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For Infrastructure & Operations Professionals
Report:Assess Your Cloud Maturity
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Report:Develop Cloud Metrics Using The Balanced Scorecard
Performance Management: The Cloud Computing Playbook
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For Infrastructure & Operations Professionals
Report:Vendor Landscape: Private Cloud Overview
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Report:Vendor Landscape: Private Cloud Software Solutions, Q2 2016
Varied Building Blocks Lay The Foundation, But It's Up To You To Make It A True Private Cloud
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Report:Predictions 2016: The Cloud Accelerates
Eleven Key Developments For Cloud And What I&O Pros Should Do About Them
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Report:Adoption Profile: Private Cloud In North America, Q1 2016
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Report:The Forrester Wave™: Private Cloud Software Suites, Q1 2016
How The Top Nine Private Cloud Software Suites Stack Up
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Report:The Forrester Cloud Computing Maturity Assessment: Q2 2015
This tool accompanies the assessment report in the cloud computing playbook. It offers clients the ability to measure their own cloud maturity.
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For Infrastructure & Operations Professionals
Report:TechRadar™: Private Cloud, Q3 2015
Private Cloud Software Suites Hit Equilibrium As Enterprises Take A Segmented Approach To Private Cloud
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Report:The Truth Behind Enterprise-Class Cloud
The Public Cloud Is Ready For The Enterprise; Determine If You Are Too
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For Application Development & Delivery Professionals
Report:Cloud Service Provider Categories Are Shifting: Here's Your Guide
Forrester's External Computing Service Model Definitions And Assessment
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Report:The State Of The Cloud: Migration, Portability, And Interoperability, Q4 2015
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For Infrastructure & Operations Professionals
Report:Adoption Profile: Private Cloud In Europe, Q1 2016
European Adopters Focus On Private Clouds For Test/Dev Purposes
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- Downloads: 315
For CIO Professionals
Report:Brief: OpenStack Is Now Ready For Business
Robust Technology And A Strong Community Make This Open Source Cloud A Good Choice For Powering New Enterprise Applications
The open source cloud computing project OpenStack has come a long way since NASA and Rackspace launched it in 2010. Backed by leading technology infrastructure providers including Cisco, Dell, EMC,...
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For Infrastructure & Operations Professionals
Report:Brief: Top 10 Facts Every I&O Pro Should Know About Cloud Economics
All Business Runs On Money, But This Money Is Different
Cloud's economic model is truly unique. It extends beyond basic variability and dictates how your cloud provider frames its services. Whether a cloud skeptic following a cloud-first mandate or one...
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For Infrastructure & Operations Professionals
Report:Adoption Profile: Public Cloud, North America, Q1 2016
Developer adoption of public cloud is a no-brainer. Adoption rises steadily each year, but infrastructure and operations (I&O) pros are split on whether it will replace traditional hosting options...
- Downloads: 182
For Infrastructure & Operations Professionals
Report:Why Overlays Are Getting The Most Attention In The Software-Defined Network Market
The Taxonomy And Benefits Of The Software-Defined Network Overlay Market
It will be another five years before software-defined networking (SDN) becomes a mainstream foundation of the business technology (BT) that can be applied across the entire network. However,...
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For Infrastructure & Operations Professionals
Report:The Forrester Private Cloud Maturity Assessment: Q3 2015
Forrester's private cloud maturity assessment evaluates your current and desired state maturity across 42 key private cloud elements within four top-level domains: technical, governance, people, and...
- Downloads: 1
For Infrastructure & Operations Professionals
Report:Brief: VMworld 2015 Reveals A Disruptor In Transition
VMware Woos Cloud-Native Developers In Its Quest To Overcome Its Innovator's Dilemma
VMware recently revealed the direction that it's heading at its annual VMworld conference. In 2013, VMware announced its pursuit of three complementary product strategies for the BT agenda: 1)...
- Downloads: 134
For Infrastructure & Operations Professionals
Report:Adoption Profile: Hosted Private Cloud, North America And Europe, Q1 2016
Hosted private cloud takes characteristics from both internal private environments and public cloud to create a third infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) deployment model. Despite its later entry,...
- Downloads: 196
For CIO Professionals
Report:Open Source Powers Enterprise Digital Transformation
CIOs Need To Embrace Open Source Software To Drive Change
Open source is not just of interest to researchers, startups, or small businesses. The modern enterprise embraces open source capabilities to accelerate its digital transformation efforts, and open...
- Downloads: 168
For Infrastructure & Operations Professionals
Report:Adoption Profile: Public Cloud In Europe, Q1 2016
Are enterprises actually adopting public cloud? European infrastructure and operations (I&O) executives and their teams often ask Forrester for public cloud adoption data to inform the cloud strategy...
- Downloads: 161
For Infrastructure & Operations Professionals
Report:Your Three-Step Guide To Planning Cloud Migration
Be Cautious About The Macroeconomic Lure Of The Cloud Sirens
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For Infrastructure & Operations Professionals
Report:Quick Take: OpenStack Summit, Q4 2015
The Liberty Summit Focused On Incremental Improvements And Reassurance
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- Downloads: 117
For Infrastructure & Operations Professionals
Report:Quick Take: OpenStack Summit, Q2 2016
Mitaka Summit Quantifies Enterprise Adoption And Focuses On Usability
Cloud computing is a linchpin of a digital business. While the major public cloud providers have their own proprietary platforms, hybrid services that include private cloud favor the OpenStack...
- Downloads: 59
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Worry People: No Evil 19
Much ado about doing nothing4.52 / 5.00 615 Views
Spirit Chaser
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 8, 1996
|Filing date
|Jun 30, 1994
|Priority date
|Jun 30, 1994
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Graciela Blanchet-Fincher
|Original Assignee
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (37), Classifications (22), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to a donor element for laser-induced thermal transfer processes. More particularly, it relates to a multilayer donor element.
Laser-induced thermal transfer processes are well-known in applications such as color proofing and lithography. Such laser-induced processes include, for example, dye sublimation, dye transfer, melt transfer, and ablative material transfer. These processes have been described in, for example, Baldock, UK patent 2,083,726; DeBoer, U.S. Pat. No. 4,942,141; Kellogg, U.S. Pat. No. 5,019,549; Evans, U.S. Pat. No. 4,948,776; Foley et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,156,938; Ellis et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,171,650; and Koshizuka et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,643,917.
Laser-induced processes use a laserable assemblage comprising (a) a donor element that contains the imageable component, i.e., the material to be transferred, and (b) a receiver element. The donor element is imagewise exposed by a laser, usually an infrared laser, resulting in transfer of material to the receiver element. The exposure takes place only in a small, selected region of the donor at one time, so that the transfer can be built up one pixel at a time. Computer control produces transfer with high resolution and at high speed.
For the preparation of images for proofing applications, the imageable component is a colorant. For the preparation of lithographic printing plates, the imageable component is an olephilic material which will receive and transfer ink in printing.
Laser-induced processes are fast and result in transfer of material with high resolution. However, in many cases, the resulting transferred material does not have the required durability of the transferred image. In dye sublimination processes, light-fastness is frequently lacking. In ablative and melt transfer processes, poor adhesion and/or durability can be a problem.
This invention provides a donor element for use in a laser-induced thermal transfer process, said element comprising a support bearing on a first surface thereof, in the order listed:
(a) at least one ejection layer comprising a first polymer having a decomposition temperature T1 ;
(b) at least one heating layer;
(c) at least one transfer layer comprising (i) a second polymer having a decomposition temperature T2 and an imageable component; wherein T2 ≧(T1 +100).
In a second embodiment this invention concerns a laser-induced thermal transfer process comprising:
(1) imagewise exposing to laser radiation a laserable assemblage comprising:
(A) a donor element comprising a support bearing on a first surface thereof, in the order listed:
(a) at least one ejection layer comprising a first polymer having a decomposition temperature T1 ;
(b) at least one heating layer;
(c) at least one transfer layer comprising (i) a second polymer having a decomposition temperature T2 and an imageable component; wherein T2 ≧(T1 +100); and
(B) a receiver element in contact with the first surface of the donor element; wherein a substantial portion of the transfer layer is transferred to the receiver element; and
(2) separating the donor element from the receiver element, Steps (1)-(2) can be repeated at least once using the same receiver element and a different donor element having an imageable component the same as or different from the first imageable component.
FIG. 1 illustrates a laser imaging apparatus comprising an infrared laser (1), laser beam 1 (a) , an infrared mirror (2), reflected beam 1(b), a power meter (5), a translator (8), a donor element (3) and a receiver element (6). The donor element and receiver element are held in place by an acrylic plate (7), and a flat metal plate (9). The donor and receiver-elements and acrylic and metal plates are housed in a sample holder (4).
FIG. 2 illustrates a laser imaging apparatus containing all of the components mentioned in FIG. 1 with the exception that a U-shaped metal plate (10) is used instead of the flat metal plate (9).
FIG. 3 illustrates a perspective plan view of the U-shaped metal plate (10) referred to in FIG. 2.
This invention concerns a donor element for a laser-induced, thermal transfer process, and a process of use for such an element. The donor element comprises a support bearing at least three layers. The layers have been chosen such that the specific functions required in the laser imaging process are addressed by different layers, which are formulated accordingly. That is, the required functions of heating, decomposition, and transfer are fully decoupled and independently formulated in one of the three specific layers. The donor element is combined with a receiver element to form a laserable assemblage which is imagewise exposed by a laser to effect transfer of an imageable component from the donor element to the receiver element.
It was found that a donor element, such as the one described in the present invention, when used in a laser induced, non-explosive, thermal transfer process, produces improved durability in the transferred image. It is believed that the improved transferred image durability is due to the transfer of both non-degraded polymeric binder and imageable components to the receiver element.
The donor element comprises a support, bearing on a first surface thereof: (a) at least one ejection layer comprising a first polymer; (b) at least one heating layer; and (c) at least one transfer layer comprising (i) a binder which is a second polymer and (ii) an imageable component. The decomposition temperature of the first polymer is T1, the decomposition temperature of the second polymer is T2, and T2 ≧(T1 +100).
1. Support
Any dimensionally stable, sheet material can be used as the donor support. If the laserable assemblage is imaged through the donor support, the support should be capable of transmitting the laser radiation, and not be adversely affected by this radiation. Examples of suitable materials include, polyesters, such as polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene naphthanate; polyamides; polycarbonates; fluoropolymers; polyacetals; polyolefins; etc. A preferred support material is polyethylene terephthalate film.
The donor support typically has a thickness of about 2 to about 250 micrometers, and can have a subbing layer, if desired. A preferred thickness is about 10 to 50 micrometers.
2. Ejection Layer
The ejection layer is the first of the three functional layers, positioned closest to the support surface. This layer provides the force to effect transfer of the imageable component to the receiver element. When heated, this layer decomposes into small gaseous molecules providing the necessary pressure to propel or eject the imageable component onto the receiver element. This is accomplished by using a polymer having a relatively low decomposition temperature.
Examples of suitable polymers include (a) polycarbonates having low decomposition temperatures (Td), such as polypropylene carbonate; (b) substituted styrene polymers having low decomposition temperatures, such as poly-alphamethylstyrene; (c) polyacrylate and polymethacrylate esters, such as polymethylmethacrylate and polybutylmethacrylate; (d) cellulosic materials such as cellulose acetate butyrate and nitrocellulose; and (e) other polymers such as polyvinyl chloride; polyacetals; polyvinylidene chloride; polyurethanes with low Td; polyesters; polyorthoesters; acrylonitrile and substituted acrylonitrile polymers; maleic acid resins; and copolymers of the above. Mixtures of polymers can also be used. Additional examples of polymers having low decomposition temperatures can be found in Foley et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,156,938. These include polymers which undergo acid-catalyzed decomposition. For these polymers, it is frequently desirable to include one or more hydrogen donors with the polymer.
Preferred polymers for the ejection layer are polyacrylate and polymethacrylate esters, low Td polycarbonates, nitrocellulose, and poly(vinyl chloride). Most preferred is poly(vinyl chloride).
In general, it is preferred that the polymer for the ejection layer has a decomposition temperature less than 325� C., more preferably less than 275� C.
Other materials can be present as additives in the ejection layer as long as they do not interfere with the essential function of the layer. Examples of such additives include coating aids, plasticizers, flow additives, slip agents, anti-halation agents, antistatic agents, surfactants, and others which are known to be used in the formulation of coatings.
The ejection layer generally has a thickness in the range of about 0.5 to 20 micrometers, preferably in the range of about 0.7 to 5 micrometers. Thicknesses greater than about 25 micrometers are generally not preferred as this may lead to delamination and cracking unless the layer is highly plasticized.
Although it is preferred to have a single ejection layer, it is also possible to have more than one ejection layer, and the different ejection layers can have the same or different compositions, as long as they all function as described above. The total thickness of all the ejection layers should be in the range given above, i.e., 0.5 to 20 micrometers.
The ejection layer(s) can be coated onto the donor support as a dispersion in a suitable solvent, however, it is preferred to coat the layer(s) from a solution. Any suitable solvent can be used as a coating solvent, as long as it does not deleteriously affect the properties of the assemblage, using conventional coating techniques or printing techniques, such as those used in, for example, gravure printing.
3. Heating Layer
The heating layer is deposited on the ejection layer, further removed from the support. The function of the heating layer is to absorb the laser radiation and convert the radiation into heat. Materials suitable for the layer can be inorganic or organic and can inherently absorb the laser radiation or include additional laser-radiation absorbing compounds.
Examples of suitable inorganic materials are transition metal elements, and metallic elements of Groups IIIa, IVa, Va and VIa, their alloys with each other, and their alloys with the elements of Groups Ia and IIa. Preferred metals include Al, Cr, Sb, Ti, Bi, Zr, TiO2, Ni, In, Zn, and their alloys. Particularly preferred are Al, Ni, Cr, and Zr.
The thickness of the heating layer is generally about 20 Angstroms to 0.1 micrometers, preferable about 50 to 100 Angstroms.
Although it is preferred to have a single heating layer, it is also possible to have more than one heating layer, and the different layers can have the same or different compositions, as long as they all function as described above. In the case of multiple heating layers it may be necessary to add a laser radiation absorbing component in order to get effective heating of the layer. The total thickness of all the heating layers should be in the range given above, i.e., 20 Angstroms to 0.1 micrometers.
The heating layer(s) can be applied using any of the well-known techniques for providing thin metal layers, such as sputtering, chemical vapor deposition and electron beam.
4. Transfer Layer
The transfer layer comprises (i) a polymeric binder which is different from the polymer in the ejection layer, and (ii) an imageable component.
The binder for the transfer layer is a polymeric material having a decomposition temperature of at least 100� C. greater than the decomposition temperature of the binder in the ejection layer, preferably more than 150� C. greater. The binder should be film forming and coatable from solution or from a dispersion. It is preferred that the binder have a relatively low melting point to facilitate transfer. Binders having melting points less than about 250� C. are preferred. However, heat-fusible binders, such as waxes should be avoided as the sole binder since such binders may not be as durable.
It is preferred that the binder does not self-oxidize, decompose or degrade at the temperature achieved during the laser exposure so that the imageable component and binder are transferred intact for improved durability. Examples of suitable binders include copolymers of styrene and (meth) acrylate esters, such as styrene/methyl-methacrylate; copolymers of styrene and olefin monomers, such as styrene/ethylene/butylene; copolymers of styrene and acrylonitrile; fluoropolymers; copolymers of (meth) acrylate esters with ethylene and carbon monoxide; polycarbonates having higher decomposition temperatures; (meth) acrylate homopolymers and copolymers; polysulfones; polyurethanes; polyesters. The monomers for the above polymers can be substituted or unsubstituted. Mixtures of polymers can also be used.
In general, it is preferred that the polymer for the transfer layer have a decomposition temperature greater than 400� C. Preferred polymers for the transfer layer are ethylene copolymers, as they provide high decomposition temperatures with low melting temperatures and high specific heat. Most preferred is a copolymer of n-butyl acrylate, ethylene and carbon monoxide.
The binder polymer generally has a concentration of about 15-50% by weight, based on the total weight of the transfer layer, preferably 30-40% by weight.
The nature of the imageable component will depend on the intended application for the assemblage. The imageable component preferably has a decomposition temperature that is greater than that of the polymeric material in the ejection layer. It is most preferred that the imageable component have a decomposition that is at least as great as the decomposition temperature of the binder polymer in the transfer layer.
For imaging applications, the imageable component will be a colorant. The colorant can be a pigment or a non-sublimable dye. It is preferred to use a pigment as the colorant for stability and for color density, and also for the high decomposition temperature. Examples of suitable inorganic pigments include carbon black and graphite. Examples of suitable organic pigments include Rubine F6B (C.I. No. Pigment 184); Cromophthal� Yellow 3G (C.I. No. Pigment Yellow 93); Hostaperm� Yellow 3G (C.I. No. Pigment Yellow 154); Monastral� Violet R (C.I. No. Pigment Violet 19); 2,9-dimethylquinacridone (C.I. No. Pigment Red 122); Indofast� Brilliant Scarlet R6300 (C.I. No. Pigment Red 123); Quindo Magenta RV 6803; Monastral� Blue G (C.I. No. Pigment Blue 15); Monastral� Blue BT 383D (C.I. No. Pigment Blue 15); Monastral� Blue G BT 284D (C.I. No. Pigment Blue 15); and Monastral� Green GT 751D (C.I. No. Pigment Green 7). Combinations of pigments and/or dyes can also be used.
In accordance with principles well known to those skilled in the art, the concentration of colorant will be chosen to achieve the optical density desired in the final image. The amount of colorant will depend on the thickness of the active coating and the absorption of the colorant. Optical densities greater than 1.3 at the wavelength of maximum absorption are typically required.
A dispersant is usually present when a pigment is to be transferred, in order to achieve maximum color strength, transparency and gloss. The dispersant is generally an organic polymeric compound and is used to separate the fine pigment particles and avoid flocculation and agglomeration. A wide range of dispersants is commercially available. A dispersant will be selected according to the characteristics of the pigment surface and other components in the composition as practiced by those skilled in the art. However, dispersants suitable for practicing the invention are the AB dispersants. The A segment of the dispersant adsorbs onto the surface of the pigment. The B segment extends into the solvent into which the pigment is dispersed. The B segment provides a barrier between pigment particles to counteract the attractive forces of the particles, and thus to prevent agglomeration. The B segment should have good compatibility with the solvent used. The AB dispersants of choice are generally described in "Use of AB Block Polymers as Dispersants for Non-aqueous Coating Systems", by H. C. Jakubauskas, Journal of Coating Technology, Vol. 58, No. 736, pages 71-82. Suitable AB dispersants are also disclosed in U.K. Patent 1,339,930 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,684,771; 3,788,996; 4,070,388; 4,912,019; and 4,032,698. Conventional pigment dispersing techniques, such as ball milling, sand milling, etc., can be employed.
For lithographic applications, the imageable component is an oleophilic, ink-receptive material. The oleophilic material is usually a film-forming polymeric material and may be the same as the binder. Examples of suitable oleophilic materials include polymers and copolymers of acrylates and methacrylates; polyolefins; polyurethanes; polyesters; polyaramids; epoxy resins; novolak resins; and combinations thereof. Preferred oleophilic materials are acrylic polymers.
The imageable component can also be a a resin capable of undergoing a hardening or curing reaction after transfer to the receiver element. The term "resin" as used herein encompasses (a) low molecular weight monomers or oligomers capable of undergoing polymerization reactions, (b) polymers or oligomers having pendant reactive groups which are capable of reacting with each other in crosslinking reactions, (c) polymers or oligomers having pendant reactive groups which are capable of reacting with a separate crosslinking agent, and (d) combinations thereof. The resin may or may not require the presence of a curing agent for the curing reaction to occur. Curing agents include catalysts, hardening agents, photoinitiators and thermal initiators. The curing reaction can be initiated by exposure to actinic radiation, heating, or a combination of the two.
In lithographic applications, a colorant can also be present in the transfer layer. The colorant facilitates inspection of the plate after it is made. Any of the colorants discussed above can be used. The colorant can be a heat--, light--, or acid-sensitive color former.
In general, for both color proofing and lithographic printing applications, the imageable component is present in an amount of from about 25 to 95% by weight, based on the total weight of the transfer coating. For color proofing applications, the amount of imageable component is preferably 35-65% by weight; for lithographic printing applications, preferably 65-85% by weight.
Although the above discussion was limited to color proofing and lithographic printing applications, the element and process of the invention apply equally to the transfer of other types of imageable components in different applications. In general, the scope of the invention in intended to include any application in which solid material is to be applied to a receptor in a pattern. Examples of other suitable imageable components include, but are not limited to, magnetic materials, fluorescent materials, and electrically conducting materials.
Other materials can be present as additives in the transfer layer as long as they do not interfere with the essential function of the layer. Examples of such additives include coating aids, plasticizers, flow additives, slip agents, anti-halation agents, antistatic agents, surfactants, and others which are known to be used in the formulation of coatings. However, it is preferred to minimize the amount of additional materials in this layer, as they may deleteriously affect the final product after transfer. Additives may add unwanted color for color proofing applications, or they may decrease durability and print life in lithographic printing applications.
The transfer layer generally has a thickness in the range of about 0.1 to 5 micrometers, preferably in the range of about 0.1 to 2 micrometers. Thicknesses greater than about 5 micrometers are generally not preferred as they require excessive energy in order to be effectively transferred to the receiver.
Although it is preferred to have a single transfer layer, it is also possible to have more than one transfer layer, and the different layers can have the same or different compositions, as long as they all function as described above. The total thickness of all the transfer layers should be in the range given above.
The transfer layer(s) can be coated onto the donor support as a dispersion in a suitable solvent, however, it is preferred to coat the layer(s) from a solution. Any suitable solvent can be used as a coating solvent, as long as it does not deleteriously affect the properties of the assemblage, using conventional coating techniques or printing techniques, for example, gravure printing.
The donor element can have additional layers as well. For example, an antihalation layer can be used on the side of the support opposite the transfer layer. Materials which can be used as antihalation agents are well known in the art. Other anchoring or subbing layers can be present on either side of the support and are also well known in the art.
The receiver element is the second part of the laserable assemblage, to which the imageable component and non-degraded polymeric binder are transferred. In most cases, the imageable component will not be removed from the donor element in the absence of a receiver element. That is, exposure of the donor element alone to laser radiation does not cause material to be removed, or transferred into air. The material, i.e., the imageable component and binder, is removed from the donor element only when it is exposed to laser radiation and the donor element is in intimate contact with the receiver element, i.e., the donor element actually touches the receiver element. This implies that, in such cases, complex transfer mechanisms are in operation.
The receiver element typically comprises a receptor support and, optionally, an image-receiving layer. The receptor support comprises a dimensionally stable sheet material. The assemblage can be imaged through the receptor support if that support is transparent. Examples of transparent films include, for example polyethylene terephthalate, polyether sulfone, a polyimide, a poly(vinyl alcohol-co-acetal), or a cellulose ester, such as cellulose acetate. Examples of opaque support materials include, for example, polyethylene terephthalate filled with a white pigment such as titanium dioxide, ivory paper, or synthetic paper, such as Tyvek� spunbonded polyolefin. Paper supports are preferred for proofing applications. For lithographic printing applications, the support is typically a thin sheet of aluminum, such as anodized aluminum, or polyester.
Although the imageable component can be transferred directly to the receptor support, the receiver element typically has an additional receiving layer on one surface thereof. For image formation applications, the receiving layer can be a coating of, for example, a polycarbonate, a polyurethane, a polyester, polvinyl chloride, styrene/acrylonitrile copolymer, poly(caprolactone), and mixtures thereof. This image receiving layer can be present in any amount effective for the intended purpose. In general, good results have been obtained at coating weights of 1 to 5 g/m2. For lithographic applications, typically the aluminum sheet is treated to form a layer of anodized aluminum on the surface as a receptor layer. Such treatments are well known in the lithographic art.
The receiver element does not have to be the final intended support for the imageable component. In other words, the receiver element can be an intermediate element and the laser imaging step can be followed by one or more transfer steps by which the imageable component is transferred to the final support. This is most likely the case for multicolor proofing applications in which the multicolor image is built up on the receiver element and then transferred to the permanent paper support.
1. Exposure
The first step in the process of the invention is imagewise exposing the laserable assemblage to laser radiation. The laserable assemblage comprises the donor element and the receiver element, described above.
The assemblage is prepared by placing the donor element in contact with the receiver element such that the transfer coating actually touches the receiver element or the receiving layer on the receiver element.
Vacuum or pressure can be used to hold the two elements together. Alternatively, the donor and receiver elements can be taped together and taped to the imaging apparatus, or a pin/clamping system can be used. The laserable assemblage can be conveniently mounted on a drum to facilitate laser imaging.
Various types of lasers can be used to expose the laserable assemblage. The laser is preferably one emitting in the infrared, near-infrared or visible region. Particularly advantageous are diode lasers emitting in the region of 750 to 870 nm which offer a substantial advantage in terms of their small size, low cost, stability, reliability, ruggedness and ease of modulation. Diode lasers emitting in the range of 780 to 850 nm are most preferred. Such lasers are available from, for example, Spectra Diode Laboratories (San Jose, Calif.).
The exposure can take place through the support of the donor element or through the receiver element, provided that these are substantially transparent to the laser radiation. In most cases, the donor support will be a film which is transparent to infrared radiation and the exposure is conveniently carried out through the support. However, if the receiver element is substantially transparent to infrared radiation, the process of the invention can also be carried out by imagewise exposing the receiver element to infrared laser radiation.
The laserable assemblage is exposed imagewise so that material, i.e., the binder and the imageable component, is transferred to the receiver element in a pattern. The pattern itself can be, for example, in the form of dots or linework generated by a computer, in a form obtained by scanning artwork to be copied, in the form of a digitized image taken from original artwork, or a combination of any of these forms which can be electronically combined on a computer prior to laser exposure. The laser beam and the laserable assemblage are in constant motion with respect of each other, such that each minute area of the assemblage, i.e., "pixel" is individually addressed by the laser. This is generally accomplished by mounting the laserable assemblage on a rotatable drum. A flat bed recorder can also be used.
2. Separation
The next step in the process of the invention is separating the donor element from the receiver element. Usually this is done by simply peeling the two elements apart. This generally requires very little peel force, and is accomplished by simply separating the donor support from the receiver element. This can be done using any conventional separation technique and can be manual or automatic without operator intervention.
Throughout the above discussions, the intended product has been the receiver element, after laser exposure, onto which the imageable component has been transferred in a pattern. However, it is also possible for the intended product to be the donor element after laser exposure. If the donor support is transparent, the donor element can be used as a phototool for conventional analog exposure of photosensitive materials, e.g., photoresists, photopolymer printing plates, photosensitive proofing materials and the like. For phototool applications, it is important to maximize the density difference between "clear", i.e., laser exposed and "opaque", i.e., unexposed areas of the donor element. Thus the materials used in the donor element must be tailored to fit this application.
______________________________________Glossary______________________________________BINDERS:CAB551-0.01 cellulose acetate butyrate, 2% acetyl, 53% butyryl Td = 338� C.CAB381-0.1 cellulose acetate butyrate, 13.5% acetyl, 38% butyl Td = 328� C.E1010 Elavacite 1010 (DuPont) Poly Methyl Methacrylate with double bonded carbon chain ends. Tg = 42� C., Td1 = 176, Td2 = 284� C.E2051 Elavacite 2051 (DuPont) Poly Methyl Methacrylate, Tg = 98� C. Td = 350� C.NC nitrocellulose (Hercules) Td = 194� C.P-αMS poly alphamethyl styrene (Aldrich) Td1 = 240� C., Td2 = 339� C.E2045 Elvacite 2045, polybutyl methacrylate (DuPont) Td1 = 155� C., Td2 = 284.1� C.PAC-40 PPC = polypropylene carbonate (PAC Polymers, Inc. Allentown, PA) Td = 160� C.PVC poly(vinyl chloride) (Aldrich) Td1 = 282� C., Td2 = 465� C.TRANSFERLAYER BINDERS:AF1601 2,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,5- difluoro-1,3 dioxole, Td = 550� C. (DuPont)EP4043 10% CO, 30% nbutylacrylate and 60% ethylene copolymyer Td = 457� C. (DuPont)K-1101 Kraton � 1101 (Shell) Styrene-butadiene-styrene ABA block copolymer, 31 molar % styrene, Td = 465� C.PC Lexan � 101, Polycarbonate, Td = 525� C.PSMMA Polystyrene/methyl- methacrylate (70:20) Td = 425� C.SEB Styrene/ethylene-butyleneSP2 ABA block copolymer 29% styrene Td = 446� C.OTHER MATERIALS:Dispersant AB dispersantCyHex cyclohexanoneDBP dibutyl phosphateDPP diphenyl phosphateIR165 Cyasorb IR-165 light absorber (Cyaramid)L31 Pluronic L31 Sufactant (BASF)MC methylene chlorideMEK methyl ethyl ketonePEG polyethylene glycolTEGDA tetraethylene glycol diacrylate______________________________________
The images were exposed using the fundamental line of a GCR 170 Nd-YAG laser (1) (Spectra Physics, Mountain View, Calif.), which could be operated in either a long pulse or Q-switched mode. The experimental set up is shown in FIG. 1. The 1.064 micron beam 1(a) was reflected onto a 45� infrared mirror, (2). The reflected beam, 1(b), 90� off the incident radiation, was incident onto the donor element (3) (3.81 cm�10.16 cm) positioned in sample holder (4) placed 50 cm away. This was translated perpendicular to the laser beam. The laser power was measured by using a power meter (5), positioned directly after the mirror and removed from the beam during exposure.
When the apparatus was used for imaging, sample holder (4) consisted of acrylic plate (7) a donor element (3), a receiver element (6), and flat metal plate (9) which were held together by screws. The donor support was next to the acrylic plate and the non-receiving side of the receiver element was next to the metal plate.
When the apparatus was used to test donor film sensitivity, the sample holder (4) consisted of an acrylic plate (7) and a U-shaped metal plate (10) which were held together by screws. See FIG. 2. Into the sample holder was placed a donor element (3) such that the donor support was next to the acrylic plate (7). The u-shaped metal back allowed the exposed film to expand freely away from the laser beam, without any backing behind it.
For the Q-switched mode, the power was varied from 10 to 100 mJ/cm2 in increments of 5 mJ/cm2. For the long pulse mode, the power was varied from 100 to 800 mJ/cm2 in increments of 100 mJ/cm2. The power was adjusted either by varying the laser output or by introducing beam splitters with varying percentage of reflection along the beam path. The laser was run in the single spot mode at two different pulse widths: 10 nanoseconds for the Q-switched mode; 300 microseconds for the long pulse mode.
To determine sensitivity, the donor film was placed in the sample holder and a single shot of the desired power was fired. The film was then translated by 0.5 inch (1.27 cm), the power decreased to its new value, and a new shot fired. These steps were repeated with decreasing power until the exposure fluence was insufficient to write the film. The sensitivity, or ablation threshold, corresponded to the minimum laser power required for transfer or material removal to occur.
The laser imaging apparatus was a Creo Plotter (Creo Corp., Vancouver, BC) with 32 infrared lasers emitting at 830 nm, with a 3 microseconds pulse width. The laser fluence was calculated based on laser power and drum speed.
The receiver element, paper, was placed on the drum of the laser imaging apparatus. The donor element was then placed on top of the receiver element such that the transfer layer of the donor element was adjacent to the receiving side of the receiver element. A vacuum was then applied.
To determine sensitivity of the film, stripes of full burn pattern were obtained and drum speeds varied from 100 to 400 rpm in 25 rpm increments. The density of the image transferred onto paper was measured using a MacBeth densitometer in a reflectance mode for each of the stripes written at the different drum speeds. The sensitivity was the minimum laser power required for transfer of material to occur, with a density greater than 1.
These examples illustrate the advantage the ejection layer provides in terms of increased film sensitivity.
The samples consisted of a support of Mylar� 200 D polyester film (E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del.) coated with an ejection layer which was then coated with a heating layer. The control was the same support material having only the heating layer.
Each ejection layer was bar coated by hand from methylene chloride onto a support to a dry thickness of 8 to 10 microns as determined by a profilometer. The compositions of the different ejection layers are given in Table 1 below.
The ejection layers of the samples, and the support of the control, were then covered with a heating layer consisting of a layer of aluminum approximately 80 Å thick. The aluminum was applied by sputtering using a Denton 600 unit (Denton, N.J.) in a 50 militorr Ar atmosphere.
The sensitivities of the films were measured using Procedure 1 for both the Q-switched ("A") and long pulse modes ("B"). The results are given in Table 1 below and clearly demonstrate the increased sensitivity of the films having the ejection layer. The films with the ejection layer require much lower laser energies for transfer to occur.
TABLE 1______________________________________ Sensitivity (mJ/cm2)Sample Ejection Layer A B______________________________________control none 50 600Ex. 1 PAMS 25 150Ex. 2 PBMA 30 150Ex. 3 CAB 1 30 175Ex. 4 CAB 2 25 400Ex. 5 PVC 20 200Ex. 6 PPC 25 400Ex. 7 NC 30 500Ex. 8 E1010 20 150Ex. 9 PMMA 25 200Ex. 10 E2051 25 150Ex. 11 PBMA + 10% DBP 20 150______________________________________
These examples illustrate the improved sensitivity of the three-layer film structure of the donor element of the invention.
Examples 12-20 consisted of a donor element having the following structure: support, ejection layer, heating layer, transfer layer. The control consisted of a donor element without the ejection layer, i.e., support, heating layer, and transfer layer.
The support was Mylar� 200 D. For the examples, the ejection layer was coated from a solvent system of methylene chloride and isopropanol (92:8). DPP was added at a level of 10% by weight, based on the weight of the solids in the ejection layer. The solids in the solutions were adjusted to obtain viscosities of about 300-400 cp. The layers were coated onto the support using an automatic coater to a dry thickness of 10 microns, with the exception of Example 12, which was coated to a thickness of 3 microns. A 1 mil (25 micron) polyethylene coversheet was laminated to the ejection layer during coating to protect the layer from scratching and dust.
A heating layer of aluminum was sputtered onto the ejection layers of the examples, and the support of the control, using a Denton unit. The metal thickness was monitored in situ using a quartz crystal, and, after deposition, by measuring the reflection and transmission of the films. The thickness of the aluminum heating layer was about 60 Å.
A transfer layer was coated over the heating layer in all the samples. The transfer layer was coated by hand to a dry thickness of between 0.7 and 1.0 microns. The coatings used for the transfer layers had the compositions given in below.
______________________________________Cyan dispersion:cyan pigment Heucophthal 45.92 gBlue G (Heubach Inc.,Newark, N.J.)AB1030 19.68 gMEK/CyHex (60/40) 372 g% solids 15K dispersion:C black 70 gAB1030 30 gMEK/CyHex (60/40) 300 g% solids 25Transfer coating 1 (TC1)EP4043 7.5 gCyan dispersion 50 gPEG 5 gL31 1.5 gIR165 0.1 gMC 79.9 g% solids 15Transfer coating 2 (TC2)EP4043 7.5 gCyan dispersion 50 gPEG 1.56 gIR165 0.082 gMEK 85.65 g% solids 13Transfer coating 3 (TC3)PSMMA 7.5 gCyan dispersion 50 gTEGDA 3.0 gMEK 83.5 g% solids 12.5Transfer coating 4 (TC4)EP4043 7.5 gCyan dispersion 50 gPEG 3.75 gMEK 107.5 g% solids 12.5Transfer coating 5 (TC5)EP4043 7.5 gCyan dispersion 50 gMEK 77.5 g% solids 12.5Transfer coating 6 (TC6)EP4043, 6% solution in MEK 39.58 gDPP 0.46 gK dispersion 9.5 g% solids 11.2______________________________________
The sensitivities of the films were measured using Procedure 1 for the Q-switched mode. The results are given in Table 2 below and clearly demonstrate the increased sensitivity of the films having the ejection layer. The films with the ejection layer require much lower laser energies for transfer to occur.
TABLE 2______________________________________Sample Layera Layer Sensitivity (mJ/cm2)______________________________________control none TC1 250Ex. 12 PAMS TC1 25Ex. 13 PAMS TC2 50Ex. 14 PBMA TC2 100Ex. 15 PBMA TC2 75Ex. 16 PBMA TC3 40Ex. 17 PBMA TC5 60Ex. 18 CAB 2 TC4 75Ex. 19 NC TC6 60Ex. 20 PVC TC6 60______________________________________ a with 10 wt % DPP
This example illustrates the increased sensitivity of films with the ejection layer.
The donor film sample for example 21 had a support of Mylar� 200 D film, a 5 micron thick ejection layer of PVC (coated from methylethylketone), and an 85 Å thick heating layer of sputtered chromium. A transfer layer having TC6 composition, was coated on this with rods 5, 6 and 7 to thicknesses of about 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 microns, respectively.
The control had the same structure, but without the ejection layer.
The sensitivities of the films were measured using Procedure 2, with a beam size of 5.8 microns. The results are given in Table 3 below and clearly demonstrate the increased sensitivity of the films having the ejection layer.
TABLE 3______________________________________Sample ID rod Vd (RPM)* Density TavF**(mJcm2)______________________________________Control 5 100 1.05 792Control 5 125 0.75 634Control 5 150 0.05 528Ex. 21 5 100 1.28 792Ex. 21 5 125 1.29 634Ex. 21 5 150 1.14 528Ex. 21 5 175 1.01 453Ex. 21 5 200 0.61 396Ex. 21 5 225 0.09 352control 6 100 1.1 792control 6 125 0.34 634Ex. 21 6 100 1.32 792Ex. 21 6 125 1.37 634Ex. 21 6 150 1.37 528Ex. 21 6 175 1.38 453Ex. 21 6 200 1.32 396Ex. 21 6 225 0.14 352control 7 100 1.38 792control 7 125 1.05 634Ex. 21 7 100 1.35 792Ex. 21 7 125 1.40 634Ex. 21 7 150 1.44 528Ex. 21 7 175 1.44 453Ex. 21 7 175 1.44 453Ex. 21 7 200 1.29 396Ex. 21 7 225 0.05 352______________________________________ *Vd is drum speed in Revolutions Per Min. **TaVF is total average fluence
These examples illustrate the use of different transfer layers to form donor elements according to the invention.
The donor film for each example had a support of Mylar� 200 D film, and a 5 micron thick ejection layer of PVC (coated from 60/40 MEK/CyHex). A heating layer of 60 Å of Cr was deposited by e-beam by Flex Products, Inc. (Santa Rosa, Calif.). The transfer layers having the compositions given in the table below were bar coated over this by hand from methylene chloride using a #6 rod, to a thickness of approximately 0.8 micron.
For each example a control was prepared having the same structure, but without the ejection layer.
TABLE 4______________________________________Transfer Layer Compositions Example (parts by weight)Component 22 23 24 25 26______________________________________Binder:PSMMA 37.5PC 37.5SEB 37.5AF1601 37.5K-1101 37.5Plasticizer:DPP 0.5DBP 0.5PEG 0.5L31 0.5Colorant:K dispersion 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0______________________________________
The sensitivities of the films were measured using Procedure 1 for both the Q-switched ("A") and long pulse modes ("B"). The results are given in Table 5 below and clearly demonstrate the increased sensitivity of the films having the ejection layer.
TABLE 5______________________________________ Sensitivity (mJ/cm2)Sample A B______________________________________Example 22 60 350Control 22 200 700Example 23 40 300Control 23 100 700Example 24 50 350Control 24 200 700Example 25 40 350Control 25 100 700Example 26 60 350Control 26 200 650______________________________________
The following example illustrates that the pigmented layer is not removed from the base when it is not in intimate contact with a receiver. The procedure of Example 21 was repeated with a receiver element of paper (Example 27A) and without a receiver element (Example 27B). Observation of the exposed donor element revealed that when imaged without a receiver, the appearance of the exposed areas changed from a shiny to a more dull appearance, but the pigmented layer was not removed from its place on the original donor film. That is, although a latent image was formed, no explosive transfer of material occured. In contrast, when the same material was in intimate contact with paper the pigmented layer was fully transferred.
______________________________________Sample TAvFID Vd (RPM) (mJ/cm2) Transfer contact receiver______________________________________Ex. 27A 200 396 yes yes paperEx. 27B 350 256 no no none______________________________________
Vd is taken as last visible line on donor element when not in contact and as last line transfer at SWOP (standard webb offset print) densities when in contact with receiver element.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 29, 1991
|Oct 20, 1992
|Graphics Technology International, Inc.
|Ablation-transfer imaging/recording
|May 29, 1991
|Dec 15, 1992
|Graphics Technology International, Inc.
|Ablation-transfer imaging/recording
|Mar 18, 1993
|May 3, 1994
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Laser propulsion transfer using black metal coated substrates
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 26, 1996
|Jun 16, 1998
|E. I. Dupont De Nemours And Company
|Donor elements, assemblages, and associated processes with flexible ejection layer(s) for laser-induced thermal transfer
|Aug 14, 1997
|Jan 5, 1999
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Production of color proofs and printing plates
|Apr 22, 1997
|Aug 10, 1999
|Imation Corp.
|Laser induced film transfer system
|Apr 22, 1997
|Aug 31, 1999
|Imation Corp.
|Laser absorbable photobleachable compositions
|Jan 13, 1999
|Nov 14, 2000
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Method of making a color filter with high speed and durable image-transfer characteristics for laser-induced thermal transfer
|May 20, 1999
|Jan 9, 2001
|Imation Corp.
|Laser absorbable photobleachable compositions
|Oct 16, 2000
|Sep 18, 2001
|Imation Corp.
|Laser absorbable photobleachable compositions
|Dec 27, 1999
|May 6, 2003
|Kodak Polychrome Graphics Llc
|Relation to manufacture of masks and electronic parts
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|Apr 6, 2004
|Presstek, Inc.
|Transfer imaging with metal-based receivers
|Jun 18, 2002
|Mar 1, 2005
|Tohoku University
|Zinc blende type CrSb compound, method for fabricating the same, and multilayered structure
|May 10, 2002
|Jul 26, 2005
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|High resolution laserable assemblages for laser-induced thermal image transfer
|Apr 2, 2003
|Apr 11, 2006
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Manufacture of masks and electronic parts
|Nov 26, 2003
|Oct 3, 2006
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Devices having patterned regions of polycrystalline organic semiconductors, and methods of making the same
|Sep 24, 2003
|Oct 17, 2006
|Lucent Technologies, Inc.
|Semiconductor devices having regions of induced high and low conductivity, and methods of making the same
|Jan 21, 2003
|Dec 26, 2006
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Low molecular weight acrylic copolymer latexes for donor elements in the thermal printing of color filters
|Jan 21, 2003
|Jun 26, 2007
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Planarizing element for thermal printing of color filter
|Feb 15, 2006
|Apr 27, 2010
|Lucent Technologies, Inc.
|Semiconductor devices having regions of induced high and low conductivity, and methods of making the same
|Jun 19, 2012
|Cabot Corporation
|Light to heat conversion layer incorporating modified pigment
|May 28, 2013
|Alcatel Lucent
|Apparatus having an aromatic dielectric and an aromatic organic semiconductor including an alkyl chain
|Sep 9, 2013
|May 10, 2016
|Samsung Display Co., Ltd.
|Laser induced thermal imaging device and laser induced thermal imaging method
|Mar 1, 2002
|Sep 5, 2002
|Presstek, Inc.
|Transfer imaging with metal-based receivers
|Apr 2, 2003
|Oct 30, 2003
|Kodak Polychrome Graphics,Llc
|Manufacture of masks and electronic parts
|May 10, 2002
|Jul 1, 2004
|Andrews Gerald Donald
|High resolution laserable assemblages for laser-induced thermal image transfer
|Sep 24, 2003
|Mar 24, 2005
|Lucent Technologies, Inc.
|Semiconductor devices having regions of induced high and low conductivity, and methods of making the same
|Nov 4, 2003
|May 5, 2005
|Lucent Technologies, Inc.
|Devices having large organic semiconductor crystals and methods of making the same
|Nov 26, 2003
|May 26, 2005
|Lucent Technologies, Inc.
|Devices having patterned regions of polycrystalline organic semiconductors, and methods of making the same
|Jan 21, 2003
|Oct 27, 2005
|Caspar Jonathan V
|Planarizing element for thermal printing of color filter
|Jan 21, 2003
|Oct 27, 2005
|Caspar Jonathan V
|Low molecular weight acrylic copolymer latexes for donor elements in the thermal printing of color filters
|Sep 14, 2006
|Jan 11, 2007
|Caspar Jonathan V
|Planarizing element for thermal printing of color filter
|Jun 26, 2008
|Jan 8, 2009
|Shim Anne K
|Light to heat conversion layer incorporating modified pigment
|Sep 9, 2013
|Oct 16, 2014
|Samsung Display Co., Ltd.
|Laser induced thermal imaging device and laser induced thermal imaging method
|Nov 15, 2006
|Sep 16, 2009
|Method for manufacturing organic light emitting display device
|Nov 15, 2006
|Jan 6, 2010
|Laser induced thermal imaging apparatus with plate copying device
|Jun 18, 1998
|Jan 20, 1999
|E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Laser-induced thermal transfer recording process
|Jul 24, 2000
|Jan 31, 2002
|E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Laser-induced thermal transfer recording process
|May 10, 2002
|Nov 21, 2002
|E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|High resolution laserable assemblages for laser-induced thermal image transfer
|Jan 21, 2003
|Dec 4, 2003
|E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Low molecular weight acrylic copolymer latexes for donor elements in the thermal printing of color filters
|U.S. Classification
|430/200, 430/964, 430/278.1, 430/275.1, 430/276.1, 430/945
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 22, 1994
Owner name: E.I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY LEGAL-PATEN
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Effective date: 19940630
|Mar 16, 2000
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Mar 10, 2004
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Mar 13, 2008
|Fee payment
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text:
Dr. Shinohara graduated from the University of Washington SOM in 2002. She works in Seattle, WA and 1 other location and specializes in Dermatopathology. Dr. Shinohara is affiliated with Harborview Medical Center and University Of Washington Medical Center.
Medical School: University of Washington SOM; Graduated 2002
Please verify insurance information directly with your doctor's office as it may change frequently.
*This physician has multiple office locations. See Office Information for details.
1959 NE Pacific St
Seattle, WA 98195
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4225 Roosevelt Way NE Ste 401
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125 16th Ave E
Seattle, WA 98112
10117 NE 58th St Ste 200
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text:
'Do I like to swear? F*** yeah': Meet the drinking, smoking and 'shoplifting' Australian backpacker hired by SamCam as the No 10 nanny
- Sammi Strange, 24, won over the PM and his wife after a series of long-distance Skype interviews
- The Camerons picked out her CV from a nanny agency
- Her father is hoping she meets eligible Prince Harry
An Australian backpacker has been hired as a nanny by David and Samantha Cameron after a series of long distance interviews over the internet.
Sammi Strange, 24, has limited professional experience of looking after children having previously worked as an advertising sales assistant for a Melbourne television channel.
But she charmed the Prime Minister and his wife during chats on Skype and has now been trusted with their three children Nancy, eight, Arthur, six, and Florence, 20 months.
The Camerons enjoy a day out at the Harvest food and music festival in Oxfordshire last September with their children Nancy (left), baby Florence and Arthur
Miss Strange, the daughter of a pub owner, was first identified in the Australian press earlier this week.
She is believed to have already started the role and will be in Downing Street for six weeks while the Camerons' permanent nanny, Nepalese Gita Lama, is on leave.
Mr and Mrs Cameron were so impressed by Miss Strange they were able to laugh off an internet survey she had completed as a teenager where she admitted shoplifting, smoking and drinking.
In the survey on a social networking website the former Melbourne Grammar School pupil denied taking drugs 'in the last month' and when asked if she swears she replied: 'F*** yeah'.
Asked to declare the number of drugs she had taken, she replied: 'No comment'.
Miss Sammy said her first thought in the morning was that she did not
want to get up and her top achievement would be to finish university
that year without dropping out.
The survey also revealed she loves eating sushi, longs to visit Europe, that her dream job was to be an events manager, her weakness is maths and her biggest fear is sharks.
Miss Strange decided to leave her former job to go travelling last
Before setting off she registered for a nanny agency, where Mr and Mrs Cameron found her CV.
Eligible batchelor: Miss Strange's father hopes his daughter gets to meet Prince Harry, pictured with Lady Louise Windsor at his brother's wedding last year
Before being interviewed she was told her CV was being considered by a 'high profile' family and was left 'shaking' when she learned it was the Camerons.
Her father David Strange, a former vice-president of an Australian Rules
football club, said his daughter was enjoying her new job but was
concerned about the publicity it attracts.
He said: 'It's all blown up a bit. She is very worried about it.'
Mr Strange said he had given her an Australian Rules football to give
as a gift to the Camerons' children to help induct them into his
nation's culture.
The former vice-president of St Kilda Football Club said: 'She was shaking when she found out who it was. She was very excited and nervous.
'I hope she might marry Prince Harry but I couldn't afford the wedding.'
When the socially-conscious Camerons recruited Nepalese Mrs Lama they plucked her from the 'virtual slavery' of working for a family that refused to pay her.
The Prime Minister and his wife found Mrs Lama more than eight years ago through a charity that helps abused domestic workers wanting to flee their bosses.
Miss Strange has been recruited on a temporary contract to cover for Mrs Lama.
A Downing Street spokesman dismissed the online survey, saying it had been filled in 'as a joke' when Miss Strange was a teenager.
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text:
'Story of Us' Music Video: Taylor Swift Has Awkward Encounter With Her Ex
Taylor Swift brings her real-life awkward encounter with an ex-boyfriend during an awards show to a school library in a music video for her latest single "The Story of Us". Trying to ignore him and focus on her book, she fails miserably as she shoots him a glance a couple of times.
"Now I'm standing alone in a crowded room and we're not speaking," the country/pop artist sings her angst out. "And I'm dying to know is it killing you like it's killing me? I don't know what to say since a twist of fate when it all broke down. And the story of us looks a lot like a tragedy now."
Talking about the song, Swift told MTV, "Anytime I'm onstage or watching the music video, the first thing that comes into my mind is the person I wrote the song about. It's like the first thing that you think of is the moment that inspired the song, which is that excruciating, awful moment when you run into an ex for the first time."
"[It's] just like in high school, except [the awkward moments happen] at an awards show," she further explained. "You go on living a normal life, except on a different scale. [In my songs] I tend to focus on love, feelings, emotions, what it was like feeling that particular relationship."
"The Story of Us" is taken from Swift's hit studio album "Speak Now". She never names whom she's talking about in the song, but some suggested it's either Taylor Lautner or John Mayer who were briefly linked to her last year. "I was at an awards show, and there was a guy there, obviously - it all starts there, doesn't it? It was a guy I had been in a relationship with, falling out, then we end up at the same awards show. Both trying to act like we don't care," she recalled.
Taylor Swift's "Story of Us" music video
More Taylor Swift News
- Caitlyn Jenner Surprises Kim Kardashian With Bare-Butt Sculpture
- Amber Heard Denies She Blackmailed Johnny Depp
- Watch Fifth Harmony Bring Out Ty Dolla $ign for Mini Concert on 'Today' Show
- Get First Images and Details of 'Cars 3'
- Will There Be More 'Matrix' Movies? Here's What Joel Silver Says
- Topher Grace Marries Fiancee Ashley Hinshaw in Private Ceremony
- 'The Bachelorette' Recap: Proposals and Villain Already in Week 2
- Katy Perry's Twitter Account Is Hacked, Posts Tweet About Taylor Swift


text:
Coldplay Earn 400,000 Dollars Through Auction
British rockers Coldplay have started 2010 on a high - their fundraising auction has raised $402,371 for a children's charity. The "Yellow" hitmakers put all of their unwanted rock memorabilia up for sale on Ebay.com last month, December 2009 and fans clamored to become the top-bidders for the items.
And when the auction ended on Thursday, December 31, 2009, the stars were stunned to learn the final total. A statement on the band's website reads, "We're very pleased to reveal that the final total raised by the auction is an amazing 251,482 ponds."
"The text messages were flying around last night and it's fair to say that the band are just as excited/grateful/amazed by the enormous total as Kids Company are. A huge thanks to everyone who bid and helped make the Clearout Sale such a success. The proceeds from the auction will benefit Kids Company, which supports young people in London."
More Coldplay News
- Priyanka Chopra Throws Her Hat Into the Ring to Be Female James Bond
- Listen to a Preview of Shawn Mendes' New Song 'Better'
- Elijah Wood Clarifies Comment on Child Sex Abuse in Hollywood, Says It's Misinterpreted
- 'Pretty Little Liars' Boss Confirms Someone's Getting Married in Season 7
- Anne Hathaway Throws Shade at the Kardashians, Says It's Unintentional
- Eminem Sells Bricks of His Childhood Home for 'Marshall Mathers LP' Anniversary
- Did Jennifer Lawrence Just Say She Was Under the Influence While Filming 'The Hunger Games'?
- Helen Hunt Mistaken for Jodie Foster by Starbucks Barista. Read the Funny Story


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Results for 2005 will be impacted by (I) continued competitive housing options impacting occupancy levels at certain communities, (II) variability in income from home sales operations, and (III) potential acquisitions.
What does IFH stand for?
IFH stands for Income from Home (software)
This definition appears very rarely and is found in the following Acronym Finder categories:
- Information technology (IT) and computers
- Business, finance, etc.
See other definitions of IFH
Other Resources:
We have 32 other meanings of IFH in our Acronym Attic
- Abbreviation Database Surfer
- « Previous
- Next »
- International Fantasy Gaming Society (live action gaming organization)
- Internationalen Fachverbandes Gestaltender Schmiede (German: International Association for Finished Shape Forging)
- Indirectly Fired Gas Turbine
- Integrated Flue Gas Treatment
- Irradiation-Fusion Gene Transfer
- Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding
- International Finance Group Working Paper (University of Birmingham, UK)
- I've Found Her (Babylon 5 game)
- Icelandic Farm Holidays (est. 1980)
- Ideal Frequency-Hopping
- Institut für Handelsforschung (German)
- Institut für Hotelmanagement GmbH
- Interface Host
- International Foundation for Homeopathy
- International Foundation of Hope
- International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene (est. 1998; Somerset, England, UK)
- Investment for Health (various locations)
- Inter Friendship House Association (Berkeley, CA)
- International Federation of Helicopter Associations (est. 1983)
- International Federation of Horseracing Authorities (est. 1993; France)


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MASON CITY - Dakota County Technical College topped NIACC 11-6 in the first game of the NJCAA Division II North Plains District series at Roosevelt Stadium Saturday afternoon.
Game two of the series is set for Saturday afternoon and game three, if necessary, is set for noon on Sunday.
MASON CITY - The No. 4 NIACC baseball team hosts Dakota County Technical College at 1 p.m. Saturday in a doubleheader in the NJCAA North Plains District Division II tournament.
The winner of the North Plains District advances to the NJCAA Division II World Series in Enid, Okla., May 28-June 4.
MASON CITY - For the third since the 2006 season, the NIACC baseball team has a NJCAA Region XI player of the year.
NIACC center fielder Malique Ziegler was selected as the league's player of the year after hitting .383 in conference play with 14 home runs.
MASON CITY - The NIACC baseball team is ranked fourth in the latest NJCAA Division II rankings heading into Saturday's North Plains district tournament at Roosevelt Stadium.
NIACC (45-13) was ranked seventh heading into the NJCAA Region XI tournament last week.
MASON CITY – The NIACC baseball team swept the ICCAC player of the week awards.
Freshman Derek Lieurance was selected as the ICCAC pitcher of the week and sophomore outfielder Troy Bullingham was the player of the week.
|McHenry County College vs
|Loser's bracket of NJCAA Division II World Series


text:
this is really good. Mick really on a track called Money
Hey there!
If you're a new user or longtime lurker reading this and looking to dive into the music
What is the back in time project?
In this project we started in 88 and timetravel till 08, every week is
Welcome to our forums, we are delighted that you've decided to join in our community! If you need
Who u got rg
1 – Jay Z & Eminem – Renegade https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VIaBx_2AzTk 2 – Nas & AZ – Life's A Bitch
Title,not confirmed tho;Birds In The Trap Sing McKnight
I can't get through a single day on RG without hearing about this guy. I checked out B4.DA.$$. a few
Someone stole some laptops and desktop computers from Ye's office, they were worth about $20,000
I didn't have time to put weeknd's head on that doll on photoshop but I just wanted to post this because
imo there both top 3 solo wu albums but which one is better?
if you dont think ther top 3 what else?
whose a better rapper iyo
My top 5 changes weekly. What about your list?
If you have an updated list, please post it down below.
I'm an underground rapper from The Bahamas(worst than it sounds) but I know rap genius is full of real hip hop heads,so an opinion on these tracks would be dope…oh and ignore my intro to 'Hit Me When You Comin' I was enjoying myself
You are actually pretty damn good, technically on point and the lyrics were not throwaway either. Nice work.
Also what Garginator said.
Damn son…75, 122 views….mad underground
@MyNamesCody the view count's like that cause Bahamians really dgaf about rappers that aren't on the radio(which pisses me off) but whatever…that's why I'm sharing my shxt here
Underground or undiscovered?
I rarely ever click whenever users submit their songs, but i gotta say i really liked it.
Keep doing your thing man!
I'd say you're more of an aspiring rapper than an underground rapper… You're good tho. Wasn't expecting to like it, but I gotta give props where it's due.
You're pretty good man, Garginator said pretty much how I feel. You should post your lyrics on the site and become a verified artist. Do you have any more music to share? I would like to hear some more from you dude.
I'd like to hear some more tracks from you
#Ye-yo-yo-yo-yo-yo… YO!
Lol. This is pretty good. Your flow is nice, your wordplay game is adequate, and your lyricism is technically proficient.
My gripe with this track is that your mic quality isn't that great, I can kind of hear echos and it's a bit irritating. I recommend watching this video, as it might help you out. Aside from that, I don't really have any significant issues with it, unless I really nitpick. Keep up the good work, son!
This is dope man, you have a lot of young talent. All you need is a better mic and some breath control. Look forward to see more from ypu, much love and good luck to ya.
You have one of the dopest flows i've heard.
Man I hate it when kids say shit like "Check me out I'm a 15 year old rapper" but that's probably because I'm so old and bitter.
That being said, OP's a dope MC
You sir….can spit…great shit!
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a disk read error occurred
I tried to start my netbook yesterday and an error message showed up on the black screen..." a disk error occurred...press ctrl+alt+del to restart"
When I press ctrl+alt+del to restart it, nothing happens and the same error message reappears. Please help me fix this.
Re: a disk read error occurred
This happens, if you have issue with the hard drive....
To start with you need to go into the BIOS and check if the hard drive in detected...If it is not, than try the following:
1) Perform a Power Drain by taking the Battery out and disconnecting AC adapter, than press and hot power button for few secs, and than check.
2) Set the BIOS to default and than check.
3) Reseat the hard drive and check...
To access the BIOS, turn on the computer and immediately press the esc key to display the Startup Menu, and then press the F10 key or tap the F10 Key at the HP Logo Screen...
Although I am an HP employee, I am speaking for myself and not for HP.
Make it easier for other people to find solutions, by marking my answer with 'Accept as Solution', if it solves your problem.
Click on the BLUE KUDOS button on the left to say "Thanks"
Re: a disk read error occurred
-->try draining the static from the laptop but pulling the battery out ,disconnecting all the devices from the laptop and then sliding and holding the power button for few sec's
--> keep hitting esc at the startup and then once the startup menu appears hit F10 to get into the bios. go to the diagnostic tab and run the hdd test from there if the test fails then your computer needs a replacement of the hdd
--> keep hitting esc at the startup and then once the startup menu appears hit F8 to get into the advanced boot options from tha available options select repair your computer and select comand prompt from the available options and then type the following commands (FIXBOOT and then FIXMBR)
please post the results...!!!
Re: a disk read error occurred
Re: a disk read error occurred
Hello Dlalexander352,
You're getting a disk read error.
This could be error for a bad hard drive but if you not able to get into BIOS, it could be a problem with the mother board.
- Do a hard reset.
- Power off the computer.
- Remove the power cable and the battery
- Hold down the power button for 15 sec while booth power sources are removed.
This should reset the hardware in the computer.
- As you turn it back on tap the F10 key. This will load BIOS setup utility.
- Press F9 to load defaults.
- Press F10 to save and exit.
When the computer boots back up, check to see if everything is working.
If your still not able to boot the computer.
- Turn the computer back off.
- As you power it back on hold down the F2 key. This will load hardware diagnostics.
- Run the startup test.
Clicking the White Kudos star on the left is a way to say Thanks!
Let me know how everything goes.
Have a good day.
Re: a disk read error occurred
Hey there.
Having the same problem and none of the above solutions helped.
Attempts and results:
1) Loading windows 7 cd and: Startup Repair / System Restore - all completed fine and found no issues
2) Command Prompt -> chkdsk /f /r - finished and all fine
3) I see the harddisk fine in all the menus i've searched (boot sequence, dir command in cmd)
4) I ran system diagnostics. it seemed to say it fixed some minor issues.
5) unplogged all cables and usbs from the laptop, removed the battery and held the power key for 20 seconds. Got no indication if it did anything, not sure if I was supposed to
6) Restored bios to defaults
I have HP notebook Envy dv6t-7200
Windows 7 Ultimate
My bios is configured to run in legacy boot (other option is UEFI and supports only windows 8)
I am one step before formatting the laptop and reinstalling windows 7, would very much like to avoid it...
any help is appreciated... thanks!
Re: a disk read error occurred
Well after searching through more sites, managed to find the solution that worked for me.
The solution is what was suggested above - FixBoot and FixMbr - i tried the commands as they were before, and it said command not recoginzed.
For all those who cross upon this thread and nothing else works try this:
Go to Windows Recovery (insert Windows 7 disk, boot from it and go to Repair Your Computer. Then to Command Prompt
bootrec /fixboot
bootrec /fixmbr
worked like a charm
Good luck!
Re: a disk read error occurred
Primary hard disk self test = passed
Smart check = hard disk smart = passed
Keeps going back to the disk error. Please advise
- HP PCs Forgot the Sign-in Password (Windows 10)
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