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This category holds links for books, paper or online, on the Ada programming language and very closely related issues.Anything related to the Ada programming language has a home here.
Please consider very carefully if your submitted link would not be better in one of the subcategories.APL is a high-productivity computing tool which is concise, has a consistent mathematical foundation, is intrinsically an array processing language, and has been developed over a period of more than 30 years. It is distinguished by its simple and consistent rules, a large set of built-in capabilities, powerful facilities for defining new operations, and a general and systematic treatment of arrays. Major APL users include financial institutions, insurance companies, engineers, scientists, mathematicians and teachers. Applications for which it is used range from pure mathematics through engineering calculations and on to free-form text retrieval.
Acceptable articles include specifications, documentation, tutorials, and sample code.OpenGL's low-level (assembly) shading language. All high-level OpenGL shaders compile to ARB before execution.
Please only submit sites dealing mainly with assembly language for the Zilog z80 processor family.There is currently no description created for this category.
Don''t submit if you''re site is under construction or not working properly.
If your site contains restrictions of any kind, please include a short notice.
Please submit only to one category. If you''re in doubt whether this is the right one for you, submit your site and we''ll decide where it fits best.
Please submit only sites devoted to Blitz Basic in this category. Before your site is added to this category, it will be authenticated by one of the editors. The editors'' decision is final.There is currently no description created for this category.
This category is for sites about the C programming language. Please take a minute and see which C subcategory to submit your link(s) to. Otherwise, your submission may not get processed for a long time.C is among the most common programming languages used today. It was developed by the co-inventors of Unix, Brian Kernighan & Dennis Ritchie, of Lucent Technologies (then AT&T Bell Labs). C is low-level, weakly typed, static, and non-modular.
This category is for compilers that compile only or mainly the C++ language, and no other language. C++ is a superset of C, so all C++ compilers can compile C too. Submit C-only compilers to C/Compilers.Embracing all aspects of C++ software development including but not limited to compilers, tools, freeware class libraries, STL, and methodologies.
Please do not submit books that deal with ASP or .Net topics unless there are C# codes used as examples.C# (C sharp) is a Java-like, interpreted, object-oriented, C syntax programming language by Microsoft. It is intended to compete with Java.
Acceptable articles include specifications, documentation, tutorials and sample code.Cg is nVidia's portable shading language, supported by OpenGL and D3D.
This category is for only CobolScript related sites. Cobol related sites must be placed to Cobol category.CobolScript is a scalable, cross-platform, interpreted programming language, and development environment.
This is a category for sites and Web pages on the Cocoa visual prgramming lanaguge. This is NOT the place to submit links about the Cocoa libraries found in Mac OS X. Those are likely found in Computers/Systems/Apple/Macintosh/Development/Mac_OS_X.Cocoa is a visual programming language developed at Apple's R&D department in the early through mid 1990s. It lets users (even kids) program by giving objects example rules that those objects then follow when run. Thus, users are able to program without having to gain an abstract understanding of what they are trying to make their objects do.
This category holds web pages and sites that compare two or more programming languages. To qualify for this page, submissions must be about, and of interest to, those interested in, more than one language. Submissions on converting from one language to one other belong in the target language''s category, those on converting equally, bidirectionally, between two or more languages belong in suitable translating or cross compiling categories.This category holds web pages and sites that compare two or more programming languages, on one or more variable, via text, feature lists, tables, code samples, equations, pictures, jokes, or any other means, sensible or nonsensical. To qualify for this page, submissions must be about, and of interest to, those interested in, more than one language. On this page, languages are arranged in three groups and levels: 1) Top group: issues spanning multiple unrelated languages. 2) Middle group: components, frameworks. 3) Bottom group: specific languages, with their own category.
To this category, please submit only links on or related to compiled programming languages. Submit links on compilers to the Compilers category.Compiled programming languages are those that historically usually use compilers to compile source code, to output object (machine) code, usually in batches (batch mode) in a four step/phase edit-compile-link-debug cycle. This makes programming slower and less productive, but usually produces faster running programs (object code). JIT (Just In Time, or dynamic) compilers act like interpreters, but compile (not interpret) source code as they run. They can turn interpreted languages into compiled ones, and can be written for any language. But the basic difference persists: interpreted languages, and JIT compilers, make more decisions, do more work, at runtime than compiled languages. On this page, languages are arranged in three groups and levels: 1) Top group: issues spanning multiple unrelated languages. 2) Middle group: types or classes of languages. 3) Bottom group: specific languages, with their own directory category.
Please submit only links to the homepage of Open Source projects in the Curl Content Language.New software technology to help programmers develop and deploy the next generation of Web pages and applications. Curl's software technology provides full application-level functionality and a substantially richer, more interactive experience for the Web user. The technology, which offers real-time execution of all Web content from simple pages to complex computational applications, can significantly reduce the long downloads typically associated with highly interactive and dynamic Web pages.
Generally, they share several syntactic features; use of:
Balanced brackets { and } also called "brace brackets" or simply "braces", to define blocks in their syntax or formal grammar.
Semicolons ; as statement terminators, not as separators.
Three-part "for" statement syntax.
Ignore whitespace: compilers or interpreters treat all contiguous, adjacent non-characters (tabs, spaces) as one blank space; also called free-form languages.
This category is for web pages and sites on the D programming language. Please take a moment and be sure your submission belongs here. Otherwise, it may not be processed for a long time.D is a compiled, garbage collected, general purpose system and application programming language. It supports three programming models: imperative (function + data), object-oriented, and generic (template metaprogramming); making it a multiparadigm language. It is higher level than C++, but retains abilities to write low level, high performance code, and to interface directly with operating system APIs, and hardware, via an inline assembler. D is well suited to writing medium to large scale, million line programs, with teams of developers. D is easy to learn, more so for C/C++ and Java programmers, has many abilities to aid programmers, and is intended for aggressive compiler optimizing. It maximizes similarity to C/C++ language, processes, and tools, except where backward compatibility interferes with productive coding and more efficient compiling. The effort is lead by Walter Bright, who wrote or co-wrote many respected programs. Compilers: Zortech C/C++ that became Symantec C/C++ that is now Digital Mars C/C++, Northwest Software C, Datalight C, Zorland C, Visual Cafe Java, DMDScript (ECMA 262 (JavaScript) compiler/interpreter), ABEL (Advanced Boolean Expression Language). Games: Mattel Las Vegas Roulette, Empire: Wargame of the Century.
To this category please submit only links on general database programming language topics. Please submit links on specific languages or databases to the specific categories.This category is on database programming languages, database-oriented languages, and very closely related environments and topics. Such languages are programming languages which only or main purpose is to facilitate database functions: development, management, queries, etc. This is a very large and growing field, especially important to businesses and some institutions. Some of these programming languages may not be in Computers/Programming/Languages but they are still powerful, and often widely used languages. Some are more general and are used with many brands and types of database, and some with only one brand of database.
Array-based: APL, J.
List-based: Arc, Joy, Lisp (Logo, Scheme), Dylan, Tcl, TRAC.
Stack-based (open stacks): Forth, Poplog, PostScript. Some languages can statically link data inline with instructions. These can be considered data structured, in the most basic, primitive way. Some Assembly languages can do this. On this page, languages are arranged in three groups and levels: 1) Top: unrelated types or classes of languages. 2) Middle: related types or classes of languages. 3) Bottom: specific languages, with their own directory category.
Please submit websites offering Delphi cryptography to programmers as units, components, libraries or applications.Many people consider Borland Delphi the best Rapid Application Development (RAD) development tool on the Market. With it, you can create Windows applications with minimal effort.
End-user cryptography products written in Delphi without source code are not programming resources and should be submitted to: Computers/Security/Products_and_Tools/Cryptography.
Reviews and comparisons must go to the Comparison and Review category.
This category is on programming languages with the proper name "E". Please take a moment and be sure your submission belongs here. Otherwise, it may not be processed for a long time.This category is on programming languages with the proper name "E". So far, there are two, both Open Source. Wouter van Oortmerssen's Amiga E, an object-oriented, procedural, unpure functional language, common on Amiga. Main influences: C++, Ada, Lisp, etc. It has fast compiling, inline assembler, many integrated functions, strong modules, flexible types, quoted expressions, immediate and typed lists, parametric and object polymorphism, exception handling, inheritance, data-hiding, methods, multiple return values, default arguments, register allocation, fast memory management, unification, LISP-Cells, macro-preprocessing, powerful source code debugger, GUI toolkit, library linker, more. Description, readme, downloads, mail list. It is Freeware and Open Source. Mark S. Miller's E, a secure, distributed, pure-object platform and p2p (peer-to-peer) scripting language for writing capability-based Smart Contracts. It defines and implements a pure object model of secure distributed persistent computing. Its roots are Actor Model programming, KeyKOS operating system, and the Concurrent Prolog language. Kernel E is a minimalist lambda-language much like Scheme, and Smalltalk. These are some of the more potent and promising approaches and projects addressing security issues in software. It is Open Source.
To this category, please submit only links on languages which were created, and have as a main or major purpose, education and teaching about language concepts, design, programming, and/or larger, more general system issues; and/or supporting other types of education (networking, math, physics); languages existing solely or in large part, to educate. Submit links about education for specific languages to a category for such. Examples: Perl language education must go to a Perl category; Visual Basic education must go to a Visual Basic category.This category is for programming languages which were created, and have as a main or major purpose, to educate and teach about language concepts, design, programming, and/or larger, more general system issues; and/or support other types of education (networking, math, physics); languages existing solely or in large part, to educate. These usually start out far simpler than more general, or widely used languages, but some grow greatly, become very powerful, and find use in business or science; examples: BASIC, Pascal, Python, Smalltalk. Mostly the links in this category point to other language categories and languages there. The only languages listed exclusively here are those for which no better or clearer category seems suitable.
Please submit only sites related with libraries for Eiffel, every eiffel compiler.This category is on the Eiffel programming language. It is a compiled, pure object-oriented language (everything is an object, even characters), designed for extensive re-use, creating and distributing components, and to support software engineering practices, similar to the motives behind Ada, Ada95.
Please submit only web pages and sites related only to the elastiC programming language.This category holds websites related to the elastiC programming language, which is high-level, object-oriented, interpreted, with a C syntax, portable bytecode compiling, dynamic typing, automatic fast garbage collection, strongly influenced by C, Smalltalk, Scheme, and Python.
This category is for sites related to the Erlang programming language and its applications. See Science/Math/Mathematicians for information on Agner Erlang, the mathematician. See Computers/Software/Industry-Specific/Telecommunications to find software for Erlang calculations for traffic management.Erlang is a soft realtime, declarative programming language for building concurrent and distributed systems. Open source and commercial implementations are available for the operating systems: BSD, Linux, Solaris, VxWorks, Windows, and more.
Please only submit sites here that relate to the programming language Euphoria.Euphoria is a programming language that is interpreted yet surprisingly fast, procedural, garbage collected (automatic memory management), with one public domain (open source) implementation, and designed to be simple, flexible, and easy to learn. So far, it runs only on 32-bit Intel x86 ported OSs: DOS, Windows; and Unix variants: FreeBSD, Linux.
This category holds links for books, paper or online, on the Forth programming language, and very closely related issues.Forth: Very compact, fast, imperative programming language based on last-in first-out (LIFO) stacks. It can be characterized as an interpreted, stack-based, postfix notation, macro Assembly language. If stacks are an optimal representation for your problem, and you have tight hardware requirements, strongly investigate and consider Forth. Many implementations exist, free and commercial.
Functional programming is a style of programming emphasizing evaluating expressions, rather than executing commands. Functional languages are those supporting and encouraging programming in a functional style, where expressions are formed by using functions to combine basic values.Functional programming is a style of programming emphasizing evaluating expressions, rather than executing commands. Functional languages are those supporting and encouraging programming in a functional style, where expressions are formed by using functions to combine basic values. On this page, languages are arranged in three groups and levels: 1) Top group: issues spanning multiple unrelated languages. 2) Middle group: types or classes of languages. 3) Bottom group: specific languages, with their own directory category.
This category holds links to programming languages and systems that support garbage collection (GC, gc), also called automatic or automated memory management or storage reclamation.This category holds links to programming languages and systems that support garbage collection (GC or gc), also called automatic or automated memory management or storage reclamation. This frees programmers from having to manually allocate and deallocate memory for various reasons (e.g., dynamic objects), aids programming productivity, and reduces errors. Almost all interpreted languages are garbage collected, use GC. On this page, languages are arranged in three groups and levels: 1) Top group: types or classes of language where all instances of such languages have GC. 2) Middle group: types or classes of language where many instances of such languages have GC. 3) Bottom group: specific languages.
Acceptable submissions include specifications, documentation, tutorials and sample code.Direct3D's High-Level Shading Language
- from The INTERCAL Programming Language Reference Manual, Copyright (C) 1973 by Donald R. Woods, James M. Lyon
To this category, please submit only links on or related to interpreted programming languages.Interpreted programming languages are those that historically, and/or usually, use interpreters to interpret source code line by line, as they run, and output object (machine) code, often interactively, in a simple edit-debug cycle. This makes programming faster and more productive, but usually produces slower running programs. Almost all interpreted languages are garbage collected, use GC. Dynamic, and JIT (Just In Time) compilers are synonyms. They act much like interpreters, but compile (not interpret) source code as they run. They can turn interpreted languages into compiled ones, and can be written for any language. But the basic difference persists: while executing, at runtime, interpreted languages and dynamic compilers, make more decisions, do more computing, than compiled languages. On this page, languages are arranged in three groups and levels: 1) Top group: types or classes of languages. 2) Middle group: languages for which there are more than one instance of a language of this name/type, a language family. 3) Bottom group: specific languages which have their own directory category.
Java is a programming language, and platform for programming, applications, and Web software, from Sun Microsystems.
As a language, it is strictly object-oriented, aggressively platform-independent, self documenting, inherently multithreaded, security conscious, and garbage collected, with a rich standard library, including Internet communications, windowing graphics (AWT, Swing), and SQL database interface (JDBC). Java is closely related to C, but intentionally lacks many of the features of C++, namely multiple inheritance, operator overloading, and any explicit pointers. These exclusions are done specifically to make it a simpler language, and they seem to work. Many programmers choose to program in Java just to be more productive. Some programming instructors teach introductory courses to C++ by first using Java, and then, after students learn how to program, the move to C++, to save time and aid student comprehension; both languages can be taught in the time often needed for C++ alone.
As a platform, Java is compiled into still platform-independent bytecodes, then interpreted on each machine; interpreters, using virtual machines (VMs), for most computer types are widely available. This lets portable programs be written on any one of many computer architectures, with the slogan: "Write Once Run Anywhere". One powerful example of this is Java Applets, Java programs embedded in a Web page, downloaded by the Web browser, and executed on the user's computer. Java's inherent security minimizes the risks of running an untested, untrusted program, and platform independence lets most computers execute it. The Mozilla, Netscape Navigator, and Microsoft Internet Explorer Web browsers, among many others, can run Java applets.
But there's more. Sun has even wider goals for Java, including marketing it as a language for embedded systems, making it a standard for cross-platform object-oriented program communication, and possibly challenging the Microsoft Windows dominance of operating systems (OSs). The precedent of the JDK, Java interpreter/compiler packages, being free for download for most OSs from Sun and others, along with most of the source code, as well as the promise of platform independence, has spawned much interest in Java as part of the Open Source software movement. Many applets and even full applications are also downloadable free, with source code. Also available: compilers to translate from other languages to platform independent Java bytecode, decompilers to convert Java bytecode to readable Java, and obfuscators, to hinder them. All are popular categories.
This directory category intends to cover all of that. Ambitious goal, no? :-)
Submit general interest, non-commercial LabVIEW links here. Developers and consultants must submit to their subcategory: Developers and Consultants. Companies selling software add-ons and hardware must submit to their sub-category: 3rd Party Hardware and Software.LabVIEW is an acronym for Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench. It is a dataflow-based, visual (or graphical), thus multiparadigm, programming language. It is a full general purpose language, but used mostly for data acquisition and instrumentation applications. It is made and distributed by National Instruments Corp.
To this category, please submit only links on languages that have the properties of operating systems (OSs), and do OS tasks and services; and OSs intentionally built on a foundation of some specific language. If an OS exists because of, is based and depends on, has a design informed by, one language, then it belongs here. If an OS is language independent, and would exist or continue regardless of its language, thought it may be coded in only one language (usually Assembly or C), then it belongs elsewhere.Synonyms: language operating systems (language-OSs), language-OS hybrids, language-OS combinations, language-integrated OSs, language-centric OSs, language-based OSs, language-dependent OSs. In computer science, after basic hardware, language comes first, before OSs, or applications. One needs a language first, even if only machine language, before one can write an OS or any other program. This category features languages that have the properties of OSs, and do OS tasks and services; and OSs intentionally built on a foundation of some specific language. This is usually done to increase system consistency, clarity, some type(s) of efficiency, programming productivity, and/or compactness. The key issue is language dependency. If an OS exists because of, is based and depends on, has a design informed by, one language, then it belongs here. If an OS is language independent, and would exist or continue regardless of its language, thought it may be coded in only one language (usually Assembly or C), then it belongs elsewhere. At the boundary, where so many arguments live, this is sometimes a difficult decision, and persons of goodwill can disagree. On this page, language-OSs are arranged in two groups and levels: 1) Top group: language-OSs for which there are more than one instance of a language-OS of this name/type, a language-OS family. 2) Bottom group: specific language-OSs, individual instances; there is only one language-OS of this name/type.
The category is for the Limbo programming language.Limbo is a programming language designed for the Inferno network operating system (NOS) from Lucent Technologies. Its syntax is influenced by C & Pascal. It is type-safe, and supports standard data types common to them, and several higher-level types: lists, tuples, strings, dynamic arrays, simple abstract data types.
In this category, please submit only links that apply to all Lisps, or which fit in no other Lisp category. Otherwise, please submit to a more specific Lisp category.This category holds links to software, web, and ftp sites pertaining to the Lisp programming language in any form: Common Lisp, CLOS, ISLISP, Logo, Scheme, ZetaLisp, etc. The Lisps are among the oldest programming languages. Of computer languages still in wide use today, only FORTRAN is older. Lisp is mainly a functional language, usually interpreted, though many versions compile. LISP is an acronym for LISt Processing, invented by John McCarthy in the late 1950's as a formalism for reasoning on the use of recursion equations as a model for computation. Lisp has evolved with the field of Computer Science, always putting the best ideas from the field into practical use. In 1994, Common Lisp became the first ANSI standard to incorporate object-oriented programming. There is a Lisp variant for every taste, and they generally support several programming models: procedural + functional + object-oriented. "Lisp is a programmable programming language." -John Foderaro
Please submit links to this category involving only Constraint Logic languages. Submit links involving Constraint or Logic languages to their respective categories.This category is on programming languages and documents that fully or partially support the basic principles of logic programming: declarative, relational programming based on first-order logic, via Horn clauses, where authors write databases of facts and rules (clauses), and users supply goals, which programs work to prove via resolution or backward chaining. Logic programming is used extensively in artificial intelligence, AI. The first such language was Prolog. On this page, languages are arranged in two groups and levels: 1) Top group: types or classes of languages. 2) Bottom group: specific languages, with their own directory category.
To this category, please submit only links on implementations of ML, existing and proposed.ML is an abbreviation for Meta Language. It was created by R. Milner and a team, in 1973. It is a strict higher-order functional language, with a formal semantics. It is garbage collected, and the first language to include polymorphic typing that is statically checked. ML is one of the direct inspirations informing Alan Kay and the design of Smalltalk.
Before submitting, please be sure the material you submit to this category is suitable for it, and relates to this topic.Multiparadigm (or multi-paradigm) languages are combination programming languages, mergers, that support, strongly, two or more programming paradigms, models, forms of program representation, within one language. Examples: procedural+functional or procedural+functional+objects or procedural+functional+logic+objects, etc. Framework languages (or programming language frameworks), a subset of multiparadigm languages, are designed to also be highly extensible and modular, very paradigm agnostic, minimally biased, ideally with no one main paradigm. Lisp was not originally intended as a multiparadigm language, but it has evolved into one supporting procedural + functional + object programming models. Some multiparadigm languages allow creating multidimensional databases, providing high speed searching and sorting of complex data. They are growing more popular. Some experts say that these are the new wave in languages. They are often faster and easier to build and maintain due to their flexibility, and are well suited to Rapid Application Development: RAD. On this page, languages are arranged in three groups and levels: 1) Top group: issues spanning multiple unrelated languages. 2) Middle group: types or classes of languages. 3) Bottom group: specific languages, with their own directory category.
This category is on programming languages and documents that partly or fully support the basic principles of object-oriented programming: extensive modularity usually embodied in objects, classes, encapsulation, data hiding, inheritance, polymorphism, message passing, etc.This category is on programming languages and documents that partly or fully support the basic principles of object-oriented programming: extensive modularity usually embodied in objects, classes, encapsulation, data hiding, inheritance, polymorphism, message passing, etc. On this page, languages are arranged in three groups and levels: 1) Top group: issues spanning multiple unrelated languages. 2) Middle group: types or classes of languages. 3) Bottom group: specific languages, with their own directory category.
Objective-C is an extension to ANSI-C which provides inheritance, dynamic binding, ability to dump any object to a file, and in some versions garbage collection. The language is widely used in NeXT and MacOS development, it is also central to the GNUStep project.
This category is only for sites specifically relating to the Objective-C language or sites whose content is relevant to more than one implementation. If your site is Cocoa specific, please submit it to Computers/Systems/Apple/Macintosh/Development/Mac_OS_X.
For quicker placement in the directory please follow these Submission Tips:
Title: Name of Site or Organization
Description: This describes the website and should note distinguishing features found on the site without the use of hype, personal pronouns, or repetitive terms.
The main alternative is paired symbols or keywords. Most programming languages use this means to mark blocks.
C-syntax family: whitespace is ignored. Blocks are marked between curly braces { and }. Advantage: code can be reformatted and neatly indented, even automatically, with no fear of change to block structure. Disadvantage: human readers see indentation easily and quickly and often miss much formal meaning communicated in braces, unless they are very careful.
Pascal family: blocks shown by keywords, start with "begin", end with "end".
LISP family: doesn't differentiate statements from expressions, parentheses are enough.
POSIX shell family: blocks start after each control keyword and end with the keyword written backwards: "case" starts conditional statements, "esac" ends them.
Please submit programming language links to other language categories which tell more about the structure and function of that language. In the link description, clearly state any open source status. Thank you.This category holds links on programming languages for which at least one body of writings, specification, or implementation exists, that meets the definition of open source software found at Opensource.org. All links in this category point to languages that are already listed in the directory. On this page, languages are arranged in two groups and levels: 1) Top group: Languages where all versions are open source, none are closed. Such software usually began as open source, and stayed so, or was closed and then changed to open. 2) Bottom group: Languages where some versions are open source, some are closed. Such software usually began as closed source, and then one or more version changed to open, or one or more open source version was begun.
Please submit only links related to the Oz programming language, and its associated Mozart Programming System environment and virtual machine.Oz is a multiparadigm programming language supporting eight models: concurrent, constraint, dataflow synchronization, distributed, functional (evaluation: eager, lazy), imperative, logic, object-oriented (class-based). It combines concurrent and distributed programming with logical constraint-based inference. The Mozart Programming System is a multiplatform programming environment used for Oz. It runs programs in a virtual machine.
Please think carefully if your site belongs here. Is Perl something that this particular business specializes in, or is it something they happen to do incidentally? Would this business be better represented in part of the Computers/Companies directory hierarchy?There is currently no description created for this category.
Submit your site to this category only if you cannot find a more appropriate PHP subcategory.Popular, easy to learn and use, general purpose, Open Source scripting language, very well suited for Web development and server-side scripting, can be embedded in HTML text and code. Syntax from C, Java, Perl. Goal: allow web developers to write dynamically generated pages quickly.
Home pages with less content must be submitted to the Computers/Programming/Languages/PHP/Personal_Pages category.
This category is on programming languages and documents that partly or fully support the basic principles of procedural programming: programmers must specify exact sequences of steps (procedures) computers must follow to produce results.This category is on programming languages and documents that partly or fully support the basic principles of procedural programming: programmers must specify exact sequences of steps (procedures) computers must follow to produce results.
To this category, please submit links only on the Prograph visual, object-oriented, dataflow, multiparadigm programming language.Prograph is a visual, object-oriented, dataflow, multiparadigm programming language. It started as an Acadia University research project in 1982. A commercial version existed from 1989 to 1995, when releases stopped. Several firms have sold Prograph: The Gunkara Sun Systems, renamed TGS Systems, Prograph International, Pictorius, now Andescotia Software LLC sells Marten for the Macintosh. A Windows version has existed but was never sold. The best known version may be Prograph CPX: Cross Platform eXtensions.
This category is about the Prolog programming language. Submit implementations in the corresponding sub category. Be careful and take your time.Prolog is a logic based artificial intelligence language. It differs from Lisp in terms of the execution control which is based on unification and first order logic.
This category holds articles, papers, and reviews of the Python language, in the online press and by independent authors.Python is a highly dynamic, powerful, object-oriented programming language that scales easily from simple scripts for casual one-use programs, to a many-thousand line applications. Python is a very good language for learning programming, because it is interpreted, dynamically typed, well documented, and has several sources of free documentation. Part of this is due to Python's roots, which are in education. Python's originator is Guido van Rossum. He worked for the CWI, the National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, Netherlands. There he worked extensively on ABC, an interpreted, procedural programming language originally designed for easy learning, and education use, to replace BASIC. But in time, he wanted a language with more features, object-orientation, flexibility, and extensibility. So he took many ideas and traits of ABC, especially the syntax, and created Python.
Please limit submissions to this category to sites that provide interactive online discussion.REBOL is a messaging language for distributed Internet applications that run across all devices. It is pronounced like the word "rebel". REBOL was designed over a 20 year period by Carl Sassenrath, the system architect responsible for the world's first multitasking multimedia operating system (OS), the Commodore Amiga OS. The first REBOL implementation was released in 1997 to a small group of users running on three OSs, and today REBOL has grown to reach more than 1,000,000 users running on more than 40 OS platforms. REBOL is not a traditional computer language like C, BASIC, or Java. Instead, it was designed to solve one of the fundamental problems in computing: the exchange and interpretation of information between distributed computer systems. REBOL accomplishes this through the concept of relative expressions, which is how REBOL got its name as the Relative Expression-Based Object Language. Relative expressions, also called "dialects", provide greater efficiency for representing code as well as data, and they are REBOL's greatest strength. For example, REBOL cannot only create a graphical user interface in one line of code, but it can also send that line as data to be processed and displayed on other Internet computer systems around the world. REBOL's consistent architecture provides powerful range of abilities, from its small kernel interpreter (REBOL/Core) up to an entire Internet Operating System (REBOL/IOS). On this page, categories are arranged in two groups and levels: 1) Top group: issues which scope extends beyond this category and topic, but which directly involves it and is important. 2) Bottom group: issues specific to this language, with their own directory category.
Blogs relating to REBOL should generally be submitted to Computers: Programming: Languages: REBOL: Articles.
To this category, please submit web sites and pages related to only the Refal functional programming language.Refal is an acronym for REcursive Functions ALgorithmic language. This is usually written in mixed case "Refal", and sometimes in all upper case "REFAL". It is a functional programming language used mainly by mathematicians, for pattern matching, symbol manipulation (symbolic data processing): string processing; computer languages: translation, analysis, metacomputation, etc.; artificial intelligence: theorem proving, natural languages, knowledge bases; computer algebra; scripting and prototyping. It originated in the Soviet Union, created by Valentin F. Turchin. Related websites often have text in English and Russian.
Please submit great sites that provide broad overviews of regular expressions. For sites that focus on a narrower aspect of regular expressions, please consider submitting to some of the subcategory pages, such as the FAQs, Help, and Tutorials subcat page.Regular expressions are text strings formed in a particular syntax that is used in various tools and programming languages for searching text patterns within text.
Please do only submit sites in English with RPG focus to this category. For other languages, suitable link to the respective language, maybe one or more levels higher in the directory hierarchy should be used. Unsuitably submitted sites have to be moved to the suitable cat and reviewed by the respective editor. This delays its listing unnecessarily, as does a description which does not conform to the ODP guidelines.Report Program Generator, a programming language for business applications, was developed by IBM during the 1960's. Although IBM introduced RPG during an era of other commonly used programming languages such as Fortran, Cobol and Assembler, RPG gained wide acceptance as a quick and easy method of writing programs for a variety of business applications. As a result, RPG gained popularity on small-scale computer systems and quickly stepped into medium and large-scale installations. Evolving with IBM's various midrange and mainframe computer systems, the RPG programming language has progressed from RPG to RPG II, to RPG III, to RPG IV, to RPG ILE and now RPG Free. Much of the success and quick acceptance of RPG is because of its ability to handle some specific "housekeeping" chores that other languages only perform manually. The "inner clock" in the RPG Cycle addresses areas such as opening files, clearing and loading successive field values, turning indicators on and off, as well as following a program's logical progression from input to output. IBM has continually enhanced the RPG programming language, providing new operations that simplify the code and greater flexibility to control integration across platforms. The latest ILE version, Integrated Language Environment, presents RPG in the most structured, modular format ever, allowing programs to "branch out" to external routines of various languages, yet still perform as if they were one. Again, IBM has further enhanced the code by providing built-in functions (BIFs) and breaking away from fixed format specifications with RPG Free.
To this category, please submit links on Ruby websites that are not only or mainly about Ruby software. If a link is for only or mainly Ruby software, please submit to: ../Ruby/Software. Thank you.Ruby is an Open Source, interpreted, dynamically typed, pure object-oriented scripting language for fast, easy programming, from Japan. It is simple, straightforward, extensible, more elegant than Perl, fewer parentheses than Lisp. It has many features to process text files and do system management, as in Perl. If you want a language for easy OO programming, don't like Perl inelegance, or like the concept of Lisp, but dislike many parentheses, Ruby is a good option. Japan has more users of Ruby than Python. Historically, this is the first, and thus oldest, sizable set of Ruby links outside of Japan.
Articles focused on a specific OpenGL shader languages should be submitted to the appropriate sub-category.Articles on OpenGL Shaders: specifications, tutorials, sample code, and comparisons.
Please submit Bistro-specific sites only. Do not add general Smalltalk or Java sites here, as they have their own categories.Smalltalk is and was a breakthrough combination programming language and operating system, created between 1972 and 1980 at the legendary Xerox Palo Alto Research Center: PARC. It was the first fully (pure) object-oriented language, and thus is a grandparent of all OO languages. The main language influences inspiring and informing the creation of Smalltalk were Ivan Sutherland's Sketchpad graphics program/language, Simula, Lisp and Seymour Papert's Logo dialect, and ML. Smalltalk is far more than a programming language only. It is also a full, powerful operating system (OS). Many traits make it so. All original Smalltalks ran on bare hardware, with no intervening OS, and some still do. All Smalltalks have their own internal scheduling, storage management, display handling, keyboard input, subsystems access, debugger, graphic user interface (GUI), application programming interface (API), one can write programs, from short scripts to full applications to run in it, and ignore any OS below. Smalltalks not using the file system of an underlying OS, have their own. Being a language + OS is part of the early foundation philosophy behind the design and implementation of Smalltalk. Consider two quotes by one of Smalltalk's earliest and primary designers, Dan Ingalls:
"An operating system is a collection of things that don't fit into a language. There shouldn't be one." - Daniel H. H. Ingalls; Design Principles Behind Smalltalk; Byte Magazine, August 1981.
"In this way, the underlying metaphor of communicating objects can be seen to operate all the way up to the level which corresponds to a conventional operating system." - Daniel H. H. Ingalls; The Smalltalk-76 Programming System: Design and Implementation; Conference Record, Fifth Annual ACM Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages (POPL), 1978. Open Source versions: GNU Smalltalk, Pocket Smalltalk, #Smalltalk (sharp-Smalltalk), Squeak, StepTalk, Susie. Smalltalk's inventors, the famous Alan Kay team from Xerox PARC, are now working on the free implementation Squeak. It is only a download away. On this page, @links are arranged in three groups and levels: 1) Top group: issues spanning multiple unrelated languages. 2) Middle group: issues specific to one language. 3) Bottom group: specific implementations, with their own directory category.
This category is for sites about the language itself. Sites that focus on individual databases that use SQL are listed in Computers/Software/Databases/SQL_Databases/.SQL, Structured Query Language, is a database query language that was adopted as an industry standard in 1986.
Visual Basic, Visual C++, etc., are not visual languages. Submissions on those topics are never posted in this category. Please submit them to the correct category, by clicking on the correct topic name provided at the start of this notice. Thank you.Visual programming languages (VPLs) let programmers instruct computers by drawing images or symbols, much like those seen in the mind when humans consider a solution to a certain problem. The images inform the computer, and other humans working on the program. Images are usually boxes, circles, or bubbles, treated as screen objects, connected by arrows, lines or arcs. Programming is done using visual methods to express relationships among, or transformations to, data; methods include sketching, pointing, demonstrating via direct manipulation. The software then creates any needed lower-level code. Visual Basic, Visual C++, etc., are not visual languages, but do use a few crude, primitive elements of visual programming. On this page, languages are arranged in three groups and levels: 1) Top group: issues spanning multiple unrelated languages. 2) Middle group: types or classes of languages. 3) Bottom group: specific languages, with their own directory category.
Please submit websites offering cryptography implementations to Visual Basic programmers as units, components, or libraries.A category for resources related to Visual Basic.
End-user cryptography products written in Visual Basic without source code are not programming resources and should be submitted to: Computers/Security/Products_and_Tools/Cryptography.
Please submit sites relevant to the Microsoft Visual Foxpro product. Commercial sites offering Foxpro products and services should be submitted to Programming:Languages:Visual FoxPro:Commercial Services.Visual FoxPro is both a computer programming language and a relational database packaged in one product.
This category is for the Z formal specification notation, and very closely related topics.Z, pronounced "zed", is a formal specification notation, a notation for formally, mathematically specifying, describing, computer-based systems. It is not a programming language, so it has no compiler as such, but many tools exist: type-checkers, animators for Z subsets, proof tools, more. Z is based on Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory and first order predicate logic. Inspired by the work of Jean-Raymond Abrial, it has been developed by the Programming Research Group (PRG) at the Oxford University Computing Laboratory (OUCL), and elsewhere, since the late 1970s. It is public domain, under ISO/IEC Z Standard 13568:2002, and Z symbols are part of Unicode character encoding.


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Become a Member - Get access to courses, communities, careers and more!
|Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, VN
Nhan Vu
|Group Website:
The Agile Vietnam is the leading platform in Vietnam where like minded people share and collaborate to improve their work and products.
Mission Statement
A self-organized and team driven platform which can be used to:
Promote Agile in Vietnam.
Organize a monthly event to gather Agilers.
Provide a platform for sharing experiences with each other.
Provide a platform by which "Agilers" can organize their own events.
Provide a platform where other Agile user groups, such as the Scrum Alliance, can be brought together for further shared experience.
First contact for experienced "Agilers", if they want to provide more information, training or organise other Agile related events in Vietnam.
Provide a platform for Agile but also to find contacts to support with agile solutions/ideas.

subset: commoncrawl


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Before the Sixtieth Anniversary...
Started Apr 14, 2014 | Discussions thread
Shop cameras & lenses ▾
REJ • Regular Member • Posts: 113
Re: Before the Sixtieth Anniversary...
Your shot reminded me of my 1999 visit to Normandy... the Omaha and Utah beach areas. The shots here on Smugmug were all taken with a Vectis S-1 and two lenses. Remember those?
I used that camera for several trips to Europe... the small size pre-digital did it for me and they replaced the weight and bulk of SRT 101 bodies and assorted lenses.
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en, application, interactive_carousel
Tweet the all-time top goalscorer for Baça photos
Drag your images to share them, navigate the galleries of Barça Fans like you and prove your dedication as a Barça supporter.
Barça Fans can now create their own photo and video galleries. Send photos, share them and check out all the media that is published around the world from fellow fans. Celebrating a title, meeting another FC Barcelona fan, a trip to see the team... in the Barça Fans gallery you'll find it all.
Try it now!
Messi's 234-goal journey, the best moments
01.05.2005 | First official goal for the first team. Messi wears the '30' on his back as he's assisted by Ronaldinho.
18.04.2007 | Goal a la Maradona against Getafe in the away leg of the semifinals of the King's Cup. The goal was seen around the world for it's similitude to Diego's goal in the final of the 1986 World Cup.
10.03.2007 | His first goals against Real Madrid, a hat-trick, saved Barça from defeat at the Camp Nou (3-3). It was the start of Iker Casilla's nightmare, the keeper that has conceded the most goals to Leo Messi.
01.02.2009 | At El Sardinero (1-2), Messi scores FC Barcelona's 5,000th goal in the Liga. It was a demonstration and talent from the youngster as he entered Barça history and stood alongside Marco Aurelio (1,000), Pedro Zaballa (2,000), Quini (3,000) and Amor (4,000).
27.05.2009 | Messi heads home the winner in the Champions League final in Rome. The Argentine beat Van der Sar (2-0) to seal Barça's third Champions League title.
19.12.2009 | He scores the winner with his chest against Estudiantes de la Plata in the Club World Cup final to clinch the sixth consecutive title for Josep Guardiola. It was the manager's debut season at the front of FC Barcelona.
16.01.2010 | Against Sevilla, he scores his 100th goal for Barça in the League.
06.04.2010 | He scores four goals in one game for the first time in his career. It was in the return leg of the quarter-finals of the Champions League against Arsenal. His first three goals were scored in 21 minutes and Arsene Wegner, at the end of the game, said, "he's like a Playstation."
27.04.2011 | A brace from the Argentine at the Santiago Bernabéu in the away leg of the Champions League semi-final gave Barça the edge they needed to qualify for the final in Wembley.
28.05.2011 | He scores the second goal in the Champions League final against Manchester United
28.09.2011 | He equals Kubala as the second highest goal scorer in Club history (194) during the Champions League match against BATE Borisov (+info)
07.03.2012 | He becomes the first footballer to ever score five goals in a Champions League match. It was against Bayer Leverkusen in the return leg of the Round of 16. (+info)
20.03.2012 | A hat-trick against Granada in the League allows the Argentine to break the Club's all-time high goal scoring record set by the legendary César Rodriguez (+info)
Detailed analysis of the goals by Leo Messi, top scorer in the history of FC Barcelona in official games
Athletico Madrid is Messi's favorite victim, with 18 goals scored against them. Dani Alves is his best ally, with 31 assists, and the last fifteen minutes is his preferred scoring period. These are some of the stats of Messi's record. Below are details of how Messi managed to reach the figure of 234 goals, two more than César, who was, until Tuesday, the top scorer in Barça history in official games.
Teams he's scored most goals against
Part of the body
Phase of the game
His best allies
*Data provided by Agency Opta
With his three goals against Granada, Leo Messi surpasses César's record and became the all-time top goalscorer in the history of FC Barcelona in official matches with 234 goals
On March 20th 2012, Leo Messi became FC Barcelona's all-time top goalscorer in official matches after breaking César Rodríguez's record of 232 goals. The game against Granada, on week 29 of La Liga, will be remembered for this extraordinary feat: a hat-trick by the three-time Ballon d'Or winner that took his all-time tally to 234 goals, two more than the illustrious 'Pelucas.' At 24-years-old, Messi is a living legend.
Atlético, Messi's favourite victim
The Masia graduate, who made his debut for the first team in October 2004, has scored 153 goals in the Liga, 49 in the Champions League, 19 in the King's Cup, 8 in the Spanish Super Cup, 1 in the European Super Cup and 4 in the Club World Cup. His preferred victims are Atlético Madrid (18), Sevilla (14), Real Madrid (13), and Racing Santander (12). Curiously enough, Granada was the only team in the Spanish top flight that Messi hadn't scored on.
A monumental season
Against Granada, Messi pulverized his personal best goalscoring record. So far he has 54 goals, one more than he scored in the entirety of last season. The Argentine has scored eight hat-tricks (counting his four goals against Valencia and five against Levekusen). In the Liga, with 10 matches remaining, he's the leading scorer with 34 goals. He's the best, no discussion. And he plays for Barça.
The Catalan, Spanish and Argentine press hail Leo Messi, all-time high goalscorer for FC Barcelona
The Argentinian daily Olé, now called Culé for today, says "we feel we are Barça fans" thanks to Messi
The worldwide press once again hailed Leo Messi. The Argentine star received praise from the Catalan, Spanish and worldwide press, especially from Argentina. The most original acknowledgment came from the Argentinian daily Olé - the name of the publication was changed to 'Culé' for the day. The daily, on the cover, led with "we feel like we are Barça fans" thanks to Messi, all-time goalscorer for Barça after his hat-trick against Granada (5-3).
Here is an overview of the press and their leading stories:
Sport (Catalonia)
"History's best goalscorer"
El Mundo Deportivo (Catalonia)
El 9 (Catalonia)
"To Messi what belongs to Messi"
MARCA (Spain)
"Camp Nou lauds their idol"
AS (Spain)
"Messi can beat anyone"
El Periódico (Spain)
"Ave Messi"
La Vanguardia (Spain)
"Messi writes history"
Clarín (Argentina)
"The man that has brought the most joy to FC Barcelona"
Muy (Argentina)
"He mocks the record books"
El País (Colombia)
"Messi continues making history"
La Tercera (Chile)
"Messi makes history with FC Barcelona"
Diario del Istmo (Mexico)
Messi has no breaks
El Nacional (Venezuela)
"Historic goalscorer"
El Universal (Venezuela)
"Messi is a young record-setting machine"
Lionel Messi, the three-time Ballon d'Or winner, sat down with TIME's Bobby Ghosh to discuss his career with FC Barcelona and his ambition to win the World Cup
In the TIME's cover story, Bobby Ghosh outlines Messi's coming-of-age career with FC Barcelona and the player's future ambition with his national side. The journalist also addresses the question of whether or not the Argentine should be considered the best football player of all time.
King Leo, perhaps the best player ever to grace a football pitch
Mr. Ghosh writes in TIME that "every generation produces players who change the game with their talent or approach - Puskas, Di Stefano, Pelé, Cruyff, Maradona, Zidane. Messi's third Ballon d'Or cemented his place in the galaxy of greats, it also made him the centerpiece of a singular argument." The argument: should Lionel Messi be considered the best football player ever? Mr. Ghosh goes on to cite Sir Alex Ferguson, manager of Manchester United, as saying "Messi is amongst the best ever," and quotes Josep Guardiola, "[he] could be the best player of all time."
The journalist builds his argument with Gary Lineker's, England's iconic striker, observations on Argentine star: "I look at him, and he does at least three or four things in every game that I never did in my whole career." Terry Venables, another famous football man that hails from the British Isles also had words of praise for Barça's number 10: "it's not possible what he does."
Despite the accolades and words of praise, perhaps the only thing that outshines Messi's trophy-studded career is his humility. When the player picked up his third consecutive Ballon d'Or in Switzerland this January he told Mr. Ghosh, "year after year, I've grown, improved ... I was lucky to start very young and always have very good colleagues around me as I was comping up, this had helped me and how I play."
Mr. Ghosh, a lifelong FC Barcelona fan, admitted that Leo Messi was in his editorial queue for years. But what made the journalist pull the trigger on the story was the Argentine's third Ballon d'Or conquest: "for me, it sealed his claim to be the best player of his generation. That was the perfect moment to put him on TIME's cover."
His instincts were correct. After the TIME edition featuring the portrait of a solo footballer for the first time in the history of the publication hit the stands on Sunday the media and online reaction was palpable. "Judging by the media reaction and the buzz on the Internet, this was one of our most talked-about cover stories, worldwide," the journalist said.
One on one with Messi and the playmaker's World Cup ambitions
On interviewing the understated three-time Ballon d'Or winner, Mr. Ghosh said: "he is famously shy and withdrawn. The challenge was to get him out of his shell a bit. I can't honestly say we managed to do that: it would probably take several meetings before he got comfortable with me. But we managed to get a couple flashes of candor." While Messi prefers a more low-key profile to the bravado that's probably expected of a superstar, one who is possibly the best player to ever grace a football pitch, he did open up when asked about the World Cup in 2014: "I hope it's the moment for Argentina and that we can become champions. I'm going because I want to be champion and share the World Cup with my national team." Ahead of the World Cup, the Argentine said, "there's still a lot of time to prepare and improve."
You can read the entire interview with Leo Messi here.
Leo's impact in the United States
Interest in football in the United States, while in its embryonic stage compared to Europe, is growing precisely because of players like Leo Messi. "As Americans grow more and more interested in football, they also get more and more knowledgeable. It would take a national opinion poll to judge how much they know about Messi, but if I had to guess, I would say he's quite well known - more than, say, Rafa Nadal, or Fernando Alonso," Mr. Ghosh said. The journalist went on to say that "young Americans, who play football a lot, know Messi very well. In New York, I see many kids wearing the Barça shirt with his name on it."
After becoming the highest goalscorer in the history of FC Barcelona, with 234 goals in official matches, we take a look at Messi's journey through the Club's youth teams with commentary from his old managers
He's the first player in the history of the Champions League to score five goals in one game
The Argentine has scored 29 goals in the European competition
Messi, despite his sublime display, was humble after the match: "The most important thing is that we won, that's what we wanted"
Leo Messi wears the number 10 on the back of his jersey, but against Bayer 04 Leverkusen this evening he put in a Five Star performance. The Argentine scored five goals; two in the first half, three in the second. His brilliant display broke long-standing European records. But Messi, despite his unworldly performance, remains humble. "The most important thing is that we won, that's what we wanted," he said when he was told that this was the first time in a player managed to score five goals in one game.
Here are some interesting facts and stats about Leo Messi in international competitions:
• Messi is the first player in the history of the UEFA Champions League to score five goals in one game
• He's the first player in the history of the European Cup (in all formats) to score five goals at this stage of the competition
• The Argentine has scored 12 goals in this edition of the Champions League, the same amount that he scored last season (he was the tournaments highest goal scorer)
•It's been a year (March 8th, against Arsenal) since Messi has scored at the Camp Nou in the Champions League
•Messi is the second Barça player in the history of the Club to score five goals in a single European match (Zaldúa did it on October 6th, 1965)
• With his five goals, Messi is only seven away from being the Club's all-time highest scorer (235)
• He's the first player to ever score five goals in the Champions League for a team that plays in the Spanish League
• Messi is the 11th player to score five goals in a Champions League match (the last plaeyr to do it was Lerby, with Ajaz, in 1979 against Omonia)
• Messi's 49 goals in the competition see him level with Alfredo Di Stefano as the sixth highest goal scorer in the history of the competition
• Of his 49 goals in the Champions League, 25 were scored at the Camp Nou, and 22 away from home; 2 of them were scored in finals
• He's scored 54 goals in international competitions: 49 in the Champions League, 4 in the Club World Cup and 1 in the European Super Cup
Highlighted link: The third for MessiBALLON d'Or The third for Messi
Highlighted link: Leo Messi's achievementsFIRST TEAM Leo Messi's achievements Leo Messi's achievements


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text: New houses empty over golf ball risk 19 Jun 2014 Safety concerns have caused a delay for residents due to move into new social housing in south Belfast. Share Share Share Story by UTV Staff, Belfast Fold Housing Association is concerned that balls from nearby Balmoral golf course could hit residents or the properties in the Taughmonagh Estate.The concerns were first raised by the builders in May last year. Now the homes are finished and ready for tenants - except they are empty.Sharon Hosick and her family are waiting to move into their new home."I'm finding it very frustrating because my house is full of boxes. I've got everything mainly packed away and it's chaotic," she said.Sharon had expected to relocate to the property at the beginning of June.Anna Davidson is also waiting, and told UTV the delay has made life difficult for her elderly mother."My mother's sleeping on the settee whereas life could be a lot easier for her."She added that for years residents have lived in houses in the area beside the golf course and there's never been a problem.Fold Housing Association told UTV that they have been involved in discussions with Balmoral Golf Club to try to get the matter resolved.Eileen Patterson, of the Association, said: "We assessed the risk in that golf balls were landing on the site."We know there are houses that have been in Taughmonagh a long time - but none of us were aware of this risk and it would appear that the exact location of the scheme is in an area where people would tee off."Golf balls were landing there and we assessed it as being a serious and potential risk and we felt that we needed to mitigate against it."Is it a small risk if one person gets seriously injured?"In a statement, Balmoral Golf Club said that they have been in ongoing discussions with Fold Housing Association and are hopeful for a satisfactory conclusion in the immediate future. CHAR(13) + CHAR(10) CHAR(13) + CHAR(10)The Fold and the club are expected to meet on Friday.However, the case is still set to go in front of the courts next week. © UTV Share Share Share


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Online Sociology Resources
See Also:
Sociology Blogs
Blogs, websites, other potentially interesting time-wasters, teaching resources, casual reading, networking opportunities etc.
- The ASA Research Blog This blog is maintained by the American Sociological Association'sDepartment of Research on the Discipline and Profession. It reports on their current projects and highlights related resources, as well as creating a forum for discussion among sociologists and other interested readers.
21st Century Nomad
This blog is designed to engage the reading public on critical sociological issues, and the first post, "The Nomad's Manifesto," describes Nicki Lisa Cole's pursuit of public sociology, post-grad career path, and the intellectual linkages between these two things and consumerism.
A (Budding) Sociologist's Commonplace Book
Dan Hirschman's blog about economic sociology, the internet and other topics of interest, networking opportunities.
Beyond the Pale-Examinations of Culture and Society
Blog by Jamila Jamison Sinlao, PhD student in the Sociology department at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
Citings & Sightings
Scanning the journals and tracking the media for the best in cutting edge social science, served up in a concise, snappy style.
Contexts Discoveries
Contexts is a quarterly magazine that makes sociology interesting and relevant to anyone interested in how society operates. Note: CU Library has an electronic subscription to Contexts magazine that you can access through library web site.
Family Inequality
A blog by Philip Cohen (UNC)that focuses on family inequality.
Fringe Thoughts
Blog by 3 sociologists and one economist, drawing on quote: "A journal … also encourages you to capture "fringe thoughts": various ideas which may be by-products of everyday life, snatches of conversation overheard on the street, or, for that matter, dreams. Once noted, these may lead to more systematic thinking, as well as lend intellectual relevance to more directed experience." C.Wright Mills. 1952
Graphic Sociology
Analyzing the visual presentation of social data. Each post takes a chart, table, interactive graphic or other display of sociologically relevant data and evaluates the success of the graphic.
Berkeley PhD student blog.
Office Hours
Conversations with top social scientists about their research and the social world.
Public Criminology
Blog by Chris Uggen, Michelle Inderbitzin, and Sara Wakefield.
Sexuality & Society
Sexuality & Society explores relationships between social institutions, cultural practices, sexual health, and sexual policy.
the Society Pages
This site has interesting current event postings with social science commentary and links to other wikis using visual sociology, or links to "Office Hours"–iTunes discussions with top social scientists.
Sociological Eye
The world in cross-national perspective.Anthony Gidden's Guardian(UK) blog
Sociological Images
This is a great blog with lots of up to date info, short articles, and great graphics that can be borrowed for powerpoints!
The Sociological Imagination
Blog of 3 sociology Ph.D. students at 3 different universities.
Sociology Improv
Podcast with sociologically-informed discussion of the news of the day
A multi-disciplinary blog about what makes cultures "thick": public discourse, multiculturalism, technology, and civic engagement.
Video Sites
Free Documentaries
This Week in Sociology: Connecting Your Classroom to the World
Sociology-Specific Blog with featured videos that are appropriate for use in classes.
LinkTV Independent from Corporate media, some streaming content/documentaries.
TED.com|TED: Ideas Worth Spreading
This site has many interesting and well-known speakers across a huge spectrum of topics.
Their presentations are usually 20 minutes or less.
It is free to watch and use, and has many possible presentations that would be relevant for sociology courses.
Videos on people, issues, and ideas changing the planet.
I have found lectures on here by authors that students are reading to use in the classroom.
Journeyman TV
"Journeyman Pictures is London's leading independent distributor of topical news features, documentaries and footage. We're like a video encyclopedia of the world."
Frontline, Nova, American Experience and other free featured programs that can be used for class. The American Experience series has a video on "My Lai" if anyone uses the article on that topic-might tie in well.
Snag Films
Free movies and documentaries streaming online.
Free streaming movies and documentaries, select free television shows. this may be a good choice if you saw something on TV that you want to use as an example.
Fancast/Xfinity TV
Comcast's free streaming content, has some television shows and some free movies and documentaries. Other content is subscription only.
ABC News
ABC news clips can be watched here.
CBS News
CBS posts news clips to watch online here.
YouTube University Social Science
YouTube pretty much goes without saying as a source for video clips, but there are also channels specifically for social science on YouTube that might help you find something relevant. Here is one.
Zocalo Public Square
This website has streaming video of speakers, often talks are fairly long but can be excerpted (their YouTube channel often has shorter <10 min excerpts) They say: "We believe that over specialization and narrowcasting undermine the public square and are committed to welcoming a new, young and diverse generation to the conversation." and "In our eight years, we have featured over 800 compelling thinkers and doers from a wide range of fields—politics, governance, humanities, health, economics, education, technology, foreign policy, arts, science and beyond—who explore how we see and relate to one another, be it locally, regionally, nationally, or globally."
Data/Poll Sites
Pew Research
Nonpartisan "fact tank": Interesting stats, reports, visuals.
Gallup research includes economics, healthcare, migration, well-being, governmental decisions (domestic and international), unemployment, gender equality, race relations, religion, media, social issues such as drugs, smoking, gun laws, death penalty.
Patchwork Nation
Tons of interactive data on the U.S. at many levels of analysis.
Statistical Abstract of the U.S.
http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/ This is a link to the U.S. Statistical Abstract released by the Census. This source is referenced in Joel Best's books about statistical literacy as a way to check benchmark figures.


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A top down, seamless raglan, A-line top, featuring just a touch of lace and very slightly puffed sleeves. It is designed for a light dk yarn with some drape. The sleeve and body shaping and trim can easily be modified to suit your style. Suitable for an adventurous beginner or intermediate knitter.
Please refer to the diagram near the end of the pattern to select your size.
August 8, 2009 - A brand new pattern is available, which improves the fit across all sizes, based on all the feedback I've received. (There is no longer an Option A and B).
Errata - under Body at the bottom of p. 2 the second line should read:
Next round: (k8, m1, k to 8 st before next marker, m1, k8, sm) 2 times.
Additional FIT TIP
If you are 'amply' busted, you may want to select one size smaller than the recommended one according to the bust size, to make sure the yoke and neck sections are not too big. You can then make additional increases under the lace panel to provide more room for the bust if necessary.
I've also heard some concerns with the way the Hempathy looks when it is knit at a relatively loose gauge (e.g. 22). Tightening up the gauge is fine if you are aware of the effect on sizing and adjust accordingly, but the yarn 'blooms' when washed and the stitches really even out!


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Mark Your Calendars!
The PVSD Family Wellness Expo is May 11th, 8:00 to 12:00 am at Pitts Ranch Park.
New this Year…a FREE 1-Mile Chicken Chase. That's right, two of our principals will be cluckin' and flappin' in chicken suits just for you! Returning this year is our 5K Creekside Chase on our safe and gorgeous course that runs along the Calleguas Creek Bike Path. Join us for a celebration of wellness and meet other health minded families and businesses in our community. All PVSD Participants will receive medals and t-shirts. Go to www.PVSDWellnessExpo.org to learn more.


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THE death of Arthur Robinson at the age of 91 marks the passing of a very special man who touched the hearts of all those fortunate enough to know him.
For 25 years, until his retirement in 2010, he was secretary to the Ancient Society of York Florists (ASYF) a position he cherished.
Now, the society, which was established in 1768, is recognised as the oldest extant horticultural society in the world. There is no doubt that its survival is due to his tireless endeavours.
Born in 1920, he was educated at Haughton's School in York, founded in 1773. When war broke out in 1939, he had hopes of joining the infantry. He said: "I'll do anything except with tanks."
Yet, to his dismay, it was in the tank division that he ended up, serving with the Duke of Wellington's Regiment in Burma and India. As with most of his generation, he spoke little of his experiences except about the camaraderie of his fellow soldiers. After the War, he returned home to marry the love of his life, Eileen Baker, whom he had known since primary school.
Her war-time job involved riveting aeroplane wings and her husband often joked that he would not have liked like to fly in any plane that she had worked on. Their marriage was a happy one blessed with a son Philip and three grandsons. Mr Robinson's interests, apart from gardening, were cricket and ballroom dancing with his wife.
He chose the police as a career. His beat took in the site of the famous Backhouse Nurseries at Holgate, now West Bank Park, where he would slow his pace to admire the exotic flower beds and glasshouses brimming with horticultural gems.
He already understood the craft of horticulture having helped in his father's allotment as a child and then later creating his own delightful garden in Acomb, but it was perhaps here that his passion for exquisite flowers reasserted itself.
He became ASYF secretary in 1985 when membership had plummeted and its future looked perilously insecure. Single-handedly, he promoted the society extolling its virtues to entice new members. He reintroduced the spring show and so florist auriculas took centre stage just as they had once done in the 18th and 19th centuries.
He forged links with other societies including the Wakefield and North of England Tulip Society. He had a way with exhibitors understanding their passions and idiosyncrasies.
He also had a keen interest in the society's history which was important to York not only for its horticultural importance, but also for its social aspect. The society was formed by an elite group of city gentleman whose happiness was centred on florist flowers which they grew to perfection and for prize money. At that time there were just eight classic florist flowers, auricula, tulip and carnation being the most popular. These were shown at "florists' feasts" which often ended in drunken brawls.
Over time, other fashionable species were introduced – such as pelargonia, dahlias and chrysanthemums.
In 2010, he unveiled a York Civic Trust plaque in Colliergate to commemorate the site where the first ASYF florists' feast was held in 1768 and also to see the society's archive safely deposited at the Borthwick Institute, University of York.
Arthur Robinson was a man of principles, a staunch conservative and royalist who deeply valued tradition. His services to horticulture were acknowledged a few years ago when he and Eileen were invited to tea at Buckingham Palace.


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Sampling Procedure
The principal objective of the sample design was to provide current and reliable estimates on a set of indicators covering the four major areas of the World Fit for Children declaration, including promoting healthy lives; providing quality education; protecting against abuse, exploitation and violence; and combating HIV/AIDS. The population covered by the 2005-2006 MICS is defined as the universe of all women aged 15-49 and all children aged under 5. A sample of households was selected and all women aged 15-49 identified as usual residents of these households were interviewed. In addition, the mother or the caretaker of all children aged under 5 who were usual residents of the household were also interviewed about the child.The 2005 MICS collected data from a nationally representative sample of households, women and children. The primary focus of the 2005 MICS was to prodvide estimates of key population and health, education, child protection and HIV related indicators for the country as a whole, and for urban and rural areas separately. In additon, the sample was designed to provide estimates for each of the 5 regions for key indicators. Tajikistan is devided into 5 regions: Dushanbe (the capital), Direct Rule Districts (DRD), Sogd, Khatlon and Gorno Badakhshan (GBAO). Each of such division, for last census purposes, was further subdivided in convenient areas called "census section", "instructor's sector" and "enumeration sector"(ESs). Each ES is either totally urban or rural. The list of ESs has census information on population information for each ES, and the ESs list are grouped by administrative unit. The size of the rural ES was 342 persons and the size of the urban ES was 378 persons. There were established 17923 ES in Tajikistan. The available demarcated cartographic material for each ES in localities with more than 5000 population made last census material as the most appropriate sample frame for the MICS2005. The primary sampling unit (PSU) - or cluster - for the MICS2005 is defined on basis of ES from the 2000 census frame, as having one (or more) ES per PSU. The number of clusters selected in each region was not allocated proportional to the size of the region, but approximately equal number of clusters was allocated to each region due to the need to present estimates for each of the 5 regions. A total of 290 clasters and 6,960 households were selected. The primary sampling unit variable is the cluster (HH1). The sampling stratas can be identified using a combination of the region (HH7) and area (HH6) variables, e.g. stratum = HH7*10 + HH6. A two-stage, stratified cluster sampling approach was used for the selection of the survey sample. The sampling domains are defined as urban and rural areas of each of the regions of Tajikistan. In the first stage, 290 PSU were selected in each stratum with equal probabilities. Within each cluster a fixed number of 24 households were selected. Updating of the list of households in each cluster was done prior to selection of the households. Since the distribution of clusters between sampling domains was not proportional to the census distribution of population and, consequently neither was the final household distribution, the sample is not self-weighting. For reporting national level results, sample weights are used. Following standard MICS data collection rules, if a household was actually more than one household when visited, then a) if the selected household contained two households, both were interviewed, or b) if the selected household contained 3 or more households, then only the household of the person named as the head was interviewd. No replacement of households was permitted in case of non-response or non-contactable households. Adjustments were made to the sampling weights to correct for non-response, according to MICS standard procedures. The sampling procedures are more fully described in the sampling design document and the sampling appendix of the final report.
Deviation from Sample Design
No major deviations from the original sample design were made. All sample enumeration areas were accessed and successfully interviewed with good response rates.
Response Rates
Of the 6.968 households selected for the sample, 6.961 were found to be occupied. Of these, 6.684 were successfully interviewed for a household response rate of 96 percent. In the interviewed households, 10.626 women (age 15-49) were identified. Of these, 10.243 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 96 percent. In addition, 4.370 children under the age of five were listed in the household questionnaire. Questionnaires were completed for 4.273 of these children, which corresponds to a response rate of 98 percent. Overall response rates of 93 and 94 percent are calculated for the women's and under-5's interviews respectively. The household response rates are slightly higher in rural than in urban areas, 97 compared to 94 percent. The response rates in Dushanbe are a little lower than in others regions, due to the busy lifestyle of the respondents living in the capital city. The lowest women's response rate is noted in GBAO region, 88 percent. Differences between number of sampled and occupied households almost does not exist, thanks to the previously updated household listings.
Sample weights were calculated for each of the datafiles. Sample weights for the household data were computed as the inverse of the probability of selection of the household, computed at the sampling domain level (urban/rural within each region). The household weights were adjusted for non-response at the domain level, and were then normalized by a constant factor so that the total weighted number of households equals the total unweighted number of households. The household weight variable is called HHWEIGHT and is used with the HH data and the HL data. Sample weights for the women's data used the un-normalized household weights, adjusted for non-response for the women's questionnaire, and were then normalized by a constant factor so that the total weighted number of women's cases equals the total unweighted number of women's cases. Sample weights for the children's data followed the same approach as the women's and used the un-normalized household weights, adjusted for non-response for the children's questionnaire, and were then normalized by a constant factor so that the total weighted number of children's cases equals the total unweighted number of children's cases.


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Views: 515
Nancy I am not familiar with that medication. Is she taking anything else for her sore throat, antibiotics? When she is awake check to make sure she doesn't have any rash or hives on her back, legs, or her diaper area. If it continues ask the Dr. or pharmacist if it could be a side effect from the meds. Your not paranoid, she's your baby and your worried. We go to the ends of the earth for our children. Good luck!!
Hi Nancy, my daughter has been on that med for 14 years and we have not had that reaction. But, that does not mean that it could not affect your child in that way. Other meds has caused my daughter to have twitches, awake and asleep, even to the point of lifting her leg off the bed. We had her admitted for a VEEG due to the twitching and found out it was not due to seizures but due to side effects of a medication. Zarontin has been around for years (I think 30 or so) and it is amazing for absence seizures. It certainly has helped my daughter. I hope it is all associated with being sick and a good nights sleep will come for all.
MY 10 YR OLD SON DOES THIS FLOPING withh uncontrolable movements an then in a few wks after this starts he starts jerking at night then next comes the bad seizures as soon as he closes his eyes i always know what is happening as soon as the uncontrolable movement startsits like clock work i can almost time what is coming next,if we raise his meds we stop it before it leads to the grand one an trip to er, this happens about ever 2-3 mths whith him.then teh high dose of meds makes his behavior an mental stage behond anything i could began to explain even to his dr. then they want to say it is just behavior problems but when you know your child an they become someone you dont know you no it is meds that cause this change in your loving child.if we control his seizures then i loose the sweet ,kind ,loving child I know is there ever an answer that gives you your child back an stopes the seizures at the same time.if so we have not found it...
What your describing in terms of nighttime behavior does seem seizure-like. My daughter has nocturnal epilepsy though will get Simple seizures during the day. My daughter will make sounds and it's as if she's having a nightmare or night terror, but a) she has no recollection of anything the next morning (we typically remember we had a bad dream even if we don't remember details) and b) she settles down quickly and is OUT! We have video of her sitting up and actually starring at the computer screen as well for about 30+ seconds. I know that when my daughter had a bad cold in January with a low-grade temp, she had a few Simple seizures during the day and was more active at night. I'm inclined to think that the seizure activity is cold-related, not medication-related, but I'd ask your doctor.
You're not being paranoid..you're being a concerned, loving mother.
It could be a sz thing or just twitches - stinks to never know! I would def tell the neuro about it if it continues. She could be monitored at night to make sure. Also, check if any others meds (for colds) interact with the etho - we had a breakthrough after over a year sz free bc we didn't know about one.
Nancy, my 9 yr old son was diagnosed with Absence seizures on Jan 30th of this year. When he first started ethosuximide his side effects were upset stomach and dizzyness. After about a week, it didn't bother his stomach anymore but he still gets dizzy sometimes. He also gets VERY tired mid morning and mid afternoon at school, so much so that most days he goes to the nurse at least once a day to lay down and usually ends up taking a 20 minute nap. There are days where he's a bit fuzzy trying to concentrate at school too, which is not like him at all. He has been complaining about his legs hurting him, saying that they ache, twitch, throb and vibrate(all his own words). Other than the leg issues, the dr says that these are normal side effects. He said he wasn't sure if his leg issues were caused by the medicine but there is another classmate of his who was also just diagnosed and on the same medicine/dosage who also was complaining of leg pains. I have been needing to sleep with my son ever since his diagnosis as he's been afraid to sleep alone. When he first started the medicine, he did a lot of tossing and turning at night but that has simmered down. He does still move his legs around before falling asleep because they hurt him but once he's sleeping, he's pretty still.
I understand 100% your concern about everything. I too am worried about this turning into something else, about his school work declining and especially about how much HE'S worrying about this. He's asking me if his brain is being permanantely damaged and if he'll be able to go to college. He's doing research online and taking books out from the library. He's trying to learn everything he can about this which is good but in some ways it isn't. He's NINE YEARS OLD after all!!
Hi Nancy!
My daughter Sarah is nine and has grand mal seizures, drop spells and also had strange happenings going on at night. I believe now that this was all a precursor to her seizures. She would slap the pillow with her arm, cry out, cry and then go back to sleep, like nothing had happened. Then she started to have drop spells, then the big seizures. I would definetly talk to your nuerologist about it, if it continues. Good luck and god bless!
Doreen, our 5yo daughter, Shayna, was diagnosed with absence seizures on Jan 30th as well! Just thought that I would mention the coincidence.
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Back to Hawaii News index
Posted: Tuesday, April 22nd, 2014 12:15 PM HST
Suspects sought in theft/assault
By 67AM KPUA News
Police are seeking two people captured on a surveillance video who were involved in an incident last week at a Hilo shopping mall.
Police say a female patron was seen shortly after noon Friday concealing an item and exiting the store on Puainako Street without paying. A store employee suffered head and rib injuries when he was thrown to the ground by the womans male companion after he and a colleague tried to escort them back into the store.
The pair then fled on foot toward Maka`ala Street. If you have any information on the identity or location of the persons on the video, call police at 935-3311.


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Batten down the hatches, Filmmakers in Focus is back! These short interviews aim to introduce some of the filmmakers who constitute the SXSW 2014 Film program, starting with the talent behind Creep and Doc of the Dead.
Content will be added frequently in the coming weeks as more titles are announced, and we gear up for another inspiring program of innovative and exciting films. Stay tuned, and be sure to register for your badge and take advantage of the SXSW Film program.
Director Patrick Brice on Creep
Tell us a little about your film.
During production, the entire crew consisted of only myself and Mark Duplass, with editor/co-producer Chris Donlon joining us in post. It was an intense, intimate and freeing process - by far the most collaborative project I've experienced in my life.
In terms of plot, the less you know about Creep going into it, the better.
Why did you start making films?
My love for film came from growing up watching VHS tapes on repeat with my dad. This meant The Naked Gun, Amazon Women on the Moon, and The Blues Brothers were the early canon of cinematic influences in my life. By age 13 it was confirmed that cinema could be a kind of church for me.
In 1996 I co-opted my Mom's Hi-8 camcorder and started making my own movies with middle-school friends.
My love for filmmaking led me to CalArts, where I studied experimental and documentary film. Creep is my first narrative feature.
Have you been to SXSW before? What are you most looking forward to?
First time at SXSW, and actually, have never even been to Austin before. I'm most looking forward to screening our film and meeting other filmmakers, but also heard that I might be able to find some decent BBQ around town. I'm a brisket man.
Tell us a random fact (or two!) that would help our attendees get a better idea of who you are.
There is a 95% chance I may be the tallest filmmaker attending the festival this year.
Director Alexandre Philippe on Doc of the Dead
Tell us a little about your film.
Doc of the Dead is the definitive, most up-to-date documentary about the pervasiveness of zombies in cinema and popular culture. The doc's epic scope ranges from the origins of zombies in Africa and Haitian Voodoo to George Romero's creation of the modern zombie... all the way to the contemporary fervor for The Walking Dead and World War Z, zombie walks, zombie runs, zombie fashion shows, zombie car washes, even zombie porn! There's plenty in there for the most hardcore fans of the undead, and it's also a perfect starting point for those who know nothing about zombies, but want to understand why they're so in demand. The film also investigates the possibility of a zombie-like pandemic, and features a plethora of zombie icons: George Romero, Simon Pegg, Bruce Campbell, Max Brooks, Tom Savini, Greg Nicotero, and many more!
Why did you start making films?
I started making films because I resented the idea of waiting for strangers to decide whether or not my screenplays ought to be produced. So I made my first film for $5,000 with a bunch of friends, and even though we didn't really know what we were doing back then, it did well enough to convince other people to help me with my second film. It has taken years to build the team I feel so fortunate to work with nowadays. It's always a challenge, and in many ways, every new project feels like I'm working on my first film. I hope this feeling never goes away.
Have you been to SXSW before? Any tips?
My last World Premiere at SXSW was The People vs. George Lucas in 2010, and I'm absolutely thrilled to return this year. It's an incredible honor, and one of the most amazing fests I've ever been privileged to attend. Even with that experience under my belt, I don't think anything can truly prepare me for what's ahead. I'll just have to remember to take my heart out of my throat if we screen at the Paramount again, and hope for an enthusiastic audience reaction. They loved PvsG back then, and SXSW set the tone for a very successful festival run and subsequent distribution. Oh yeah, and I'll try to attend the music fest, this time around.
Tell us a random fact (or two!) that would help our attendees get a better idea of who you are.
If you watch the films I've made throughout my career, it's pretty obvious that I'm a pop culture geek. I'm obsessed with comics, and even recently launched my own company, Fried Comics, which I created with my good college buddy Clay Adams. We have two series available at this time, and are planning many more in the future. In fact, one of them is a very unique and twisted zombie Western comedy--Deadskins!--a retelling of Custer's Last Stand. So I suppose you can say I currently have zombies on the brain!


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Northwest Area: One seat still needs to be filled
At Northwest Area, there were four school board seats but only three candidates.
Mark W. Lehnowsky waged a write-in campaign in the primary that landed him 120 Democratic and 137 Republican votes. However, a paperwork glitch may prevent him from being on the November ballot.
Issues the four board members will have to face include a limited tax base and, to some extent, making up for lost revenue after the September 2011 flood that affected Shickshinny's business district. Making the district stronger academically is always a goal.
Peter J. Lanza Sr.
Age: 73
Residence: Union Township.
Family: Wife, Shirley; three adult children.
Education: Northwest Area, special courses at Robert Morris College.
Employment: Retired from U.S. Airways; currently works as tax practitioner, school bus driver, notary.
Experience: Nine years on the Northwest Area school board, including currently; also served on the LIU and West Side Career and Technology Center boards.
Michael J. Kreidler
Age: 28
Residence: Union Township.
Family: Single.
Education: Northwest Area, 2003; Dickinson College, Bachelor of Arts in sociology, 2007; Seton Hill University, master's degree in couples/family therapy, 2011.
Employment: Behavioral specialist consultant.
Experience: Northwest school board, 2005-2009, 2011 to present; West Side Career and Technology Center board, 2011 to present.
Alton Farver
Age: 77
Residence: New Columbus Borough.
Family: Wife, June; four children; nine grandchildren.
Education: Huntington Mills High School.
Employment: Semi-retired; drives a school bus; farmer.
Experience: Candidate describes himself as very versatile.
Mark W. Lehnowsky
Age: 28
Residence: Union Township.
Family: Single.
Education: Northwest Area graduate, valedictorian, 2003; Penn State University.
Employment: Attorney.
Experience: "I've had a lot of time in the classroom." Working as a lawyer, you make decisions that require a lot of thought, research and don't always have an obvious answer, he said. He favors working through problems and issues and trying to come up with win-win situations for everybody. "I try very hard to understand where everyone else is coming from."
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Comments in violation of the rules will be denied, and repeat violators will be banned. Please help police the community by flagging offensive comments for our moderators to review. By posting a comment, you agree to our full terms and conditions. Click here to read terms and conditions.


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Gilt Launches Custom Furniture
Design News
Gilt Home's line of customizable furniture launches today. There are 55 fabrics to choose from among 122 beds, sofas, chairs, and ottomans, all shoppable starting at noon EST. The flash sale site has been growing its in-house home line since it debuted in 2012.
(Image credits: Gilt)


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Does anyone know why P1 fixed wing is on the left and P1 rotary wing is on the right ?. Is it to make the pilots access to cockpit easier i.e no collective to climb over ? or was it due to pilot training and scince l/h = captain the traing pilot sat in r/h then became P1 as he was handling pilot ??.
Please check your spelling (press "Check Spelling" above)
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