text:
|Cato Policy Analysis No. 259
|September 5, 1996
Doug Bandow, a senior fellow at the Cato Institute, is a nationally syndicated columnist with Copley News Service.
Executive Summary
Term limits are back, despite virulent opposition from the political establishment. Come November, voters in 15 states will be deciding on initiatives designed to overturn last year's Supreme Court decision voiding voters' restrictions on the number of terms served by their representatives.
Some political analysts argued that November 1994 obviated the need for term limits. But the Republican majority in Congress is running scared, and November 1994 is looking a lot like the revolution that wasn't. The problem is not that no genuine citizen-legislators were elected. They were. But Congress remains dominated by multiterm careerists of both parties.
Term limits would make a difference. The argument for term limits can be summed up simply: for years there was greater turnover on the Soviet Communist Party Central Committee and in Britain's House of Lords than in Congress. That did not change in 1994, when the overall House reelection rate still ran roughly 90 percent.
Unfortunately, last year's Supreme Court decision can be overturned only by a constitutional amendment. Since Congress is unlikely to voluntarily approve one, advocates of term limits need to convince 34 states to call for a convention to draft an appropriate amendment.
State calls for a convention would encourage Congress to propose an amendment, as happened with the Seventeenth Amendment that provides for the direct election of senators. If such pressure proved unavailing, a convention could be held. There would be no danger of a "runaway convention," since 38 states would have to ratify any proposed amendment.
November 1994 was supposed to have been the death knell for term limits. Explained Rep. Richard Armey (R-Tex.), one of the most dedicated defenders of individual liberty in the House, who went on to become Majority Leader after the election, "If we Republicans can straighten out the House . . . then I think maybe the nation's desire for term limits will be diminished."1
His sentiments were understandable. The people had arisen and swept aside partisan congressional majorities going back 40 years. Incumbency had seemingly been overturned by a dramatic popular ideological shift to the right. The Republican revolution was going to sweep Washington and uproot the manifold government bureaucracies and programs imposed on an unwilling populace by a permanent establishment.
At least, that was how it was supposed to be. Some 18 months after taking power, the GOP congressional majority is splitting at the seams. The federal budget continues to grow, albeit at a somewhat slower rate. No department or major agency or program has disappeared; rather, the Republicans have contented themselves with eliminating the 18-person Administrative Conference and a handful of other minor bureaucracies. Regulatory reform has been pushed to the back burner. Congress's efforts to limit state mandates have been more symbolic than real. Republicans led efforts to increase regulation of the health insurance markets and raise the minimum wage. True, more might have been achieved had President Clinton been less obstructive, but virtually every federal program has at least one major GOP defender. In short, November 1994 is looking a lot like the revolution that wasn't.
The problem, of course, is not that no genuine citizen-legislators, committed to real change, were elected in 1994. They were. But Congress remains dominated by multiterm careerists in both parties who have at least as much loyalty to the system as to their constituents. And until that changes, Washington is not going to change appreciably, irrespective of the partisan complexion of Congress.
Judicial Obstacles
What would change Congress--dramatically--is term limits. Average citizens certainly understand the potential of term limits. By the middle of last year nearly half of the states had restricted, almost all of them by popular vote, the number of terms that their members of Congress could serve. But then the Supreme Court intervened. In U.S. Term Limits, Inc., et al. v. Thornton et al., a narrow five-to-four majority voided such restrictions, opining that "allowing individual States to craft their own qualifications for Congress would thus erode the structure envisioned by the Framers, a structure that was designed, in the words of the Preamble to our Constitution, to form a 'more perfect Union.'"2
The ruling is dubious enough on constitutional grounds, since states have long had extensive discretion over elections within their own jurisdictions.3 But it looks even worse in the context of a political system in which the participants seem to believe that their highest duty is to preserve the status quo. Congress, naturally, refuses to approve a constitutional amendment on term limits. Most state legislatures, naturally, refuse to approve term-limit measures. And now the Supreme Court refuses to allow the people to approve term limits. That pervasive resistance illustrates the importance of developing new strategies for subjecting members of the U.S. Congress to term limits.
The Case for Term Limits
The argument for term limits can be summed up in one set of statistics: for years there was greater turnover on the Soviet Communist Party Central Committee and in Brit-ain's House of Lords than in Congress. Nothing really changed in 1994, despite the dramatic partisan upheaval. Three dozen Democratic incumbents fell, but the overall House reelection rate still ran roughly 90 percent (314 of 348), and the Senate reelection rate ran 92 percent (24 of 26). That looks good only in comparison with the 98 percent reelection rate of 1990, before a modest slump in 1992 due to the House Bank scandal, when fewer than 5 percent of House races were genuinely competitive. And no Republican incumbents, no matter how flawed, lost in 1994. If 1996 proves to be a bad year for the GOP, the freshmen are more likely to suffer than are the time servers.
Indeed, even though the GOP gained control of Congress in 1994, scholar Stephen Erickson argues that "the power of incumbency masked the true scale of the popular sentiment in favor of Republicans."4 Absent incumbency, he figures that the Republican Party would have picked up an additional 32 to 41 seats.5
In short, what political scientist Mark Petracca calls the "poison" of professional politics remains.6 Most incumbents still win, and careerists still largely dominate policy. Only term limits are likely to reduce the electoral bias toward congenital politicians and the ensuing policy bias toward expansive government.
A system that turns supposed "public service" into a career attracts a particular type of person. Observes Edward H. Crane, president of the Cato Institute, "Those who run for Congress these days are generally those who find the prospect of spending a significant portion of their lives as a politician to be an attractive option."7 That means they are less likely to have a real life before entering politics--many political pros start out as state legislators in their early 20s and never stop.
Unfortunately, it just gets worse over time. Sen. Warren Rudman (R-N.H.) explains that he retired because "the longer you stay in public office, the more distant the outside world becomes."8 But he is one of the few to voluntarily step aside. One Democratic senator told Rudman after the latter announced his retirement, "I wish I had the guts to do what you've done, but I'm afraid to leave. I don't know what I'd do with my life."9 One legislator who tried business after his forced retirement at the hands of the voters was former Democratic senator George McGovern of South Dakota. His plaintive plea after his motel folded was particularly telling: "I wish I had had a better sense of what it took to [meet a payroll] when I was in Washington."10 But he was no different from most of his colleagues.
Electoral Advantages
Lack of experience in meeting a payroll does provide an important electoral advantage, however. Spending one's life trolling for money, publicity, and votes makes one a more effective politician with increased chances of winning. We see a "new breed" of professional legislator "who wants to stay in public office for the long haul," observes political analyst Alan Rosenthal of Rutgers University.11 Against such candidates would-be citizen-legislators--accomplished or distinguished members of the community who want to give some time, but not their entire careers, to politics--have a tough time. As Alan Ehrenhalt, editor of Governing magazine, puts it, "Full-time jobs in Congress and in legislatures attract people who want to devote most of their waking hours to politics. There is no reason to suppose that this is the same set of people who would want to do politics in their spare time."12
Not only are the people different, but their ideologies are different. In general, political professionals like government. As Crane puts it, "These are generally the kind of individuals we should not have passing laws governing the rest of us."13 The point is not merely rhetorical. Observes Ehrenhalt,
Politics is, then, more than in the past, a job for people who prefer it to any other line of work. About these people one more important point should be made: They tend not only to enjoy politics but to believe in government as an institution. The more somebody is required to sacrifice time and money and private life to run for the city council, for the state legislature, or for Congress, the more important it is for that person to believe that government is a respectable enterprise with crucial work to do.14
The professionalization of legislatures turned into a self-reinforcing process. The new, government-is-good majorities approved higher salaries and created larger staffs; the prestige of legislative service rose in turn. Those factors tended to increase the attractiveness of legislative service to the people most enamored of statist policy prescriptions.15
At the same time, those sorts of changes tended to further enhance the electoral advantages of careerists. During the 1960s incumbents began to expand their reelection arsenal, mostly at taxpayers' expense. Former Democratic representative Tony Coelho of California, who once headed the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee, opines, "You have tremendous, tremendous tools you can use that a challenger cannot use."16 Of course, the GOP Congress has supposedly reformed the process, but the weapons of incumbency remain huge despite the majority's modest reduction in committee staff. That step does not go nearly far enough. Observes Erickson, "Not only have most meaningful reforms failed to gather any significant degree of political momentum, but most only address a single aspect of incumbent power."17
Every enhancement of the power of incumbency exacerbates careerism. Rosenthal describes the changes in the Minnesota state legislature that accompanied the influx of professional politicos: "Lawyers, independent business owners, and farmers have left. Their places have been taken by young people, many of whom see the legislature as an entry level position for a career in politics."18 The process becomes an endless circle: those people most interested in making government a career run, win, and adjust the rules to favor those who want to make government a career. Over time, that process changes who runs for office, what they vote for, and ultimately what government does.
Rotten Careerists
The problem is not just that different people are elected when legislative service becomes a career. That service itself transforms those who are elected. As Thomas Jefferson put it, "Whenever a man has cast a longing eye on [offices], a rottenness begins in his conduct."19 Over time, career legislators are more likely to promote the interest of the establishment of which they are part than that of the larger public. And perhaps that is not surprising. If the bulk of one's time is spent meeting with lobbyists, constituents, bureaucrats, and other supplicants--all of them touting the virtues of expanded government power in one form or another--one may actually come to believe in that power.
The statistics certainly are damning. According to the Competitive Enterprise Institute, senior representatives are more likely than junior legislators to vote for pork and special-interest economic intervention.20 Similarly, National Taxpayers Union figures demonstrate that, on average, spending rises with terms served.21
In short, the habit of governance changes those who govern. If one's career is in business, or health care, or education, and therefore is on the receiving end of federal rulemaking, one probably has a different perspective than if one is in Congress supervising those who make the rules. There is, in fact, a basic cultural difference. Analyst James Payne calls the culture of Capitol Hill a "culture of spending."22 While the victims of federal intervention are largely absent from the halls of Capitol Hill, Congress, explains Payne, "is overwhelmed by the advocates of government programs: the administrators whose status, morale, and sense of accomplishment depend on the appropriations they urge; state and local officials who appeal for federal spending with the same motives; lobbyists who press the demands of the beneficiaries of federal programs; spokesmen for business firms that benefit from federal largesse."23
Equally important, perhaps, is the corrupting influence of power. With seniority comes influence, and with influence often comes acclaim. But praise is usually reserved for those who "grow" away from views hostile to the way Washington works. Consider former Republican senator James McClure of Indiana. Early in his career he advocated repeal of the Sixteenth Amendment, which authorized the federal income tax. By the time he was a committee chairman in the U.S. Senate, he was defending a taxpayer bailout of the Kennedy Center, which serves the glitterati of Washington.24
Reelection at All Costs
Moreover, even the most ideologically committed representative may slip into putting his career before his ideology. Incumbency has become an invaluable aid to reelection because of the benefits of power, which usually mean using government to direct taxpayer resources to one's own district and various interest groups. Incumbents also raise funds and win votes by posing as defenders of individuals, organizations, and regions threatened by taxes and regulations advanced by other legislators--usually to win votes in their districts or states. Thus, as they focus on reelection, even otherwise principled legislators are likely to find themselves defending individual programs and projects as they denounce overall government spending and regulation. "Congressmen decry bureaucratic excesses and red tape while riding a grateful electorate to ever more impressive electoral showings," observes political scientist Morris Fiorina.25
Republicans certainly are not immune to such temptations. Even before the 1994 election, it was evident that GOP legislators, too, "grow" in office. Senior Republicans are more likely to vote for statist legislation than they were at the start of their careers and more likely to do so than are newcomers. Explains Payne, "When congressmen first enter Congress, they are less in favor of spending than their colleagues, but they grow more in favor of spending as their service in Congress lengthens."26 He figures their propensity to spend jumps two-thirds by their eighth term.27
The ongoing experience of the Republican majority bears out Payne's analysis. House Speaker Newt Gingrich passed over top-ranked Rep. Joseph McDade (R-Pa.) for the Appropriations Committee chairmanship because of McDade's looseness with the public purse as well as his indictment. Rep. Jan Meyers (R-Kans.) opposed dismantlement of the Small Business Administration, long known as a petty cash drawer for politicians and their business buddies. Moreover, longer term members were the most consistent barriers to proposals by freshmen members for serious change. (Forty-one, or 56 percent, of the 73 new Republican House members were nonprofessionals; 3 of the 11 GOP Senate freshmen were also electoral novices. Only 1 of 13 Democratic House freshmen had a nonpolitical background.)
Although Budget Committee chairman John Kasich took his responsibilities seriously, proposing a spending package that would have eliminated some 300 programs, the Appropriations Committee, which makes the final decision on disbursements, chose instead to merely trim most of those programs. Virtually every federal agency and initiative had at least one senior GOP champion. Indeed, that is why the congressional majority was unable to respond to President Clinton's veto of its budget resolution by simply eliminating funding for disfavored programs--the Republicans could not agree among themselves on what to cut.28
Electoral Pressures
As Republicans have come under increasing political pressure, they have begun to adopt the traditional Democratic strategy of being what political analyst James Pinkerton calls "Robocandidates."
If Republicans survive only by perfecting Robo techniques, then they will have effectively become Robos too. That is, if individual GOPers focus on hugging, chameleon-like, to the local political terrain for the sake of their own reelection, then they will lose interest in nationwide Contract-like undertakings that might antagonize critical constituencies. Already Republicans have abandoned the more ambitious aspects of their agenda.29
Democrats experienced a somewhat similar phenomenon during the previous congressional session. That relatively large freshman class desired serious reform in the way that Congress operated, but to no avail. Multiterm Democrats were pleased with their power and perks and blocked any change. There were partisan splits, of course, but the generational splits within both parties were also surprisingly pronounced.
Term Limits the Only Answer
Political careerism can be combated in various ways. One could attempt to limit incumbents' electoral advantages (fund-raising, postal franking, legislative staff), end their role as ombudsmen for constituents (prevent them or their staffs from intervening in bureaucratic disputes), eliminate campaign finance restrictions (allowing wealthy individuals to jump-start ideological and outsider campaigns), and insulate them from the Washington culture (further restrict lobbying, forbid them to read the Washington Post).30 While all of those measures would be helpful, they are not easily achievable. And even if they were, they probably still would not be enough. The basic problem is political careerism. Today the entire political system is biased toward long-term legislative service. The only way to counteract that systematic bias is term limits. As Erickson puts it, "Term limits is not only the sole reform with popular political clout behind it, but it also provides a comprehensive solution by guaranteeing turnover, ensuring periodic competitive open-seat races, and undermining cravings for perpetual reelections."31
And the limits should be shorter rather than longer. Three terms for the House would, for instance, have a much more powerful transforming effect than would the six terms favored by many officeholders--but not voters.32 In fact, an astonishing 81.3 percent of voters who support term limits prefer three terms; just 15.8 percent favor six terms.33 Although even longer term limits would eliminate the phenomenon of 30-year incumbents' running critical committees as personal fiefdoms, they would, estimate economists Robert Reed and Eric Schansberg, reduce the median term of service only from nine years to seven.34 A three-term limit, in contrast, would drop the median to three years.35 A three-term limit would also dramatically accelerate turnover, truly transforming Congress. Finally, shorter term limits would better ensure distribution of leadership positions on criteria other than senility, giving bright newcomers the hope of attaining a position of responsibility before returning to private life.
Opposing Arguments
Obviously, term limits have not gone uncriticized, especially by officeholders. None of their arguments holds up, however. It has, for instance, been said that term limits restrict voter choice. Although they prevent a particular incumbent from running again, they create more competitive elections and encourage more new entrants into the political arena. For example, the total number of California legislative candidates is estimated to have risen by 50 percent after the institution of term limits.36 And the greater variety of people running has borne out the prediction of former Democratic governor Madeleine Kunin of Vermont that "breaking the gridlock of incumbency could throw the doors wide open to new people and new ideas that would make politics rewarding, meaningful, even fun."37
Another criticism is that term limits are undemocratic, yet virtually every group of citizens allowed to vote on the issue has approved term limits. In fact, 25 million people have cast ballots in favor of term limits. In some elections three of every four voters said yes. Support remains high despite the Supreme Court decision: a poll earlier this year found that 72.3 percent of people back term limits and that more than half "strongly favor" them.38 Support crosses ethnic, gender, and racial lines. Moreover, it was opponents of term limits who relied on the courts, the least democratic of America's governing institutions, to thwart the popular will.
Term limits are democratic in another sense--they broaden the opportunity to serve as a legislator. In 1835 the French classical liberal Alexis de Tocqueville complained about "the vulgar demeanor" of the U.S. House, which contained "almost all obscure individuals," including "village lawyers, men in trade, or even persons belonging to the lower classes of society."39 But common people, too, have a right to serve. State legislatures also long represented all ranks of society. The role of the "lower classes" in politics has been steadily shrinking with the growth of professionalism, however. But because of term limits, citizen-legislators seem to be making a comeback. For instance, after term limits took effect in California, reported the Los Angeles Times, the legislature's freshmen members included "a former U.S. Air Force pilot, a former sheriff-coroner, a paralegal, a retired teacher, a video store owner, a businesswoman-homemaker, a children's advocate, an interior designer, a retired sheriff's lieutenant, and a number of businessmen, lawyers and former City Council members."40
Lost Experience
Some opponents decry the loss of "experience" under term limits. They act as if politics is like brain surgery, requiring a high degree of technical skill. Unfortunately, the policy jobs performed by supposedly "experienced" legislators have left much to be desired--the savings-and-loan disaster, extravagant deficit spending, and entitlement programs headed toward fiscal oblivion have all come from the stable leadership of recent Congresses. The state experience has been similar. In California, observes columnist Ed Mendel, "it should not be forgotten that the legislature of the 1980s, chock-full of experienced veterans, was famous for gridlock and corruption."41
The curious admiration of legislative acumen irrespective of honesty, philosophy, or principle even impelled American Enterprise Institute scholar Norman Ornstein to lament the jailing of former Ways and Means Committee chairman Dan Rostenkowski.42 However, in the first instance, politics is principle. Without the right principles, creative legislating does more harm than good. Rostenkowski, for instance, has said he would have attempted to ram a health reform bill through his committee and the full House; he cared not one whit about the substance and the disastrous consequences of nationalizing medical care.43 What America really craves is direction, not detail. An intimate working knowledge of regulations that should not exist in the first place has no practical value for the public.
A related argument is that lobbyists and staffers would manipulate inexperienced legislative newcomers. Actually, staff turnover is one of the few constants on Capitol Hill. Increased turnover of members, caused by term limits, would accelerate that process. For instance, California lobbyist Michael Corbett has complained about the departure of key staffers after passage of term limits.44 Similarly, explains former state legislative aide Timothy Hodson, "Most state legislatures simply do not have personnel arrangements conducive to career staffs in post-term limit conditions."45
Moreover, lobbyists and staffers tend to run the current system; term limits would disrupt existing power relationships. Unfortunately, lobbyists uniformly oppose term limits and have donated generously to block them in initiative states. And who can blame them? Corbett writes, "The tried-and-true practice of establishing long-term, close personal relationships with legislators is no longer viable in the era of term limits."46 Unfortunately, those relationships do not come cheap for average citizens. As a representative of the California Trial Lawyers Association admitted, "Obviously, it's a great advantage to have someone who is a champion of your cause as Speaker of the Assembly.47 Obviously, which is why average citizens are now demanding a champion or two as well.
Criticism Verboten
Even more incredible, criticism of legislators has been denounced as a bad consequence of term limits. Argues Democratic political consultant Victor Kamber,
By relying on totalistic quick fixes like term limits to discharge what should be our civic responsibilities, we are giving up on democracy. By listening to demagogues who tell us that our votes don't matter, that Congress isn't ours, that Washington isn't part of America, we are turning these scurrilous opinions into truths. By giving in to the counsels of despair, we are repudiating our Founders' original vision--a free and democratic nation of citizens joined together by common rights and responsibilities.
This culture of suspicion--"you can't trust anyone in office after six (or 12) years"--creates a vicious cycle in which negative attitudes get reinforced and our politics get uglier and uglier.48
All that because somebody said that incumbents should not be able to hold office forever! Most advocates of term limits probably are unaware of the apocalyptic impact of their proposals. Of course, Kamber is just being silly. Cynicism about government and politics results from objective reality: government creates and exacerbates far more problems than it solves.49 Moreover, there is little that individual citizens can do to reduce the distance between them and their rulers or to affect policy that is currently set largely by a nearly permanent legislative elite and a generally unaccountable bureaucracy.
Turnover Sufficient?
The final argument from opponents of term limits, who are horrified by legislative turnover, is that there is already lots of turnover. However, the rate of turnover is historically very low. During America's first century turnover averaged 43 percent. It was 1900 before turnover fell below 30 percent.
Moreover, other than in the exceptional year 1994, turnover primarily occurs when incumbents voluntarily relinquish their offices. Most elections remain essentially foregone conclusions. Yet what keeps a political system vibrant is a large number of competitive elections. During the 1980s an incredible 99.3 percent of congressional and state legislative incumbents (not under indictment) won reelection.50 That phenomenon is not healthy for either policy or politics in America.
Renewing the Drive for Term Limits
The Supreme Court decision to void state-imposed limits on congressional terms requires either a judicial reversal or approval of a constitutional amendment. Neither would be easy. Even a change in personnel would not guarantee a change in opinion, and a constitutional amendment necessitates action by either Congress, whose members would be covered by term limits, or two-thirds of the states.
Thus, advocates of term limits should develop a long-term, multifront strategy. First, they should prepare the groundwork for new judicial appointments by continuing to make the case for the constitutionality of term limits. When the time seems propitious, advocates need to develop a test case and urge the high court to reverse its earlier ruling. Even success there, however, would leave voters in more than half the states unable to pass term limits since their states lack an initiative mechanism. And in only two states, New Hampshire and Utah, did legislatures prove willing to approve term limits on their own.
At the same time, advocates of term limits need to apply continuing pressure on Congress to pass a constitutional amendment. Unfortunately, this strategy faces obvious obstacles. Democrats bear the greatest blame for the failure of the House to approve such an amendment last year, but had the vote been closer, some closet GOP opponents of term limits almost certainly would have voted the other way. As Rep. Michael Forbes (R-N.Y.) puts it, "Candidly, this leadership didn't want them any more than the old leadership did."51 In fact, the GOP majority's decision to allow votes on four separate term-limit measures was intended to give cover to members who opposed having any measure ever take effect.52
Moreover, avowed congressional supporters of term limits continue to push longer limits, six terms for the House in the case of the amendment considered last year. Such a measure would, as noted earlier, have less salutary effect on the political process. It would also leave invalid the laws of the 19 (of 23) states that imposed shorter limits and ignore the wishes of the vast majority of Americans--84 percent of whom prefer three terms to six terms.
As a second best, Congress should approve a statute allowing states to limit the terms of members of Congress. Such a measure was proposed in 1995, but Speaker Newt Gingrich reportedly refused to allow the legislation, which would have given states discretion in the number of terms allowed, to come to a vote because he feared voters would approve shorter limits.53 The Court's opinion in U.S. Term Limits states that even congressional legislation would not withstand judicial scrutiny, but that discussion reflects nonbinding dicta. Moreover, such a vote would place additional pressure on the Court to uphold state measures and might help develop a test case for a future Court.
Constitutional Convention
Still, something more is needed. States need to call for a constitutional convention to draft a term-limits amendment for submission to all the states for approval. Getting backing from the necessary 34 states will be no easy task. Although South Dakota and Utah have already issued such calls, most other states remain reluctant to trim the prerogatives of any legislator. Nevertheless, U.S. Term Limits, the leading term-limits advocacy group, has developed a sophisticated strategy to generate the necessary support.
One option is for voters, by initiative, to constitute themselves as the legislature for the purpose of calling a convention. Old Supreme Court language suggests that such a strategy might work, though a more modern Court hostile to term limits might be less cooperative.
Moreover, U.S. Term Limits is assisting initiative campaigns in 15 states, ranging from Alaska to Washington, to place on the November ballot measures that would instruct legislators to vote for a convention and alert voters to how their state legislators vote on the call for a congressional term-limits amendment.54 Legislators who voted against term limits would find a notation on the ballot in the following election, "Disregarded voters' instruction on term limits." The notation for nonincumbents who refused to promise to vote yes would be "Declined to pledge to support term limits." Similar provisions could be applied to members of Congress. In that way, voters could more easily hold their representatives accountable for their positions on term limits.55
Pressuring Congress
The purpose of this effort is twofold. First is to pressure Congress to propose an amendment. This is not the first time in history that advocates of reform have represented broad public sentiments but faced a Congress made recalcitrant by its own institutional self-interest. Consider the Seventeenth Amendment, which was initiated by Congress, including the U.S. Senate, whose members had to face election after its approval. The first amendment for the popular election of senators was proposed in Congress in 1826 and tabled without discussion. Although opponents blocked efforts to pass an amendment for years, by the late 1800s voters were making their candidate preferences known through primaries, which were relied on by many state legislatures. In 1901 Oregon voters, through the initiative process, enacted one of the more sophisticated systems, allowing Senate nominations by petition, placing on the ballot a statement by state legislators on whether they would approve the voters' choice when choosing a senator, and instructing their legislators to vote for the winner of the advisory election. Other states followed suit and began placing on the ballot a statement of legislative candidates' readiness to approve the people's preference. Then states began submitting applications for the calling of a constitutional convention. When a convention became otherwise inevitable, Congress voted out an amendment; a year later the measure was part of the Constitution.
Could that strategy work again? As they did in the matter of the direct election of senators, legislators would certainly take note of people's preferences if they were going to be held accountable for their actions. Some candidates who refused to take the senatorial pledge earlier this century nevertheless won; however, many more legislators put aside partisan considerations to follow the voters' will. And if an amendment was ever submitted to state legislatures, they might just go along despite their distaste for term limits. Explains Rosenthal, "The attitude in many of these states would be, 'We've got term limits, why shouldn't they?'"56
If such pressure proved unavailing, however, then the goal would be to hold a convention to draft a term-limits amendment. Fears of a "runaway convention" have bedeviled attempts to win the support of the necessary 34 states for other amendments, but it is not clear that a convention could validly approve other measures.57 Even if it could and did, there would still be no danger to Americans' liberties, since 38 of the states would have to approve any amendment. Only rarely in U.S. history has there been sufficient consensus to amend the Constitution. Term limits have generated such a consensus. A "runaway" amendment would almost certainly not do so.
Term limits may not be a panacea, but they are the single political fix that comes closest to a panacea. As politics has increasingly become a career, we have seen a kind of political Gresham's law in operation: careerist-legislators drive out citizen-legislators. Of course, not all of the former are sinners and not all of the latter are saints. But the incentives of the overall political system have been badly warped. People with real-world experience interested in serving for a time find themselves at a competitive disadvantage. And people who believe that government should not micromanage human affairs find themselves at a disadvantage.
The only plausible answer is term limits, which would forcibly remind legislators that they should have lives outside of politics and make more elections turn on policy rather than incumbency. Which is, of course, why political elites--legislators themselves, jurists, Washington pundits, consultants, journalists, lobbyists, and the like--are so horrified by term limits. And why they are using their supposedly superior knowledge and skills to thwart the will of average people who have voted again and again for term limits, rather than using their abundant abilities to solve the manifold problems that beset our society.
It is imperative that we not allow the political careerists to win. One seemingly revolutionary election every 40 years is not enough. The American people need to stage a political uprising by using their power to amend the Constitution and impose term limits on their legislators.
1. Quoted in Robert D. Novak, "Term-Limit Hypocrites," Washington Post, December 1, 1994, p. A23.
2. U.S. Term Limits, Inc., et al. v. Thornton et al., 63 U.S. Law Week 4413, 4432 (May 22, 1995).
3. See, for instance, John G. Kester, "State Term-Limits Laws and the Constitution," in The Law and Politics of Term Limits, ed. Edward H. Crane and Roger Pilon (Washington: Cato Institute, 1994), pp. 109-24; Ronald Rotunda, "A Commentary on the Constitutionality of Term Limits," in The Law and Politics of Term Limits, pp. 141-55; and John Armor, Why Term Limits? Because They Have It Coming (Ottawa, Ill.: Jameson Books, 1994), pp. 120-26. Justice Clarence Thomas's dissenting opinion in U.S. Term Limits, Inc., et al. v. Thornton et al. is also powerfully argued.
4. Stephen Erickson, "The Entrenching of Incumbency: Reelections in the U.S. House of Representatives, 1790-1994," Cato Journal 14, no. 3 (Winter 1995): 397.
5. Ibid., p. 416. Eliot Engel (D-N.Y.) is an example of a member of Congress who has used constituent services, the franking privilege, and free publicity to make himself well-nigh invincible. Christopher Georges, "Rep. Engel Triumphs by Being Dull in D.C. but Active at Home," Wall Street Journal, June 11, 1996, pp. A1, A6.
6. Mark P. Petracca, "The Poison of Professional Politics," Cato Institute Policy Analysis no. 151, May 10, 1991.
7. Edward H. Crane, "Six and Twelve: The Case for Serious Term Limits," National Civic Review (Summer 1991): 251.
8. Quoted in "Conflict in Congress," Wall Street Journal, April 22, 1996, p. A22.
9. Ibid.
10. Quoted in John Fund, "Making the Case for Term limits," Chicago Tribune, December 16, 1990, p. 3.
11. Quoted in Mark P. Petracca, "Restoring 'the University in Rotation': An Essay in Defense of Term Limitation," in The Politics and Law of Term Limits, p. 69.
12. Alan Ehrenhalt, The United States of Ambition: Politicians, Power, and the Pursuit of Office (New York: Random House, 1991), p. 14.
13. Crane, p. 251.
14. Ehrenhalt, p. 20.
15. Morris Fiorina describes how the "tangible costs and benefits of legislative service" have increased the number of representatives philosophically committed to expanding government. As he explains, "Full-time service imposes higher opportunity costs on Republicans, and generous compensation raises the direct benefits of service for Democrats." Morris Fiorina, "Divided Government in the American States: A Byproduct of Legislative Professionalism?" American Political Science Review 88, no. 2 (June 1994): 307-8. In sharp contrast were the rewards for service a century ago, when congressional service often seemed to be more a burden than a benefit. See, for example, Erickson, p. 404.
16. Quoted in Edward H. Crane and Roger Pilon, "An American Debate," in The Law and Politics of Term Limits, p. 14.
17. Erickson, p. 417.
18. Alan Rosenthal, Legislative Life (New York: Harper & Row, 1981), p. 58.
19. Thomas Jefferson, "Letter to Tench Coxe" (1799), The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations, 3d ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), p. 272.
20. Cited in Stephen Moore and Aaron Steelman, "An Antidote to Federal Red Ink: Term Limits," Cato Institute Briefing Paper no. 21, November 3, 1994, p. 21.
21. Cited in James Payne, The Culture of Spending: Why Congress Lives beyond Our Means (San Francisco: ICS Press, 1991), pp. 175-80. See also Paul Hewitt, "What Congress Wants to Spend," National Taxpayers Union, Washington, Congressional Budget Tracking System Report 103-2, January 24, 1994.
22. Ibid., p. 3.
23. Ibid.
24. Doug Bandow, "The Spending Problem in Profile," Wall Street Journal, April 16, 1985, p. 30.
25. Morris Fiorina, Congress: Keystone of the Washington Establishment, 2d ed. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1989), p. 67.
26. Payne, p. 85.
27. Ibid., p. 82. Some other research is more equivocal, finding that different classes of congressmen behave differently. W. Robert Reed et al., "The Relationship between Congressional Spending and Tenure with an Application to Term Limits," September 1995, pp. 14-15 (unpublished paper in author's files).
28. For a variety of accounts of the GOP's budget retreat, see 1996 Congressional Pig Book Summary (Washington: Citizens against Government Waste, 1996); Stephen Moore and Dean Stansel, "How Corporate Welfare Won: Clinton and Congress Retreat from Cutting Business Subsidies," Cato Institute Policy Analysis no. 254, May 15, 1996; Ronald Utt, "Why H.R. 842 Is Anything but 'Truth in Budgeting,'" Heritage Foundation Issue Bulletin no. 223, April 12, 1996; Scott Hodge and John Barry, "The 10 Percent 'Revolution': House Spending Bills Fall Short of Overhauling Government," Heritage Foundation Backgrounder no. 1053, September 14, 1995; Stephen Moore, "Mr. Corporate Welfare," National Review, January 29, 1996, pp. 22-24; Stephen Moore, "The Nanny State Fights Back," National Review, December 25, 1995, pp. 20-21; Jamie Dettmer, "The Silk Purse Is Full of Pork," Insight, October 9, 1995, pp. 8-13; Stephen Moore, "The Little Engine That Couldn't," National Review, September 25, 1995, pp. 26-28; Christina Del Valle, "Meet Bud Shuster, Prince of Pork," Business Week, May 15, 1995, pp. 86-87; Robert D. Novak, "The Ethanol Outrage," Washington Post, October 5, 1995,
p. A23; Michael Wines, "Where the Budget Ax Turns Dull," New York Times, August 30, 1995, pp. D1, D4; Stephen Moore, "The Republican Retreat," Investor's Business Daily, July 20, 1995, p. A2; and Stephen Moore, "Unfinished Budget-Cutting Business," Washington Times, August 22, 1995, p. A12.
29. James Pinkerton, "Robocandidates," Fortune, April 29, 1996, p. 54.
30. Further limiting spending, in contrast, would do more to stultify than to open the political process. See, for example, Bradley A. Smith, "Campaign Finance Regulation: Faulty Assumptions and Undemocratic Consequences," Cato Institute Policy Analysis no. 238, September 13, 1995; and Edward H. Crane, "Campaign Reforms vs. Term Limits," Washington Times, June 26, 1996, p. A15.
31. Erickson, p. 417.
32. See Doug Bandow, "Real Term Limits: Now More Than Ever," Cato Institute Policy Analysis no. 221, April 6, 1995.
33. Fabrizio McLaughlin & Associates, Memorandum to "all interested parties," February 6, 1996, p. 1.
34. W. Robert Reed and D. Eric Schansberg, "The House under Term Limits: What Would It Look Like?" Social Science Quarterly 76, no. 4 (December 1995): 699-716. This is a good general discussion of the issue.
35. That assumes the continuation of past patterns of service. Cato's president Edward H. Crane predicts that a House characterized by much shorter terms would attract people who would run and serve for a single term, thus reducing the median further.
36. Norman Leahy, "Expanding Democracy," U.S. Term Limits Foundation Term Limits Outlook 1, no. 5 (August 1992): 8.
37. Madeleine Kunin, "Term Limits Would Rejuvenate Politics," Los Angeles Times, September 13, 1991, p. B7.
38. Fabrizio McLaughlin & Associates, p. 1.
39. Quoted in Erickson, p. 406.
40. Jerry Gillam, "Term Limits Put Assembly 27 on Bipartisan Path," Los Angeles Times, March 15, 1993, pp. B1, B4.
41. Ed Mendel, "Assembly's 'Revolution' Puts New Spin on Analysis of Term Limits," San Diego Union-Tribune, February 5, 1996, p. A3.
42. Norman Ornstein, "A Pol Who Made Things Happen," Washington Post, May 10, 1996, p. A27.
43. Haynes Johnson and David S. Broder, The System: The American Way of Politics at the Breaking Point (Boston: Little, Brown, 1996), passim.
44. Michael Corbett, "Lobbying in the Age of Term Limits," California Bar Journal, December 1995, p. 8.
45. Timothy Hodson, "Conventional Wisdom or Wishful Thinking? Staff Influence in Post Term Limit Legislatures," Extension of Remarks, July 1994, p. 8.
46. Corbett.
47. Quoted in Armor, p. 114.
48. Victor Kamber, "Discharging Our Civic Responsibilities," San Diego Union-Tribune, December 29, 1996, p. B15.
49. See, for example, Doug Bandow, The Politics of Envy: Statism as Theology (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1994); James Bovard, Lost Rights: The Destruction of American Liberty (New York: St. Martin's, 1994); and Doug Bandow, The Politics of Plunder: Misgovernment in Washington (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1990).
50. Haeley Mowery and Shari Williams, The National Term Limits Fact Book (Denver: Americans Back in Charge, 1992), p. 11.
51. Quoted in Thomas McArdle, "Term Limits: Alive and Kicking," Investor's Business Daily, March 15, 1996, p. 2.
52. See, for example, Debra Saunders, "Out, Out, Darn Senator," San Francisco Chronicle, April 26, 1996, p. A25; and Thomas Jipping, "Tallying the Term-Limits Vote," Washington Times, June 2, 1995, p. A1.
53. Robert Novak, "Term Limit Turnaround," Washington Post, March 9, 1995, p. A25. In fact, there is substantial evidence that he opposes term limits. See Paul Jacob, "Whose Government Is It, Anyway?" U.S. Term Limits, undated, p. 5.
54. As early as July signatures had been filed in 14 states. Signatures were being collected in North Dakota for the 1996 election and in California for the June 1998 election.
55. The criteria for earning the notation that one disregarded voter instructions are complex--failure to vote yes in a number of specified circumstances, such as bringing the measure before a committee, opposing delay, and approving the measure--but workable.
56. Quoted in "Congressional Term Limits Ruled Unconstitutional," Governors Bulletin, June 12, 1995, p. 3.
57. Since one has never been called, many practical questions remain unanswered. For one discussion of these and other issues, see Roger Clegg, ed., Is It Time for a Second Constitutional Convention? (Washington: National Legal Center for the Public Interest, 1995).
� 1996 The Cato Institute
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MAR 15, 2013 - Business Insider
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Airbnb, an online marketplace for renting out rooms and homes, is a $2.5 billion company, according to Bloomberg. But in the company's early days, Airbnb founder and CEO Brian Chesky had a hard time convincing investors to back his company. At one point, Chesky was asking for $100,000 in exchange for a 10 percent stake in the company, Bloomberg's Adam Satariano reports. But Chesky couldn't seem to get anyone to bite. In fact, one investor even walked out mid-pitch, leaving his half-finished smoothie behind. Today, that investment would be worth roughly $250 million —
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Dance and Circus Meet in Urban Myth Family Extravaganza
* Additional fees apply. No coupon or promo codes necessary to enjoy the displayed discount price.
The last date listed for Urban Myth was Saturday June 30, 2012 / 7:00pm.
Currently at The Creativity Theater
The Rules: A "Late" Coming-of-Age Tale of Love & Friendship
- Full Price:
- $30.00
- Our Price:
- $15.00
While all is fair in love and war, it wouldn't hurt to have some sure-fire guidelines on how to find… More
Venue Details
Reviews & Ratings
Featured review from Goldstar Member
view more less of this review
EXCELLENT ENTERTAINMENT AND EXTRAORDINARY TALENT! With talent like this, you wouldn't know that this is a low-budget show. My kids, 8 and 6, loved it! The combination of hip hop and circus themes made it so riveting! Thanks for putting on such a wonderful production!
star this review starred report as inappropriate
A heartfelt and beautifully executed performance by enthusiastic professional and highly skilled amateur performers- clowns and acrobats and contortionists, b-boy, beatbox and hip-hop dancers. My multigenerational family group truly enjoyed it. It...continued
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This was a wonderful show for the whole family. Not your typical circus. Very fresh and alive and fun.
star this review starred report as inappropriate
This is great family entertainment. The performance was upbeat, energetic and fun. Highly recommended for all ages.
Quotes & Highlights
Watch an exciting video featuring some of the show's performers, or see a YouTube preview.
Running time is one-and-a-half hours with one intermission.
About the Ticket Supplier: AcroSports Presents City CircusAcroSports is a non-profit organization that provides a safe, supportive environment for students ages 18-months to adults to stay fit and healthy.
Our coaches and world-class artists offer recreational and performance-based training classes in Gymnastics, Tumbling, and Urban Circus Arts (breakdancing, parkour, board sports, and circus specialities).


text:
|Draft Version 588 (Mon Dec 5 17:01:58 2005)
$PATH is?
rwxr-xr-x means?
sh was the first for Unix
bash (the Bourne again shell) in this course
notes.txt or
.txt is associated with an editor, and
.html with a web browser
C:\home\gvwilson\notes.txt is different from
C:\home\gvwilson as
":" a special meaning, so Cygwin needed a way to write paths without it…
/home/gvwilson is my home directory, and
/courses/swc/lec/shell.swc is this file
/courses/swc, the relative path to this file is
"." means "the current directory"
".." means "the directory immediately above this one
.. is
.. is
pwd (short for "print working directory") to find out where I am
ls (for "listing") to see what's in the current directory
LICENSE.txt admin data graphics lec pdf scraps util Makefile cgi-bin etc img mp3 publ src web
ls is:
ls to produce more informative output by giving it some flags
"-", as in
"-c" or
ls -F
LICENSE.txt admin/ data/ exer/ lec/ publ/ soln/ util/ Makefile cgi-bin/ etc/ img/ pdf/ scraps/ src/ web/
ls -a
. .. .svn admin data exer img lec publ soln src util tmpl README.txt license.txt todo.txt
ls doesn't show anything whose name begins with
.svn directory: this is where Subversion keeps administrative information
mkdir temp
-v ("verbose") flag tells
mkdir to print a confirmation message
cd temp
ls -a
. ..
earth.txt with the following contents:
Name: Earth Period: 365.26 days Inclination: 0.00 Eccentricity: 0.02
venus.txt is to copy the one we have
cp earth.txt venus.txt
ls -t
venus.txt earth.txt
-t option tells
ls to list newest first
cat (short for "concatenate")
cat venus.txt
Name: Earth Period: 365.26 days Inclination: 0.00 Eccentricity: 0.02
Name: Venus Period: 224.70 days Inclination: 3.39 Eccentricity: 0.01
wc (for "word count")
wc earth.txt venus.txt
4 9 69 earth.txt 4 9 69 venus.txt 8 18 138 total
* matches zero or more characters
ls *.f77 lists all the Fortran-77 files in a directory
wc *.txt
4 9 69 earth.txt 4 9 69 venus.txt 8 18 138 total
? matches any single character
ls ??.txt lists all the text files with two-letter prefixes
ls ??.* lists all the files with two-letter prefixes, and any extension
~ on its own means "my home directory"
~harry means "Harry's home directory"
ls to know whether it was invoked as
ls *.txt or
rm earth.txt venus.txt
Exercise 4.1:
Suppose you are in your home directory, and
ls shows
you this:
Makefile biography.txt data enrolment.txt programs thesis
What argument(s) do you have to give to
ls to get it
to put a trailing slash after the names of subdirectories, like
Makefile biography.txt data/ enrolment.txt programs/ thesis/
If you run
ls data, it shows:
earth.txt jupiter.txt mars.txt mercury.txt saturn.txt venus.txt
What command should you run to get the following output:
data/earth.txt data/jupiter.txt data/mars.txt data/mercury.txt data/saturn.txt data/venus.txt
What if you want this (note that an extra entry is being displayed):
total 7 drwxr-xr-x 7 someone 0 May 6 08:27 .svn -rw-r--r-- 1 someone 2396 May 6 08:38 earth.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 someone 1263 May 6 08:38 jupiter.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 someone 1015 May 6 08:43 mars.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 someone 946 May 6 08:41 mercury.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 someone 1714 May 6 08:40 saturn.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 someone 881 May 6 08:40 venus.txt
Note: the command will display your user ID, rather than
someone. On some machines, the command will also display a
group ID. Ignore these differences for the purpose of this
Exercise 4.2:
According to the listing of the
data directory above, who
can read the file
mercury.txt? Who can write it (i.e., change
its contents or delete it)? When was
mercury.txt last
changed? What command would you run to allow everyone to edit or
delete the file?
Exercise 4.3:
Suppose you want to remove all files whose names (not including
their extensions) are of length 3, start with the letter
a, and
.txt as extension. What command would you use? For
example, if the directory contains three files
abc.txt, and
abcd.txt, the command should remove
abc.txt , but not the other two files.
Exercise 4.4:
What does the command
cd ~ do? What about
Exercise 4.5:
What's the difference between the commands
cd HOME
cd $HOME?
Exercise 4.6:
Suppose you want to list the names of all the text files in the
data directory that contain the word
"carpentry". What
command or commands could you use?
Exercise 4.7:
Suppose you have written a program called
analyze. What
command or commands could you use to display the first ten lines of
its output? What would you use to display lines 50-100? To send
lines 50-100 to a file called
Exercise 4.8:
The command
ls data > tmp.txt writes a listing of
data directory's contents into
tmp.txt. Anything
that was in the file before the command was run is overwritten. What
command could you use to append the listing to
Exercise 4.9:
What command(s) would you use to find out how many
subdirectories there are in the
lectures directory?
Exercise 4.10:
What does
rm *.ch? What about
Exercise 4.11:
What command(s) could you use to find out how many instances of
a program are running on your computer at once? For example, if you
are on Windows, what would you do to find out how many instances of
svchost.exe are running? On Unix, what would you do to
find out how many instances of
bash are running?
Exercise 4.12:
What do the commands
dirs do? Where do their names come from?
Exercise 4.13:
How would you send the file
earth.txt to the
default printer? How would you check it made it (other than
wandering over to the printer and standing there)?
Exercise 4.14:
A colleague asks for your data files. How would you archive them to send as one file? How could you compress them?
Exercise 4.15:
The instructor wants you to use a hitherto unknown command for manipulating files. How would you get help on this command?
Exercise 4.16:
You have changed a text file on your home PC, and mailed it to the university terminal. What steps can you take to see what changes you may have made, compared with a master copy in your home directory?
Exercise 4.17:
How would you change your password?
Exercise 4.18:
grep is one of the more useful tools in the
toolbox. It finds lines in files that match a pattern and
prints them out. For example, assume I have files
earth.txt and
venus.txt containing lines like
Name: Earth Period: 365.26 days Inclination: 0.00 Eccentricity: 0.02
If I type
grep Period *.txt in that
directory, I get:
earth.txt:Period: 365.26 days venus.txt:Period: 224.70 days
Search strings can use regular expressions, which will be
discussed in a later lecture.
grep takes many options as well; for example,
grep -c /bin/bash /etc/passwd reports how many lines
/etc/passwd (the Unix password file) that contain the
/bin/bash, which in turn tells me how many users
are using
bash as their shell.
Suppose all you wanted was a list of the files that
contained lines matching a pattern, rather than the matches
themselves—what flag or flags would you give to
grep? What if you wanted the line numbers of
matching lines?
Exercise 4.19:
diff finds and displays the differences between
two files. It works best if both files are plain text (i.e.,
not images or Excel spreadsheets). By default, it shows the
differences in groups, like this:
3c3,4 < Inclination: 0.00 --- > Inclination: 0.00 degrees > Satellites: 1
(The rather cryptic header
"3c3,4" means that line 3
of the first file must be changed to get lines 3-4 of the
What flag(s) should you give
diff to tell it to
ignore changes that just insert or delete blank lines? What if
you want to ignore changes in case (i.e., treat lowercase and
uppercase letters as the same)?
Exercise 4.20:
Suppose you wanted
ls to sort its output by
filename extension, i.e., to list all
.cmd files before
.exe files, and all
.exe's before all
.txt files. What command or commands would you
|Copyright © 2005, Python Software Foundation. See License for details.


text:
« Dina Manzo Is Extremely Protective Of Teresa Giudice | Home | Bachelorette Bombshell: Andi Dorfman Chooses Her Man And Nick Viall Shocks Everyone »
Farrah Abraham Turns Peacemaker, Offers Ridiculous Advice For Middle East
July 28, 2014 04:00 PM by Stephanie Gustafson
Having entertained the Facebook world by solving Kendra Wilkinson and Hank Baskett's marriage problems once and for all, Farrah Abraham now is turning to more ambitious endeavors…such as bring peace to the Middle East! In a recent interview, the Teen Mom offered her best advice for the war-torn region; suffice to say, her pro tips are hilarious!
Farrah Abraham may not be too happy with her present love life, but past dating experiences have apparently given her plenty of insight into today's biggest political issues. The Teen Mom star shared her very interesting perspective during a recent appearance on the Matty P Radio Happy Hour, where, instead of simply discussing her sex toys, she was asked to take part in a more nuanced discussion.
How should we go about solving the current myriad of problems in the Middle East? According to Farrah, it's up to us to convince Israelis and Palestinians to "not want to kill each other." Easy enough, right? She also thinks that opposing religious values just might be preventing the two sides from "moving on and being friends."
Farrah's expertise on this subject apparently derives from her past romantic experiences, with the reality star explaining, "I've dated men from [Israel and Palestine]." Although not particularly shocked by this revelation, Farrah Abraham's Twitter haters are surprised that she failed to mention her sex toys as a possible part of the solution. At least her knowledge of politics isn't so lacking that she regards sex toys as the answer to both infidelity and so-called "religious stuff" in the Middle East!
What do you think of Farrah Abraham's stance on issues in the Middle East? Feel free to share your opinion in the comments section below!
Jenelle Evans And Nathan Griffith Welcome Baby Kaiser
Teen Mom Shocker: Jeremy And Leah Calvert Aren't Giving Up On Their Marriage
Jenelle Evans' Boyfriend May Not Be Her Dream Man After All
Photo Credit: Farrah Abraham Instagram
Topics: MTV Reality TV Shows, Teen Mom |
« Dina Manzo Is Extremely Protective Of Teresa Giudice | Home | Bachelorette Bombshell: Andi Dorfman Chooses Her Man And Nick Viall Shocks Everyone »


text:
Index of Memorial Resolutions and Biographical Sketches
Dr. Mohammad Ali Jazayery, professor emeritus of Persian and Middle Eastern languages and cultures, passed away on November 11, 2000.
Professor Jazayery was born on May 27, 1924, in Shushtar, Iran. After receiving a BA in English from the University of Tehran and another BA in education from the Teacher s College of Iran, he taught English in a high school in Ahvaz, Iran. In 1951, he came to The University of Texas at Austin as a Fulbright scholar and received a PhD in linguistics in 1958. During the 1954-55 academic year, he worked on English and Persian textbooks at the American Council of Learned Societies in Washington, D.C., and in 1958 he returned to Iran and taught in the Department of English at the University of Tehran. In 1959, he returned to the United States and became a member of a team at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, working on compiling Persian textbooks for speakers of English. In 1962, he returned permanently to The University of Texas and started the Persian program. At the University, Professor Jazayery was first appointed in the Department of English. He was transferred to the Department of Linguistics when it was established in 1965, and in 1969 he joined the newly-established Department of Oriental and African Languages and Literatures.
Among his many services to the University, Professor Jazayery also served as chair of the Department of Oriental and African Languages and Literatures (1976-1984) and as director of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies (1980-1987). He retired in 1990.
Professor Jazayery made many contributions to his fields of interest, Persian language teaching and sociolinguistics. In addition, he published numerous articles in English and Persian on the subject of his lifelong interest, the work of Ahmad Kasravi. Professor Jazayery was considered as the leading authority on this important historian and social reformer.
Larry R. Faulkner, President
The University of Texas at Austin
John R. Durbin, Secretary
The General Faculty
This memorial resolution was prepared by a special committee consisting of Professors M. R. Ghanoonparvar (chair), Hafez Farmayan, and Ian Manners.


text:
Mushrooms! One of my absolute favourite ingredients to cook with. They are so versatile and there is so much that you can do with them. For the two years that I was undergoing my reconstructive surgeries I was unable to eat anything with a particular texture and mushrooms were just taboo…I did have some in bought cream of mushroom soup – most of it tasteless white stuff in a bowl or cup that I could not really identify with any mushroom….that deep earthy umami flavour was just missing and I longed for mushrooms, big brown ones stuffed with yummy delights and braaied outside over the coals, or delicious little marinated buttons that I could just pop in my mouth and taste the burst of flavour….whole baby mushrooms in a lively rich Boeuf Bourguignon or in a creamy beef stroganoff, or sliced porcinis and exotics in a delicious creamy mushroom and blue cheese risotto… ..Stir fried shiitake and exotics in an Asian Stir Fry! Oh I could go on and on! I have had my fill of mushrooms in all kinds of dishes since I have been able to eat them again these past 3 months or so and I am not tiring of them….last week, during the incredibly cold winter snap where the snow was falling on the surrounding mountains and we here at the coast were shivering in the bone biting accompanying wind and rain, I suddenly had the yearning to be holding a steaming bowl of homemade soup in my hands. I managed to get hold of my son who happened to be working locally that day and he went via the shop and bought me some fresh mushrooms and leeks and I set about picking thyme and parsley from the garden during a break in the rain. The aromas that filled the house were amazing. When hubby got back home from work he was very appreciative of the homely delicious smells that wafted out to meet him on the driveway. I put a phone pic up on facebook of my saucepan full of sauteeing mushrooms leeks, thyme and garlic and got a lot of reaction out of it with friends asking for the recipe.
Unfortunately with all the rain our telephone cables got wet, as they do, so I was without internet for the better part of the week and weekend. Today I was so excited to get onto my blog, it is a very welcome and bright sunshiny day and I have 3 loads of laundry flapping in the slight breeze! And here I am in the dashboard of my blog finally and hoping for enough time on the interwebs to be able to write up my recipe and publish it in time for Meatless Mondays…..
Serves 4 as a main course or 6 as a starter
250g Fresh Portabello Mushrooms (or Portabellini) – wiped and sliced
250g Button Mushrooms – wiped and sliced (Keep 4-6 small mushrooms aside for later)
15g dried Porcini Mushrooms – roughly broken up and placed in a bowl
250ml Boiling Water – pour over the dried mushrooms and leave to soak while preparing the rest of the ingredients
4 Large Leeks – finely sliced and washed well to remove any sand
2 cloves garlic – peeled and finely sliced
10 Sprigs Fresh Thyme – leaves stripped off and twigs discarded
50ml Olive Oil
15ml Butter
Sea Salt
Freshly Ground Black Pepper
1,5liters Chicken or Vegetable Stock
1 Cup fresh flat-leaf parsley – washed and chopped (keep 5ml for garnishing later)
100g Mascarpone
1 lemon – finely grated zest and juice
Extra Virgin Olive Oil to drizzle on soup when serving
Place a large saucepan on medium heat, add the olive oil and butter, then add your leeks. Saute until leeks are limp
Add the sliced fresh mushrooms and the garlic and thyme and sauté until the liquid from the mushrooms is almost evaporated
Strain the soaking liquid from the dried porcini mushrooms, add the mushrooms to the pan and add the liquid from them to the pan as well, being careful not to add the last few drops as they usually have a bit of grit in them from the mushrooms
Add the stock and a good grinding of black pepper. Bring to the boil, cover partially and simmer gently for about 20 minutes
Remove from the heat and using a stick blender blend the soup in the saucepan until it is smooth (use a regular blender if you don't have the stick blender)
Return soup to the heat, season to taste with salt and more pepper if needed and stir in the parsley (keep 5ml back for garnishing)
Finely grate the zest from the lemon and set aside then squeeze the juice into the soup
Stir through the mascarpone and season to taste. You want a good balance of salt, pepper, sour from the lemon, sweet creaminess from the mascarpone and the earthiness of the mushrooms
Using the last few whole mushrooms slice them thinly then add a knob of butter to a small frying pan and add the mushrooms together with a roughly bashed clove of garlic (I don't even peel it just use as is)
Saute until the mushrooms are brown and crisp but not burnt. Discard the garlic and drain the mushroom slices on paper towel
Add 5ml finely chopped parsley and some finely grated lemon zest, black pepper and salt flakes to the mushrooms – mix together and set aside for garnishing the soup
To serve:
Ladle hot soup into warmed soup bowls and sprinkle a bit of the mushroom mixture on top of the soup in each bowl
Drizzle a few drops of extra virgin olive oil onto each bowl and serve with delicious seed bread or crackers
browniegirl xx
Soup weather! The rain pelts down in sheets, driven almost horizontal by a bitingly cold north westerly gale that howls around the eaves, battering the trees and my poor herb pots on the little patio outside. I huddle down under the blanket with my book and stare morosely out at the miserable spectacle and my thoughts turn to food. I don't know about you but I always think of food when I am cold and then I become energized. Soup is what I need right now. I go to the kitchen and switch on the gas to boil water for a cup of warming rooibos tea and check out the contents of the fridge and vegetable basket. I come up with a head of cauliflower, garlic, onions and some delicious orange sweet potatoes that I bought the day before on a visit to a food market. Could I use them together in a soup? I pick up my smartphone and ask Mrs Google's advice….and it turns out that yes, it has been done by many others before me. So I draw some inspiration from this one by Allyson Kramer (Manifest Vegan) that stands out from the rest because it contains Garam Masala…and I love adding spice to my food!
As soon as there was a slight break in the rain I rushed outside with my kitchen scissors and picked a handful of thyme and Italian parsley and headed to the kitchen to cook! Using Allyson's basic recipe as inspiration I pimped to my heart's content and came up with one of the most delicious soups I have made in a while. Roasting the cauliflower and sweet potato brings out a wonderful depth of flavour and mellows out the garlic, sweetening it in the process. This soup was totally sublime and my other half, who eats soup mostly with long teeth and trepidation, declared it a winner and said he would definitely eat it over and over again. Sweet soupy words to my ears because I love soup and will eat it at every opportunity. Being able to add another to the short list of his favourites is a grand thing for me!
Before I give you the recipe for this delicious soup let me give you one *tip that I always use….I read this somewhere years ago and I have used it so many times since then. Don't ever throw out those rindy end bits of parmesan cheese when you can no longer grate any more cheese off them, you know that hard pale rind that has parmigiano reggiano stamped on it, rather put them into a ziploc baggie and freeze instead. When you are making soup pop one into your pot of soup and fish it out at the end of the cooking time before blending or serving. You don't actually eat the rind. All it is doing is imparting the most wonderful flavour to the food. I have been known to do this when I roast a whole chicken as well, popping the "heel" into the cavity along with half a lemon and some fresh parsley or thyme sprigs and removing it before carving. You don't need any more flavouring than that to give you a royal meal.
(Serves 4 as a main meal or 6 – 8 as a starter)
1 large head cauliflower rinsed and cut into florets
4 large sweet potatoes – peeled and cut into 2,5cm cubes (mine were orange)
1 Head of Garlic – just the top sliced off
1 large onion – peeled and chopped
2 litres Vegetable Stock
Few sprigs of Fresh Thyme – leaves picked off and sprigs discarded
15ml Garam Masala (or use a bit less if you prefer)
2,5ml Nutmeg – finely grated
1 frozen Parmesan heel (see *tip above)
30ml Olive Oil
30ml Coconut Oil
250ml Full Cream Milk or Coconut Milk
Handful Italian Parsley sprigs – finely chopped (makes about 30ml)
Parmesan shavings or Grated Sharp Cheddar Cheese for serving
• Preheat oven to 200degC
• Place cauliflower florets in a single layer on one half of a large baking tray and the sweet potato cubes in one layer on the other half of the baking tray. Tuck the head of garlic in the middle somewhere
• Sprinkle the vegetables liberally with the Garam Masala and the nutmeg and then drizzle with the Olive Oil
• Roast uncovered for about 20 minutes until the edges of the sweet potato begin to caramelize slightly
• Meanwhile place the onion and thyme in a large saucepan with the coconut oil (or 30g of butter if you prefer) then sauté over high heat for a minute or two until the onion is glazed and limp
• Remove the roasting tray from oven after the 20 minutes and scoop the sweet potato into the saucepan. Stir and continue sautéing it with the onions over a low heat.
• Give the cauliflower a quick shake and then return it (and the head of garlic) to the oven and reduce the oven temp to 180degC. Roast for another 10 minutes until the florets are nicely browned but still a bit crunchy. Remove from oven then squeeze the garlic cloves out of the skins into the saucepan with the onion and sweet potato. Discard the skins. Cover the cauliflower loosely with foil and set aside until needed
• Add the vegetable stock and milk and the parmesan heel (rind) to the saucepan and bring to a boil over high heat then reduce heat, cover the saucepan with a lid at a slight angle and allow to boil gently for about 15 to 20 minutes, stirring now and again, until the veggies are soft and the parmesan has imparted its delicious flavour to the pot
• Remove the parmesan heel and discard then add half the cauliflower florets to the saucepan and blend the soup until velvety smooth. I use a stick blender in the saucepan but use any blender you have
• Return to the heat and stir through the remainder of the roasted cauliflower florets
• Stir through the finely chopped Italian parsley and add salt and pepper to taste.
Top each plate with a dollop of Double Fat Yoghurt and a few shavings of parmesan cheese
Serve with your choice of LCHF/banting bread or cracker
browniegirl xx
Autumn means comfort food. After all the salads and light meals throughout the hot summer our thoughts turn to casseroles, big bowls of pasta, thick velvety soups, risottos. I love this time of year. Finally, that blustery south easterly wind is blowing autumn to our shores. The nights are lengthening and the days are getting shorter. I would say this is definitely my favourite of the four seasons. I am not so keen on the rainy, windy, dark winter months but this time of year when the mornings and evenings are clear and crisp with just a hint of moisture in the air and the intense heat of the summer has disappeared to be replaced by deliciously cooler days filled with sunshine and blue skies is the time that I come into my own. I feel a renewed energy and my kitchen once again beckons me into it's warmth and I create magic, comforting meals, steam rising in a delicious aromatic fog from the pots to envelope me. When my husband comes in from work in the evening he breathes deeply and appreciatively and settles down to tell me about his work day and ask about mine, our hands wrapped around a glass of red wine, the difficulties of the day slipping away while we chat or sit in companionable silence, sipping on our wine and enjoying the delicious meal that I prepared a bit earlier. I love a creamy risotto and could enjoy it often if I weren't watching my carb intake but sometimes it just makes the perfect meal. Recently we have been able to purchase the most gorgeous exotic mushrooms here in South Africa and, after almost two years of not being able to eat them, I am loving them! These little babies come onto the shelves of our food stores courtesy of Nouvelle Mushrooms and are fabulous!
A couple of years ago I really got into cooking my own risottos and at the same time I also became rather keen on mild blue cheese after tasting some at a Simonsberg tasting. So, a few weeks ago, I decided to combine these wonderful ingredients and made the most deliciously creamy exotic mushroom and blue cheese risotto. I promised that I would post the recipe but then my computer started playing silly buggers and I had to wait. Anyway, my carnivore hubby asked again last night if I would make the risotto as we had picked up more mushrooms but unfortunately I did not have any arborio rice left….so instead it became a fantastic Meatless Monday meal.
Prep time: 10 minutes
Cook time: 45 minutes
Serves : 4
50g butter
30ml Olive Oil
200g Exotic Mushrooms, wiped clean and the bigger ones chopped up
200g Baby Button Mushrooms wiped clean and thinly sliced
2 Medium sized Onions – peeled and finely chopped
2 Cloves of Garlic – peeled and finely chopped or grated
4 or 5 sprigs fresh Thyme – leaves only
500g Arborio Rice
180ml Dry White Wine
1 ½ Liters Chicken or Vegetable Stock *
30g Finely Grated Parmesan Cheese
150g Simonzola or other Blue Cheese
Freshly ground Black Pepper
15ml chopped fresh parsley
20g Walnuts – dry roasted in a pan and set aside, chop roughly when cool
*I love making my own stocks at home but if I don't have any and time is short I only use my fave NoMU Fond product in Lamb, Beef, Chicken and Vegetable Flavours – this fabulous concentrated liquid stock product contains no artificial colourants, flavor enhancers or preservatives and are gluten-free!* WINNER!
browniegirl xx
Lately I have been struggling to cook. When you cannot eat the food yourself you lose that passion to cook awesome meals. It has been 10 months now since I last ate and chewed my way through an ordinary every day meal….one that you take for granted until something happens and you find yourself spending your days longing for a piece of steak, or a slow roasted leg of lamb. Pork chops done in cider with cranberry would be delicious…..as would perfectly pink duck breast served with some awesome sticky citrus sauce or some yummy quince jelly. A delicious lemon and thyme roasted chicken would hit the spot right now. But instead my days are filled, in reality, with whatever smoothie I can make with the ingredients and fruit that I have on hand, or what soup I feel like sipping….I can manage soft stuff like flaky fish, well cooked finely minced beef or lamb, soft pasta, pureed or smashed veggies….in other words stuff that doesnt require any heavy duty masticating! As in chewing people before your minds start wandering off the subject here. So with the struggle to cook comes the struggle to blog…they go hand in hand. You passionately bake or cook something that looks drool worthy on the photos and sounds delicious reading through the ingredients….you will be passionate and proud to get it up on your blog. That just hasn't been it for me in a while. So when I DO manage to do something delicious (even if it is the dreaded soup or a smoothie) I feel a bit of that old passion returning and it gives me hope to know that the fires are not entirely ashes….that some embers are warmly flickering inside there, just needing some little bit of life breathed into them to burst into flame again. I hope those embers can withstand another 7-9 months….I sometimes feel that I cannot, but I am only just over half way through my treatment program. Next surgical procedure happens mid May. And then I feel depression settling around me like a heavy, grey, dull, asphyxiating blanket. Almost like when that very thick peasouper of a fog comes rolling in off the icy ocean to settle in the valley where I live….Above the valley the sun is shining…..2 miles out of town the sun is shining and everyone is having a wonderful day….while in the valley we feel only the damp dankness of the fog. We see no shining sun….we believe that the rest of the city is shrouded in the same wet blanket. I constantly remind myself, daily, that I will not look beyond THIS day…..
Well, on THIS day I decided to make a new soup – not new in the sense of us never having eaten it before but new in the sense that I have never made this one before. At the end of last week I was at the Food Lovers Market and they had some beautifully fresh crisp green asparagus spears there so I bought almost 1kg of them with the intention of using them in a number of different ways. Needless to say they came in very handy for the soup that I made today – a creamy delicious green asparagus soup that has left me with a warm full belly and enough passion to do a blog post immediately! YAAY! And there is enough left over for 2 more helpings! Last week I made some stunning roasted butternut, sweet potato and apple soup. So very good….and I have about 5 portions left in the freezer for when I want some. Tomorrow I am making my Cold and Flu Busting Chicken Noodle Soup because yes…….I am fighting this head cold which seems to be winning at the moment. I cannot afford to be ill right now. I am into the final run of planning for the SA Food and Wine Blogger Indaba and it is taking up all my time and energy. Can not be in bed with a thick head now with so much to do. The pressure is on and I have to get the booking open this week.
So for now……..here is my recipe….I stood with paper and pencil next to me as I worked and wrote down what I was doing so that I could put the recipe up here. And it turned out really delicious.
Prep Time: 15 minutes
Cooking Time: 30 minutes
Serves: 4
Cut tips from the asparagus (about 3cm from top) and reserve for garnish. Chop the remaining asparagus stalks up into 3cm pieces and set aside
Place large saucepan over medium heat, add the olive oil, butter, onion, leeks and garlic and sauté for about five minutes, stirring often, until onion is limp and translucent
Add the asparagus pieces and the thyme and saute for another 5 minutes
Pour in the hot stock and bring to the boil, reduce heat and simmer, with the lid on, for about 15 minutes until the asparagus pieces are tender
Take off the heat, cool slightly
While the soup is cooling bring about 500ml water to a rolling ball in a small saucepan with a good pinch of salt
Add the reserved asparagus tips and boil for about 3 minutes just until done. Refresh immediately in some icy cold water to stop the cooking process. Set aside until needed.
Add the chopped parsley, zest and juice of the lemon to the slightly cooled soup and blend until smooth with a stick blender or food processor
Return to the saucepan, add the cream or crème fraiche (if using) and the parmesan cheese. Season to taste and stir over heat just until heated through
Serve with a drizzle of extra virgin olive oil, a few asparagus tips and some extra parmesan cheese
Later this week I will be my making my families favourite broccoli and feta soup (YUM!) and then my Spicy Carrot Honey and Ginger Soup will follow….also fabulously warming and healing. I DO love the cooler weather!
Have a great new week everyone. Its a short one again for us in South Africa….and another short one next week too. Brownieboy is taking a day or two off in between and has a about a week or so off work. He needs it badly as he is suffering with a bit of stress and exhaustion, so the time off is going to be good for him!
browniegirl xx
Soup! That magical stuff that happens when you throw a whole lot of ingredients into one large saucepan and let it bubble away for a while. Soup….that warming mug of magic that steams up your glasses when you take a sip and puts some sunshine back into a cold blustery wet winters day. Soup….that sustaining love meal that fills up hungry bellies of homeless people all over the world. I love soup, fortunate that….seeing as I have been pretty much living on it for the past 6 weeks, and fortunate too that some bitterly cold weather has decided to make an appearance! I have made soup in so many flavours lately….butternut and orange, creamy roasted tomato and basil, leek and potato, biltong and white bean (tooooo yummy!!! Will post that one too soon), veggie, pea and ham, bean and smoked bacon….the list is endless. And then there is my very favourite….Broccoli, Parmesan and Feta Soup which I am choosing to share with you here today. This soup is quite forgiving and the last lot that I made a couple of days ago I also added a little pack of small zucchini that was sitting in the crisper in my fridge waiting patiently for me to do something with. Some members of my family don't really enjoy soup as much as I do….my hubby eats some of it with decidedly looooong teeth, especially the vegetable soup with lentils and dried beans, barley etc in it 🙂 I also have a sister in law who calls that missile soup…or is it bullet soup now???? I think I inherited my love for the beautiful stuff from my mom who thought a bowl of soup a meal fit for a queen!! But I have to say…..after 6 weeks of a liquid diet I am starting to feel the strong desire for a beautiful piece of medium to rare barbecued steak…*sigh* I guess the day will come eventually! The plus side to this enforced way of eating is that I have shrunk ever so slightly….I guess that, if I didnt include the jelly and custard every night, I would shrink a bit more…LOL! So here then is my version of broccoli soup….I'm sure you will keep coming back for more…it also freezes well (without the feta) and I have little ziploc baggies with single portions in one whole section of my freezer!!
Serves 4 as a main meal or 6 as starters
50g Butter
30ml Olive Oil
750g Broccoli – rinsed then broken into florets (use the stems too)
2 Medium Onions – roughly chopped
2 Granny Smith Apples – peeled, cored and chopped
3 Garlic cloves – finely sliced
Few sprigs of Thyme – leaves only
1 ½ liters Boiling Water
30ml NoMU Chicken Fond (use veg stock for a vegetarian option)
500ml Milk
60ml Dry Sherry (optional)
5ml Freshly grated Nutmeg
Freshly Cracked Black Pepper to taste
20g Freshly Grated Parmesan Cheese
200 g Feta Cheese – crumbled
Finely chopped fresh Parsley
1. Melt butter and oil together in large deep heavy bottomed saucepan
2. Saute the onion and thyme gently until glazed and transparent
3. Stir in the broccoli, apple and garlic so that all is coated with the butter
4. Cover, lower the heat and steam for about 10 minutes
5. Add the stock, milk, nutmeg and pepper
6. Bring to the boil, reduce heat, cover with the lid at an angle and simmer for about 20-30 minutes
7. Remove from heat, liquidize with a hand held stick blender in the saucepan (or cool down slightly and use a food blender)
8. Return to heat, add parmesan cheese and sherry (if using) and heat through well but don't boil
9. Serve with crumbled feta cheese, croutons and a sprinkling of parsley on top
browniegirl tip: An Italian friend taught me never to throw away the leftover rind (heel) of the parmesan cheese when you cannot grate anymore off. Pop into freezer bags and freeze until needed. When making soup pop one intop the saucepan with the stock. It adds a wonderful flavor to the soup. Discard the parmesan heel before blending.
I do not add salt to this soup while cooking as the feta is quite salty. Rather season once you have tasted your soup with the feta added.
Have a great week everyone,


text:
Saturday, August 9
Posted on August 10, 2014
Sunrise 5:49am Sunset 8:07pm
Local Weather (Subject to Change!)
We are going to have a beautiful day today, with lots of sunshine and temperatures in the low-mid 80's!
Guest News
We are so happy to welcome back our returning families…Welcome Mr. Jim Snyder; Jane Friedman; Ralph & Laura Meier along with Reid & Sara; Frederick & Julie Ruvkun; Polly Carpenter with Karima & Tymor; William & Barbara Cronin along with Kelly & Michael; Frank & Cathy Nash with children Grace & Oona; Mr. Sam Pryor along with Christina, Toni, & Jack; Stephen & Iris Halpern with daughter Emma; Jeffrey Peters & Mary Anne Miller with daughter Isabel; Jeff & Diana Soman along with Graham & Sebastian; Giles Troughton & Karen Ramsey along with Colin & Matthew; William & Adalene Shore along with Michael & Rachel; Jeffrey & Kathleen Brown with children Ryan & Jack; Scott & Rebecca Winget; Patrice & Jocelyn Monette; Mark & Melissa Schroeder with children Patrick & Caroline; Katerina Bell & family; Robert & Diane Kebler; Roman & Pepper Schweizer with children Graydon & Loden.
Reunion News
We are thrilled to be hosting so many Family Reunions as well! Welcome back to the Donaldson Reunion joining us from New York, Michigan, and Washington, DC; the Laser Family coming from New York, Utah, & Vermont; the Seidman Reunion from New York & Washington, DC; the Post Family coming from Connecticut, New Hampshire, & Massachusetts; the Pogue Family from Ohio, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, & California; the Gillespie Reunion from Connecticut, Virginia, & Georgia; the Kyles Family coming up from Connecticut; the Levenson/Goldsholle Reunion from California, Maryland, Illinois, South Carolina, & Arizona with Nancy Levenson & Suzy Fuquea traveling all the way from LaSerena, Chile; the Coolidge Reunion from Vermont & Connecticut; the Comstock Reunion from Vermont & Connecticut; the Bogner Reunion from Vermont; the Desantis Family from New York; and the Kerner/McKeever Family from Texas, Massachusetts, & Connecticut!
Resort News
We have lots of fun stuff going on all week! Don't forget to grab a weekly schedule and check out the back of the Breeze each day to get the details on the daily programming. Or stop by the Concierge desk for more information. For those new to Basin Harbor there is also the Inside Scoop. This is a brief layout of various traditions and goings on that those veteran guests already know about, but our newbies may not have heard of yet!
Don't miss out on the Narrated EScape Cruise this afternoon! With this great weather it will be a great way to enjoy the sunshine and lake, while learning some of the history of our beloved Harbor! Sign up with the Concierge.
Tonight we have an amazing buffet in the Main Dining Room for our Saturday Supper! You don't want to miss this specially prepared dinner chock full of local products! Reserve your table with the Concierge. After dinner catch a movie in the Club Room. Tonight we are showing Wall-E!
DJ Demus is rocking the Red Mill tonight! So come on down and dance the night away with us!
Bingo News
We had a great Bingo Night on Thursday! Our winners were Richard, Maryann, Pixie, Hugh, Billy, Carmen, Kate, Charlotte, Grace, Spencer, Nick, Andrew, and Julia. Congratulations to all of our winners and thank you to all who participated to make this another great evening!


text:
- Recruiter
- Creative Recruitment
- Location
- City of London
- Salary
- £40000 - £45000 per annum
- Posted
- 15 Mar 2013
- Closes
- 12 Apr 2013
- Ref
- Contact
- Rachael Francis
- Business Type
- Agency, In-house / Client-side
- Contract Type
- Permanent
- Hours
- Full Time
A Central London based in-house graphic department are looking for Designer
The team provides employee benefit communications for a wide range of clients including most of the top FTSE 100 Companies and many smaller organisations. The team is a vibrant, hard working group ranging from recently hired consultants just starting out on their consulting careers, through to very experienced communications consultants with extensive experience in employee communications.
The designer will be required to develop graphic design solutions for employee benefits communication; from initial concepts right through to finished artwork ready for print.
The role requires the designer to work closely with the consultants in the communications team and on occasion liaising directly with clients and other consultants from around the global business. You will be laising with a team of printers and suppliers to provide technical briefings on the required print specifications of the work, also working closely with the production consultant.
Strong creative graphic design skills and art working experience working within a busy commercial studio or corporate communications environment.
Ideally qualified with a graphic design degree or HND/GNVQ equivalent.
Experienced user of the current Apple Mac versions of InDesign, Photoshop and Illustrator, as a minimum requirement. Detailed knowledge of these packages and their practical application is essential for the production of high quality artwork.
Experience of new-media design (web/electronic communications)
In-depth knowledge of pre-press preparation and a strong knowledge of print.


text:
The Baby Name amado
How popular is the baby name Amado? What is the meaning of Amado? What baby names are similar to Amado? Popularity, definition, and origin of Amado.
The graph will take a few seconds to load, thanks for your patience. (Don't worry, it shouldn't take nine months.) If it's taking too long, try reloading the page.
Popularity of the Baby Name Amado
Number of Babies Named Amado Born in the U.S. Since 1880
See More Baby NamesGirl names starting with A, Boy names starting with A, 5-letter girl names, 5-letter boy names
Posts that Mention the Name Amado
Two-Hit Wonder Baby Names
|October 3, 2007
A big list of baby names that made the SSA's top 1,000 exactly twice between 1881 and 2006. more


text:
Oklahoma crime briefs
Jury suggests life sentence
An Oklahoma County jury deliberated less than an hour Thursday before convicting a man of first-degree murder in the shooting death of another man during a home invasion. Jurors recommended life in prison without parole as punishment for Michael Lee Jiminez, 30, of Oklahoma City. Jose Guadalupe Cruz, 40, was shot to death Sept. 23, 2010, after two men forced their way into a house at 3240 SW 49 and demanded money from Cruz and others, police reported. The panel also found Jimenez guilty of robbery with a firearm and pointing a firearm at another, records show. Co-defendant Brandon C. Jones pleaded guilty in 2011 to a charge of robbery with a firearm and received a 15-year deferred sentence, records show.
Bat attack proves fatal
A homeless man died Thursday due to injuries he received while living in a transient camp last week, Oklahoma City police said. David Dailey, 49, was beaten with a bat while he was living near NW 6 and Brauer Avenue. Dailey was being cared for by friends for a few days before they called for paramedics, police Master Sgt. Gary Knight said. Dailey was taken to a hospital Sunday and died from his injuries Thursday, Knight said. Audie Burris, 31, also a transient, was arrested Wednesday on a complaint of assault with a deadly weapon, but the complaint has been amended to a murder complaint due to Dailey's death, Knight said.


text:
Have a Happy Birthday.
here is a small cake for you.
BF Cake.jpg
Have a Happy Birthday.
here is a small cake for you.
BF Cake.jpg
Get a bicycle. You will not regret it if you live. ~Mark Twain, "Taming the Bicycle"vBulletin: snafu
Happy birthday Brian!
Happy happy birthday Brian!!!!
I will puncture a delicious live deer with my emo horn for your bday meat pie brian.
Yay. Feliz cumpleanos!~
happy happy!
where's my invite to the party? :-D
i woke up one morning and i stepped out of bed | had to get a bike, had to paint it red
Of all the treasures I have, its the memories that are the most precious.
Happy B'day Brian
Happy Birthday Brian!
happy birfday!
Food for thought: if you aren't dead by 2050, you and your entire family will be within a few years from starvation. Now that is a cruel gift to leave for your offspring. ;)
Happy Birthday, Brian - just another day to find more gray.
"Let us hope our weapons are never needed --but do not forget what the common people knew when they demanded the Bill of Rights: An armed citizenry is the first defense, the best defense, and the final defense against tyranny. If guns are outlawed, only the government will have guns. Only the police, the secret police, the military, the hired servants of our rulers. Only the government -- and a few outlaws. I intend to be among the outlaws" - Edward Abbey
I already caughted you three delicious bass, they are in your PM's
Are you a registered member? Why not? Click here to register. It's free and only takes 27 seconds! Help out the forums, abide by our community guidelines.
Happy B'day Brian. Have a great day!
1 bronze, 0 silver, 1 gold
Appy Birfday!!
Happy bday, Brian!
Ride more.
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Happy birthday neighbor. (sort of)
Good times.
Brian, have a great day on your 29ers!
Happy Birthday! (from the Life of Brian)
Change the course of the Epidemic | The Merlin | Merlin XLM | Bianchi Ti | CyclePeople
Don't take it off until there's a cure LIVESTRONG | pay it forward | Cats | NEW Gallery9
Happy birthday Brian - hope the day is awesome
shameless POWERCRANK plug
Recommended reading for all cyclists - Cyclecraft - Effective Cycling
Condor Cycles - quite possibly the best bike shop in London
Don't run red lights, wear a helmet, use hand signals, get some cycle lights(front and rear) and, FFS, don't run red lights!
Happy b-day dude....have a good one!
" The love you withhold is the pain you carry, lifetime after lifetime."


text: Hi! We use Zimbra Collaboration Suite version 7.2.0_ GA_2669 and it has come to my attention from many of our users that often ,but not always, they can't open attachments the first time they click on the attachment or click download and they sometimes get a "Can't display webpage" in Internet Explorer 8 message, but if they keep clicking, sometimes after several times then the window will appear asking whether they want to save or open the attachment. It does not do this everytime because sometimes the users will click the attachment and it opens instantly. It has been doing this on and off before we upgraded and stills does it after. I was just wandering if anyone else has experienced this?


text:
The Beach Boy's Brian Wilson has reached an agreement with Disney Records and the estate of George Gershwin to let Wilson complete and record the unfinished songs of George Gershwin.
Gershwin left a collection of several dozen song fragments, which have been sitting around, largely untouched, for more than seven decades.
"This is the most spiritual project I've ever worked on," said Wilson, in a statement. "He had a gift for melody that nobody has ever equalled, yet his music is timeless and always accessible."
"I've always loved George Gershwin," added Wilson. "The earliest music I remember hearing is Rhapsody in Blue."
Now, George Gershwin and Brian Wilson are both geniuses of their respective genres, but the project sounds a bit like calling up Ozzy to tidy up the loose ends on Mahler's 10th Symphony, doesn't it?
What do you think of the idea of a Gershwin/Wilson collaboration?
via LATimes
James Lewin
Twitter @podcasting_news
Gershwin created great music (and had great collaborators) coming out of having deep roots and influences from Jewish musical tradition, Broadway, Black gospel and blues tradition and a strong classical background. Even at Brian Wilson's pop height with the Beach Boys in the 60's he couldn't touch Gershwin and having listened to Brian's latest stuff, unless I'm missing something, I don't know why anyone would think he could add anything to the Gershwin legacy.
09-Oct-09 11:29 AM
Hmm, I would have to agree the Wilson brand is obviously a great big one, but his talents kind got erased with the years of abuse and medication and reliant on leeching quacks.
It is a really bizarre idea
It is a really bizarre idea
09-Oct-09 12:15 PM
Disney, huh? I'm surprised they didn't give this honor to the Jonas brother and Hanna Montana...
09-Oct-09 01:16 PM
SMILE sucked, Give it up Brain. The Beatles Won,
09-Oct-09 02:33 PM
I used to love and respect Brian Wilson, simply for creating some of the most amazing music of the last century. I thought the old smile fragments and the newer smile were astounding achievements.
This, however, is a multi-million dollar piss on a dead genius' grave. Shameful
This, however, is a multi-million dollar piss on a dead genius' grave. Shameful
10-Oct-09 05:47 AM
myVolts Korg Volca power solution, star splitters and mixers
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