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|November 10, 2013:
|from 4:20:00 p.m.
|to 4:22:30 p.m.
|(view from left/south edge of corridor)
|November 11, 2013:
|from 4:18:30 p.m.
|to 4:22:30 p.m.
|November 12, 2013:
|from 4:19:00 p.m.
|to 4:21:00 p.m.
|(view from right/north edge of corridor)
|January 29, 2014:
|from 4:47:30 p.m.
|to 4:50:30 p.m.
|(view from right/north edge of corridor)
|January 30, 2014:
|from 4:48:30 p.m.
|to 4:51:30 p.m.
|January 31, 2014:
|from 4:50:00 p.m.
|to 4:52:00 p.m.
|(view from left/south edge of corridor)
The resulting azimuth estimate is 245.81 degrees true, with uncertainty about +/- 0.03 degrees. The total horizontal extent viewable from the eastern stairwell runs from about 245.05 to 246.55 degrees true, taking advantage of the ability to move from one side of the corridor to another.
The vertical extent runs roughly to +0.8 degrees above the horizon, with low visibility below +0.4 degrees.
These video frames were used in the estimates:
11 Nov. 2011, 4:20:13 p.m., the right side of the sun (az. 246.03 degrees true) hits the center mullion of the Lobby 7 window, viewed from left edge of corridor.
11 Nov. 2011, 4:21:10 p.m., the sun's oval (centered at 245.94 degrees true, with width 0.28 degrees) can be estimated. From left edge of corridor.
12 Nov. 2011, 4:20:20 p.m., the sun's azimuth (245.56) hits the center mullion of the Lobby 7 window, viewed from right edge of corridor
|January 2001. Photograph by Matt Yourst
|November 1999. Photograph by Joseph Kaye\font>
|If you have more photographs of the sun through the length of the infinite corridor, please send them to me if they're in electronic form, or contact me if you want me to come by to scan them. If your photographs are precisely dated and timed, even better: this helps our understanding of the corridor's azimuth and the light-bending effects of the atmosphere needed to correctly predict when MIThenge will occur.
|February 2, 1998. Photograph by Paul Schechter, courtesy Rainer Weiss
At some point, some portion of the sun's disc will be visible from the far end of the corridor. Which part of the disc will be seen first depends on whether the sun is crossing above or below the corridor. If the altitude in the table above is high, the sun will cross the upper right edge of the corridor as seen from the lower left. If the altitude is low, the sun will cross from the center left of the corridor and set below the hill.
The disc of the sun is close to the area of sky visible from the end of the corridor. Therefore if your timing is right and you get a good vantage point you will see almost nothing of the sky except for the interior of the sun's disc.
Observing this event depends strongly on atmospheric conditions. I think the best is a very red sunset. This decreases the total light intensity and makes it possible to see the corridor and the sun at the same time. If the sky is brilliantly transparent right down to the horizon then the setting sun will be too bright to look at. When you use a filter to save your eyes (see below) you won't be able to see much of the corridor.
The period of time during which the sun can be seen from the corridor end is quite short -- no more than two minutes, and only as long as that under ideal conditions.
An anomalous photograph that led to azimuthal soul-searching: Until several years ago, the only available azimuth for the Infinite Corridor was the surveyed baseline of MIT's property along the Charles River baseline, of 245.47391075 degrees true. (Note that at this precision, an error of 1 in the last decimal place corresponds to a crosswise error of 438 angstroms over the length of the infinite corridor, or to shooting a bullet from the earth at the center of the sun and missing the center by 29 yards.) Ken Olum, Alan Eliasen, Lenny Foner, and KJW worked to improve this figure. We now believe the viewing centerline is roughly 245.81 degrees true, about 20 arcminutes from the property line. One early hint that the surveyed azimuth was wrong comes from the 1998 photo above. On the day Professor Schechter took the photograph (2/2/98), the sun's altitude was 1'58'' (almost 2 degrees) when it was at the right azimuth (4:44:48, with the photograph marked as "4:45"), with very little dependence (+/- five arcminutes) on temperature and barometric pressure. By our predictions (with the infinite corridor approximately 9 feet by 13 feet by 825 feet), this should not even have been visible.
Here is a graph showing the path of the center of the sun and its lower edge the day the picture was shot, using the same methodology used to predict MIThenge events. As you can see, the Sun disc comes nowhere near a level infinite corridor. The azimuth appears to be correct and confirmed by the "4:45" notation from the photograph, but the elevation seems to be way off. (Note: the plot says, "Time extent: 4:40 to ..." but the bottom of the Sun disc does not actually start to show up on the plot until 4:42:57.) If indeed the infinite corridor is tilted up as much as would be necessary to see this predicted sun, that would mean the floor in building 7 is higher (in ellipsoid height) than the ceiling in building 8. This seems hard to believe.
You can help improve the predictions by taking sightings during the event. Especially valuable are photographs from the length of the corridor with a precise timestamp, particularly if they show only half of the doorway on the far side of the corridor filled with the sun. If the entire doorway is filled with the sun, that's okay too, but then we don't know what part of the sun you ended up photographing (middle, side, etc.) I am not an expert in solar photography; you should make sure not to damage your camera.
Up to MIT Planning Office
Up to MIT


text: Aljazeera – According to locals, the death is the second in the past few days. Qatif residents said another young man was shot by security forces in the Shia town of Awamiya. In October,14 people, including 11 policemen, were wounded during clashes in Awamiya between security forces and demonstrators. At the time, the interior ministry in the Sunni-ruled kingdom blamed "outlaws" for the violence. Read article

subset: commoncrawl


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Christian F.wrote a review of prAna Mojo Short - Men's on November 21, 2013
Like the shorts, sizing a little tough.
Familiarity: I've used it several times
Fit: True to size
I use these shorts for yoga. I am pro mtn bike racing so I have odd dimensions, 6 ft tall with a 31-32 in waste. I first ordered a medium and the length was perfect but the waste band wasn't snug enough to keep them up. I exchanged the mediums for a small and the waste is perfect but they are a little shorter than I prefer.
They are very comfortable shorts and perfect for yoga or any sport that requires freedom of movement. A built in brief would be nice to keep things discreet in the predominately female yoga classes...


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Terms of Use: personal use only.
Other tutorials click here
looking for Christmas Cards? try the Christmas Tutorial page
Greeting Cards:
Layered Heart – written tutorial
flower card with paperlace – video
Flip Card tutorial with fiskars shape templates
Fake Velum technique and alternate inking tool – videos – double tutorial
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Greeting card tutorial with a round front – video
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commericial card redo – videos
Quilted card – video


text: Tasos Katopodis, Getty [ Tornados Rip Through the Midwest Sunday By AP November 17, 2013 In central Illinois, the town of Washington appeared particularly hard-hit, with one resident saying his neighborhood was wiped out in a matter of seconds by a tornado. Read More|Comment Category: Associated Press Tags: tornadoes rip through midwest Send to a friend! Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr!


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Posts filed under "Venture Capital"
Via TechCrunch:
Category: Digital Media, Think Tank, Venture Capital, Web/Tech
Originals here: http://blumenthals.com/index.php?web-equity-infographic
Category: Digital Media, Think Tank, Venture Capital, Web/Tech
Click to enlarge: Source: What's the profile of the typical entrepreneur? Social Beast, September 1, 2011
Category: Digital Media, Think Tank, Venture Capital
click for ginormous graphic By StartupGenome
Category: Digital Media, Venture Capital
What happens when 620,000 lenders fund 615,000 entrepreneurs, students, and other microfinance borrowers around the world?
Five+ years of Kiva loan activity, in full color.
Intercontinental Ballistic Microfinance from Kiva Microfunds on Vimeo.
Hat tip Flowing Data
Category: Venture Capital, Video
Via Good, we get this insane graphic comparing start up costs in NYC versus San Francisco:
Click for full grapghic
Full graphic after the jump
Category: Technology, Valuation, Venture Capital
Here is an obvious truth overlooked by too many: Almost all companies die. They have a theoretically infinite lifespan, but eventually, their day in the sun passes, their parts are sold off for scrap, they fade into the dim dusty pages of history. Sure, Europe has centuries old breweries and specialty foods companies, but they…Read More
Category: IPOs, Venture Capital, Web/Tech
sFund Gamification June 30 2011
Category: Think Tank, Venture Capital
From ARS technica, comes this assessment of what News Corp purchase of MySpace actually totaled: $1billion dollars: Doing the math on News Corp.'s disastrous MySpace years Business Insider musters up this chart to show just how a big a lead MySpace squandered over 3 years to allow Facebook to become the dominant player in the…Read More
Category: Venture Capital, Web/Tech
I tweeted last week about a technology company called Democrasoft, a company I am on the board of directors of. Their flagship product, Collaborize, is a structured discussion tool with a significant Social Networking component. It has caught fire in the classroom technology space, and has the potential to radically remake US education. For those…Read More
Category: Technology, Venture Capital


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Wedding vendors woo brides to be in bridal showcase
2,000 attendSan AngeloColiseum event
SAN ANGELO, Texas - Wedding bells were in the air Sunday as more than 2,000 people attended the 20th annual West Texas Bridal Showcase at the San Angelo Coliseum.
"This is a different kind of showcase," said James Petitt, the new owner of the Bridal Showcase. "San Angelo isn't that big, but we've built this up to be the biggest in West Texas. It has everything."
The event began with a fashion show. Models wore everything from classic white wedding gowns to quinceañera dresses in hot pink and bright orange.
Following the fashion show, 160 vendors and advertisers stood at the ready on the floor of the coliseum to help future brides and grooms tie the knot — or decorate the cake or print the invitations.
"Everything's been first class," said Derrick Perrin, owner of San Angelo Wedding Video, a first-time vendor at the showcase. "Everyone — including our competitors — has been so welcoming."
His wife, Kendra, co-owner of the business, agreed.
"This town is so friendly," she added.
RosaLinda Rodriguez, the manager of Halfmann's Cake Cottage, said the showcase gave her business a chance to show potential customers what the business is made of.
"This is a great way for us to promote ourselves to people who are from out of town," she said. "They love it. They say, 'I didn't know your cakes were so delicious!'"
People sampled treats, browsed wedding attire and vied for $40,000 in trips and prize giveaways. Brooke Palacios, a bride to be who is planning her wedding for next year, was among them.
"This gives you a sample of what everyone has to offer," she said. "You can taste their cakes; you can see how they're going to set everything up."
Her sister Amber Palacios agreed.
"I really enjoy the vendors," she said. "They have so many great ideas."
According to Petitt, bringing the vendors together is another great idea.
"This hasn't been affected by the economy," he said. "These businesses want a one-stop shop to advertise their wares. Over 2,000 people here in one day — where else can you do that?"
Petitt recently proposed to buy the showcase from its former owner, Terry Mikeska. After working closely with Mikeska for 12 years, "I just felt it was time to step up," he said. "Terry wanted this to go to someone in the community, someone who would do it right."
Petitt said the bridal showcase is about more than tuxedos and tulle — it's a celebration of marriage, and more importantly, of love.
Petitt made another proposal Sunday — to his future bride. While onstage during a brief intermission in the fashion show, he asked his girlfriend to be his wife.
"There was no better place to ask than at the bridal showcase," Petitt said. "No better place to ask the person who has supported me through it all.
"It just felt right."
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I'm planning on hiking the PCT and know a couple people who will be hiking the JMT in the opposite direction. We have talked about the first person to pass through leaving a message for the other person somewhere along the trail. Any suggestions on a good place to leave a message? Message boards, trail registers, etc.Cheers
First that comes to my mind is a shared resupply point, such as MTR (Muir Trail Ranch) or VVR (Vermillion Valley Resort).People leave notes on the ground under a rock and that sort of thing all the time, it's a common way for thru-hikers to connect with someone behind them, but effectiveness varies depending on how long it's to stay out there.Another possibility is one of the bear lockers along the trail: http://climber.org/data/BearBoxes.html
Red's Meadow is a close one to the trail also. I don't remember if they had any kind of bulletin board at Devil's Postpile.
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Community Action
Who's On The Mat
From The Heart
My Manduka knows me better than anyone. It has seen tears, sweat, and sometimes even blood, not to mention been witness to moments of extreme joy, bliss and peace. It doesn't judge me and loves me unconditionally. My Manduka is where I go to reclaim myself.
-Jennifer Galardi
New York, New York
Let's Connect
Melissa Smith
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Why Manduka?: Besides having the best mat out on the market, Manduka supports Seva by donating recycled mats for underprivileged teens that I work with. Each teen has said how incredible it's been to have something all their own to practice on. I've asked for more Manduka mats this year, as the program has doubled in size. Even though I'm on a waiting list, I'd rather wait, than use anything else. Go on, recycle your old mat! It's good for you & good for the planet.
What does your Manduka help you #practice?: My Manduka helps me practice with clarity of purpose. I purchased my mat with the recommendation of Flow Yoga Studio owner & friend while in Hood River, Oregon during a special 3 week yoga immersion. After an intense 2 hour class one morning, I lay there on my new mat, reflecting on something our teacher had just shared with us... "You are not your thoughts. You are not your body. You are something more." At that moment, I broke through my old vision of myself and began to see my life unfold with fresh awareness. That clarity is something I will never forget. And, certainly, every time I step on my Manduka, I am reminded that I am indeed something more.
Yoga Style: Acroyoga, Yoga Therapeutics
Practice with me here: Melissa Smith Yoga
Recent Updates
Melissa Smith, Yoga Alliance ERYT® 500 in yoga therapeutics, Yoga Teacher Trainer with Holistic Yoga Teacher Training, Thai Yoga Massage, and AcroYoga® certified Teacher. Native Texan, Melissa currently lives in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia with her 2 sons.


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Vancouver is the world's best place to live, a survey by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) has found. The EIU ranked 127 cities in terms of personal risk, infrastructure and the availability of goods and services. All the cities that fell into the top "liveability" bracket were based in Canada, Australia and Western Europe.
Top Ten Cities
1. Vancouver (Canada)
2. Melbourne (Australia)
3. Vienna (Austria)
4. Geneva (Switzerland)
5. Perth (Australia)
6. Adelaide (Australia)
7. Sydney (Australia)
8. Zurich (Switzerland)
9. Toronto (Canada)
10. Calgary (Canada)
I've only been to 3, 4, and 9 so far. I was supposed to move to 5 this year. If David and I don't end up in Montreal, we might end up in 1. I will definitely go to all of the Australian ones someday…
Do you agree with 2, Rochelle?


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10/13 : CCRM Fall 2015 Property Management Series Class starts
10/14 : How to Deal with Difficult Tenants Class
10/20 : Passthroughs Class
SFAA has been an advocate for rental housing in San Francisco since 1917. More than 2,000 SFAA members enjoy these benefits:
Learn more about membership options and join SF's rental housing community today!
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The Board of Supervisors is seeking from SFAA members statistics about pets policies in rental housing. Please complete this survey today.
Business Tax Fact Sheet
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Gross Receipts Tax Presentation
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Nominate your favorite firms, companies and properties (even your own organization!)
Nominate an individual whose excellence stands out to you (you can even nominate yourself!)
|Our 2015 Trophy Awards gala event is November 12. Learn more.
September 2015 - Click here to read selections from the current edition of SFAA's SF Apartment magazine. SFAA members receive the full magazine every month.


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Montague Charter Academy
Preschool | Grades K-6 | Los Angeles Unified
Pacoima, CA 91331
(818) 899-0215
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I haven't really changed the decor in my home since we moved in nearly five years ago. I've added little touches here and there, but for the most part it's remained the same. Lately, I've been bitten by the decorating bug. Maybe it's because my … [Read more...]
Last updated by BonBonRoseGirls.


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Mayor Rob Ford: Remove Al-Qaeda Jihadi Mural in Toronto's Little India
In September 2014, Al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri launched 'Al-Qaeda in South Asia' (AQAS) to target India and create strife between Muslims and Hindus in the world's largest democracy.
In addressing his audience, Zawahiri, uttered an Islamic jihadi battle cry, 'Nasrum Min Allah Fathun Qareeb', which roughly translated tells Muslims to "have faith in Allah who will give them 'imminent victory' in their endevour against the enemy infidel." An obvious reference to India's one billion Hindus and other non-Muslims.
While Zawahir was chanting an Islamic war cry against India, here in Toronto, we have the city pay for a mural that has the same chant and that too in the heart of Little India on Gerrard Street.
The mural came about as a result of the City of Toronto commissioning a StreetART program to bring art to cover up graffiti from buildings on the city's major streets.
Taking advantage of this program, a Mosque managed to obtain city funding in 2013 to paint a jihadi battle cry as a mural on its wall.
This jihadi battle cry has been taken from the Quran and used by Islamic Terrorists like the Taliban and Al-Qaeda as well as the Pakistan Military in its war propaganda against India.
The inscription on the mural tells Muslims to have faith in Allah who will give them 'imminent victory' in their endevour against the enemy (non-Muslims).
As Muslims we would not like to see our holy book, The Quran to be used to sow division amongst the citizens of this great city of Toronto.
We urge Mayor Rob Ford and City Councillor Paula Fletcher to immediately act and cover up this provocative mural in 'Little India' that is home to many Hindu and Sikh Canadians who are being primarily targetted by this signage.
Salim Ahmad
Muslim Canadian Congress
Please have your city officials from the StreetART department remove the 'Jihadi Battle Cry' Mural at a Gerrard Street Mosque in Toronto.
The same battle cry has now been used by Al-Qaeda leader Ayman Al-Zawahiri in his recent (September 2014) declaration of war against India.
This is a provocative message that can trigger serious disharmony among your city's Muslim and non-Muslim population.
Its an attempt by Islamist supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood and the Jamaat-e-Islami to flaunt their triumphalist posturing and encourage young Muslims to be belligerent towards mainstream society.
The message speaks of 'imminent conquest' for Muslims. The question is, who do these Islamist wish to conquer?
Please have the sign painted over as soon as possible.


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Professional Pest Management Alliance
Pest Management Foundation
As a trade association, NPMA relies on industry professionals to carry forward key programs and initiatives. Not only do we exist FOR members, we exist BECAUSE OF members. We utilize the time, talent, and treasures of the pest management community to support members' business today and ensure the sustainability of the industry of tomorrow.
We Need Your Time and TalentWe seek leadership, ideas, and guidance from members for our divisions, committees, and councils. For a list of active groups within NPMA, their missions, and leadership, click here.
We Need Your TreasureIn addition to the sweat-equity we seek from members, we also seek financial resources from throughout the industry to propel needed programs forward. Dues from members cover many of our core commitments to support education, training, and public policy — but there's much more to undertake for collective benefit. We seek your support to grow the industry through the efforts of the Professional Pest Management Alliance and seek your involvement in funding critical industry research through the Pest Management Foundation.


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Chip Kelly: "Nick Foles is my starting QB for the next 1,000 years."
After replacing the oft-injured Michael Vick as the Philadelphia Eagles starting quarterback, second-year signal caller out of Arizona
Napoleon Dynamite Nick Foles has set the league on fire to the tune of 19 touchdowns and NO interceptions. That's amazing. Anyway, the Eagles are knocking on the door of the NFC Wild-Card race and are still in the mix for the NFC East crown as well. Everyone seems to be hopping on the Foles bandwagon. Yes, this includes even the die-hard Michael Vick jock-riders.
But no one seems to be going more nuts over Foles' performance than his coach, Chip Kelly. Check out what he had to say on 97.3 ESPN FM radio:
Chip Kelly: "Nick Foles is my starting QB for the next 1,000 years."
— 97.3 ESPN FM (@973espn) December 2, 2013
If that's not a vote of confidence in a guy, I don't know what is, albeit hyperbole. Kelly made the right call by officially naming Foles the starter for the rest of the 2013 campaign – and it's a call that may just save their season if the Eagles can sneak into the playoffs.


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Motivated by Love Worship Encounter April 16th
MBL Worship Encounter April 2013 Motivated by Love Worship Encounter is thrilled to host as our guest this month Pastors Toni and Kaci Stewart of CitiLife Church in Tampa FL. Tuesday April 16, 7 PM at Parkway Life Church, 5975 Golden Gate Parkway Naples. Pastors Tony and Kaci bring a hopeful word to all who hear to create an atmosphere of healing, hope, and maturity to increase God's Kingdom. Pastor Tony and Kaci have been guest on CTN, TBN and Daystar. Motivated By Love Worship Encounter for childcare or more information call MBL Offices at 239-325-2740 or visit motivatedbylove .org An offering will be taken up.
Motivated by Love Ministries, Inc.
Parkway Life Church, 5975 Golden Gate Parkway, Naples , FL 34116


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Not Signing Up for ObamaCare Is a Better Deal for Many Young and Healthy People
And that's a problem since one of the main ideas behind ObamaCare is to force everyone into the insurance pool so that the young will cross-subsidize the old, explains David Hogberg:
The Obama Administration estimates that it will need about 2.7 million 18-30-year-olds to join the exchanges next year if the exchanges are to work. While this study examined those aged 18-34, a quick run of the data shows that there are about 4.3 million 18-30-year-old single individuals who would be eligible for the exchanges. Of those about 2.9 million have a $500 incentive to avoid the exchange and about 2.38 million have a $1,000 incentive. Even if we assume that those who do not buy insurance are limited to those with the $1,000 incentive, the exchanges would still come up about 780,000 short of the 2.7 million 18-30-year-olds needed to avoid a death spiral. [Internal citations omitted.] [National Center for Public Policy Research, August 2013]
As Hogberg notes, when the Obama administration announced last month that it was suspending both the reporting requirements on employers and the protections against fraud in the exchanges, it effectively suspended the mandate but also gave people an opportunity to get subsidies by lying. Maybe that was the point.


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Enter Part Number
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Home » Expander / Expansion Plugs » HK Series Plugs » HK 55-111 Series
HK 55-111 Series
Click the product name or part number below to request a quote.
This installation is also based on the Pull/Expand principle. Thanks to the soft sleeve material, anchorage is achieved by the flow of sleeve material into the surface roughness of the drilled hole. The HK Series plug is especially suitable for use in hard materials.
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Affluent Lifestyle Guide
You might like Best Runway Models >
The City Council of New York City is officially considering cracking down on the vendors that sell counterfeit luxury items on the streets in Manhattan's Chinatown, ABC News reports.
The proposed ordinance is receiving mixed reviews from local merchants, as some see it as cleaning up the area while others see it as clearing out that section of the city. The legislation being considered would prosecute both the vendors that sell and the consumers that buy the fake merchandise.
"You've got to be kidding," said Ron Dennis, 43, a licensed vendor who sells glass pipes off a table on the street and is an occasional customer, too. "I definitely would never come back; it's very unfair; you're demonizing a whole neighborhood."
Four Tech Trends to Watch for in 2014Eco-Friendly & Luxury Cars Drive 2014 San Diego International Auto ShowJustLuxe Presents Vacation Fitness: Anywhere, Anytime. No Gear RequiredEuro Currency 2013's Best-Performing Currency per FOREXHow Elon Musk Knows if Someone Is Lying During a Job InterviewZappos to Zap All Job Titles in 2014


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ARLINGTON, VA (June 2, 2010) – Tim Shestek, Senior Director of State Affairs for the American Chemistry Council, issued the following statement on Assembly Bill 1998 (Brownley):
"The last thing California consumers need right now is to have what amounts to a $1 billion tax added to their grocery bills – but that's what this legislation does. At a time when our state is struggling with cuts to schools, police service and health care, it's astounding to think the Legislature is seriously considering creating a new $1 million bureaucracy to monitor how people choose to pack their groceries – and putting 500 good-paying California jobs at risk in the process."
"Across California, millions of bags and other product wraps are being recycled, thanks to the state's partnerships with producers and retailers – important work that would stop and would actually result in more waste going to landfills if this bill is enacted. We're urging lawmakers to rethink their priorities – and defeat Assembly Bill 1998."
StoptheBagTax | Plastic Bag Facts | Progressive Bag Affiliates (PBA)
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633 N. Orange Avenue
633 N Orange Ave Orlando
Orlando, FL
Red Huber
Photographer/Videographer, Sr
My Biography
A photojournalist at the Sentinel for 38 years, Red Huber's assignments have included the space shuttle program, earthquakes in Mexico City, Pope John Paul II's visit to the United States, countless major hurricanes and the Sept. 11 terrorist attack in New York City. Huber's work has won the industry's highest honors, and he created the photojournalism component of the Sentinel's 1988 Pulitzer Prize. In addition to the Orlando Sentinel, his work has appeared in print in National Geographic, Sports Illustrated, Time and European magazines.
My Interests


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This quilt was started some time ago. Once I got to the quilting part I stalled. Yesterday I finished it. This is machine pieced and machine quilted, there is no fusing in the quilt. I had trouble with the binding and was wondering why it was not going on nice. I figured it out and had to redo a section of it. It wasn't square! :) oops! I started doing this type of piecing about a year ago. I have another finished and is in a gallery show. You can see it on line at: www.bereaartscouncil.org
Click on "Quilts with a Kick" then scroll down to click for more quilts. It's called I See London I See France.
I love it with all the differant fabrics and the quilt in the quilt is great , KUDOs
Thanks, I love a good fabric search!
Me too , I never pass a strange looking fabric that makes the quilt unique ,
WOW! You have really out done yourself!!!!! I just love it! The theme is so great as well! Nancy
Thanks Nancy, I love the process of this type of quilt.
This is awsome!!! I love the topic most of all. Secondly I love the colors, the way the bed Quilt pops and how the the "quilt" is traditional piecing and the little girl and background is contemporary. Wonderful!
What a creative quilt. I like it. Deb
Thanks for all the wonderful comments. I do enjoy being able to create a quilt using a photo that I have taken.
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text: Dennis Christensen of the Price city police investigates the scene of an accident on Jan. 17. Captain Kevin Drolc of the city police reported that a motorist was stopped while traveling south on Carbonville Road. The motorist reportedly had the sun in her eyes and failed to see a pedestrian crossing 100 North. According to Drolc the driver turned right, hitting the individual in the foot. The pedestrian received minor injuries and was taken to Castleview Hospital by a private automobile for evaluation. The driver involved in the accident was not charged at the scene.


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Learn gourmet culinary skills for the home kitchen
30 minutes
Price: $50.00
Whether you can't boil water, or cooked your way through Julia Child, Heather can show you skills and techniques that will make your life far more delicious. And she'll tailor these to your skill level and cooking needs—whatever they may be. In a 30-minute phone call, you'll talk over where you are in the kitchen, and what you'd like to learn. She'll then email a set of recipes and personal instructions, as well as shopping and serving suggestions.
Customize a session
Price: Negotiable
Interested in talking more to Heather Johnston about the topics you see here? Getting in touch is easy -- just provide a little info about yourself, what you'd like to talk about, and your budget.


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Ticklists: CUMC Ticklist.
Hidden - Sent x - 08/Jul/15
vinspin - Sent - 27/Sep/13 with kieran19, jack spillane
nails for the grade. reachy.Timothy Graham Peck - Sent x - 09/Sep/12 with Jordan
davidliu - Sent x - 09/Jun/11 with Kate Cambell, Ed Jenner
Reachy. Struggled on this a few years back so nice to come back and bosh it off after a few goes..Wilbur - Sent x - 07/May/11 with Caine
viking - Sent x - May/11 with wilbur
DaveFidler - Sent - 27/Jun/10
lukehodson - Sent O/S - 2010 with Steve, Mel, Charlotte
Excellent technical problem.Chad123 - Sent O/S - Apr/07
Short, sweet and strong. Quality problem. 220bpm - Sent x - Sep/03 with Dave
whispering nic - 2002


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Walk In Closets Ocean City
Walk In Closets Ocean City (MD): Walk In To Excellence
You've Got The Space
Now all you need is the right combination of things to really bring it up to speed. More often than not, you'll find walk in closets in bedrooms. If this is the case for you, you'll undoubtedly seek to let your wardrobe breathe a little bit and increase your clarity in the morning. Walk in closets Ocean City (MD) provide structure for previously bare areas, where instead of relying on impersonal big-box store products, you can enjoy the customizable nature of California Closets products.
Space For Your Kids
If you've got a room that is shared by your children, there undoubtedly have been quarrels over whose things are where. With a walk in closets Ocean City (MD) solution, you can separate and divide the things of your children while simultaneously teaching them the benefits of staying organized. With accessories like shoe cubbies, hooks, and racks awaiting them, putting things away so that they know where to turn in the future will be a welcomed lesson.
Walk In Closets Ocean City For Expanded Reach
Put every inch to good use within your larger closets with the help of walk in closets Ocean City (MD) from California Closets. We're ready to get you started with a free in-home consultation!


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Trademark and Copyright Information
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The Rolf Institute® of Structural Integration is the sole certifying body for ROLFERS™ and ROLFING® practitioners. Only graduates of the RISI training program who become members of RISI, may offer ROLFING® services to the public, and may refer to themselves as ROLFING® practitioners, CERTIFIED ROLFERS™, ROLF MOVEMENT® PRACTITIONERS and/or CERTIFIED ADVANCED ROLFERS™. To determine if a practitioner is a member of RISI, consumers look for these trademarks. A directory of Certified ROLFERS™ can be found at the RISI website by clicking here.
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Walnut Allergy
The walnut allergy is a severe allergy that comes from nature. The scientific name for this allergy is Juglan Recia. It is occurred when it is smelt or eaten in sauces or when it is chopped. This is a tree type nut allergy. These tree type nut allergies are life threatening to people internationally. This life threatening allergy is mostly caused when you are in nature too much. This allergen has many reactions to other nuts too but mainly to walnuts. People can have reactions to other nuts, even if you have this allergy but they all are not plant related species. These allergies can be struck by the main proteins found inside the nut. People who suffer this allergy cannot resist, when it is in the process of cooking.
This allergy has a more mild form which has similar symptoms to the birch pollen allergy. The most severe symptoms of this allergy are caused mainly around the mouth, which then causes Oral allergy syndrome. This allergen is also struck by molecules that are mainly found in all tree nuts that are the same as pollen allergies like all major birch pollen allergies, which are very harmful. The molecules can be annihilated when you are cooking the walnuts, which can lower the chance of suffering the symptoms of seeds and nuts for people who suffer this allergy.
When nut ingredients are added in foods they are consequences to those who manufacture hidden nut ingredients. They must be labeled on the box or the wrapper. Although now many food make notice on the food label if it contains nuts in the ingredients. This also includes all tree nuts and seed contained in foods.
All of the tree nuts that are contained in foods that are similar to walnuts are:
• Almonds
• Hazelnuts
• Brazil nut
• Cashew
• Pecan nut
• Pistachios
• Macadamia nuts
• Sesame seeds
• Mustard
Here are the symptoms or allergic reactions that you may suffer if you are harmed by this allergy:
• Itching
• Skin rashes
• Hives
• Breathing problems
• Swelling
• Puffiness around the face
• A dangerous drop in blood pressure
• Anaphylaxis
• A change in hearts rhythm
• Life threatening symptoms
Whenever you think you are eating something that looks like it contains nuts try checking the ingredients on the food labels if you have this allergen. If you ever have a feeling that you are suffering this allergen or anyone that you know is suffering from this allergy try to contact a local doctor as soon as possible.


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The first round of collaboration between all time END. favourite Nigel Cabourn and sneaker legends Converse was something truly special and this latest project more than meets the standards set by the legendary British designers take on the Bosey. One again working with Ventile cotton, a signature Cabourn material used by WWII fighter pilots for its incredible durability and weather proof qualities, Nigel has reworked the Chuck Taylor 1970 Hi. Incorporating full Ventile uppers in a clean white and red colourway, the Converse 1st String x Nigel Cabourn Chuck Taylor 1970 Hi sits on top of rubber sole unit constructed in line with this silhouettes classic 1970's specifications.
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It's Friday afternoon and you just got out of class. You chit chat with your friends as you walk back to your car to head home. "Hey, what are you doing tonight?" one of your friends asks. "Not sure yet" is usually the response, "but when I hear of something I'll let you know." You go on your way, back to your apartment to unwind after the long week and get ready for what's ahead. By the time 8 p.m. rolls around, your plans are set and you head over to a friend's to pregame before you go out. When you walk in, sure enough, there's alcohol and girls: the two things you came for.
What is the point of partying? Of drinking? What is the real reason that college kids love to go out? It's simple. College kids drink and party with one goal in mind: to increase their chances of hooking up.
Obviously the movies and media glorify this by portraying raucous parties with wild orgies in every room of a house, but that is a slight exaggeration. Yes, going to a party can be a lot of fun if you know people there and are socially inclined, but there's more to it that isn't so conspicuous.
Why would girls spend so much time on their hair, makeup and choosing outfits that leave just about nothing to the imagination if they weren't trying to impress and attract people, and why would guys wear their brand new Nikes with the freshest Polo button-down shirt in their closets when they go out? I hate to break it to you but the guy is clearly hoping that the mallet-holding man riding a horse embroidered onto the breast of his shirt will catch the eye of a cute girl at the party and increase the chances of his ultimate goal for the night: to hook up.
Already having the highest libido of any age group, college-aged kids are known for always being in the mood. When alcohol is mixed in with already high hormone levels, it adds fuel to the fire and things can escalate quicker. This "liquid courage," as it is sometimes referred to, serves to relax you, making you feel more comfortable in a large group of people that you may have never met before.
I concur that it is much easier to interact with a bunch of strangers when you have a buzz and are in a party environment, further supporting my hypothesis that college kids drink when they party because it makes it easier to interact in hopes of hooking up.
It's very interesting to think about, but I hope this really makes you think about the real reason people party and drink. Yes, it is 100 percent possible to have fun and hookup being stone-cold sober, but the social norms in our era suggest differently. We drink to loosen up in hopes of hooking up.
So why do you party and drink? Is it to have fun with your friends, or is there something else influencing what you do?


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Restaurants in Downtown Buffalo NY
Treat yourself to a delightful dining experience at the Atrium Bar and Bistro. Lush green foliage and cheerful shade umbrellas create the feeling of a tropical escape in the midst of our downtown Buffalo hotel. Relax in this inviting atrium setting as you enjoy flavorful presentations of your favorite American Bistro cuisine. Get ready for a busy day of meetings with freshly brewed Starbucks and a hearty breakfast.
Some mornings you just have to dash, that's why we have a convenient Starbucks kiosk filled with your favorite beverages and light bites. Enjoy a Danish and a latte, or tea and a bagel as you move through your action-packed day. Wind down your day with a signature cocktail at the Atrium Bar or dine at E.B. Green's – voted one of America's Top Ten Independent Steakhouses by Tom Horan.
E.B. Green's Steakhouse
Relax at one of "America's Top Ten Steakhouses." E.B. Green's is Buffalo's own world-class steakhouse.
Happy Hour
Surrounded by lush greenery in the hotel's lobby, Atrium bar is the perfect location to relax and unwind.
Atrium Bar and Bistro
E.B. Green's
Starbuck's Kiosk
Hyatt is proudly offering food options that are good for guests, good for the community and good for the planet. Our menus feature food from natural, local and sustainable sources. Learn More.
Savor the fresh flavors of local dining establishments and let us make all the arrangements.
Book Now or call Guest Services - For restaurant reservations, please call the hotel at 716 856 1234


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Coughing is a sudden expulsion of air from the lungs through the epiglottis at an amazingly fast speed (estimated at 100 miles per hour). With such a strong force of air, coughing is the body's mechanism for clearing the breathing passageways of unwanted irritants.
In order for a cough to occur, several events need to take place in sequence. First, the vocal cords open widely, allowing additional air to pass through into the lungs. Then the epiglottis closes off the windpipe (larynx), and simultaneously, the abdominal and rib muscles contract, increasing the pressure behind the epiglottis. With the increased pressure, the air is forcefully expelled, and creates a rushing sound as it moves very quickly past the vocal cords. The rushing air dislodges the irritant, making it possible to breathe comfortably again.
Last reviewed 12/9/2012 by Allen J. Blaivas, DO, Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine UMDNJ-NJMS, Attending Physician in the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Veteran Affairs, VA New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.
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- Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites.
©1997 - A.D.A.M., Inc.Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.


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We are situated in the heart of Chaweng Beach on the beautiful tropical island of Koh Samui. Moby Dick Guesthouse is managed by Irish and Finnish professionals who strive to make your stay memorable. Feel free to come talk with us personally.
Moby Dicks offers accommodation, fine Irish and Thai cuisine as well as a full pub with top quality pool tables & darts.
Located in the heart of Chaweng Beach surrounded by some of Thailand's finest ENTERTAINMENT, shopping, cuisine, and the incredible white soft sands of Chaweng. Our restaurant and Pub will supply everything you need so you can explore our wonderful paradise.
Koh Samui is Thailand's most popular small island tourist destination. Located in the south of The Gulf of Thailand, Koh Samui is the largest of a group of islands known as the Angthong Archipelago. Samui is a very popular destination for SCUBA divers, kayakers, boaters, yachters, visitors and sports fishermen alike.
Enjoying moderate weather, palm fringed beaches, mountain jungles, waterfalls, national parks and a multiplicity of activities, Samui offers so much to the visitor.


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34 Words that Will Make You Smile.
Awe {silence} is the appropriate response to life.
Like the mindful life on Facebook.
Ed: Sara Crolick
Incorrect source, offensive, or found a typo? Email us (please put title in subject bar of email so we'll be able to fix). Or do you want to write for Elephant?
{Waylon H. Lewis C Enterprises 2015: Use Rights in perpetuity. Ownership remains with author.}
One Response to "34 Words that Will Make You Smile."


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Mental Health America of Texas Receives Grant to Promote Boarding Home Reforms in Texas
December 18, 2009
AUSTIN, Texas – Mental Health America of Texas and six affiliate chapters will work with Texas policy makers to write new model regulatory standards for boarding houses and promote their adoption in six Texas communities, with the help of a $96,769 grant from the Hogg Foundation for Mental Health.
Texas state agencies don't have the authority to inspect or regulate boarding homes, except in individually reported and investigated cases of abuse, neglect or exploitation. Cities and counties do have that authority, but most have not exercised it, according to Lynn Lasky Clark, Mental Health America of Texas president and chief executive officer.
"People with low incomes and disabilities often turn to boarding homes as a last resort for housing," Clark said. "However, many residents of Texas boarding houses have been financially exploited, exposed to hazardous conditions, and don't receive the services and care they need, particularly people with mental illness who may have behaviors or other issues that prevent them from being able to use other housing alternatives."
Clark noted that the problem has been chronicled in news reports and by advocates across the state. In response, the Texas Legislature passed House Bill 216 earlier this year. The bill requires the Texas Health and Human Services Commission to develop model standards for boarding houses and reinforces the authority of local governments to regulate them. The goal is to protect the health and wellbeing of boarding house residents and provide housing opportunities that support recovery and rehabilitation of people with mental illness.
Mental Health America of Texas will take part in the public process of drafting state model regulations and will encourage consumers and their families to participate in the state and local regulatory processes. Affiliates in Abilene, Beaumont, Dallas, Fort Worth, Houston and Stafford will work with city and county public officials to encourage and assist in establishing local licensing and regulation of boarding houses.
"A safe, supportive place to live is crucial to good mental health. Yet, too many Texas residents with mental health conditions lack decent housing," said Dr. Octavio N. Martinez, Jr. executive director of the Hogg Foundation. "We are funding this project because it seeks to address a serious problem that is also an obstacle to recovery for many."
Mental Health America of Texas is one of four Texas groups that received a total of $265,348 in policy project grants from the Hogg Foundation this month. The foundation awarded the grants for projects that will lead to better understanding and improvements in policies and processes that affect Texas consumers of mental health services.
The Hogg Foundation was founded in 1940 by the children of former Texas Governor James Hogg, to promote improved mental health for the people of Texas. The foundation's grants and programs support mental health consumer services, research, policy analysis and public education projects in Texas. The foundation is part of the Division of Diversity and Community Engagement at The University of Texas at Austin.
Mental Health America of Texas, is the oldest citizens' mental health advocacy and education organization in Texas. Founded in 1935 as a non-profit 501(c)3 organization, Mental Health America of Texas reaches out to communities across Texas to promote mental health, prevent mental disorders, and improve the care and treatment of people with mental illnesses through education and advocacy.
Contact for Mental Health America of Texas: Toni Gardner, director of communications, (512) 454-3706, Ext. 218


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Norwood Teague says 'U' wishes A.J. Barker well, understands chagrin
Get the 1500 ESPN SportsWire delivered to your inbox daily, and keep up with all the news in Twin Cities Sports
University of Minnesota athletic director Norwood Teague issued a response on Sunday evening in the wake of Gophers receiver A.J. Barker' abrupt decision to quit the football team.
"Coach Kill received an email from A.J. Barker today notifying the Coach that he has quit the team," Teague said in a statement.
"Coach Kill tried reaching out to A.J. after receiving the email, but was unable to connect with him. We understand A.J.'s frustration with his injury, and we regret that he has chosen to leave the team on these terms. Our concern first and foremost is student athletes and we wish A.J. well."
After taking to Twitter around 4 p.m. on Sunday to announce that he was leaving the team, Barker followed by posting a scathing, long-form letter that he said he sent to coach Jerry Kill.
In the post, Barker criticized Kill and his staff on several different subjects, including the handling of an ankle injury that he suffered on Oct. 27 against Purdue.
He reiterated his stance in an interview with 1500ESPN.com's Darren Wolfson, adding that he "didn't want to be the guy who said nothing."
Barker is the team's leading receiver, having totaled a team-high 577 receiving yards and seven touchdowns in eight games.


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The flaw, which received Microsoft's highest severity rating, involves the way DirectX handles MIDI music files. A malformed MIDI file could overrun the buffer in DirectX, at which point extra software embedded in the file would be executed.
Exploiting the flaw would entail the creation of a maliciously malformed MIDI file, which vulnerable Windows users would have to be tricked into running, either through e-mail or a Web page.
Read more: [URL=http://news.com.com/2100-1002_3-5053428.html?tag=fd_top]CNet News[/URL].


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October 10, 2015
Crisis counseling is being prepared Friday at McCook Community College after an employee was killed in a traffic accident.
The Nebraska State Patrol says 49-year-old Wayne K. Ruble was driving a van on U.S. Highway 83 when the accident happened at about noon yesterday some 14 miles north of McCook.
Ruble was area Dean of Student Life at the college, with responsibilities on the North Platte and McCook campuses.
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Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world, killing nearly 50% of patients afflicted. Though progress is being made within surgery and other complementary treatments, there is still need for new and more effective treatments. Oncolytic virotherapy, meaning that a cancer is cured by viral infection, is a promising field for finding new and improved treatments. We have investigated the oncolytic potential of several low-pathogenic echoviruses with rare clinical occurrence. Echoviruses are members of the enterovirus genus within the family Picornaviridae.
Six colon cancer cell lines (CaCo-2, HT29, LoVo, SW480, SW620 and T84) were infected by the human enterovirus B species echovirus 12, 15, 17, 26 and 29, and cytopathic effects as well as viral replication efficacy were investigated. Infectivity was also tested in spheroids grown from HT29 cells.
Echovirus 12, 17, 26 and 29 replicated efficiently in almost all cell lines and were considered highly cytolytic. The infectivity of these four viruses was further evaluated in artificial tumors (spheroids), where it was found that echovirus 12, 17 and 26 easily infected the spheroids.
We have found that echovirus 12, 17 and 26 have potential as oncolytic agents against colon cancer, by comparing the cytolytic capacity of five low-pathogenic echoviruses in six colon cancer cell lines and in artificial tumors.
Keywords:enterovirus; echovirus; colon cancer; oncolytic virus; virotherapy
Colorectral cancer is the second and third most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world for women and men respectively. Nearly 50% of those diagnosed with colorectal cancer are killed from it, and in 2008 there were more than 1.2 million new cases estimated of colorectal cancer [1]. Presently the most common treatment of colorectal cancer is surgery, where chemotherapy and radiation may be used as adjuvants [2]. Though progress is made within these therapies, the nearly 50% mortality rate indicates the necessity of new and improved treatments of colorectal cancer.
Viral oncolysis offers a new promising field of cancer treatments. The research area has broadened to include several different mechanisms of antitumoral efficacy; for instance direct tumor cell lysis due to viral replication or viral cytotoxic proteins and transgene expression (reviewed in [3,4]). Many of the oncolytic viruses that have been tested in clinical trials are genetically modified, in particular adenoviruses and herpes simplex virus (reviewed in [5-7]). Several other viruses, including poxviruses, reovirus and Newcastle disease virus have also shown promising antitumor effects in various human malignancies (reviewed in [4,8-10]).
Echoviruses (E) are serotypes belonging in the Human Enterovirus B (HEV-B) species within the enterovirus (EV) genus of Picornaviridae. Picornaviruses are small (diameter about 30 nm), naked, icosahedrically shaped viruses with an RNA genome of about 7.2 to 8.5 kb in length with positive polarity [11,12]. Within the EV genus both E1 and coxsackievirus A21 have been shown to be oncolytic in several human cancers, including malignant melanoma and ovarian cancer [13-18]. In addition, it has been reported that bovine EV shows oncolytic characteristics [19], and attenuated, recombinant poliovirus strains have been shown to have great oncolytic potential [20-22]. Recently another picornavirus, Seneca valley virus, has also emerged as an oncolytic virotherapy candidate [23,24].
The HEV-B species contains many viruses with rare clinical occurrence and low pathogenicity, making them potentially suitable for oncolytic virotherapy if they show oncolytic characteristics. The serotypes within the HEV-B species that were chosen to be included in this study of cytolytic capacity were E12, E15, E17, E26, and E29. These viruses were all isolated in the 1950's from healthy persons [25-30] and chosen on the basis of their low pathogenicity [31-34]. In this paper, the cytolytic effects of these five serotypes were investigated in six cell lines derived from cancers of the human colon. Colorectal cancer was chosen due to the fecal-oral route of infectivity of enteroviruses [12] and its position as one of the most common forms of cancer with a mortality rate of nearly 50% [1]. Those serotypes that generated the most efficient cythopathic effect (CPE) and highest amount of viral progeny, in cell lines grown as monolayers, were also tested for infectivity in spheroids (reviewed in [35]). Infection of spheroids enables investigation of the capability to spread within an artificial tumor of three-dimensional shape.
Materials and methods
Cell lines and viruses
The colon cancer cell lines HT29, SW480, SW620, LoVo, and T84 were purchased from European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC, UK) and CaCo-2 was generously provided by C. Gustafson-Svärd (Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden). A local variant of green monkey kidney (GMK) cells and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, kindly provided by H.-C. Selinka (University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany), were used as positive and negative control for infectivity studies. SW480, SW620, CaCo-2, GMK and CHO were cultured in Dulbeccos modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), HT29 was cultured in McCoy's 5A medium and LoVo and T84 were cultured in Ham's F12 medium. Medias were supplemented with 100 U/ml penicillin, 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin, 2 mM L-glutamine and 10% newborn calf serum (NCS). 5% NCS were used in GMK and CHO media. CaCo-2 media was additionally supplemented with 0.1 mM non-essential amino acids (NEAA). Cell lines were grown in 37°C and 7.5% CO2 (HT29, SW480, SW620, GMK and CHO) or 5.0% CO2 (CaCo-2, LoVo and T84). E15 Charleston was purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, VR-45), E12 Travis, E17 CHHE-29 and E26 Coronel were generously provided by J.-Å. Liljeqvist, (University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden) and E29 JV-10, was kindly provided by M. Roivainen (National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland).
Viral serotype confirmation
Viral serotypes were confirmed genetically by RNA extraction using QIAamp viral RNA MiniSpinKit (Qiagen) according to manufacturer's manual. RNAs were reverse transcribed (RT) by SuperScript III RT enzyme (Invitrogen) using a primer 5'-ATAAGAATGCGGCCGCT27-3' at 50°C for 60 minutes and the enzyme was inactivated at 70°C. cDNAs were amplified by PCR using PuReTaq Ready-To-Go PCR Beads (GE Healthcare) and primers matching the flanking sequences of the VP1 region of each viral strain. Nucleotide sequences were determined using the ABI Prism BigDye terminator cycle sequencing reaction kit (Applied Biosystems) and a 3130 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). Sequencher version 4.5 (Gene Codes Corporation) was used for editing of sequences. Obtained viral sequences were determined by strain using basic local alignment search tool (BLAST, National Center for Biotechnology Information, NCBI). Prior to virus infectivity assays all viruses were propagated and titrated in GMK cells using the endpoint titration method of Sperman and Kärber [36].
Virus infectivity assay
Cells were grown in 6 well plates (HT29, SW480, SW620, LoVo, T84, GMK and CHO) or in T25 bottles (CaCo-2) to a confluence of 50-85%. The cells were washed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and serum free medias were added to cells: McCoy's 5A to HT29, DMEM to SW480, SW620, GMK and CHO and OptiMEM to T84, LoVo and CaCo-2. CaCo-2 media was additionally supplemented with 0.1 mM NEAA. Cells were infected with viruses at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1 in double samples and incubated in room temperature for 60 minutes. The virus containing medias were exchanged for new serum free equivalents, and one sample per cell line and virus (E12, E15, E17, E26 or E29) was frozen while the other remaining sample was incubated in 37°C until complete CPE was visible, or for a maximum of seven days. At the time of complete CPE, or after seven days, cells were photographed using microscopy. All infection assays were performed three times. After freezing and thawing three times, all infection samples were titrated in GMK cells.
Culture of spheroids and spheroid infectivity assay
HT29 spheroids were cultured in 24 well plates by inoculating 1 000 cells per well, coated with 1% agarose in PBS, in 1 ml McCoy's 5A media supplemented with 100 U/ml penicillin, 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin, 2 mM L-glutamine and 10% NCS. Single spheroids were allowed to form for seven days in 37°C, 7.5% CO2. 105 tissue culture infectious dose 50% (TCID50) of each virus (E12, E17, E26 or E29) were added to spheroids, and the infections were followed for nine days. Infections were repeated on at least two different occasions and each virus was tested for infectivity in spheroids 14 to 18 times in total.
Viability confirmation of spheroids
HT29 spheroids, uninfected or infected by E29, were washed separately three times in PBS to remove any single cells or unbound viral particles and dispersed in 0.25% trypsin-EDTA solution. McCoy's media supplemented with 100 U/ml penicillin, 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin, 2 mM L-glutamine and 10% NCS was added. Cells were diluted 1:2 in trypan blue solution, incubated for 10 minutes and examined in a Bürker chamber using microscopy. Trypsinated cells from uninfected spheroids were also allowed to proliferate in 6 well plates for two days.
Viral infectivity in colon cancer cell lines
To investigate the oncolytic potential of E12, E15, E17, E26 and E29 against colorectal cancer initially, the cytolytic replication in six colon cancer cell lines (Table 1) was analyzed. Viral ability to cause CPE was investigated (Table 2, Additional file 1) as well as increase in viral titers during infection (Figure 1). GMK and CHO cells were used as positive and negative infectious control respectively (data not shown).
Table 1. Cell lines derived from human colorectal cancers used in this study
Table 2. Cytopathic effect (CPE) caused by echoviral infection in colon cancer cell lines
Additional file 1. Pictures of infected colon cancer cell lines. CaCo-2, HT29, LoVo, SW480, SW620 and T84 infected with echovirus 12, 15, 17, 26, 29 (at a multiplicity of infection of 1) and uninfected (Control). Pictures were taken at the time of complete cytopathic effect or seven days post infection at 4 000 or 10 000 × magnification.
Format: JPEG Size: 5.3MB Download file
Figure 1. Viral infections of colon cancer cell lines. Six colon cancer cell lines: CaCo-2, HT29, LoVo, SW480, SW620 and T84, were infected by either echovirus 12, 15, 17, 26 or 29 in double triplicates. Infections were frozen directly after infection (bound viruses) or incubated until complete CPE was reached, or maximum seven days (viral progeny). All infections were titrated in green monkey kidney cells after having been frozen and thawed three times. Results are presented as mean TCID50/ml values ± standard deviation.
E12 was able to infect all colon cancer cell lines generating an increase in titer of about four logs, 103-4 to 107-8 TCID50/ml, in HT29, SW480, SW620 and CaCo-2 (Figure 1). The mean titer of E12 attached to LoVo (102.89 TCID50/ml) and that of the viral progeny (103.94 TCID50/ml) indicate that the virus replicated in the cell line, but no CPE was observed after seven days (Table 2, Figure 1). In all other colon cancer cell lines complete CPE was observed within two to three days, although the viral mean titer decreased during the infection in T84.
E15 generated complete CPE in CaCo-2, HT29, SW620 and T84 within two to seven days, but the mean titers of viral progeny, compared to titers of initially attached virus particles, were markedly higher only in the case of HT29 and CaCo-2 (Table 2, Figure 1). In T84, complete CPE was observed after two days, but no viral progeny was measured by titration. No infection was indicated in LoVo or SW480.
In the case of E17, the virus bound to all colon cancer cell lines (Figure 1). In all cell lines except LoVo, complete CPE was observed within one to seven days (Table 2). CPE was also supported by an increase in mean titer between bound virus and viral progeny of about two to four logs in all cases where CPE was observed, except in SW680, where the mean titer increased with less than one log (Figure 1). Although E17 attached to the cellular surface of LoVo (mean initial titer of attached viral particles; 103.95 TCID50/ml), no CPE was observed, nor was any viral progeny detected by endpoint titration after seven days.
E26 was able to cause complete CPE in CaCo-2, HT29, SW620 and T84 within two to seven days. In SW480 only partial CPE was observed after seven days, while no CPE was observed in LoVo after the same time (Table 2). During infection viral mean titers increased about five to seven logs in all infected colon cancer cell lines except LoVo, where no viral progeny was indicated by titration (Figure 1). Mean titers of viral progeny reached about 105 to 108 TCID50/ml in all cell lines except LoVo.
E29 caused complete CPE in two to seven days in CaCo-2, HT29, SW480 and SW620, generating viral mean titers of about 105 to 108 TCID50/ml, even though the virus attached to the cellular surfaces of all cell lines in very low amounts (Table 2, Figure 1). E29 also caused an infection in T84, generating a viral progeny mean titer of 104.88 TCID50/ml, but no CPE was observed. LoVo was uninfected by E29.
To summarize these results, E12, E17, E26 and E29 are able to proliferate efficiently and cause cytolytic infection in most of the cell lines included in this study. E15 was excluded at this stage, due to its relatively poor ability to proliferate and cause CPE in the colon cancer cell lines investigated.
Viral infectivity in HT29 spheroids
Three-dimensionally in vitro growing cells, referred to as spheroids (reviewed in [35]), allow viruses to infect cells in a more tumor-like environment rather than the infection of a bi-dimensional monolayer. Spheroids of the human colon cancer cell line HT29 were infected by E12, E17, E26 and E29. The results show that E12, E17 and E26 destroyed the spheroids within five to nine days (Figure 2). E29 was not able to destroy HT29 spheroids within nine days. Viability of spheroids, both uninfected and infected by E29, was confirmed by individualization of spheroid cells using trypsin treatment, followed by trypan blue staining (data not shown). Viability of uninfected spheroids was additionally confirmed by allowing the individualized cells to proliferate as monolayers (data not shown).
Figure 2. Viral infections of HT29 spheroids. Spheroids originating from 1 000 HT29 cells and grown for seven days were infected by 105 TCID50 of echovirus 12, 17, 26, 29 or uninfected (Control). Infections were followed for 9 days and pictures were taken at 0, 1, 5, and 9 days post infection at 4 000 × magnification. The figure shows representative pictures of at least 14 spheroid infections per virus performed on at least two different occasions.
Though improvements are being made, patient prognosis of colorectal cancer is still poor [1]. Presently surgical restriction, chemotherapy and radiation are the most common therapeutic approaches [2]. A promising new field in the battle against cancer is oncolytic virotherapy, which is undergoing extensive investigation. In this study, we investigated the cytolytic capacity of low- or apathogenic echoviruses within the HEV-B species in colon cancer cell lines, grown both as monolayers and as three-dimensional spheroids.
Wild type enteroviruses may be suitable as oncolytic viruses for several reasons. (i) Enteroviruses have been studied epidemiologically for over 50 years and many of these viruses are strictly human pathogens causing low- or even asymptomatic infections [12]. It is therefore well known that there are viruses within this genus with a relatively safe profile from a pathological point of view. This is a favorable characteristic of an oncolytic virus. It should be mentioned though, that low-pathogenic enteroviruses might be associated with more severe symptoms occasionally [37,38]. (ii) Wild type enteroviruses with low pathogenicity can be oncolytic without genetic engineering [16,17]. This eliminates the risks of potential reversion to virulent phenotypes of attenuated oncolytic viruses or loss of malignant tissue specificity as a consequence of genetic engineering. (iii) There are antipicornavirus drugs such as Pleconaril. This drug has been used successfully on a compassionate-release basis [39,40]. (iv) Low-pathogenic enteroviruses may be rare in the human population [16,31]. This decreases the risk of patients having an acquired immunity towards the virus prior to deliberate infection for oncolytic virotherapy purposes. (v) Possibly several different serotypes with similar oncolytic properties within an EV species could be identified. Serotypes could then be altered successively if administrating more than one oncolytic virus to a patient. This would provide a strategy to avoid obstacles due to acquired immunity towards already administered viruses. (vi) The small virion size (about 30 nm in diameter) of picornaviruses [11] could be an oncolytic advantage. Fibrillar collagen has proven to inhibit relatively large herpes simplex virus from reaching malignant cells within a tumor, while nanoparticles spread more easily [41]. (vii) Picornaviruses have a relatively fast replication cycle, ranging from five to ten hours [11]. This could also be an advantage for viral oncolysis, since a faster replicating virus may reduce a tumor in size more effectively than a slower replicating virus [42].
We have investigated the cytolytic capacity of E12, E15, E17, E26 and E29 by infection of six colon cancer cell lines derived from both primary tumors and metastases (Table 1). To be able to address the infectious ability of the viruses in these cell lines as explicitly as possible, no serum was added to the medias in these viral infectivity experiments. The results were recorded both by the ability to cause CPE (Table 2, Additional file 1), and by proliferation efficacy (Figure 1). Highly cytolytic viruses with an efficient propagation were also allowed to infect spheroids (Figure 2), to investigate their ability to spread within and destroy an artificial tumor.
When analyzing the results of the monolayer studies (Table 2, Figure 1) CaCo-2, HT29 and SW620 were cytolytically infected by all viruses, while LoVo was not cytolytically infected by any of the five viruses. However, our results suggest that E12 causes a persistent infection in LoVo. We have not been able to find a likely cause to this infectious disability, and it may be due to both difficulties of viral entry as well as intracellular proliferation factors. A cytolytic infectious cycle within the tumor cells is a favorable characteristic of an oncolytic virus. The release of viral progeny enables spreading to neighboring malignant cells as well as metastatic sites that are distant from primary site of administration. Interestingly, it has been shown that the genetic difference between an EV causing a cytolytic infection and one causing a non-cytolytic infection, in a particular cell line, may be as little as one amino acid change [43].
The viral infections of SW480 and SW620 are interesting, due to the fact that these cell lines originate from the same cancer patient. SW480 was established from a primary adenocarcinoma of the colon, while SW620 was established from a lymph node metastasis one year later (Table 1). The cell lines seem to respond differently to infection of the same virus. E26 does not cause cytolysis in SW480 to the same extent that it does in SW620 (Table 2). The mean viral progeny of E17 in SW620 is about 104 TCID50/ml, while the mean viral progeny in SW480 is more than 106 TCID50/ml (Figure 1). E12 and E29 cause CPE faster in SW480 than in SW620, and even though E15 is not able to infect SW480, the virus causes a cytolytic infection in SW620 (Table 2, Figure 1). This indicates that the same viral serotype may have a different impact when infecting cancer cells derived from the same original cancer. Hence, there may be a "sliding therapeutic window" in the progression of a cancer, where a specific oncolytic virus has the most effective anti-cancer effect. In this perspective, several oncolytic viral serotypes with similar oncolytic properties may be very beneficial, not only from an immunological point of view.
All viruses cause a cytolytic infection in T84 except E29, which seems to cause a non-cytolytic infection (Table 2, Figure 1). Strangely, the viral progeny titers of E12 and E15 are lower than the initial titers in T84 (Figure 1). This could to some extent be explained by viral progeny neutralization caused by neutralizing substances released by lysed cells, or less viable progeny production of E12 and E15 in T84. More viral particles adsorbing to the T84 cellular surface than the number of particles entering and infecting the cells could also contribute to this effect. In the case of E12, it is known that decay-accelerating factor (DAF or CD55) is a cellular receptor [44,45]. This receptor may not be enough for cellular entry, hence infection, for DAF-binding picornaviruses [46]. It is possible that unknown entry-receptors of E12 and E15 are not expressed on the surface of T84 or expressed in very low amounts. In addition, viral attachment-induced apoptosis could contribute to the CPE observed in E12 and E15 infected T84 cells. It has been shown that high MOIs of UV-inactivated reovirus virions can induce apoptosis in the absence of viral replication by interacting with cell surface receptors [47]. Due to the inefficient cytolytic replication of E15, this virus was excluded from further studies.
In addition to confirmation of successful lytic infections and measurement of viral progeny following infection, an interesting pattern emerges when comparing binding titers of the different viruses in Figure 1. Several serotypes generate similar binding titers independent of cell line infected. A MOI of 1 was used in the experiment and the time required for complete CPE is not connected to initial binding titers (Table 2). The titers of attached E12 and E17 are relatively high, while the amount of bound E29 (and in some cases E26 and E15) are not detected in all cell lines. This could be the result of different entry strategies. If viruses with very low or undetected binding titers use a highly specific attachment and entry process, infection could be successful even at undetected initial amount of bound virions using the TCID50 method. This method does not tell how many infectious particles are present in the original sample, but what dilution of virus will generate CPE in 50% of the cells inoculated [36]. A high titer of bound viruses indicates that relatively many virions interact with the cell surface initially. This could be an effect of a more virion dense attachment and entry strategy, possibly by the use of more than one receptor.
E12, E17, E26 and E29 were further investigated in spheroids, cells grown in three-dimensional clusters, hence more resembling tumors than cells grown as monolayers. The results (Figure 2) show that E12, E17 and E26 were able to dissolve spheroids of HT29 cells grown for seven days, starting with 1 000 cells. E29 was not able to efficiently kill HT29 cells when grown as spheroids. These cells were only readily infected and lysed by E29 when grown as monolayers (Table 2, Figure 1). The viability of E29 infected and uninfected spheroids were confirmed after seven days by trypsination and trypan blue staining. Trypan blue staining showed that E29 had some cytolytic effect on the spheroids, but not enough to dissolve them. Almost all cells from uninfected spheriods were viable after seven days (data not shown). The viability of uninfected spheroids was also confirmed by letting individualized spheroid cells proliferate as monolayers again (data not shown). These results show that even though a virus may cause cytolysis in a certain cell population when grown as a monolayer, the same virus may not be as infectious when the cells are grown in three-dimensional clusters.
A major concern regarding all oncolytic viruses is the existence of neutralizing antibodies from prior natural or deliberate exposure. Employing low- or apathogenic viruses for oncolytic purposes raises the question whether these viruses are frequently circulating in the human population without causing any symptoms although inducing immunity. Because they are not frequently associated with disease there are very little data published regarding circulation of these viruses in the population. The seroprevalence of the oncolytic candidates we present here needs to be addressed in coming studies. However, seroprevalence of E1 and coxsackievirus A21, two other low-pathogenic oncolytic enteroviruses, seems to be less than 10% in preliminary studies [16,48]. Besides investigation of the potential risk of preexisting neutralizing antibodies, this study will need to be complemented with infection studies in primary cell cultures and animal models. This would further elucidate the oncolytic capacity of these viruses. Knowledge of infection preferences, for example receptor usage, of these viruses would also be a great advantage when investigating the ability to utilize these viruses for oncolytic purposes. E12 and E29 have been shown to utilize DAF (CD55) as cellular receptor [44,45,49]. DAF is a vital part of directing the immune system away from self-tissue [50], and has been shown to be upregulated in colon cancer [51,52]. In addition to in vivo studies of the oncolytic capacity, the receptor usage of these viruses needs to be further elucidated while bearing in mind that enteroviruses may utilize more than one receptor [46,53]. Our study pinpoints E12, E17 and E26 as new potential candidates for oncolytic virotherapy. It also puts focus on a group of enteroviral serotypes that have not been extensively studied before, due to the fact that they are not causing serious diseases or financial losses to the human population. However, seen in the light of oncolytic virotherapy, these viruses may be of great interest as new treatments in the battle against cancer.
In conclusion, the echoviruses 12, 17 and 26 show potential as oncolytic agents against colon cancer. This was found by investigating the cytolytic capacity and replicative efficiency of E12, E15, E17, E26 and E29 in six colon cancer cell lines as well as in artificial HT29 tumors in vitro.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
SI planned the experimental setup, prepared viral stocks, carried out viral infectivity assays and cultured and infected spheroids. SI wrote the manuscript. NJ participated in preparation of virus stocks and viral infectivity assays. MG participated in titrating viral stocks. AML was involved in the study design and revision of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
We thank Kjell Edman and Anna Göransson for scientific discussions, Jan Alm and Robert Easley for linguistic discussions, Christina Gustafson-Svärd and Hans-Christoph Selinka for providing cells and Jan-Åke Liljeqvist and Merja Roivainen for providing viruses. This study was supported by grants from the National Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FLäk) and the School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University.
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text:
Salt-Baked Potatoes
- 4 (1/2-pound) russet (baking) potatoes
- 1 egg white, lightly beaten
- 1/2 cup kosher salt
Put oven rack in middle position and preheat oven to 425°F.
Prick potatoes in several places with a fork. Coat each potato with egg white, then crust potatoes completely in salt. Bake potatoes in a shallow baking pan until tender when pierced with a sharp knife, about 1 hour.
Crack off as much salt as desired from skin before serving.
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text:
Guest Review: Smashbox Halo Hydrating Perfecting Face Powder
Ok special treat for you guys today!
I have a guest reviewer for the new Smashbox Halo Hydrating Perfecting Face Powder! You may recall I blogged about this a few weeks ago if you missed it have a click over here to view my original post!
I didn't pick this up for myself but I was seriously curious which is why I'm happy that Adina had commented and said she got it! We arranged to have her review it since she purchased it and I'm happy to say I'm currently lemming this thanks to Adina fab review and FOTD using it! It really have a nice flawless appearance to her skin! I think it'd make a great finishing powder or for more fuller coverage if you desire!
Adina's skin type is normal with some oily bits in the T-Zone Area and of course like me dryer in the winter months!
Without further babble from me here's Adina's review on the Smashbox Halo Hydrating Perfecting Face Powder!
Hello out there blog-reading beauties. Adina (a.k.a Krasevayadancer) here doing a guest post review on the Smashbox Halo Hydrating Perfecting Face Powder with Brush which is currently only being offered on QVC. I know I have been tempted to purchase this ever since I happened to catch glimpses of the product on QVC. The lemming became too strong for me to handle and I gave in to those little voices telling me to make the purchase about 1 week ago.I picked up this little baby in the light color option (while I am pale, i am luckily not ghostly enough for the porcelain option)
What it claims to do: A face-perfecting powder and brush duo. The powder contains a hydrating blend of vitamins and antioxidants. The built in shaver allows for the convenience of a pressed powder with the radiant finish of a loose one. The super-sized brush deposits perfect amount of powder every time. The revolutionary anti-aging powder formula provides a brighter look to your skin and contains Gogi berry, a powerful antioxidant. The formula is also infused with encapsulated water to refresh the skin on contact and provide a hydrated look that won't accentuate lines and wrinkles.
-From the QVC website
Packaging and Application- General Comments
The packaging is wonderfully sturdy and holds well in the hand. The inside lid contains a mirror which makes it quite handy as well.
I love love love how this product comes as a pressed powder that you "shave" into loose powder by twisting the compact. This minimizes the mess you get with loose powders. You get the wonderfully sheer glowy effects of loose powder without the mess you get when you use loose powder- count me a fan!
How it wears and general thoughts on the product.
Does this baby do all that it claims to do- reduce wrinkles, hydrate, and give me a flawless glow. My answer is a resounding YES! My face looks refreshed with a light dewy glow. Coverage is enough for me to get away with a couple of swipes and I am done.
Adina looking flawless with the powder on!
Is it worth the nearly $60 price tag- I would say so. For that price you get a wonderfully soft full coverage face brush and a great powder for all of you ladies who just need some light coverage and a wonderfully flawless face!
Hope you enjoyed my review. Let me know who else is using and loving this!
Honestly I want this for the brush alone hehe! That's some seriously chunky brush it comes with! The Muse likey!
Thanks for the review Adina and for creating the warm, squishy glow of lemminginess!
Show Adina some comment love!
Want it?
Love it?
Tried it?
Tell Adina (and the Muse)!
2/20/08 14:40 Adina:
Its me, Its me!!
Thanks so much for letting me blog for ya! 😀
2/20/08 15:25 the Muse:
you're famous 😉
and officially Muse approved 😉
2/20/08 18:03 nilla cookie:
Love the guest reviews!
AND wonderful review and great pics from Adina. Thanks for sharing! I haven't used this but it looks great on you
2/20/08 21:04 the Muse:
hey lil 😉
I'm sure Adina will be chuffed to here to loved it 😉
I'm eager to try it out myself!
2/20/08 21:43 Shop With A Vengeance!:
I heard other good reviews on this too! Thanks for posting
2/20/08 21:57 the Muse:
I'm curious that's for sure Shop with A vengeance
It's been in my cart far too long at qvc.com I think I need to hit submit 😉
2/20/08 23:04 Anonymous:
the brush coms with this?
good review thanku
2/21/08 0:28 MandyPandy:
The powder reminds me of YSL's Semi-Loose Powder. Which in turn reminds me of that Donnatella Versace skit on SNL with Ian Mckellen as Yves Saint Laurent. "Oh YSL, you make me smile down there!"
2/21/08 7:57 Adina:
I think you need to hit submit too 😉
Nilla and shop, thanks for the comments 😀
2/21/08 8:47 the Muse:
hi Anonymous!
yes it does.
2/21/08 8:49 the Muse:
Hey Mandy!
LOL! I love Ian McKellen as Donnatella!!!!!!!!!!!! LOL! Dare I admit that YSL makes me smile down there too! Dior does too…and MAC…and…and…!
Oh that's right. Mandy you make me smile down there too 😉 *wink wink nudge nudge*
I miss you love! Come back soon!
2/21/08 8:50 the Muse:
Hey Adina!
I hit submit *blush* hehehehe! I did it late last night 😉
2/22/08 22:11 cinnybuns:
I want the foundation!!!! but Adina might kick my butt maybe one day, I really wanna try it, but I can do w/o the brush heheheh.
2/26/08 7:10 the Muse:
cinnybuns she'll kick your butt if you don't buy it 😉
I actually love the brush but the good news is if you hate it you can definately score major swap points with it;)