text:
Resolution: standard / high
Figure 3.
Repeat units found in CRI und CRII of A. waldeni (Aw) and P. panini (Pp). B: found only at the beginning. M: found only between B and E. E: found only at the end. BE: repeat unit of clones with only one unit.
Sammler et al. BMC Genomics 2011 12:35 doi:10.1186/1471-2164-12-35


text:
Patent application title: System for Ophthalmic Laser Surgery
Olaf Kittelmann (Berlin, DE)
Olaf Kittelmann (Berlin, DE)
Klaus Vogler (Eckental/eschenau, DE)
Klaus Vogler (Eckental/eschenau, DE)
WaveLight AG
IPC8 Class: AA61F9008FI
USPC Class:
606 4
Class name: Instruments light application ophthalmic
Publication date: 2010-12-02
Patent application number: 20100305553
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The invention relates to a system for ophthalmic laser surgery, comprising
a source (110) of pulsed laser radiation with radiation parameters
matched to the making of an incision in an ocular tissue, particularly in
the cornea, a scanner (160) for deflecting the laser radiation, an
electronic control unit (190) which has been set up to control the
scanner in accordance with a predetermined incision geometry, and a
modulator unit (170) for modulating the laser pulses emitted from the
source (110). The control unit (190) has furthermore been set up to
control the modulator unit (170) in accordance with a beam-deflection
pattern established for the incision geometry in such a manner that in
predetermined parts of the beam-deflection pattern at least some of the
laser pulses have a reduced pulse energy or are suppressed.
1.-8. (canceled)
9. System for ophthalmic laser surgery, comprising:a source of pulsed laser radiation with radiation parameters matched to the making of an incision in an ocular tissue, particularly in the cornea;a scanner for deflecting the laser radiation;an electronic control unit which has been set up to control the scanner in accordance with a predetermined incision geometry; anda modulator unit for modulating the laser pulses emitted from the source, the electronic control unit configured to control the modulator unit in accordance with a beam-deflection pattern established for the incision geometry in such a manner that in predetermined parts of the beam-deflection pattern at least some of the laser pulses have a reduced pulse energy or are suppressed.
10. System according to claim 9, wherein the beam-deflection pattern comprises a serpentine pattern with a plurality of line paths extending rectilinearly side by side and with a plurality of reversing bends each terminally connecting a pair of adjacent line paths and wherein the control unit has been set up to control the modulator unit in the region of at least some of the reversing bends for an energy reduction and/or a blanking of at least some of the laser pulses.
11. System according to claim 9, wherein the beam-deflection pattern includes a spiral pattern and wherein the control unit has been set up to control the modulator unit for an energy reduction and/or a blanking of at least some of the laser pulses towards radially interior branches of the spiral pattern.
12. System according to claim 9, wherein the modulator unit includes an acousto-optical or electro-optical modulator.
13. System according to claim 9, wherein the modulator unit includes an optical grating component with variable diffraction efficiency.
14. System according to claim 9, wherein a beam dump is assigned to the modulator unit.
15. System according to claim 9, wherein the control unit is configured to control the modulator unit in such a manner that in at least one predetermined section of the beam-deflection pattern said modulator unit blanks each of several laser pulses situated in this section or reduces the pulse energy or each of these pulses compared with the pulse energy in other sections of the beam-deflection pattern.
16. System according to claim 9, wherein the control unit is configured to control the modulator unit in such a manner that in at least one predetermined section of the beam-deflection pattern said modulator unit blanks, alternately in succession, at least one first laser pulse or reduces the pulse energy thereof and leaves unchanged the pulse energy of at lease one second laser pulse compared with the pulse energy in other sections of the beam-deflection pattern.
17. A system for ophthalmic laser surgery on ocular tissue, the system comprising:a source of pulsed laser radiation for making an incision in ocular tissue; the source generating a plurality of laser pulses;a modulator unit for modulating the plurality of laser pulses;a scanner for deflecting the plurality of laser pulses; andan electronic control unit electrically connected to said scanner and electrically connected to said modulator unit, the electronic control unit generating a scanner control signal to control the scanner through at least a first predetermined deflection pattern having a first portion and a second portion, and the electronic control unit generating a first modulator control signal to control pulse energy of the laser pulse within said first portion and a second modulator control signal to control pulse energy of the laser pulse within said second portion, wherein the pulse energy in the second portion is less than the pulse energy in the first portion.
[0001]The invention relates to a system for ophthalmic laser surgery.
[0002]In refractive ophthalmic surgery the refractive properties of the eye are changed by interventions in respect of the eye of a patient for the purpose of correcting sight defects. In this connection the so-called LASIK process (LASer In-situ Keratomileusis) has great importance, wherein firstly a planar corneal incision is made, as a result of which a small cover disc--the so-called flap--arises. Said flap can be folded aside in order to expose the underlying corneal tissue, the stroma. Subsequently stromal tissue is ablated with a laser (commonly an excimer laser) in accordance with an ablation profile ascertained for the individual patient. After this, the flap is folded back; the wound heals up relatively quickly.
[0003]For the purpose of making the flap incision in the course of LASIK, the mechanical microkeratome used formerly has recently been replaced by an fs laser--that is to say, a laser that generates pulsed laser radiation with pulse durations within the femtosecond range. For an intra-tissue incision, the laser radiation has to lie within the transmissive wavelength range of the cornea--that is to say, above approximately 300 nm. At the same time, the energy density in the beam focus has to be great enough in order to generate an optical breakthrough, the so-called photodisruption. The effective region thereof is locally restricted to the focus diameter. In order to produce a flat incision, the beam focus must therefore be moved successively in accordance with a particular scan pattern onto a plurality of closely adjacent points, ordinarily overlapping one another, in the desired incision surface or incision plane.
[0004]The advantages of a laser incision, in comparison with a corneal incision that is made mechanically with a microscalpel, are resulting in an increasing spread of the use of femtosecond lasers in LASIK operations and other treatments in which incisions are to be introduced into the cornea.
[0005]When carrying out a flap incision by means of a femtosecond laser, in most cases the incision is obtained by a precisely defined alignment of closely adjacent femtosecond microdisruptions. In this connection the beam focus is guided, for example, along a meandering, serpentine path in the plane of the flap incision to be produced (so-called line scan). This cuts the so-called bed of the flap. Subsequently a final marginal incision is made along the desired edge of the flap. In this way the edge of the flap is defined.
[0006]The individual laser pulses are positioned precisely at the desired point in a plane (ordinarily designated as the x-y direction) that is normal to the beam direction, for example by means of a mirror scanner. As an alternative to a mirror scanner, use may be made of a crystal scanner, for example, in order to bring about the desired x-y deflection of the laser beam.
[0007]The quality of an incision to be made with fs laser radiation is influenced by the precise compliance with relevant parameters such as the pulse energy, the focus diameter, the focal plane and also the spacing of adjacent focal locations (spots). These parameters can be separately optimised well for various types of incision guidance. In the case of a flap incision, for example, a distinction can be made between two forms of incision guidance, namely the flap-bed incision--which cuts the flap bed and covers the latter, for example, by means of linear scan paths, largely arranged in parallel with alternating direction of motion--and the peripheral marginal incision which is frequently necessary for the detachment of the flap from the stroma.
[0008]The course of a scan path along which the laser beam is moved may sometimes not be optimal for the desired generation of an athermal (cold) photodisruption at each point along the scan path. Depending on the course of the path, local concentrations of the laser spots may occur. For example, in the case of a meandering line scan with which the bed of a flap is to be cut, in the region of the reversing bends of the individual line segments an accumulation of the spots per unit of length or unit of surface area may arise in comparison with the number of spots in the region of the rectilinear path segments. This accumulation or concentration is due to the inertia of the scanner--particularly when use is being made of a mirror scanner--at the turning-points where the scan direction is reversed. Adjacent focal points are then possibly no longer clearly separated from one another but are situated so closely together that thermal damage to the corneal tissue as a consequence of excessive local radiation of energy can no longer be ruled out. Nevertheless, for the remaining region of the flap--that is to say, the actual bed--the result of the incision with the chosen beam parameters may be optimal.
[0009]It is consequently an object of the present invention to create a solution in terms of apparatus that, when making incisions in ocular tissue by means of short-pulse laser radiation, enables the risk of undesirable thermal damage to the ocular tissue to be reduced.
[0010]For the purpose of achieving this object, the invention provides a system for ophthalmic surgery, comprising a source of pulsed laser radiation with radiation parameters matched to the making of an incision in an ocular tissue, particularly in the cornea, a scanner for deflecting the laser radiation, an electronic control unit which has been set up to control the scanner in accordance with a predetermined incision geometry, and a modulator unit for modulating the laser pulses emitted from the source. The invention provides that the control unit has been set up to control the modulator unit in accordance with a beam-deflection pattern established for the incision geometry, in such a manner that in predetermined parts of the beam-deflection pattern at least some of the laser pulses have a reduced pulse energy or are suppressed. The invention consequently takes as its starting-point the perception that along the scan path of a laser beam there may be regions in which, due to the course of the path, an increased area-specific energy input may arise, with otherwise constant radiation parameters. The invention counters the risk of thermal damage resulting from this by purposefully lowering, in predetermined regions of the scan path, the area-specific energy input by means of suitable energy modulation or blanking of selected laser pulses. The energy modulation or blanking may be applied to each pulse or only to some of the pulses in the path region in question. For example, it is possible to blank only every second, every third or generally every nth pulse in the path region in question. Blanking means that the laser pulse in question is totally blocked or suitably deflected and absorbed, so that substantially nothing from it reaches the ocular tissue. But, instead of a blanking (masking), an energy attenuation of selected pulses may also be undertaken, so that although the pulses in question reach the ocular tissue they do this with purposefully lowered pulse energy in comparison with the energy of the pulses that are situated in the remaining parts of the scan path. Such an energy reduction may be equally strong for all the pulses concerned in the path region--i.e. all the laser pulses concerned are substantially lowered to the same energy level--or the laser pulses concerned may be at least partly energy-modulated to differing degrees.
[0011]Irrespective of whether selected pulses are blanked or energy-modulated, along the entire scan path such radiation parameters as the repetition-rate of the laser pulses emitted from the source or/and the spot size (focus diameter) preferentially remain unchanged.
[0012]The control of the modulator unit by the control unit is expediently effected in location-dependent manner--i.e. depending on the location or the region along the scan path or along the beam-deflection pattern where the beam focus is presently located. Alternatively or in addition, the control may take place in connection with a velocity of the laser radiation relative to the ocular tissue, with a change of the stated velocity--that is to say, the acceleration--or with a pulse energy of the laser radiation.
[0013]In this way it is possible, depending on information concerning the laser-beam focus, to adapt the pulse energy emitted to the ocular tissue suitably. As mentioned, this may be done in location-dependent or position-dependent manner. Alternatively or in addition, a suitable modulation may be imposed, depending on a pattern of motion assigned to the beam-deflection pattern--such as, for instance, a velocity profile of the laser-beam focus--or, for example, depending on information that is made available by the scanner unit or other system components.
[0014]According to a preferred embodiment, the beam-deflection pattern includes a serpentine pattern with a plurality of line paths extending rectilinearly side by side and with a plurality of reversing bends each terminally connecting a pair of adjacent line paths. In this connection the control unit has been set up to control the modulator unit in the region of at least some of the reversing bends for an energy reduction and/or a blanking of at least some of the laser pulses.
[0015]In the case of a beam-deflection pattern of such a type, which is composed of a plurality of straight line paths extending side by side substantially in parallel, a reversal of the direction of motion by about 180° takes place at the marginal regions of the incision geometry. At these points of the beam-deflection pattern, which are designated here as reversing bends, a retardation of the scan velocity arises by reason of an inertia which is inherent in the scanner. Given a substantially constant repetition-rate of the laser source--i.e. given a substantially constant pulse-rate of the laser radiation--in the case of a reduction of the scan velocity an increased energy input into the ocular tissue per unit of surface area results. A blanking of individual pulses or of entire pulse trains, brought about by the control unit, and/or a reduction in the energy of the individual pulses in the region of the reversing bends, may counteract harmful thermal loading possibly resulting from the increased energy input.
[0016]A flat incision can be produced not only with a meandering line scan but also with a so-called spiral scan. In this case the focus is moved along a spiral path. Given constant pulse repetition rate and constant angular velocity of the rotational beam deflection, the path spacing between consecutive focal locations is reduced towards radially inner branches of the spiral path. This corresponds to an increased energy input per unit surface area. For the purpose of avoiding any possible thermal damage which may arise by virtue of such an increased energy input, another preferred embodiment provides that the beam-deflection pattern includes a spiral pattern, the control unit having been set up to control the modulator unit for an energy reduction and/or a blanking of at least some of the laser pulses towards radially interior branches of the spiral pattern. By suitable energy reduction or blanking of pulses, in the interior parts of the spiral scan it is possible to avoid an excessive increase in the energy input per unit of surface area, so that a purely non-thermal photodisruption of the ocular tissue continues to be possible without concomitant thermal damage. It will be understood that a variation of the pulse repetition rate is not intended to be ruled out, and may be implemented in addition to an energy modulation of the pulses.
[0017]Overall, a meandering linear incision guidance offers the advantage of a considerably more freely selectable incision geometry in comparison with a spiral scan. The preparation of an elliptical flap incision--as is indicated, for example, in the case of an astigmatism--can be realised with a spiral-shaped incision guidance with approximately uniform surface density of the microdisruptions only with increased control effort.
[0018]One embodiment provides that the modulator unit includes an optical grating component with variable diffraction efficiency. The diffraction brought about by the grating component either may blank the laser beam completely--by, for example, completely deflecting it into a beam dump which is optionally present--or may diffract only parts of the beam out of the beam path and in this way reduce the energy brought onto or into the ocular tissue by the beam.
[0019]The modulator unit preferably includes an acousto-optical or electro-optical modulator. With a modulator of such a type, the laser radiation can be interrupted, for example, very quickly and over a defined short time-interval, in order to avoid an undesirable local superposition of several laser-radiation pulses at the same location. Alternatively, instead of an interruption of the laser radiation or a blanking of individual or several laser pulses, a purposeful adaptation of the laser-radiation power or pulse power may be undertaken. In other words, instead of an (idealised) keying/blanking, corresponding to a switch with two positions, by virtue of the variation of the diffraction efficiency by means of the modulator a plurality of control positions as regards the diffraction efficiency, and hence ultimately also the energy emitted to the ocular tissue, can be taken up. In this connection, various functional linkages may be provided, for example between the diffraction efficiency and the location of the beam focus, the instantaneous velocity of the beam focus or the change in the beam-focus velocity--i.e. the acceleration.
[0020]The control unit may have been set up to control the modulator unit in such a manner that in at least one predetermined section of the beam-deflection pattern said modulator unit blanks each of several laser pulses situated in this section or reduces the pulse energy of each of these pulses compared with the pulse energy in other sections of the beam-deflection pattern. Alternatively or in addition, the control unit may have been set up to control the modulator unit in such a manner that in at least one predetermined section of the beam-deflection pattern said modulator unit blanks, alternately in succession, at least one first laser pulse or reduces the pulse energy thereof and leaves unchanged the pulse energy of at least one second laser pulse compared with the pulse energy in other sections of the beam-deflection pattern.
[0021]The invention will be elucidated in more detail in the following on the basis of the appended drawings. Represented are:
[0022]FIG. 1: a schematic exemplary embodiment of a system according to the invention for ophthalmic laser surgery,
[0023]FIG. 2: a first exemplary scan pattern for a flap incision,
[0024]FIG. 3: a second exemplary scan pattern for a flap incision and
[0025]FIG. 4: a third exemplary scan pattern for a flap incision.
[0026]The system shown in FIG. 1 in schematic block representation, denoted generally by 100, is a laser system that is suitable for the production of an intra-tissue incision in the eye of a patient. An intracorneal flap incision for producing a LASIK flap is one possible and preferred example of an incision for which the laser system 100 is suitable. However, it is not excluded to produce other forms of a tissue incision in the eye with the laser system 100.
[0027]The laser system 100 includes a laser oscillator 110 which, in free-running manner, emits laser pulses with a duration within the femtosecond range and at a defined repetition-rate. The laser oscillator 110 may, for example, be a solid-state-laser oscillator, in particular a fibre-laser oscillator. The pulses emitted by the laser oscillator 110 pass through a preamplifier arrangement 120 which increases the power of the pulses. At the same time, the preamplifier arrangement 120 brings about a temporal stretching of the pulses. The laser pulses that have been pretreated in such a way are then reduced in their repetition-rate by means of a so-called pulse picker 130. The laser oscillator 110 provides, for example, pulses at a rate of 10 MHz or more. This rate is reduced to, for example, 200 kHz with the aid of the pulse picker 130. The pulses that have been reduced in their repetition-rate in such a way are input to a power amplifier 140 which generates the pulse energy of the still temporally extended pulses that is needed for the application. Before the pulses that have been amplified in this way are supplied to a final pulse compressor 150, they ordinarily have a pulse length of over one picosecond, which is again compressed by the final pulse compressor 150 to the short fs pulse width, made possible by the bandwidth of the oscillator 110 and of the amplifier media, of, for example, below 500 fs. In the case of the final pulse compressor 150, it may be a question, for example, of a grating compressor.
[0028]Components 110, 120, 130, 140 and 150 may be regarded, taken together, as a laser source in the sense of the invention.
[0029]The succession of fs laser pulses generated in this way subsequently passes through a pulse modulator 170 which, for example, takes the form of an acousto-optical modulator or an electro-optical modulator. Generally the pulse modulator 170 may contain arbitrary optically active elements which enable a rapid blanking or modulation of the energy of the laser pulses. An acousto-optical modulator may, for example, offer switching-times from less than 10 μs down to, for example, 2 μs, with an off-time of approximately 10 μs to 100 μs.
[0030]Assigned to the pulse modulator 170 in FIG. 1 is a beam dump 180 which serves to absorb any possible pulses to be blanked that are not to reach the target to be treated. Such pulses to be blanked can be deflected by the pulse modulator 170 onto the beam dump 180, so that they are no longer contained in the further beam path of the laser beam directed onto the target.
[0031]Downstream of the modulator 170 the laser beam reaches a scanning and focusing arrangement 160 which is represented schematically here as a common block and which deflects the laser beam in a plane (x-y plane) perpendicular to the beam direction in accordance with a predetermined scan pattern or beam-deflection pattern and focuses it onto the desired destination in the beam direction (z-direction). In the case of an eye treatment, the destination is situated in the ocular tissue and, in particular, in the corneal tissue. For the consecutive laser pulses the beam-deflection pattern defines the position of each pulse in the x-y plane. In other words, it establishes a path (or several paths), along which the laser beam is to be moved, in order ultimately to obtain the desired incision.
[0032]The scanning and focusing arrangement 160 may, for example, include an x-y mirror scanner with two galvanometrically operated deflecting mirrors, which are capable of swivelling about mutually perpendicular axes, for the beam scanning, and an f-theta objective for the purpose of beam focusing.
[0033]The pulse modulator 170 and the scanning and focusing arrangement 160 are coupled with a program-controlled control unit 190. The latter contains, in a program memory which is not represented in any detail, a control program which upon execution by the control unit 190 brings about such a control of the pulse modulator 170 and of the scanning and focusing arrangement 160 that the laser beam is focused in the desired target plane, is moved over the target plane in a manner corresponding to the desired beam-deflection pattern, and, in predetermined parts of the beam-deflection pattern which are defined in the control program, at least some of the laser pulses are attenuated in energy by the pulse modulator 170 or are blanked completely.
[0034]In the exemplary case that is shown, the laser beam that is output by the scanning and focusing arrangement 160 is directed onto a cornea 300 of a human eye 302 and is guided there with its focus in an intracorneal (planar or non-planar) incision plane 304. This incision plane 304 is represented as a line in the present stylised sectional representation of the eye 302. A detailed elucidation of the incision guidance and also of the mode of operation of the modulator 170 in connection with the incision guidance results from the following description of FIG. 2.
[0035]FIG. 2 shows a detail of the human cornea 300 on which a flap incision according to a first flap-incision schema 305 is to be carried out. The flap-incision schema 305 is only represented schematically; in particular, under certain circumstances the size ratios do not correspond to the real ratios. In addition, the flap-incision schema 305 is indicated only partially, in order to keep the representation as a whole clearly comprehensible.
[0036]For the purpose of carrying out the flap incision, laser pulses are focused at points 310, 315 of the cornea 300 which are illustrated by circles, so that microdisruptions arise. The laser radiation generated by the system 100 is guided over the surface of the cornea 300 by means of a high-speed scanner. As a rule, the cornea exhibits a surface curvature which may be designated, in a first approximation, as spherical. For the implementation of a flap incision, it is, for example, conventional to level the surface of the cornea to be treated by pressing on or suctioning on an attachment. The focusing of the femtosecond laser radiation is effected within a plane 304 (see FIG. 1) which extends substantially perpendicular to the visual axis of the eye, so that a substantially uniform flap thickness arises. The laser beam is guided within this plane along defined path curves.
[0037]In a first part of the incision schema 305 the planar flap-bed incision is produced. To this end, the laser beam is guided along a substantially straight scan path 320 in a first direction of motion 335 and, upon exceeding the desired flap-incision radius, changes its direction of motion to a second direction of motion 345 and is subsequently again guided along a straight line parallel to, and with a defined spacing 325 from, the first scan line 320, so that the entire surface of the flap incision is scanned in the form of a grid or in meandering form with alternating directions of motion 335, 345.
[0038]Within the individual scan lines 320 the focal locations 315 are aligned with one another in virtually equidistant manner with a spacing 327, since pulse-rate and scan velocity along the lines 320 are kept constant. The individual scan lines 320 are provided with a spacing 325 from one another in such a way that, together with the spacing 327 of the individual focal locations 315 within the scan line, on the whole a two-dimensional incision arises. At the margins within the reversing bends 330 of the flap-incision pattern the direction of motion of the laser beam changes, for example by approximately 180°. At these reversing bends 330 a retarded relative velocity between laser beam and corneal surface results by reason of the inertia of the scanner, so that many of the focal locations 315 are situated locally close together or coincide. This is evident in a distinctly smaller focal-location spacing 322 within the reversing bends 330 compared with the focal-location spacing 327 along the scan-route sections 320. These regions 330 are consequently subject to potential thermal damage.
[0039]For the purpose of completing the flap incision, after the surface incision represented by the lines 320 a marginal incision along a, for example, substantially circular path 340 is carried out. For the marginal incision a different focus density may be required or advantageous, compared, for example, with that of the flap-bed incision. Correspondingly, the spacing 324 of the focal locations 310 along the marginal-incision path curve 340 in the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 2 is smaller than the spacing 327 of the focal locations along the substantially linear path curves 320. The marginal incision 340 is interrupted at a point 350 which serves as a (flap) hinge in the course of detaching the severed corneal region and folding it upwards. In the course of folding upwards, the potentially thermally damaged regions 330 along the line 340 are severed and are then situated outside the flap.
[0040]A first possibility, according to the invention, in order to reduce the aforementioned thermal damage at the reversing-points 330 consists in interrupting the emission of the laser radiation to the cornea by means of a suitable drive of the acousto-optical modulator 170 if the focal locations fall outside the (initially imaginary) marginal-incision line 340.
[0041]This situation is represented at the reversing bend 334. Those focal locations 315 and the associated microdisruptions which in region 334 would, respectively, fall on the cornea 300 and be triggered are represented as circles that have not been filled in. In this exemplary embodiment the laser-beam path through the modulator 170 is blocked in a region outside the edge of the flap, so that no pulses impinge on the cornea 300. But it is also conceivable that only single laser pulses or entire series of pulses are blocked. This blanking of laser pulses may be effected, for example, in a manner depending on a location signal, velocity signal or acceleration signal made available by the scanner unit 160. But, where appropriate, the generation and/or provision of signals may also be effected by other modules or components which are independent of the scanner unit. Furthermore, the blanking may, where appropriate, also be effected by a purely temporal control or programming of the laser-beam guidance or by taking other suitable signals into account. By virtue of this measure, as can be discerned in FIG. 2, the marginal region 334 is kept totally free from micro-disruptions induced by the laser beam, and thermal damage in this region is ruled out.
[0042]One strategy for avoiding thermal damage--which may be employed alternatively or, where appropriate, in combination with the possibility presented above--consists in a modulation of the energy of individual femtosecond pulses in the course of guidance of the incision in the cornea. This is represented in the reversing region 332 in FIG. 2. Instead of, as in region 334, keeping the local density of the individual focal locations on statistical average substantially approximately within a desired range, in region 332 the energy is reduced that is emitted to the cornea by the individual laser pulses in the form of the focal locations 317 by way of microdisruptions. For the purpose of representation, the circles that represent the focal locations of the laser radiation are represented as circles 317 with a smaller radius. For the purpose of obtaining a lower emission of energy, the acousto-optical modulator 170 is not switched from an on-state into the absolute off-state. Rather, in principle, for each pulse of the train of femtosecond pulses individual pulse energies are capable of being set which can be adapted to the concrete application in magnitude and succession. In this connection, switching-times can be realised that can modulate individual impulses at a repetition-rate of up to about 1 MHz. In the present case, for pulses that lie outside the flap-incision region a constantly lower pulse energy is set or adjusted. But a pulse-energy progression is also conceivable that is adapted to the presumable or actual velocity progression or acceleration progression. Moreover, it is conceivable to arrange the reversing bend 332 not outside the flap bed but rather within the marginal incision, and in this way to obtain a temporal shortening of the entire flap-incision procedure by dispensing with scanning beyond the actual marginal-incision region. With the flap-incision schema 305 represented in FIG. 2 it is possible for arbitrary flap shapes to be realised, which may be an advantage, in particular, in the case of higher-order aberrations of the corneal geometry, such as astigmatism for instance.
[0043]Another alternative form of production of a flap incision is represented in FIG. 3. Instead of a linear, meandering scanning of the flap-incision region, in the case of the flap-incision schema 400 shown in FIG. 3 a spiral scan guidance is provided. The representation of the incision schema is again only schematic--i.e. the size ratios and spacing ratios are, as in FIG. 2, not true to scale and may differ in reality from the schema that is represented. Furthermore, also as in FIG. 2 the incision guidance is incomplete. In particular, in the peripheral region of the spiral incision yet further pulses have to be positioned in the course of a real incision guidance.
[0044]In the present exemplary embodiment the incision guidance is effected along a spiral path 420 evolving outwards from the central region 405 of the cornea 300 to peripheral regions 430--in the present case, clockwise along the direction of motion indicated by an arrow 407 in FIG. 3. The individual focal locations 415 are placed along the spiral path 420 with continuous pulse-rate. The velocity profile generated by the scanner along the spiral path 420 is composed of a linear radial component as well as a rotational-speed component. In the case of a constant rotational component (i.e. constant angular velocity) and a constant radial component, given a constant pulse-rate in the central region 405 a distinctly higher focal-location density prevails along the path curve 420 than in peripheral regions 430, since in the peripheral region 430 the path velocity is higher by reason of the constant rotational speed. This is evident in a smaller focal-location spacing 432 in the central region 405 compared with the focal-location spacing 434 in the peripheral region 430.
[0045]Although the flap-incision schema 400 has the advantage that--in the case of the direction of motion 407 that has been described, from the centre 405 to the peripheral regions 430--the flat flap-bed incision can be transformed continuously into the flap-edge incision, on the other hand there is the risk of thermal damage in the central region of the cornea 300, which may be a particular disadvantage there. Also in the case of an evolution of the spiral path in the opposite direction of motion--i.e. from the peripheral edge region 430 of the flap inwards into the central region 405--there is the same risk, since here too use has to be made of a mixed pulse power which has a tendency to be too low for the peripheral region 430, given temporally fixed pulse frequency, and which in the central region 405 of the cornea 300 is possibly too high.
[0046]In order to achieve a more uniform energy input per unit of surface area, according to one embodiment of the invention the energy emitted to the ocular tissue of the cornea 300 at the focal locations 415 is modulated in such a manner that the energy input is lower in the central region 405 of the cornea than in the peripheral region 430. This is indicated in FIG. 3 by a radius of the circles representing the focal locations 415 which increases from the central region 405 to the peripheral region 430. Consequently, although the focal-location density is reduced from the inside 405 to the outside 430, by virtue of the increasing pulse power the energy input per focal location which is brought about by the triggered microdisruptions is higher and consequently compensates the reducing focal-location density to give an energy input per unit of surface area that remains substantially constant within a desired range. This compensation by means of the modulator 170 can be temporally controlled by a control unit in accordance with a previously established mathematical function; but a control loop may also be set up which regulates the pulse power, for example in a manner depending on the radial position of the scan device 160.
[0047]As an alternative to a control or regulation of the pulse power along the spiral-path curve 420, in the case of a spiral-path-scan schema a constant pulse density along a path curve can be adjusted by blanking of laser pulses. This is represented schematically in FIG. 4. For the purpose of avoiding repetition, in the description of FIG. 4 only the essential differences from the embodiments already described, shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, will be considered. In FIG. 4 a flap-incision schema 500 comparable to the schema of the embodiment shown in FIG. 3 is represented. By means of a spiral beam-deflection pattern along a path curve 520, this schema produces a flap-bed incision by applying laser pulses 515. In order to keep the focal spacing of the laser pulses 515 in the path curve 520 of the spiral scan substantially constant, by blanking of individual laser pulses 525 (instead of a variation of the pulse-repetition frequency of the laser source, or instead of a variation of the laser-pulse energy) the pulse-rate of the laser radiation impinging on the ocular tissue is changed continuously in accordance with the following equation
s f = const ~ d i f i d 0 f 0 f i << f 0 as d i << d 0 ##EQU00001##
[0048]fi=pulse-rate in the inner spiral region;
[0049]fo=pulse-rate in the outer spiral region;
[0050]sf=spot spacing in the path curve;
[0051]di=diameter of the path curve in the central region;
[0052]do=diameter of the path curve in an outer region.
[0053]Consequently, an approximately uniform focal-location density over the entire flap-bed-incision region of the cornea 300 results by virtue of a blanking of three out of four pulses in a central region 505 and by blanking every second pulse in a peripheral region 530. The numerical values and size ratios represented here are, under certain circumstances, not true to reality or true to scale and serve only for schematic representation. In a concrete embodiment the actual pulse-to-blanking ratios may differ considerably from the values that are represented in simplified manner.
[0054]Overall, the local accumulation or even superposition--which is associated with negative consequences--of several fs laser pulses in the region of the reversing-points in the case of a linear grid-like flap-incision process or a too dense succession of fs laser pulses in the case of a spiral scan process can consequently be avoided by a program-correlated blanking or by a purposeful modulation of the pulse power of the laser radiation. In all cases the laser source continues to run undisturbed with fixed and optimised beam parameters such as pulse energy, pulse duration as well as divergence and beam-parameter product, as a result of which the incision quality remains uniformly optimised.
[0055]The invention may also be utilised for other fs laser applications in ophthalmology. For example, similar incision schemata may be employed for lamellar and penetrating keratoplasty, such as, for instance, in the case of a lenticular extraction or similar.
Patent applications by Klaus Vogler, Eckental/eschenau DE
Patent applications by Olaf Kittelmann, Berlin DE
Patent applications by WaveLight AG
Patent applications in class Ophthalmic
Patent applications in all subclasses Ophthalmic
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DC's New 52: Reviews and Discussion (Spoilers welcolme and likely)
View Single Post
March 28 2013, 11:34 PM
Rear Admiral
Location: Suriname
Re: DC's New 52: Reviews and Discussion (Spoilers welcolme and likely)
Unicron wrote:
OdoWanKenobi wrote:
I'm pretty sure that War was before New 52, and that we essentially have a continuity problem. There was never a single moment between Hal getting a ring from Sinestro, and his "death" by Black Hand for him to spend any time running around with the League.
Yeah, that sounds right to me since I mainly have the GL titles. The last time I recall Hal interacting with them was during the Brightest Day arc.
Now, there is basically only one contemporary Justice League story arc before Hal leaves the League. It could have taken place just prior to the indigo lanterns story arc, but why would Hal resign from the League at that point. He is no longer a Corps member so what pressing off-world business could he have?
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The Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture seeks applications for the position of Department Head.Responsibilities: The head is expected to provide vision, leadership, and administration in support of the land-grant missions of teaching, research and extension; work closely with faculty and staff to set departmental priorities and allocate resources; advocate for the department within the university, state, region and nation as well as internationally; cultivate an environment that encourages excellence; promote opportunities for interdisciplinary research, teaching, and extension; identify and obtain additional resources for the department; enhance the diversity of our faculty, students and staff; and support a climate of inclusiveness and respect.
Position availability: Fall 2015
How to apply: Students with a Bachelor's degree in Horticulture or other appropriate plant-science-related field with interest in controlled environment agriculture are encouraged to apply. Interested applicants should contact Ms. Colleen Flynn firstname.lastname@example.com for application materials or apply directly at the following link:
Questions about the research project can be directed to Cary Mitchell email@example.com. Applicants with career goals open to possible future employment with space agencies may be interested in this educational and training opportunity. Purdue University is an EEO/AA employer fully committed to achieving a diverse workforce. All individuals, including minorities, women, individuals with disabilities, and protected veterans are encouraged to apply.
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Star Trek Into Darkness & The Bechdel Test
View Single Post
June 16 2013, 10:54 PM
Rear Admiral
Location: Bristol, United Kingdom
Re: Star Trek Into Darkness & The Bechdel Test
YellowSubmarine wrote:
JarodRussell wrote:
What you listed above is basically the technobabble version of character development.
When you show that quote to someone who doesn't know Star Trek, you'll get a "what the hell do I care" reaction.
That she teached xenolinguistics or developed universal translator algorithms or that she is fluent in three languages is just background information noise, you could replace it with something else and it wouldn't add or take away anything. What matters is what they do, and what they do isn't much.
When they are not acting as damsel in distress, they are the love interest, and when they are supposed to be strong women, they run around in skintight catsuits or miniskirts.
What relevance does it have that we've chosen to use Star Trek terminology on a Star Trek forum? Where is the technobabble in being an expert in foreign languages, speaking a great deal of them, having the knowledge and expertise to train or tune a complicated translation computer program, being a critical translator in diplomatic missions under extreme stress and overcoming one's own fears in face of great danger? A non-Trek fan can understand that just fine me thinks. People have the remarkable ability to catch what's happening on screen outside of explicit dialogue and images of legs, boobs, muscles and bloodshed. That's a dishonest way to dismiss the accomplishments of the characters. Why do you wish to ignore everything they've actually done?
TOS had a habit of bigging up the women as highly qualified and then using them as sex objects e.g. Ann Mulhall, Carolyn Palamis, Christine Chapel, Marlena Moreau etc. Uhura really stands out, Charlene Masterson was pretty cool, Helen Noel walks the line, and most of the yeomen don't even pretend to be highly qualified. I do have a soft spot for Miranda Jones though - far more interesting than a betazoid and she managed to resist Kirk's charm.
Star Trek/Babylon 5/Alien crossover
Other Worlds Role Playing Game
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Being awarded a college scholarship
Is that right? What was yours?
I'm sorry to hear that. It definitely put me through the wringer when I lost my scholarship and had to drop out
I'm doing pretty decent all things considered... been meaning to go back to school for a long time, but still in the wilderness one might say. I haven't been to school since I was 20
when i came second in the junior masterchef :)
Bronze Star. Getting that damn virus off my computer was a close second.
my son getting his bachelor of science-becoming his mother
The first day of school for my two children.
Accepting/ living with my condition I guess...
Featured story in my profile :)
the birth of my two children,
My proudest achievement was when I finished college with a "Phd in Psychology"!
Thank you! Yes you will make it with determination,remember,something worth having, don't come "Easy". I'll be praying for you and stick with it! Good Luck! :))
You're welcome! :))
Designing the banner for my for my Confirmation class
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Looking at a Ford Focus? These days you can get it as a five-door hatch, a four-door sedan, or... that's all. European buyers don't even get our sedan, but they do get a wagon. And while the three-door hatch, two-door coupe and two-door cabrio have long since ended production, buyers around the world can also get the company's larger C-Max. And now, like the Focus upon which it's based, Ford is preparing to roll out a new version.
Ford C Max Energi
1 / 1
23Ford previews new C-Max ahead of upcoming debut
- Noah Joseph
- Sep 15, 2014
- 23
31Ford C-Max spied with fresh updates
14All the details on Plug In 2014 electric vehicle conference you could ever want
- Sebastian Blanco
- Aug 5, 2014
- 14
132Ford lowers MPG ratings on six vehicles
87Ford says C-Max mpg reduction has hurt sales
131Ford C-Max spot aimed squarely at Cadillac ELR 'Poolside' hubris [UPDATE]
30Ford C-Max Solar Energi takes a recharging station wherever it goes [UPDATE]
39Ford bringing C-Max Solar Energi Concept to CES [w/video]
25Ford recalling nearly 24,000 Focus EV and C-Max models over door chime
AddFord C-Max Energi plug-in hybrid rated at 100 MPGe, combined
AddGM-Volt.com founder trades in Chevy Volt for Ford C-Max Energi
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29Confused about the C-Max Energi abilities? Ask the chief engineer
5Ford's MyFord smartphone app updates EV charging station database more than you'll need
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33Ford C-Max Energi will have 20-mile electric range, get 95 MPGe [w/video]
92Ford C-Max Energi will have 20-mile electric range, get 95 MPGe
53Tesla Model S, BMW i3 among 2012 Green Car Vision finalists
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1 / 1


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History News
This minor integrates well with a variety of other disciplines such as sociology, political science and economics.
History students at Grove City College are also encouraged to take advantage of a variety of extracurricular resources such as honorary societies, special trips and study abroad opportunities as a way to deepen their course study.
Students graduating with a B.A. in history are well poised for careers in government service, politics, the military, publishing, journalism, communications, human resources, public relations, archives and museums, historical preservation and restoration, archaeology and more.
Grove City College history students intern at wide variety of museums, historical sites, businesses and not-for-profit organizations.
Requirements include 21 credit hours of English, Greek, history, philosophy, political science and Latin.
Each year, talented students from around the world bring their intellect, work ethic and enthusiasm to Grove City College and make the most of all the Department of History and the campus have to offer.


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Study finds emergency CT use leads to diagnosis changes
October 9, 2015 --
A new study in
is offering a riposte to those who question whether CT is being overused to evaluate patients in the emergency department. The review of more than 1,200 patient cases found that the use of CT often led to changes in patient management.
ISO certification: Why it's important to you
October 9, 2015 --
While medical device companies often tout International Organization for Standardization (ISO) certifications, potential customers may not understand what these certifications actually prove. But a little due diligence can clear up any uncertainty, writes Summit Imaging CEO Larry Nguyen.
Advocates for NaF-PET plan rebound from CMS decision
October 8, 2015 --
In a word, "disappointment" is how members of the nuclear medicine and radiology communities are reacting to last month's rejection by the U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) of a proposal to loosen restrictions on reimbursement for sodium fluoride (NaF) PET scans to detect bone metastases.
Women say mammograms are crucial -- but don't get them
October 8, 2015 --
Although more than three-quarters of women strongly agree that getting regular mammography screening is important, just over half actually follow through, according to a study published in the September
Journal of Women's Health
. The study highlights a need for mammography awareness beyond just painting things pink.
U.S. government finalizes meaningful use regulations
October 8, 2015 --
With the goal of making its meaningful use IT stimulus initiative simpler and more flexible for providers, the U.S. government has issued final rules for its incentive and certification program for electronic health record software.
Preparing for ICD-10: How to document pain
October 7, 2015 --
By this time, most people working in healthcare are aware of the October 1 deadline to begin using ICD-10-CM in place of ICD-9-CM for reporting diagnoses to Medicare. In this article, Carin Carlson of Healthcare Administrative Partners takes a look at how the new codes apply to the documentation of pain.
Study: Skip CT in most blunt emergency trauma cases
October 7, 2015 --
Doctors can safely forego CT imaging in more than one-third of emergency blunt trauma cases by using clinical criteria to assess patients rather than automatically sending them to imaging, according to a study of more than 11,000 patients that was published October 6 in
PLOS Medicine
USPSTF foils CT colonography screening again
October 6, 2015 --
In a draft recommendation released today, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) appears to have thrown CT colonography under the bus again, excluding the CT-based exam from its list of recommended colorectal cancer screening tests.
fMRI shows age influences recovery time from TBI
October 6, 2015 --
Many older patients recover more slowly from concussions than younger individuals, based on different brain activation patterns seen on functional MRI (fMRI) scans. The study results, published online October 6 in
, suggest that mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) may have a more profound and lasting effect among older people.
3D ultrasound-based hip segmentation is fast, accurate
October 6, 2015 --
A new automated hip segmentation algorithm that uses 3D ultrasound data produced accurate segmentations of the acetabulum in infant hips, according to a study in the
International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery
. The technique could improve the diagnosis of infants with developmental dysplasia of the hip.
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Deerfield Beach's the Resolvers turn reggae on its dreadlocked head
By Joanie CoxCity Link Metromix
The members of reggae band the Resolvers gather around the kitchen counter at bassist Steave Nieratka's Pompano Beach home. Drinking Heineken from Mason jars, the band's members reminisce about the day their group accidentally came together in 2007. "We took the jam-band approach," guitarist Ron Eisner says. "We landed a gig at Kahuna Bar and Grill in Deerfield Beach, which was a dream gig for a reggae band. The band literally formed at the gig, but we were all friends first."The band started out performing reggae versions of unexpected covers by Sam Cooke, Pink Floyd, Van Morrison and the Beatles. "You can reggae-fy pretty much any song," the 28-year-old Eisner explains with a laugh.However, the Resolvers don't fit the stereotype of the reggae band. First off, four out of the five members are white. Eisner is an accountant from Tel Aviv. Keyboardist Dean Fishback grew up a country boy in Tallahassee, but became so deeply accepted by the reggae scene he has become the go-to guy for tours to Martinique and Hawaii with national reggae acts such as Glenn Washington and Wailing Souls. Drummer Nate Largent has a day job as a massage therapist. Nieratka is obsessed with science-fiction novels. And lead vocalist Ojay Smith is a skateboarding Frisbee enthusiast who is also the son of 1960s reggae singer Ernie Smith."For a while, we felt like we had to prove ourselves to sound authentic," Eisner says. "People would come out and say, 'This bunch of white guys is going to play reggae?'" Just as Eisner is getting animated about the early days of his band, a fly lands in one of the Mason jars. "You want to see a trick? I bet I can bring him back to life," says the 32-year-old Largent while fishing the insect from the glass. He dumps a mountain of salt on the fly and nothing happens. The other members of the band shake their heads in disbelief, study the pile for a minute and continue their stories.
"The hardest part of being a band is getting along," Eisner admits. "You get burned out down here. It took a while to finally get in the habit of rehearsing two to three times a week and writing some tunes. You put so many years into a project and in a second, it can be gone." Fishback, 37 and considered the veteran of the band, says he never anticipated reggae to go so mainstream. "The punk rockers in the '80s loved reggae, not for its peaceful message, but because it was a rebellious thing," he says. "It's awesome, though, because now ska is making a comeback, and we're able to draw off each other's roots as musicians. Reggae music definitely came from some badass musicians."With a mixture of rock, jazz and blues backgrounds, the Resolvers boast a traditional reggae sound with a punky twist. The band's debut five-song EP, "H'amsa," which means five in Arabic, was released last year. Two of the songs were featured on a TV show called "Island Hoppers," and the CD helped land the group a gig at the Jamaica Jazz and Blues Festival in Montego Bay. "When you get off the plane in Jamaica with guitar cases, you get treated so good right from the airport," the 32-year-old Smith says. "There's such an appreciation for music there."The Resolvers have performed with Estelle and Robin Thicke. They opened for the Original Wailers in Delray Beach and Key West in March, backed Mishka June 11 at Revolution and shared a stage with Yellowman, O Rappa, Less than Jake and Badfish."From day one, I was collecting e-mails and hustling to get a following," Eisner recalls. "There's a big reggae scene in Deerfield Beach. There's us, Spread the Dub, Kayaki, which is a Brazilian reggae band, and Stampede, who got their name because there's literally, like, eight people on the stage."
The Resolvers tend to deliver a positive message in their lyrics, as in the song "Clear": "People change/Maybe I should, too/Start today/Tomorrow won't be soon enough to clear up my mistakes." The band also manages to keep the lyrics relevant and its melodies less predictable than the standard two-chord reggae lick. The tune "Giving Into Love" features doo-wop-style R&B backing vocals. "I think our four-part harmonies make us rare," Largent says. "We have a deep appreciation for old-school musicianship." The band typically opens a set with "Sound Check," a smooth, feel-good tune that makes the tedious routine of testing microphone levels seem fun. While they go on about peace, fighting for your rights and spreading love as Bob Marley did, the Resolvers also sing about getting off pills, long-distance relationships and surviving the daily grind. "We find it doesn't work for all five of us to sit down together and write a song," Nieratka says. "It works best if we pair up or individually come up with concepts. We'll throw some ideas around and come together on it. Then, it just flows."That accidental sort of chemistry even explains the band's name. "We were Ova Dub, Under Dub," Eisner admits. "Then, one night, we were about to finish a big song and none of us came in for that final note except Dean. We called him the resolver to the song and then the name just stuck."
The Resolvers play an average of 13 shows a month and in August will travel to California to embark on their first tour. "Our new stuff has more depth lyrically," Nieratka says. "The structure of the music is more complex."Smith, who often gets songwriting advice from his famous father, says his band has grown from the thriving reggae movement in Deerfield. "We have a mature approach to our music," he says. "We just go with the flow and move. We're not letting egos or emotion hold us back."Just as everyone seems to have forgotten about the fly Largent was trying to resuscitate with a salt pile, its wings slowly begin to flutter and it takes off out the window."I thought that was total bullshit, but it actually worked," Nieratka says, high-fiving Largent."Reggae is about optimism, freedom, it's uplifting," Eisner says. "It's the story of mankind. And apparently, Nate really is a healer." visit Theresolvers.com. Contact Joanie Cox at email@example.com.


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Jessie Mae Hastings
Jessie Mae (Miller) Hastings passed from this Earth peacefully early June 26, 2012.
She was born Sept. 14, 1928, in Post, Texas, to Jessie J. Miller and Willa Mae Miller. She was married to Edward Laurence Hastings from July 31, 1948, until his passing in 1992.
Jessie was preceded in death by her parents; her husband of 43 years; brother, Charles Leon Miller; and sister, La Verne Peters. She is survived by two sisters, Hazel Savage and Darlene Wyche, of Roswell; three Login to read more
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Read what our customers SAY about Bike Friday
It's all here. Raves and rants, kudos and krankiness from Bike Friday owners everywhere. We want to hear it all. And we share it with anyone who is interested.
The opinions expressed here are from Bike Friday owners who have chosen to share their views. Many are clearly thrilled with their bikes. Some offer us insight on possible improvements.
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Simply select a Bike Friday model from the list on the right, and you'll get reviews specific to that model. If you want to read it all, just dig in.
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Posted by: Margaret Goodwin
Email: email@example.com
I got my bike and I love it! I got it Friday and put it together, but just got to test it yesterday. I went to New Jersey and rode along their shore for about two hours. I NEVER rode that long before because after a half-hour my neck would be hurting. I was so comfortable and loved being able to be in a more upright position.
It's really an incredible bike and I'll be honest, before I got it I was thinking it might look a bit funny because it's smaller. As soon as I put it together I realized how cool it looked. I don't think most people can realize how sturdy it is until you ride one, I am so impressed!
When I was finished riding and about to put the bike in my car an older couple were walking by and the wife said "Wow, what a cool bike!" She loved the name Bike Friday too. I told them all about it and what it could do and had her take a test ride. The husband said he couldn't believe it looked so well made for a folding bike. I gave them the pamphlet but I forgot to give them a referral card.
Today I will practice folding it. It took me an hour to put it together and packing it seems a bit overwhelming right now but I'm sure with practice, it will be easier.
Posted by: Dean Roberts
This machine represents the pinnacle of 31 years of cycling for me. It is incredibly well designed and features excellent, predictable road manners consistent with high end road bikes. Steering response is very quick due to the lack of gyroscopic force in the front end. Low wheel mass makes for excellent acceleration and climbing. A delight to ride and own.
Phone (403) 284-5607 Calgary, AB, Canada for further info.
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The Tour of the Scioto River Valley (OH) is a 2-day, back-to-back centuries ride every Mother's Day. I rode my Sat R Day this year.
How did it do? It surpassed what I had hoped for. Prior to the ride, I would have been happy with maintaining around 15 mph, with occasional spurts to the upper teens. What really happened is that I spent most of my time around 18 mph, frequently cruising at 20, with one memorable mile at 23!
I would like for the seat to recline a bit more, but that's the only "blemish" I could find!
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Eric Staal is worried about what his mom will say. Nicklas Lidstrom is worried about what the Carolina fans will do. Mike Green is worried about being picked last — or he was, until he was named a co-captain. Now that dubious distinction becomes everyone else's worry.
Staal and Lidstrom face off Friday night in Raleigh, N.C., but not on the ice. Not yet. Instead, the two captains and their henchmen will draft their own teams for Sunday's NHL All-Star Game. Instead of East vs. West, the game will feature Team Staal vs. Team Lidstrom, and in the process, a lot of grown men will be transported back to their school yard days, when kids picked sides and some poor kid would be picked last.


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Cloud Desktop Services
NaviSite's cloud-based virtual desktop solutions can help enterprises address the challenges of desktop administration and management, delivered through a Desktop-as-a-Service (DaaS) model. NaviSite's NaviCloud® DaaS cloud desktop services offer enhanced flexibility and control over resource provisioning and end-user applications.
Enable end-users with a persistent Windows desktop instance in the Cloud, allowing for full-featured desktop capabilities.more download brief
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Injection Molding
Brand: Husky QuadLoc Tandem
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text:
First Android Builder Summit AnnouncedFeb 15, 2011
The Android Builder Summit, to be announced by the Linux Foundation on Wednesday, February 16, will bring together OEMs, device makers, systems builders and kernel community to collaborate on the Android platform.more »
Canonical Makes Ubuntu Component Catalog PublicFeb 15, 2011
"There has not been a comprehensive, up-to-date freely available catalog like this for a long time," said Victor Palau, Platform Services Manager at Canonical. "By making this open and easily searchable we want to speed the component selection for Ubuntu machines, and allow us and our partner manufacturers to focus on the value-added user experience."more »
Open Hardware Definition 1.0 DisseminatedFeb 15, 2011
The Hardware Summit announces the availability of version 1.0 of the Open Hardware Definition and asks for the community to help drive this initiative forward.more »
Program for 2011 End User Summit AnnouncedFeb 15, 2011
The 2011 End User Summit program was announced by the Linux Foundation. The End User Summit which is sponsored by IBM and Softlayer, is invitation only and designed to bring together enterprise Linux end users and kernel developers. Find who should be attending and how individuals can request an invitation.more »
Linux Foundation Responds to Nokia Microsoft PartnershipFeb 11, 2011
The Linux Foundation executive director, Jim Zemlin responds to Nokia's announcement of its partnership with Microsoft.more »
Beyond FUDCON: Meet Fedora Ambassador Larry CafieroFeb 11, 2011
Launched last week, Beyond FUDCon highlights the Fedora community and project. This week we look at the Fedora Ambassador Program through the eyes and experience of Fedora Ambassador, Larry Cafiero.more »
Ubuntu 11.04 Drops Release CandidateFeb 11, 2011
Kate Stewart, Ubuntu Release Manager at Canonical, announced on the ubuntu-devel announce mailing list there will be no release candidate for the Ubuntu 11.04 Natty Narwal release.more »
Ubuntu Increasing Its DiversityFeb 10, 2011
Matt Zimmerman, Canonical CTO, with help from Mary Gardiner, Valerie Aurora and Benjamin Mako Hill, leads the effort for Ubuntu to adopt a diversity statement.more »
Issue 180/2015
Buy this issue as a PDF
Dyreza Malware is Back
Powerful man-in-the-middle attack is now targeting online shopping.
Kernel Developer Matthew Garrett Forks the Linux Kernel
Another high-profile coder says the kernel team needs a kinder, gentler culture.
Bugzilla Bug
Bug database has a bug of its own that could allow an intruder to create an unauthorized account.
US Launches New Strategy for Broadband Access
Report focuses federal resources on achieving universal Internet access.
RC4 Finally Gets the Fork
Leading browser makers say "no" to porous encryption algorithm
IBM Says TOR Network a Vehicle for Ransomware
Report from the X-Force group says attackers are using TOR to hide their crimes
Mozilla Announces new Firefox API
Future Firefox extensions will be compatible with Chrome.
Weird Security Flaw Affected Intel Chips for 16 Years
Better read this if you bought your computer before 2011
OpenSSH 7.0 Secure Shell Arrives
Users should upgrade to the new version as soon as possible
Qemu Flaw Lets the Guest Escape
Xen project announces a privilege escalation problem for Qemu host systems


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Officials: Racing cause of 6-vehicle crash in Jensen Beach | Photo gallery
MARTIN COUNTY — Two people were injured Friday night in a six-vehicle crash that may have started with two cars racing, officials said.
Northbound Federal Highway was closed for several hours at the scene of the crash, near Northwest Goldenrod Road.
According to Martin County Sheriff's Office spokeswoman Christine Christofek, two vehicles were reportedly racing southbound at "over 100 mph" on Federal Highway when one jumped the median into oncoming northbound traffic near Northwest Goldenrod Road.
Five other vehicles were involved in the crash, Christofek said.
Martin County Fire Rescue spokesman Jon Belding said the crash was reported to his agency about 9:18 p.m. He said two people were injured, and one was in critical condition and taken to Lawnwood Regional Medical Center & Heart Institute in Fort Pierce.
The Florida Highway Patrol is investigating the crash, Christofek said.
This story will be updated when more information is available.
Subscribe to TCPalm.com and our Treasure Coast Newspapers
Need Help? Call us at 1-877-710-6180.
Monday-Friday: 6am-3pm / Saturday: 6:30am-10:30am / Sunday: 7am-11am


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Search all Grant and Company Apartments For Rent in Cordova, Tennessee
Camden GroveCordova, TN 38016
Camden Grove features 1 and 2 bedroom apartment homes for rent in Cordova, Tennessee. Attached garages and remotes with every apartment, private drives and entrances, free monitored alarms, walk-in closets in each bedroom, garden tubs & extra large shower in all 2 br units, full size washer & dryer, breakfast bar, nine foot ceilings, crown molding, resident movie theatre, fitness center, party room, pool & whirlpool with spacious sun deck, lighted tennis court, low utilities+−Preview Details
WyndhamMemphis, TN 38119
One and Two Bedroom apartments with one or two car garages. Private entrances with driveways. Walk-in Closets in each bedroom. Full Size Washer and Dryer in each home. Fitness Center, Tennis Court, Swimming Pool with spacious Sun Deck+−Preview Details
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Romfh International Brights Breeches - Ladies, Full Seat
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National League home run leader Albert Pujols tries to take advantage of the thin air in Colorado as the St. Louis Cardinals open a three-game series against the Rockies at Coors Field on Monday.
Pujols, who has 32 homers, was 0-for-2 with two walks in Sunday's 6-1 victory over the Los Angeles Dodgers, ending his season-high 11-game hitting streak. The All-Star first baseman is still batting .417 (20-for-48) with four homers and 12 RBIs in his last 12 games.
Pujols is 23-for-68 (.338) with seven home runs and 20 RBIs in 19 career games at Coors Field.
The Cardinals (56-41) are 5-1 against the Rockies (46-51) this season, winning five straight games over Colorado for the first time in franchise history.
St. Louis has won 10 straight games against NL West opponents and is 17-5 against that division this season. The Cardinals swept the season series over the Dodgers with Sunday's win for the first time in the 115-year rivalry.
St. Louis has the eighth-most home runs in the NL with 102, but set a franchise record by homering in its 19th consecutive game on Sunday.
"This team this year really doesn't play by the long ball, so it's surprising," said Cardinals center fielder Jim Edmonds, who has 15 home runs this season—four in his last six games.
"We have a lot of guys who are pretty good at doing their jobs, doing everything right and being above-average, as far as power. I mean, if you told me we were going to have three or four guys hit 30 or 40 homers, I wouldn't believe you. But I think we're capable of having five or six guys with 20."
Juan Encarnacion hit two solo homers on Sunday, and is batting .406 (13-for-32) with three homers in 10 games since the All-Star break. Encarnacion, though, is 2-for-9 (.222) with two home runs lifetime against Monday's starter, Jeff Francis (7-8, 3.98 ERA).
Francis allowed two runs and eight hits in seven innings of a 13-4 victory Tuesday over Pittsburgh, just his second win since June 12.
Francis, who won 14 games last season, is 2-3 with a 4.46 ERA in his last six starts.
The 25-year-old left-hander is 4-3 with a 3.66 ERA in eight games at Coors Field this season, and 4-1 with a 2.73 ERA in five home starts since May 3.
Francis is 2-1 with a 3.20 ERA in three career starts against St. Louis.
The Cardinals will counter with rookie Anthony Reyes (2-3, 3.83), who looks to build off of his first win since May 20.
Reyes allowed two runs and seven hits in five innings of an 11-3 win July 16 over the Los Angeles Dodgers.
"I just need to find a way to start going deeper into ballgames," Reyes said. "I need to stop using a lot of pitches and try to work ahead in the counts."
Reyes has pitched only five innings in each of his previous four starts, going 1-2 with a 5.85 ERA in that span.
The 24-year-old right-hander has never faced the Rockies.
Colorado had a four-run ninth-inning rally Sunday to defeat Arizona 9-7 and avoid a sweep of the three-game series. Third baseman Garrett Atkins hit a two-run double with one out in the ninth to give the Rockies the lead.
"Stuff like this definitely does spark a team, and I hope it does for us," second baseman Jamey Carroll said.
Atkins is batting .405 (15-for-37) with seven doubles and seven RBIs in 10 games since the break.
Fifth-place Colorado has won just two of its last 13 games, but trails first-place San Diego in the NL West by only 4 1/2 games.
The NL Central-leading Cardinals have won 11 of their last 13 games, opening a five-game lead over the Cincinnati Reds.


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Timeless in its design and function, this tried and true series has withstood the test of time. Solid in its construction and practical in its use, the 600 Series has all the features you look for in a classic filing cabinet. This lateral file features a baked enamel finish while accommodating folders either front to back or side to side. The deep files provide extra space for the storage of a large volume of records.
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Smoothes blonde strands to bring out glistening highlights nourishes dry hair with vital moisture.
Water, Cetyl Alcohol, Stearyl Alcohol, Cyclopentasiloxane, Dipropylene Glycol, Lactic Acid, Stearamidopropyl Dimethylamine, Dimethiconol, Ceresin, Panthenol, Tourmaline, Citrine, Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein PG Propyl Silanetriol, TEA Cocoyl Hydrolyzed Soy Protein, Helianthus Annuus Seed Oil (Sunflower), Citrus Medica Limonum Peel Extract (Lemon), Chamomilla Recutita Flower Extract (Matricaria), Helianthus Annuus Seed Extract (Sunflower), Glycine, Malic Acid, Benzyl Alcohol, Hydroxyethylcellulose, Stearalkonium Chloride, Propylene Glycol, Methylchloroisothiazolinone, Methylisothiazolinone, Fragrance.
This is the best conditioner, it can be used on all types of blonde hair. I use this product to keep my hair even toned. It gives my hair some shine. These give a nice color to my hair.
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This product works fine on my thin, fine hair, without weighing it down or making my hair greasy. I was surprised. There is a better shampoo and conditioner but I cant find it now. VO5 herbal therapy Pomegrante and grapeseed shampoo and conditioner works the best it the world. Ive been a shampoo shopper looking desperatly for something that works w/o weighing down or feeling greasy. the pomegrante is the one! if you cant find it, this one is second best.
It has a great smell - light florally. I love that the bottle is sort of inverted with the cap on the bottom so when you're almost out of product, it is still easy to get out of the bottle.
It is not soft and creamy, it is hard like Lard. It smells great and it really helps dry hair. It seems more like a dressing you would leave on curly coarse hair rather than using like a rinse-out conditioner.
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|Daily Devotion
Put On Your Wedding Clothes
|Dark of the Moon
The Weather Man
|Argh Not The Pony
good kid,
m.A.A.d city
|Contra a IlusŃo
Ponto por Ponto 23
|Ego Suicide
Part 16
one day at a time
But hey, while you're here, enjoy some recent Blogdrive entries:
The Old World Of Basketball
Basketball has been my life passion for as long as I can remember. I grew up watching the 80s era of Magic and the Showtime Lakers against Bird and the Celtics. Then, you transition seamlessly into the Jordan era. In my opinion, those two decades were the pinnacle of basketball in the NBA. Now that's not to say basketball wasn't also really good before or after those decades, but those were prime time. Before those years, basketball was still in it's infancy with popularity. Julius Erving definitely brought some excitement and movement to the game. He was probably the first major stepping stone for the league to transition into that golden time. You even had guys like Wilt Chamberlain, Jerry West, Bill Russell and John Havlicek creating buzz around this game. These men were instrumental in setting the league (and basketball in general) on a path toward greatness. After the Jordan era, there were a few years where the league coasted off his legend. And you have those extra years... (more)


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what is the effect of volume change on equilibrium constant?
Asked by Varalakshmi (student) , on 3/3/14
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text: Arnold Scaasi Become a Fan × BECOME A FAN Get updates about Arnold Scaasi and recommended reads from Simon & Schuster. Plus, get a FREE eBook when you sign up! Email Address Free eBook available to NEW subscribers only. Offer redeemable at Bookshout.com. Code expires 12/31/2015. See full terms and conditions. By clicking SIGN UP, I acknowledge that I have read and agreed to the Privacy Policy and the Terms of Use. Books by this Author Women I Have Dressed (and Undressed!) By Arnold Scaasi By Arnold Scaasi Women I Have Dressed (and Undressed!) A fascinating read of personal experiences from the famed fashion designer that showcases the lives and contributions of iconic women -- from Jackie Kennedy to Elizabeth Taylor to Laura Bush to Princess DianaArnold Scaasi has been dressing legends for almost five decades. His enduring tenure as one of the world's premier fashion designers and tastemakers has afforded him vast stores of insider knowledge and firsthand perspectives on an array of illustrious personalities who -- in their disparate... Read more about this book Read more Get a FREE eBook when you join our mailing list. Plus, receive updates about Arnold Scaasi,recommended reads and more from Simon & Schuster. Email Address Free eBook available to NEW subscribers only. Offer redeemable at Bookshout.com. Code expires 12/31/2015.See full terms and conditions and this month's choices.


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These empty legs have the problem that you're only getting transportation one way, so you have to find your way home in a lot of cases. I suppose this is a fun perk occasionally, but it's certainly not very useful.
Well as they say, nothing is free in life. His investment in JetSuite was 7 million which at $499/trip that equates to over 14,000 legs.
$4,000 per hour to fly in that Brazilian tin can is cheap? Does that include the girls?
I'm sure they could include some girls with the money they save by not using brakes to land or taxi!!!
$4,000 a hr for that aircraft is extreme. Im sure they bumped the cost per hour up to make the article and deal sound even better then it is. Not to say its a bad deal for the workers...
I don't think it's $4000 an hour to charter, it seems like a share, so that hourly cost includes whatever else you'll incur as an owner.


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On 10/05/2012 08:42 AM, Eric Blake wrote: > On 10/05/2012 07:05 AM, Michal Privoznik wrote: >> Currently, we are checking if libvirt.so contains public symbols. >> However, sometimes we rename an internal symbol and forget to >> change libvirt_private.syms accordingly. Hence, it's safer to check >> for internal symbols as well. >> --- >> src/Makefile.am | 7 ++++++- >> src/check-symfile.pl | 2 +- >> 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) >> > > Phooey. I had only tested in-tree builds when I gave ack. > >> check-symfile: libvirt.syms libvirt.la >> $(AM_V_GEN)$(PERL) $(srcdir)/check-symfile.pl libvirt.syms \ >> .libs/libvirt.so > > This works in VPATH builds, since libvirt.syms is version-controlled... > >> + >> +check-private-symfile: libvirt_private.syms libvirt.la >> + $(AM_V_GEN)$(PERL) $(srcdir)/check-symfile.pl libvirt_private.syms \ >> + .libs/libvirt.so > > ...but this fails in a VPATH build, since libvirt_private.syms is > generated into builddir. I'm working on a followup. I got that backwards. libvirt.syms is generated, and in builddir, and _includes_ all of libvirt_public.syms AND libvirt_private.syms. libvirt_private.syms is in srcdir only, so the VPATH build is failing to find it. The reason that your patch "worked" at detecting the failure is not because of the new makefile rule, but because of the fix to use keys(%wantsyms) instead of @wantsyms in the perl script, where check-symfile, rather than the new check-private-symfile, was detecting the error. -- Eric Blake eblake redhat com +1-919-301-3266 Libvirt virtualization library http://libvirt.org
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