb, and was faced with a strong coalition within the State Departmentthat believed it unjust and illogical to eliminate and punish all otherelements responsible for war and to spare the Emperor. Thomas, Evan. Therefore, Truman's decision was confirmed and it wasdecided to use the weapon (Feis, 1966, pp. Truman, however,decided to wait to ascertain what the Soviets would do in the Pacific, andto see what the outcome of the upcoming tests in Los Alamos would provide(Maddox, 1988, Chapter VII). . Another view, purported by the "left" school of Cold Warhistoriography, holds that the decision to use the bomb was based on therealization that in a post-war world, the United States and the SovietUnion would compete strongly for the rest of the world. part of the Hiroshima myth is that the bomb simply happened,like a deux ex machina, a blinding bolt from the sunny sky of August."Somewhere behind this is a dimly perceived, "demonized" America, althoughnot nearly so demonized as the bomb itself, which seems to have had a mindof its own. Boulder:Westview Press. "Moreover,Grew concluded, for the Japanese a constitutional monarchy might be themost suitable form of government" (Feis, 1966, p. The public's goal was to use the bomb inorder to save the lives of a number of American citizens, andinadvertently, to preserve Japanese culture and livelihood as well. Billions of dollars had already been spent on thissuper-secret project in Los Alamos, New Mexico, and to think of having sucha weapon available and not using it to save American lives was unthinkable. The general story of the dropping of the bomb on Hiroshima is longand complex. (p. The awesome power of the bomb was evident in that at a range of up tofive hundred yards from ground zero, objects engulfed by the fireballbecame incandescent in the million-degree heat. If they could "save face," they mightsurrender without fighting to save their honor and homeland. Although there are numerousperspectives from which one could address the issues surrounding the Alliedbombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, this paper will concentrate on thedecision-making process and alternatives available prior to August 1945.It will begin with an overview of the background to the bombing and theManhattan Project itself. There was also discussion on how such a device should be used inJapan, with at least two views part of the discussion. Sherwin, Martin J. New YorkReview of Books: pp. In fact, "altogether, a minimum of 78, Japanese werekilled outright or died in succeeding weeks from the effects of the blast,fire, and radiation . Japan had killed, tortured, andmaimed thousands of Americans in a wartime situation. Armed truce. Whether it was also animated by a desire to end the war before theSoviet armies had swarmed far over Manchuria remains a matter ofconjecture. Were Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombed primarily toimpress the world with the need to accept American's plan for a stable andlasting peace - that is, primarily, America's plan for Europe? There are many such accounts of the dropping of the atomic bomb, somany that it has become part and parcel of American popular culture. Roosevelt himselfhad shrunk from the effort at Yalta, and such a reversal would have beenfar easier for him. Hebelieved that the war should be ended with the least cost to American livespossible. Before discussing thevarious alternatives, one must keep in mind a few facts. ." (Gerken, 1988, p. 3). So we thought the bomb would be a wonderful weapon as a protection and preparation for landings. Additionally, Truman, as Vice-President, hadbeen kept relatively uninformed, and knew little about the complexity ofthe Manhattan Project. At 8:15 am, the pikadon shobai (flash-bang business)occurred. Objections to the second notion were similar, what if thetest was unsuccessful? New York: McGraw Hill. The Allies were about to enter into occupiedGermany, and the Charter of the United Nations was under consideration inSan Francisco. Since the dropping of the bomb, there has been a great deal ofscholarly debate regarding the decision to use such a weapon in war. During the Potsdam Conference, President Truman discussed the matterof the bomb with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. The first optionwas to give warning notice to Japan about the nature and destructive powerof the new weapon. 43-6. InMay, for instance, Grew urged President Truman to try to induce Japan tosurrender by dispelling the worst fears of the post-war consequences. . ." (Sherwin, 1987, pp. Byrnes. The public knew the atomic bomb was purportedto be a "super-weapon," but was unaware of the extent of damage it couldcause. ." (Barchelder, 1964, p. The ScienceTeacher 57: pp. . view [was] that our possessing and demonstrating the bomb would make Russia more manageable in Europe . Maddox, Robert James. . Up to two miles from ground zero, fires familiar to the survivors ofincendiary raids upon other Japanese cities began to spring up, with thedifference that the fires this time were everywhere at once. 17). (1986). New York: PenguinBooks. "So Truman's atomic energy legacy, while it includedseveral options, did not necessarily entail complete freedom to choosebetween them . 38-9). Kurzman, Dan. The legacy of the decision is much harder, and more widespread, anaction to assess. It was deemed that the Japanese would not be impressedor frightened enough to surrender; and that it might diminish the impact ofthe bomb when it was dropped. C. Additionally, many thought the Japanese might bringAmerican prisoners near the demonstration area. 2) The bomb should be used on a dual target - that is, ona military installation or war plant surrounded by houses and otherbuildings most susceptible to damage. New York:Simon & Schuster. . (1961). By1948 the charge was made that instead of being used as an instrument ofpeace to force Japan to surrender, the bomb was used "to keep the Russiansout of Manchuria and to impress them with the power of the new weapon"(Herken, 1988, p. The wish to use the bomb quickly as possible was stimulated bythe hope of suspending the transfer of American youth to the Pacific and todispel the vision of an embattled landing in small boats on the shores ofJapan. 19 ). Besides this view, there were certain ethical considerations to usingsuch a weapon. 111). These grim experiences were taken as proof that the ordeal stillahead might be long and agonizing (Feis, 1966, p. The bomb could stopthe killing on both sides, thus promulgating the notion that the needs ofthe many outweigh the needs of the few. Princeton: PrincetonUniversity Press. (1966). Fogelman, Edwin, ed. On the lid of the coffin a nameless poetprinted the words: "Please rest in peace, for the error will not berepeated" (Buruma, 199 , p. Hiroshima, for instance, waschosen for a variety of reasons, none the least because Hiroshima waslocated in a flat area, affording the effects of the bomb in a convincingdemonstration. (199 , October 25). It was thought that the effects ofthe bomb on such a target would make the maximum impression on the militaryand civilian rulers of Japan. For the purposes of this paper, it is sufficient to note someof the details of the day the bomb detonated. Under this notion,the use of atomic weaponry profoundly affected the way American policy wasmade after victory in Europe, and although certainly contributed to the endof the war in Japan, was used in the East to show the Soviets that theAmerican government had the technology, and would use that same technology,against any aggressor as necessary. In fact, Japan's surrenderlittle more than a week after the dropping of the second bomb made anyinvasion force completely unnecessary (Kurzman, 1986, intro and passim). Using themilitary to invade Japan, however, had several side effects. Newsweek:pp. Instead, many scientists believe that nuclear energy should beharnessed for peace, and any technological innovations involving the atomshould be used to benefit humankind (Rhodes, 1986, passim). Nevertheless, the decision to bomb the Japanese cities of Hiroshimaand Nagasaki in August, 1945 left a legacy that is certain to endure wellbeyond the confines of the policies that placed them into existence. . After all, what kind of a President would allow so much money to be spenton a weapon that might save millions of lives and not use it? 43-6). Japan wouldhave to be beaten into surrender, and the combined losses from an initialassault on the main islands were estimated to be a possible 5 , . This could be accomplished by allowing Japan to surrender andkeep their Imperial government. Alternatives will then be examined, includinginvasion, inducement, and the shock value of atomic weapons. Atomic diplomacy. TheManhattan Project, under General Leslie Groves, did have a testable weaponby mid-1945, and, depending on the test, would be able to produce a weaponfor use against Japan (Thomas, 1987, passim). Forty-five years later, visitors to Hiroshima find that the cityis a center of peace activity. Manysaw the bomb as the veritable "beginning" of the Cold War. Inaddition, General George Marshall, recalled: One of the things that appalled me was the cost in casualties of an invasion. This school of thought asks the question: Why did the Americangovernment refuse to attempt to exploit Japanese efforts to surrender? (1964). Batchelder, R. 4). Another optionwas inducement, in the sense that the Japanese might agree to surrender ifthey were informed how they would be treated in defeat. The majority of the Americanpopulace were relieved since over one million American servicemen who mighthave taken part in Operation Olympic, the first invasion of the Japanesehome islands, were now free from obligation. 197-2 ). After much discussion,however, on June 1, 1945, Secretary Byrnes submitted three recommendationsto President Truman: 1) The bomb should be used against Japan as soon aspossible. The atomic bomb and the end of World War II. We knew the Japanese were determined and fanatical like the Morros and we would have to exterminate them, almost man by man. (1986). Plans forOperation Olympic were still very much in place within the decision-makingapparatus into the summer months of 1945 (Schulzinger, 1984, pp. war that preceded it, with Manchuria in 1931, with China in 1937,with Pearl Harbor, Manila, Singapore, Java, or Hong Kong, does not impingeon the religious Hiroshima mind" (Buruma, 199 , p. From war to cold war. The first option, invasion and combined assault, had been discussedfor several months, but had to wait until the victory in Europe wasensured. "Yet it isinconsistent to single out for condemnation the act of dropping an atomicbomb and at the same time implicitly to recommend continuation of a warthat one knows will include direct attack upon noncombatants withincendiary bombs . Kubitschek,199 , pp. Buruma, Ian. New York: Atheneum. But we didn't realize its value to give the Japanese such a shock that they could surrender without loss of face (Feis, 1966, p. In almost everyrespect, Britain acquiesced to the American decision. (1987). 11). Aswell, the very idea of using nuclear weapons on a civilian target bringsthe account ever closer to modern debate. . In usingthis method, the determination of the rightness or wrongness of an act isnot its consequence, but its quality. A few months after the use of the weapon, over 75 percentof Americans surveyed believed that the use of the bomb was morallyjustified. Total destructionstretched out in a half-mile radius from the point of the explosion,leaving the rubble of one building indistinguishable from that of the next. TheUnited States had begun to assemble larger forces for the next Pacificaction, and the Soviet government was preparing to invade Manchuria.Although the Japanese Navy and Air Force were all but remnants, theirspirit of defiance was still very much in place. . Herken, Gregg. Truman wasalso bound to the past by his own uncertain position and by the prestige ofhis predecessor, who had initiated the Manhattan Project. The idea that the bomb might have had something to do with the". 145-6). . Objections tothe first option were many, but centered around the notion that if noticewere given and then an unsuccessful detonation occurred, the results wouldbe disastrous. 58-9). In the center of the park a simple replica of an ancient clay hutstands, shielding a coffin that contains a register of the names of peoplewho died because of the bomb. 'Mr. Some, of course, were disturbed, and some of the scientists whoworked under the Manhattan Project felt guilty enough to form scientificassociations to prevent future use of atomic weaponry. Operation Olympic, the invasion of the Japanese mainislands, was thus planned, with a frontal assault by Air and Navy forces,and a mass invasion by combined Army and Marine personnel. A third option wasshock. Scholars,politicians, and the public are still debating the wisdom of the events ofAugust, 1945, and will perhaps use that date to mark a clear transition inthe way humans use weapons to wage war. An atomic shrine. . The devils of Hiroshima. First and foremost was the fact that at this point,scientists were not sure of the consistency of technology used to ensure asuccessful detonation, and if a device were used but failed to detonate,the resulting public relations fall-out would be disastrous. Thus, in this philosophicalparadigm, the simple act of dropping an atomic bomb was clearly immoralbecause it constitutes a direct attack upon noncombatants. The second judgment surrounds themoral question of whether using such a weapon was right or wrong. In fact, if any invasionary force was to besuccessful, the Soviet part in the operation was vital. One of the most significant events of the modern world has been theuse of nuclear weapons in warfare. 38-9. Or,alternatively, why did they refuse to test if a Russian declaration of warwould force capitulation? 197-2 ). 3). Theevidence strongly suggests that the view which the President's personalrepresentative offered to one of the atomic scientists in May 1945 was anaccurate statement of policy: (Alperovitz, 1987, pp. Members of the Manhattan Projecthad to be sure that whatever radioactive material was used would be put toeffective use (Schulzinger, 1984, pp. (199 ). During his first few weeks inoffice Truman was unprepared for the enormity of his task and had no formaldiplomatic policy of his own. 15). American diplomacy in the twentiethcentury. Hiroshima: The decision to use the A-Bomb. As a surprise and unexplained, it would bethe more fearsome (Feis, 1966, pp. A6.----------------------- 1 Schulzinger, Robert D. The winning weapon. Culturally, populations live in both fear and awe of theuse of nuclear weapons. References Alperovitz, Gar. 3) The bomb should be used without explicitprior warning of the nature of the weapon by which we meant to enforce thecall to surrender. . New YorkTimes: p. . However, one must also be mindful of the fact that in May of 1945 thewar in Europe was over. (1984). (1988). The decision to use the bomb, however, was far more complex.Reaction in the United States to the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki(August 9, 1945) was unambivalent. The irreversible decision, 1939-195 .Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 15). Princeton: Princeton University Press. There were, of course, several alternatives presented to PresidentTruman prior to his decision to use the bomb. The first is rather utilitarian: the use of the weapon shortenedthe war and lessened the casualties. Invasion also assumed that the Soviet Union would honor its agreementand invade from the north. In July, Grew was no longer Acting Secretary of State, having beensucceeded by James F. Since the dropping of two small atomicdevices on Japan in August, 1945, global society, international relations,warfare, science, and philosophy have been impacted. (1987). In early 1991, for instance, theuse of tactical nuclear weaponry in the Gulf Crisis was discussed, withmost finding it an unacceptable alternative based on data from Hiroshimaand Nagasaki (Evan Thomas, 1991, pp. The third alternative to ending the war was the use of a weapon soterrible that it would compel Japan to immediately and unconditionallysurrender. The second that a demonstrative detonation might begiven in some unpopulated area, giving the invited representatives a chanceto view firsthand the destructive power of the new weapon. Both the American military and governmental planners had aconsiderable dilemma. . Others, most notably former Ambassador to Japan Joseph Grew believedthat the war could end without either invasion or advanced weaponry. For any invasionary force to be effective, however, it would firstbe necessary to increase Allied attacks on Japanese forces and basesthroughout the Pacific, many of which were still held by dedicated andcompetent forces. (1991, February 18). The paperwill then analyze the policy constraints of the decision based on relationswith the Soviet Union, whether the Pacific war could have ended earlier,and the ethical considerations surrounding the decision to drop the bombs.Finally, the paper will conclude with an assessment of the decision, aswell as comment on the legacy of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in modern thought. 47-8). Onemust also remember that atomic energy was largely misunderstood, as was theuse of the same for weapons. Additionally, humanculture has never been quite the same. Weisman, Steven R. Thomas, Hugh. Divulgence to the Japanese in advance of the nature andpower of the new weapon would hinder rather than serve America's wish toend the war at once. TheJapanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki are both known to most Americans,and have become so-called "atomic shrines" (Weisman, 199 , p. Of course, the prime incentive of the heavily funded and secretManhattan Project had been to assure and hasten the defeat of Germany.However, a workable weapon was not forthcoming for use in Europe, and thereis some doubt that it would have even been used against Germany. Sentiment on the home front was not conducive to along and continued conflict, although the obvious and most certain way toend the war was to undeniably defeat the Japanese in every aspect,culminating in the invasion of the Japanese home islands. A6). Again, there were several important considerations in using an atomicdevice against Japan. There are, then, two ways to judge the use of the bomb in an ethicalcontext. Japanese suicide planes were flinging themselves inexalted desperation against the off-shore American fleet - with frighteningeffect. Certainly, the public, governmental officials, and even many of thescientists involved, had little idea about the power, or dangers, ofradiation. To get to the plains would have been a very costly operation in lives.
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A fallow agricultural field at the mouth of the Samish River shifted to public ownership when the state Department of Fish and Wildlife purchased it in 2004. Now, the 100-acre plot known as the Welts property is enjoyed as a public-access point for walking, bird-watching, fishing and hunting.
Fish and Wildlife recently proposed a wetland-restoration project to improve wildlife habitat at the popular site and installed a parking lot to make it more accessible. Neighbors responded with a slew of concerns about public use of the area.
At a public-information meeting last month at the Padilla Bay Interpretive Center, Fish and Wildlife representatives intending to discuss the Welts Wetland Restoration Project were instead bombarded with unexpected complaints and questions from neighboring residents criticizing the land's management.
"This piece of property you have out there is mismanaged," Tony Breckenridge, who lives across the river from the field, said at the meeting. "The impact on property owners out there is unreasonable."
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Residents near the field complained of trespassing, which they said is encouraged through access to the Welts area, along with other concerns.
One attendee, however, said she appreciates the public access.
Pat Bunting said although she does not live near the Welts property — she lives nearby in Edison — she enjoys visiting the site to walk and birdwatch.
"It's a pretty important spot for that because it's just across the street from the mouth of the Samish River. There's a lot of waterfowl and hawks and eagles," she said in a later phone interview.
Fish and Wildlife representatives said recreation like Bunting's fits with department goals.
"Part of our agency objective is to provide recreational opportunity related to wildlife," Skagit Wildlife Area Manager Belinda Rotton said, also in a follow-up phone interview. "Where we run into problems a lot of the time is in Western Washington where the population is increasing."
Some Welts-area neighbors argue the space is too small for hunting, which can be dangerous. Without enforcement, hunters come early, leave late and shoot across the river toward homes.
The area is also busy with fishermen and walkers who access the water along the dike, but ignore and even tear down "no trespassing" signs where the dike crosses onto private property, adjacent landowners said.
"We've made a lot of calls on trespassers, a lot of calls on reckless shooting, a lot of calls on injured waterfowl that no one even attempted to retrieve," Breckenridge told the Skagit Valley Herald. "I'm gladly in favor of people recreating, but they have to do it in a responsible manner."
Dike District 5 manages dike access according to property-owner preferences, which is difficult where a section like the Welts area falls on public property, but the surrounding area is private, district Commissioner Jim Sullivan said.
Some neighbors want Fish and Wildlife to foot the bill for enforcement on site, as well as fencing along the dike and restrooms. Breckenridge suggests a different approach.
"I think they should surplus the property and sell it off," he said. "It's a piece of property the state simply cannot manage. They don't have the manpower to do it."
He recommends the state use money from a sale to expand a 409-acre property to the west of the Welts area that he called a more successful site.
"Don't go around picking little pieces out of neighborhoods," he said.
The agency is not interested in selling the property, and enforcement is typically on patrol rather than stationed, but Rotton said she has been in contact with the dike district regarding fencing and is investigating a portable restroom facility.
Bunting said she sympathizes with neighbors disturbed by hunting and fishing, but does not want to see the property taken away from walkers.
"I would just like to see it kept in public ownership for passive recreation," Bunting said.
The Welts property, also called the Samish River Unit, is on the west bank of the Samish River, south of Bayview-Edison Road. It is one of 16 properties in Skagit, Snohomish and San Juan counties that collectively form Fish and Wildlife's 16,700-acre Skagit Wildlife Area.
The agency owns and manages the property, but the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) controls a Wetland Reserve Program conservation easement on it, protecting it from development and requiring some restoration, said Loren Brokaw, Fish and Wildlife restoration projects manager.
The proposed restoration project was awarded funding from the USDA Farm Bill, at about $3,700 per acre, NRCS representative Kathy Kilcoyne said at the meeting.
Construction is anticipated to begin next summer.

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Actor Kirk Cameron speaks on 'Love Worth Fighting For'
CHARLOTTE – Television and movie star Kirk Cameron, along with musical guest Warren Barfield, will stop in Charlotte as part of the "Love Worth Fighting For" tour.
Based on the movie 'Fireproof," Cameron's talk aims to help strengthen and encourage personal and spiritual relationships, including marriage. It's designed for people in all stages of life, from teenagers and single adults to newly married couples and longtime spouses.
The tour has stopped at sold-out venues across the country. More than 65,000 attended the tour in 2012. The tour will be making more than 30 stops across the country including events in Ohio, Illinois, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Missouri, Texas and Alabama.
Cameron is a television and film actor and producer noted most recently for the documentary film "Monumental: In Search of America's National Treasure."
He is also known for his roles in the film "Fireproof," the highest grossing independent film of 2008, the TV show "Growing Pains" and the "Left Behind" movies.
Barfield is a North Carolina-born singer/songwriter.
The event will start at 6 p.m. Oct. 26 at Northside Baptist Church, 333 Jeremiah Blvd.
Tickets cost $20-$35 and are available as reserved seats or general admission for singles, couples and groups of 10 or more.
Details: www.loveworthfightingfor.com.
Graham national video campaign starts in November
CHARLOTTE – A Billy Graham video campaign will launch nationwide in November.
"My Hope America with Billy Graham" is an effort to reach people across the United States with the Gospel of Jesus Christ.
Christians across America will open their homes to share the Gospel message with friends, family, colleagues and neighbors using one of several new evangelistic programs featuring testimonies of lives changed and powerful messages from Graham.
Some 22,000 churches across the country have registered to participate, according to the Billy Graham Evangelical Association website. Some Lake Norman-area churches participating in the campaign are Lake Norman Baptist in Huntersville and Grace Covenant in Cornelius.
St. Mark Catholic hosts fall festival
HUNTERSVILLE – St. Mark Catholic Church will host its 12th Annual Fall Festival, featuring more than 50-plus games, crafts and concessions.
The festival will be held 6:30-9 p.m. Oct. 25 in the Parish Hall, 14740 Stumptown Road.
Buy tickets at the door with the average expense of dinner and games for a family of four at $20.
Proceeds benefit service projects such as Operation Sandwich and Camp Scholarship Fund.
Trunk or treats entice at Ramah Presbyterian festival
HUNTERSVILLE – Ramah Presbyterian will offer a Trunk or Treat gathering.
Participants can decorate a trunk with a Halloween theme, fill it with treats, and let kids trick-or-treat in a safe environment. Children can also enjoy pizza, drinks, a bouncy house and prizes.
The event takes place 6:30-8 p.m. Oct. 25 in the church parking lot, 14401 Ramah Church Road.
Details: Sonya Ashburn at email@example.com.
Independence Hill Baptist offers Trunk for Treats
HUNTERSVILLE – Independence Hill Baptist will host its annual Trunk For Treats.
Families or groups will decorate trunks or truck beds and give out treats to children. Enjoy a hot dog dinner, games, popcorn, cotton candy, cake walk, door prizes and trunk-or-treating, a safe alternative to Halloween.
Everything is free and open to the community.
The event takes place 5:30-7:30 p.m. Oct. 31 at the church, 10220 Independence Hill Road (formerly part of Eastfield Road). Dinner will be held 5:30-6:30 p.m.; games, 5:30-7 p.m.; and trunk-or-treating, 7-7:30 p.m.
Details: www.independencehill.org or 704-596-2124.
Huntersville UMC hosts fall crafts festival
HUNTERSVILLE – Huntersville United Methodist Church will gather more than 40 local vendors for its 13th Annual Fall Crafts Festival.
They will sell everything from birdfeeders, handmade greeting cards, ornaments, purses, kitchen tools and jewelry.
At the same time, a children's festival will be held on the lawn with a bounce house, obstacle course, face painting, pumpkin painting, bean bag toss, cotton candy and spin art.
A variety of food will be for sale, such as sausage biscuits, coffee, hamburgers and hot dogs. Ladies will also be selling homemade baked goods.
The festival will run 9 a.m.-3 p.m. Oct. 26 at the church, 14005 Stumptown Road.
Have an item for the Faith section?
Free church and ministry announcements can be submitted to email@example.com one week before the desired publication date. Items may be edited for space.


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2 Feb 2012 4:23 AM #1
MessageBox in popup panel
If I call
Ext.Msg.alert('Caption', 'Text', Ext.emptyFn)
from a controller when a popup form is showed the message box is under the popup....
2 Feb 2012 11:38 AM #2
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Using this code:
new Ext.Panel({ centered : true, width : 400, height : 400 }).show(); Ext.Msg.alert('Test', 'Test');Mitchell Simoens @LikelyMitch
Sencha Inc, Senior Software Engineer
Check out my GitHub, lots of nice things for Ext JS 4 and Sencha Touch 2
Think my support is good? Get more personalized support via a support subscription. https://www.sencha.com/store/
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Help is still wanted
National | Layoff reports distort the economic picture; boomers ponder retirement; and food makers think young
Playing off layoffs
Newspapers in recent weeks have added fuel to recession speculation by introducing the specter of widespread unemployment. But does media analysis match the facts? "If you landed in the U.S. from Mars and read the newspapers, you'd think nobody has a job," said D. J. Nordquist, a vice president at the Employment Policy Foundation (EPF), a conservative think tank. The New York Times last week led its business section with mass layoff announcements by 3M and Compaq. The Boston Globe touted major work force reductions by Honeywell and financial services firm T. Rowe Price. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution offered a gloomy summary: "U.S. unemployment (in March) rose to 4.3 percent as more than 86,000 jobs vanished, the biggest decline since 1991." But an EPF study of Bureau of Labor Statistics and Current Population Survey data puts recent large-scale layoff announcements in perspective:
- Annually, job creation is still outpacing job elimination, and has since 1995.
- Mass layoffs still account for 20 percent of U.S. unemployment-as they have for the past five years.
- Public layoff announcements grew six times as fast as people were actually laid off. EPF attributes that last statistic to employer compliance with the WARN Act, a federal law requiring companies to give advance notice of large-scale personnel reductions. A widely quoted March report by the career services firm Challenger, Gray and Christmas stated that the number of employees affected by layoff announcements had increased 300 percent since March 2000. But workers who actually became unemployed, said Ms. Nordquist, rose by only 24 percent-a sign of slowdown, but not of full-fledged recession. Gold watches or golden years
In just 10 years, most of the country's 80 million baby boomers-the largest segment of today's work force-will be at least 50 years old, while the earliest boomers will hit 65. According to Pennsylvania State University finance professor James Miles, many are asking, "When should I retire?" Many boomers' parents retired under company pension plans and knew at what age they could receive pension checks and gold watches. But boomers face a less certain dénouement to their primary earning years. Some, working under traditional pension plans that pay a lifetime annuity after retirement, wonder whether they should work past their earliest eligible retirement age. Others are building nest eggs with defined contribution plans like 401Ks. Financial specialists such as Mr. Miles say that "The employee under a traditional plan gives up a monthly pension payment for every month of work, making the net financial benefit to working much smaller.... People under defined contribution plans have a pot of money that they own," so they might as well keep working and put more money in. Some financial analyses, though, assume that money is the main reason to work and that people should stop doing what they are good at because they hit a certain age. For those who dreamed of being missionaries or having the time to do a thorough job as a church elder or deacon, retirement may be in order. But many who feel called to their work and have joy in performing it will keep going as long as they have the strength. All the young foods
"Youth health" products will emerge as a hot new category in the retail foods market, according to a report published last month in Food Technology, a journal of the Institute of Food Technologists, a non-profit scientific society. Keying off increasing health consciousness and food-moderation concerns among adults, and the growing share of advertising directed at children, food manufacturers will increase healthful offerings targeted directly at kids. "Look for more kid-friendly main dishes and microwavable snacks," said Elizabeth Sloane, a California-based food- and pharmaceutical-industry business trend analyst. Some healthier snack choices for kids-like Gogurt (yogurt in a tube) and Kraft Easy Mac, a small portion of macaroni-and-cheese that kids can make themselves-already are finding their way into family grocery baskets. Though advertising doesn't mention it, such fare may serve the large market of latchkey kids who spend afternoons alone while both parents work. Still, healthier convenience foods can't hurt: One in four American kids is overweight, according to the Centers for Disease Control, and 27 million have high cholesterol.


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Food writer Peter Kaminsky, whose long list of achievements includes being New York Magazine's "Underground Gourmet" and co-writing cookbooks with some of the best chefs in the world, has written a book called Culinary Intelligence: The Art of Eating Healthy (and Really Well). I recently picked up the book and started reading... and a few hours later I realized I'd just spent a pleasant Saturday afternoon with Mr. Kaminsky's thoughts on food and eating. So I asked if he would write something for Omnivoracious and he graciously agreed. Read on for a taste of the book. As you'll see, there are good, simple ideas that won't starve you or upset your lifestyle. (You might even call it a diet book for people who love food and don't like diet books.)
Yep, the world is going to nutritional hell and we all know it. And we all know that fast food is often a fast track to obesity and worse. Likewise, most of us probably suspect that the game of agriculture is probably rigged in favor of the biggest and wealthiest players. Problem is, knowledge alone is not going to take any inches off your waistline.
Applying that knowledge---in other words, using your inborn Culinary Intelligence is the best way I know to trim down and stay that way. It helped me take off thirty five pounds and keep them off. Right now, in the sweet spot of the year with summer just about to burst out, there is no better time to get on track. Why? Because Culinary Intelligence is really about two things: using the best most full flavored ingredients you can afford and preparing them well. My shorthand for this is maximizing Flavor Per Calorie. So, yes, do like all the diet books say and cut way back on processed ingredients like white flour, soft drinks and sugar. But that's not enough -- you still have to find foods that will both nourish and satisfy you.
That's where""to borrow a phrase from the Canterbury Tales (I don't think I got much beyond those few words in high school)"""summer is a comin in." You see, eating flavorful ingredients is never easier than it is now, when backyard gardens are in bloom and farmers markets are bursting with bounty. Eating seasonally and local sounds good as a healthy eating motto, but in the depths of winter it takes a little more dedication to figure out what to do with the kale, cauliflower, carrots, turnips, onions, and potatoes that serve as fresh cold weather vegetables. You can do it. I do, with the help of tomatoes that we roast and freeze in the fall, as well as anchovies, olives and bacon which add salty succulence to everything you cook with them. Still, it's way easier to make the full-on switch to healthful foods when the strawberries are red as rubies, the lettuce is fresh as mountain air, and every week brings something new to market at the peak of flavor.
Above all, make it a point to have fresh vegetables and fruit every day.
Wait! Hold that thought.
Make it a point to prepare fresh vegetables in a way that they last for a couple of days. That way, you are not stuck peeling and cooking every day. When you buy asparagus, roast two bunches in some olive oil and reheat the leftovers the next day. Same with eggplant or zucchini. Make stuff in batches and then combine in new ways during the week. Ditto with chicken. Okay, it's not a vegetable but the rule of preparing in batches holds for things with wings, fins and feet just as much as does for things with leaves.
Repurposing fresh prime ingredients is so much better tasting (and better for you) than filling up on fast food or rescuing second rate ingredients with lots of fat, sugar and salt. No nutritionist will argue with that. If they do, you are listening to the wrong nutritionist.
If you get in the habit of eating the good stuff in this best of seasons, you will be ready to make it through the cold months. All it takes is using the Culinary Intelligence that we are all born with. It took our ancestors a million years to evolve our incredibly complex language of flavor and taste. Once you learn to listen to that language, the rest is a piece of cake, or, more often, in my case, a piece of fruit.
-- Peter Kaminsky


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An observation client for Pandanet's Internet Go Server
An event driven observation client for Pandanet's Internet Go Server.
$ npm install igsclient
The following sets the client up to continuously observe the most popular game on IGS.
var IGSClient = require'igsclient';var client = connect; clienton'connected' clientgetGames; clientgetUsers;; clienton'games' console.log'Received games list:'; console.loggames; console.log'Observing the first game on the list.'; clientobservegames0gameId;; clienton'users' console.log'Received users list:'; console.logusers;; clienton'observe-moves' console.log'Received updated game position in game ' + id; console.logmoves;; clienton'observe-end' console.log'Game ' + id + ' ended. Result: ' + result clientgetGames;;
Further information about the client's events and the objects they emit can be gauged in the source code, for now.
Simplified BSD. See the LICENSE file for details.


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France devises plan to treat 'religious pathology'
French officials announced a new surveillance policy earlier this week to monitor and disband radical religious groups, according to a Reuters report. This is the latest in an effort to emphasize France's adherence to secularism and prevent violent outbursts of extremist religion.
"The aim is not to combat opinions by force, but to detect and understand when an opinion turns into a potentially violent and criminal excess," said Interior Minister Manuel Valls during a conference on the country's official position of secularism.
As examples of heightened religious violence, Valls pointed to a French Islamist who went on a shooting spree last spring, killing three soldiers and four Jews.
"The objective is to identify when it's suitable to intervene to treat what has become a religious pathology," said Valls. He stressed that the focus would be not only on radical Salafi Muslims, but also on groups such as Civitas, a far-right lay Catholic movement that protests aggressively against what it calls insults to Christianity.
In addition to Civitas, Valls listed Christian and Muslim creationists in America, radical Islamists, ultra-traditionalist Catholics and ultra-Orthodox Jews as examples of religious extremists.
The policy will allow authorities to monitor certain groups and label some as sectarian. Members of groups labeled as extremist and sectarian could face prosecution and deportation.
The move to entrench secularism in French culture also will reach into the schools. Education Minister Vincent Peillon told the conference the classes would stress the French values of equality and fraternity.
France's official position of secularism has sought to keep faith out of the public sphere, causing tension between religious groups who want to maintain a more visible religious identity and left-wing secularists who posit that religion should be a private matter.
Valls urged the more militant secularists at the conference not to view all religions as sects, but as possible assets in fighting extremists: "We have to say that religions are not sects, otherwise sects are religions."


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Fan of the Week has been around since 2002 and is one of the oldest sections on MuggleNet. There have been over 300 fans featured in it's eleven year tenure – and now it is back – BIGGER & BETTER THAN EVER!
My name is Michele & I am here to make your MuggleNet dreams come true! If you have ever wanted to be on featured on MuggleNet – to tell your story to the millions of fans out there – then this is the place to be.
The form below is your entry into the elusive FOTW Club. Fill out your basic 411, then answer the questions of your choosing from the dropdown menus. Write nice and long responses (but not too long – we do have to read all these after all!), have fun with your answers, but most importantly – be yourself! Earn a few bonus points by uploading your responses in video form! And don't forget to upload a photo to go along with your entry! The surveys will automatically be sent to us once you click submit, and the best questionnaires will be featured as Fan of the Week! It is as simple as that!


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- 7 years ago by Dexie
- 2 Comments »
- Share a Tip
Here's a look for less outfit involving a yellow polka-dot top and white jeans. I first saw the top and I knew exactly what accents to pair it with. I hope you like it. Yellow Chiffon Polka-dot top, $17.80 Levi's … More


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If you thought you could play an Electronic Arts game on Nintendo's upcoming Wii U console without having an account on its Origin network then you are so very sadly mistaken. A change in EA's privacy policy reveals that Wii U users who want to play Wii U games online will need to have an Origin account and a "Nintendo Network ID." Of course, this also means that – by signing up for an Origin account – you give EA permission to collect your email address, Mii information, friend list, country, language, and date of birth.
Perhaps the real news is the use of the term "Nintendo Network ID" by EA. Nintendo has said in the past that Codes from the Wii era would be used for Wii U but we're not sure if "Nintendo Network ID" is the official term Nintendo plans on using. While some might balk at having to sign up for an Origin account, EA requires the same hoop jumping for games on other platforms like the PlayStation Network and Xbox Live..
Source: GameSpot


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Meet and Communicate with Fun Singles Near You on JDate
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Sept. 18, 2004
Butler fell to 1-1 at the Maryland Invitational, dropping a Saturday afternoon match to Northern Arizona, 30-26, 30-21, 30-18. Senior Kali Carter led the Bulldogs with nine kills, as the Bulldogs now stand at 5-5 on the season. The Lumberjacks improve to 2-7 with the win.
Junior libero Megan Knightly had a team-high 21 digs for the Bulldogs, while sophomore Laura White posted a career-high 10 assists, adding five digs. Twelve Bulldogs saw action in the match.
Ellie Butterfield led the Lumberjacks with 17 kills, while Marie Pastores led four players in double-digit digs with 25. NAU hit .164 for the match, compared to .014 for the Bulldogs.
The Bulldogs won't have long to think about the loss, as they turn around Saturday night and face host Maryland at 7:30 p.m. Entering Saturday's final session, the Terrapins are 2-0, while Butler and Northern Arizona have 1-1 records. Georgetown rounds out the four-team tournament with an 0-2 mark.


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June 3 will mark 13 years since the day we found out we would be parents for the first time. It's also 7 weeks from now. Since it was at that point I gained my first few pounds from being a mommy, how awesome would it be now — 5 kids and 13 years later — to reach the same weight I was that day when we sat down in the clinic and found out I was in my 6th week of pregnancy with our daughter — our first born baby? I began my personal challenge last night at 11pm when I hit the treadmill before bed with one goal in mind: size 8 jeans on an approximately 147 pound frame by June 3, 2012. That's 3 pounds to lose per week.
My motivation? Showing off my new body (or my old body, however you want to look at it lol) in a bikini to my husband when he gets home in July ;) Now, sorry this is so short, but … I'm late for an appointment with a treadmill and an ab machine!


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Unique Stones
Last updated by chinatravel at 2015/11/4
The unique stones in Alashan Gobi of Inner Mongolia belong to Fengling Stones. According to textual research by geological archaeologists, the original rocks of unique stones of Alashan Gobi were formed by the refrigeration of lava emitted by volcanoes about 8 to 100 million years ago. After undergoing of the physical processes such as long-term geological transformation and sunshine as well as deflation, the Gobi unique stones with fantasy and beauty were formed. The unique stones in Alashan mostly belong to the premature agate kind which has high appreciative value, economic value and collecting value.
Top Things to Do in Alashan
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- Posted By: Michael L. Poe
- Written by: Pam Kan-Rice
Three video conferencing sites have been reserved from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. Discussion locations include the ANR Building's Plum Room in Davis, Kearney Agricultural Research & Extension Center's Walnut Room in Parlier and UCOP's Room 9405 in Oakland.
The discussion will be led by Kim Rodrigues, executive director of Academic Personnel. She asks participants to review the book and consider the following questions:
1. What administrative qualities do you hope to develop in yourself and/or others?
2. What leadership attributes do you value in a leader and how might we encourage, maintain and/or enhance these attributes in ANR? Below is a list of attributes summarized from ANR's first leadership book club discussion to guide development of a leadership program in ANR. Are any key attributes missing from this list?
Leadership Attributes:
- Knowledgeable about ANR programs at county and campus level
- Confident, with compassion and sincerity to want others to succeed
- Actively motivates, supports, value and promotes teamwork and team members
- Possesses the ability to recognize and utilize the strengths and aptitudes of individual team members to facilitate successful outcomes
- Fosters trust, honesty and integrity
- Willing to make decisions, take action and communicate rationale
- Open and transparent
- Innovative and progressive; willing to embrace the unconventional
- Willing to trust their workforce and take risks
- Flexible
- Approachable and an active listener
- Acknowledges and follows up on input received from their team
- Direct and focused
- Responds to staff concerns in a timely manner
3. How might ANR develop and support these leadership attributes?
4. How might ANR measure and monitor leadership development?
5. What specific insight did this book provide with respect to any or all of these questions?
6. What other leadership activities might ANR consider to support the attributes discussed today?
Any other input you wish to provide is encouraged.
To obtain a copy of the current book, please contact the UC ANR Academic Personnel unit at (530) 754-8509 or firstname.lastname@example.com. Pam Tise will handle registration and Kim Rodrigues will facilitate the discussion group.
- Author: Michael L. Poe
The ANR Training Advisory Committee is coordinating several training opportunities for academics and staff over the next few months. Below are a few examples.
"Essential Facilitation for Academics" will be held Feb. 28 and 29 and March 1 at UC Davis. "Essential Facilitation for Staff and Academics" will be held April 10-12, also at UC Davis.
Crucial Conversations for Staff and Academics will be May 23-24 in San Diego and June 13-14 at UC Davis. Each of these trainings is two full days (14 hours). "Crucial Conversations" will provide participants with tools for talking when stakes are high, emotions are strong and the opinions of individuals differ. Participants will build greater personal influence and power, move stuck relations and projects forward, improve personal and team results, and reduce stress from team frustrations and blocked communication.
Additional trainings and experiences are planned by the advisory committee:
- The ANR Leadership Book Club, open to anyone in ANR, reads and discusses books that engage topics that may help to identify leadership attributes and potential measures of success for developing UC ANR leaders. If you are interested in participating, contact Kim Rodrigues at firstname.lastname@example.com.
- ANR's Staff Personnel Unit is developing a replacement of the ANR Supervisor Training Handbook. It will be a blend of in-person and online training modules to cover topics like family medical leave, hiring/classification/recruitment, performance management, labor relations, corrective actions and others. An online training module has already been produced for immediate use: Harassment Prevention Training for Non-Supervisors.
- Ongoing academic training and orientation opportunities are available through ANR's Academic Personnel Unit, including developing a needs assessment, developing a focused program, developing performance goals that work for you, ANR and California, etc.
- Environmental Health & Safety is working on online versions of quarantine and regulated pest training and is developing other online safety orientation modules.
- Principal Investigator training will be completed this spring, as will training about the importance and use of the Rate and Recharge System in ANR.
Announcements and registration for these and other training events are listed on the ANR Training website at http://ucanr.org/sites/anrtraining.


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Kozhi Koovudhu Story
Kozhi Koovuthu movie is about Kumaresan (Ashok Kumar) poor boy loving Thulasi (Shija Rose) rich girl their families are opposed to the relationship, yet again repeated story nothing new. Bose Venkat is another actor who did lead role in this movie.
Director worked with interesting screenplay in the last 20 minutes, good musics and excellent cinematography. Both hero and heroin looks nice and performed well.
Buy Movie Tickets
Do Not Miss


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Mr. Monk and the Rapper - Recap
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The show opens with a rapper known as Xtra Large being interviewed by a reporter in an alley. She asks him about some threatening words which have been recorded and will be put on a rival rapper's album. He doesn't seem to be concerned about his safety. A limo pulls up and the driver opens the door for the man. They drive off and soon thereafter, the limo explodes.
At home, Adrian gets into an argument with Natalie about flowers and secretary's day. Natalie is upset because she is much more than a secretary to Adrian, but he doesn't seem to get it. The two are shocked when a rapper, MurderUss, played by Snoop Dogg, and his two associates drop by. MurderUss is worried about being arrested for the murder of Xtra Large. A song he put out a while back describes how he would like to kill Xtra Large. It turns out the means of death was identical to that of what MurderUss said in his song. Surprisingly, Adrian agrees to take the case.
When additional circumstantial evidence links MurderUss to the murder of Xtra Large, Captain Leland Stottlemeyer brings MurderUss in for questioning. It doesn't exactly go as planned. Adrian and Natalie watch through the two-way mirror. Natalie believes MurderUss is innocent, but Adrian thinks he's the guy.
Monk and Natalie drop by Fresh Rhymes to discuss the murder with the managers, but it becomes clear that there are problems between the two partners. When Adrian is asked about his preference for rap lyrics, he cannot give an answer until everything is explained thoroughly. As they are leaving, Denny Hodges, one of the partners, tells Adrian about how he thinks he saw MurderUss hanging around the parking garage at a particular time. When Hodges goes back inside, Natalie claims Hodges may be the murder, but admits she doesn't have the evidence to back it up.
Although Xtra Large died in the bombing, the limo driver lived. Adrian and the police are looking forward to talking to him when he wakes up, but they were beaten to the punch. A black male is shown entering the limo driver's hospital room, where he goes on to strangle the driver with a white gold chain, which is one of MurderUss' trademarks. It seems someone is trying very hard to frame the man.
When Adrian learns of the new murder and the new circumstantial evidence, he becomes very eager about getting out of his agreement to help out MurderUss. He and Captain Stottlemeyer pay MurderUss a visit in hopes of working something out. Not surprisingly, MurderUss isn't very understanding, and Adrian manages to be named head of security.
Back home, Adrian packs his bags in preparation to go into hiding. Natalie talks him into coming to his senses and taking a look at David Hodges as a suspect. She claims Hodges was lying about seeing MurderUss that night, and Adrian seems to agree.
When MurderUss shows up for a celebration of Xtra Large, Adrian, Natalie, Captain Stottlemeyer, and Randy have shown up to give MurderUss the good news. Adrian goes inside and accuses Denny Hodges of killing Xtra Large. It turns out Hodges intended to kill his partner, not Xtra Large, but the clock used as a timing device wasn't set properly due to daylight savings and resulted in the wrong man being killed.
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Spring Hill, Florida - For Gail Lawrence, the pain hits her every time she opens her eyes in the morning.
"This time of year is so hard for me. I can't believe she's gone," Gail says. "I miss her so much."
That's when the tears begin.
"She didn't deserve this. She had her whole life ahead of her, so many dreams and hopes, and now they'll never come true," Gail sobs.
Just the sight of this grieving mother would bring anyone to tears. The pain is palpable. Her daughter, Jessica, is gone. Forever.
The 27-year-old bright-eyed young woman was the life of the party.
"She would make sure you knew she was there, " Gail says with a brief smile. "She would always run into the house and yell, 'Mom, I'm home!' I would always tell her she didn't have to yell so loudly, but that was her way. She was full of life."
Jessica was with her boyfriend on October 25, 2008 as they walked a friend's dog near the intersection of Monte Verde and County Line Road on the Hernando-Pasco border.
It was just after midnight when a hit and run driver was speeding through the neighborhood. Jessica died in the street.
Her boyfriend was hurt, but survived the accident.
Jessica's sister, Rebecca, never knew the last time they saw each other would be the final time.
Rebecca wiped away tears as she told us what happened.
"The last thing I said to her was, 'I love you.' That was it. If I would have known it would have been the last time I talked to her, things would have been so different," Rebecca told 10 News.
Losing her sister was unimaginable, Rebecca says. She describes it as a living nightmare she faces each day.
"They took a huge part of our family away, you know. Our life is never going to be the same again, ever," Rebecca says.
The Florida Department of Law Enforcement crime lab has been working on forensics in the case, since the same vehicle that hit Jessica also hit several mailboxes nearby. Lab technicians are hoping to pinpoint the make, model and color of the vehicle driven by the killer.
Detectives found paint on the victim's clothes at the crime scene. Jessica was walking that night with her boyfriend, as she did nearly every night. They enjoyed walking a friend's pit bull before going to bed.
Gail Lawrence, Jessica's mother, is consumed by grief, she says, and cannot accept the fact that her baby girl is gone.
Gail told us, "She didn't deserve this. She had her whole life ahead of her, so many dreams and hopes, and now they'll never come true."
Gail is pleading with the public to come forward with any information. She says she cannot eat or sleep, knowing that Jessica's killer is still out there.
Crime Stoppers of Tampa Bay is offering a reward of up to $1,000 for information leading to the arrest of Jessica's killer.
The Crime Stoppers of Tampa Bay number is 1-800-873-TIPS.
Melanie Brooks, 10 News


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Center for International Affairs
Case Western Reserve University
10900 Euclid Avenue
Tomlinson Hall, 1st Floor, Room 143
Cleveland, OH 44106-7031
Telephone: 216-368-2517
Fax: 216-368-4561
Want to see us in person? Check the university's map to locate Tomlinson Hall.
If this computerized translation is not clear, please contact the Office of Global Strategy for more information.
The Center for international Affairs helps CWRU weave the internationalization that already takes place in each department and school into a coordinated, university-wide effort, enhancing opportunities for all. We invite you to join with us as We Bridge CWRU and the World.
Past publications:


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MSc in Computer Science [0008]
Please read the notes below the module table.
WARNING: Programme descriptions for future academic years are subject to change.
Follow the link from the module code to see the full Syllabus Page for each of the modules taught by the School of Computer Science.
(Any links to modules taught outside the School are to the Academic Office web site, and may not work.)
Students take the following modules to an overall total of 180 credits.
- This module is particularly suitable for non-CS students.
- This module is particularly suitable for more advanced students.
- Students who already have significant experience of object oriented programming and wish to substitute alternative modules for 06 06994 Software Workshop will be allowed to do so providing they obtain sufficiently high marks, as determined by the School, in an optional programming test at the start of the academic year. Students who take 06 06994 Software Workshop will take 06 06997 Project - Conversion MSc and must pass the workshop module before being allowed to proceed to the project. Students who do not take 06 06994 Software Workshop will take 06 18159 Project (Comp Sci - MSc).
- Not all options may be available in any particular year. Some option combinations are only available if the timetable permits. As students may have to make preliminary option choices before timetables are available, changes may be needed later if there are clashes. In selecting options, students need to pay attention to pre- and co-requisites.
- Students' individual programmes of study must be approved by the Programme Director (as the nominee of the Head of School).


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Nearly half-a-million travelers now go from the United States to Cuba every year, making the once-forbidden island, if not familiar, at least far less isolated from its U.S. neighbors than it used to be. But who gets to go and how do they get there?
Wading through the licensing requirements from the U.S. Treasury Department, which oversees the trade embargo that has kept Cuba more or less off-limits since the early 1960s, reveals that not all U.S. visitors are created equal.
Depending on who you are, Cuba can be as open as any other Caribbean island — or it can be a restricted destination that could cost you thousands of dollars in federal government fines. Here is a quick rundown on how U.S. travelers get to Cuba, presented in order from the least restrictive options to the most.
Revisit your family tree
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Americans with a "close relative" in Cuba are free to come and go as often as they wish and do not need to ask in advance for a license from the Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control, or OFAC, which enforces the embargo. They travel instead under a general license and are not subject to the $188-a-day spending cap and the limited travel itineraries that other U.S. citizens face in Cuba. The definition of close relative is broad: OFAC defines it as "any individual related to a person by blood, marriage or adoption who is no more than three generations removed from that person or from a common ancestor with that person." So even if you aren't Cuban but one of your spouse's grandparents is, you may qualify.
Pray on it
People who work with churches or religious groups on the island can travel under a general license as well, but only if they have the necessary proof that their trip is not tourism. That means travelers with church groups who are flying from the United States must carry with them (and give their travel providers a copy of) a letter confirming they are members or staff members of the organization and are traveling under its auspices to engage in religious activities in Cuba. Carrying an itinerary proving that is also a good idea. Spending limits still apply, and religious travel requires a religious visa from Cuba, too. Many companies, like Marazul in Miami, offer to help obtain one.
Take a look at your résumé
Travelers doing professional work or research also qualify for a general license, but that, too, requires some paperwork and comes with limitations. Academics doing research in Cuba, for example, are generally expected to have (and to show to travel providers or U.S. Customs officials, if they ask upon return) a copy of their CV, published research relevant to what they're studying in Cuba, and an itinerary of whom they are going to meet, or have met, with locations and times. Academic research must also be "noncommercial." In other words, don't go with the idea of starting a business working with Cuban cancer researchers.
Journalists, whether traveling with or without an official press visa from the Cuban government, get off a little easier. They are generally expected to carry published articles, a business card or a press pass if they are on the staff of a major media organization, and/or — in the case of freelancers — a letter from an editor asserting the journalist is on assignment.
If you're a doctor or other professional attending a conference, make sure it is one held by an "international professional organization, institution or association." The gatherings cannot be hosted by the Cuban government or by a U.S. organization.
Go back to school
Several U.S. universities now offer their students programs that include either short trips to Cuba or a semester abroad at Cuban universities. Some of the programs are limited to enrolled students or small numbers of students — Burlington College has a license for 15 students to study at the University of Havana — but open-enrollment programs for studying Spanish in Cuba are also expanding. Spanish Studies Abroad, an independent language institute, recently received an OFAC license that would allow U.S. students to receive college credit for learning Spanish in Cuba, although it requires some extra homework. To ensure that they do not go beyond lawful spending limits, students must retain records related to all travel transactions on the island for five years.
Try visiting people
"People to people" tours are the way to go for everyone who does not have family on the island or a specific job to do in Cuba. To be legal, the trips must be educational in nature, with a focus on interaction with everyday Cubans as opposed to the government. The groups that put the tours together will have received approval from the Treasury Department only after filing reams of paperwork explaining the reasoning behind their itineraries, but for interested travelers, the barriers to entry are low. Those eager to get to Cuba just have to pay and agree to take part in a busy, highly organized tour with very little free time.
This is not a method that we recommend. Hundreds of Americans — maybe thousands — go to Cuba every year by flying through a third country, usually the Bahamas, Mexico or Canada. Cuban immigration officials, eager to welcome visitors and their dollars, rarely if ever stamp U.S. passports, so it is possible to have an unrestricted visit.
But it's not a wise idea. While traveling to Cuba is not itself illegal, the moment you buy your first drink, you've broken the law. Paying for anything at all means that you've violated the embargo and risk fines of up to $250,000. And if you lie to U.S. Customs officials to hide your trip to Cuba upon re-entry, you will be violating a whole different set of federal laws that have nothing to do with the embargo.
Tourists are rarely penalized for violating the embargo — the Obama administration has focused its enforcement efforts on businesses — but those bold or dumb enough to try to smuggle home a few Cuban cigars shouldn't expect to get away without a hassle and some serious legal bills.


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Home : Brands : MATIS : MATIS Eye Makeup Remover :
Ridding your skin of all traces of makeup is a part of your daily routine. When your day ends, you want to say goodbye to your makeup and hello to a freshly cleansed, product-free face. However, some makeup products are easier to remove than others. Your foundation and powder might come off with your cleanser, but eye makeup can be a more challenging product to remove. It's no surprise, though—you choose waterproof eye makeup products so that they last, but those products can be hard to remove with just soap and water. Thus, you need a proven eye makeup remover to eliminate those products. Choose MATIS Eye Makeup Remover Products for your daily needs.
If you do not adequately remove your eye makeup every day, you might be left scrubbing traces of old eye makeup off for days. Dark under-eye circles are hard enough to fight—don't add to that problem by leaving dark streaks of mascara and eye liner under your eyes. When you add MATIS Eye Makeup Remover Products to your daily routine, you ensure that all of your eye makeup comes off easily and quickly. Make the change today and invest in MATIS Eye Makeup Remover Products.
To add one or more items to your bag, check the box to the left of each desired
item and then click the "Add to Bag" button at the top or bottom of the page. Items
are listed in SKU number order.
You cleanse your face, only to see traces of eye shadow, eye liner, and mascara around your eyes. You struggle to eliminate these dark streaks and eye-makeup residue with simple soap and water. You might even scrub and irritate your skin, desperate to remove your eye makeup. Now, you have a simpler way to wash away your eye makeup every day—MATIS Eye Makeup Remover Products. Now, you can gently eliminate all traces of eye makeup—even waterproof mascara—once and for all. Don't waste time scrubbing your skin or using harsh products that irritate your delicate eye area. Instead, say goodbye to eye makeup in one swipe with MATIS Eye Makeup Remover Products.
You want your eye makeup to last, so you choose formulas that have staying power. However, you also want that makeup off of your eyes by the day's end. MATIS Response Yeux Biphase Eyes and Lips Makeup Remover makes eye-makeup removal a breeze with its powerful yet gentle formula. You no longer have to scrub and irritate your delicate eye area to remove makeup. Instead, this product quickly and easily eliminates all traces of eye makeup, even that hard-to-remove waterproof makeup. This ophthalmologist-tested formula soothes the skin, creating soft and well-cleansed skin around your eyes. Unlike other eye makeup removers, this product does not leave any oily film on your eyelids; instead, you can enjoy a soft, makeup-free eye area at the end of your day. Even sensitive skin types can use this gentle remover.


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Update on FrancisFrancis runs a butcher shop and also operates a pub. He had previously acquired a loan of 40,000 KES from Faulu Kenya, which helped him to buy a bull for slaughter. Francis now needs a loan of 80,000 KES to buy a bull for slaughter, crates of beer and a fridge. He dreams of expanding his business in the future.
Previous Loan DetailsFrancis is a 43-year-old businessman who runs a butchery. He has been in the business for eight years. He has employed two people to assist him in the business. Since he joined Faulu Kenya, his business has really improved because of his previous loans. Francis hopes to become the major suppl... More from Francis's previous loan »
Additional Information
About Faulu KenyaFaulu Kenya aims to empower Kenyans by providing relevant financial solutions. Faulu is a sustainable and profitable microfinance institution that offers savings and credit services to over 225,000 Kenyans. Faulu recently became the first MFI in Kenya to be licensed as a Deposit-Taking Micro-Finance Company, which will enable Faulu to better serve its clients.
Concurrent and Successive Loans
Our Field Partners often work with borrowers over a series of loans as the borrowers build credit, take out bigger loans, and expand their businesses. In order to make it easier for our Field Partners to post loans for borrowers who have been listed on Kiva before, we allow them to post successive and concurrent loans for their Kiva borrowers. This means that our Field Partners are able to post a borrower's second, third, etc., loan on Kiva without having to re-enter all of the borrower's information.
This borrower has been listed on Kiva before, so you'll see an updated loan description, as well as excerpts of the original descriptions from earlier loans. Most borrowers take out loans consecutively, meaning that they receive a second loan after having repaid the first. However, sometimes our Field Partners give out concurrent loans, allowing borrowers to take out one primary loan and a secondary "add-on" loan along with it. These "add-on" loans are typically smaller than the borrower's primary loan and serve a different purpose. Because Field Partners can now post loans as successive and concurrent loans, you will be able to track borrower progress over time and see the various ways a borrower is working with our Field Partners through funds from Kiva's lenders.
About Kenya
477View loans »
- Repayment Term
- 15 months (Additional Information)
- Repayment Schedule
- Monthly
- Pre-Disbursed:
- Jul 16, 2012
- Listed
- Jul 28, 2012
- Currency Exchange Loss:
- Possible
- Expired:
- Aug 27, 2012


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With Marvel already past their initial March 1 deadline to find the lead in their upcoming The First Avenger: Captain America, conflicting reports have come out depicting who will eventually land the role.
While several contenders were announced last month, including John Krasinki (NBC's The Office), Scott Porter (Dear John), Mike Vogel (Cloverfield), Patrick Flueger (Brothers), Michael Cassidy (CW's Privileged), Wilson Bethel (CBS' The Young and the Restless), Chace Crawford (CW's Gossip Girl), and Garrett Hedlund (Tron: Legacy).
Fox News reported yesterday that Krasinski is the front runner of the pack, with sources telling the news organization that Krasinski is "close" to landing the role.
John has read 4 times and is doing screen tests. He has screen tested 2 times so far. It's very likely that he will be the new Captain America. He is a favorite among the key
decision makers and has been asked to come back for more this week. The big bosses are having him read with multiple actresses up for the female leads. They want to lock down the role and then they will narrow down everyone else.
Not so, according to Deadline Hollywood, which reports that Krasinski and most of the other contenders are out as more actors are being considered. According to the Deadline report, only Hedlund and Vogel remain from the original list, while the others are out of serious contention, including Krasinski (Cassidy already announced he had lost out on the role). Chris Evans, who has already taken part in a few comic book movies with Fantastic Four, Push, and the upcoming The Losers, is also being considered for the role.
One name that neither report has mentioned is Dane Cook, who used his Twitter page to announce that he too had auditioned for the role.
Im minus 7% body fat now, bones replaced w/lightweight scandium alloy! Had 2 get shredded 4 Captain America audition & standup tour.
While getting "shredded" just to do a stand-up comedy tour is a surprise in and of itself, Cook's inclusion in the Captain America audition process was a shock to comic book fans, one of which asked Cook to confirm his own Tweet.
@Marvel_Freshman r u really auditioning 4 Captain America?
Dc: I did already. They might b goin young. I say go RDJr [Robert Downey Jr.] route-gimme the part!
@Marvel_Freshman r u really auditioning 4 Captain America?
Dc: I did already. They might b goin young. I say go RDJr [Robert Downey Jr.] route-gimme the part!
Whichever actor eventually get the coveted role, it looks like Marvel and director Joe Johnston are going to take their time in making a final casting decision.


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JACKSON, Miss. - The Jackson State University women's basketball team recorded a 2013-14 season that was filled with ups and downs, but was one that had several first under head coach Surina Dixon. In only her second year as head coach of the Lady Tigers, Dixon guided JSU to its first .500 win-loss record in five seasons by finishing with a 15-15 overall record and a 12-6 mark in SWAC play. Also for the first time in over four years, the Lady Tigers finished the regular season in third place in the conference standings.
2013-14 Recap: JSU opened its 2013-14 season with a tough slate of games, falling in Washington, D.C., 101-73 to George Washington at the Charles E. Smith Center and 83-63 to Howard University at Burr Gymnasium.
The Lady Tigers continued their road swing against SEC opponent Mississippi State and against Memphis from the American Conference. JSU suffered an 81-42 loss to the Bulldogs and fell 77-64 loss to the Tigers. Despite the losses, JSU was competitive in the two games.
Jackson State picked up its first victory at home by beating Houston Baptist 74-50, before gifting a home victory to the University of Louisiana, 81-64.
The Lady Tigers went on to play four more games before entering conference play, picking up their lone victory at home over the University of New Orleans, 72-50.
JSU opened conference action going undefeated through its first three games, beating Alabama A&M at home, 77-70; Alabama State in overtime at home, 71-64; and in-state rival and Alcorn State 64-52 in Lorman, Miss.
Jackson State suffered its first conference loss (69-59) in Baton Rouge, La. to Southern . The Lady Tigers bounced back at home, defeating Prairie View A&M University and head coach Dawn Brown (a former JSU women's basketball player), 83-82 in double overtime.
JSU completed its regular-season slate winning its final eight of eleven contests to finish with a .500 in the winning percentage. JSU concluded the season with a 61-51 victory by outlasting Alabama State, at the Dunn-Oliver Acadome in Montgomery, Ala.
With the victory, the Lady Tigers improved to 14-14 overall and 12-6 in league play, marking the first time since 2008, that the Lady Tigers completed the regular-season by winning at least 50.0 percent of their games.
JSU also received national recognition by receiving an invitation to the 2014-15 Preseason Women's National Invitational Tournament (WNIT) by the WNIT committee.
College Sports Madness named Jackson State University's junior forward Ayanna Hardy-Fuller to the Southwestern Athletic Conference Women's basketball All-Conference Third Team, while junior guard Dominique Brothern was named to the All-Conference Fourth Team.
The Lady Tigers were able to finish its regular-season play third in the conference and hosted sixth seed in-state rival, Mississippi Valley State during the quarterfinal round of the 2014 SWAC Basketball Tournament on March 13, at the Toyota Center in Houston, Texas. JSU defeated the Devilettes, 78-64 and advanced to the semifinals to face No. 2 seeded Texas Southern which would turn out to be a shootout. The Lady Tigers ended their season falling to TSU in overtime by two points, 79-77.


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Now available OnDemand and
"Arresting... subtly engrossing... smart, darkly funny."
— Frank Scheck, The Hollywood Reporter
"An unsung gem... a twisted, mordant comedy...
Nancy, Please is a much more than promising debut feature."
— Amy Taubin, Film Comment
"You can't avert your eyes."
— Stephen Holden, The New York Times


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Artists, designers and animators have to be just as creative in finding new outlets for their talents as they are in their chosen work. That's why I like to put the spotlight on creators who find other ways, beyond the studio jobs, to express themselves and share their craft.
Dan Krall was a character designer on Coraline and How To Train Your Dragon, an art director for Chowder and Samurai Jack and did much development art on Powerpuff Girls and Dexters Lab. He's also illustrated several quirky and clever children's books in his time between jobs. His latest, coming out on May 7th, is really really sweet - and a little sour - intentionally!
The Great Lollipop Caper is perfect bedtime reading for parents - and perfect fun for kids to read by themselves. It's about a popular lollipop and a cruel plan by an evil caper. This animated trailer (below, animated in stop-motion by our friends at Screen Novelties) teases the tale perfectly. If you have little kids - or are one yourself - or you just love the work of Dan Krall, The Great Lollipop Caper is highly recommended.


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Images: Eagles at the gates [Image 4 of 4]
Photo by Sgt. Leejay Lockhart
Spc. Bryan Clark, an infantryman from 1st Battalion, 187th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Brigade, 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault), checks identifications Dec. 12, at gate 4 on Fort Campbell. The gate guards help maintain security at the perimeter of the installation by diligently checking vehicles coming on post. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. Leejay Lockhart, 101st Sustainment Brigade Public Affairs)
This work, Eagles at the gates [Image 1 of 4], by SGT Leejay Lockhart, identified by DVIDS, is free of known copyright restrictions under U.S. copyright law.
Date Taken:12.12.2013
Date Posted:12.26.2013 11:57
Photo ID:1144071
Size:1.12 MB
Location:FORT CAMPBELL, KY, US
Hometown:FULTON, IL, US


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Thomas D. Cerasaro
June 14, 2014
Thomas D. Cerasaro, 92, formerly of Peace Street, Hazleton, and recently a well-cared for resident of Providence Place, Drums, passed away Saturday morning in Lehigh Valley Hospital-Hazleton.
Born in Hazleton, he was the son of the late Nazzareno and Antonia (Daniels) Cerasaro and was a member of Queen of Heaven Parish at Our Lady of Grace Church, Hazleton.
He was an Air Force veteran of World War II.
He was a carpenter and manager at the former Leonard Enterprises Inc.
He was the past president of the Holy Name, a member of the Madonna's Seniors, a Eucharist minister and a lecturer at Our Lady of Grace Church. He was a member of the Sacred Heart, Harleigh. He was the past president of the Tobyhanna Retreat League and a 15-year captain of the Tobyhanna Hazleton Group. He was also involved for more than 60 years with the retreats of the Scranton Diocese. He was a fourth degree Knight of Columbus, West Hazleton, and was also a member of the Hazleton Senior Citizens.
Preceding him in death, in addition to his parents, were his wife of 63 years, the former Margaret Yori, who passed away in 2010; sisters, Anna DeFazio, Philomena Roberts, Josephine Melchiorre and Mary D'Alessandro; and brothers, Anthony and Maurice Cerasaro.
Surviving are his daughters, Anita Burke and her husband, Thomas, Oreland; and Regina Stewart and her husband, Dale, Eagle Rock; son, Dr. Thomas S. Cerasaro, Pawleys Island, S.C.; grandchildren, Kelly Burke, Karen Stewart and Dr. Christopher, Stephen, Jacqueline and Kimberlyn Cerasaro; great-grandson, Nicholas Stewart; brother, Michael Cerasaro, Delaware; and numerous nieces and nephews, especially his devoted niece, Carol Cauley.
A Mass of Christian Burial will be celebrated Saturday at 9 a.m. in Queen of Heaven Parish at Our Lady of Grace Church.
Burial will be in Calvary Cemetery, Drums.
Friends may call at Joseph A. Moran Funeral Home, 229 W. 12th St., Hazleton, on Friday from 6 to 8 p.m.
Memorial donations may be made to Queen of Heaven Parish at Our Lady of Grace Church, 750 N. Vine St., Hazleton, PA 18201; Community Services for Sight, 1201B N. Church St., Suite 409, Hazle Township, PA 18202; the Alzheimer's Association, or to the charity of one's own choice.
Condolences may be sent through www.moranfuneral home.com.
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INTERVIEW: Michael Apted Goes from "7 Up" to 007
by Anthony Kaufman
British documentary and James Bond: besides sharing the same nation and a lasting tradition, you'd think the two to be as different as chalk and cheese. But director Michael Apted bridges the seemingly vast gap between the two, having directed "42 Up," the latest edition of the acclaimed "7 Up" series, and "The World is Not Enough," the 19th installment in the adventures of the world's greatest superspy -- as Apted notes, the two "longest-running franchises in the history of their genres."
Both films are opening in New York this week. In last Sunday's New York Times, Apted wrote about the strange simultaneous release of his two films: the 35th year of the documentary "that has followed the lives of 14 British people every seven years from age 7 to the present day" and the story of "007 (Pierce Brosnan) as he wrestles with the world's most feared terrorist (Robert Carlyle) for control of Caspian Sea oil." "Any similarities pretty much end there," wrote Apted, "as 'The World Is Not Enough' (opening Friday) cost 240 times more to make than '42 Up' (opening Wednesday at the Film Forum)."
Yet when one looks back at Apted's eclectic career, the culmination of this week's two disparate releases doesn't seem that surprising. Though he started as a researcher on "7 Up" back in 1962 and continued to make other documentaries ("Bring on the Night," "Incident at Oglala," "Moving the Mountain," and most recently "Inspirations" and "Me and Isaac Newton," which are both still looking for distribution), his movie-making in Hollywood is as impressive as it is diverse ("Coalminer's Daughter," "Gorky Park," "Gorillas in the Mist," "Thunderheart," "Nell," just to name a few). So it was with great anticipation that indieWIRE sat down with the 58-year-old Apted in the offices of First Run Features -- who are distributing "42 Up" -- to discuss his ability to work both independently and in the mainstream, as well as making films for the last 35 years.
indieWIRE: So the burning question is how did you come to direct the latest James Bond movie?
Michael Apted: I just got a call from my agent, saying, "Would I be interested in it?" and I thought they were joking. They were seeing other directors -- they didn't have this flash and say "Apted has to do Bond." So I went to see them about it, and it became clear why they wanted a drama director -- as opposed to an action director -- to beef up the characters and the story. Once I could figure out why they wanted me, I knew I wouldn't just be hanging on, trying to catch up. For me, it became a terrific, fun challenge -- a whole new area of filmmaking.
iW: You have worked on Hollywood productions before. . .
Apted: But nothing of this scale. It's still the same job, the same anxieties, but it did feel a lot different, that kind of budget, that schedule, and frankly, the slowness of it all, and also having a lot of other units working.
iW: Did you feel that you could get a handle on so much going on?
Apted: Eventually. It took a bit of time. I was swamped in pre-production, because it's a 6-month shoot, and you have to be making decisions in November about what you were going to shoot next June. It was a bit bizarre -- I found that overwhelming.
iW: It's always so interesting to me when I meet a director who's able to traverse both the Hollywood and low-budget independent worlds. How is it for you?
Apted: The more I think about it, I love doing it. Because I love doing documentaries, and I love the whole different challenges of doing "42 Up" with 8 people, and Bond with 1,300 people. But also, it determines the documentaries I do. Because I don't have time to do these kinds of behaviorist films, where you follow someone out like "American Movie" which takes two years. So I do tend to do documentaries where I can move in and out of them. All the last ones, "42 Up," "Inspirations," and "Me and Isaac Newton," are all definitely interview-driven and idea-driven, rather than behavior-driven. I also have people who I have a lot of trust in. For example, I was cutting "Me and Isaac Newton" while I was preparing Bond. So I have a relationship with the editor that allows me to go off and leave her to it -- federal express me 10 minutes and I give notes. Even when I'm there with the editor, she never really liked me around, so it doesn't make much difference. Anyway, I love the fact that I can keep it going for all sorts of reasons. For my own soul, and also, that it does give me an unusual place in the community, which is always a good idea to have a certain individuality about what you do.
iW: You have said that the "7 Up" series is the most important work you've ever done.
Apted: I think it will be. When I pack it all in, I think that will be my signature piece. Whenever I take a movie on the road, the "Up" films will always come up, because it is so unusual and unique and I am so far ahead of everybody else with it. I think it will be the thing I am remembered for most.
iW: It seems obvious that you'd have more personal connection with this project than anything else.
Apted: One of the reasons to do documentaries is that. There's more sense of creating something, more sense of my own soul in the documentaries than in movies, because I don't write the movies I do. I interpret other people's original inspirations, to a greater or lesser extent. . . And I get final cut on the documentaries, so I enjoy the fact that there's much less at stake, therefore there's much less pressure and much less interference. I find that it fulfills a creative need in me to do documentaries.
iW: And Bond, and the bigger films, what is the need there?
Apted: The need that really got me into the business and brought me to America in the first place. Which is the need to communicate. I like the idea of trying to do decent work and having it seen by a lot of people. What's frustrating about doing documentaries -- not so much the "Up" films, because they have a huge following on television and on video. But doing other documentaries, it's terribly frustrating; I've never much been interested in doing films that no one gets to see. That's what I would have done if I stayed in England, worked in independent films and Channel 4, but I always liked the attraction of doing decent work on a huge marketplace. That's always been an instinct of mine from the very beginning.
iW: Was the release plan of the two films really sheer coincidence?
Apted: I had been trying to get a release of "42 Up" for over a year. I had finished the film in May of last year and it was broadcast in England in July of last year. This was before Bond was even in my radar. Before I finished it, I was trying to get distribution because it's so hard for documentaries and I didn't get it until July of this year. Since it took so long, it became a cute marketing idea to put them out both together.
iW: Has the BBC TV aesthetic informed your filmmaking? I know that you've made many documentaries that were not like that, but did it influence you?
Apted: I don't know, I suppose it must have, because it's what I was brought up in. But the "Up" films seem a peculiar piece of work -- I don't know why I wised up so early, but I realized that the most powerful thing about it would have to be the face. That it wasn't a good idea to dissipate that with a lot of 'filmmaking,' per se. Because as you can imagine, as I'm getting more and more generations of it, the fact that most of the material is in sync and on the face, is incredibly invaluable, because that's clearly the most powerful images -- these faces changing over the decades.
iW: How have the actual technological developments in filmmaking over these last 35 years effected the making of these films from "7 Up" on?
Apted: Not very much, to be honest. Maybe, it will now. If the whole tape to film transfer becomes more sophisticated. Now that I can edit the whole thing on AVID and edit the whole thing on tape, maybe I will do the next digitally, because maybe the quality will become less obvious between tape and film. The AVID was made for the "Up" series, as you can imagine