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Communication No. 990/2001 : Austria. 22/03/2004.
Convention Abbreviation: CCPR
Eightieth session
15 March – 2 April 2004
Decision of the Human Rights Committee under the Optional Protocol
to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
- Eightieth session -
Communication No. 990/2001
Submitted by: Mr. Arthur Irschik (not represented by counsel)
Alleged victim: The author; his two sons, Lukas and Stefan Irschik
State party: Austria
Date of communication: 12 December 2000 (initial submission)
The Human Rights Committee, established under article 28 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,
Meeting on 19 March 2004
Adopts the following:
1. The authors of the communication are Arthur Irschik ("the author"), born on 4 January 1963, and his two sons, Lukas and Stefan Irschik, born on 11 February 1994 and, respectively, on 16 November 1996; they are Austrian nationals. The author claims that he and his sons are victims of a violation by Austria (1) of article 26 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (the Covenant). He submits the communication on his own behalf as well as on behalf of his sons; he is not represented by counsel.
The facts
2.1 The author, a tax consultant, claimed a reduction of his income tax in his tax assessment forms for the years 1996, 1997 and 1998, as his maintenance obligations towards his two children were not (fully) deductible from the taxable base of his income.
2.2 In doing so, he relied on the landmark decision of the Austrian Constitutional Court of 17 October 1997, in which the Court, after having examined ex officio the constitutionality of several provisions of the Income Tax Law (Einkommenssteuergesetz) and of the Law on Family Taxation (Familienbesteuerungsgesetz), declared these provisions unconstitutional insofar as they did not allow tax payers with maintenance obligations towards their children to deduct at least half of these expenditures from the taxable base of their income. The Court held that the direct child benefits and child maintenance deductibles available in Austria fell short of compensating for the extra burden placed on parents with obligations to pay maintenance for their children. The fact that such expenditures, which were already taken off their personal budget, formed part of the taxable base (with the exception of the above-mentioned deductibles) placed parents at a disadvantage as compared to persons not liable to pay maintenance.
2.3 Under article 140, paragraph 5, (2) of the Austrian Federal Constitution Act (Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz), the Court ruled that the declaration of unconsititutionality would take effect from 1 January 1999, so as to grant the legislator sufficient time to amend the law. In accordance with the so-called "test case legislation" (Anlassfallregelung), the old legislation continued to apply to all cases arising before that date, with the exception of the two "test cases" that had given rise to the proceedings before the Constitutional Court (article 140, paragraph 7, (3) of the Federal Constitution Act). In these two cases, which concerned fiscal years 1993 and 1994, respectively, the impugned tax assessments were annulled.
2.4 The author's appeals against the tax assessment invoices for 1996, 1997, and 1998, in which his deduction claims had been rejected, were dismissed by the Vienna Regional Finance Directorate (Finanzlandesdirektion für Wien, Niederösterreich und Burgenland). Similarly, his complaints against two of these decisions (concerning tax assessments for the years 1996 and 1997), alleging violations of his constitutionally guaranteed rights to equality before the law and to security of property, were dismissed by the Constitutional Court on 8 June 1999, for lack of reasonable prospect of success. With regard to the 1998 tax assessment, the author did not complain to the Constitutional Court.
2.5 On 11 March 2000, the author, acting on his own behalf and not in the name of his children, submitted an application to the European Court of Human Rights, claiming violations of his rights under articles 6, 8, 12, and 13 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, as well as article 1, paragraph 1, of Protocol No. 1, read in conjunction with article 14 of the Convention. By decision of 11 September 2000, the Court declared the application inadmissible under article 35, paragraph 4, of the Convention, finding that the material before it did "not disclose any appearance of a violation of the rights and freedoms set out in the Convention or its Protocols".
The complaint
3.1 The author claims to be a victim of a violation of article 26 of the Covenant, as the continued application of the repealed provisions of the Income Tax Law and the Law on Family Taxation to his tax assessments for 1996, 1997 and 1998 amounted to discrimination, given that this legislation was no longer applied to the test cases which had given rise to the legal proceedings before the Constitutional Court resulting in the rescission of the said provisions. He claims that his sons are also victims of a violation of article 26, since the denial of the rights to deduct his maintenance expenditures from the taxable base of his income effectively reduced his net income, thereby reducing his children's maintenance entitlements, which were calculated on the basis of a certain percentage of his net income.
3.2 The author considers the preferential treatment of the test cases to be arbitrary, in the absence of any reasonable and objective criteria which would justify the application of less favourable provisions to his and all other cases not benefiting from the test case legislation. This legislation was discriminatory for all parents obliged to pay maintenance for their children, whose complaints were not among the first ones pending at the Constitutional Court, although their financial burden was similar to that of the plaintiffs in the test cases. In lieu of remedy, the author claims a compensation of 255.413,00 AST, based on calculations enclosed with the communication.
3.3 Furthermore, the author submits that the rescinded provisions of the Income Tax Law and the Law on Family Taxation were not adequately amended by the legislator, who, apart from insignificantly increasing maintenance deductibles, merely re-enacted the same legislation, with effect from 1 January 1999.
3.4 The author claims that he has exhausted all effective domestic remedies. Although he could have lodged an appeal with the Administrative Court, after the Constitutional Court dismissed his complaints for fiscal years 1996 and 1997, this remedy would have been ineffective for purposes of invoking the principle of equality, since the Administrative Court is not competent to review the constitutionality of administrative acts, but only their conformity with lower-ranking law. As regards the tax assessment for 1998, another complaint to the Constitutional Court would have been ineffective in the light of the dismissal, by that Court, of identical complaints concerning tax assessments for 1996 and 1997.
3.5 The author states that the same matter is not being and has not been examined under another procedure of international investigation or settlement, since the rejection of his application by the European Court of Human Rights, declaring it inadmissible for being manifestly ill-founded, was not based on an examination of the merits of his complaint.
State party's observations on the admissibility of the communication
4.1 By note verbale of 17 September 2001, the State party objected to the admissibility of the communication, invoking its reservation to article 5, paragraph 2 (a), of the Optional Protocol, the effect of which was to preclude the Committee's competence to examine the communication, since the same matter had already been examined by the European Court of Human Rights.
4.2 The State party argues that the applicability of its reservation is not impeded by the fact that the European Court of Human Rights declared the author's application inadmissible under article 35, paragraph 4, of the European Convention, because the wording of the Court's decision ("[…] do not disclose any appearance of a violation of the rights and freedoms set out in the Convention or its Protocols") clearly indicates that the Court examined "far-reaching aspects of the merits in the light of article 35, paragraph 3, of the Convention".
4.3 Although the reservation does not expressly refer to the European Court but to the European Commission of Human Rights, the State party submits that it also applies to cases where the same matter has been examined by the Court, since the Court has taken over the tasks hitherto discharged by the Commission, as a result of the reorganization of the Council of Europe organs.
4.4 Insofar as the author submits the communication on behalf of his children, the State party invokes non-exhaustion of domestic remedies, arguing that he failed to raise violations of his children's constitutional or Covenant rights in the domestic proceedings.
Author's comments on the State party's observations on admissibility:
5.1 By letter of 13 November 2001, the author responded to the State party's submission, challenging the applicability of the State party's reservation in his case. He argues that the same matter was not examined by the European Court of Human Rights, since the Court dismissed his application on purely formal grounds, without addressing the substance of his claims. There was consequently no risk of subjecting the decision of the European Court to review by the Committee, or of diverging case-law of these bodies.
5.2 The reasoning of the Court's decision, declaring the application inadmissible under article 35, paragraph 4, of the Convention, was limited to a standard formula, from which it could not be ascertained what considerations led the Court to conclude that the author's claims were manifestly ill-founded. This conclusion, moreover, constituted an "abusive exercise" of the Court's power under article 35, paragraph 4, as it was in conflict with the former Commission's jurisprudence that, following a national court's decision to rescind a law, which as such violates the European Convention, that law must be repealed without delay and may not even be applied to cases having arisen before the date of rescission. The author concludes that, in the light of this jurisprudence, his application should have been treated as "manifestly founded", rather than manifestly ill-founded.
5.3 According to the author, a rejection on purely procedural grounds cannot be considered an examination, within the meaning of article 5, paragraph 2 (a), of the Optional Protocol, read in conjunction with the Austrian reservation. Otherwise, each rejection on formal grounds by the European Court would necessarily entail a similar decision by the Committee, de facto resulting in its lack of jurisdiction to examine the case on the merits. In a similar case, (4) the Committee had therefore decided that the European Commission did not "examine" an application, when it had declared it inadmissible on procedural grounds.
5.4 The author argues that considering a rejection of an application on the ground of being manifestly ill-founded as an "examination of the same matter" would lead to arbitrary results, depending on which one of the inadmissibility grounds enumerated in article 35 of the Convention the Court chooses to base its finding, in cases where more than one may apply.
5.5 With regard to his children, the author claims that no domestic remedies were available to them for purposes of challenging the tax assessment invoices, which were addressed to him exclusively. In the absence of direct applicability of the Covenant in Austria, as well as the necessary implementing legislation, his children were precluded from invoking their Covenant rights before the Austrian courts and authorities. He also emphasizes that he was not acting on behalf of his sons when he submitted his application to the European Court of Human Rights. The Austrian reservation was therefore inapplicable, by logical implication, insofar as the communication relates to his children's rights under article 26 of the Covenant.
State party's observations on the admissibility and merits of the communication:
6.1 By note verbale of 16 January 2002, the State party made additional comments on the admissibility, and this time on the merits, of the communication. It reiterates that the dismissal of the author's application by the European Court of Human Rights, under article 35, paragraph 4, of the Convention, required an examination, if only summarily, of the merits of the complaint. Insofar as the author's children are concerned, the State party argues that any infringement of his Covenant rights, through the impugned tax assessments, "would only trigger reflex actions which are legally irrelevant in the present case".
6.2 In the alternative, if the Committee declares the communication admissible, the State party subsidiarily challenges its merits, arguing 1) that the assessment of taxable income falls outside the scope of the Covenant, 2) that the continued application of the old legislation to non-test cases was justified by the objective need to grant the legislator enough time for adjusting the rescinded provisions, 3) that the author himself had failed to appeal to the Constitutional Court in time, so as to benefit from the test case effect, and 4) that, even if the relevant legal provisions had been repealed with immediate effect, the author would not have been successful to the full extent of his claim, given that the taxable base of his income for 1996 and 1997 would still have had to be calculated according to the old legislation.
Author's comments on the State party's additional observations:
7.1 By letter of 15 April 2003, the author, in response to the State party's additional observations, reiterated the arguments of his previous submission, and challenged the State party's contention that the assessment of taxable income falls outside the scope of article 26 of the Covenant. If the Committee had found the discriminatory calculation of a lump-sum payment under the Austrian Pensions Act to be in breach of article 26, then this article must a fortiori cover discrimination in the determination of the taxable base of an individual's income.
Issues and proceedings before the Committee
8.1 Before considering any claim contained in a communication, the Human Rights Committee must, in accordance with rule 87 of its rules of procedure, decide whether or not the communication is admissible under the Optional Protocol to the Covenant.
8.2 The Committee notes the author's argument that further complaints to the Administrative Court of Austria (regarding tax assessments for 1996 and 1997), as well as to the Austrian Constitutional Court (regarding tax assessment for 1998), would have been futile in his situation, as the Administrative Court was not competent to review the conformity of the contested acts with the constitutional principle of equality, and since the Constitutional Court had already adjudicated on basically the same issue in its decision of 8 June 1999, dismissing the author's claims for lack of reasonable prospect of success. The State party has not challenged this argument. The Committee therefore concludes that the requirements of article 5, paragraph 2 (b), of the Optional Protocol have been met, insofar as the author claims a violation of his rights under article 26 of the Covenant.
8.3 With respect to the State party's argument that the communication is inadmissible under article 5, paragraph 2 (a), of the Optional Protocol, read in conjunction with the Austrian reservation to that article, the Committee notes that the author's application submitted to the European Court of Human Rights related to the same facts and issues as the communication pending before the Committee; the only difference is that the author did not act on behalf of his sons before the European Court. While the scope of article 14 of the European Convention is different from article 26 of the Covenant, given that the application of the latter is not limited to the other rights guaranteed in the Covenant, property rights are protected by article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the European Convention and no separate issue therefore arises under article 26 of the Covenant. Accordingly, the Committee considers that it is seized of the "same matter" as the European Court was, to the extent that the author submits the communication on his own behalf.
8.4 As to the question of whether the European Court has "examined" the matter, the Committee recalls its jurisprudence that where the Strasbourg organshave based a decision of inadmissibility not solely on procedural grounds, (5) but on reasons that involve even limited consideration of the merits of the case, the same matter has been "examined" within the meaning of the respective reservations to article 5, paragraph 2 (a), of the Optional Protocol. (6) It considers that, in the present case, the European Court proceeded beyond an examination of purely procedural admissibility criteria, finding that the author's application "[did] not disclose any appearance of a violation of the rights and freedoms set out in the Convention or its Protocols". (7) The Committee observes that the State party's reservation cannot be denied simply on the assumption that this reasoning reflects a standard formula, from which it may not be ascertained on which considerations the Court's conclusion that the application was manifestly ill-founded was based.
8.5 Regarding the author's contention that the European Court's decision was in conflict with the jurisprudence of the former Commission, the Committee notes that it has no remit to review decisions and judgments of the European Court.
8.6 Accordingly, the Committee concludes that the communication is inadmissible under article 5, paragraph 2 (a), of the Optional Protocol, insofar as it relates to the author's claim that his rights under article 26 of the Covenant have been violated, since the same matter has already been examined by the European Court.
8.7 Insofar as the author submits the communication in the name of his children, the Committee notes the State party's objection that the author has not raised a possible violation of their constitutional or Covenant rights before the Austrian courts, and has therefore failed to exhaust domestic remedies on their behalf. It equally notes the author's argument that no legal remedies were available to his sons to challenge his tax assessment invoices for 1996, 1997 and 1998, and that the Covenant was not directly applicable under Austrian law. However, the Committee considers that it need not examine the issue of whether domestic remedies have been exhausted, in accordance with article 5, paragraph 2 (b), of the Optional Protocol, with regard to the author's sons, because the author has failed to substantiate, for purposes of admissibility, that any detrimental effects that his tax assessment invoices may have had, directly or indirectly, on his children's maintenance entitlements, would amount to a violation of their rights under article 26 of the Covenant. The Committee therefore concludes that this part of the communication is inadmissible under article 2 of the Optional Protocol.
9. The Human Rights Committee therefore decides:
(a) That the communication is inadmissible under articles 2 and article 5, paragraph 2 (a), of the Optional Protocol, the latter as modified by the State party's reservation;
(b) That this decision shall be communicated to the State party and to the authors.
[Adopted in English, French and Spanish, the English text being the original version. Subsequently to be issued also in Arabic, Chinese and Russian as part of the Committee's annual report to the General Assembly.]
* The following members of the Committee participated in the examination of the present communication: Mr. Abdelfattah Amor, Mr. Nisuke Ando, Mr. Prafullachandra Natwarlal Bhagwati, Ms. Christine Chanet, Mr. Franco Depasquale, Mr. Maurice Glèlè Ahanhanzo, Mr. Walter Kälin, Mr. Rafael Rivas Posada, Sir Nigel Rodley, Mr. Martin Scheinin, Mr. Ivan Shearer, Mr. Hipólito Solari Yrigoyen, Ms. Ruth Wedgwood, Mr. Roman Wieruszewski and Mr. Maxwell Yalden.
1. The Covenant and the Optional Protocol to the Covenant entered into force for the State party respectively on 10 December 1978 and 10 March 1988. Upon ratification of the Optional Protocol, the State party entered the following reservation:
"On the understanding that, further to the provisions of article 5 (2) of the Protocol, the Committee provided for in Article 28 of the Covenant shall not consider any communication from an individual unless it has been ascertained that the same matter has not been examined by the European Commission on Human Rights established by the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms."
2. Article 140, paragraph 5, reads, in pertinent parts: "The rescission enters into force on the day of publication [of the Constitutional Court's decision in the Federal Law Gazette] if the Court does not set a deadline for the rescission. This deadline may not exceed 18 months."
3. Article 140, paragraph 7, reads, in pertinent parts: "If a law has been rescinded on grounds of unconstitutionality [...], all courts and administrative authorities are bound by the decision of the Constitutional Court. The law shall, however, continue to apply to all cases arising before the rescission, with the exception of the test case, unless the Court, in its rescinding judgment, decides otherwise. If the Court, in its rescinding judgment, has set a deadline pursuant to paragraph 5, the law shall apply to all cases arising before the expiry of this deadline, with the exception of the test case."
4. Communication No. 716/1996, Dietmar Pauger v. Austria, Views adopted on 25 March 1999, UN Doc. CCPR/C/65/D/716/1996, 30 April 1999, at para. 6.4.
5. See Communication No. 716/1996, Dietmar Pauger v. Austria, at para. 10.2
6. See Communication No. 121/1982, A.M. v. Denmark, Decision on admissibility adopted on 23 July 1982, UN Doc. CCPR/C/16/D/121/1982, at para. 6; Communication No. 744/1997, Linderholm v. Croatia, Decision on admissibility adopted on 23 July 1999, UN Doc. CCPR/C/66/D/744/1997, at para. 4.2.
7. See Communication No. 744/1997, at paras. 3 and 4.2.


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In the Age of Facebook, organizations must redefine how they think about information management, control, and governance in order to deal with social technologies. In this AIIM White Paper, Geoffrey Moore, author of Crossing the Chasm and Managing Director, TCG Advisors, examines the fundamental revolution underway in enterprise IT brought about by ubiquitous Internet access, the proliferation of powerful mobile computing devices, and the consumerization of IT.
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For the last three years AIIM has analyzed how our 65,000 community members are using social software. Based on those results and the work with Geoffrey Moore and the task force, we have developed a social business roadmap to provide you with a framework for implementing social technologies with the appropriate strategy, functionality, governance, and change management. Schedule a briefing now to learn how your organization can improve its business operations with the help of social technologies.
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The Task Force Members were:
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Images: 2nd ABCT prepares to deploy [Image 5 of 8]
Photo by Sgt. Marcus Fichtl
Spc. Brian Widener, motor transport operator, forward support company, 3rd Battalion, 16th Field Artillery Regiment, 2nd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 4th Infantry Division, hugs his wife, Kim, and three boys, Tyler, 10, Bailey, 8, and Ducati, 1, at the end of the brigade's casing ceremony on Founders Field, Fort Carson, Colo., Sept. 27, 2013. Families greeted their soldiers on the field after the ceremony. (U.S. Army Photo by Sgt. Marcus Fichtl, 2nd ABCT, PAO 4th ID)
This work, 2nd ABCT prepares to deploy [Image 1 of 8], by SSG Marcus Fichtl, identified by DVIDS, is free of known copyright restrictions under U.S. copyright law.
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2nd ABCT prepares for deployment


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DmC: Devil May Cry Demo Europe-bound This Month
Written Wednesday, November 14, 2012 By Lee BradleyView author's profile
A demo for DmC: Devil May Cry will be released on XBL in Europe on November 20th, Capcom has announced.
The demo will feature a couple of different missions, playable across a selection of difficulty levels including 'Son of Sparda.' Some weapon upgrades and other secrets will be included and one of the missions concludes with a boss fight.
DmC: Devil May Cry is out on January 15th. It'll be followed by the Vergil's Downfall DLC shortly after, a trailer for which you can watch below.


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State-owned life insurer LIC has shored up its stake in Infosys to 3.82 per cent, purchasing shares worth about Rs 1,100 crore in the April-June quarter.
The share purchase came after LIC had lowered stake in the country's second largest software services firm during the past three preceding quarters.
While the exact date of share purchases by LIC could not be ascertained, Infosys last month appointed Vishal Sikka, a former SAP board member, as CEO and Managing Director.
Life Insurance Corporation of India, the biggest institutional investor in the stock market, which held 3.25 per cent stake in Infosys during the January-March quarter, has increased holding to 3.82 per cent as of June 30, 2014.
However, the state-run firm has been reducing its stake in Infosys since June last year. It held 6.72 per cent stake in IT firm at the end of June 30, 2013, as per the latest data available with the stock exchanges.
Taking into account the current market value of Infosys shares, the 0.57 per cent hike in LIC's holding in the company would be worth about Rs 1,100 crore. Infosys shares closed at Rs 3,325.80 on Friday.
Sikka, the first outsider as well as not part of the co-founder's club to lead the Bangalore-based firm, will take charge of the company from next month.
Also, mentor N R Narayana Murthy stepped down four years before his tenure was to end. He was brought back to head the IT major in June last year, following quarters of laggard performance. Since Murthy's return, Infosys had seen 11 top-level exits.
Apart from LIC, Domestic Institutional Investors (DIIs), too, raised their holding in Infosys to 14.08 per cent during the April-June quarter of 2014 from 13.66 per cent in the preceding three months.
In contrast, Foreign Institutional Investors cut their exposure in Infosys to 41.58 per cent from 42.10 per cent during the period.


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POLS 155C • United States Government (3 units)
Designed to acquaint the student with the United States political system, including constitutional developments of the United States and of California, and stimulate reflection on the intersection of Christianity and citizenship. Strongly recommended as a prerequisite for upper-division U.S. Government classes.
POLS/HIST 262 • Research Methods in History and Political Science (3 units)
Prerequisite: ENGL 120C and, when required, a passing grade in CORE 102C. Writing intensive class which will teach students proper research techniques and the different aspects of History and Political Science scholarship. Class will focus on how to write a major research paper, book reviews, and other scholarly works. Prerequisite for upper-division History and Political Science courses. Satisfies ENGL 220C requirement. Must be passed with a "C" (not a "C-") or better to fulfill the core curriculum requirement.
POLS 303 • Classical Political Thought (3 units)
Examines perennial questions and diverse responses to political dilemmas such as liberty, equality, power, authority, justice, and law. Looks at thinkers from Plato to the present to evaluate their insights on "the good life."
POLS 325 • Religion and Politics (3 units)
Focuses on the nexus of religion and politics in contemporary life. Themes include political questions religion attempts to answer, theoretical explanations for the impact of religious beliefs on politics, and examples of religion/politics interstices.
POLS 345 • United States Foreign Policy (3 units)
Principles, practice, and ethical issues of United States foreign policymaking. Particular emphasis on the policymaking process.
POLS/HIST 355 • Immigration History and Policy (3 units)
Explores the history of immigration in the United States as well as traces the development of national immigration policy over time. In addition, the course will explore current policy issues or debates over immigration.
POLS 362 • Constitutional Law I: National Powers (3 units)
Explores Supreme Court case law with regard to the U.S. government's exercise of national powers such as judicial, legislative, and executive power, as well as takings clause and commence clause power. In addition, competing theories of interpretation will be examined as frameworks for analyzing Constitutional cases.
POLS 364 • Constitutional Law II: Civil Rights and Civil Liberties (3 units)
Explores Supreme Court case law with regard to civil rghts and civil liberties such as the right to vote, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion among others. In addition, competing theories of interpretation will be examined as frameworks for analyzing Constitutional cases.
POLS 420 • Modern Political Thought (3 units)
A survey of political philosophy from Hegel to the present. This course will examine the philosophical origins of Marxism, fascism, and democracy and explore common themes such as the relationship of the state to the individual and modern conceptions of liberty and justice.
POLS/HIST 437 • The Christian Right and American Politics (3 units)
Seminar on the history and political ideology of the Christian Right from its first appearance in the 1930s until today.
POLS 440 • Contemporary American Thought (3 units)
Critical examination of selected contemporary works of social theory that have interdisciplinary perspectives. Books are selected for their significance in recent intellectual discourse about American life.
POLS 445 • Problems in Political Science (3 units)
Explores the practical and theoretical dilemmas of contemporary society. Possible questions to address include why some countries fail to successfully democratize, how to conceptualize and practice security in international relations, how public opinion is formed and its consequences for political participation, and how can societies and ethnic groups overcome hatred and peacefully co-exist.
POLS 450 • Political Science Teaching Internship (1-3 units)
Prerequisite: Senior standing with GPA of 3.0 or above with approval of the department chair. Regular hours each week for classes and/or meetings are established at the beginning of the semester. The intern assists an instructor in planning and conducting a course and/or laboratory sessions. Maximum three units. (Maximum six units of HIST/POLS 450, 454 and 457.)
POLS/HIST 454 • History/Political Science Internship (1-3 units)
Prerequisite: Consent of the instructor. Internship with VU, local museum, archives, government office, or political campaign. Maximum three units. (Maximum six units of HIST/POLS 450, 454 and 457.)
POLS 456 • United States Congress (3 units)
Explores the development and operation of Congress as an institution. It also explores the nature of the members and their behavior in office. Important and timely issues relating to Congress will also be explored.
POLS/HIST 457 • Research Assistantship (1-3 units)
Prerequisite: Consent of the instructor. Advanced work in research in History and/or Political Science in an on-going project with the cooperation and supervision of a faculty member. Students will meet with instructor weekly to discuss findings and progress. Maximum three units. (Maximum six units of HIST/POLS 450, 454 and 457.)
POLS 460 • Problems of the Third World (3 units)
An examination of the challenge and prospects of political, economic and social development in the Third World. Critical analysis of theories of underdevelopment and strategies for promoting development.
POLS/SOC 468 • Law and Society (3 units)
Prerequisite: SOC 100C or consent of instructor. Examines law and the legal structure in its social context. Explores the nature, sources, dimensions, and impact of law from social scientific perspectives. Analyzes the uses and limits of law in maintaining order and promoting social change.
POLS 469 • Special Topics: U.S. (1-3 units)
Experimental or occasional courses not offered on a regular basis. May be repeated for credit.
POLS 470 • Special Topics: Non-U.S. (1-3 units)
Experimental or occasional courses not offered on a regular basis. May be repeated for credit.
POLS 472 • United States Presidency (3 units)
Explores the historical development and operation of the Presidency as an institution. The performance of individual presidents and issues such as presidential electronics, rhetoric, war powers, secrecy, and executive-congressional relations will also be explored.
POLS 480 • Individual Studies (1-3 units)
Prerequisite: Consent of the instructor and department chair. May be repeated for credit.
POLS 482 • International Politics (3 units)
Examination of the concepts and principles of the international political system.
* This information is provided for ease of use, however it is not the official record. See the academic catalog for official course descriptions and requirements.


text:
Papercutz Slices #4: The Hunger Pains
Questions About This Book?
What version or edition is this?
What is included with this book?
- The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any CDs, lab manuals, study guides, etc.
Author Biography
Rick Parker's artwork has been seen in the NY Times, Village Voice, The NY Press, The Daily News, The Chicago Tribune, on 60 Minutes, CNN, Marvel Comics, DC Comics, Nickelodeon Magazine and in millions of MTV's Beavis and Butt-Head Comic Books worldwide. He illustrated both "Stinky Dead Kid" stories in Tales from the Crypt #8 and recently collaborated with comics legend Harvey Pekar of "American Splendor" fame on the online webcomic series "Project Pekar".
Stefan Petrucha has written X-Files comics and for Disney comics. He is the author of such YA series as "Timetripper" (Razorbill), "Wicked Dead" with Thomas Pendleton (Harper Collins) and "The Rule of Won," which was published in September 2008 to rave reviews. Stefan has written every Nancy Drew Graphic Novel from Papercutz to date, and wrote both "Stinky Dead Kid" stories in Tales from the Crypt #8.


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The data you submit will only be used by Slater and Gordon and only for the purpose of dealing with your enquiry
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or from a mobile
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Slater and Gordon Lawyers are one of the largest Personal Injury Law Firms in the UK. Our Solicitors deal with every type of personal injury claim from car accidents to Asbestos compensation claims.
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Slater and Gordon's Solicitors in Sheffield offer exceptional, affordable legal services. Our aim is to provide accessible, tailored legal advice together with outstanding value for money. Call our Solicitors in Sheffield on 0114 276 6868 or contact us online and we will call you.
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Directions from the M1.Leave motorway at Junction 33 heading to Sheffield Central.After about 4 miles go straight across a large roundabout 4th exit (with Ponds Forge Swimming Pool on left and a bridge on your right).At top of road filter into left hand lane (past the Odeon Cinema) turn right at the roundabout.Go through the lights (Debenhams on left), take third exit at the roundabout (coming back on yourself).Turn left at traffic lights.Take your 3rd left and at the give way sign Cole Brothers (John Lewis) car park is in front of you to the right. Park in there and we are opposite the front entrance of John Lewis, to the right hand side of the City Hall.
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text:
My favorite pokemon are ledian ledyba and charizard beacause ledian and ledyba are ladybug pokemon and I love ladybugs and charizard is my favorite pokemon beacause charizard can fly and charizard is very fierce and ferocious.:>
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My favorite pokemon are ledian ledyba and charizard beacause ledian and ledyba are ladybug pokemon and I love ladybugs and charizard is my favorite pokemon beacause charizard can fly and charizard is very fierce and ferocious.:>
I absolutle love Umbreon my birth stone is the same stone that evolves Evee to umbreon eehehhehehheheheheh i was born in 97 he is 197 AHHahgjkhfjhjkahkjhk I LOVE UMBREON!
Charzard kabutops and mewtew who is so stronger thna anyone
Not sure recently I like the combo of Gastrodon and Dragonite but back in ruby rayquazza was my pokemon but then who can resest pikachu
(I'm new the the site, so bear with me.)
Love Bulbasaur and his evolutions - Nidoking - Ninetails - Gotta love Meowth (and Persian) -Arcanine - Kadabra - Victreebel - Haunter - Kangaskhan - Gyrados - Jolteon - Kabutops - Zapdos - Dragonair - Mewtwo - Quilava and Typhlosion - Feraligatr - Igglybuff (I have a soft stop for the little puff ball) - Ampharos - Espeon - Umbreon - Houndoom - Donphan - Raikou - Suicune - Larvitar - Ho-Oh - Sceptile - Blaziken - Mightyena - Gardevoir - Aggron - Seviper - Milotic - Banette - Absol - Metagross - Rayquaza - Torterra - Luxray - Drifloon - Chingling and Chimecho - Gible - Gallade - Giratina
I don't know why so many. >.<;
too many there should be a limit like 5 of something
A surprisingly good idea. Unfortunately I have way too many favourites.
oh my god this page
no grammar anywheres
post breaker editor!
yay ideas the basis of stuff
Post ninjas are an unfortunate part of life.
post ninjas?
People who unexpectedly post ahead of you. Usually a complete accident on the part of the post ninja.
do they have stupid names for every inconsistancy in life!
Only on the internet.
of course I bet there is a name for when the shelf that holds you keyboard breaks
I suspect most ninja posting is a purely coincidental occurrence. Lag, simultaneous posting and other factors play a part. To be honest I think increased post breaks are a sign of greater activity...
Yes, it's called "Dammit."
Kirby definitely does not fall under the category of qual over quant posting. More on the opposite side. Since he has over 100 posts already.
this place has 3 poeple on it
yeah this place is really active
Number of posts has little bearing on their quality... Although there may be some correlation.
Yeah. Usually no one posts on the pokemon boards. Though during the golden years of PD (way back in 2005 and some of 2006) they was always over 10 people on. And everyone made solid posts and we became a small family/community.
Now some people have died and others are gone for unknown reasons. Others were sent into exile. But we are still holding on! :)
this place should advitize more


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|Berkeley Parents Network
|Post a Msg
|What's New
Dogs Pooping in Yard
|Questions & Advice
|Related Pages
We recently bought a house, and already several times found dog's poop in our front yard. We don't know whose dog it was because almost all my neighboors (except us) have dogs. I am tired of cleaning poop!! What should I do to stop it? anon
OK, so we just moved into a house that had been empty for more than a year - it is at the end of a cul-de-sac. Well, I have seen the neighbors walk along and just let their pup dump in my yard, make NO attempt to clean it and then they just walk away. I want to put up a ''no dog pooping, please'' sign, but there are only a few folks and they will KNOW I am ''talking'' to them. Doesnt really matter, but I kind of want to keep the peace, ya know? It is a very small cul-de-sac. Welcome your thoughts, ideas, etc. poop weary
hi there, after looking at the city of berkeley's web site, it wasn't clear to me what action, if any, one could take to get their neighbors to clean up after their dog. here's my problem: on a regular basis, our neighbors leave their dog's poop on the sidewalk and the grassy area between the street and sidewalk in front of their house. i've left a couple nice notes asking them to please clean up after themselves. first one helped curb the problem, but now it's back. i sent a query to the city of berkeley's animal services regarding this and am waiting to hear back. since that might be a while, i thought i'd ask if anyone had any advice. the city's ''rules & regulations'' regarding dog ownership in berkeley say that dog owners must dispose of waste when on public city property. this would apply to sidewalks. maybe i should leave the neighbors a note with the city's ''guide to owning a dog in berkeley'' . . . anyway, thanks for responding to this question if you've got some advice or had this stupid experience. signed, grossed out!
Section 10.04.091 Carrying instrument for removal of dog feces and actual removal of such feces required.
A. Any person having custody of a dog while on public property, including any easements, and public parks, and private property not owned by such person shall at all times carry an instrument suitable for removing and disposing of any feces which may be deposited by said dog and shall remove any such feces which may be deposited by such dog while on such property.
B. The provisions of this section shall not apply to dogs being used by the blind as guide dogs, or service dogs that are assisting disabled persons who are unable to remove such feces. (Ord. 6627-NS § 1, 2001: Ord. 6568-NS § 1, 2000: Ord. 6467-NS § 2, 1998: Ord. 5205-NS § 3, 1979: Ord. 4372-NS § 13.1, 1968)
From the City Of Berkeley Website;
'Any person having custody of a dog while on public property shall at all times carry an instrument suitable for removing and disposing of feces which may be deposited by said dog and shall remove any such feces deposited by such dog while on such property (BMC 10.04.091). The provisions of this section shall not apply to dogs being used by disabled individuals as service animals.'
You may want to share this info. If they don't want to comply they could get cited for not removing poop. Good Luck!! Anno..
We just moved into our new house, and noticed our front lawn is littered with dog poop from the dog next door. It seems the neighbors let their little dog out to run free early in the morning and late in the evening, don't follow it outside, and so it has found a lovely spot right on our lawn unsupervised.
I am very hesitant to make a 'stink' about it, because we just moved in, and we want to have good relationships with our neighbors. At the same time, YUCK! My husband and I don't want to have to clean up dog poop constantly or have our 2YO daughter 'discover' it.
Any nice ways to address it? Or should I try to discourage the dog directly (and how exactly would I do that)? Can I be passive-aggressive and put bags of dog poop on their porch until they get the hint? (I am joking about that one...) not anti-dog, just anti-poop
i am a rescue dog owner and dogs are great, but people can be clueless or just plain rude with their dogs. fight back. anon
So to reiterate: be straight-forward and to the point. If the problem continues, come back to BPN and we'll readdress. -Pooper Scooper
Does anyone know the best way (or a few ways) to keep unleashed dogs from pooping on our lawn strip, other than putting up a fence? It/they prefer one spot on the grass near the telephone pole. Thanks- ty
What I'm going to try in lieu of keeping them (2 females, 1 male) off is to program my sprinklers to go on very briefly- 1 or 2 minutes- twice a day to wash the urine through. Urine is much more damaging than feces. Once a week I'll give my lawn a good deep watering to keep the roots from staying too shallow. Worth a try.
I'm also in the process of putting together some attempts at quasi-ornamental barriers to deal with kfire hydrant syndrome on plants in the rest of the garden. Cfl
I've read the archives about how to stop cats pooping in the yard, but I have a DOG problem. Some errant dog owner allows their dog to poop in our front yard. I can't find the culprit, I can't build a fence since I do not own the house, and my children can never play in the front yard because of this. Is there any solution (a nontoxic spray?) to keep the dog[s] out of our yard? Carrie
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BPN is now a 501(c)(3) non-profit and we are transitioning to a new website: BerkeleyParentsNetwork.org


text:
IMAGINATIONATWORK 36-40 8 Answers 2 Nov 29, 2012 in Community
i wonder that too
Best Answer
See,when you are in a relationship,you become blind,you can't see what is "Obvious" to everyone else. "They don't want to be bother,when they alienate you"! When a man is in love with you, he make time for you,he can't get enough of "You"!
Best Answer
they no longer want to be in a relationship with you but don't have the guts to just tell you.. they are hiding something from you.. they simply need space, maybe they feel the relationship is moving too quickly or that you are smothering them..
Best Answer
Related Questions
What I am trying to ask is how having this disorder leads to alienation in todays society?... Looking for specific examples or situations where this is displayed.suppnickii 18-21, F 6 Answers 1 Jun 16, 2010
mopkinpie 18-21 6 Answers 4 Jul 6, 2010
It takes so little to be supportive, and everyone profits.gamut 51-55, M 9 Answers 5 Aug 26, 2010
There's no need to be drunk or in agony from alienated self-doubt in order to tap into the powers of your imagination ?THEMADHATTERXXXX 46-50, M 9 Answers 3 Jan 14, 2011
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Lostwithoutthem 41-45 6 Answers 3 Jun 22, 2011
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text:
The iThemba Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences is a group of multi-disciplinary research laboratories administered by the National Research Foundation. Based at two sites in the Western Cape and Gauteng, these provide facilities for:
- Basic and applied research using particle beams
- Particle radiotherapy for the treatment of cancer
- The supply of accelerator-produced radioactive isotopes for nuclear medicine and research
iThemba in the Media
Read all about the happenings at the LABS. iThemba is being featured in various online and printed magazines & newspapers, and websites.
Community Interaction
iThemba LABS, through the Division for Community Interaction and Training (CIT), is committed to positively impact the lives of young people in SA.
ViTL Equipment
Take a closer look at the equipment that is being used at the LABS.
Conferences & Events
More about iThemba
(click on image for more info)
More News
Huge strides for CPUT Quantum Physics Research Group (in collaboration with iThemba). Read more …
Scifest and iThemba LABS. Read more …
The synchrotron light source: An 'engine of discovery'. Read more …
Nuclear Medicine. Read more …
Nuclear Energy in South Africa. (Part 1 of 2) Read more …
Can Nuclear develop fast enough. (Part 1 of 4) Read more …
UNISA Chair in Nanotechnology. Read more …
South African Agency for Science & Technology Advancement (SAASTA) Newsletter April 2016. Read more …


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Quarter Paddle Mania coming to Oak Orchard July 25
|Cape Life
|Jul 25, 2013
The Ladies Auxiliary of the Indian River Volunteer Fire Company is hosting Quarter Paddle Mania at Main Station No. 1 in Oak Orchard, Thursday, July 25. Doors open at 6 p.m.; games start at 7 p.m. Admission is $5.
Vendors include Lia Sophia Jewelry, Discovery Toys, Mia Bella, Pampered Chef, Thirty-One and more.
There will be a Chinese auction and light refreshments.
For more information, call 302-945-8430 or 302-856-1454.


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text: World Cup 4 Items Found Brazilian soccer star belongs to Jesus By Andrew BranchPosted June 13, 2014Sports | As his native Brazil hosts the month-long World Cup tournament, soccer star Ricardo Izecson dos Santos Leite wants you to know that he is a Christian. [http://www.worldmag.com/2014/06/brazilian_soccer_star_belongs_to_jesus] Keep yourself from helium Jesus By Andrée Seu PetersonPosted June 13, 2014Faith & Inspiration | "Little children, keep yourselves from idols" (1 John 5:21, ESV). A 151-foot-tall hot-air balloon replica of Rio de Janeiro's "Christ the Redeemer" [http://www.worldmag.com/2014/06/keep_yourself_from_helium_jesus] A void that soccer can't fill By Andrew BranchPosted June 12, 2014Sports | During the World Cup, American and Brazilian Christians team up to bring healing to a broken country [http://www.worldmag.com/2014/06/a_void_that_soccer_can_t_fill] Power kick By Daniel OlaskyPosted July 16, 2010World Cup | Spain may have won the World Cup, and host nation South Africa received an image boost, but the unaccountable FIFA was the event's biggest winner [http://www.worldmag.com/2010/07/power_kick] 4 Items Found


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-3 sets of 500m w/ 5min rest going 200m at 800m pace, 100m bound, 200m kick in
Training to Kick
-3 sets of 500m w/ 5min rest going 200m at 800m pace, 100m bound, 200m kick in
6 comments:
Great post, Steve. Two things:ReplyDelete
1) I have found that strength circuits also play a role in developing a kick. In a sense, they are a "general" form of training fatigue resistance. When you think about it, the physiological effects of kicking are a very sharp influx of metabolic waste into the muscles and blood (or the brain sensing a sharply rising risk to the body if you prefer the CG), and doing a general strength circuit (like John Cook's "waterloo" circuit or similar) accomplishes the same thing, only in a non-running context. Could this be integrated into your progression of "general to specific" fatigue resistance?
2) While I understand the logic behind the 'sprint training = greater max muscle fiber recruitment' argument, in my experience it just has not WORKED for "slow twitch" athletes like me. Instead I prefer a Clyde Hart-type scheme, which involves starting out with short, quick repeats that are MUCH slower than all-out. Over time these can get fastER (and involve more repetitions), but never really reaching a full-on sprint. Instead of training your body to recruit MORE fibers, I think this method trains your body to recruit FEWER, for a given effort. Or at least be more efficient. What's your opinion on the Clyde Hart approach to speed (slower = faster)?
Interesting system broken down for developing a kick, but for my runners (even the track runners I coach) it seems more beneficial to either focus on general speed or strength development (which will provide some benefit for the kick) or simply use our time for training for more mileage, drills, plyos, etc.ReplyDelete
If you're Galen Rupp new 10k american record holder, focusing on the kick can help you break through a plateau and develop an area that was formerly a weakness. But I think for most people at the amateur level, the limited amount of time they have to train would be better spent focusing on other things.
- Anonymous8:05 PM
You pretty much sum up all there is to say about having a "kick" when you note that it is about staying "aerobic" longer. Put more simply, to have a kick, one must be able to handle the race pace comfortably, having reserves. If you have that reserve, you can shift the pace and kick. You are in better shape than the race pace, so to speak. Having a kick is an indicator of everything. There is no specific training - it is all the training.ReplyDelete


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Bovens, Luc and Hartmann, Stephan (2005) Utilitarianism, Degressive Proportionality and the Constitution of a Federal Assembly. [Preprint]
Download (331Kb) | Preview
A federal assembly consists of a number of representatives for each of the nations (states, Länder, cantons,...) that make up the federation. How many representatives should each nation receive? What makes this issue worth quibbling about is that the model of representation that is instituted will have an impact on the welfare distribution over the nations in the federation that will ensue over due course. We will investigate what models of representation yield welfare distributions that score higher on a utilitarian measure. First, we construct a continuum of models of representation ranging from equal to proportional representation. In between these extremes are models of degressive proportionality. We run a Monte-Carlo simulation in which a large number of motions are voted up or down within different contexts of evaluation and investigate how well the resulting welfare distributions score on the utilitarian measure. Subsequently, we will provide matching analytical results for a slightly idealized case. We conclude with a discussion of the significance of our results and of the role of simulations and analytical results and point to further work.
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|Item Type:
|Utilitarianism, Degressive Proportionality, Federal Assembly, Modeling
|General Issues > Decision Theory
|Depositing User:
|Stephan Hartmann
|Date Deposited:
|21 Jun 2005
|Last Modified:
|07 Oct 2010 11:13
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Hi Everyone .. Just discovered this site - love it! I have worked with and been guided by the IChing for 3 years and love the continued discovery into self & comic awareness!
My question is: I just recently started a new job, straight commission (sales) and feel some resistance around it (getting on the phone to prospect for appts), but also feel excitement about the possibilities, service we provide for people, income potential, etc. My question was: GUIDANCE ON MY ACTION STEPS TO TAKE FOR MY GREATEST GROWTH & ABUNDANCE WITH THIS COMPANY.
I got 63 - After the End (no changing lines)
hmmm .. so I felt like ok, got some guidance out of that. There is a decline about to take place after a time of balance. Pay attention to the small efforts (like just getting on the damn phone and making the calls - lol). But one of the books I looked at talked about this isn't a simple decline as in 41 (which I got the other day regarding asking about some back pain I was having. 19 changing into 41) but a decline of a long-term tendency.
So I asked if I needed to do another hexagram for further clarity - got a yes. So, this is what I got ... And I could really use some insight & guidance from all the Sages out here in onlineclarity
The further guidance hexagram was: 16 (enthusiasm) changing into 47.
whoa .. 47 can be a tough one.
Any advice?? or insight.
namaste to all -


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Check out the best pics posted by your favorite celebs!
Week of August 30th Justin Bieber posted this photo with Selena Gomez on Instagram... and didn't delete it for once!
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Week of August 23rd
Week of August 16th - "Thank you to Chef Jeanie at Ella's Fine Food and Drink for giving us the best and only cooking lesson we've ever had! @lordemusic"
Photo: Taylor Swift on Instagram
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Week of August 9th - "That one time I was swimming under the glass in my bungalow...... And got sucked away by the current....."
Photo: Britney Spears on Instagram
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Photo: Rita Ora on Instagram
Photo: Beyonce on Instagram
Week of August 2nd - Nicki Minaj basically broke the internet this week with has 'Anaconda' single art, which spawned many replicas, including this gem. SEE THEM ALL HERE!
Photo: Eminem on Instagram
Week of July 26th -
- "Bird"
Photo: Selena Gomez on Instagram
Photo: Kim Kardashian on Instagram
- "Art by @bangbangnyc --from my first to my last. It's always this fool."
Photo: Ellie Goulding on Instagram
- "shbubblezzzzz"
Photo: Austin Mahone on Instagram
"'Shrinkabull jam don't shake like that Jelli' but you can call her Jelli, for short."
Photo: kimdafuture on Instagram
Photo: Ed Sheeran on Instagram
"Summertime ☀"
You walked in, I smiled. by Cleo Wade
I know all of you are jealous of my pizza socks
This is the most heartwarming letter I have read. I love it x
KTU's Most Played Songs Of 1996
2016 Rock and Roll Hall Of Fame Inductees
KTU's Christmas Cruise
Sanitation Trucks - Obama


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'Jealousy' In The Park Clip : Philippe Garrel is one of the major French filmmakers of the post-New Wave who has slowly begun to gain recognition in America after a career spanning 50 years with the release of his most recent films REGULAR LOVERS, FRONTIER OF DAWN and A BURNING HOT SUMMER as well as the re-release of I CAN STILL HEAR THE GUITAR PLAYING. Shot in lustrous, widescreen black and white by the great Willy Kurant (MASCULIN FEMININ, UNDER THE SUN OF SATAN), JEALOUSY may be Philippe Garrel's most accessible film in nearly 50 years of filmmaking. The film opens with a man leaving his wife and daughter and, in a series of brief conversations, observed gestures, chance encounters and impulsive acts, tells the story of the relationships that flounder and thrive in the wake of this decision. Louis Garrel (SAINT LAURENT), the director's son and frequent star, plays the husband who moves into a garret apartment with his fellow actor girlfriend (Anna Mouglalis) as they struggle with fidelity and the temptation to give up their art for an easier life. Shot with Garrel's celebrated sensitivity and attention to faces, bodies, hands and the intricacies of the human heart, JEALOUSY is an especially intimate, deeply poignant and never less than enthralling tale of love, temptation and betrayal.
Life, love and relationships are familiar subjects for filmmakers, so much so that it's often hard to find an original take or a distinct voice taking on such subject matter. But post-New Wave director Philippe Garrel is likely to succeed on each score with his latest "Jealousy."Read More »


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Your Guide to Edinburgh Hotels
Many tourists often wonder which hotels are the best hotels in Edinburgh. The best hotel will vary depending upon your tastes and travel needs. For the best hotels in Edinburgh that provide easy access to the castle, Expedia.com recommends booking a room at one of the hotels near Edinburgh Castle located in New Town. There are a variety of 4 star hotels located in this area that provide easy walking access to pubs, restaurants, designer shops, and more.
Because of the historical feeling that Edinburgh offers to its guests, the city is known for many spa hotels. A large number of boutique hotels can be found among the various hotels in Old Town. Old Town is a great place for guests to experience some of Edinburgh's unique charm.
Edinburgh is also famous among golfing enthusiasts. Because of this, a variety of resorts with golf courses are located around the city and offer the perfect getaway for golf lovers that visit Edinburgh from around the world.
Expedia realizes that many travelers who plan to visit Edinburgh wish to visit the university or the zoo. Tourists can stay at one of the many hotels near the zoo or hotels near Edinburgh University located in the New Town or the Stockbridge & Canonmills area. Cheap hote deals in Edinburgh can often be found here as they cater to travelers looking for affordable accommodation.
Edinburgh is famous for its large variety of romantic hotels providing couples with historical and cultural charm. While Edinburgh is a great city for people who love to walk, car rentals can be booked together with hotels in Edinburgh Scotland through Expedia.com for people who wish to visit the countryside surrounding the city.
Book your Edinburgh hotel now to take advantage of the top deals available. Expedia can even help you combine cruises from Edinburgh with your Edinburgh vacations to help make your experience a memorable one.


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If I could turn back time….it seems Cher has found a way!
The singer, actress, television host and gay icon Cher is returning to television. Logo, an American cable-television channel geared towards the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community has inked a development deal with Cher to star in a new scripted series. Brent Zacky, the senior vice president of original programming and development for Logo, is thrilled to have the opportunity to work with Cher. "It doesn't get any more iconic than Cher," Zacky told reporters.
The new series will be set in Hollywood in the 1960's and is written by comic and writer Ron Zimmerman. Zimmerman's track record most recently includes serving as a consulting producer on the Disney Channel series "Shake It Up", and he has also worked as a co-executive producer on both "Action" and "The Michael Richards Show".
Cher has been out of the spotlight for the past few years, with her most recent acting credits coming from "Zookeeper" in 2011 and her musical movie "Burlesque" in 2010. Of course, Cher is very familiar with working on television, having co-hosted "The Sonny and Cher Show" with ex-husband Sonny Bono in the 1970's, and her film acting career includes a total of eighteen titles.
Are you a fan of Cher's acting? Are you looking forward to hearing more about Logo's new series?


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This is a map I did to test the CC3 annual 51 style that was released now in march. I must say that I am very pleased with the result. The style was very easy to work with, You just couldn't fail on the mountains :-)
All the terrain is done in CC3. I've also added some texture and light effects in Photoshop. All the labeling is done in photoshop.
I hope you like it.


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About Dr. Braden
Key things you need to know aboutDr. Braden:
Dr. Braden's Experience
Research training, expertise and qualifications
Dr. Braden's Specialties
- Chiropractic
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- Electrical Stimulation
- Intersegmental Traction
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Conditions Dr. Braden Treats
- Back Injuries
- Back Sprain
- See all 14 conditions
More About Dr. Braden's Background
Patient Satisfaction
Patients' feedback on their experience with Dr. Braden
Likelihood of recommending Dr. Braden to family and friends is 5 out of 5 5 1 69
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8 Facts About Patient Satisfaction Surveys
Patient satisfaction surveys provide a standardized way of reporting about healthcare experiences. But there can be more than meets the eye when reviewing scores. Here's what you should know
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Dr. Braden's Appointment Availabilty
Accepting new patients?
Appointment Availability
- (732) 341-4900
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The key to a successful appointment is communication. To get the most out of your visit, prepare ahead of time so you can lead the conversation with your doctor. These 7 tips will get you ready
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"I had been hunting in Argentina four times previously. This, by far, exceeded all the others in the dove hunting, service and food"
— P. Poggi
Houston,Texas 77027
Fax: 713-523-5559
Phone: 713-524-7235
Mail: Detail Company, P.O. box 27568, Houston,Texas 77227
Email : Book Trip Now
Uruguay Bird Hunting – Decoyed Pigeon/Upland
View our Uruguay Upland Bird Hunting E-Brochure
The charm of a Uruguayan bird shooting trip begins with the warm welcome of the estancia owners. You will feel instantly at home as you arrive at a ranch house that combines the elegance and tradition of yesteryear with the comforts and conveniences of today's living. In homes with names like Hasparren, Marina and San Patricio, you feel that you are staying with friends, enjoying a rare blend of mixed-bag gunning and relaxed country estate living. These wonderful houses, with excellent accommodations and fine dining, are so attractive that clients are sometimes reluctant to leave for the field…but of course, that is where the action is!
Our outfitters, Raul Aenlle, Bernardo Barran and Luis Brown, love to hunt and are gracious and congenial hosts. Because they want to provide great service and even better hunting, they prefer small parties of six to eight shooters.
Upland Shooting – Perdiz, Dove & Pigeon: May-July
Each morning you will hunt prolific perdiz over pointing dogs. For lunch, return to the nearby estancia or enjoy a traditional delicious asado prepared in the field, followed in the afternoon and evening by dove and pigeon shooting as productive as any in South America. Return to the estancia late evening for cocktails and dinner. Note: A combination with duck shooting in neighboring Argentina can be added if desired.
Dove Special: November-March. This program offers unlimited shooting of exceptional quality and value. Parties begin their hunts the afternoon of arrival in Uruguay and continue all the way up until the final morning before boarding homeward flights.
Decoyed Pigeon Shooting: Year-round (except January & February)
The high art of shooting decoying pigeons over crops from blinds resembles England's famous wood pigeon shooting, but it has been perfected in Uruguay on its own terms. Parties of up to eight hunters stay at an estancia or a villa by the sea and travel no more than 20 minutes to the fields where corn and sorghum is grown and pigeons abound.
During the summer months (December-March), it may be very tempting to take a few additional days off for the beautiful beaches of Punta del Este, a visit to Montevideo or even Buenos Aires, which is just across the Rio de la Plata.


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Home : Brands : Astara : Astara Exfoliators :
Once among the highest-paid fashion models in the world, Sunny Griffin has always been concerned about the condition of her skin. Over the years, her complexion has remained youthful and radiant, thanks to her natural lifestyle and careful consideration about what she uses on her skin. In 1997, Sunny and a close friend released their own line of skin care formulas based on Sunny's personal skin care philosophy. From the initial launch of their skin care collection until today, Astara Exfoliators Products have been the skin-healthy way to accelerate cellular turnover and remove dead skin cells from the complexion.
The Astara Exfoliators Products collection includes formulas for both the complexion and the body. Each of the products contains natural ingredients, processed at low temperatures to preserve their potency. This approach to manufacturing makes the exfoliators far more effective than other natural products on the market and better able to deliver results to the complexion. Whether you're concerned about rough skin, fine lines, skin discoloration or acne blemishes, there is a formula in the Astara Exfoliators Products collection to improve your skin.
To add one or more items to your bag, check the box to the left of each desired
item and then click the "Add to Bag" button at the top or bottom of the page. Items
are listed in SKU number order.
Shedding dead skin cells is part of your body's natural way to maintain good skin health, and Astara Exfoliators Products are the natural way to assist with cellular turnover.
Astara Daily Refining Scrub is a facial exfoliator that is so unique that it has won numerous awards, including "Editor's Favorite" from "Allure" and "Her World" magazines. The grainy texture of this luxurious scrub produces friction that loosens dead tissue and leaves the complexion smoother in texture and brighter in tone. Just one application of the scrub produces noticeable results on the complexion and over time, the formula can lessen the depth of wrinkles.
Astara Citrus Lavender Sea Salt Scrub allows you to remove dead skin from head to toe with just one soothing, natural formula. Used for centuries to treat skin care problems, genuine Dead Sea salt serves as the base of the formula and helps to replenish the tissue's supply of natural minerals while you scrub. Lavender oil calms the complexion, fighting signs of irritation, while papaya enzymes further soften and smooth the skin.
Astara Exfoliating Marine Treatment is a natural alternative to chemical peels and over time, can greatly reduce the appearance of fine lines on the complexion. The formula contains glycolic and lactic acids, which lift dead tissue away from the complexion. Witch hazel is added to the treatment to refine the pores and help to reduce their size. Marine extracts complete the formula and provide protein and other key nutrients to the tissue.


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Top Definition
the trip you get when you're really baked and you go from one place to another in what seems like 5 seconds but is really 10-15 minutes and you dont remember anything that happened within that time period.
tristan-"whoa. magic portal. werent we just at Dead Duck like, two seconds ago?"
emma-"no, that was a long time ago."
emma-"no, that was a long time ago."
by corabora March 24, 2007


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Swap flies.....that's the ticket!
I just got back from some trout fishing on one of my favorite local streams. I wanted to let Gregg and John know that their swap flies were great. I used Gregg's San Juan Worm as a point fly and put John's PT nymph about six inches behind it. Four browns were caught, one on the worm and three on the nymph.
Nice work guys! I'm sure that my success would have been more limited if either fly had been by itself. The water was high and off color. The red color of the worm got their attention, and if they didn't take that they found the trailing fly tough to pass up.
Makes me want to try the others very soon.
Glad to hear they worked Mark.
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- Bargaineering - http://www.bargaineering.com/articles -
Buy Old Stock Certificates
Posted By Jim On 03/20/2006 @ 6:27 pm In General,Shopping | No Comments
I'm not sure where I saw it first but there's a site out there called Scripophily.com [3] where you can buy old stock certificates, bonds, and other financial documents for display. Even if you're not buying anything, it's fun to look at the pictures of the certificates to remember a time when not everything was electronic, held in street name, and out of sight.
If you're looking for the certificates of actively traded companies, companies like OneShare.com [4] deals in those but I don't find active company certificates as interesting as the older historical certificates. To each their own!
Article printed from Bargaineering: http://www.bargaineering.com/articles
URL to article: http://www.bargaineering.com/articles/buy-old-stock-certificates.html
URLs in this post:
[1] Tweet: http://twitter.com/share
[2] Email: mailto:?subject=http://www.bargaineering.com/articles/buy-old-stock-certificates.html
[3] Scripophily.com: http://www.Scripophily.com
[4] OneShare.com: http://www.OneShare.com
Click here to print.
Thank you for reading!


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Many years ago when I was just starting life, I had a problem: I didn't really want to work for a living. I wanted to stumble upon a pot of gold that would allow me free time to pursue my interests.
Oh, I worked off and on at jobs here and there, but somehow I had it in my head that a regular job would hinder me in my other pursuits. A nine-to-five life wasn't how I planned to make enough money to support myself and anyone I might meet in the future who would want to share her life with me.
Of course, it wasn't easy finding someone who wanted to share her life with a guy who didn't want to work for a living. (As you might guess, I also had somewhat of a problem with relationships.)
Well, I eventually worked through all that stuff and wound up with a real job as a teacher (I wound up in a wonderful relationship, as well). It turned out that I loved teaching and came to the realization that working a regular job for a living could be a good thing. I saw that living a nine-to-five existence in the work world did not necessarily mean I had to forgo my other interests.
I thought about my youthful attitude and how I was looking for a pot of gold instead of a weekly paycheck the other day when a friend mentioned lost and buried treasure. He told me of the stories he heard as a young boy growing up near Madison on the Ohio River. He remembered the stories and had investigated the legends. He invited me to do the same, so I did.
The story goes that two caches of gold coins are hidden on or around an old building on a farm about three miles from Madison. The old house was part of the underground railroad before and during the Civil War. The gold was used to help pay the people who transferred the slaves to their next stop on the "railroad." It is claimed one of the caches is in a tunnel which was accessed from the farmhouse basement and the other is buried in a hollow near the Ohio River. Although he has a real job now too, I suspect a part of my friend still wonders, "If I tried, I just might find that gold."
Many of the Indiana lost treasure stories feature criminal activity.
A popular one up in LaPorte County tells of mobster Al Capone hiding 2,000 cases of illegal whiskey in a cave on the shores of Lake Michigan and then blowing up the entrance. "Scarface" Capone was gunned down before he could make it back to collect his prohibition booze.
Chances are whoever finds that treasure will be getting a knock on the door, in the tradition of Eliot Ness, from ATF and IRS government agents.
Large sums of money might be found closer to home by a fortunate fortune hunter. Back in the 1860s the infamous train robbers known as the Reno Brothers fled to Canada with a posse hot on their trail, but before they left, they hid $80,000 from one train robbery and $98,000 from another somewhere near Seymour. They never came back to retrieve the money. Hmm. My in-laws live in that area. Maybe I should take a walk on their farm, just to check things out.
Right next door to us, near Mooresville, is the farm of John Dillinger's father, where the wily criminal reportedly buried $25,000 from a bank heist. The problem is the paper currency, unless it was carefully preserved when it was hidden, probably is in poor shape after all these years. Still ...
I firmly believe I made the right decision back in the day to pursue a more traditional line of work. The treasure I acquired from teaching school is not measured in gold coins or dollar bills or illegal whiskey. I consider myself wealthy. That's not to say, however, a little hike around my in-laws property wouldn't be a good idea.
Norman Knight, a retired Clark-Pleasant Middle School teacher, writes this weekly column for the Daily Journal. Send comments to firstname.lastname@example.com.