text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 14, 1998
|Filing date
|Jun 7, 1995
|Priority date
|Nov 23, 1994
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Kalyan Ganesan, Ranjan Pant, Victor Liau, Tayyab Khan, Desmond Coughlin, Harry Johnson
|Original Assignee
|Hughes Electronics Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (9), Referenced by (19), Classifications (34), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present application is a continuation-in-part of application ser. No. 08/344,272, filed Nov. 23, 1994, entitled "Wireless Personal Communication System," by inventors K. Ganesan, et.al., currently pending (attorney docket number PD-N94022). The above identified application in its entirety is incorporated herein by reference.
Wireless access communications systems (WACS) and personal access communications systems (PACS) strive to provide flexible communication services in a wireless fashion. WACS and PACS, in personal communication services (PCS) environments may provide a system for improving or eliminating drop wire requirements to homes and businesses. Radio transmitters are the vehicle for eliminating the need for wiring.
While cellular telephones and cordless telephones also provide some wireless features, certain limitations are inherent in each of these systems. Cellular telephones transmit signals to cellular base stations at relatively high power levels. The high power levels require Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approval and careful frequency planning to avoid unwanted interference. Additionally, the cellular base stations tend to be complicated and expensive units. Cordless residential telephones are lower power devices, but the frequencies are usually prone to interference. Also, cordless phones require wire connections to the public telephone lines and cannot communicate with wireless access communication PCS systems. Furthermore, cellular phones and cordless phones are generally not capable of supporting both digital voice and digital data transmissions.
A typical architecture for a wireless PCS system includes subscriber units (SUs), radio ports (RPs), one or more radio port controllers (RPCs), and an access manager (AM). The SUs transmit information to the RPs using radio frequencies. RPs are small devices typically mounted to existing utility poles. The RPs are connected to an RPC using wireline facilities. Each RPC is connected to a switch that is part of the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and the AM. The AM provides overall coordination of the call handoff across RPCs, provides for mobility management, and supports subscriber related features including registration and authentication.
A consortium of telecommunication entities has recently developed a proposed standard for providing WACS PCS. This standard outlines the above-mentioned architecture. Further details concerning this proposed standard are set out in Bellcore Corp. publication TR-INS-001313 entitled Generic Criteria for Version 0.1 Wireless Access Communications Systems (WACS) published October 1993 (herein sometimes referred to as the specification). The publication is available to those interested in WACS PCS from Bellcore Corp. at Bellcore, Customer Services, 8 Corporate Place--Room 3C-183, Piscataway, N.J. 08854-4156, or at 1(800) 521-CORP. Also, the reader may refer to Bellcore manual SR-ARH-002315 describing specific modulator and demodulator requirements in the SU and the RP. Additionally, the U.S. Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) has recently approved a PACS standard as set forth in TIA publication JTC(AIR)/95.4.20-033R2. The reader is presumed to be familiar with the specification and with related technological issues known to those having ordinary skill in the art.
Although general standards have been set forth, advances and improvements to the technology have been discovered including implementation of novel configurations and circuitry. In the configuration of the general WACS standard, SUs, whether portable or fixed, receive analog voice signals such as those spoken into a telephone handset. The SUs typically convert the analog voice signal to a digital signal and compress the digital signal. The SU then transmits the compressed signal over a radio link to an RP. The RP forwards the signal to an RPC over wireline facility.
Signals received by an RP from an RPC intended for a particular SU are transmitted by the RP, received by the SU, decompressed and converted to an analog signal to drive e.g. an earpiece. Although this architecture provides a functioning WACS PCS, it does not account for optimization of electronic hardware to perform the necessary signal processing. Also, this architecture does not cover system configurations that improve signal routing and decrease hardware requirements when specific applications arise. Furthermore, only fixed or limited mobility use is contemplated in the existing proposed standard.
Accordingly, a WACS or PACS PCS system is desirable that will operate in low power applications, support voice and data communications, and communicate with other WACS PCS systems. Optimized hardware and flexible system configurations are also desirable in a WACS or PACS PCS system, including systems which minimize or eliminate the need for transmission over tariff lines such as PSTN or other commercial signal carriers.
It would also be desirable if an SU could transmit and receive both voice and data information, especially if the SU could transmit and receive the data without using a modem. Modemless data transmission over the same line used for voice communication would greatly reduce costs for the end user. Reduced costs include the cost of a separate phone line for data transmission and the costs associated with having a modem such as in a fax machine.
Another advantageous feature is a wireless personal communication system that provides data services substantially similar to those provided by traditional wireline systems. The system should transparently provide these services to subscribers. In addition, the wireless personal communication system should allow transmission of high speed data such as voice band data.
It would also be desirable for a PCS system to be flexible enough for use both in the United States and in other countries. Such a system would be readily adaptable to interwork with multiple communication protocols and would comply with each country's technical specification.
Another advantageous feature would be for the SU to be remotely activated by the wireless PCS system. Such remote activation would prevent fraudulent access and simplify the user registration process.
Another advantageous feature would be a PCS system that could use excess bandwidth in existing CATV cabling. Using existing cabling would reduce costs in providing PCS service and would allow cable operating companies to provide telephony service as well as cable programming.
According to a first aspect of the present invention, an SU is provided for use in a wireless communication system. The SU includes a plurality of antennas, an RF receive section having a diversity selection unit that receives input signals from each of the antennas, an RF transmit section generating an output signal for transmission over at least one of the antennas, a digital dataport for modemless digital communication, and a databus interconnecting the digital dataport with the RF receive and transmit sections. The SU may also include an analog port adapted for connection to an analog telephone line.
In another aspect of the present invention, the SU may include a pair of antennas mounted spatially and angularly diverse from each other, e.g., the second antenna may be at an opposite end of the SU and orthogonal (or otherwise non-parallel) to the first antenna.
In another preferred embodiment, the SU is a portable SU for use in a wireless personal communications system and may be used in a high mobility environment. A high mobility environment may include use of the portable SU while traveling at typical vehicular speeds, e.g. 55 M.P.H. Operating in a high mobility environment provides a seamless connection for the end user. For example, a user may originate a conversation on a portable SU at home, and continue the conversation while driving to and then arriving at work. Any handoff performed by an originating WACS PCS system to other systems, such as a second WACS PCS, cellular system, or other telecommunication system, will preferably be substantially transparent to the SU user.
A further embodiment of the present invention provides a method of maintaining user registration data in a wireless personal communications system including the steps of timing a period directly after an SU user hangs up, maintaining power to the SU and a connection between the SU and the personal communications system until the timer reaches a predetermined value, and shutting down the SU after the timer reaches the predetermined value. The method of maintaining user registration is preferably incorporated into a power saving standby mode in the SU. The standby mode periodically depowers the SU during times of limited message activity.
According to another aspect of the present invention, a method of increasing data throughput capability is provided. The method includes the step of informing the SU that a high data rate signal is to be sent. The SU then communicates this high bandwidth request to the system. An assignment of time slots is received at the SU and the SU proceeds to aggregate the assigned time slots by splitting up the information over the assigned time slots.
The invention itself, together with further attendant advantages, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a wireless access communication system.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a presently preferred embodiment of an SU according to the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a fragmentary view of a preferred SU showing antenna placement.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an alternative embodiment of the SU of FIG. 2.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a preferred RF section for use in an SU.
FIG. 6 is an illustration of a message format sent by the SU of FIG. 2.
FIG. 7 is an illustration of a message format sent by a RP to an SU.
FIG. 8 is a functional block diagram of an encoder in the SU of FIG. 2.
FIG. 9 is a functional block diagram of a decoder in the SU of FIG. 2.
FIG. 10 is a flow chart illustrating a method of handling high data rate transmissions using the SU of FIG. 2.
FIG. 11 is a flow chart illustrating a method of maintaining SU registration in a PCS system.
FIG. 12 is a flow chart illustrating an alternative embodiment of a method of maintaining SU registration in a PCS system.
FIG. 1 illustrates a general block diagram of a wireless access communication system (WACS) 10. The WACS 10 includes subscriber units (SU) 20, radio ports (RP) 50, radio port control units (RPC) 60, an operations maintenance center (OMC) 70, a local digital switch 80, and an access manager (AM) 90. The SU 20 communicates with the radio port 50 via radio links. Each RP 50 communicates with an RPC 60 via transmission lines, typically standard Tl lines. The RPC 60 controls radio links and transmission lines carrying various voice and data communications. The switch 80 controls access between wireless access communication systems (WACS) 10 and the public switch telephone network (PSTN) 12. The AM 90 provides call control, communicates with the switch 80 to provide voice paths between the WACS network and the PSTN, and connects to a home location register-visitor location register (HLR-VLR) 91. Additional details are known to those skilled in the art and are set forth in the Bellcore specification. Recently, a newer proposed standard, personal access communications (PACS), has been introduced. Both WACS and PACS standards, however, may be implemented on the system described below.
The SU 20 may be either a fixed subscriber unit or a portable subscriber unit. A fixed subscriber unit may be connected to an analog telephone by standard two (or more) wire analog telephone lines using an RJ1l or similar interface. The SU 20, fixed or portable, provides voice and data quality comparable to a wired system. A portable subscriber unit is similar to the fixed subscriber unit 20 but also includes a mouthpiece, an earpiece, and a user interface keypad. The portable subscriber unit 20, in one embodiment is similar to a cellular phone. In another embodiment, the portable SU 20 is functionally similar to a cordless phone. Unlike many cordless and cellular phones, however, the portable SU 20 digitally processes and filters all voice signals prior to broadcasting. Subscriber units 20 provide wireless access for both voice and data information. Unless otherwise indicated, the term subscriber unit (SU) applies to both the fixed and the portable versions in the following descriptions.
An SU 20 may be located in the home or the office. Multiple SUs 20 may be in range of a single RP 50 and may be in broadcast range of each other. One embodiment of the present invention includes SUs 20 capable of directly communicating with each other in an intercom-like or walkie-talkie system. Another embodiment provides SUs 20 that can communicate with each other through a common RP 50 configured with a call switching capability. Thus, SU 20 to SU 20 calls may be made without routing through the RPC 60 or other components of the system. Alternatively, calls between SUs 20 may be switched through an RPC without performing any compression processing.
Another feature of the SU 20 is a distinctive ring capability which may provide individual annunciation or pager functions. In this embodiment, a group of SUs 20 in a home or office environment are assigned the same phone number identifier. Each SU 20 programmed to this phone number can be individually accessed. Individual access may be accomplished by adding a suffix code to the telephone number. The suffix code may cause only one of the SUs 20 to ring or all of the SUs to ring with an identifying tone specific to one user. Alternatively, a single phone line may be assigned to multiple telephone numbers. Each telephone number is then directed to a specific SU on the phone line. SU user registration identification numbers may be associated with a specific phone number so that only the desired SU rings.
Referring to FIG. 2, a preferred implementation of an SU 20 is shown in greater detail. The SU 20 has five connections to the outside environment: an RF receive antenna 30, an RF transmit antenna 29, a telephone connection 61, a data port 62, and a debug port 63. Internally, the subscriber SU 20 comprises an RF receive section 21, an RF transmit section 22, an analog port 23, a digital dataport 24, a timing generator 25, a memory section 66, and a databus 26 connecting all the internal blocks together. In another preferred embodiment, the SU contains a cable transport module 68 connected to the databus 26 for interfacing voice/data signals from the databus to a CATV line. The module 68 contains a modulator 71 and a demodulator 69 for modulating and demodulating signals onto a cable television system.
The RF receive section 21 receives an RF input signal from the antenna 30. In the RF section 21, voice information is extracted from the RF signal in the form of a 32 kilobit per second (kbps) ADPCM signal. Data information may be received in ADPCM or PCM formats. The RF section 21 also demodulates correlation information in the RF input signal.
As shown in FIG. 2, there appears to be two antennas 29, 30 connected to the receive section 21. The SU may also transmit on either antenna. A transmit/receive switch 67 is coupled to both antennas 29, 30 and to the RF receive and transmit sections 21, 22. In one embodiment, the antennas 29, 30 are positioned apart from one another to provide spatial diversity and improve reception/transmission quality. As best shown in FIG. 3, the antennas 29, 30 may also be mounted angularly diverse from one another. In another preferred embodiment, the diversity selection unit receives input signals from each of a plurality of antennas connected to the SU 20. The received information, whether voice or data, is then placed on the databus 26.
The RF transmit section 22 receives voice or data information from the databus 26 and generates an output signal containing the voice or data information for transmission over at least one antenna. Voice information is compressed to 32 kbps ADPCM and data information is simply modulated onto RF signals for transmission. In another embodiment the SU 20 may transmit or receive from another SU 20 directly.
The analog port 23 receives analog information such as from an analog telephone and converts it to digital 32 kbps ADPCM for further processing and transmission over a radio link. Voice information arriving from the databus 26 in 32 kbps ADPCM form is converted to an analog signal and is communicated to a telephone connected to the port 23. The digital port 24 manages data signals sent to and from both the debug port 63 and the data port 62. The digital port 24 permits modemless transmission and reception of digital signals at the SU 20. The databus 26 is a data line connecting the various internal functions of the SU 20. Preferably, the databus 26 is a 16-bit wide communication line.
In a preferred embodiment, a standard two wire loop connects the analog port 23 to a standard analog telephone. Analog voice signals picked up at the handset of the telephone will be converted in a subscriber line interface chip (SLIC) 56 from the two wire signal to a four wire signal. The four wire format voice signals are sampled and coded into a 64 kilobit per second mu-law pulse code modulated (PCM) signal by a PCM codec 48 in the SU 20. The digital signal is then processed in the digital signal processor (DSP) 49 which compresses the PCM signal into a 32 kbps ADPCM signal.
In a portable SU the SLIC 56 is unnecessary because the voice signals are received from a mouthpiece attached to the portable SU. In one preferred embodiment the same circuit board may be used for either portable or fixed applications. A switch or jumper may be used on the circuit board to designate the board's application. Alternatively, the board may be loaded without the SLIC 56 when a portable SU is desired. The universality of the circuit board design allows for cost savings to consumers and system operators.
In either type of SU, the DSP 49 sends the ADPCM signal along a databus 26 to the RF transmit section 22 where it enters a transmit buffer 45. The digital signal is temporarily stored in the transmit buffer 45 and then is transferred to the channel encoder 44. The channel encoder 44 encodes the digital signal with synchronization information in accordance with instructions stored in a programmable read only memory (PROM) 46 integrated circuit. The program stored in the PROM 46 is the decoding and encoding algorithm disclosed in the Bellcore specification which anyone of ordinary skill in the art may program in to a PROM or other memory device. The encoded digital signal is transported through a serial-to-parallel (S/P) converter 43 to a modulator 42. The encoded signal is then converted from digital to analog in a digital-to-analog (D/A) converter 41 and transmitted from the transmit RF section 40 by an RF antenna 29.
Digital data signals originating at the digital input port 24 follow a different path. Initially, the signal coming in at a digital port 24 passes through an RS-232 connection 64 into a DUART device 65. The data information signal, unlike a voice signal, is not compressed into ADPCM format. The digital data signal is not processed in the PCM codec 48 or DSP 49. Instead, it proceeds along the same databus 26 as the voice signals and goes directly to the transmit buffer 45, the encoder 44 and then to the MOD 42 for modulation onto a carrier frequency.
After modulation, the signal (regardless of whether voice or data) is then converted to an RF signal approximately within the range of 1.8 to 2.2 GHz and transmitted from the RF transmit section 22 at an average power of approximately 10-20 milliwatts. The peak power transmitted is approximately 80-160 milliwatts.
In standard WACS PCS, the output power of the RF transmit section 22 is controlled by a power control channel (PCC). The PCC can control the output power in steps of 0.75 dB +/-0.25 dB steps, with the total adjustment range being approximately 30 dB. In a preferred embodiment, a power controller 47 in the RF transmit section 22 of the SU 20 translates the power control instructions originating from the RPC 30.
Signals received by the SU 20 from a WACS/PACS PCS system first arrive at the RF antennas 29, 30 and are processed through a receive RF unit 31. The received analog signals are converted to digital form in an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter 32 and then demodulated in a demodulator 33. The demodulated wave form is then passed through a parallel-to-serial (P/S) converter 34, decoded in a channel decoder 35, and passed through a receive buffer 36. As part of the demodulation and decoding of the signal, the signal is also passed through a digital correlator 37 to analyze timing synchronization. The decoded signal in the receive buffer 36 then passes on to the databus 26 to the appropriate analog or digital port 23, 24 as determined by the DSP 49. Suitable parts for the A/D and D/A converters 32, 41 are a CXD1175AM-T6 A/D converter and a CXD1171-T6 D/A converter available from Sony Corporation. The Demod and Mod 33, 42 are preferably components as described in the Bellcore specification.
Preferably, the portable SU 20 may be used in either low mobility, pedestrian environments or in higher mobility, automobile environments. In a high mobility environment, the RPC streamlines processing by sending some of the layer 2 messages from at least one of the DSPs in the STM instead of processing the message in the CAP. Also, referring to FIG. 4, the SU 820 may include an RF receive section 821 having a plurality of, and preferably two, RF receive chains 831a, 831b to provide high quality radio performance in a mobile environment. One of the receive chains 831a is dedicated to sweeping for optimal frequencies, and the other receive chain 831b communicates with the RP 50. The frequency sweep preferably searches for an available channel having the lowest signal-to-noise ratio.
In another preferred embodiment, the receive chains 831a, 831b can instantaneously sample the quality of the received signal from the two antennas 829, 830. The DSP in the analog section 823 selects the antenna that received the best signal to transmit on. After transmitting from the transmit section 822 through the chosen antenna, the transmitted signal is analyzed for errors at the RP 50 (FIG. 1). In a subsequent transmission from the RP, error information indicating whether any errors were received at the RP 50 is transmitted to the SU 820. Based on the error information received, the SU 820 will select the appropriate antenna 829, 830 in later transmissions. In the high mobility environment, this embodiment may offer higher quality communication capabilities over an SU having a single receive chain. A single receive chain, which would be taking measurements from the two antennas at different times, may be taking uncorrelated measurements and make selection of the best antenna arbitrary.
FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of a preferred embodiment of an RF transmit and receive section 900 for a portable SU. On the transmit (Tx) signal side, the RF section 900 has a modulator 902 that modulates the outgoing digital signal into I 904 and Q 906 lines which connect to a pair of I,Q mixers 908. The pair of I,Q mixers 908 utilize the reference frequency from a second local oscillator (LO2) 910 to mix the I and Q transmit signals 904, 906 to a first intermediate frequency (IF) transmit signal preferably centered at 295.15 MHz for licensed band frequency transmissions. The first IF transmit signal is then filtered in a bandpass filter 912, preferably a discrete circuit of inductors and capacitors centered at 295.15 MHz, before being mixed again in a mixer 914.
The mixer 914 receives the first IF transmit signal and a mixing frequency from a first local oscillator (LO1) 916. The LO1 is preferably capable of producing frequencies in the range of 2.125 to 2.205 Ghz adjustable in 300 kHz steps. The first IF transmit signal is mixed to a higher frequency second IF transmit signal in the mixer 914 preferably in the range of 1.85 to 1.93 GHz. After mixing, the second IF is passed through a first gain stage 918, a bandpass filter 920 with a pass band of preferably 1.85 to 1.93 GHz, and a second gain stage 922. Once the signal passes through the second gain stage 922, it proceeds through a transmit/receive (T/R) switch 924 that connects the signal to an uplink antenna 926 for broadcast over the airwaves.
Received signals in the range of 1.91 to 1.99 GHz arrive at both the uplink antenna 926 and the downlink antenna 928. The T/R switch 924 connects one of the antennas to the receive portion of the RF section 900. The received signal is first amplified in a gain stage 930, such as a low noise amplifier to control the noise figure, and is then passed through a bandpass filter 932 with a pass band of 1.91 to 1.99 GHz to a mixer 934. The mixer 934 mixes the received signal with a reference frequency generated by LO 916 to create a first IF receive signal. A bandpass filter 936 centered at 215.15 MHz and connected to the mixer 934 filters the first IF receive signal.
The filtered first IF is then mixed in a second mixer 938 and downconverted to a second IF preferably centered at 10.7 MHz. Another bandpass filter 940 filters the second IF and connects to a third mixer 942. The third mixer 942 down converts the second IF to a third IF, preferably centered at 768 MHz by mixing the second IF against a reference frequency. In a preferred embodiment the reference frequency is a 9.932 MHz signal generated by a crystal oscillator. The third IF continues on to an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter 946 and the rest of the SU circuitry for timing measurements and recovery of the voice or data information.
The RF transmit and receive section 900 is based on a frequency scheme determined by the reference oscillator 948 which is preferably a temperature controlled crystal oscillator (TCXO) set at 15.36 MHz. The TCXO 948 signal is passed through a divide-by-four (�4) circuit 950 and connected to a mixer 952. The mixer 952, in one embodiment, may be an image rejection mixer. The mixer 952 receives the divided TCXO 948 signal and a signal directly from the TCXO 948. The mixer 952 mixes these frequencies to a higher frequency, preferably 19.2 Mhz. The 19.2 MHz reference frequency branches off into two paths. One path connects to a divide-by-48 (�48) circuit 956 and the other path connects to a divide-by-64 (�64) circuit 954. The �64 954 signal, preferably a 300 kHz signal, is connected to LO2 916. The ≧48 circuit 956 preferably produces a 400 kHz signal and is connected to LO2 910. The TCXO signal also passes through a divide-by 5(�5) circuit 958 for use by the A/D converter 946 as a 3.072 MHz reference. Other frequency schemes may be used and the TCXO signal may be used to create reference frequencies for the rest of the SU.
FIG. 5 also illustrates an alternative embodiment of the RF receive and transmit section 900. A second receive chain 962 may be included in an SU to maintain high voice and data quality in a high mobility environment as described above. The second receive chain 962 contains the same components as are in the first receive chain 960. Each of the receive chains 960, 962 are connected to one of the antennas 926, 928 through the T/R switch 924.
Referring again to FIG. 2, the central processing unit managing the processes in the SU 20 is preferably a digital signal processor (DSP) 49. A Texas Instruments TMS320C50 DSP chip is suitable. Other DSP chips, such as a TI TMS320C53 may also be used. The DSP 49 is used for both controls and performing the 32 kbps ADPCM speech encoding/decoding. In one embodiment, the DSP 49 operates as a 16-bit parallel load processor utilizing a 16-bit wide data bus 26. The DSP 49 is driven by a clock frequency received from the RF transmit 22 and receive 21 sections. Preferably the clock frequency is approximately 16 MHz (see FIG. 5 TCXO) but higher or lower frequencies may be used.
Another embodiment of the SU 20 includes an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) for performing the control functions of cyclic redundancy checking, general synchronization of incoming and outgoing signals, digital phase-locked loop. In addition, the compression/decompression of the signals may be completed by the ASIC. Referring to FIG. 2, an ASIC may replace the channel decoder 35, channel encoder 44, digital correlator 37, and the DUART 65.
Two components in the SU 20 require the attention of the DSP 49. The DUART 65, which handles data flow, and the channel encoder/decoder 44, 35, which is preferably a single chip such as a Xilinx XC4005-6PQ208C, both generate interrupts to indicate that there is incoming data or that the component is ready for more data. The channel encoder/decoder 44, 35 generates two separate interrupts; one for encoding and one for decoding.
In standard WACS/PACS PCS, the SU 20 employs a time division multiple access (TDMA) method of communicating digital information to a radio port 50. As best seen in FIG. 6, the formatted information transmitted from the SU 20 to the RP 50 is arranged in eight time slot frames 60, each time slot 161 comprising 100 bits of information. The SU 20 broadcasts information onto one of the time slots 161 in radio transmission bursts to the RP 50. A particular RF frequency can carry one frame 60 of information. In a preferred embodiment the SU 20 can sweep in frequency for available time slots in a message 60.
Each 100 bit burst of information lasts approximately 250 microseconds and is synchronized such that the burst always corresponds with an appropriate time slot 161 that the SU 20 reserved for the particular transmission. Each time slot 161 of the transmitted message frame 60 carries information necessary to synchronize the SUs 20 transmission burst. Each TDMA burst from an SU 20 contains several information fields: guard band (GRD), slow channel (SC), fast channel (FC), cyclic redundancy check (CRC), and a reserved bit (RES).
The GRD and SC fields contain error information. The FC contains the speech or data transmitted from the SU 20 to the RP 50. The CRC information is computed at the SU 20 and used to compare against CRC data computed in the RP 50 for error detection or correction.
FIG. 7 depicts the standard formatted information received by an SU 20. An RP 50 transmits voice or data information to an SU in time division multiplex (TDM) format. TDM transmissions are continuous radio transmissions as opposed to the TDMA bursts. Again the SU 20 is allocated to a specific 100 bit time slot in a frame 70. The time slot 70 includes a synchronization pattern (SYC), a slow channel (SC), a fast channel (FC) containing the speech or data transmitted from the RP 50, a cyclic redundancy code (CRC), and power control channel (PCC) information.
The SYC and SC information comprise a 23 bit message that the SU 20 uses to synchronize with the RP 50. Synchronization and correlation are performed by the Xilinx chip.
The CRC represents data computed at the RPC 60 useful for determining errors in transmission.
The channel encoder 44, such as a XC4005-6PQ208C from Xilinx at 2100 Logic Drive, San Jose Calif. 95124-3400, preferably encodes a digital voice signal with the proper digital correlation information. The encoded signal is then modulated preferably using quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) with a raised-cosine spectral shaping filter.
As seen in FIG. 8, a preferred method of encoding voice data generated at the SU 20 is to take the 64 kbps mu-law PCM signal created at the PCM Codec 48 and encode the information into 32 kbps ADPCM. Preferably the DSP 49 performs the encoding. The encoding is based on the CCITT Recommendation G.721 standard algorithm. The encoding process begins by converting the mu-law PCM to uniform PCM. After conversion to uniform PCM, a difference signal is obtained by subtracting an estimate of the input signal from the input signal itself. An adaptive quantizer is used to assign four bits to the value of the difference signal per sample. An inverse quantizer produces a quantized difference signal from these four bits. The signal estimate is added to this quantized difference signal to produce the reconstructed version of the input signal. Both the reconstructed signal and the quantized difference signal are operated on by an adaptive predictor which produces the estimate of the input signal, thereby completing the feedback loop.
Voice signals received on the antennas 29, 30 (FIG. 2) are 32 kbps ADPCM signals modulated on RF frequencies. The signals must be demodulated, converted to 64 kbps mu-law PCM in the DSP, and sent to the PCM Codec 48 for conversion into analog signals. The decoding, as illustrated in the functional block diagram of FIG. 9, is performed in a functional structure similar to the feedback portion of the encoder algorithm together with a uniform PCM to mu-law PCM conversion and a synchronous coding adjustment. The adjustment prevents cumulative distortion on synchronous tandem codings.
Although voice signals will not typically require greater than the 32 kbps bandwidth available in a TDMA timeslot, data transmissions may require greater bandwidth capabilities. Referring again to FIG. 5, the eight time slots accessible by an SU each may handle a 32 kbps ADPCM signal. The ADPCM format, although reliable when used to compress voice information, only allows data to be reliably transmitted at 9.6 kbps.
FIG. 10 illustrates a preferred method of managing high bandwidth data requirements at the SU. A user first requests a higher than 32 kbps time slot. The SU then forwards the request via a message, preferably in the Request Channel, to the RP. The RP passes this request on to the RPC which will then assign the appropriate number of time slots based on the data rate requirement requested in the message. The SU will then encode the data in μ-law or A-law PCM. Finally, the SU performs a digital streaming step that breaks up the data into the assigned time slots.
The time slots aggregated for higher data transport do not need to be contiguous. For instance, referring again to FIG. 5, contiguous slots 1 and 2 may carry a 64 kbps signal as effectively as discontiguous slots 1 and 4. By aggregating two time slots, whether contiguous or not, a user has access to a 64 kbps data path that will accept PCM coding that is a more reliable data transport.
Additionally, higher than 64 kbps data rate requirements may be met using the method described above. Standard ISDN-BRI format data may also be accommodated using the present method. ISDN information typically comprises 2 "B" channels of 64 kbps each and 1 "D" channel of 16 kbps for a total of 144 kbps. At 32 kbps per time slot, an ISDN signal requires 5 time slots. The presently preferred method may handle up to 256 kbps per RF channel.
In another preferred embodiment, the SU 20 includes a delayed deregistration feature and standby mode. The delayed deregistration feature operates to keep an SU 20 registered on a WACS/PACS PCS system for a period after the SU 20 terminates a communication (i.e., hangs up). This feature helps to avoid problems associated with inadvertent disconnections and helps to speed up system access to the system for consecutive telephone/data calls.
Referring to FIG. 11, one embodiment of this feature includes a timer built in to the SU 20 to keep the SU registered with the system for a predetermined period of time after a disconnection, planned or inadvertent. The method begins with the step of monitoring to see if the user has hung up 610. If the user has hung up, a timer is initiated 614. The timer counts down a predetermined period of time that may be adjusted at the system level. The SU, if no hang up is detected, also checks to see if the communication has been disconnected 612. Again, the timer is initiated if a disconnect is detected. Once the timer begins, the SU checks to see if the timer has expired 616. While the timer has not expired, the SU continues to monitor for activity 618, such as the initiation of a new call. New activity will stop the timer, leave the SU registered, and begin the cycle again. If the timer expires, the SU transmits a sign-off signal 620 to an RP for relay to a RPC.
As best shown in FIG. 12, another embodiment of this method is to control the SU power down from a timer located in the RPC that will keep the SU registered for a predetermined period of time. As described above, the SU monitors for both a hang up 622 or a disconnection 624. If either is detected, the SU immediately transmits a sign-off 626 signal to an RP for relay to an RPC. The RPC monitors to see if a sign-off signal has been sent 632. A timer at the RPC is initiated 634 when a sign-off signal arrives. During the timer countdown, the RPC checks to see if the timer has expired 636 and also monitors to see if the SU has sent a sign-off cancellation message 640. If the timer expires before any sign-off cancellation is received, the RPC de-registers the SU 638. Alternatively, if a sign-off cancellation does arrive in time, the RPC maintains the SU registration 642.
Additional advantages and modifications will readily occur to those skilled in the art. The invention, in its broader aspects, is therefore not limited to the specific details, representative apparatus, and illustrative examples shown and described. Various modifications and variation can be made to the present invention without varying from the scope or spirit of the invention, and it is intended that the present invention cover the modifications and variations provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 20, 1989
|May 28, 1991
|Motorola, Inc.
|Cellular telephone operable on different cellular telephone systems
|Dec 13, 1991
|Dec 8, 1992
|Motorola, Inc.
|Digitally frequency-locking a radio transceiver to the received signal
|Dec 3, 1992
|Jun 27, 1995
|Motorola, Inc.
|Method for transmitting either data or voice in an allocated TDM slot
|Feb 5, 1993
|Aug 22, 1995
|Nokia Mobile Phones Ltd.
|Diversity reception arrangement
|Sep 30, 1993
|Aug 13, 1996
|Cooley; David M.
|Modularly clustered radiotelephone system
|Mar 13, 1995
|Jan 7, 1997
|Carney; Ronald R.
|Wideband wireless basestation making use of time division multiple-access bus having selectable number of time slots and frame synchronization to support different modulation standards
|May 19, 1995
|Mar 18, 1997
|Celsat America, Inc.
|position determination in an integrated cellular communications system
|Oct 5, 1994
|Mar 25, 1997
|Motorola, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for detecting illicit RF data transmissions
|Jul 7, 1992
|Feb 3, 1993
|Cable Television Laboratories Inc.
|System for distributing radio telephone signals over a cable television network
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 12, 1996
|Jul 20, 1999
|Telefonaktiebolaget L/M Ericssoon (Publ)
|Channel resource management within a digital mobile communications network
|Apr 14, 1998
|Jul 3, 2001
|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Mobile telecommunication system
|May 31, 2002
|Jun 13, 2006
|Bs&B Safety Systems Limited
|Two-way wide area telemetry
|Jan 7, 2002
|Jan 15, 2008
|Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
|Methods and apparatus for selecting a wireless local area network port and establishing communication therewith
|Dec 14, 2001
|Jun 3, 2008
|Yongnan Xuan
|Method for processing RF signals for receiving and transmission
|Jul 21, 2009
|Langley John B
|Frequency offset differential pulse position modulation
|Oct 27, 2009
|Langley John B
|Frequency offset differential pulse position modulation
|Aug 14, 2006
|Dec 1, 2009
|Langley John B
|Frequency offset differential pulse position modulation
|Aug 14, 2006
|Apr 27, 2010
|Langley John B
|Frequency offset differential pulse position modulation
|May 7, 2013
|Broadcom Corporation
|Method and system for power control based on application awareness in a packet network switch
|May 31, 2002
|Jan 23, 2003
|Holmes John K.
|Two-way wide area telemetry
|Jan 7, 2002
|Jul 10, 2003
|Parry Travis J.
|Methods and apparatus for selecting a wireless local area network port and establishing communication therewith
|Dec 14, 2001
|Aug 5, 2004
|Yongnan Xuan
|Method of receiving and transmitting the signal of high frequency
|Aug 14, 2006
|Mar 22, 2007
|Langley John B
|Frequency offset differential pulse position modulation
|Aug 14, 2006
|Apr 19, 2007
|Langley John B
|Frequency offset differential pulse position modulation
|Aug 14, 2006
|Apr 19, 2007
|Langley John B
|Frequency offset differential pulse position modulation
|Aug 15, 2006
|May 17, 2007
|Langley John B
|Frequency offset differential pulse position modulation
|May 30, 2006
|Dec 6, 2007
|Martin Lund
|Method and system for power control based on application awareness in a packet network switch
|Mar 19, 2007
|Jun 5, 2008
|Nokia Corporation
|Packet radio communication device
|U.S. Classification
|370/310, 455/86, 455/557
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 27, 1995
Owner name: HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:GANESAN, KALYAN;PANT, RANJAN;LIAU, VICTOR;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:007740/0539;SIGNING DATES FROM 19951006 TO 19951102
|Feb 17, 1998
Owner name: HUGHES ELECTRONICS CORPORATION, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:HE HOLDINGS INC., DBA HUGHES ELECTRONICS, FORMERLY KNOWN AS HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:008921/0153
Effective date: 19971216
|Jan 11, 2002
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Feb 6, 2002
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jan 17, 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jan 14, 2010
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Available in Interactive & Original.
see below
Size: One Size Fits All
* Mouse over above image to zoom in
The Scout ID (Small) comes in one size as is designed to fit any 0.5 inch (1.25 cm) wide dog collar or horse bridle.
Most of our IDs are available in two versions: Interactive and Original. The Scout ID, however, is only available in the Original Version. This classic and popular version will allow you to engrave up to 6 lines of emergency information. Currently, the Interactive version is reserved for our less-furry, two-legged customers. If you don't know the difference between the two versions you can watch the Interactive Demo and/or Compare the two versions.
Sure do! Click here to check out our suggested text.
If ordering for someone else, simply build the ID with their information. Gift options are available during checkout. Don't know what to engrave on their ID? Gift Cards are a great option.
If ordering an Interactive Version, you may have questions about the Emergency Response System. We've answered these questions here.
Great question! We've created a special section here.
Of course! All of our products come with a genuine satisfaction guarantee. In addition to this, the ID tag (the stainless steel part of the ID) has a lifetime guarantee. If you are tough enough to wear your Road ID out, then we will replace it at no charge. I challenge you to destroy them (through natural wear - gunshots and hand grenades don't count).
Always remember that wearing ID is important for everyone in your family that enjoys the great outdoors.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
UN-73 BB. The square taper Shimano style. I have noticed these have come with both aluminum and plastic BB cups.
1) Which came first?
2) Is one considered an upgrade or a cost saving move?
3) Do the plastic ones tend to squeek less?
4) Is the plastic as robust (durable) as the aluminum?
The reason I ask is that I recieved one of these today with the plastic cups. First I have seen...
<edit: I do mean the removable cup is plastic. The other is still aluminum.>
Any feedback is greatly appreciated.


text:
Since 1991, Community Scholars have worked with graduate students on solution oriented research related to the theme of building grassroots economic development policy in Los Angeles:
2014-15: Planning for Immigrant Integration (report) & Resource Guide (Spanish)
2013-14: Envisioning a Greener LA: Environmental and Economic Sustainability for Boyle Heights, Pacoima, and Wilmington (S14)
2012-13: Workers at the Center
2011-12: Right to Health in South L.A.
The 2012 UCLA Community Scholars Program participated in a story-building collaboration on the theme of the Right to Health in South Los Angeles. Selected participants collaborated with urban planning and other graduate students in a weekly workshop for two academic quarters to produce compelling popular education and communication productsthat explain how solving the health crisis in South Los Angeles benefits the entire city.
2010-11: Green City Games
The 2011 Community Scholars class focused on making games that support community education and engagement. The end product consists includes three original games -- Make Your Market, In Construction, and Secret City, as well as well as 17 rapid prototypes. All of these and more may be found on the Games for Change website.
2009-10: Tools for a Greener Economy: A Popular Education Strategy
Participants in the 2011 Community Scholars program, Popular Education 2.0: Explaining Green Jobs to the People included graduate students in urban planning and law, community activists, leaders, artists, and popular educators.
The course was led by Urban Planning faculty member Gilda Haas with assistance from Marcie Hale, a graduate student in UCLA's Department of Urban Planning, Uyen Le from the California Construction Academy and Janna Shadduck-Hernandez of the Downtown Labor Center and UCLA's Department of World Arts and Culture.
Course participants divided into five working groups to produce popular education products for specific constituencies, which included:
The course culminated in report entitled Tools for a Greener Economy: A Popular Education Strategy and a "Gallery" event where those organizations could receive their product, and see those produced for others along with other interested parties. All attendees received a DVD of all of the above products and the report.
2008-09: Green Collar Jobs, Green Buildings & Social Justice: Pathway to a Sustainable City
Led by Linda Delp, Director of UCLA's Labor Occupational Safety and Health Program (LOSH), the 2009 Community Scholars class (UP 219 Green Collar Jobs, Green Buildings and Social Justice: Pathway to a Sustainable City) focused on a recent Los Angeles City ordinance to retrofit more than 1,000 LA City buildings and to create job opportunities in underinvested areas of the city. The Green Building Retrofit & Workforce Development Ordinance is the result of a years-long campaign spearheaded by the Los Angeles Apollo Alliance/SCOPE. Successful implementation will highlight Los Angeles as a leader in innovative policies to address the environmental and economic crises and to spur action to improve worker health and community economic development.
This year's class culminated in two separate events. The historic site of LA City Hall was an appropriate setting for the June 11th presentation of Roadmap to Retrofits, a working report on the implementation of the new ordinance. Recommendations ranged from the specific and technical aspects of green building retrofits to the social justice aspects of investing in underserved communities and, ultimately, to the broader goal of building a movement for good, green, safe jobs and a more sustainable Los Angeles.
On August 5th more than 100 people attended a conference held at the UCLA Downtown Labor Center. Discussion at the "Working in Unity, Greening our Communities" conference centered on the goals of the ordinance in the context of the current sociopolitical and economic environment, and challenges and opportunities involved in moving the ordinance forward, including creating safe and healthy green jobs. In addition to a presentation by the Community Scholars class, speakers included community leaders, activists, environmentalists, academics, and policy-makers.
2007-08: Building Skills, Building Communities: Worker Training and Education as a Community Development Strategy for Los Angeles
Every year, hundreds of millions of dollars are invested in commercial and residential development across the Los Angeles region. Well-crafted policy would ensure that investment of public and private dollars provide economic opportunity for Los Angeles' low income communities.
There are many strategies to craft and implement such policies. Conditions exist to increase the likelihood of success:
2006-07: Fighting for a Right to the City: Collaborative Research to Support Community Organizing in L.A.
This project explores issues related to the Right to the City movement in different areas of Los Angeles:
2005-06: The Community Scholars Program was on hiatus
2004-2005: Wal-Mart and Wal-Martization: Challenges for Labor and Urban Planning
In the first course of this two quarter sequence students examined Wal-Mart and the related phenomenon of Wal-Martization in the context of the Southern California Regional Economy. In the second quarter they focused on ways and means to address the challenges of Wal-Martization.
2003-2004: L. A. Models of Economic and Social Justice. FIGUEROA CORRIDOR: Better Neighborhoods, Same Neighbors: Strategies for Good Jobs and Affordable Housing
2002-2003: L. A. Models of Economic and Social Justice -- Common Ground: Finding Common Grounds, Organizing Around Common Issues
2001-2002: Coalition Building for Social and Economic Justice in the L.A. Metropolitan Area
2000-2001: Participatory Democracy and Coalition Building--Organizing for Social Change in L.A.'s Communities and Workplaces
The Care in Organizing report, a model of participatory and action research, documents the needs of homecare workers in housing, transportation, and employment. A series of GIS maps locates the homecare workers by race and ethnicity in LA County. A survey, the instrument of which was developed with the homecare workers and administered by them, provides original data that clarifies the issues facing these low wage workers. The results of the report are being widely used by Local 434B of the Service International Employees Union.
1999-2000: Models of L.A. Organizing for Social Justice: Pushing the Boundaries, Crossing the Isms.
1998-1999: Banking on Blight: Redevelopment in Post-Proposition 13 California
Proposition 13, the 1978 ballot initiative that restructured property tax rates and redistribution in the state, placed economic pressure on cash-strapped cities to recapture lost property tax revenues through redevelopment's powers of tax increment financing. This report focuses on the role of redevelopment in California as the major vehicle of public subsidy for private development. The research team investigated four cities (Burbank, Compton, Lancaster and Long Beach) which represent unique geographies and histories, economic assets and liabilities, demographics and redevelopment strategies.
1997-1998: The Community Scholars Program was on hiatus
1996-1997: Learning for a Change: Experiences in Popular Education in Los Angeles
Students and Community Scholars studied popular education and economic development and worked on two projects: The Pacoima Team provided support and economic education in a community in northeast Los Angeles County that was experiencing major layoffs due to the plant closure of a major employer. The South Los Angeles Team developed welfare reform educational workshops and programs for the Community Coalition for Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment, a non-profit, social service agency in South Los Angeles.
1995-1996: Worker Ownership: A Strategy for Job Creation and Retention in Los Angeles
This project conducted research with labor and community organizations to support their efforts to "put democracy to work" through worker cooperatives and employee stock ownership plans (ESOP's). The purpose of the research was to determine how to develop a supportive infrastructure of education, technical assistance, and financing that could help bring these efforts to scale.
1994-1995: Los Angeles Manufacturing Action Project
This project conducted sectoral research in various manufacturing industries for ten labor unions that joined forces to develop a strategy for upgrading wages and working conditions in L.A.'s Alameda Corridor, the densest manufacturing region in the U.S. Scholars and students worked directly with labor union staff and community leaders in this participatory research effort.
1993-1994: Banking on Communities
This project engaged Scholars and students in how to conduct popular education on complex economic issues for their own diverse constituencies. The project resulted in a bilingual participatory workshop on money and banking that was documented on videotape. The accompanying report describes principles of popular education, how the workshop was developed, and includes the workshop script. The workshop is currently being replicated by diverse community organizations in L.A.
1992-1993: Manufacturing L.A.'s Future
This study examines three industries: apparel, electric bus, and manufacturing with recyclable resources in order to investigate the potential of an industrial policy that would benefit working class and minority communities in Los Angeles. This study was influential in the formation of L.A.'s first African American garment industry association.
1991-1992: Accidental Tourism
This study critiques the City's existing tourism promotion strategy and proposes alternatives that would bring economic benefits to working class and minority communities, drawing upon experiences from other cities. The study was the basis for the establishment of the Tourism Industry Development Council, a labor/community nonprofit dedicated to spreading the benefits of L.A. tourism to tourism industry workers and L.A.'s ethnic neighborhoods.


text:
A military family from Eastern Carolina was reunited Friday on the Ellen Degeneres show.
The show reunited Jessica Gerren and her two children with her husband, Chris. He saw his infant daughter for the first time.
Chris is a Corporal from New River Air Station in Jacksonville, and he's been serving in Afghanistan for six and a half months.
The Ellen Show also gave the Gerrens $10,000 and a honeymoon trip.
Click the related link below to watch the video.


text:
If your child is thrilled by the things that go bump in the night, tickle his fancy with one of our classic boy's vampire costumes. The Gothic genre is the perfect for creating many scary ideas for Halloween that he can wear to spook his friends and classmates. Gothic vampire outfits feature red and black colors, flowing capes, and stylish vests.
Boys Transylvanian Vampire Costume
Dracula Hotel Transylvania Costume Child
Boy's Howling At The Moon Costume
Boys Prince of Darkness Costume
Elite Gothic Vampire Child Costume
Boys Vampire Be Slayed Costume
Dress up your scary horror costume even more with the addition of spooky props and accessories. Accessorize with items like vampire face paint, fake vampire fangs, canes, gothic jewelry, and wigs to create an elaborate look. Classic vampire looks work great with a black boys' wig, pale face paint, and a touch of fake blood. If your son wants to get his friends involved in the fun, get his buddies to participate in a group wearing the bat-like capes and accessories.
There are tons of different styles of vampire outfits for boys to choose from, so each child is sure to get a unique look. His friends might also like to dress up as other classic Halloween monsters like werewolves, mummies, and zombies. Long after Halloween ends, you can still use them for school plays or for creating lots of fun pretend characters. Your child will have a blast creating plays and imaginative adventures in his vampire outfit.
You don't always have to chase the latest trend to find a great Halloween vampire costume for boys. Sometimes a timeless horror movie is the pefect inspiration for this ghoulish holiday.


text:
What We've Been Reading—5.27.16by Editors
Take the train to Brussels, walk across the Warendepark, and into the Berlaymont building. This is the home of the European Commission. Depending on which entomologist you consult, it is either the cocoon from which a new Europe will emerge or the center of a vast spider-web of regulation that is choking the continent.


text:
Bless her heart, because Lisa Rinna seems like a nice enough person, but by God, the woman's lips have taken on a life of their own. And they are living large, if you know what I mean. And unless you're sight-impaired, it's obvious what I mean. Yahoo! News reports that Lisa Rinna is debuting on the TV Guide Channel as their red-carpet host at the Emmy Awards on Sept. 16th, replacing the original red-caret diva extraordinaire, Joan Rivers.
"TV Guide Channel is very appreciative of Joan and
Melissa Rivers' contributions to the success of our red-carpet programming over the past three years," Ryan O'Hara, president of TV Guide Channel, said in a statement. "We wish them the best in their future endeavors."
What did Joan have to say about all of this?
"I will tell you my true feelings and experiences as soon as we finalize our new deal," she said in a statement released by her spokeswoman, Judy Katz.
Well, I have a sneaking suspicion that even if tasers were involved, it's going to be an impossible task, getting that woman off the red carpet. It's some sort of Law of Physics, that describes the reason why Joan Rivers is inexplicably drawn to appear wherever a red carpet is placed and forced to critique the outfits of those treading it. In fact, when I moved into my Hollywood apartment, I was extremely careful when selecting my color palette for all rugs and carpets, lest I emerge from my closet, only to have a mic shoved in my face, and Joan making fun of whatever incredibly boring outfit I had selected.


text:
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Home > Community > Community Health Needs Assessment
Creating healthy communities requires collaboration with individuals and organizations in the community. The development of this assessment brought together community health leaders, providers and local residents to research and prioritize community health needs. This health assessment will serve as the foundation for North Kansas City Hospital's community health improvement efforts for the next three years. The primary focus will be on behavioral health, youth health and maternal/child health.
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text:
Bradley (80 days) Bred in 1961 by the University of Arkansas
Very rare and hard to find these days, Bradley is a short, bushy, stocky determinate tomato plant. Amazing abundant production of egg shaped fruit that is red skinned, juicy, resists cracking and holds well on the plant. Excellent slicer.
The flavor has been described as "very soft and sweet". A Dave's Garden blogger wrote "This was one of Erika's favorites last year as far as taste was concerned. If I had to describe the taste I would say that it had plenty of acid as well as plenty of sugar. The taste of Bradley seems to be more sensitive than other varieties to the amount of water it receives: more water=less taste. But with our dry hot summers it is a real standout."
1967 Burrell Seed Growers Catalog says about Bradley...
"A pink variety developed by the University of Arkansas combining resistance to Fusarium wilt and to radial cracking. It is a cross of Gulf state market and Pink Shipper; outyields both parents. Deep globe shape, high in slicing quality and mild flavor rivaling the old "Beefsteak" variety. Plants are compact, semi-determinate and give good fruit coverage. Best adapted for staked growing and used fresh market or home gardens."
Bradley will generally ripen at the same time making this an excellent canning tomato.
Bradley will set fruit in the hot humid south and has excellent disease resistance.
Seed Planting Depth
Seedw per gram
Germination Temperature
Days to Germination
Row Spacing
Plant Spacing
100' Row Yield
|¼" - ½"
|75 lb.
Planting Tips for Heirloom Tomatoes:
Most gardeners want to get the most out of these delicious heirloom tomatoes and therefore give them a head start on the growing season. Start these vegetable seeds indoors in sterile potting mix being sure to keep the temperature above 70 degrees. Some people prefer to use a grow pad but the top of the fridge has been known to be quite effective as well.
Once the first true leaves appear on your tomato seedlings, transplant into 4" pots until you have completely hardened them off in the garden. Hardening is a process of exposing the plants more and more to outside temperature until they are hardy enough to tollerat a complete outdoor move. Generally speaking, by early summer heirloom tomatoes should be transplated into the garden.
Most heirloom varieties are quite productive and will greatly benefit from sturdy supports. It may also be advisable to add blood and bone to the worked soil to help ensure healthy productive heirloom tomatoes.
Seed Care tips for Heirloom Tomato Seeds:
Heirloom seeds are hardy but always take care with your garden seeds to give them the appropriate amount of moisture - not letting the vegetable seeds dry out prematurely or overwatering and possibly having them rot.
|Organic Arikara Sunflower
Organic Arikara Sunflower
|Brandywine Tomato Seeds
Indeterminate. First showing up in seed catalogs in the 1880's the Brandywine tomatoes have held high status among gardeners. A big fruit sometimes weighing up to 1 pound a piece, this dark red/black tomato is a fantastic slicer for those yummy tomato sandwiches on a hot summer day!


text:
Brands for life - The Guardian
I first came across the paper while studying for the Scottish equivalent of A-levels and I've been hooked ever since. I was doing the usual thing of trying to pinch informed sounding ideas and opinions to enliven tired and possibly clichéd-sounding answers to essay questions, and instantly something clicked into place.
For me it wasn't necessarily a reflection of my own views (which have changed significantly in the last 20+ years, as history has taught us that Shaun Ryder possibly isn't the best songwriter to ever walk the earth), what really did it for me was the tone and clarity of the writing, the lack of condescension and the unbiased reporting of the global news, done in a way that really did make you want to read every article.
Since then I've flirted with other newspapers when I've been unable to get my daily fix, but always returned, feeling like I've been unfaithful in some way, like I've cheated on The Guardian with another newspaper.
The Guardian has always embraced change and has really tried to stay ahead of the competition by embracing technology – it was an early adopter of user-generated content, podcasts, Kindle editions and apps for Apple and Android platforms, yet never at the risk of sacrificing or cannibalising any of the core content of the paper in the pursuit of 'digital first', another badge of honour that, to me, shows a publication of integrity, not quick dotcom dosh.
Even when the paper gets it wrong (pre-Elections support for the Lib Dems has since been withdrawn), it more than makes up for it by getting it right (WikiLeaks and the News International hacking debacle being two of the more recent events) and it isn't afraid to say so when it does.
I can't imagine reading another paper, even overseas you can still get a weekly version, nor would I want to and for as long as The Guardian continues to lead the way unbiased reporting, asking awkward questions and generally playing a part in defining the news agenda in this country, I'll be an avid reader.
Brand for life? I sincerely hope so.
We'd love to hear your brands for life, so please post them below or join the discussion on Twitter #brandsforlife @ImaginationLabs.
Previous blogs:
Kickers and Osh Kosh
Twitter chat - #brandsforlife
Delta Air Lines


text:
The Web Hosting Upgrade Project's goal is to provide RIT with a web environment that is secure, reliable, well maintained and responsive. The Institutes' needs have outgrown the current web environment, and to meet the current and future needs of the Institute, a redesign of the entire environment is necessary. The project team has identified key steps that need to be accomplished to meet the goal of this initiative.
Major Steps
- Separate Content. We need to separate official content such as college and admission sites from content like individual's web pages. This is to ensure that visitors to official RIT sites are actually at an official site. In the past, we have had issues where a student's class project for redesigning an official RIT website was mistaken for the official site. By separating content, we can avoid these issues. A side benefit of the separation of content is unusually high traffic to a student webpage that has popular images or information will not negatively affect official RIT sites.
- Improve the User Experience. Improve the user experience for the audience of our websites by restructuring RIT sites into a hierarchy and removing the use of tilde (~) accounts. For example, the URL for the College of Science would be http://www.rit.edu/colleges/cos/. We also anticipate being able to provide multiple ways for College sites to be identified, including the following format http://www.rit.edu/science/.
- Eliminate the need for shared accounts for accessing and updating websites. To access websites, people will use their individual RIT Computer Accounts and will be assigned appropriate permissions for the sites they need to maintain.
- Update the base web hosting technologies. We will be adding mySQL database hosting for the official RIT website and upgrading to PHP5.
- Plan for future upgrades. Working with the RIT Web Standards Committee and the RIT community, ITS will develop and publicize a planned upgrade schedule for the RIT web environment.
- Create a staging environment for official RIT websites. Website maintainers would use this staging environment to make changes to the site and view the results before the changes are made public. Once the website maintainer is satisfied with the changes, they can push the new content into production using a set of web-based tools. These tools will help efficiently maintain the RIT websites.
The project team is finalizing the design for the web hosting hierarchy and technologies.
The project team has designed a way for the new environment and the old environment to exist seamlessly to the web audience so we can do a planned migration over a period of time instead of a single cut over to the new environment.
What does all of this mean to you?
If you maintain an official RIT website, the biggest change will be the restructuring of the web site hierarchy. In the new web environment, each college and division will have its own branch. From there the College or Division determines the structure of the rest of their site within this branch. ITS will work with each area in setting up their structure during the migration period.
If you have an individual web page under your personal RIT Computer Account, like http://www.rit.edu/~abc1234 or http://www.rit.edu/~abcits the biggest change will be the URL of your webpage. The proposed URL would look like http://people.rit.edu/~abc1234.
In the coming months ITS will be communicating all the changes and steps required for web maintainers to migrate to the new web hosting environment. We realize that this move will require additional work, and ITS is committed to making the transition as smooth as possible.


text:
At Dillard's, we implemented a security program to ensure that a human is trying to enter our site and not a computer. If you have any questions, please contact email@example.com.
If you want to pay your bill, please visit Dillards.com/payonline.
Item #002865610261 064 00P30
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(based on 11 reviews)
Ratings Distribution
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Feels too small
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(7 reviews)
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Love! Love! Love!
Although I love these hosiery, they don't seem to stay in place; I'm assuming it's because they're so sheer. I've tried a size smaller than I usually wear and they still tend to...Read complete review
Although I love these hosiery, they don't seem to stay in place; I'm assuming it's because they're so sheer. I've tried a size smaller than I usually wear and they still tend to twist around on my legs, unlike the Silk Reflections. However, I LOVE, LOVE the way they look on my legs. Most would think I had no hosiery on at all,; that's just how natural they look on my legs.
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Hanes Plus Sheer Control Top plus size
I am VERY DISAPPOINTED that you do not offer Navy or Jet Black in this brand. You use to do it. It is also seriously disappointing that you have minimized your hosery department to...Read complete review
I am VERY DISAPPOINTED that you do not offer Navy or Jet Black in this brand. You use to do it. It is also seriously disappointing that you have minimized your hosery department to nothing in plus size pantyhose. You don't even offer great selections of colors on line. You should cater better than this to your customers. I am a valued customer. I expect more from Dillard's. Your quality of hosery is not like it use to be. Your selection to choose from is no better.
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By Legs2C
from Lubbock, TX
Comments about Hanes Plus Sheer Control Top Pantyhose:
These are some beautiful stockings.
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By RSH
from Fort Lauderdale, FL
Bottom Line No, I would not recommend this to a friend
By tink 46
from Lawrenceburg KY
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- 6 years ago by Jessica P. Ogilvie
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So the other day, I was at this awards show called the VMA's. (OK, I'll stop with the VMA faux-humility. It just feels like a weird thing to throw out there…like, you know how people who graduated from Harvard talk about dropping the "H-bomb?" That's how I feel bringing up the fact that I was at the VMA's. Anyway.) Upon arrival, all the members of the press were given numbers and told to line up accordingly, so that the show's coordinators could lead us out to the white carpet like calm, orderly sheep.
So I'm standing there waiting, and all of a sudden More


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« Taylor Swift To Perform On Nashville Star Premiere | Home | Cops: Surveillance And High Speed Chases »
Tracy Morgan To Host Scare Tactics
May 30, 2008 08:18 PM by Joe Reality
Scare Tactics is returning to the SCI FI Channel with a brand new host. In the first season, Beverly Hills 90120 veteran Shannen Doherty hosted the show. In the second season, reality TV veteran Stephen Baldwin hosted the show. Now, comedian Tracy Morgan of 30 Rock and Saturday Night Live fame is taking over the hosting duties for the show's third season.
Scare Tactics is a hidden camera reality TV show, where unsuspecting victims are set up by friends and loved ones. The scary pranks usually involved elaborate special effects, makeup, and stunts. VH1 named a segment involving a "mutant rat boy" in one classic episode of Scare Tactics as the greatest prank of all time. The segment involved a lab assistant being terrorized by a genetically altered mutant.
The third season of Scare Tactics will premiere with two back-to-back brand new episodes on Wednesday, July 9, 2008 at 10 PM ET/PT on the SCI FI Channel.
Photo Credit: SCI FI Channel
Topics: Scare Tactics |
« Taylor Swift To Perform On Nashville Star Premiere | Home | Cops: Surveillance And High Speed Chases »


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Looking for Carpentry Contractors? www.hotfrog.com.au showcases more than 3600 businesses grouped by Carpentry Contractors within Australia. To find more businesses related to Carpentry Contractors, Carpentry or Cabinet Makers, and to filter by locality, use the left navigation menu.
Fountain Gate, VIC
At Top Shelf Carpentry, we will provide you with prompt, professional, cost-effective and friendly service. We pride ourselves on our quality of wo…
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Coffs Harbour, NSW
Welcome to Australian Carpentry Contractors Pty Ltd where you will find all your building solutions!
Australian Carpentry Contractors has offices based in Sydney and Coffs Harbour and we specialise in residential, …
Newport, NSW
AustralianCarpentry Contractors is a Sydney based company and we specialise inresidential, commercial and industrial building services. We offer a complete building solution, from concept, drafting and council approval…
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3DM BSA licensed carpentry contractors offer a professional & reliable construction ,repair, maintenance and alteration service to Domestic and Commercial Clients
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UBE Carpenters, Carpentry Contractors and commercial building & construction professionals. Supplying builders and developers with Carpenters, plasterers, electricians, plumbers and painters. Specialising in Carpentry t…
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St Peters, NSW
RENOVATIONS / NEW HOMES / OWNER BUILDER SERVICES / COMMERCIAL Carpentry contractors of reliability, quality and efficiency. Specialising in architectural and out of the ordinary projects. We also, design and construct r…
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Nanango, QLD
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Lonsdale, SA
Peppertree Furniiture manufactures high quality, good value contemporary furniture in standard designs or to customer requirements. Finishes range from hard wearing, cost effective melamines and laminates with PVC edgin…
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Engadine, NSW
Modern Image Interiors is your Kitchen and Bathroom design specialist based in the Sutherland Shire.
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Malaga, WA
Perth? Granite? and Marble? supplies kitchen benchtops, bathroom vanities and a range of furniture and fittings. Based in Perth, Western Australia.We have items such as - Laminam panel for splashbacks ( made from non-po…
Richmond, VIC
We are a medium sized team of carpentry contractors. Have the skills and
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Baulkham Hills, NSW
Kastoni Homes offers award-winning excellence in design and construction. Kastoni Homes is an award-winning builder with each project element thoroughly considered, designed, built and finished. The team at Kastoni Home…
Pakenham, VIC
Most kitchen and bathroom cabinets look plain, predictable and identical. But they don't have to be. Have that much needed renovation! Do it with the masters in kitchen and bathroom cabinet renovations in Gippsland – Im…
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Daw Park, SA
New Kitchen or need a wardrobe?, built in to any size.High gloss 2 pack finnishes, bathroom vanity units, design and layout consulting. · Kitchen · Wardrobe · Vanity · Plasma Cabinets · Walk in Robe · Wall units · 2 pac…
Wahroonga, NSW
Jan Mitchell CKD KBDI is winner of the top Australian and NSW awards , and as a senior and respected designer in the kitchen industry, Jan Mitchell can guide you to transform your kitchen dreams to fruition and will c…
Surry Hills, NSW
A specialty product showrooms for your building, fit-out, decorating, renovating and replacement needs. A complete directory listing for all the homeware needs.
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Robina DC, QLD
Kirnick Services Power Tool Repairs has been operating on the Gold Coast since 2004. With over 20 years experience in the industry, we service, repair & sell power & air tools. We specialize in Paslode Impulse gun re…
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Bibra Lake, WA
DMD Shelving Direct provide a range of shelving and storage solutions for retail and wholesale customers in a variety of settings. Products include steel racking systems, cabinets, filing systems and plastic tubs.
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Yackandandah, VIC
Award winning local builder speicalising in domestic and commercial renovations, extensions, also new homes and commercial buildings. All joinery and cabinetry needs for existing and new works, including shop fitouts,…
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Hornsby, NSW
Scammell Furniture are Manufacturers of finely detailed domestic joinery and cabinetmaking. Scammell Furniture is a boutique business, specialising in the manufacture of domestic joinery and furniture items. Generally c…
Kempsey, NSW
Manufacturing of joinery components for supply and fixing for fitout to large commercial works. Some recently completed works include: - Mid North Coast Correctional Centre, Kempsey, Blacktown and Mount Druitt Courthous…
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Prestons, NSW
Supplier of Shopfittings Australia Wide. All shop fittings, mannequins, gondola shelving, glass display showcase cabinets, slat panel display system, fixtures, acrylic displays, clothes racks, display racks. Please vi…
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Glenmar Custom Joinery specialise in Commercial custom fit-out of Offices,Shops,bars & restaurants,Commercial & High Rise Customised Joinery incl kitchens. We offer a complete one stop service including a Mod…
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Newtown, NSW
A Boutique building & carpentry business servicing Sydney, delivering quality workmanship & a superior finish.
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Bondi Beach, NSW
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Leichhardt, NSW
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Nambucca Heads, NSW
The business offers work for renovations and additions ,bathrooms renovations ,decks all carpentry work, metal roofing and gutter, concreting, plastering. Contact Reece for a free measure and quote.
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Rye, VIC
A registered builder, member of the Master Builders Association of Victoria and a quality carpenter specialising in New Homes, Renovations/Extensions, Expert Project Manager for the Owner Builder , Decking and all othe…
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Springfield, NSW
Brendan Scott Constructions.
Brendan Scott Constructions is a Central Coast based Residental Building company with over 15 years experience. At Brendan Scott Constructions we specialise in Renovations and extensions and…
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Glenroy, VIC
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Here at Flip'N'Grip we specialize in designing & manufacturing
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Narooma, NSW
Award winning builder in the Eurobodalla area. Hudson Building Services carries out work in all
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Core Carpentry & Building Working for Owner Builders and Architects to complete the carpentry side of there work as they need it with the minim of hassle. I have a wide ranger of experience in the trade, of 25 year…
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Trent's carpentry & maintenance has been servicing the Sydney & southern Sydney areas for the last 14 years.I am a Qualifiied carpenter providing all general carpentry and maintenance services, Strata services, Decks, P…
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Oatley, NSW
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Welshpool, WA
As decking specialists, Decking Perth offers a diverse range of beautiful natural timber. Natural Timber is available in many species and most are suitable for creating stunning decks. When choosing a species for your n…
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Greenvale, VIC
Over 20 years of experience and a registered practitioner call Chris for that next job that requires that personal service you looking for. No job to small deserves second best.
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Alphington, VIC
NEED A PROFESSIONAL HANDYMAN? Tony Rappazzo is the owner and manager of TDR Property Services, and is also a Registered Building Practitioner. Tony likes to be involved as much as possible and often does a lot of the h…
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Transfer - Other Institutions
We hope your transition from your previous institution is going smoothly. Often new transfer students have many questions that are unique to transferring. You might be asking some of the following questions:
- Why are some of the courses I have taken not appearing on my transfer equivalency worksheet?
- Why are some of the courses I have taken not transferring as Mason equivalents?
- How do I get these courses reevaluated?
- How do I register?
This section provides the answers to these questions and is essential for your successful transition to Mason.
Read this section carefully.
- What courses should you take in your first semester? When you receive admission to George Mason University, you will receive a "Transfer Equivalency Worksheet" which lists the courses you took elsewhere and their respective course numbers at Mason. Using this worksheet and your online degree evaluation, you can determine the courses you have completed and those you have yet to complete.
- If you have earned a Bachelor of Arts or Sciences degree (recognized by Mason) from another institution you may not be responsible for the University General Education (Mason Core) Requirements.
- Missing courses? If there are courses you have taken that do not appear on your transfer equivalency worksheet you need to complete the Transfer Credit Inquiry Form that can be obtained online or from Mason's Office of Admissions in Johnson Center, room 213.
- Courses not transferring as you think they should? If you have courses transferring in as electives (e.g., ACCT---, ECON---) but you think they are equivalent to Mason courses, you should link to our site on how to reevaluate transfer credits.
- Do you know how to register and the deadlines?
- Do you know about the placement test for Math 108?
- Want a job in your field at graduation? Taking courses is only half the battle. You need to be prepared for the job search. Check out our Career Services.
- Do you know what you should do after registering and what is available to School of Business students?


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Second Alpine unification hearing draws more emotion
EL CAJON The passion was overt and emotions ran high Wednesday night during the second of two scheduled public hearings on a proposed unification of the Alpine Union School District.
Supporters of the effort to add a high school to Alpine's K-8 school district, including county Supervisor Dianne Jacob, filled the East County Regional Education Center Board Room for the County Board of Education hearing, just a week after an overflow group crowded the auditorium at Alpine Elementary School to discuss the same issue.
Jacob spoke briefly about her support of the petitioners, saying she has "constituents on both sides" and that she represents all of the Grossmont Union High School District, "including the people of Alpine."
If the Alpine district were unified and a high school were built in the town, then Alpine teenagers would no longer attend Grossmont high schools.
"There is no question that the only way Alpine will get a high school is through the unification process," Jacob said. "I don't believe that a unification of the Alpine Union School District is gong to jeopardize any student in other (district) schools but when you look at Alpine students, they will benefit in several ways."
Jacob said she hoped residents would be able to chime in, saying, "Let this be decided once and for all by the voters."
Leaders of the Sycuan and Viejas tribes also spoke on behalf of having an Alpine high school as did La Mesa-Spring Valley school board member Bill Baber. Sharon Haven, an Alpine resident for more than 50 years, got some laughs and applause during and after her public comment in which she likened the unification to a divorce from the Grossmont district.
"In most instances, when people tell you they are getting a divorce you feel bad," Haven said. "In most instances, your instinctive reaction is to try to help put them back together or keep them together."
" 'How bad can it be?' 'You're stronger together than you are apart.' 'It's better for the kids if you stay together,' " Haven said, then paused and added: "Unless it isn't better for the kids."
"In the case of Alpine and Grossmont, it is better for the kids if we divorce. These are our filing papers, these papers of unification. We want to go it alone."
As they had in the first meeting, petition leaders Sal Casamassima, Chris Loarie and Al Haven presented their view of why Alpine needs to build its own high school. The trio laid out details about why it no longer believes that the Grossmont district will follow through on past promises to put its 12th high school on land it bought for that purpose.
Alpine Union Superintendent Tom Pellegrino also spoke, saying he disagreed with the Grossmont District's notion that Alpine doesn't have the bonding capacity to build a high school.
Pellegrino said that his district's thought is that "the distribution of assets and liabilities should include Alpine's portion (6 percent) of all capital and other assets and liabilities of the Grossmont Union High School District" and that those funds should be put into escrow until the state board of education makes its determination. He also disputed a claim that an Alpine unification would negatively impact the racial distribution in either Alpine or the Grossmont District.
Grossmont District board member Dick Hoy and board President Rob Shield spoke at length about why their board opposes unification, mainly as Hoy said, "because we believe a unified Alpine district will not have the financial resources to build and operate a high school that could provide educational and extracurricular programs comparable to those that currently exist in the Grossmont district."


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May 24, 2016
If three bucks a gallon in Houston shocked you, get ready for this. Katrina took a chunk out of America's oil production, but the country's biggest refineries were spared; they're in Texas, and now Hurricane Rita's on its way, potentially to finish the job Katrina left undone.
Phil Flynn says, "This could be the worst storm we have ever seen when we talk about the potential damage and the potential price ramifications when it comes to the oil industry."
Oil watchers say look for new record high's when you go the gas station. Here's why: this is the country's biggest refinery, Exxon Mobil's Baytown.
It refines half a million barrels of oil a day. It's between Houston and Galveston; it may be right in Rita's path.
Massive nearby gasoline factories owned by BP and Shell have already been shut down. Depending on what Rita does, 21 refineries could lie in its path accounting for more than a quarter of all the gasoline refined in America.
The fear of those refineries taking a direct hit have some people making predictions no one would have believed a year ago.
Flynn adds, "If Rita makes a direct hit, prices could go to three and a half, four, even $5 a gallon."
That's a worst case scenario. Best case scenario isn't very good, either. Those refineries that have been shut down can't just be turned back on once Rita passes.
Even if they're not damaged, they'll be down for the better part of the next week, and that's if they're not damaged. Rita will hit; that much is certain.
What it hits and how hard it hits will make all the difference.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
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text: The numerous facilities and services at the hotel ensure that guests can enjoy a comfortable and relaxing stay. The facilities include a restaurant. Shopping facilities are available. A garden is among the features contributing to a pleasant stay. Guests travelling in their own vehicles can make use of the available parking spaces. All rooms feature air conditioning and a bathroom. A fridge and tea and coffee making equipment are provided as standard. An ironing set is also available to guests. Each accommodation unit offers internet access, a telephone and a TV. A hairdryer can also be found in each of the bathrooms. Sport and leisure options are offered by the hotel and third-party operators. Sun loungers provide a great place to sunbathe. The hot tub offers revitalisation. Copyright GIATA 2004 - 2016. The establishment offers breakfast as a bookable board option.


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I am using 5.0.10 and I have this a problem with the attachments for this email. No problem with other email clients.
Under advanced version, the email do not show the attachments, as per image 1.
Under standard version, it showed the same thing, as per image 2
However under standard version, if you browse down, the attachments are there for download, as per image 3.
It looks like the attachments are inlined with the email and got screwed up within as per image 3 judging by '?' characters. Can I submit this as a bug?