text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 15, 2008
|Filing date
|Mar 12, 2002
|Priority date
|Mar 12, 2001
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Robert Pisani
|Original Assignee
|Robert Pisani
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Non-Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (8), Classifications (7), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a non-provisional utility patent application claiming benefit of the filing date of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/274,947 filed Mar. 12, 2001, and titled IOTA, RIX, CallRIX, PutRIX and RIX Volatility, and is herein incorporated by reference.
1. Technical Field
This invention relates to business models for determining returns attainable on a set of options traded on options markets based upon a volatility factor.
2. Description of the Prior Art
An option is a right to buy or sell a specific amount or value of a particular underlying interest at a fixed price through exercising the option before its stated expiration date. In actuality, an option is a contract between two parties, the buyer of the option and the seller of the option. The buyer of an option is also known as its owner or holder, and the seller of an option is also known as its writer or assigned writer if the seller has been assigned an exercise right or obligation. An option which provides the right to buy the underlying interest is called a "call" option, and an option which provides the right to sell the underlying interest is called a "put" option. The buying and selling of call and put options are independent of one another and, irrespective of the type and classification of the option, options contracts give the buyer/owner the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying interest.
There are two kinds of options. Physical delivery options and cash-settled options. Physical delivery options provide the option owner with the right to physical delivery of the underlying interest if the option is a call option or the right to make physical delivery of the underlying interest if the option is a put option. Cash-settled options provide the option owner with the right to receive a cash payment based on the difference between the underlying value of the underlying interest at the time of option exercise and the fixed exercise price of the option. A cash-settled call option allows the option owner to receive a payment if the value of the underlying interest at exercise exceeds the fixed exercise price, and a cash-settled put option allows the option owner to receive a payment if the exercise price exceeds the value of the underlying interest. Irrespective of the type and classification of the option, options contracts give the buyer/owner the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying security at a fixed price for a specific period of time.
The most commonly known and traded options are options traded on various options exchanges in the United States and throughout the world. Examples of such exchanges are the New York Stock Exchange, American Stock Exchange, Chicago Board Options Exchange, Pacific Stock Exchange, Philadelphia Stock Exchange, and the European Options Exchange in Amsterdam. However, many additional options markets may exist. As a result of the existence of options markets, options contracts have become relatively uniform in standardized terms which allows for easy trading of options on the options markets. However, each U.S. options market publishes its own specifications for options traded on that market which sets out the standardized terms of the options traded on that options market. Options with the same standardized terms are identical and comprise an options "series." Examples of the standardized terms are such terms as the form and amount of the underlying interest, the expiration date, the exercise price, classification of the option as a call or put and as a physical delivery option or a cash-settled option, the specific terms of any cash-settled option, the style of option, and if there is an automatic exercise provision or adjustment provision to the option. The use of standardized terms increase the likelihood that the options markets will function as a secondary market for the purchase and sale of options contracts. This provides holders and writers of options with a means to close out their option positions by offsetting sales and purchases. By selling an option of the same series as the one bought, an options holder may closeout his position in that option. By buying an option of the same series as the one sold, an option writer may closeout his position in that option as well. Accordingly, standardized terms and the existence of options series increases the ability of investors to trade options and create a market for the buying and selling of options at prices determined by market factors.
Individual options markets determine the availability of options for selected underlying interests. There are four common types of underlying interest for which options are available: equity securities, futures and stock indexes, government debt securities, and foreign currencies. However, one should keep in mind that these are not the only types of underlying interests which may exist.
The writer, or assigned writer, of an option is obligated to perform according to the terms of the options contract. The contract may have terms for selling the underlying interest at the contracted price for a writer of a call option, or purchasing the underlying interest for a writer of a put option. However, these terms will only impact the writer if the options contract is exercised by the holder. The price that a holder of an option pays is called its premium. The premium is a non-refundable payment for the rights contained in the option. The potential loss to the holder of an option can be no greater than the initial premium paid for the option. As such, a holder controls the amount of the assumed risk. Conversely, the seller of an option assumes the risk of being assigned if the contract is exercised. In such a case, depending upon whether or not the option was "covered" (i.e. the writer owned the underlying interest or is short the underlying interest) or uncovered or naked (i.e. the writer does not have a position in the underlying interest), the writer's risk may be substantial. All options of a series expire on a certain date, known as the expiration date. The option contract may be exercised at any time between the date of purchase of the contract and the expiration date of the contract. Accordingly, an option is a contract providing a holder with the right to purchase or sell an underlying interest without an obligation to actually purchase or sell the underlying interest.
Both call options and put options are known as derivative securities. Their value is derived from the value of an underlying interest. The most common type of underlying interest is the equity security. Equity securities include common stock as well as many other forms of equity such as limited partnership interests. Options on equity securities are commonly known as "stock options" since the majority of such options are on an underlying interest of stock in a corporation. Each physical delivery option contract will have a "unit of trading" or "contract size" which will fix the amount of the underlying interest to be delivered upon exercise. Cash-settled options have a contract size determined by a multilayer which determines the aggregate value of each point of the difference between the exercise price of the option and the settlement value of the underlying interest. Options will have a fixed exercise price, also known as the "strike price," at which price the holder has the right to either buy or sell the underlying stock if the option is a physical delivery option or at which price the holder had the right to receive a cash settlement amount if the option is a cash-settlement option.
Writers and holders of options contracts take positions in the options. When a writer sells an option or a holder purchases an option they are said to have taken an "open" position in the option. A writer or holder is said to have "closed" their position when, prior to expiration, the holder has made an offsetting sale of an identical option (i.e. the same series) or a writer has made an offsetting purchase of an identical option. Two other common positions in options trading are spreads and straddles which are two types of combination positions. Combination positions are positions in more than one option at the same time which are not the same series and may be also used as a "hedge" or "spread" or "straddle". A hedge position is when the investor owns or is short the underlying interest and has an opposing position in options on that underlying interest; that is, long the underlying interest and short call options or long put options on that interest, or short the underlying interest and long calls or short puts on that interest. A spread position is when the investor is both the holder and writer of the same type of option in the same underlying interest with the options having different exercise prices and/or expiration dates. A straddle position is when the investor either holds or writes both a put and call option on the same underlying interest, with the same exercise price and expiration date.
Various methods are known for calculating a fair price for options. One common method for calculating a fair price for options is known as the "Black Scholes" model. A common saying in the investment community is "Buy low and sell high". This logic is applied equally to the options trading markets, as options traders commonly attempt to purchase options for less than the fair value calculated by the investor's Black Scholes model and to sell options for more than the fair value calculated by their Black Scholes model.
One factor in determining a fair price for an option is volatility of the underlying interest, which is usually computed as a measure of changes in price expressed in percentage terms. The volatility that affects the value of the option and that is used in options models like the Black Scholes model is the volatility of the underlying between the time of the valuation and the expiration of the option. Mathematically, the volatility of the underlying interest over a specific period is usually measured as the annualized standard deviation of daily returns during that specific period. Accordingly, the future volatility is an annualized standard deviation of daily returns during some future period. However, future volatility by its nature cannot be known but only estimated. Various methods of estimating the future volatility are used. The most common is to use the volatility of the underlying interest over a recent time period, and perhaps extrapolating it using a trend analysis. Options prices are themselves used to estimate volatility, by using the "implied volatility", which is that volatility value that "explains" the current market price of an option, meaning that volatility value which, if used in the option model such as Black Scholes, makes the theoretical fair value equal to the market price of the option. Different options series on the same underlying may, and usually do, yield different implied volatilities, so that difference options express different, and therefore inconsistent, market "opinions" about the future volatility of the underlying. Implied volatility of an options series is often used as a measure of the degree of pricing extremity of the options series, and the implied volatilities of different options are compared by investors and traders to determine which series on an underlying are the best "buys" or "writes". Further, the implied volatilities of options on different underlyings are often compared with one another and with the estimates of future volatilities of the underlyings, in order to determine which of the underlyings offer the best opportunities for hedging or spreading. In determining a fair price for an option, it is common to evaluate the relationship between implied volatility and estimated future volatility. Volatility calculations used in options pricing formulas are only estimates of future volatility, but they are critical in determining the value of an option.
The Black Scholes model also provides a conventional method of calculating an implied interest rate. The Black Scholes method of options valuation has two significant suppositions: 1) a riskless hedge could be constructed between an underlying interest and a variable quantity of call options on the underlying interest, with the variable quantity selected continuously so that the behavior of the call option positions imitate the reverse underlying interest position and produce a riskless return, and 2) the rate of return on money invested in the riskless hedge should be equal to the rate of return on any other riskless investment. The Black Scholes equation is DNRR r, where DNRR is the "delta neutral rate of return" on a continuously adjusted hedge and r is the riskless rate of return, often taken to be the T-bill rate for the period of time until expiration of the option. In the case of a call option on a stock that pays no dividends, this equation leads to a formula that allows traders to derive the value of the call option given its strike price and expiration date and the volatility of the underlying between the time of the valuation and the expiration of the call. However, this mathematical formula has two uncertain factors, the future volatility of the underlying interest's price until expiration and the riskless interest rate. The volatility of the underlying interest's price was assumed by Black and Scholes to be known and constant. However, in actuality the future volatility of the underlying interest's price is unknown and difficult to ascertain with precision. In practice, most traders estimate the future volatility by looking at the recent past. If this practice is followed, often options are not priced by the market according to the Black Scholes model.
The only prior art calculation that attempts to measure the general implied volatility level of a collection of calls and puts on a given underlying is the Volatility Index (VIX) which was proposed by Robert Whaley of Duke University in a paper entitled "Derivative on Market Volatility: Hedging Tools Long Overdue" published in the Journal of Derivatives 1 (Fall 1993), 71-84. The broadcasting of VIX was introduced by the Chicago Board of Options Exchange in 1993 on a real time basis. VIX provides a simple measure of the general implied volatility level for the general class of options, both puts and calls, on the OEX index. VIX is created from eight options that are near-the-money and within thirty days of expiration. However, VIX has the following limitations: (1) VIX applies only to options on the OEX index, (2) it considers both calls and puts together and does not distinguish call levels from put levels, (3) it is not a uniquely defined number but is rather a function of the riskless interest rate assumed, (4) it uses a fixed interest rate and does not consider the interest rate to be a measure of return on delta neutral hedging, (5) it cannot be used to derive a unique and unequivocal estimate of future volatility for an arbitrary given time period, and (6) it cannot be used to derive a unique and unequivocal estimate of future volatility for an arbitrary expiration of the options on the underlying. Accordingly, there is a need to have a good estimate of future volatility of the underlying based upon the market prices of the options on the underlying, and the usual inconsistency of implied volatility estimates provided by the different options series on an underlying makes it highly desirable to have a method of estimating volatility from market prices that is consistent with all market prices of options on an underlying interest.
This invention comprises a method of measuring the price level of options as well as a method for determining a unique volatility consistent with the prices of options in a selected collection of options series. For purposes of clarity, the underlying interest, also known as an underlying instrument, will be referred to as a security or stock interest, which is the most common underlying interest upon which options are written.
In a first aspect of the invention, a price level of options on a given underlying instrument based upon a volatility of the underlying instrument is measured. The method includes measuring a degree of variation of each price of each option series in a collection of market prices of said collection of options series on a single underlying instrument, calculating a theoretical return attainable from delta-neutral hedging a single option series at a market price, and calculating a composite return attainable from delta-neutral hedging of the options in the collection of option series. The step of calculating a theoretical return attainable from delta-neutral hedging a single option series at a market price preferably includes ascertaining a return attainable by using the option series in a delta-neutral hedge given a volatility of the underlying instrument. In addition, a weighting factor may be applied to each said option series. The weighing factor may be an arbitrary value or it may be a function of a partial derivative of a value of an option in the option series with respect to a price of the underlying instrument. In the case of a partial derivative, the partial derivative may be a first derivative or another order of the derivative. The collection of the options series may be a set of call options available from the underlying instrument, a set of put options available for the underlying instrument, a set of call and put options available for the underlying instrument, or any subset of option series available for the underlying interest.
In a second aspect of the invention, a method for determining a unique volatility estimate based upon market prices of a collection of option series is provided. The method includes calculating a composite return attainable from delta-neutral hedging using a call option model, calculating a composite return attainable from delta-neutral hedging using a put option model, and then determining a numerical solution by setting a value under said call option model equal to a value of said put option model. The step of determining a numerical solution provides a single volatility explaining market prices relative to the call and put option models. This single volatility is the market's unique estimate of the volatility of the underlying over a future period of time defined by the collection of options series chosen. The time period defined can be altered by choosing the collection of call and put option series given positive weights in the index. The return from delta-neutral hedging is a measure of profitability of the option models.
Other features and advantages of this invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the presently preferred embodiment of the invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
Delta is the amount by which an option's value will change for a one-point change in price by the underlying entity according to the option model used. Call options have positive deltas, while put options have negative deltas. A two-option ratio spread is established as a delta neutral position by utilizing the deltas of the options involved. The neutral ratio of options written (i.e. short) to options owned (i.e. long) in a delta neutral position is determined by dividing the delta of the owned options (i.e. the option series held long) by the delta of the written options (i.e. the option series held short).
A hedge or spread is a conservative strategy used to limit investment loss by effecting transactions in which offsetting interests are taken, such as long stock and short calls on the stock, long stock and long puts on the stock, long calls of one strike price and expiration and short calls on the same underlying with either different strike price or expiration, etc. Hedges may be created by utilizing spread and straddle positions with options only, but may also contain a position in the underlying security. Technically, the delta is an instantaneous measure of the option's value change as a fraction of the change in the price of the underlying, so that the delta will be altered for even small changes by the underlying entity and for small passages of time and the subsequent decrease in time to expiration. For example, a delta of 0.4 means that the value change of the option under the model used is the same as the price change in 0.4 of the underlying, which in the case of stock would be the same as 40 shares of the stock. As such, delta describes the currently equivalent position in the underlying. To obtain a hedge of a long position in 100 shares with such an option, one would need 2.5 such options. As options are only traded in integral numbers, a delta neutral hedge would be long 200 shares of the stock and short 5 such options. The hedge ratio of options short to stock long is 2.5 to 1. It is useful in that the delta of an option allows one to construct a theoretically neutral hedge by taking offsetting positions in the underlying stock and the equivalent number of its call options.
The Black Scholes model and other known conventional models for determining the value (Q) for an option has the following parameters: the current price of the underlying security (S), the strike price of the option (K), the time remaining to expiration of the option (T), the riskless interest rate (R), and the future volatility of the underlying (V). In the more complicated situation of stocks paying dividends or experiencing price jumps of another known nature, the jump process (J) describing such situations is also a factor. In all cases, both the future volatility of the underlying (V) and the riskless interest rate (R) are two factors that are not contained in the terms of the option contract. These two factors (V) and (R) and a jump factor (J) must be calculated by the investor or trader. Each option contract has a plurality of factors involved in determining a fair price in the open market under the Black Scholes model. Whether the contract is for a call option or a put option, each option contract will have a strike price (K) and a time period remaining on the contract prior to its expiration (T). Finally, the models for determining the value of an option may apply equally to a type (TYPE) of option contract defined as either a call option or a put option.
The Black Scholes models, as well as other known conventional models for determining a fair price of a securities option, have been converted into mathematical models and associated computer programs. The conversion of the models allows traders to efficiently calculate an estimated fair market values for options contracts. Whether the option model is for a call option contract or a put option contract, the models have several properties that are well defined and satisfy the following Arbitrage Conditions:
The value of the option under the model for a set of option parameters TYPE, S, K, T, R, V and J is known as Q. The value Q of the option is a real number greater than or equal to zero. K and T are values that are determined by the contractual terms of the option and are not disputable or in need of any estimation. S is the current (usually latest) price at any time and is typically known or assumed. There are numerous interest rates R that may be considered riskless, but the standard one is the T-Bill rate for T-Bills with the same number of days to maturity as the option. The volatility of the underlying V is considered constant in most models, but there are models that consider varying volatility. The jump process J describes what happens when a dividend is paid or when another such predictable "shock" to the stock price occurs.
For such a model, the Arbitrage Conditions imply certain elementary characteristics of Q. For instance:
Q is an increasing function of S for calls and a decreasing function of S for puts;
Q is an increasing function of T for all options;
Q is an increasing function of K for puts and a decreasing function of K for calls;
Q is an increasing function of V for all options.
For options contracts that satisfy the above-listed parameters, there are certain elementary characteristics that impact on the value of an option, such as the value of the option is a function of 1) the current price of an underlying security; 2) the strike price of the option; and 3) the volatility for the options markets. The theoretical value of an option is not the market price of an option, although they may be identical values if market participants are only willing to trade the option at the theoretical value. Rather, the theoretical value of an option is a value based upon the values of the above-outlined parameters. The market price is determined by the market itself and the price that buyers and sellers are willing to bid and offer for the option at any given time. Accordingly, an option's theoretical value is dependent upon factors which are not related to the market price of the option, although the value and market price may coincide if the market participants have correctly anticipated the theoretical value of the option.
Future volatility of the underlying is a major factor in determining the value of the option. Future volatility is difficult to ascertain since it is a function of the future behavior of the underlying security. An implied volatility may be ascertained by reviewing a current market price of the option and assuming a riskless interest rate. For a given option model and an assume riskless interest rate, the implied volatility is the volatility value that makes the model price Q equal to the market price of the option. The future volatility of an underlying security is a major factor in determining the value of the option.
An implied volatility can be determined from a variety of tools. This includes using current values of volatility to determine the actual value of the option model. Since the value of the option model is an increasing function of volatility, this method will not provide a value equivalent to the market price, but will provide you with a value "close" to the market price.
Q=S�N(h)−K�e −RT �N(h−V√{square root over (T)}) Equation 1
where S is the stock price, N is the cumulative normal distribution function, K is the strike price of the call, T is the time to expiration, and V is the future volatility of the underlying stock, and h is defined as:
If a person knows the future volatility associated with an underlying, this person can use a similar technique to determine an implied interest rate associated with the call option and the value of the call option.
A different volatility value will give a different function defining the relationship between the value of the call option and the interest rate. The interest rate for a given volatility is also known as an "implied interest rate". The implied interest rate is a function of volatility. By using different values of volatility for a given market price of an option, a different implied interest rate will be obtained.
Accordingly, the relationship between the implied interest rate and volatility is inverse to the relationship between the value of an option and the implied interest.
If the volatility of a call option is a fixed value, a higher call market price will correspond to a higher value of the implied interest rate. Similarly, a higher volatility will yield lower values for the implied interest rate at a given volatility for call options, i.e. the implied interest rate declines as the volatility increases. The relationship between the implied interest rate and volatility is the inverse to the relationship between the value of the option and the interest rate.
The above discussion relates specifically to call options. However, it can be similarly adapted and applied for put options.
From the above description of the implied interest rate, the volatility and the value of a call option can be extrapolated to a group of collection of option series. For a group of call option series on a single underlying security there is a composite implied interest rate for any assumed volatility of the underlying instrument. The implied interest rate on a group of option series can be utilized to calculate a return index on a set of options as a measurement of the degree of overpricing or underpricing of an option series of a group of option series. This is beneficial in determining a position on a set of option series of an underlying security as well as determining a delta neutral hedge position. The return index described herein takes a group of option series of an underlying security to measure the composite return available from hedging the options. Accordingly, the return index represents the composite overpricing or underpricing level of the group of option series that are used in the computation.
One of the components in calculating the return index of a group of options is the measurement of the delta neutral rate of return ("DNRR") of an option. The DNRR is indicative of whether an option is overpriced or underpriced at a given or assumed volatility of the underlying. The DNRR is a function of the volatility of the underlying security. In the return index, the DNRR is computed as an annualized rate of return. Multiplying the DNRR by a given price results in a dollar return value on an annualized basis. For a given volatility, the DNRR is the interest rate that is implied by the market price of the option.
A second factor in calculating the return index of a group of options is applying a weighting factor to the calculation. The weighting factor may take into account the current or recent volume of trading for a particular option series, i.e. the number of options contracts traded in a given period; it may take into account the total number of contracts "open" in the series; it may take into account the expirations of interest; it may take into account the nearness to profitability ("in-the-money") of the options series; and other relevant factors. The weighting factor may be an arbitrary number, a static value, or a function of a partial derivative of a value of an option in an option series with respect to a price of an underlying security. The partial derivative may be a first derivative, a second derivative or another order of derivative available.
Both the DNRR and the weighting factor are components that are used to calculate a composite return attainable from delta-neutral hedging a collection of options series.
Equation 4 defines the composite rate of return index where the variables herein have the following definitions: Q is the value of an option, S is the price of an underlying security, W is a weighting factor, and Ii is an indicator function. The summation is based upon the collection of the option series. The subscript i indexes the options series in the calculation. In the preferred embodiment, the indicator function Ii is equal to 1 for options with index "i" that are Near Options, and equal to 0 for all other options. An option (option series) is a Near Option if it is Near in Time and Near in Price, i.e. the strike price is near to the current price of the underlying. Near in Time is defined as the time to expiration is at least n days or time units in the future, but at most m days or time units in the future. For example, the Chicago Board Options Exchange calculation of VIX is based upon options for which n=8 and m=the number of days to the second expiration following the first expiration that is at least eight days away. Therefore, Near in Time is defined to be at least 8 days and at most the number of days remaining until the following expiration, so that two adjacent expirations are used, the first of which is at least eight days in the future. Near in Price is defined as the z-score of the strike price is either at most x, where x is a positive number, or at least y, where y is a negative number. The z-score is computed using the standard deviation rate of return for the underlying over the time remaining to expiration of the option. For example, the Chicago Board Options Exchange calculation of VIX is based upon options for which x=y=0. There may be no options that are exactly at-the-money, so their algorithm effectively creates a synthetic series by interpolating the implied volatilities of Near Options, and then uses the implied volatilities of their strikes and expirations to create a composite implied volatility, which is VIX. However this patent is not limited to this preferred embodiment definition of a Near Option and shall apply to any selection of indicator values Ii. The composite rate of return can be calculated based upon a set of call options available for an underlying security, a set of put options available for the underlying security, or a combination of a set of call and put options available for the underlying security. Accordingly, the composite rate of return may include any subset of options available for an underlying security, as well as an array of Indicator values that are preferably Near in Time or Near in Price.
One important factor in determining pricing of an option series is to measure the degree of overpricing or underpricing of an option series or of a group of option series. The rate of return index takes a collection of an option series and measures the composite average return available from hedging the options in the group. In obtaining a delta-neutral hedge, a trader will adjust the hedge position once the net delta of the position changes from zero. This will occur when the price of the underlying security moves dramatically in any direction or when the time to expiration changes. In general, only these two parameters change regularly over the course of time and affect the changes in the theoretical value of the option. Traders generally calculate the quantity of call options they must purchase or sell to remain delta neutral or as close to delta neutral as is possible.
The rate of return index may be applied to both call options and put options, either combined or separately. The rate of return index for a group of option series is a function in relation to the volatility of the option series. The function is a decreasing function for call options and an increasing function for put options.
The conventional models used in determining volatility associated with an options contract and a series of options contracts generally calculate volatility based upon historic, current and future volatility. In addition, the Market Volatility Index of the Chicago Board of Option Exchange has become a popular measurement for volatility. The preferred embodiments disclosed herein include calculating a rate of return index based upon additional factors than those used in conventional models or the Market Volatility Index. The rate of return index disclosed herein takes a collection of an option series and measures the composite average return available from hedging the options in the group of those options with non-zero indicator functions Ii. The rate of return index may include call options and put option separately or combined. Accordingly, the rate of return index is a realistic index for any grouping of options.
It will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. In particular, the underlying interest of the options contract may be in the form of equity securities, stock indexes, government debt securities, and foreign currencies as well as commodities. In effect, the invention may be applied to any scenario in which options are available for an underlying investment product. Accordingly, the scope of protection of this invention is limited only by the following claims and their equivalents.
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|Citing Patent
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|Publication date
|Mar 30, 2004
|Jan 26, 2010
|Sap Ag
|Method and system for derivatives pricing
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|Joss Richard R
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|Sep 11, 2014
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|Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated
|System and method for determining a tradable value
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 27, 2012
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jul 15, 2012
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Sep 4, 2012
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20120715


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Items tagged with 'Narrative Hooks'
Storyville: Narrative Hooks
Column by
Richard Thomas
September 19, 2012
(10) comments
Writing a great narrative hook isn't easy, but it's one way to grab your audience and never let them go.
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Joe Hill Remembers Where He Came From (Part Two)
Interview by
Paul Michael Anderson
Comic Book vs. Film: "Civil War" (2006) vs. "Captain America: Civil War"
Column by
BH Shepherd
The Life Cycle of Books
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Leah Dearborn
Setting the Mood: 24 Songs to Accompany Specific Scenes While Writing
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Max Booth III
Crowdfunding for Writers: 10 Tips for Running a Successful Patreon Campaign
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Book vs. Film: 'Psycho'
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Fast Draft Hell: 7 Lessons I Learned (Almost) Writing a Novel in 14 Days
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5 Writing Sheds That You'll Want To Build For Yourself
Column by
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Joe Hill Remembers Where He Came From (Part Two)
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10 Reasons Why Books Are Always Better Than Boys
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...What have you taught someone else?I taught as a substitute teacher for the Austin Independent School District for five years, during which time I held several long-term 2nd grade positions and was trained to substitute for the Reading Readiness Specialist. I also tutored two lower elementary chi...
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Birdie trophy guide for Call Of Duty: Modern Warfare 3Home / Playstation 3 /
This page contains Call Of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 Hints for Playstation 3 called "Birdie trophy guide" and has been posted or updated on Nov 3, 2012 by nhocmap249.
- Developer: Infinity Ward
- Publisher: Activision
- Genre: Action Shooter First-Person
- Release: Nov 8, 2011
- ESRB: Mature
Birdie trophy guide
In Special Ops Survival mode on the "Carbon" card is the best place to "Birdie" achievement to get, You can do this by 10 claymores and a turret to buy. You have $ 10,000 or more in round 5. Go to the crate air support in the building, and secure the area with your turret and claymores before the start of round six. Then you start Round six and Predator missiles to use the helicopters ($ 2,500 per missile) to blow. Make sure the enemy can not see by hiding yourself in the cover. After the shooting of the two helicopter as long as you did not damage any of the lap.
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Jason Fabok's 10 Favorite "Justice League" Moments
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Mike Kennedy & Wes Harris, a pair of erstwhile comic book publishers, jump back into the game to form their own publishing house, Magnetic Press.
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Virgin Mobile FreeFest 2013 Coming To Merriweather In September
After speculation that the Virgin Mobile FreeFest might leave Maryland, Virgin Mobile announced today that the FreeFest will be back again on September 21, 2013 at the Merriweather Post Pavilion in Columbia. This all day music festival is indeed free for most.
Tickets will go on "sale" and will likely "sell" out in a matter of minutes if not faster. Additional tickets and upgraded experiences are usually available for purchase. In the past, Virgin Mobile has also given tickets to people for volunteer hours spent working with homeless teen causes–an effort very dear to Sir Richard Branson.
People who "like" their Facebook page and follow them on Twitter will be given first opportunity to score a free ticket once they are available!
The festival is presented by Samsung.
Mark your calendar for September 21st as this will likely also mark the end of the festival season for 2013. And of course, you can expect Eye On Annapolis to be there once again!
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Allen Ginsberg
Originally published 01/18/2013
A Beat Poet's Colorful Crew, in Black and White
Allen Ginsberg (1926-1997) was a great poet but not a great photographer. So while "Beat Memories: The Photographs of Allen Ginsberg" at the Grey Art Gallery is an interesting exhibition, it is in certain ways disappointing. The best you can say about the pictures Ginsberg took during two periods in which he dabbled in the medium — the '50s and early '60s and the '80s and '90s — is that they are the works of a competent amateur. The bigger disappointment, however, is that much of the history that Ginsberg lived through and did so much to alter as a countercultural activist is missing.The exhibition was organized by Sarah Greenough, senior curator of photography at the National Gallery of Art, where it had its debut in 2010.
- Rise of Donald Trump Tracks Growing Debate Over Global Fascism
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Galveston Ranked One of the 10 Destination Cities on the Rise by Website
For Houstonians, Galveston is a great weekend getaway, even a day trip. Sure, it's a bit seedy and the water, thanks to silt from the Mississippi River, is not exactly like a tropical island unless the island is surrounded by dirty river water. But, they have some great places to eat, there's plenty of good fishing and beaches are mostly not covered in seaweed. Mostly.
So, when I read this week that TripAdvisor.com had named Galveston Island as one of the Top 10 Destinations on the Rise in the country, I was a little surprised, particularly when the other destinations included Anchorage, Alaska, Destin, Florida, Brooklyn and Kailua-Kona, Hawaii. Yeah, that Hawaii.
Galveston finished No. 7 on the list.
It didn't make the top 10 list for the world's top destinations on the rise, but neither did any other city in the U.S., which is probably just as well. The last thing we need is a bunch of people from all over the world descending on our little beach hotspot and ruining it for the locals.
Upcoming Events
Copa America Centenario - Mexico v. TBD
TicketsMon., Jun. 13, 7:00pm
Houston Roller Derby
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Copa America Centenario - Semifinal(W25 v. W27)
TicketsTue., Jun. 21, 8:00pm
Chances are, Galveston and the rest of us are safe for now.
Kudos to our island neighbors for making an up-and-coming list. But, if a bunch of jerks from other parts of the country start crowding the Poop Deck, I'm going to be pissed.
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'Girls are not property; they have the right to determine their destiny': UK's first Girl Summit aims to end child marriage and female genital mutilation
- Summit is first of its kind to be held in the UK
- Aims to rally support to accelerate efforts to end female genital mutilation (FGM) and child marriage
- First ever 'Insta-video', titled 'Freedom is...' was launched ahead of today
- Made up of seconds long clips from around the world exploring the idea of freedom
The UK Government and UNICEF are hosting the first-ever Girl Summit to rally support for a campaign to accelerate efforts to end female genital mutilation (FGM) and child marriage – two practices currently affecting millions of girls across the globe.
UNICEF data released today show that rates of progress need to be scaled up dramatically in the countries where the practices are most common.
'FGM and child marriage profoundly and
permanently harm girls, denying them their right to make their own
decisions and to reach their full potential. They are detriments to the
girls themselves, their families, and their societies,' said UNICEF
Executive Director Anthony Lake.
'Girls are not property; they have the right to determine their destiny. When they do so, everyone benefits,' he added.
Scroll down for videos
The UK Government and UNICEF are hosting the first-ever Girl Summit to rally support for a campaign to accelerate efforts to end female genital mutilation (FGM) and child marriage
More than 130 million girls and women have experienced some form of FGM in the 29 countries in Africa and the Middle East where the harmful practice is most common. Beyond extreme physical and psychological pain, girls who undergo FGM are at risk of prolonged bleeding, infection, infertility and death.
Child marriage is even more widespread and can lead to a lifetime of disadvantage and deprivation. Worldwide, more than 700 million women alive today were married as children. More than one in three – or some 250 million – were married before 15.
A host of celebrities including Jennifer Hudson, Cat Deeley, Stephen Fry, Rosie Huntington-Whiteley, Melinda Gates and Dawn O'Porter have all shown their support for the campaign.
Girls who marry before they turn 18 are less likely to remain in school and more likely to experience domestic violence
More than 130 million girls and women have experienced some form of FGM in the 29 countries in Africa and the Middle East where the harmful practice is most common
Ahead of the summit the world's first Insta-documentary, created from global Instagram submissions, was unveiled
The moving film sees people describing freedom, including one woman who says: 'Freedom is riding a scooter through Rome'
Girls who marry before they turn 18 are less likely to remain in school and more likely to experience domestic violence. Young teenage girls are more likely to die due to complications in pregnancy and childbirth than women in their 20s; their infants are more likely to be stillborn or die in the first month of life.
'The numbers tell us we must accelerate our efforts. And let's not forget that these numbers represent real lives. While these are problems of a global scale, the solutions must be local, driven by communities, families and girls themselves to change mindsets and break the cycles that perpetuate FGM and child marriage,' Lake said. 'We can't let the staggering numbers numb us – they must compel us to act.'
Ahead of the summit the world's first Insta-documentary, created from Instagram footage, was unveiled in honour of girls affected by child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation (FGM).
The 2:20 minute Insta-film, 'Freedom Is…' is calling for an end to these harmful practices and was created from Instagram submissions from across the world, including contributions from UK, USA, Italy, Greece, Armenia, Ethiopia and Zambia, submitted in response to a social media campaign asking the question 'Freedom is…?'
David Cameron and Rosie Huntington-Whiteley have both pledged support for the Girl Summit
The film explores the impact of restricting freedom, especially for girls who are subjected to forced marriage and FGM, and encourages viewers to sign the Girl Summit Pledge (www.girlsummitpledge.com) to help end these harmful practices within a generation.
The moving film sees people describing their own freedom as 'riding a scooter through Rome', 'swimming with my son', the freedom to be myself', and 'being free of hate greed and ignorance' before looking at those who have their freedom taken from them through FGM or forced marriage.
The Girl Summit Pledge has received over 4,500 pledges and 34,000 social messages of support and has reached 286 million people to date, with support also secured from Mia Farrow, David Cameron, Bip Ling, Jon Snow and Sasha Wilkins,
To see the full film Female Genital Mutilation: A Change Has Begun click here
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Home > News > World
Friday, 15 August 2014 | MYT 11:46 PM
VIENNA (Reuters) - U.N. nuclear watchdog chief Yukiya Amano will visit Iran on Sunday to try to advance cooperation with the agency's long-running inquiry into Tehran's nuclear activities, the IAEA said on Friday.
He will visit ahead of an Aug. 25 deadline for Iran to provide information relevant to the International Atomic Energy Agency's investigation into suspicions that Iran may have researched how to build a nuclear bomb, an accusation it denies.
"The Director General of the IAEA ... will visit Iran for meetings on Aug. 17 with Iranian leaders and senior officials. The visit is part of the efforts to advance dialogue and cooperation between the Agency and Iran," a brief IAEA statement said.
Diplomatic sources told Reuters two weeks ago that the Vienna-based IAEA was concerned about Iran's failure to make good on pledges of more transparency.
Western officials say Iranian clarifications would also advance efforts by six world powers to negotiate an end to a decade-old standoff over the Islamic Republic's nuclear programme, suggesting some sanctions relief may depend on it.
The Islamic Republic says it is enriching uranium solely as a peaceful project to generate electricity, not to accumulate fissile material for a potential atomic bomb, as the West suspects.
It rejects such suspicions as based on false and fabricated information from its enemies but has promised, since pragmatist Hassan Rouhani became president in mid-2013, to work with the Vienna-based U.N. agency to clear them up.
(Reporting by Fredrik Dahl; Editing by Mark Heinrich)
Mexico drug boss Chapo files legal challenge against extradition - media
Vintage plane crashed in Hudson River during emergency landing: owner
UNESCO chief sees threat from cultural destruction
Iraqi Sunni politicians reject visit by Iran's Soleimani to Falluja
Venezuela government, opposition hold talks in Dominican Republic - local media
For a hopping great time where else but Kangaroo Island!
HP enters gaming arena with Omen
Tourism M'sia chairman denies causing ruckus at China expo
England sense victory in second test as Woakes and Broad strike
Copyright © 1995- Star Media Group Berhad (ROC 10894D)


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auction idea...Fingerprint art - class project. Wouldn't this be awesome for a classroom group project for silent auction or teacher gift?
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How to Transfer a Photo Using Hairspray
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Metal art on painted canvas
DIY cross on canvas: Paint background any color and use jute to make cross
SUPER idea for string art...pull the "guts" out of a mechanical pencil, chip a little hole in the side to feed the string through...makes going around the nails so much easier!
I love this - I want to try doing this with my class...it would be a great end of year picture for the kids.


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So Aliens gave the NAZIS technology, which went to America, and then to China.
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So where does this leave us?
and does this mean that cell phones, cloud, and wifi are beaming shit from the Goby desert [
link to www.dailymail.co.uk
] into our cerebral tissue?
manly p hall wrote the secret destiny of america, but Nicholas Roerich was sent to china to foment the plan, after he designed money symbols for FDR and Wallace that is.
Anonymous Coward 35012105
Pay attention.
The closer you get to evil, the more into occult they will be. The Nazi's were very into the accult and what happened to them. They got caught up in UFO life and basically overtaken by demons.
now things are in plane site if you look at it.
Seen the movie iron sky?
well check this out for a clue
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Egypt: the Plagues and the Exodus
God commanded Moses to go to Egypt and deliver his fellow Hebrews from bondage. On the way Moses was nearly killed by God because his son was not circumcised. He was met on the way by his elder brother, Aaron, and gained a hearing with his oppressed kindred after they returned to Egypt, who believed Moses and Aaron after they saw the signs that were performed in the midst of the Israelite assembly. Moses and Aaron went to Pharaoh and told him that the Lord God of Israel wanted Pharaoh to permit the Israelites to celebrate a feast in the wilderness. Pharaoh replied that he did not know their God and would not permit them to go. They gained a second hearing with Pharaoh and changed Moses' rod into a serpent, but Pharaoh's magicians did the same with their rods. Moses and Aaron met Pharaoh at the Nile riverbank, and Moses had Aaron turn the river to blood, but Pharaoh's magicians could do the same. Moses obtained a fourth meeting, and had Aaron bring frogs from the Nile to overrun Egypt, but Pharaoh's magicians were able to do the same thing. Pharaoh asked Moses to remove the frogs and promised to let the Israelites go observe their feast in the wilderness in return. Pharaoh decided against letting the Israelites leave to observe the feast. Eventually Pharaoh let the Hebrews depart after Moses' God sent ten plagues upon the Egyptians. The third and fourth were the plague of gnats and flies. The fifth was diseases on the Egyptians' cattle, oxen, goats, sheep, camels, and horses. The sixth was boils on the skins of Egyptians. Seventh, fiery hail and thunder. The eighth plague was locusts. The ninth plague was total darkness. The tenth plague was the slaying of the Egyptian male first-born children, whereupon such terror seized the Egyptians that they ordered the Hebrews to leave. The events are commemorated as Passover, referring to how the plague "passed over" the houses of the Israelites while smiting the Egyptians
link to en.wikipedia.org
is that the right story?
Exodus 10 I believe.
Here is as it is described in the Kolbrin.
The Ten Plagues of Egypt
Pg 181
The people cried out to the
in their distress, but he stopped his ears and acted like a deaf man.
Dust and smoke clouds darkened the sky and coloured the waters upon which they fell with a bloody hue.
Plague was throughout the land, the river was bloody and blood was everywhere. The water was vile and men's
stomachs shrank from drinking. Those who did drink from the river vomited it up, for it was polluted.
The dust tore wounds in the skin of man and beast. In the glow of the Destroyer the Earth was filled with
redness. Vermin bred and filled the air and face of the Earth with loathsomeness. Wild beascs, afflicted with
torments under the lashing sand and ashes, came out of their lairs in the wastelands and caveplaces and stalked
the abodes of men. All the tame beasts whimpered and the land was filled with the cries of sheep and moans of
Trees, throughout the land, were destroyed and no herb or fruit was to be found.
The face of the land was
battered and devastated by a
hail of stones
which smashed down all that stood in the path of the torrent. They
swept down in hot showers, and strange flowing fire ran along the ground in their wake.
The fish of the river died in the polluted waters; worms, insects and reptiles sprang up from the Earth in huge
Great gusts of wind brought swarms of
which covered the sky.
As the Destroyer flung itself through the Heavens, it blew great gusts of cinders across the face of the land. The gloom of a long night spread a dark mantle of blackness which extinguished every ray of light. None knew when it was day and when it was
night, for the sun cast no shadow.
The darkness was not the clean blackness of night, but a
thick darkness
in which the breath of men was stopped
in their throats. Men gasped in a hot cloud of vapour which enveloped all the land and snuffed out all lamps and
fires. Men were benumbed and lay moaning in their beds. None spoke to another or took food, for they were
overwhelmed with despair.
Ships were sucked away from their moorings and destroyed in great whirlpools. It
was a time of undoing.
The Earth turned over, as clay spun upon a potter's wheel.
The whole land was filled with
uproar from the thunder of the Destroyer
overhead and the cry of the people. There as the sound of moaning and lamentation on every side.
you are getting a match on time and general picture
we will come back to that
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LAPEL, IN - Greg Adams builds wedding arbor for Canyon Run Ranch in Ohio.
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LAPEL, IN - The Town Council voted to approve a little over $60,000 in funds to purchase two brand new trucks.
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LAPEL, IN - Ben Gatch the owner and Adam D\'Angelo of Meadowview Apartments here in Lapel informed the Town Council of plans to build 34 - 40 new apartments on vacant land off Old SR132.


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