text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 31, 1996
|Filing date
|May 15, 1995
|Priority date
|Jul 6, 1994
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Jacques Horrion
|Original Assignee
|Advanced Elastomer Systems, L.P.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (17), Referenced by (29), Classifications (43), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to soft thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) having improved resistance to oil swell and excellent resistance to compression set, a method for their preparation and their use. Furthermore, the present invention relates to cured rubber concentrates (CRC) which are used for the preparation of said thermoplastic elastomers.
A thermoplastic elastomer is generally defined as a polymer or blend of polymers that can be processed and recycled in the same way as a conventional thermoplastic material, yet has properties and performance similar to that of vulcanized rubber at service temperatures. Blends or alloys of plastic and elastomeric rubber have become increasingly important in the production of high performance thermoplastic elastomers, particularly for the replacement of thermoset rubber in various applications.
2. Description of the Related Art
Polymer blends which have a combination of both thermoplastic and elastic properties are generally obtained by combining a thermoplastic polyolefin with an elastomeric composition in a way such that the elastomer is intimately and uniformly dispersed as a discrete particulate phase within a continuous phase of the thermoplastic. Early work with vulcanized compositions is found in US-A-3 037 954 which discloses static vulcanization as well as the technique of dynamic vulcanization wherein a vulcanizable elastomer is dispersed into a resinous thermoplastic polymer and the elastomer is cured while continuously mixing and shearing the polymer blend. The resulting composition is a microgel dispersion of cured elastomer, such as butyl rubber, chlorinated butyl rubber, polybutadiene or polyisobutene in an uncured matrix of thermoplastic polymer such as polypropylene.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,160,790 discloses synergistic improvement of nylon-6 or nylon-66 impact resistance by blending, in the melt, with minor proportions of both an ethylene/acrylic acid copolymer and an ethylene/ethyl acrylate copolymer.
U.S. Pat No. 4,996,264 discloses a thermoplastic and elastomeric composition comprising a polyamide resin and a rubber component, wherein the rubber component is dispersed in the form of crosslinked particles in the polyamide resin. The rubber component is composed of a nitrile-group containing rubber and an acrylic rubber. These compositions have fracture resistance, such as heat resistance, ozone resistance and gasoline resistance.
U.S. Pat. No 5,051,478 discloses a dynamically vulcanized composition which comprises a polyolefin resin, an elastomer, and an ethylene copolymer resin such as a copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate or an alkyl acrylate. A process for producing the dynamically vulcanized composition is also provided, which process includes the addition of the ethylene copolymer resin after the dynamic vulcanization step. The resulting composition comprises the ethylene copolymer resin predominantly in the polyolefin resin phase. The compositions have improved surface appearance and softness, but a bad resistance to oil swell.
However, thermoplastic elastomers based on ethylene acrylic rubber (EAR-Vamac) and engineering resins are almost impossible to prepare with the existing processing equipment. When polyamide (PA) is used, there is an important increase in torque and temperature when adding the curative which cannot be controlled while processing. When polyester or polyphenylene ether (PPO) or polycarbonate (PC) are used, there are side reactions between the conventional curatives recommended for the rubber and the plastic phase which do not produce a material which can be adequately injection moulded or extruded into a finished part. When the curative does not interact with the plastic phase, the properties are acceptable but it is impossible to achieve low compression set and oil resistance. Attempts have been made to overcome this problem and try to avoid these undesirable reactions between the plastic phase and the curative. For example, the introduction of the curative as a master batch in rubber did not show significant improvement in fabricability. The introduction of some rubber without cure site in place of the curable one to act as a barrier between the plastic phase and the curing rubber gave worse properties and did not improve the process.
Thus, it is an object of the present invention to provide soft thermoplastic elastomer materials which would give good resistance to oil swell and excellent resistance to compression set. Furthermore these materials should still have a high elongation and/or tensile strength at break.
The present invention relates to a thermoplastic elastomeric composition comprising a blend of
(a) about 10 to about 40 parts by weight of an engineering thermoplastic resin and
(b) about 90 to about 60 parts by weight of a cured rubber concentrate which is obtainable by mixing
(i) about 10 to about 90% by weight, based on the weight of (i) plus (ii), of a curable elastomeric copolymer (rubber);
(ii) about 90 to about 10% by weight, based on the weight of (i) plus (ii), of a polymeric carrier which is not miscible with the curable elastomeric copolymer as assessed by the presence of two different glass transition temperatures in the blend of (i) and (ii) and which carrier does not react with the curative used to vulcanize (i);
(iii) about 0.1 to about 5 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of (i) plus (ii) of a curing agent (curative) for the curable elastomeric copolymer; and
(iv) optionally additives, under conditions of heat and shear in a melt mix at least until the maximum torque has been reached,
(c) up to about 10 parts by weight of a compatibilizer.
Unexpectedly, these compositions have a good resistance to oil swell, improved impact strength at low temperatures and improved abrasion resistance, while maintaining the desirable properties of low compression set, high tear strength and good dynamic properties over a broad temperature range, i.e. about -40� to about 180� C.
Engineering thermoplastic resin
Suitable engineering thermoplastic resins in terms of the present invention are polar polymers and copolymers with a glass transition temperature (Tg) and/or melting point of above 100� C., preferably above 150� C. They are selected from polyamides, polyesters, polyimides, polyphenylene sulfide, polyphenylene sulfone, fluorinated polymers, styrene acrylonitrile copolymers, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymers, styrene maleic anhydride copolymer, polyphenylene ether and its blends with polystyrene, polycarbonates and blends thereof.
The amount of engineering thermoplastic resin found to provide useful compositions is generally from about 10 to about 40 parts by weight, more preferably about 15 to about 35 parts by weight and most preferably about 15 to about 30 parts by weight, based on the weight of the composition comprising (a), (b) and optionally (c).
Curable elastomeric copolymer (rubber)
The following different types of rubbers can be used in terms of the present invention:
1. The curable rubbers of the present invention are olefin/acrylic ester copolymer rubbers. Such rubbers can be copolymers produced by polymerizing at least one α-olefin with at least one C1 -C18 alkyl (meth)acrylate and, optionally, a minor amount of an unsaturated functionalized monomer which can provide crosslinking sites. Such functionalized monomer can comprise acid, hydroxy, epoxy, isocyanate, amine, oxazoline, diene or other reactive groups. In the absence of such functionalized monomer, crosslinking sites can be generated, e.g. by partial hydrolysis of ester groups of the rubber. Suitable α-olefins for polymerization of such copolymer rubbers include ethylene, propylene, butene-1, isobutylene, pentenes, heptenes, octenes, and the like or mixtures thereof; C1 -C4 α-olefins are preferred and ethylene is often most preferred. Suitable alkyl (meth)acrylates for copolymerizing with the alkene include methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, t-butyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, and the like or a mixture thereof; C1 -C2 alkyl (meth) acrylates are often preferred, and C1 -C4 alkyl (meth)acrylates are most often preferred. In many cases a preferred olefin/acrylic ester copolymer rubber comprises unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer units, such as acid units, e.g. derived from (meth)acrylic acid or maleic acid, anhydride units, e.g. derived from maleic anhydride or partial ester units, e.g. derived from mono ethyl maleate. In many cases a preferred olefin/acrylic ester copolymer rubber is a terpolymer of ethylene, C1 -C4 alkyl acrylate and an acidic monomer unit; more preferably such terpolymer comprises at least about 30 mole percent of ethylene, about 10 to about 69.5 mole percent mono ethyl maleate. In all cases it is preferred that the acrylate rubber be essentially non-crystalline and have a glass transition temperature (Tg) below room temperature, i.e. below about 20�.
2. Other suitable rubbers are acrylic rubbers. This acrylic rubber is a multi-component copolymer and prepared by polymerizing an alkyl acrylate and/or an alkoxy-substituted alkyl acrylate, a crosslinkable monomer, and optionally other ethylenically unsaturated compounds copolymerizable with the alkyl acrylate and/or the alkoxy-substituted alkyl acrylate and the crosslinkable monomer. There is no particular limitation with respect to the composition of the polymer.
The alkyl acrylate is one represented by the following general formula:
wherein R1 is an alkyl group having about 1 to about 18 carbon atoms. Examples of the alkyl acrylate include methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-propyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, n-pentyl acrylate, isoamyl acrylate, n-hexyl acrylate, 2-methylpentyl acrylate, n-octyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, n-decyl acrylate, n-dodecyl acrylate and n-octadecyl acrylate. Particularly preferable examples thereof include ethyl acrylate, n-propyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, n-pentyl acrylate, n-hexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and n-octyl acrylate.
The alkoxy-substituted alkyl acrylate is one represented by the following general formula:
wherein R2 is an alkylene group having about 1 to about 18 carbon atoms and R3 is an alkoxy group having about 1 to about 18 carbon atoms, and examples thereof include 2-methoxyethyl acrylate, 2-ethoxyethyl acrylate, 2-(n-propoxy)ethyl acrylate, 2-(n-butoxy)ethyl acrylate, 3-methoxypropyl acrylate, 3-ethoxypropyl acrylate, 2-(n-propoxy)propyl acrylate and 2-(n-butoxy)propyl acrylate.
The crosslinkable monomer is a monomer which can make the copolymer prepared by copolymerization vulcanizable, and examples thereof include at least one compound selected from the group consisting of diene compounds, dihydrodicyclopentadienyl group-containing (meth)acrylates, epoxy group-containing ethylenically unsaturated compounds, active halogen-containing ethylenically unsaturated compounds, and carboxyl group-containing ethylenically unsaturated compounds.
In the above-described crosslinkable monomers, examples of the diene compound include non-conjugated dienes such as alkylidenenorbornene, alkenylnorbornene, dicyclopentadiene, methylcyclopentadiene and a dimer thereof and conjugated dienes such as butadiene and isoprene. Examples of the dihydrodicyclopentadienyl group-containing (meth)acrylate include dihydrodicyclopentadienyl (meth)acrylate and dihydrodicyclopentadienyloxyethyl (meth)acrylate. Examples of the epoxy group-containing ethylenically unsaturated compound include allyl glycidyl ether, glycidyl methacrylate, and glycidyl acrylate. Specific examples of the active halogen-containing ethylenically unsaturated compounds include vinylbenzyl chloride, vinylbenzyl bromide, 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether, vinyl chloroacetate, vinyl chloropropionate, allyl chloroacetate, allyl chloropropionate, 2-chloroethyl acrylate, 2-chloroethyl methacrylate, chloromethyl vinyl ketone and 2-chloroacetoxymethyl-5-norbornene. Specific examples of the carboxyl group-containing ethylenically unsaturated compound include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, 2-pentenoic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid and itaconic acid.
The other ethylenically unsaturated compounds may be various compounds depending upon the necessity. Examples of the other ethylenically unsaturated compounds include methacrylates such as methylmethacrylate and octyl methacrylate; cyano-substituted alkyl (meth)acrylates such as 2-cyanoethyl acrylate, 3-cyanopropyl acrylate, and 4-cyanobutyl acrylate; amino-substituted alkyl (meth)acrylates such as diethylaminoethyl acrylate; fluorine-containing acrylates such as 1,1,1-trifluoroethyl acrylate; hydroxyl group-substituted alkyl (meth)acrylates such as hydroxyethyl acrylate; alkyl vinyl ketones such as methyl vinyl ketone; vinyl or allyl ethers such as vinyl ethyl ether and ally methyl ether; vinyl aromatic compounds such as styrene, α-methylstyrene, chlorostyrene ad vinyltoluene; vinylamides such as acrylamide, methacrylamide and N-methylolacrylamide; and ethylene, propylene, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, vinyl fluoride, vinylidene fluoride, vinyl acetate, alkyl fumarate, etc.
3. Further suitable rubbers are nitrile rubbers. Examples of the nitrile group-containing rubber include a copolymer rubber comprising an ethylenically unsaturated nitrile compound and a conjugated diene and optionally a monomer copolymerizable with the ethylenically unsaturated nitrile compound and the conjugated diene. Further, the copolymer rubber may be one in which the conjugated diene units of the copolymer rubber are hydrogenated.
Specific examples of the ethylenically unsaturated nitrile compound include acrylonitrile, α-chloroacrylonitrile, α-fluoroacrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile. Among them, acrylonitrile is particularly preferable.
Examples of the conjugated diene include 1,3-butadiene, 2-chlorobutadiene and 2-methyl-l,3-butadiene (isoprene). Among them, 1,3-butadiene is particularly preferable. Preferred nitrile rubbers comprise polymers of 1,3-butadiene and about 10 to about 50 weight percent acrylonitrile. Commercially available nitrile rubbers suitable for the practice of the invention are described in Rubber World Blue Book, 1980 Edition, Materials and Compounding Ingredients for Rubber, pages 386-406.
Various compounds may be used as the monomer according to need, and examples thereof include alkyl acrylates such as methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-propyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, n-pentyl acrylate, isoamyl acrylate, n-hexyl acrylate, 2-methylpentyl acrylate, n-octyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, n-decyl acrylate, n-dodecyl acrylate, and n-octadecyl acrylate; alkoxy-substituted alkyl acrylates such as 2-methoxyethyl acrylate, 2-ethoxyethyl acrylate, 2-(n-propoxy)ethyl acrylate, 2-(n-butoxy)ethyl acrylate, 3-methoxypropyl acrylate, 3-ethoxypropyl acrylate, 2-(n-propoxy)propyl acrylate, and 2-(n-butoxy)propyl acrylate; alkyl methacrylates such as methyl methacrylate and octyl methacrylate; alkyl vinyl ketones such as methyl vinyl ketone; vinyl or allyl ether such as vinyl ethyl ether and allyl methyl ether; vinyl aromatic compounds such as styrene, α-methylstyrene, chlorostyrene, and vinyltoluene; carboxyl group-containing compounds such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, 2-pentenoic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, and itaconic acid; fluorine containing acrylates such as 1,1-dihydroperfluoroethyl (meth)acrylate, 1,1-dihydroperfluoropropyl (meth)acrylate, 1,1,5-trihydroperfluoropropyl (meth)acrylate, 1,1,2,2-tetrahydroperfluoropropyl (meth)acrylate, 1,1,7-trihydroperfluoroheptyl (meth)acrylate, 1,1-dihydroperfluorooctyl (meth)acrylate, and 1,1-dihydroperfluorodecyl (meth)acrylate; epoxy group-containing compounds such as allyl glycidyl ether, glycidyl methacrylate, and glycidyl acrylate; active halogen-containing compounds such as vinylbenzyl chloride, vinylbenzyl bromide, 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether, vinyl chloroacetate, vinyl chloropropionate, allyl chloroacetate, allyl chloropropionate, 2-chloroethyl acrylate, 2-chloroethyl methacrylate, chloromethyl vinyl ketone, and 2-chloroacetoxymethyl-5-norbornene; hydroxyl group-containing compounds such as 1-hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, and hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate; substituted amino group-containing monomers such as dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate, diethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate, and dibutylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate; vinylamides such as acrylamide methacrylamide, and N-methylolacrylamide; and ethylene, propylene, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, alkyl fumarate, etc.
4. Silicone rubbers can also be employed as rubber in terms of the present invention.
5. Epichlorohydrin rubbers obtainable by ring-opening polymerization of epichlorohydrine and optionally in the presence of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide can also be used as curable rubber in terms of the present invention.
Depending on the desired properties of the final composition blends of any of the above curable rubbers can be employed, rather than a single curable rubber.
In preparing the compositions of the invention, the amount of curable rubber generally ranges from about 90 to about 60 parts by weight, more preferably about 85 to about 65 parts by weight and most preferably about 85 to about 70 parts by weight, based on the composition comprising (a), (b) and optionally (c).
Polymeric carrier
The carrier is defined as a polymer which does not react with the curatives of the curable rubber. It can be thermoplastic polymer or copolymer, elastomer or thermoplastic elastomer and may contain reactive groups which do neither react with the curatives used for the curable rubber nor with the functional groups of the curable rubber and which carrier can be cured while blending with the engineering thermoplastic resin. Furthermore, the carrier is not miscible with the curable elastomeric copolymer (rubber) as assessed by the presence of two different glass transition temperatures (Tg) in the blend of the curable elastomeric copolymer and the carrier. However, the selection of the carrier is dictated by its affinity for the curable rubber. If the two polymers are miscible, the resulting material will have a very high viscosity or will be a powder because the phase separation will be very difficult to achieve while the rubber is curing. If the two polymers are incompatible, i.e. the blend does still show two different glass transition temperatures which are about the same as the separate polymers before blending, the particle size of the cured rubber will be very important and the lack of interfacial adhesion between the two polymers will not give good properties in the final formulation. However, in the case of incompatible polymers, the addition of a suitable amount of one or more compatibilizers will solve the problem. The best carrier needs to have some compatibility/partial miscibility with the curable rubber so that the system is already (slightly) phase separated when the curatives are added and the interfacial adhesion after curing will be good enough to give the desired mechanical properties.
The carrier is compatible/partially miscible with the curable rubber if the glass transition temperatures of the blend before cure are significantly different compared to those of the separate polymers before blending.
The selection of the carrier is also dictated by the engineering resin. Sufficient compatibility is also needed for the same reason as above. Miscibility is acceptable but not desired because the carrier being homogeneously dispersed in the plastic phase will reduce its melting or glass transition temperature and consequently the maximum service temperature. In case the selection of a carrier compatible enough with the plastic phase is not possible, a compatibilizer will be needed.
The carrier can be selected from typical thermoplastic polymers or copolymers, elastomers or thermoplastic elastomers which are commonly known in the art and which fulfil the requirements mentioned above and explained below in more detail.
Blends between immiscible polymers have poor mechanical properties because the interactions between their components are too low. When stressed, microcracks occur in the weak interfaces which cause the blend to fail. In processing, in the majority of cases, delamination occurs between the components.
In solution to this problem is to add into the blend a third component, an interfacially active compatibilizer. The interfacial agent must be designed so that each segment or functionality group is compatible in one of the major phases and incompatible in the other. The compatibilizer can improve interfacial adhesion by connecting the phases through interactions. It acts as an emulsifier between the two polymers, like the sodium salt of a fatty acid between water and oil. An efficient compatibilizer has the same affinity for both blend components and has the capability to form a stable blend. Well known examples are summarized in the experimental part. In general up to about 10 weight parts compatibilizer, preferably about 1 to about 10 weight parts is sufficient to stabilize immiscible blends. In many industrial applications, both compatibilizer and impact modifier are required to produce multipolymer blends with a desirable balance of properties.
Suitable compatibilizers are known in the art, e.g. in Teyssie Ph., Fayt R., Jerome R., Makromoleculare Chemie, Macromolecular Symposium, 16., 91 (1988) and Gaylord N. G., Journal of Macromolecular Science Chemistry, A26 (8), 1211 (1989).
In addition to the engineering thermoplastic resin, cured rubber and polymeric carrier components, the compositions of the invention include curatives and may also include reinforcing and non-reinforcing fillers, plasticizers, antioxidants, stabilizers, rubber processing oil, extender oils, lubricants, antiblocking agents, antistatic agents, waxes, foaming agents, pigments, flame retardants and other processing aids known in the rubber compounding art.
The additives can be added during the preparation of the cured rubber concentrate or the preparation of the thermoplastic elastomeric composition or both, provided that the total amount of the additives does not exceed about 35% by weight, preferably about 25% by weight based on the total thermoplastic elastomeric composition comprising (a), (b), optionally (c) and said additives.
Fillers and extenders which can be utilized include conventional inorganics such as calcium carbonate, clays, silica, talc, titanium dioxide, carbon black and the like. The rubber processing oils generally are paraffinic, naphthenic or aromatic oils derived from petroleum fractions. The type will be that ordinarily used in conjunction with the specific rubber or rubbers present in the composition, and the quantity based on the total rubber content may range from zero to a few hundred phr. However, processing oil need not be present, and in fact it may be totally replaced by a plasticizer for the composition. In other words, depending upon the properties desired in the thermoplastic elastomeric composition of the invention, the composition may be free of processing oil or it may contain a combination of processing oil and plasticizer.
According to the present invention first a cured rubber concentrate (CRC) is prepared which is subsequently blended with a thermoplastic engineering resin as mentioned above, optionally in the presence of a compatibilizer.
The cured rubber concentrate (b) is obtainable by a method comprising mixing
(i) about 10 to about 90% by weight, based on the weight of (i) plus (ii), of a curable elastomeric copolymer (rubber);
(ii) about 90 to about 10% by weight, based on the weight of (i) plus (ii), of a polymeric carrier which is not miscible with the curable elastomeric copolymer as assessed by the presence of two different glass transition temperatures in the blend of (i) and (ii) and which carrier does not react with the curative used to vulcanize (i);
(iii) about 0.1 to 5 about parts by weight, based on 100 weight parts of (i) plus (ii) of a curing agent (curative) for the curable elastomeric copolymer; and
(iv) optionally additives,
under conditions of heat and shear in a melt mix at least until the maximum torque has been reached.
Said mixing is carried out at a temperature between about 20� C. and about 200� C. depending on the melting point or Tg of the polymeric carrier in an internal mixer or a single or twin screw extruder. The rubber is crosslinked by the process of dynamic vulcanization.
The term "dynamic vulcanization" means a vulcanization or curing process for a rubber contained in a composition, wherein the curable rubber is vulcanized under conditions of high shear at a temperature above the melting point of the rubber component. Dynamic vulcanization is effected by mixing the components at elevated temperature in conventional mixing equipment such as roll mills, Banbury mixers, Brabender mixers, continuous mixers, mixing extruders and the like. The unique characteristic of dynamically cured compositions is that, notwithstanding the fact that the rubber component is fully cured, the compositions can be processed and reprocessed by conventional plastic processing techniques such as extrusion, injection molding and compression molding. Scrap or flashing can be salvaged and reprocessed.
Those ordinarily skilled in the art will appreciate the appropriate quantities, types of cure systems and vulcanization conditions required to carry out the vulcanization of the rubber. The rubber can be vulcanized using varying amounts of curative, varying temperatures and varying time of cure in order to obtain the optimum crosslinking desired. Any known cure system for the rubber can be used, so long as it is suitable under the vulcanization conditions with the specific olefinic rubber or combination of rubbers. These curatives include sulfur, sulfur donors, metal oxides, resin systems, peroxide-based systems and the like, both with and without accelerators and co-agents. Such cure systems are well known in the art and literature of vulcanization of elastomers.
The rubber is partially or fully vulcanized which means that the rubber component to be vulcanized has been cured to a state in which the elastomeric properties of the partially or fully crosslinked rubber are similar to those of the rubber in its conventional vulcanized state. The degree of cure can be described in terms of gel content or, conversely, extractable components. Alternatively the degree of cure may be expressed in terms of crosslink density. All of these descriptions are well known in the art, for example in U.S. Pat. No. 5,100,947 and 5,157,081.
Especially preferred as cured rubber are concentrates based on cured ethylene/acrylic ester terpolymers and ethylene/methylacrylate as carrier and furthermore concentrates based on cured ethylene/acrylic ester terpolymers and acrylic rubbers as carrier.
The cured rubber concentrates of the present invention as such can be used as oil resistant and silane crosslinkable material.
The thus obtained cured rubber concentrates are blended with one or more of the engineering thermoplastic resins mentioned above in a suitable mixer such as those mentioned above. Mixing takes place at a temperature which is about 20 to about 30� C. above the melting or glass transition temperature of the plastic phase (engineering thermoplastic resin). If desired further additives can be added at this stage. In case that the carrier is not compatible with the plastic phase a compatibilizer as mentioned above is added to the mixture. The addition of the various components may vary.
In a second step, the carrier can optionally be crosslinked while mixing with the engineering resin using suitable conventional curatives which are known to be unreactive with the engineering thermoplastic resin and which curative is different from the curative for curing the rubber.
After cooling and removing from the mixer, the composition can be compression-moulded, injection-moulded, blow-moulded or extruded and tested for its physical properties.
Particularly preferred is a blend of polyamides and a cured rubber concentrate based on cured ethylene/acrylic ester and ethylene methylacrylate or acrylic rubber as carrier.
The obtained thermoplastic elastomer materials are soft, i.e. they have a shore A hardness below about 95 and they have a good resistance to oil swell and excellent resistance to compression set. Furthermore these materials possess a high elongation and/or tensile strength at break. The blends of the present invention can be used as high heat and oil resistant thermoplastic elastomers.
The invention will be better understood by reference to the following examples which serve to illustrate but not to limit the present invention.
All amounts are in parts by weight unless otherwise stated.
1. Polymers employed
a) Engineering thermoplastic resins: PA6™ refers to different polyamides 6 having different molecular weights and which are obtainable under the trade names indicated below; PBT refers to polybutyleneterephthalate
______________________________________PA6#1 Capron 8200 (Allied)PA6#2 Ultramid B4 (BASF)PA6#3 Ultramid B3 (BASF)PBT Celanex 2002 (Hoechst-Celanese)PA6,6#1 Ultramid A3 (BASF)PA6,6#2 Ultramid A4 (BASF)PA6#4 Ultramid B35 (BASF)PA6#5 Ultramid KR4405 (BASF)PA6#6 Ultramid B5 (BASF)______________________________________
b) Polymeric carriers:
EMA: ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer containing 72% ethylene and 28% methyl acrylate (Optema XS12-04; Exxon Chemical)
EMA20: ethylene - methyl acrylate copolymer containing 80% ethylene units and 20% methyl acrylate comonomer (Optema TC 140; Exxon Chemical)
EBA: ethylene-butyl acrylate copolymer containing 72-68% ethylene and 28-32% butyl acrylate (Lotryl 3610; Atochem)
EMAAA: ethylene-methyl acrylate - acrylic acid terpolymer containing 75% ethylene, 20% methyl acrylate and 5% acrylic acid (ATX 325; Exxon Chemical)
EMAAAZn: zinc ionomer (Iotek 7510; Exxon Chemical)
ACM1: acrylic rubbers containing vinyl chloroacetate cure sites (Hytemp 4051; Nippon Zeon)
ACM2: acrylic rubbers containing vinyl chloroacetate cure sites (Hytemp 4051EP; Nippon Zeon)
ACM™3: acrylic rubber containing vinyl chloroacetate cure sites (Nipol AR 71; Zeon Chemical)
ACM™4: acrylic rubber containing vinyl chloroacetate cure sites (Hytemp 4052EP; Zeon Chemical)
ACM™5: acrylic rubber containing vinyl chloroacetate cure sites (Hytemp 4053EP; Zeon Chemical)
ACM™6: acrylic rubber containing vinyl chloroacetate cure sites (Nipol AR 72LF; Zeon Chemical)
ACM™7: acrylic rubber containing vinyl chloroacetate cure sites (Nipol AR 72 LS; Zeon Chemical)
c) Curable rubbers:
EAR1: ethylene methyl acrylate terpolymer containing about 50% ethylene, about 49% methyl acrylate and about 1% monomer containing acid cure site (Vamac G; DUPONT)
EAR2: ethylene-methylacrylate terpolymer containing about 74% methylacrylate, 25% ethylene and about 1% of a monomer containing an acid cure site (Vamac LS; DUPONT)
d) Compatibilizers:
PP-Ma: polypropylene grafted with about 0.15% by weight of maleic anhydride (Exxelor P01015; Exxon Chemical)
PP-NHR: (Experimental Grade; Exxon Chemical)
EBAMa: ethylene acrylic ester maleic anhydride terpolymer containing about 68% ethylene and about 32% comonomer (Lotader 3700; Atochem)
EEAMa: ethylene acrylic ester maleic anhydride terpolymer containing about 68% ethylene and about 32% comonomer (Lotader 4700; Atochem)
EGMA1: ethylene glycidyl methacrylate copolymer about 90% ethylene, about 10% glycidyl methacrylate (Igetabond E; Sumitomo)
EGMA2: ethylene glycidyl methacrylate copolymer about 95% ethylene, about 5% glycidyl methacrylate (Igetabond C; Sumitomo)
EEAGMA: terpolymer containing ethylene, acrylic ester and glycidyl methacrylate about 67% ethylene, about 33% comonomer (Lotader Ax 8660, Attochem)
e) Curatives:
______________________________________NPC-50: quarternary ammonium salt (Nippon Zeon)K St: potassium stearate (Witco)Diak #1: hexamethylenediamine (DUPONT) carbamate"ph ACM": weight parts per hundred weight parts of acrylate rubber"ph EAR": weight parts per hundred weight parts of ethylene acrylic rubber______________________________________
General procedure used to prepare cured rubber concentrates
The polymers are mixed together in a preheated Brabender internal mixer (60 g) or prep center (300 g) equipped with cam blades. Mixer speed is maintained at 100 or 120 rpm during the whole mixing. The polymers are mixed until the melt temperatures reaches 12� C. The crosslinking agent is added and mixing continued 3 minutes after the maximum in torque has been reached. Some compositions have also been prepared in a 3.7 1 Farrel internal mixer. Blade speed was 100 RPM and the machine was not preheated. Compositions are given in Table 1.
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________CRC 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11__________________________________________________________________________CompositionEMA 30 25 30 30 30 25EBA 30 30 30EMAAA 30EMAMZn 30EAR1 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 75EAR2 75Diak #1 (ph EAR) 1 1 1 1 2 1.5 1 1.25 1.5 2.5 1.25MixingEquipmentBrabender mixer X X X X XPrep Center XFarrel X X X X X__________________________________________________________________________CRC 12 13 14 15 16 17 18__________________________________________________________________________CompositionEMA 30ACM1 50 50 50 50ACM2 50EMA20 30 50 50 70EAR1EAR2 70 50 50 50Diak #1 (ph EAR) 2.5 1 1 1.25 1 2.5NPC-50 2K St 4MixingEquipmentFarrel X X X X X X X__________________________________________________________________________CRC 19 20 21 22 23__________________________________________________________________________EAR#1 50 50 50 50 50ACM#3 50ACM#4 50ACM#5 50ACM#6 50ACM#7 50Diak#1 (phEAR) 1 1 1 1 1__________________________________________________________________________
3. General procedure for the preparation of blends
The engineering thermoplastic, the CRC and optionally the compatibilizer are mixed together in a Brabender mixer at a temperature 20� to 30� C. above the melting or glass transition temperature of the plastic phase at 120 RPM during 5 minutes. They are removed from the mixer and cooled to room temperature. They are afterwards compression moulded at a temperature 40� to 50� C. above the melting or glass transition temperature of the plastic phase during 3 minutes under 10 tonnes pressure into 3 mm plaques from which specimens are cut for testing.
4. Examples
A comparison has been made between the properties of a material prepared by melt mixing PBT/CRC1 or PA6™1/CRC1 and mixing the raw material before adding the curatives.
These data show significant improvement in elongation at break and oil swell for both plastic and tensile strength at break for the PA6™1 containing material.
TABLE 2______________________________________ 1 C1 2 C2______________________________________PolymersPBT 30 30PA6#1 30 30CRC1 70 70EMA 21 21EAR1 49 49Diak #1 (phEAR) 2.5 2.5PropertiesHardness (5 sec. Shore A) 76 77 93 74Tensile Strength at Break 5.8 5.9 13.1 10.0(MPa)Modulus 100% (MPa) 3.3 4.6 9.1 6.0Elongation at Break (%) 255 184 271 197ASTM #3 Oil Swell 35 45 13 40(125� C./70 h) (%)______________________________________
In these examples are given compositions where the carrier is an ethylene terpolymer with a functional group which does not react with the curatives. Higher elongation at break and tensile strength at break are obtained when a zinc ionomer (EMAAAZn) is used because it has a greater affinity with the PA6™2 than the two other ones. It is also shown that the ratio carrier/curable rubber as well as the level of curatives used can be modified without affecting significantly the properties of the DVAs.
TABLE 3______________________________________ 3 4 5 6 7______________________________________PolymersPA6 2 30 30 30 30 30CRC2 70CRC3 70CRC4 70CRC5 70CRC6 70PropertiesHardness (5 sec. Shore A) 86 87 88 86 84Tensile Strength at Break 14.6 13.5 15.3 10.3 10.6(MPa)Modulus 100% (MPa) 9.8 8.3 10.1 7.2 7.3Elongation at Break (%) 225 241 300 200 200ASTM #3 Oil Swell 30 55 46 28 36(125� C./70 h) (%)______________________________________
The following Table 4 demonstrates the influence of PBT engineering resin on the thermoplastic elastomer of the present invention. Table 5 shows the influence of compatibilizers on the properties of thermoplastic elastomers of the invention comprising PBT. In relation to the examples shown in Table 5 a blend was prepared comprising 20 weight parts PBT, 56 weight parts EAR, 24 weight parts EMA and 1 weight part of DIAK™1 which yielded a powder upon processing.
TABLE 4______________________________________ 8 9 10______________________________________Polymers:PBT 20 15 10CRC10 80 85 90Properties:Hardness (5 sec. Shore A) 69 63 59Tensile Strength at Break (MPa) 5.7 6.1 6.3100% Modulus (MPa) 3.5 2.7 2Elongation at Break (%) 192 222 271Compression Set (150� C./70 h) (%) 56 42 37Compression Set (PC) (150� C./70 h) (%) 62 46 43ASTM#3 Oil Swell (125� C./70 h) (%) 22 24 25______________________________________
TABLE 5__________________________________________________________________________ 11 12 13 14 15 16 17__________________________________________________________________________Polymers:PBT 20 20 20 20 20 20 20CRC18 80 79 78 75 79 78 75EEAGMA 1 2 5EMAAAZn 1 2 5Properties:Hardness (5 sec. Shore A) 78 78 80 77 75 74 75Tensile Strength at Break (MPa) 4.9 6 6.2 5.6 4.7 4.1 4100% Modules (MPa) 4.5 4.7 4.7 4 3.8 3.5 3.4Elongation at Break (%) 136 167 177 220 158 180 213ASTM#3 Oil Swell (125� C./70 h) (%) 19 17 17 30 17 17 17__________________________________________________________________________
In these Examples a blend of PA6™3 or PBT and CRC7 are blended together with a compatibilizer. Depending on the type of compatibilizer, higher elongation and/or tensile strength at break or softer material are obtained which shows the possibility to tailor make a material according to specific requirements.
TABLE 6__________________________________________________________________________ 18 19 20 21 22 23__________________________________________________________________________PolymersPA6#3 25 25 25 25 25 25CRC7 75 70 70 70 70 70PP-Ma 5EMAAAZn 5EMAAA 5EMAMa1 5EKAMa2 5PropertiesHardness (5 sec. Shore A) 86 88 82 78 76 73Tensile Strength at Break (MPa) 8.5 8.8 9.2 7.0 7.6 6.2Mod,l,s 100% (MPa) 6.7 6.8 5.7 4.4 4.6 3.8Elongation at Break (%) 217 217 263 232 304 288ASTM #3 Oil Swell (125� C./70 h) 18 19 21 21 24 24__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 7__________________________________________________________________________ 24 25 26 27 28 29 30__________________________________________________________________________Polymers:PBT 30 25 25 25 25 25 25CRC7 70 70 70 70 70 70 75PP-NH2 5EGMA1 5EGMA2 5EEAGMA 5EMAAAZN 5PropertiesHardness (5 sec. Shore A) 76 75 79 74 82 67 65Tensile Strength at Break (MPa) 5.1 4.8 9.7 6.7 8.0 4.8 4.2Modulus 100% (MPa) 3.9 3.4 5.5 3.9 5.4 3.0 2.5Elongation at Break (%) 288 350 304 309 247 310 304ASTM #3 Oil Swell (125� C./70 h) (%) 24 26 71 41 57 25 27__________________________________________________________________________
This example serves to illustrate compositions where the ratio plastic/CRC. is changing and allows the fabricability of very soft compositions. It is also interesting to note that, at low plastic CRC ratios, there is no more need to post cure the material to improve the compression set. The results are shown in Table 8 and Table 9.
TABLE 8__________________________________________________________________________ 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38__________________________________________________________________________PolymersPA6#3 30 25 20 15 30 25 20 15CRC8 70 75 80 85CRC9 70 75 80 85PropertiesHardness (5 sec. Shore A) 89 78 70 58 87 79 68 65Tensile Strength at Break (MPa) 9.2 8.0 6.3 5.7 10.2 7.3 6.0 5.6Modules 100% (MPa) 7.7 5.3 3.4 2.1 7.9 5.1 3.7 3.1Elongation at Break (%) 161 210 145 325 170 190 193 195Compression Set (150� C./70 h) (%) 98 86 57 45 87 70 52 41Compression Set (150� C./70 h)(PC)(%) 76 62 45 39 68 53 39 37ASTM #3 Oil Swell (125�/70 h) (%) 25 29 32 41 22 26 34 36__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 9__________________________________________________________________________ 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46__________________________________________________________________________PolymersPA6#3 30 25 20 15 30 25 20 15CRC10 70 75 80 85CRC11 70 75 80 85PropertiesHardness (5 sec. Shore A) 83 76 70 63 89 79 67 58Tensile Strength at Break (MPa) 7.6 7.2 7.0 6.3 8.6 7.7 6.3 5.7Modules 100% (MPa) 7.0 5.6 4.4 2.8 8.0 5.1 3.3 2.1Elongation at Break (%) 123 155 172 205 125 208 255 331Compression Set (150� C./70 h) (%) 75 59 39 32 93 76 63 38Compression Set (150� C./70 h)(PC)(%) 52 43 37 31 73 63 45 36ASTM #3 Oil Swell (125� C./70 h) (%) 24 27 33 38 27 28 34 41__________________________________________________________________________
Evaluation of Polyamide 6,6
This example shows compositions where a higher melting point engineering resin is used as plastic phase. This can be done quite easily with a CRC because no crosslinking reactions are take place during the second step so that no special attention has to be taken regarding the kinetic of curing of the rubber (faster at higher temperature). This also demonstrates the flexibility of using a two steps process in the selection of the engineering resin. Also of interest, the compression sets of the compositions are the same after post curing than before which indicates that the crosslinking reaction goes to 100% at high temperatures and that, consequently, no post curing is required. The results are shown in Table 10.
TABLE 10______________________________________ 47 48 49 50______________________________________PolymersPA6,6#1 20 15PA6,6#2 20 15CRC12 80 85 80 85PropertiesHardness (5 sec. Shore A) 71 63 72 64Tensile Strength at Break (MPa) 5.4 5.4 5.6 6.0Modulus 100% (MPa) 4.0 2.9 4.5 2.9Elongation at Break (%) 171 215 141 219Compression Set (150� C./70 h)(%) 44 35 48 36Compression Set 44 37 49 40(150� C./70 h)(PC) (%)ASTM #3 Oil Swell (125� C./70 h)(%) 19 21 19 21______________________________________
Evaluation of CRC where the carrier can be crosslinked during the second step
This example shows compositions where the EMA (which can be defined as an "inert" carrier) is replaced by a carrier which contains functional groups. These functional groups do not react with those of the rubber nor with the curatives because their reactivity is orders of magnitude slower so that the majority of the curatives react with the rubber first and do produce a material which can be later on processed. This "active" carrier can be crosslinked while mixing with the engineering resin during the second step.
The comparative compositions shown in the following Table 11 give worse mechanical properties than those described in the present invention or do not result in a material which can later on be processed.
TABLE 11______________________________________ C3 51 C4 52______________________________________PolymersPA6#3 30 30PA6#1 30 30ACM1 35ACM2 35EAR2 35 35CRC13 70CRC14 70Diak #1 (phEAR) 1 1NPC-50 (phACM) 2 2 2 2K St (phACM) 4 4 4 4Properties PHardness (5 sec. Shore A) 86 93 O 92Tensile Strength at Break (MPa) 15.4 18.6 W 16.2Modulus 100% (MPa) 8.8 10.9 D 10.6Elongation at Break (%) 232 290 E 256ASTM #3 Oil Swell (125� C./70 h)(%) 14 10 R 11______________________________________
The examples given in the following compositions of Table 12 show that it is possible to reduce the plastic to CRC ratio without negatively affecting the processability. They also show that any type of polyamide 6 can be used which gives a lot of flexibility to control the viscosity and design compositions for extrusion, injection or blow moulding.
TABLE 12______________________________________ 53 54 55 56 57______________________________________CompositionPA6#3 25 20 15PA6#5 20PA6#6 20CRC15 75 80 85 80 80NPC-50 (phACM) 2 2 2 2 2K St (phACM) 4 4 4 4 4PropertiesHardness (5 sec. Shore A) 84 74 60 75 77100% Modulus (MPa) 6.1 4.7 3.3 5.1 5.5Tensile Strength at Break (MPa) 16.2 13.0 9.0 10.7 12.9Elongation at Break (MPa) 299 283 234 227 239ASTM #3 Swell 11 14 16 13 12(125� C./70 h) (%)______________________________________
The compositions of C5 and 58 in the following Table 13 are exactly the same. However, in C5, the ACM of the CRC is cured during the first step and the EAR during the second. It can be seen that the physical properties are not as good as according to the present invention because of the reaction of the curative (Diak ™1) with the plastic phase.
TABLE 13______________________________________ C5 58______________________________________PolymersPA6#1 30 30CRC15 70 70CRC16Diak #1 (phEAR) 2.5NPC-50 (phACM) 2K St (phACM) 4PropertiesHardness (5 sec. Shore A) 82 89Tensile Strength at Break (MPa) 12.8 17.7Modulus 100% (MPa) 8.1 8.8Elongation at Break (%) 177 295ASTM #3 Oil Swell (70� C./168 h) (%) 9 3______________________________________
The following Table 14 demonstrates the influence of the molecular weight of polyamide upon the properties of the thermoplastic elastomer. Table 15 demonstrates the influence of different CRC's upon PA6™3.
TABLE 14______________________________________ 59 60 61 62______________________________________Polymers:PA6#5 20PA6#3 20PA6#1 20PA6#6 20CRC15 80 80 80 80NPC-50 (phACH) 2 2 2 2K St (phACM) 4 4 4 4Properties:Hardness (5 sec. Shore A) 75 74 75 69Tensile Strength at Break (MPa) 10.7 13.0 12.1 8.5Modulus 100% (MPa) 5.1 4.7 4.9 4.1Elongation at Break (%) 227 283 246 233Compression Set (150� C./70 h) (%) 78 77 83 68Compression Set (150� C./70 h) 62 61 65 58(PC) (%)ASTM #3 Oil Swell (125� C./70 h) (%) 13 14 13 14______________________________________
TABLE 15______________________________________ 63 64 65 66 67______________________________________Polymers:PA6#3 20 20 20 20 20CRC#19 80CRC#20 80CRC#21 80CRC#22 80CRC#23 80NPC-50 (phACM) 2 2 2 2 2K St (phACM) 4 4 4 4 4Properties:Hardness (5 sec. Shore A) 73 76 73 74 75Tensile Strength at Break (MPa) 9.5 9.3 8.7 8.6 9.2Modulus 100% (MPa) 4.1 4.9 4.2 4.9 5.6Elongation at Break (%) 255 217 241 222 189Compression Set 67 64 68 69 86(150� C./70 h) (PC) (%)ASTM #3 Oil Swell 29 29 31 31 30(150� C./70 h) (%)______________________________________
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|Multi-phase thermoplastic compositions and articles obtained therefrom
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|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Partially grafted thermoplastic compositions
|Jul 29, 1991
|Jan 25, 1994
|Nippon Petrochemicals Co., Ltd.
|Thermoplastic resin composition
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|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Polymer blend composition of fluorinated elastomers, thermoplastic polymers and thermoplastics elastomers
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|The University Of Akron
|High impact strength polyamides
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|Elastomer blends
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|Toughened nylons characterized by low mold deposit
|Mar 27, 1992
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|Thermplastic elastomer composition
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|Crosslinking of rubbers with engineering plastics
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|Jul 26, 1996
|Jul 7, 1998
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|Jan 11, 1996
|Dec 15, 1998
|Bayer Aktiengesellschaft
|Blends of aromatic polycarbonates and epoxy-functional terpolymers
|Aug 27, 1997
|Feb 9, 1999
|The Dow Chemical Company
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|Advanced Elastomer Systems, L.P.
|Staged condensation, dynamic vulcanization process for making a substantially unplasticized plastic/rubber blend
|Jul 2, 1998
|Feb 1, 2000
|Advanced Elastomer Systems, L.P.
|Dynamic vulcanizates of engineering thermoplastic and acrylate rubber blends with dissimilar cure sites using a common curative
|Mar 26, 1999
|Feb 13, 2001
|Zeon Chemicals L.P.
|Hydrogenated nitrile rubber compositions containing thermoplastic polyolefins
|Jul 22, 1999
|Aug 21, 2001
|Solvay (Societe Anonyme)
|Polymeric adhesive and structures with multiple polymeric layers, their process of preparation and their use
|Jan 13, 2000
|May 7, 2002
|Cooper Technology Services Llc
|Method for manufacture of elastomeric alloys using recycled rubbers
|Jun 30, 2000
|Aug 13, 2002
|Basell Technology Company Bv
|Directly paintable thermoplastic olefin composition with improved conductivity
|Jul 9, 2001
|May 25, 2004
|Solvay (Societe Anonyme)
|Polymeric adhesive and structures with multiple polymeric layers, their process of preparation and their use
|Jun 4, 2004
|Jun 16, 2009
|Dow Corning Corporation
|Fluoroplastic silicone vulcanizates
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|Aug 11, 2009
|Dsm Ip Assets B.V.
|Process for the preparation of a thermoplastic elastomer comprising a partially vulcanized rubber concentrate
|May 7, 2009
|May 18, 2010
|Dow Corning Corporation
|Fluoroplastic silicone vulcanizates
|Dec 5, 2007
|Jun 14, 2011
|Basf Se
|Polyamides with acrylate rubbers
|Mar 9, 2006
|Nov 4, 2014
|Manoj Ajbani
|Compatibalized blends of polyphenylene sulfide and thermoplastic vulcanizate
|Apr 15, 2013
|Nov 10, 2015
|Ticona Llc
|Pipe section having polyarylene sulfide composition barrier layer
|Jan 29, 2002
|Jul 31, 2003
|Dsm N.V.
|Process for the preparation of a thermoplastic elastomer comprising a partially vulcanized rubber concentrate
|Jun 25, 2002
|Sep 9, 2004
|Tomi Heiskanen
|Heat and oil resistant thermoplastic elastomer
|Jan 28, 2003
|Feb 24, 2005
|Yundong Wang
|Process for the preparation of a thermoplastic elastomer comprising a partially vulcanized rubber concentrate
|Feb 23, 2006
|Oct 12, 2006
|Frederic Ferrate
|Polyphenylene sulfide- silicone vulcanizates
|Jun 4, 2004
|Jul 12, 2007
|Dow Corning Corporation
|Fluoroplastic silicone vulcanizates
|May 7, 2009
|Aug 27, 2009
|Mark Hartmann
|Fluoroplastic silicone vulcanizates
|Dec 5, 2007
|Feb 25, 2010
|Basf Se
|Polyamides with acrylate rubbers
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|Holliday Jr Samuel Roger
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|Directly paintable thermoplastic olefin composition with improved conductivity
|Jun 19, 2001
|Apr 11, 2002
|Basell Technology Co Bv
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|U.S. Classification
|525/176, 525/240, 525/537, 525/322, 525/227, 525/238, 525/184, 525/179, 525/479, 525/183, 525/222, 525/228, 525/535, 525/221, 525/474, 525/324, 525/230, 525/189, 525/199, 525/241
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 1, 1996
Owner name: ADVANCED ELASTOMER SYSTEMS, MISSOURI
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:HORRION, JACQUES;REEL/FRAME:007920/0332
Effective date: 19950413
|May 30, 2000
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|May 28, 2004
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|May 15, 2008
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12
|Sep 1, 2011
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ADVANCED ELASTOMER SYSTEMS, L.P.;REEL/FRAME:026847/0246
Effective date: 20090420
Owner name: EXXONMOBIL CHEMICAL PATENTS INC., TEXAS


text:
Best Private Engineering Colleges in IndiaEngineering Career Options
Those students who are planning to join engineering college and looking forward for a good career options they may be in dilemma as there are various career options that students can choose but sometimes they get confused while they go for choosing engineering branches. Here is the guide help you understand different engineering branches with career options prospects.
What are the career options for students after doing engineering?
Career Prospect in Civil Engineering:
Civil engineers are employed in all major construction projects carried out by central and state government agencies.
Important Branches of Civil Engineering
Career Prospect in Electrical Engineering:It deals with the study of diverse utilization of electricity and equipment's that generate and distribute power. Students can work as electrical engineer, electrical test engineer, electrical design engineer, electrical-prospecting engineer, electrical-research engineer, illuminating engineer, planning engineer, supervisor, drafting and printed circuit design, sales-engineer, electrical products after completing their engineering in electrical. Important Branches of Electrical Engineering:
Abhay Jain
Preeti Ratnawat
Lynold P. Wilson

subset: commoncrawl


text:
|Sent on:
|Thursday, October 9, 2008 11:02 PM
----- Original Message -----From: Julian GraySent: Thursday, October 09,[masked]:30 PMSubject: [socialnetwork-1195] Future Northampton meetup events and greetings to all new members!Hi All,
Many greetings to those new members of the Club! We have now gained our 25th member : - ). As you may have noticed the calendar is a bit bare, consequently I am going to schedule some events??
The first thing I intend to-do is establish a bi-weekly meeting (very informal meeting! ) probably at a fixed location to save confusion. The idea will for us to come together, have a chat and book in events for the future that fit around our diaries.
My thoughts are that this should be the White Hart in Northampton as it?s a nice venue and has decent parking. I am also aware that a lot of members live in Wellingborough (including me!) so we could alternate between a Northampton and a Wellingborough location, but I would be grateful for your thoughts. My thinking is that this should be a mid week event on say a Wednesday or Thursday, as it gives people a not to heavy social event to break the week up and at the same time does not clash with Weekend events that we might plan. I am thinking that an 8 O?clock start would be a good idea.
So in order to make this as compatible to as many people as possible could you express if a Wednesday or Thursday is most suitable for you (or another day if you already have things scheduled on these days). And I will schedule a day that is the best fit for most members. I will probably commence the meetings on the 22nd October with future meets at 2 week intervals afterwards. But I will schedule them in the Calendar so people know what?s going on.
I am also thinking of a walk this Sunday, I have not decided details, but could include a pub and possibly Sunday Lunch, but let me know if you are interested. Other ideas are a curry night on the Sat 25th October, but I am very open to suggestions, so if you have a trip out or some great live music you would like to see, let me know, or better still come to the next meeting!
Hope to see you all soon.
Please Note: If you hit "REPLY", your message will be sent to everyone on this mailing list ([address removed])
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Graphic Design: New York-based Elizabeth Dilk gets stylish spot-on
Elizabeth Dilk is a New York-based graphic designer and art director who has a rare gift. Not in a creepy I-see-dead-people-kind of way, rather she creates work which is stylish without feeling soulless (a compromise we come across more than you'd think). It helps that she's very versatile, with a portfolio that includes web design, packaging, identities and logo marks, advertising, typography and print and it's the latter we've chosen to focus on this time.
Often high-end design has a kind of vacuous sensibility that seemingly appeals to the super-rich, but Elizabeth's book for travel conciergeJetsetter feels appropriately elegant while also being engaging, thanks largely to the bold use of imagery. On a separate note Elizabeth plies her trade at Partners & Spade, a studio which describes itself as "a well-intentioned endeavour" – a strapline that sounds both effortlessly British and impossibly charming (the two are interlinked…)
- Submit Saturdays: Tips for Social Media
- New Originals: introducing the London Rollergirls
- The best things on the internet, readers' comments and who to follow on social media
- Our A-Z Guide to the UK's 2016 Graduate Shows
- LGBT in advertising: "What we need now is bravery"
- Images packed with life, leather and charm in Bex Day's new series for Pylot
- The new Sagmeister & Walsh website has a live feed from a snake enclosure and a new naked photo (NSFW)
- The Co-op returns to its old "clover leaf" logo from the 1960s
- Sexual, surreal and disturbing: the weird work of super-skilled Claudia Maté
- Don't Hug Me I'm Scared - an exclusive interview with Duck, Red Guy and Yellow Guy
- Anna Ginsburg explores sex and female orgasms in this hilarious animation (NSFW)
- Ace new Laura Callaghan work calls BS on the idea that we can be "whatever we want to be"


text:
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The Universal Selection Source: Plastics & Elastomers
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Toray Plastics (America), Inc., the only United States manufacturer of precision-performance polypropylene, polyester, and bio-based films for packaging and industrial applications, introduces Lumirror® U65V UV-stabilized polyester film for use as an over-laminate film to protect labels and products against the effects of UV damage. Lumirror U65V film offers excellent UV protection for outdoor label applications, prevents fading and yellowing, and maintains marking quality and film clarity.
Label messages, graphics, and logos remain legible, clearly defined, and colorful, ensuring brand integrity and maximizing the effectiveness of the label for conveying information. In addition, U65V film's surface properties provide outstanding handling and effective coating, improving converting efficiency. Labels made with U65V film may be applied to pumps, ladders, lawnmowers, industrial power tools, automobiles and parts, and agricultural equipment, among other outdoor consumer and industrial items.
"Labels are an extremely important communications tool," says Milan Moscaritolo, Senior Director of Sales, Toray Plastics (America), Inc. "Equipment manufacturers require reliable film materials to help protect critical information including instructions and bar codes, as well as maintain the brand's identity. Lumirror U65V film is an ideal choice for the end user and the converter who want to create and protect a high-quality finished label product."
Toray Plastics (America), Inc., is one of leading manufacturers of polyester, polypropylene, and bio-based films for flexible and rigid packaging, lidding, graphic, industrial, optical, and electronic applications. The company is a subsidiary of Toray Industries, Inc., one of the world leaders in synthetic fibers and textiles, carbon fibers, plastics, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and high-performance films, which has annual sales exceeding US$19 billion.
Source: Toray Plastics (America), Inc.
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Measure, cut, and install insulation in walls or ductwork to control temperature and noise level. Insulators must be competent at reading blueprints and specifications in order to identify the quantity and kind of material needed. Types of insulation include fiberglass, foam glass, mineral fibers, and synthetic rubber. The worker ensures that it is held in place properly by staples, tape, or screws, and surrounds it with plastic barriers to prevent water damage. Insulators may also be expected to remove and dispose of old insulation, spray insulation using compressors, and maintain records regarding completed jobs and inventory.
These workers use a wide range of implements, including simple ones such as knives or scissors and power tools like welders and staple guns. The exact supplies they need depend on the type of work being performed. A floor, ceiling, or wall insulation job may offer a choice between fiberglass and staples or spray foam, while mechanical insulation must be specifically compatible with the temperature, thickness, and diameter of the individual pipe.
Greenhome Specialties - Layton, UT
Looking for insulation technicians to work for a vibrant fast growing insulation company installing a variety of insulation types in a variety of construction. Experience is recommended but is not...
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Looking for an exciting career opportunity with a top employer in the construction industry? Masco Contractor Services (MCS) is seeking Product Installers for the Provo, Utah area. On a national...
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Confidential - Layton, UT
Looking for an exciting career opportunity with a top employer in the construction industry? Masco Contractor Services (MCS) is seeking Insulation Installers for the Layton, Utah area. On a...
30+ days ago
Confidential - Lindon, UT
MCS is Hiring Installers near YOU! Masco Contractor Services (Hansen All Seasons Insulation) is America's trusted installer of insulation, specializing in spray foam insulation, seamless gutters,...
30+ days ago
Logan, UT
Utah Employer Insulation installer in LOGAN , Utah Refrigeration ... ... has an opening for a insulation installer. ... position is full time from 7:00 am to 3:30 p.m. with nights and - or...
30+ days ago
Confidential - Orem, UT
Looking for an exciting career opportunity with a top employer in the construction industry? Masco Contractor Services (MCS) is seeking Insulation Installers for the Provo, Utah area. On a...
30+ days ago
Moving to Utah? Find some basic demographic data about Utah below.
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An examination of the effect the recent economic downturn had on construction spending, workers, and businesses.
Even though we are in the midst of an economic recovery that seems to be growing stronger by the day, the last decade has been very rough for the construction industry and its workforce.
When searching for a new job, then, older construction professionals should frame their approach to interviews and applications carefully in order to address employers' concerns, as well as demonstrate the many benefits they can bring to the company above and beyond that of younger hires. If this sounds like you, use the following suggestions to form a compelling argument on your behalf.


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Destination Maternity relaunching site with a mobile focus
More than half of the maternity apparel retailer's online traffic comes from mobile shoppers.
Destination Maternity relaunching site with a mobile focus
More than half of the maternity apparel retailer's online traffic comes from mobile shoppers.
Twitter pivots away from Buy buttons
While the social network isn't doing away with its direct-sale initiative, it is focusing its attention on ads that drive consumers to retailers' sites.
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Sponsored by 2013 Social Media 300
A subsidiary of private equity firm ComVest Investment Partners will take a majority ownership position in Velocity Express as it forgives the debt the carrier owes ComVest. Eliminating the debt burden will create a stronger company, Velocity says.
A private equity firm that lent money to Velocity Express is taking a majority stake in the regional delivery service in exchange for forgiving its debt.
A subsidiary of private equity firm ComVest Investment Partners III L.P. will become the majority owner of Velocity Express in the debt-for-equity swap. The carrier's management team, which will remain in place, and former bondholders will own the remaining shares in the firm, which specializes in time-sensitive deliveries.
The deal will eliminate more than $100 million in debt and allow Velocity Express to emerge as a stronger company, says CEO Vincent A. Wasik. "With a stronger financial position, we will continue to be able to pursue large business development opportunities, and increase our investment in technology and services to benefit our valued customers," Wasik says. "We will also have the backing and support of a new strong financial and operating partner in ComVest."
Jose Gordo, a partner at ComVest, says "this restructuring will eliminate the significant debt that has burdened the company for the last few years and turn the company's balance sheet into a major strength. Velocity has a solid operational foundation with outstanding long-term customers and a strong sales pipeline. Together, we look forward to continuing to provide Velocity's customers with the timely, high-quality service they have come to expect."
Velocity's restructuring will be accomplished through a pre-packaged Section 363 sale pursuant to Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code, the company says.
The first step to eradicate price warfare in the retail industry is to widen the ...
Posted 05/25/16
Retail sales vary relatively little between January and October as consumers buy when it's convenient ...
Posted 05/24/16
Online retail is hard, grocery retail is really hard, so online grocery is, of course, really, really hard."


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Ten PhD students and 20 MEd students will cross the stage on June 9, 2016.
Elementary Education PhD student Janine Tine's research on parental perceptions of childhood and childrearing by parents in intercultural relationships receives support from the Killam Trusts.
A little fun with mathematics early in life can go a long way, says education professor Lynn McGarvey.
May 31 2016
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Bring a buddy.4.55 / 5.00 10,188 Views
Yugi and Kaiba have a duel to the death!4.46 / 5.00 37,931 Views
Vampire Pixel in the Neon City
A sinister deal is underway in the underbelly of Neon City4.34 / 5.00 11,600 Views
hahah well it was funny but dont abuse that much of dick jokes. they are getting old... and to be honest they are a bit disgusting.
That was funny, and the song at the end:
Abraham lincoln was a good ol' man
He jumped out the window with a dick in his hand
He said excuse me lady, im doing my duty
So drop to the ground and gimme some booty
Lol, great flash
i like the song at the the abraham lincoln was a good old man he hopped out the window with his dick in his hand said excuse me ladies im doing my duty so pull down your pants and give me some booty
cock joke
this fucking kicked ass bro!
u bring us to this major serious epic seen, then a cock joke, genius,a purely unsophisticated wonderful movie with a major lol
well i dont like dick jokes , but the punch line was funny !


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My aim is always to help our readers understand how to evaluate tools within the context of their particular needs and goals. One of the ways we do that is through EContent's annual Trendsetting Products list. Each year, we turn to our inboxes, our coverage, and to our contributors to find out what products are helping content creators of all kinds stay on top of their game. I hope that you find these tools as interesting and as potentially helpful as I do!
Dec 05, 2003
Wayport, a provider of high-speed Wi-Fi wireless and wired Internet access in hotels, airports, and McDonald's restaurants, has announced that it will offer free downloads of the full-content electronic edition of The New York Times to travelers using its service at partner locations nationwide, through an agreement with NewsStand, Inc. In addition, customers who purchase a subscription to the Electronic Edition of The New York Times via the network will receive a free $25 Wayport prepaid connection card. Based on customer research, Wayport discovered that business travelers prefer to receive news and information on the road in the same familiar format as print editions.
NewsStand, a digital distributor for newspapers, magazines, and other print media, provides processing, delivery, ecommerce, and marketing support for The New York Times and other publications worldwide.
Wayport customers can download a replica of The New York Times including every article, photograph, and advertisement published in the newspaper. The Electronic Edition can be read offline, and readers can search for keywords on any subject throughout a single newspaper and across multiple issues, can zoom in on articles or photos that are automatically re-sized, and can move through pages and headlines.
(http://www.newsstand.com), (http://www.nytimes.com), (http://www.wayport.net)


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Where Monty Python meets your 10th grade teacher.
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SAT Reading 1.3 Long Passages 199 Views
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SAT Reading Long Passages Drill 1, Problem 3
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The Hothouse exists to provide a positive place for children, young people and their families to meet, belong and develop community in a fun & casual environment.
We aim to bring the advantages of being a Church to the Redhouse estate- without all of the 'tradition'. It is FOR YOU, your CHILDREN and your NEIGHBOURS..... so why not come and be a part of it?!
We are a long-term community project funded mostly by local churches and charitable donations. It is run by a dedicated team of staff & volunteers.
We invite you to come and experience The Hothouse where a warm welcome awaits you!
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July 5, 2012
Tags: Heroes & Villains
by Jim Park
Posted @ Thursday, July 5, 2012 11:23 PM
Maybe we should start contacting the safety departments of the carriers to make the drivers more aware of the issue for the LCV drivers.I've shared it on my Facebook
Equipment Editor
Truck journalist 13 years, commercial driver 20 years. Joined us in 2007. Specializes in technical/equipment material (including Tire Report), brings real-world perspective to test drives.
We offer e-newsletters that deliver targeted news and information for the entire fleet industry.
The expert, Mark Betner from CITGO, will answer your questions
The expert, Brian Fletcher from Eaton, will answer your questions
Purkeys' Tool Tests Liftgate Charging System
TopKit Aero System Improves Fuel Mileage Without Big Components
Gabriel Shocks Reduce Oil Escape for Longer Life
BorgWarner Expands Reman Turbocharger Line


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Main Street Entrepreneur, author Mike Glauser book signing tour
USU professor and serial entrepreneur Michael Glauser is…
Run, Walk, & Roll 5K & 1 Mile Race
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Avian Adventures in Migration -- Swaner EcoCenter
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If you have received one of the following errors please follow the process listed below to assist you: A)PREQ, B) CO-REQ, C)LINK, D) Advisor, E) Major, F) Closed Section G) Instructor. EXPLANATIONS and Instructions: A) PREQ, The course(s) that you are trying to register for have a pre-requisite required, please contact your advisor if further advising is necessary, then use the Course Authorization form to get the required signatures from the department responsible for this course, B) CO-REQ, the course you are trying to register for requires another course to be registered simultaneously (eg. lab, recitations, other course, etc.), please contact your advisor for further help if necessary, C) LINK, a specific recitation or lab section is required to be registered, please add the linked section with the main section, contact your advisor if you require assistance, D) Advisor, the student has a hold placed on their record by their advisor or advising department, the student must visit with their advisor to have this hold cleared. If you do not know your advisor please contact University Advising and Transfer Services E) Major, these courses are reserved to students within the specified major, contact the specific department for further information, F) Closed Section, is closed due to class being full, only the primary instructor can extend this, the Add/Drop Card form must be complete with the appropriate signature, G) Instructor, must contact the Instructor for further information. Please use the Course Authorization and/or Add/Drop Card form and make sure it is completed with the correct signatures for each of these situations as required and bring the form in person to the Registrar's Office (TSC 246).
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