text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 11, 2003
|Filing date
|Mar 12, 2003
|Priority date
|Nov 5, 1998
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Shek Lau, Jimmy Lee, Andrew Parker
|Original Assignee
|Sharper Image Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (32), Classifications (44), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part from U.S. application Ser. No. 09/186,471, filed Nov. 5, 1998, entitled Electro-Kinetic Air Transporter-Conditioner, and assigned to the assignee herein.
[0002] This invention relates generally to devices that produce ozone and an electro-kinetic flow of air from which particulate matter has been substantially removed, and more particularly to cleaning the wire or wire-like electrodes present in such devices.
[0003] The use of an electric motor to rotate a fan blade to create an air flow has long been known in the art. Unfortunately, such fans produce substantial noise, and can present a hazard to children who may be tempted to poke a finger or a pencil into the moving fan blade. Although such fans can produce substantial air flow, e.g., 1,000 ft3/minute or more, substantial electrical power is required to operate the motor, and essentially no conditioning of the flowing air occurs.
[0004] It is known to provide such fans with a HEPA-compliant filter element to remove particulate matter larger than perhaps 0.3 μm. Unfortunately, the resistance to air flow presented by the filter element may require doubling the electric motor size to maintain a desired level of airflow. Further, HEPA-compliant filter elements are expensive, and can represent a substantial portion of the sale price of a HEPA-compliant filter-fan unit. While such filter-fan units can condition the air by removing large particles, particulate matter small enough to pass through the filter element is not removed, including bacteria, for example.
[0005] It is also known in the art to produce an air flow using electro-kinetic techniques, by which electrical power is directly converted into a flow of air without mechanically moving components. One such system is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,789,801 to Lee (1988), depicted herein in simplified form as FIGS. 1A and 1B. Lee's system 10 includes an array of small area ("minisectional") electrodes 20 that is spaced-apart symmetrically from an array of larger area ("maxisectional") electrodes 30. The positive terminal of a pulse generator 40 that outputs a train of high voltage pulses (e.g., 0 to perhaps +5 KV) is coupled to the minisectional array, and the negative pulse generator terminal is coupled to the maxisectional array.
[0006] The high voltage pulses ionize the air between the arrays, and an air flow 50 from the minisectional array toward the maxisectional array results, without requiring any moving parts. Particulate matter 60 in the air is entrained within the airflow 50 and also moves towards the maxisectional electrodes 30. Much of the particulate matter is electrostatically attracted to the surface of the maxisectional electrode array, where it remains, thus conditioning the flow of air exiting system 10. Further, the high voltage field present between the electrode arrays can release ozone into the ambient environment, which appears to destroy or at least alter whatever is entrained in the airflow, including for example, bacteria.
[0007] In the embodiment of FIG. 1A, minisectional electrodes 20 are circular in cross-section, having a diameter of about 0.003″ (0.08 mm), whereas the maxisectional electrodes 30 are substantially larger in area and define a "teardrop" shape in cross-section. The ratio of cross-sectional radii of curvature between the maxisectional and minisectional electrodes is not explicitly stated, but from Lee's figures appears to exceed 10:1. As shown in FIG. 1A herein, the bulbous front surfaces of the maxisectional electrodes face the minisectional electrodes, and the somewhat sharp trailing edges face the exit direction of the air flow. The "sharpened" trailing edges on the maxisectional electrodes apparently promote good electrostatic attachment of particular matter entrained in the airflow. Lee does not disclose how the teardrop shaped maxisectional electrodes are fabricated, but presumably they are produced using a relatively expensive mold-casting or an extrusion process.
[0008] In another embodiment shown herein as FIG. 1B, Lee's maxisectional sectional electrodes 30 are symmetrical and elongated in cross-section. The elongated trailing edges on the maxisectional electrodes provide increased area upon which particulate matter entrained in the airflow can attach. Lee states that precipitation efficiency and desired reduction of anion release into the environment can result from including a passive third array of electrodes 70. Understandably, increasing efficiency by adding a third array of electrodes will contribute to the cost of manufacturing and maintaining the resultant system.
[0009] While the electrostatic techniques disclosed by Lee are advantageous over conventional electric fan-filter units, Lee's maxisectional electrodes are relatively expensive to fabricate. Further, increased filter efficiency beyond what Lee's embodiments can produce would be advantageous, especially without including a third array of electrodes.
[0010] The invention in appilcants' parent application provided a first and second electrode array configuration electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner having improved efficiency over Lee-type systems, without requiring expensive production techniques to fabricate the electrodes. The condition also permitted user-selection of safe amounts of ozone to be generated.
[0011] The second array electrodes were intended to collect particulate matter, and to be user-removable from the transporter-conditioner for regular cleaning to remove such matter from the electrode surfaces. The user must take care, however, to ensure that if the second array electrodes were cleaned with water, that the electrodes are thoroughly dried before reinsertion into the transporter-conditioner unit. If the unit were turned on while moisture from newly cleaned electrodes was allowed to pool within the unit, and moisture wicking could result in high voltage arcing from the first to the second electrode arrays, with possible damage to the unit.
[0012] The wire or wire-like electrodes in the first electrode array are less robust than the second array electrodes. (The terms "wire" and "wire-like" shall be used interchangeably herein to mean an electrode either made from a wire or, if thicker or stiffer than a wire, having the appearance of a wire.) In embodiments in which the first array electrodes were user-removable from the transporter-conditioner unit, care was required during cleaning to prevent excessive force from simply snapping the wire electrodes. But eventually the first array electrodes can accumulate a deposited layer or coating of fine ash-like material.
[0013] If this deposit is allowed to accumulate eventually efficiency of the conditioner-transporter will be degraded. Further, for reasons not entirely understood, such deposits can produce an audible oscillation that can be annoying to persons near the conditioner-transporter.
[0014] Thus there is a need for a mechanism by a conditioner-transporter unit can be protected against moisture pooling in the unit as a result of user cleaning. Further there is a need for a mechanism by which the wire electrodes in the first electrode array of a conditioner-transporter can be periodically cleaned. Preferably such cleaning mechanism should be straightforward to implement, should not require removal of the first array electrodes from the conditioner-transporter, and should be operable by a user on a periodic basis.
[0015] The present invention provides such a method and apparatus.
[0016] Applicants' parent application provides an electro-kinetic system for transporting and conditioning air without moving parts. The air is conditioned in the sense that it is ionized and contains safe amounts of ozone. The electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner disclosed therein includes a louvered or grilled body that houses an ionizer unit. The ionizer unit includes a high voltage DC inverter that boosts common 110 VAC to high voltage, and a generator that receives the high voltage DC and outputs high voltage pulses of perhaps 10 KV peak-to-peak, although an essentially 100% duty cycle (e.g., high voltage DC) output could be used instead of pulses. The unit also includes an electrode assembly unit comprising first and second spaced-apart arrays of conducting electrodes, the first array and second array being coupled, respectively, preferably to the positive and negative output ports of the high voltage generator.
[0017] The electrode assembly preferably is formed using first and second arrays of readily manufacturable electrode configurations. In the embodiments relevant to this present application, the first array included wire (or wire-like) electrodes. The second array comprised "U"-shaped or "L"-shaped electrodes having one or two trailing surfaces and intentionally large outer surface areas upon which to collect particulate matter in the air. In the preferred embodiments, the ratio between effective radii of curvature of the second array electrodes to the first array electrodes was at least about 20:1.
[0018] The high voltage pulses create an electric field between the first and second electrode arrays. This field produces an electro-kinetic airflow going from the first array toward the second array, the airflow being rich in preferably a net surplus of negative ions and in ozone. Ambient air including dust particles and other undesired components (germs, perhaps) enter the housing through the grill or louver openings, and ionized clean air (with ozone) exits through openings on the downstream side of the housing.
[0019] The dust and other particulate matter attaches electrostatically to the second array (or collector) electrodes, and the output air is substantially clean of such particulate matter. Further, ozone generated by the transporter-conditioner unit can kill certain types of germs and the like, and also eliminates odors in the output air. Preferably the transporter operates in periodic bursts, and a control permits the user to temporarily increase the high voltage pulse generator output, e.g., to more rapidly eliminate odors in the environment.
[0020] Applicants' parent application provided second array electrode units that were very robust and user-removable from the transporter-conditioner unit for cleaning. These second array electrode units could simply be slid up and out of the transporter-conditioner unit, and wiped clean with a moist cloth, and returned to the unit. However on occasion, if electrode units are returned to the transporter-conditioner unit while still wet (from cleaning), moisture pooling can reduce resistance between the first and second electrode arrays to where high voltage arcing results.
[0021] Another problem is that over time the wire electrodes in the first electrode array become dirty and can accumulate a deposited layer or coating of fine ash-like material. This accumulated material on the first array electrodes can eventually reduce ionization efficiency. Further, this accumulated coating can also result in the transporter-conditioner unit producing 500 Hz to 5 KHz audible oscillations that can annoy people in the same room as the unit.
[0022] In a first embodiment, the present invention extends one or more thin flexible sheets of Mylar or Kapton type material from the lower portion of the removable second array electrode unit. This sheet or sheets faces the first array electrodes and is nominally in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the first and second array electrodes. Such sheet material has high voltage breakdown, high dielectric constant, can withstand high temperature, and is flexible. A slit is cut in the distal edge of this sheet for each first array electrode such that each wire first array electrode fits into a slit in this sheet. Whenever the user removes the second electrode array from the transporter-conditioner unit, the sheet of material is also removed. However in the removal process, the sheet of material is also pulled upward, and friction between the inner slit edge surrounding each wire tends to scrape off any coating on the first array electrode. When the second array electrode unit is reinserted into the transporter-conditioner unit, the slits in the sheet automatically surround the associated first electrode array electrode. Thus, there is an up and down scraping action on the first electrode array electrodes whenever the second array electrode unit is removed from, or simply moved up and down within, the transporter-conditioner unit.
[0023] Optionally, upwardly projecting pillars can be disposed on the inner bottom surface of the transporter-conditioner unit to deflect the distal edge of the sheet material upward, away from the first array electrodes when the second array electrode unit is fully inserted. This feature reduces the likelihood of the sheet itself lowering the resistance between the two electrode arrays.
[0024] In a presently preferred embodiment, the lower ends of the second array electrodes are mounted to a retainer that includes pivotable arms to which a strip of Mylar or Kapton type material is attached. The distal edge of each strip includes a slit, and the each strip (and the slit therein) is disposed to self-align with an associated wire electrode. A pedestal extends downward from the base of the retainer, and when fully inserted in the transporter-conditioner unit, the pedestal extends into a pedestal opening in a sub-floor of the unit. The first electrode array-facing walls of the pedestal opening urge the arms and the strip on each arm to pivot upwardly, from a horizontal to a vertical disposition. This configuration can improve resistance between the electrode arrays.
[0025] Yet another embodiment provides a cleaning mechanism for the wires in the first electrode array in which one or more bead-like members surrounds each wire, the wire electrode passing through a channel in the bead. When the transporter-conditioner unit is inverted, top-for-bottom and then bottom-for-top, the beads slide the length of the wire they surround, scraping off debris in the process. The beads embodiments may be combined with any or all of the various sheets embodiments to provide mechanisms allowing a user to safely clean the wire electrodes in the first electrode array in a transporter-conditioner unit.
[0026] Other features and advantages of the invention will appear from the following description in which the preferred embodiments have been set forth in detail, in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
[0027]FIG. 1A is a plan, cross-sectional view, of a first embodiment of a prior art electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner system, according to the prior art;
[0028]FIG. 1B is a plan, cross-sectional view, of a second embodiment of a prior art electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner system, according to the prior art;
[0029]FIG. 2A is an perspective view of a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
[0030]FIG. 2B is a perspective view of the embodiment of FIG. 2A, with the second array electrode assembly partially withdrawn depicting a mechanism for self-cleaning the first array electrode assembly, according to the present invention;
[0031]FIG. 3 is an electrical block diagram of the present invention;
[0032]FIG. 4A is a perspective block diagram showing a first embodiment for an electrode assembly, according to the present invention;
[0033]FIG. 4B is a plan block diagram of the embodiment of FIG. 4A;
[0034]FIG. 4C is a perspective block diagram showing a second embodiment for an electrode assembly, according to the present invention;
[0035]FIG. 4D is a plan block diagram of a modified version of the embodiment of FIG. 4C;
[0036]FIG. 4E is a perspective block diagram showing a third embodiment for an electrode assembly, according to the present invention;
[0037]FIG. 4F is a plan block diagram of the embodiment of FIG. 4E;
[0038]FIG. 5A is a perspective view of an electrode assembly depicting a first embodiment of a mechanism to clean first electrode array electrodes, according to the present invention;
[0039]FIG. 5B is a side view depicting an electrode cleaning mechanism as shown in FIG. 5A, according to the present invention;
[0040]FIG. 5C is a plan view of the electrode cleaning mechanism shown in FIG. 5B, according to the present invention;
[0041]FIG. 6A is a perspective view of a pivotable electrode cleaning mechanism, according to the present invention;
[0042] FIGS. 6B-6D depict the cleaning mechanism of FIG. 6A in various positions, according to the present invention;
[0043] FIGS. 7A-7E depict cross-sectional views of bead-like mechanisms to clean first electrode array electrodes, according to the present invention.
[0044]FIGS. 2A and 2B depict an electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner system 100 whose housing 102 includes preferably rear-located intake vents or louvers 104 and preferably front and side-located exhaust vents 106, and a base pedestal 108. Internal to the transporter housing is an ion generating unit 160, preferably powered by an AC:DC power supply that is energizable or excitable using switch S1. Ion generating unit 160 is self-contained in that other than ambient air, nothing is required from beyond the transporter housing, save external operating potential, for operation of the present invention.
[0045] The upper surface of housing 102 includes a user-liftable handle member 112 to which is affixed a second array 240 of electrodes 242 within an electrode assembly 220. Electrode assembly 220 also comprises a first array of electrodes 230, shown here as a single wire or wire-like electrode 232. In the embodiment shown, lifting member 112 upward lifts second array electrodes 240 up and, if desired, out of unit 100, while the first electrode array 230 remains within unit 100. In FIG. 2B, the bottom ends of second array electrode 242 are connected to a member 113, to which is attached a mechanism 500 for cleaning the first electrode array electrodes, here electrode 232, whenever handle member 112 is moved upward or downward by a user. FIGS. 5A-7E, described later herein, provide further details as to various mechanisms 500 for cleaning wire or wire-like electrodes 232 in the first electrode array 230, and for maintaining high resistance between the first and second electrode arrays 220, 230 even if some moisture is allowed to pool within the bottom interior of unit 100.
[0046] The first and second arrays of electrodes are coupled in series between the output terminals of ion generating unit 160, as best seen in FIG. 3. The ability to lift handle 112 provides ready access to the electrodes comprising the electrode assembly, for purposes of cleaning and, if necessary, replacement. The general shape of the invention shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B is not critical. The top-to-bottom height of the preferred embodiment is perhaps 1 m, with a left-to-right width of perhaps 15 cm, and a front-to-back depth of perhaps 10 cm, although other dimensions and shapes may of course be used. A louvered construction provides ample inlet and outlet venting in an economical housing configuration. There need be no real distinction between vents 104 and 106, except their location relative to the second array electrodes, and indeed a common vent could be used. These vents serve to ensure that an adequate flow of ambient air may be drawn into or made available to the unit 100, and that an adequate flow of ionized air that includes safe amounts of O3 flows out from unit 130.
[0047] As will be described, when unit 100 is energized with S1, high voltage output by ion generator 160 produces ions at the first electrode array, which ions are attracted to the second electrode array. The movement of the ions in an "IN" to "OUT" direction carries with them air molecules, thus electro kinetically producing an outflow of ionized air. The "IN" notion in FIGS. 2A and 2B denote the intake of ambient air with particulate matter 60. The "OUT" notation in the figures denotes the outflow of cleaned air substantially devoid of the particulate matter, which adheres electrostatically to the surface of the second array electrodes. In the process of generating the ionized air flow, safe amounts of ozone (O3) are beneficially produced. It may be desired to provide the inner surface of housing 102 with an electrostatic shield to reduces detectable electromagnetic radiation. For example, a metal shield could be disposed within the housing, or portions of the interior of the housing could be coated with a metallic paint to reduce such radiation.
[0048] As best seen in FIG. 3, ion generating unit 160 includes a high voltage generator unit 170 and circuitry 180 for converting raw alternating voltage (e.g., 117 VAC) into direct current ("DC") voltage. Circuitry 180 preferably includes circuitry controlling the shape and/or duty cycle of the generator unit output voltage (which control is altered with user switch S2). Circuitry 180 preferably also includes a pulse mode component, coupled to switch S3, to temporarily provide a burst of increased output ozone. Circuitry 180 can also include a timer circuit and a visual indicator such as a light emitting diode ("LED"). The LED or other indicator (including, if desired, audible indicator) signals when ion generation is occurring. The timer can automatically halt generation of ions and/or ozone after some predetermined time, e.g., 30 minutes. indicator(s), and/or audible indicator(s).
[0049] As shown in FIG. 3, high voltage generator unit 170 preferably comprises a low voltage oscillator circuit 190 of perhaps 20 KHz frequency, that outputs low voltage pulses to an electronic switch 200, e.g., a thyristor or the like. Switch 200 switchably couples the low voltage pulses to the input winding of a step-up transformer T1. The secondary winding of T1 is coupled to a high voltage multiplier circuit 210 that outputs high voltage pulses. Preferably the circuitry and components comprising high voltage pulse generator 170 and circuit 180 are fabricated on a printed circuit board that is mounted within housing 102. If desired, external audio input (e.g., from a stereo tuner) could be suitably coupled to oscillator 190 to acoustically modulate the kinetic airflow produced by unit 160.
[0050] The result would be an electrostatic loudspeaker, whose output air flow is audible to the human ear in accordance with the audio input signal. Further, the output air stream would still include ions and ozone.
[0051] Output pulses from high voltage generator 170 preferably are at least 10 KV peak-to-peak with an effective DC offset of perhaps half the peak-to-peak voltage, and have a frequency of perhaps 20 KHz. The pulse train output preferably has a duty cycle of perhaps 10%, which will promote battery lifetime. Of course, different peak-peak amplitudes, DC offsets, pulse train waveshapes, duty cycle, and/or repetition frequencies may instead be used. Indeed, a 100% pulse train (e.g., an essentially DC high voltage) may be used, albeit with shorter battery lifetime. Thus, generator unit 170 may (but need not) be referred to as a high voltage pulse generator.
[0052] Frequency of oscillation is not especially critical but frequency of at least about 20 KHz is preferred as being inaudible to humans. If pets will be in the same room as the unit 100, it may be desired to utilize an even higher operating frequency, to prevent pet discomfort and/or howling by the pet. As noted with respect to FIGS. 5A-6E, to reduce likelihood of audible oscillations, it is desired to include at least one mechanism to clean the first electrode array 230 elements 232.
[0053] The output from high voltage pulse generator unit 170 is coupled to an electrode assembly 220 that comprises a first electrode array 230 and a second electrode array 240. Unit 170 functions as a DC:DC high voltage generator, and could be implemented using other circuitry and/or techniques to output high voltage pulses that are input to electrode assembly 220.
[0054] In the embodiment of FIG. 3, the positive output terminal of unit 170 is coupled to first electrode array 230, and the negative output terminal is coupled to second electrode array 240. This coupling polarity has been found to work well, including minimizing unwanted audible electrode vibration or hum. An electrostatic flow of air is created, going from the first electrode array towards the second electrode array. (This flow is denoted "OUT" in the figures.) Accordingly electrode assembly 220 is mounted within transporter system 100 such that second electrode array 240 is closer to the OUT vents and first electrode array 230 is closer to the IN vents.
[0055] When voltage or pulses from high voltage pulse generator 170 are coupled across first and second electrode arrays 230 and 240, it is believed that a plasma-like field is created surrounding electrodes 232 in first array 230. This electric field ionizes the ambient air between the first and second electrode arrays and establishes an "OUT" airflow that moves towards the second array. It is understood that the IN flow enters via vent(s) 104, and that the OUT flow exits via vent(s) 106.
[0056] It is believed that ozone and ions are generated simultaneously by the first array electrode(s) 232, essentially as a function of the potential from generator 170 coupled to the first array. Ozone generation may be increased or decreased by increasing or decreasing the potential at the first array. Coupling an opposite polarity potential to the second array electrode(s) 242 essentially accelerates the motion of ions generated at the first array, producing the air flow denoted as "OUT" in the figures. As the ions move toward the second array, it is believed that they push or move air molecules toward the second array. The relative velocity of this motion may be increased by decreasing the potential at the second array relative to the potential at the first array.
[0057] For example, if +10 KV were applied to the first array electrode(s), and no potential were applied to the second array electrode(s), a cloud of ions (whose net charge is positive) would form adjacent the first electrode array. Further, the relatively high 10 KV potential would generate substantial ozone. By coupling a relatively negative potential to the second array electrode(s), the velocity of the air mass moved by the net emitted ions increases, as momentum of the moving ions is conserved.
[0058] On the other hand, if it were desired to maintain the same effective outflow (OUT) velocity but to generate less ozone, the exemplary 10 KV potential could be divided between the electrode arrays. For example, generator 170 could provide +4 KV (or some other fraction) to the first array electrode(s) and −6 KV (or some other fraction) to the second array electrode(s). In this example, it is understood that the +4 KV and the −6 KV are measured relative to ground. Understandably it is desired that the unit 100 operate to output safe amounts of ozone. Accordingly, the high voltage is preferably fractionalized with about +4 KV applied to the first array electrode(s) and about −6 KV applied to the second array electrodes.
[0059] As noted, outflow (OUT) preferably includes safe amounts of O3 that can destroy or at least substantially alter bacteria, germs, and other living (or quasi-living) matter subjected to the outflow. Thus, when switch S1 is closed and B1 has sufficient operating potential, pulses from high voltage pulse generator unit 170 create an outflow (OUT) of ionized air and O3. When S1 is closed, LED will visually signal when ionization is occurring.
[0060] Preferably operating parameters of unit 100 are set during manufacture and are not user-adjustable. For example, increasing the peak-to-peak output voltage and/or duty cycle in the high voltage pulses generated by unit 170 can increase air flowrate, ion content, and ozone content. In the preferred embodiment, output flowrate is about 200 feet/minute, ion content is about 2,000,000/cc and ozone content is about 40 ppb (over ambient) to perhaps 2,000 ppb (over ambient). Decreasing the R2/R1 ratio below about 20:1 will decrease flow rate, as will decreasing the peak-to-peak voltage and/or duty cycle of the high voltage pulses coupled between the first and second electrode arrays.
[0061] In practice, unit 100 is placed in a room and connected to an appropriate source of operating potential, typically 117 VAC. With S1 energized, ionization unit 160 emits ionized air and preferably some ozone (O3) via outlet vents 150. The air flow, coupled with the ions and ozone freshens the air in the room, and the ozone can beneficially destroy or at least diminish the undesired effects of certain odors, bacteria, germs, and the like. The air flow is indeed electro-kinetically produced, in that there are no intentionally moving parts within unit 100. (As noted, some mechanical vibration may occur within the electrodes.) As will be described with respect to FIG. 4A, it is desirable that unit 100 actually output a net surplus of negative ions, as these ions are deemed more beneficial to health than are positive ions.
[0062] Having described various aspects of the invention in general, preferred embodiments of electrode assembly 220 will now be described. In the various embodiments, electrode assembly 220 will comprise a first array 230 of at least one electrode 232, and will further comprise a second array 240 of preferably at least one electrode 242. Understandably material(s) for electrodes 232 and 242 should conduct electricity, be resilient to corrosive effects from the application of high voltage, yet be strong enough to be cleaned.
[0063] In the various electrode assemblies to be described herein, electrode(s) 232 in the first electrode array 230 are preferably fabricated from tungsten. Tungsten is sufficiently robust to withstand cleaning, has a high melting point to retard breakdown due to ionization, and has a rough exterior surface that seems to promote efficient ionization. On the other hand, electrodes 242 preferably will have a highly polished exterior surface to minimize unwanted point-to-point radiation. As such, electrodes 242 preferably are fabricated from stainless steel, brass, among other materials. The polished surface of electrodes 232 also promotes ease of electrode cleaning.
[0064] In contrast to the prior art electrodes disclosed by Lee, electrodes 232 and 242, electrodes used in unit 100 are light weight, easy to fabricate, and lend themselves to mass production. Further, electrodes 232 and 242 described herein promote more efficient generation of ionized air, and production of safe amounts of ozone, O3.
[0065] In unit 100, a high voltage pulse generator 170 is coupled between the first electrode array 230 and the second electrode array 240. The high voltage pulses produce a flow of ionized air that travels in the direction from the first array towards the second array (indicated herein by hollow arrows denoted "OUT"). As such, electrode(s) 232 may be referred to as an emitting electrode, and electrodes 242 may be referred to as collector electrodes. This outflow advantageously contains safe amounts of O3, and exits unit 100 from vent(s) 106.
[0066] It is preferred that the positive output terminal or port of the high voltage pulse generator be coupled to electrodes 232, and that the negative output terminal or port be coupled to electrodes 242. It is believed that the net polarity of the emitted ions is positive, e.g., more positive ions than negative ions are emitted. In any event, the preferred electrode assembly electrical coupling minimizes audible hum from electrodes 232 contrasted with reverse polarity (e.g., interchanging the positive and negative output port connections).
[0067] However, while generation of positive ions is conducive to a relatively silent air flow, from a health standpoint, it is desired that the output air flow be richer in negative ions, not positive ions. It is noted that in some embodiments, however, one port (preferably the negative port) of the high voltage pulse generator may in fact be the ambient air. Thus, electrodes in the second array need not be connected to the high voltage pulse generator using wire. Nonetheless, there will be an "effective connection" between the second array electrodes and one output port of the high voltage pulse generator, in this instance, via ambient air.
[0068] Turning now to the embodiments of FIGS. 4A and 4B, electrode assembly 220 comprises a first array 230 of wire electrodes 232, and a second array 240 of generally "U"-shaped electrodes 242. In preferred embodiments, the number N1 of electrodes comprising the first array will preferably differ by one relative to the number N2 of electrodes comprising the second array. In many of the embodiments shown, N2>N1. However, if desired, in FIG. 4A, addition first electrodes 232 could be added at the out ends of array 230 such that N1>N2, e.g., five electrodes 232 compared to four electrodes 242.
[0069] Electrodes 232 are preferably lengths of tungsten wire, whereas electrodes 242 are formed from sheet metal, preferably stainless steel, although brass or other sheet metal could be used. The sheet metal is readily formed to define side regions 244 and bulbous nose region 246 for hollow elongated "U" shaped electrodes 242. While FIG. 4A depicts four electrodes 242 in second array 240 and three electrodes 232 in first array 230, as noted, other numbers of electrodes in each array could be used, preferably retaining a symmetrically staggered configuration as shown. It is seen in FIG. 4A that while particulate matter 60 is present in the incoming (IN) air, the outflow (OUT) air is substantially devoid of particulate matter, which adheres to the preferably large surface area provided by the second array electrodes (see FIG. 4B).
[0070] As best seen in FIG. 4B, the spaced-apart configuration between the arrays is staggered such that each first array electrode 232 is substantially equidistant from two second array electrodes 242. This symmetrical staggering has been found to be an especially efficient electrode placement. Preferably the staggering geometry is symmetrical in that adjacent electrodes 232 or adjacent electrodes 242 are spaced-apart a constant distance, Y1 and Y2 respectively. However, a non-symmetrical configuration could also be used, although ion emission and air flow would likely be diminished. Also, it is understood that the number of electrodes 232 and 242 may differ from what is shown.
[0071] In FIG. 4A, typically dimensions are as follows: diameter of electrodes 232 is about 0.08 mm, distances Y1 and Y2 are each about 16 mm, distance X1 is about 16 mm, distance L is about 20 mm, and electrode heights Z1 and Z2 are each about 1 m. The width W of electrodes 242 is preferably about 4 mm, and the thickness of the material from which electrodes 242 are formed is about 0.5 mm. Of course other dimensions and shapes could be used. It is preferred that electrodes 232 be small in diameter to help establish a desired high voltage field. On the other hand, it is desired that electrodes 232 (as well as electrodes 242) be sufficiently robust to withstand occasional cleaning.
[0072] Electrodes 232 in first array 230 are coupled by a conductor 234 to a first (preferably positive) output port of high voltage pulse generator 170, and electrodes 242 in second array 240 are coupled by a conductor 244 to a second (preferably negative) output port of generator 170. It is relatively unimportant where on the various electrodes electrical connection is made to conductors 234 or 244. Thus, by way of example FIG. 4B depicts conductor 244 making connection with some electrodes 242 internal to bulbous end 246, while other electrodes 242 make electrical connection to conductor 244 elsewhere on the electrode. Electrical connection to the various electrodes 242 could also be made on the electrode external surface providing no substantial impairment of the outflow airstream results.
[0073] To facilitate removing the electrode assembly from unit 100 (as shown in FIG. 2B), it is preferred that the lower end of the various electrodes fit against mating portions of wire or other conductors 234 or 244. For example, "cup-like" members can be affixed to wires 234 and 244 into which the free ends of the various electrodes fit when electrode array 220 is inserted completely into housing 102 of unit 100.
[0074] The ratio of the effective electric field emanating area of electrode 232 to the nearest effective area of electrodes 242 is at least about 15:1, and preferably is at least 20:1. Thus, in the embodiment of FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B, the ratio R2/R1 ≈2 mm/0.04 mm≈50:1.
[0075] In this and the other embodiments to be described herein, ionization appears to occur at the smaller electrode(s) 232 in the first electrode array 230, with ozone production occurring as a function of high voltage arcing. For example, increasing the peak-to-peak voltage amplitude and/or duty cycle of the pulses from the high voltage pulse generator 170 can increase ozone content in the output flow of ionized air. If desired, user-control S2 can be used to somewhat vary ozone content by varying (in a safe manner) amplitude and/or duty cycle. Specific circuitry for achieving such control is known in the art and need not be described in detail herein.
[0076] Note the inclusion in FIGS. 4A and 4B of at least one output controlling electrode 243, preferably electrically coupled to the same potential as the second array electrodes. Electrode 243 preferably defines a pointed shape in side profile, e.g., a triangle. The sharp point on electrode(s) 243 causes generation of substantial negative ions (since the electrode is coupled to relatively negative high potential). These negative ions neutralize excess positive ions otherwise present in the output air flow, such that the OUT flow has a net negative charge. Electrode(s) 243 preferably are stainless steel, copper, or other conductor, and are perhaps 20 mm high and about 12 mm wide at the base.
[0077] Another advantage of including pointed electrodes 243 is that they may be stationarily mounted within the housing of unit 100, and thus are not readily reached by human hands when cleaning the unit. Were it otherwise, the sharp point on electrode(s) 243 could easily cause cuts. The inclusion of one electrode 243 has been found sufficient to provide a sufficient number of output negative ions, but more such electrodes may be included.
[0078] In the embodiment of FIGS. 4A and 4C, each "U"-shaped electrode 242 has two trailing edges that promote efficient kinetic transport of the outflow of ionized air and O3. Note the inclusion on at least one portion of a trailing edge of a pointed electrode region 243′. Electrode region 243′ helps promote output of negative ions, in the same fashion as was described with respect to FIGS. 4A and 4B. Note, however, the higher likelihood of a user cutting himself or herself when wiping electrodes 242 with a cloth or the like to remove particulate matter deposited thereon. In FIG. 4C and the figures to follow, the particulate matter is omitted for ease of illustration. However, from what was shown in FIGS. 2A-4B, particulate matter will be present in the incoming air, and will be substantially absent from the outgoing air. As has been described, particulate matter 60 typically will be electrostatically precipitated upon the surface area of electrodes 242. As indicated by FIG. 4C, it is relatively unimportant where on an electrode array electrical connection is made. Thus, first array electrodes 232 are shown connected together at their bottom regions, whereas second array electrodes 242 are shown connected together in their middle regions. Both arrays may be connected together in more than one region, e.g., at the top and at the bottom. It is preferred that the wire or strips or other inter-connecting mechanisms be at the top or bottom or periphery of the second array electrodes 242, so as to minimize obstructing stream air movement.
[0079] Note that the embodiments of FIGS. 4C and 4D depict somewhat truncated versions of electrodes 242. Whereas dimension L in the embodiment of FIGS. 4A and 4B was about 20 mm, in FIGS. 4C and 4D, L has been shortened to about 8 mm. Other dimensions in FIG. 4C preferably are similar to those stated for FIGS. 4A and 4B. In FIGS. 4C and 4D, the inclusion of point-like regions 246 on the trailing edge of electrodes 242 seems to promote more efficient generation of ionized air flow. It will be appreciated that the configuration of second electrode array 240 in FIG. 4C can be more robust than the configuration of FIGS. 4A and 4B, by virtue of the shorter trailing edge geometry. As noted earlier, a symmetrical staggered geometry for the first and second electrode arrays is preferred for the configuration of FIG. 4C.
[0080] In the embodiment of FIG. 4D, the outermost second electrodes, denoted 242-1 and 242-2, have substantially no outermost trailing edges. Dimension L in FIG. 4D is preferably about 3 mm, and other dimensions may be as stated for the configuration of FIGS. 4A and 4B. Again, the R2/R1 ratio for the embodiment of FIG. 4D preferably exceeds about 20:1.
[0081]FIGS. 4E and 4F depict another embodiment of electrode assembly 220, in which the first electrode array comprises a single wire electrode 232, and the second electrode array comprises a single pair of curved "L"-shaped electrodes 242, in cross-section. Typical dimensions, where different than what has been stated for earlier-described embodiments, are X1≈12 mm, Y1≈6 mm, Y2≈5 mm, and L1≈3 mm. The effective R2/R1 ratio is again greater than about 20:1. The fewer electrodes comprising assembly 220 in FIGS. 4E and 4F promote economy of construction, and ease of cleaning, although more than one electrode 232, and more than two electrodes 242 could of course be employed. This embodiment again incorporates the staggered symmetry described earlier, in which electrode 232 is equidistant from two electrodes 242.
[0082] Turning now to FIG. 5A, a first embodiment of an electrode cleaning mechanism 500 is depicted. In the embodiment shown, mechanism 500 comprises a flexible sheet of insulating material such as Mylar or other high voltage, high temperature breakdown resistant material, having sheet thickness of perhaps 0.1 mm or so. Sheet 500 is attached at one end to the base or other mechanism 113 secured to the lower end of second electrode array 240. Sheet 500 extends or projects out from base 113 towards and beyond the location of first electrode array 230 electrodes 232. The overall projection length of sheet 500 in FIG. 5A will be sufficiently long to span the distance between base 113 of the second array 240 and the location of electrodes 232 in the first array 230. This span distance will depend upon the electrode array configuration but typically will be a few inches or so. Preferably the distal edge of sheet 500 will extend slightly beyond the location of electrodes 232, perhaps 0.5″ beyond. As shown in FIGS. 5A and 5C, the distal edge, e.g., edge closest to electrodes 232, of material 500 is formed with a slot 510 corresponding to the location of an electrode 232. Preferably the inward end of the slot forms a small circle 520, which can promote flexibility.
[0083] The configuration of material 500 and slots 510 is such that each wire or wire-like electrode 232 in the first electrode array 230 fits snugly and frictionally within a corresponding slot 510. As indicated by FIG. 5A and shown in FIG. 5C, instead of a single sheet 500 that includes a plurality of slots 510, instead one can provide individual strips 515 of material 500, the distal end of each strip having a slot 510 that will surround an associated wire electrode 232. Note in FIGS. 5B and 5C that sheet 500 or sheets 515 may be formed with holes 119 that can attach to pegs 117 that project from the base portion 113 of the second electrode array 240. Of course other attachment mechanisms could be used including glue, double-sided tape, inserting the array 240-facing edge of the sheet into a horizontal slot or ledge in base member 113, and so forth.
[0084]FIG. 5A shows second electrode array 240 in the process of being moved upward, perhaps by a user intending to remove array 240 to remove particulate matter from the surfaces of its electrodes 242. Note that as array 240 moves up (or down), sheet 510 (or sheets 515) also move up (or down). This vertical movement of array 240 produces a vertical movement in sheet 510 or 515, which causes the outer surface of electrodes 232 to scrape against the inner surfaces of an associated slot 510. FIG. 5A, for example, shows debris and other deposits 612 (indicated by x's) on wires 232 above sheet 500. As array 240 and sheet 500 move upward, debris 612 is scraped off the wire electrodes, and falls downward (to be vaporized or collected as particulate matter when unit 100 is again reassembled and turned-on). Thus, the outer surface of electrodes 232 below sheet 500 in FIG. 5A is shown as being cleaner than the surface of the same electrodes above sheet 500, where scraping action has yet to occur.
[0085] A user hearing that excess noise or humming emanates from unit 100 might simply turn the unit off, and slide array 240 (and thus sheet 500 or sheets 515) up and down (as indicated by the up/down arrows in FIG. 5A) to scrape the wire electrodes in the first electrode array. This technique does not damage the wire electrodes, and allows the user to clean as required.
[0086] As noted earlier, a user may remove second electrode array 240 for cleaning (thus also removing sheet 500, which will have scraped electrodes 232 on its upward vertical path). If the user cleans electrodes 242 with water and returns array 240 to unit 100 without first completely drying 240, moisture might form on the upper surface of a horizontally disposed member 550 within unit 100. Thus, as shown in FIG. 5N, it is preferred that an upwardly projecting vane 560 be disposed near the base of each electrode 232 such that when array 240 is fully inserted into unit 100, the distal portion of sheet 500 or preferably sheet strips 515 deflect upward. While sheet 500 or sheets 515 nominally will define an angle θ of about 90�, as base 113 becomes fully inserted into unit 100, the angle θ will increase, approaching 0�, e.g., the sheet is extending almost vertically upward. If desired, a portion of sheet 500 or sheet strips 515 can be made stiffer by laminating two or more layers of Mylar or other material. For example the distal tip of strip 515 in FIG. 5B might be one layer thick, whereas the half or so of the strip length nearest electrode 242 might be stiffened with an extra layer or two of Mylar or similar material.
[0087] The inclusion of a projecting vane 560 in the configuration of FIG. 5B advantageously disrupted physical contact between sheet 500 or sheet strips 515 and electrodes 232, thus tending to preserve a high ohmic impedance between the first and second electrode arrays 230, 240. The embodiment of FIGS. 6A-6D advantageously serves to pivot sheet 500 or sheet strips 515upward, essentially parallel to electrodes 232, to help maintain a high impedance between the first and second electrode arrays. Note the creation of an air gap 513 resulting from the upward deflection of the slit distal tip of strip 515 in FIG. 5B.
[0088] In FIG. 6A, the lower edges of second array electrodes 242 are retained by a base member 113 from which project arms 677, which can pivot about pivot axle 687. Preferably axle 687 biases arms 677 into a horizontal disposition, e.g., such that θ≈90�. Arms 645 project from the longitudinal axis of base member 113 to help member 113 align itself within an opening 655 formed in member 550, described below Preferably base member 113 and arms 677 are formed from a material that exhibits high voltage breakdown and can withstand high temperature. Ceramic is a preferred material (if cost and weight were not considered), but certain plastics could also be used. The unattached tip of each arm 677 terminates in a sheet strip 515 of Mylar, Kapton, or a similar material, whose distal tip terminates in a slot 510. It is seen that the pivotable arms 677 and sheet strips 515 are disposed such that each slot 510 will self-align with a wire or wire-like electrode 232 in first array 230. Electrodes 232 preferably extend from pylons 627 on a base member 550 that extends from legs 565 from the internal bottom of the housing of the transporter-conditioner unit. To further help maintain high impedance between the first and second electrode arrays, base member 550 preferably includes a barrier wall 665 and upwardly extending vanes 675. Vanes 675, pylons 627, and barrier wall 665 extend upward perhaps an inch or so, depending upon the configuration of the two electrode be formed integrally, e.g., by casting, from a material that exhibits high voltage breakdown and can withstand high temperature, ceramic, or certain plastics for example.
[0089] As best seen in FIG. 6A, base member 550 includes an opening 655 sized to receive the lower portion of second electrode array base member 113. In FIGS. 6A and 6B, arms 677 and sheet material 515 are shown pivoting from base member 113 about axis 687 at an angle θ90�. In this disposition, an electrode 232 will be within the slot 510 formed at the distal tip of each sheet material member 515.
[0090] Assume that a user had removed second electrode array 240 completely from the transporter-conditioner unit for cleaning, and that FIGS. 6A and 6B depict array 240 being reinserted into the unit. The coiled spring or other bias mechanism associated with pivot axle 687 will urge arms 677 into an approximate θ≈90� orientation as the user inserts array 240 into unit 100. Side projections 645 help base member 113 align properly such that each wire or wire-like electrode 232 is caught within the slot 510 of a member 515 on an arm 677. As the user slides array 240 down into unit 100, there will be a scraping action between the portions of sheet member 515 on either side of a slot 510, and the outer surface of an electrode 232 that is essentially captured within the slot. This friction will help remove debris or deposits that may have formed on the surface of electrodes 232. The user may slide array 240 up and down the further promote the removal of debris or deposits from elements 232.
[0091] In FIG. 6C the user has slid array 240 down almost entirely into unit 100. In the embodiment shown, when the lowest portion of base member 232 is perhaps an inch or so above the planar surface of member 550, the upward edge of a vane 675 will strike the a lower surface region of a projection arm 677. The result will be to pivot arm 677 and the attached slit-member 515 about axle 687 such that the angle θ decreases. In the disposition shown in FIG. 6C, θ=45� and slit-contact with an associated electrode 232 is no longer made.
[0092] In FIG. 6D, the user has firmly urged array 240 fully downward into transporter-conditioner unit 100. In this disposition, as the projecting bottommost portion of member 113 begins to enter opening 655 in member 550 (see FIG. 6A), contact between the inner wall 657 portion of member 550 urges each arm 677 to pivot fully upward, e.g., θ≈0�. Thus in the fully inserted disposition shown in FIG. 6D, each slit electrode cleaning member 515 is rotated upward parallel to its associated electrode 232. As such, neither arm 677 nor member 515 will decrease impedance between first and second electrode arrays 230, 240. Further, the presence of vanes 675 and barrier wall 665 further promote high impedance.
[0093] Thus, the embodiments shown in FIGS. 5A-6D depict alternative configurations for a cleaning mechanism for a wire or wire-like electrode in a transporter-conditioner unit.
[0094] Turning now to FIGS. 7A-7E, various bead-like mechanisms are shown for cleaning deposits from the outer surface of wire electrodes 232 in a first electrode array 230 in a transporter-converter unit. In FIG. 7A a symmetrical bead 600 is shown surrounding wire element 232, which is passed through bead channel 610 at the time the first electrode array is fabricated. Bead 600 is fabricated from a material that can withstand high temperature and high voltage, and is not likely to char, ceramic or glass, for example. While a metal bead would also work, an electrically conductive bead material would tend slightly to decrease the resistance path separating the first and second electrode arrays, e.g., by approximately the radius of the metal bead. In FIG. 7A, debris and deposits 612 on electrode 232 are depicted as "x's". In FIG. 7A, bead 600 is moving in the direction shown by the arrow relative to wire 232. Such movement can result from the user inverting unit 100, e.g., turning the unit upside down. As bead 600 slides in the direction of the arrow, debris and deposits 612 scrape against the interior walls of channel 610 and are removed. The removed debris can eventually collect at the bottom interior of the transporter-conditioner unit. Such debris will be broken down and vaporized as the unit is used, or will accumulate as particulate matter on the surface of electrodes 242. If wire 232 has a nominal diameter of say 0.1 mm, the diameter of bead channel 610 will be several times larger, perhaps 0.8 mm or so, although greater or lesser size tolerances may be used. Bead 600 need not be circular and may instead be cylindrical as shown by bead 600′ in FIG. 7A. A circular bead may have a diameter in the range of perhaps 0.3″ to perhaps 0.5″. A cylindrical bead might have a diameter of say 0.3″ and be about 0.5″ tall, although different sizes could of course be used.
[0095] As indicated by FIG. 7A, an electrode 232 may be strung through more than one bead 600, 600′. Further, as shown by FIGS. 7B-7D, beads having different channel symmetries and orientations may be used as well. It is to be noted that while it may be most convenient to form channels 610 with circular cross-sections, the cross-sections could in fact be non-circular, e.g., triangular, square, irregular shape, etc.
[0096]FIG. 7B shows a bead 600 similar to that of FIG. 7A, but wherein channel 610 is formed off-center to give asymmetry to the bead. An off-center channel will have a mechanical moment and will tend to slightly tension wire electrode 232 as the bead slides up or down, and can improve cleaning characteristics. For ease of illustration, FIGS. 7B-7E do not depict debris or deposits on or removed from wire or wire-like electrode 232. In the embodiment of FIG. 7C, bead channel 610 is substantially in the center of bead 600 but is inclined slightly, again to impart a different frictional cleaning action. In the embodiment of FIG. 7D, beam 600 has a channel 610 that is both off center and inclined, again to impart a different frictional cleaning action. In general, asymmetrical bead channel or through-opening orientations are preferred.
[0097]FIG. 7E depicts an embodiment in which a bell-shaped walled bead 620 is shaped and sized to fit over a pillar 550 connected to a horizontal portion 560 of an interior bottom portion of unit 100. Pillar 550 retains the lower end of wire or wire-like electrode 232, which passes through a channel 630 in bead 620, and if desired, also through a channel 610 in another bead 600. Bead 600 is shown in phantom in FIG. 7E to indicate that it is optional.
[0098] Friction between debris 612 on electrode 232 and the mouth of channel 630 will tend to remove the debris from the electrode as bead 620 slides up and down the length of the electrode, e.g., when a user inverts transporter-conditioner unit 100, to clean electrodes 232. It is understood that each electrode 232 will include its own bead or beads, and some of the beads may have symmetrically disposed channels, while other beads may have asymmetrically disposed channels. An advantage of the configuration shown in FIG. 7E is that when unit 100 is in use, e.g., when bead 620 surrounds pillar 550, with an air gap therebetween, improved breakdown resistance is provided, especially when bead 620 is fabricated from glass or ceramic or other high voltage, high temperature breakdown material that will not readily char. The presence of an air gap between the outer surface of pillar 550 and the inner surface of the bell-shaped bead 620 helps increase this resistance to high voltage breakdown or arcing, and to charring.
[0099] Modifications and variations may be made to the disclosed embodiments without departing from the subject and spirit of the invention as defined by the following claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 4, 1936
|Mar 28, 1939
|American Box Board Co
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 12, 2004
|Feb 15, 2005
|Sylmark Holdings Limited
|Cleaning mechanism for ion emitting air conditioning device
|Jan 28, 2003
|Jul 19, 2005
|Kronos Advanced Technologies, Inc.
|Electrostatic fluid accelerator for and method of controlling a fluid flow
|Jun 1, 2004
|Sep 20, 2005
|Sylmark Holdings Limited
|Air purifier with electrode assembly insertion lock
|Nov 1, 2004
|Dec 20, 2005
|Sylmark Holdings Limited
|Cleaning mechanism for ion emitting air conditioning device
|Oct 25, 2004
|Jul 10, 2007
|Oreck Holdings, Llc
|Air cleaner electrostatic precipitator cell
|Nov 22, 2004
|Jul 17, 2007
|Headwaters, Inc.
|Electrostatic room air cleaner
|Mar 23, 2004
|Aug 28, 2007
|Kronos Advanced Technologies, Inc.
|Electrostatic fluid accelerator for and a method of controlling fluid flow
|Apr 18, 2006
|Oct 2, 2007
|Oreck Holdings Llc
|Electrode wire retaining member for an electrostatic precipitator
|Apr 18, 2006
|Nov 6, 2007
|Oreck Holdings, Llc
|Pre-ionizer for use with an electrostatic precipitator
|Apr 18, 2006
|Dec 11, 2007
|Oreck Holdings, Llc
|Retainer for use with a corona ground element of an electrostatic precipitator
|Apr 18, 2006
|Dec 11, 2007
|Oreck Holdings, Llc
|Corona ground element
|Apr 18, 2006
|Jan 27, 2009
|Oreck Holdings, Llc
|Electrode wire for an electrostatic precipitator
|Jun 10, 2005
|Feb 16, 2010
|Sharper Image Acquistion LLC
|Air conditioner devices
|Jan 26, 2009
|Apr 6, 2010
|Oreck Holdings, Llc
|Electrode wire for an electrostatic precipitator
|Feb 12, 2002
|Apr 13, 2010
|Tessera, Inc.
|Air treatment apparatus having multiple downstream electrodes
|Jul 20, 2007
|May 25, 2010
|Tessera, Inc.
|Emitter electrode having a strip shape
|Nov 22, 2004
|Aug 3, 2010
|Sharper Image Acquisition Llc
|Electro-kinetic air transporter-conditioner system and method to oxidize volatile organic compounds
|Feb 27, 2007
|Nov 16, 2010
|Sharper Image Acquisition Llc
|Air treatment apparatus having a voltage control device responsive to current sensing
|Dec 8, 2004
|Mar 1, 2011
|Sharper Image Acquisition Llc
|Air conditioner device with removable driver electrodes
|Mar 30, 2007
|Mar 15, 2011
|Sharper Image Acquisition Llc
|Air treatment apparatus having a liquid holder and a bipolar ionization device
|May 9, 2003
|Jun 14, 2011
|Sharper Image Acquisition Llc
|Air treatment apparatus with a circuit operable to sense arcing
|Mar 12, 2010
|Jul 12, 2011
|Tessera, Inc.
|Electro-kinetic air mover with upstream focus electrode surfaces
|Feb 8, 2010
|Oct 25, 2011
|Tessera, Inc.
|Electro-kinetic air transporter with mechanism for emitter electrode travel past cleaning member
|Aug 8, 2008
|Nov 1, 2011
|Tessera, Inc.
|Electrostatic fluid accelerator for controlling a fluid flow
|Jun 21, 2010
|Mar 26, 2013
|Tessera, Inc.
|Cleaning mechanism with tandem movement over emitter and collector surfaces
|May 20, 2011
|Apr 23, 2013
|Tessera, Inc.
|Electrode cleaning in an electro-kinetic air mover
|Mar 23, 2004
|Nov 4, 2004
|Krichtafovitch Igor A.
|Electrostatic fluid accelerator for and a method of controlling fluid flow
|Nov 1, 2004
|Oct 13, 2005
|Ali Nikkhah
|Cleaning mechanism for ion emitting air conditioning device
|Oct 25, 2004
|Apr 27, 2006
|Oreck Holdings, Llc
|Air cleaner electrostatic precipitator cell
|Nov 22, 2004
|May 25, 2006
|Vandenbelt Rudy A
|Electrostatic room air cleaner
|Jan 5, 2012
|Tessera, Inc.
|Emitter wire cleaning device with wear-tolerant profile
|Jun 7, 2011
|Jan 5, 2012
|Tessera, Inc.
|Emitter wire conditioning device with wear-tolerant profile
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jul 6, 2005
Owner name: SHARPER IMAGE CORPORATION, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:TAYLOR, CHARLES E.;LAU, SHEK FAI;PARKER, ANDREW J.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:016479/0905;SIGNING DATES FROM 20020321 TO 20020402
|Jul 7, 2005
Owner name: SHARPER IMAGE CORPORATION, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:TAYLOR, CHARLES E.;LAU, SHEK FAI;PARKER, ANDREW J.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:016486/0330;SIGNING DATES FROM 20020321 TO 20020402
|Jul 8, 2005
Owner name: SHARPER IMAGE CORPORATION, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:TAYLOR, CHARLES E.;LAU, SHEK FAI;PARKER, ANDREW J.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:016760/0631;SIGNING DATES FROM 20020321 TO 20020402
|Jul 11, 2005
Owner name: SHARPER IMAGE CORPORATION, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:TAYLOR, CHARLES E.;LAU, SHEK FAI;PARKER, ANDREW J.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:016760/0750;SIGNING DATES FROM 20020321 TO 20020402


text:
Browne, Noel C.
Thursday, 31 March 1960
Dáil Eireann Debate
Committee on Finance. - Vote 43—Universities and Colleges (Resumed).
I wish to be recorded as being opposed to the implications of the Vote, that is, the transfer of the University from the centre of the city.
Ceisteanna—Questions. Oral Answers. - Lottery Returns and Accounts.
asked the Minister for Justice whether regulations providing for the keeping of accounts and other records in relation to lotteries and the furnishing of returns and information relating thereto have ...
The Minister has not any idea as to how long it will take?
Are they not proposing to go ahead with the making of regulations?
Surely they are made with the consent of the Minister?
Does the Minister not intend to ask the Commissioner to make it?
Committee on Finance. - Broadcasting Authority Bill, 1959 [Seanad]—Committee Stage.
Will the Minister be responsible to the Dáil in that regard?
I want to ask the Minister shall we be allowed to ask questions if we dislike a particular programme?
When I asked the question yesterday the point I was interested in was the ability of the public to apply pressure to the Minister—that is all—and the facility of doing that through a Deputy in the Hou...
What has the Minister in mind? I can understand the public interest in war time or in an emergency but in peace time what has the Minister in mind as not being in the public interest? Can he give a ...
I move amendment No. 1: Before Section 8 to insert a new section as follows:
|Last Updated: 15/09/2010 12:33:41
|Page of 16

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Embracing MenopauseJune 1st, 2009
My mom has been right about everything. About the high school typing class that would come in handy later and the boyfriends who would surely fall from the trees for me as soon as I turned 18. She was right about travel, careers, and babies. So naturally I was inclined to believe her about menopause.One woman shares her quest to make it through "the change" without the hot flash and weight gain horror stories her mom warned her about. Learn how you can embrace this rite of passage...By Julie Tilsner
Ayurvedic Secrets to Modern BeautyFebruary 1st, 2009
Have you ever noticed that people differ not only in how fast they age, but also in the way that they age? Some fight (and lose) the battle of the bulge, while the fashionably thin decry the wrinkles that deeply line their faces. Others bemoan the age spots, dark circles, and sags and bags that follow them into their 40s, 50s, and beyond.
Tap into ancient wisdom to battle aging betterBy Nancy Lonsdorf, MD
Beat Golden-Year BluesSeptember 1st, 2008
In the last 20 years, the average life expectancy has increased 12 percent, but for our parents and grandparents living in nursing homes, a longer life may not mean a happier one. According to a recent study, one-third of nursing-home residents (median age of 82) suffer from depression. The good news: The fix may be as simple as supplementing with selenium.By Kristin Bjornsen
Timeless BeautyFebruary 1st, 2008
One thing you can count on in life is change.And as you age, your appearance proves no exception to this rule. Although a growing number of people turn to plastic surgery and other invasive procedures to minimize the effects of aging, natural options can help you preserve and enhance your beauty through the years and avoid taking drastic, expensive, and potentially harmful measures.Simple ways to look fabulous at any age.By Kate Hanley
Gym JittersJanuary 1st, 2008
My body and spirit were failing. "What can I do? Where can I go?" I wondered. Getting enough sleep and eating properly just weren't cutting it." I needed help.By Anna Smith


text:
Living Room Lamps
Living room lamps create a warm and inviting mood in your living space. Kindle a soft glow in your living room by adding a lamp that flows with your unique design. Our collection of living room lamps is sure to offer the ideal lamp to complement your color pallet.
Adesso - 4173-22 - Hollywood Table Lamp$85.50
Adesso - 4174-22 - Hollywood Floor Lamp$142.50
Adesso - 4504-22 - Geneva Table Lamp$114.00
Adesso - 4505-22 - Geneva Floor Lamp$285.00


text:
Mr. Carl Edward Graham
Mr. Carl Edward "Eddie" Graham, 72, also known by friends and family as "Pap," of Franklin, Ga., went home to be with the Lord peacefully with family by his side on Monday, Aug. 11, 2014, at his home.
Born on Sept. 21, 1941, in Greenford, Ohio, to the late Wilbert & Martha Graham, he was the eldest of eight children. He served our country in the U.S. Navy for seven years as an electrician. He resided in Heard County, Ga., for the last 30 years and served as an elder of New Antioch Christian Church, which he helped organize and build. He was a member of First Christian Church of Newnan at the time of his passing. He will be most remembered for his community service as a good Christian man. He would give the shirt off his back even if it was the last thing he had left.
He is survived by the love of his life for 55 ½ years, his wife, Linda Graham. Survivors also include Cheri Whoric (Bob) of Whitesburg, Ga., Michelle Mauro-Knight (Gregg) of Brigantine, NJ, Wendy Hollis (Bill) of Everson, Pa., Carla Kuehl (Charles) of Newnan, Ga.; 15 grandchildren and 24 great-grandchildren and several of his siblings.
He is preceded in death by his parents, Wilbert and Martha Graham; sister, Helen Dale; and his dear oldest daughter, Debra Graham. In lieu of flowers the family asks that a donation be made to First Christian Church of Newnan in Carl's name.
A memorial service will be conducted at his home in Franklin, Ga., on Aug. 16, 2014, from 2 p.m to 4 p.m.
Higgins Hillcrest Chapel, Newnan, 770-253-4723


text: It blows my mind how the fellow that wrote this is so far off base. First how ANY intelligent person can believe it is the United States right to tell another country what land to give up etc. Second you failed to state facts such as how many times Israel in the past and even now are attacked numerous times with no retaliation until they say enough is enough. I have never in my lifetime heard of another country that would allow their enemies that many chances. Third what the man who wrote this also forgot to say is that many technological advances in science, medical etc has been in the past and even now today a collaboration between the US and Israel. Fourth we are not told this in the news media, though it is true that Israel helps their own enemy and want to be left alone but it is hard when you are being constantly bombed by the very people that say they want a peace plan. Israel knows that their enemies are lying. It does not take a genius to know that your enemy one minute is talking about blowing you off the map and next saying they did not say it. The whole world heard you say it. It is on tape. all of what is happening and has happened has been prophesied in the Bible that the enemy is lying to them. Lastly if another country or countries were trying to get the US to give up land and follow what our country's enemies wanted then we would laugh at that.


text:
Bring a coastal vibe to any casual setting. Hook your chinos up with a fitted cotton shirt in a refined, silhouetted gull print.
- Cut slimmer through the shoulders, chest and waist
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- Short sleeves, left patch chest pocket
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- Machine wash
- Imported
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text:
NCAA Men: Eaton still leads after decathlon high jump
Oregon's Ashton Eaton matched his second-best decathlon high jump mark Thursday in the NCAA championships, as he cleared 6 feet, 7 1/2 inches on his second attempt. He missed all three attempts at 6-8 3/4, which would have matched his PR.
Eaton tied for fourth in the high jump, won by Kurt Felix of Boise State at 6-11.
After four events, Eaton has 3,506 points and a 117-point lead over Texas A&M's Trinity Otto.
Oregon's Marshall Ackley ranked 18th after the high jump, in which he cleared 6-1 1/2.


text:
Environmental pressures from households are significant, and without continued policy efforts their impacts are likely to intensify over the coming years. The analysis of environmental policy from the demand side is thus receiving increasing attention from governments but developing growth strategies that promote greener lifestyles and consumption patterns remains a challenge.
Each survey allows for the refinement of policy lessons learned, building on the experience gained from comparison across environmental domains and countries and over time. More information in our flyer (pdf).
Main phases
A ground-breaking OECD Survey offers new insight to policy-makers into what really works and what factors influence household behaviour towards the environment. It provides answers to one key question: How to improve the impact of policies encouraging greener behaviour by better understanding responses to measures and how these may differ across households?
The survey on Environmental Policy and Individual Behaviour Change (EPIC) is run periodically with a sample of more than 10 000 respondents across a number of countries and areas (energy, food, transport, waste and water). It provides a unique common framework to gather evidence on what affects household decisions-making. The analysis of the survey response is use to support the design of more effective and efficient policies targeting household greener behaviour while taking social aspects into account. Policy impact can be evaluated at the country-level and compared across countries.
The 2013 publication Greening Household Behaviour: Overview from the 2011 Survey presents responses to the 2nd round of the survey implemented in 2011 in eleven countries: Australia, Canada, Chile, France, Israel, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland, and offers new insight into what policy measures really work, looking at what factors affect people's behaviour towards the environment in five areas: energy, food, transport, waste, and water.
The main findings and policy lessons from the 2008 first EPIC survey implemented in ten OECD countries are published in Greening Household Behaviour: The Role of Public Policy (2011). It is based on the analysis of responses from over 10 000 households in ten countries: Australia, Canada, Czech Republic, France, Italy, Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden. The book offers new insight into what policy measures really work, looking at what factors affect people's behaviour towards the environment in the five areas: residential energy use, water consumption, personal transport choices, organic food consumption, and waste generation and recycling. Executive summaries are available in 12 languages: Czech, Dutch, French, German, English, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish and Swedish.Thematic reports prepared by research teams were presented and discussed at an OECD Conference held in Paris in 2009. OECD Observer articles related to environmental policy and household behavioural change on energy, transport and water.
Previous work of the Environment Directorate on Household Consumption
The project on Household Behaviour and Environmental Policy was initiated with a review of existing empirical evidence on the main factors affecting people's behaviour towards the environment (Household Behaviour and the Environment: Reviewing the Evidence, 2008)
This project builds on previous OECD work on sustainable consumption developed since 1994. The activity was initiated with a comprehensive programme combining the development of a conceptual framework for the analysis of the effects of household consumption on the environment, sector case studies documenting trends, environmental impacts, and policy response in five areas of household consumption (food, tourism-related travel, energy, water and waste generation), and policy recommendations to influence household consumption. The results of this work were released as a publication "Towards Sustainable Household Consumption? Trends and Policies in OECD Countries" and a series of free documents.
In addition, work focussing on energy-consuming consumer durables such as motor vehicles or household appliances was undertaken addressing key issues to reduce impacts from durable design, production, use and disposal. A report on the environmental and policy implications of household decisions with respect to consumer durable purchases is available. This reviews some of the challenges facing policy makers as they seek to design environmentally effective and economically efficient environmental policies in this area.
For more information, please contact: email@example.com.
Related Documents


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Learning from the Stars at CSU Summer Arts
March 29, 2011
By Erik Fallis
Every summer brings a star-studded gathering of artists, musicians, animators, actors and designers. No, it is not another awards show. Instead, these stars are guest artists that dedicate their time and effort to mentor students at CSU Summer Arts.
Created in 1985, CSU Summer Arts is a statewide program offering academic credit plus a festival in the visual, performing and literary arts. During its more than 25-year history, CSU Summer Arts has cultivated new talents while hosting leading industry experts. This mentoring environment allows students to build connections and gather "tips of the trade." The relationships built at CSU Summer Arts last well beyond the end of the term, as described by Fresno State alumna Rhiannon Fernandez.
For students who are interested in building these types of connections with fellow students and leaders in the industry, it is not too late to apply. Listed on the CSU Summer Arts website are the course offerings, schedule and application deadlines. Most deadlines are in May.
The CSU is grateful to all the artists who give back through teaching. Featured below are five of the award-winning artists that have served in recent years:
Bruce Broughton's first major film score, for the Lawrence Kasdan western Silverado, brought him an Oscar nomination. His next project, a classically styled score for Barry Levinson's Young Sherlock Holmes, earned a Grammy nomination for the soundtrack album.
Broughton has been nominated for more than 20 Emmys, receiving a record 10 – most recently for HBO's Warm Springs. He's also won Emmys for Eloise at Christmastime; Eloise at The Plaza; Glory & Honor; O Pioneers!; Tiny Toon Adventures Theme Song; The First Olympics, Athens 1896, Part I; Dallas: Ewing Blues; Dallas: The Letter; and Buck Rogers: The Satyr.
He is one of the most versatile composers working today, writing in every medium, from theatrical releases and TV feature films to the concert stage and computer games. His numerous credits, awards and nominations can be found here.
Broughton's approach to film or theatrical scores is to decide how he feels about the theme, story line or element on the screen "and then find the appropriate notes to express that." The challenge is to make the music transform to the needs of the film.
Paul Gemignani is the world-renowned musical director of more than 40 Broadway and West End (London) productions. In 2001, he received a Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Broadway Theatre.
In 2006, Gemignani received an Emmy Award for "Best Musical Direction" for the PBS/Great Performances presentation of Rodgers and Hammerstein's South Pacific in concert from Carnegie Hall. His many other awards and recognitions include a Los Angeles Drama Critics Award, Outstanding Achievement in Musical Theatre from the Drama League of New York, and a special Drama Desk Award. Additionally, he received Grammy nominations for Sweeney Todd, Crazy for You, Passion, Kiss Me Kate, Assassins and an Emmy nomination for My Favorite Broadway, The Love Songs. His award-winning work for television includes Passion for The American Song Book series for which the show received an Emmy Award.
Gemignani credits a "constant love for music" and the privilege of working and learning from other incredible artists for sustaining him through a more than 42-year career "but who's counting." He encourages students to "not worry about being famous" or about achieving a specific career goal. Instead, "do the work you have a passion for."
Andrew Gordon has been an animator on Pixar Animation Studios' A Bug's Life and Toy Story 2. As a Lead Animator, Gordon's character work includes Mike Wazowski from Monsters, Inc., Gill from Finding Nemo, Edna Mode, the costume designer in The Incredibles, and Linguini from Ratatouille. Additionally, he supervised animation on Pixar's Academy Award-nominated short film Presto and Toy Story 3. Prior to his work at Pixar, he worked in the Looney Tunes division of Warner Bros. For his work on Finding Nemo, he was awarded "Outstanding Character Animation in an Animated Motion Picture" by the Visual Effects Society.
Gordon had a unique perspective to share with students. He attended CSU Summer Arts at the age of 18, even though he was living in New Jersey at the time. According to Gordon, "artists that I had only read about were going to be teaching there. It was truly a chance to learn from the best in the field."
Gordon is now one of those people that current students look up to as the best in their field.
Bruce Swedien is a legendary engineer with a rich recording history. Anyone who has heard Michael Jackson's Thriller knows Swedien's work.
Swedien has been nominated for 13 Grammy Awards, and has won five times. Swedien has worked with Lena Horne, Jennifer Lopez, Santana, Quincy Jones, Mick Jagger, Muddy Waters, Michael Jackson, Missing Persons, Dinah Washington, Nat King Cole, Natalie Cole, LL Cool J, Barbra Streisand, Count Basie, Duke Ellington, Herbie Hancock, the Chi-Lites, and hundreds of others. In 1991, he was honored with the TEC (Technical Excellence and Creativity) Hall Of Fame Lifetime Achievement Award.
Swedien rejects the view that "popular music doesn't require the same wide range of spectrum and dynamics that you find in classical music." He believes that all music shares the same underlying qualities – encouraging students to attend live orchestral music performances, and apply what they hear to recordings.
Keaton Walker is a three-time Emmy Award-winning production designer for network television. His credits include the Academy Awards, the Emmy Awards, and the American Music Awards. His latest assignment was the Screen Actors Guild Awards for 2011.
Walker has visited with four master classes at CSU Summer Arts. He shares the work that goes into trying to achieve the best-finished product possible. According to Walker, "it is attention to details that makes the design look great on camera. Right up to the moment the show goes 'live' the production design team will be double checking that the set is looking great." In producing live shows, like the Screen Actors Guild Awards, Walker has come to rely on this team of creative and hardworking people around him.


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Nook Color 2 News
Just in Time For the Holidays: Nook Color 2 Expected Nov. 7
Like us on Facebook
The soon-to-be-released Kindle Fire will have some competition in the Nook Color 2 if rumors are correct. The Nook Color 2 is said to be sporting a seven-inch touchscreen and support web browsing, email, apps, music, and games, alongside a $200 price tag. It's a great price and sure to excite shoppers who want a tablet feel on an ereader budget.


text: titanium.tim 5pts We need to figure out how to let the computer drive in 2D and then we can finally go to 3D. The only way we will get flying cars is if they figure out this on the ground first. Go, Go, Go...while they are at it they can get the US drone program to start shipping and not spying, then we can get the "sky hwy" built. Maybe in my lifetime personal flying will not be the realm of daredevils and the wealthy.


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Who's Who Among Hitler's Bodyguards
A brief guide to the men who protected Hitler
Johann "Hans" Baur
Hitler's personal pilot and commander of the Führer's aircraft squadron. A decorated World War I aviator, Baur joined the Nazi party in the 1920s and first flew Hitler during the national political campaign in 1932. He remained Hitler's pilot until the Führer's final days. Shot while fleeing the Berlin bunker, Baur remained a Russian prisoner until 1955.
Joseph "Sepp" Dietrich
Commander of the Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (1933-45), Hitler's bodyguard regiment. Born to peasant farmers, Dietrich worked a series of menial jobs in the hotel industry before enlisting in the Bavarian Army and fighting in World War I. He joined the Nazi Party in 1928 and quickly attracted attention for his organizational skills, loyalty to Hitler, and physical toughness in dust-ups with Communists. Among his many services to Hitler, he commanded the on-the-ground campaign that captured Ernst Röhm and his followers during the Night of the Long Knives in 1934.
Bruno Gesche
Commander of the eight-man SS Begleitkommando, Hitler's personal bodyguard (1934- 45). Gesche joined the Nazi Party in 1922 at the age of 17. In street brawls with rival political gangs, he proved adept with a rubber truncheon and pistol, and Hitler counted him among his most trusted protectors. Eventually, however, his habitual drunkenness caused his demotion and exile to the Italian front, where he fought during the waning days of the war.
Kurt Gildisch
Commander of the SS Begleitkommando (1933-34). Gildisch's background in law enforcement made him an excellent candidate to head Hitler's personal bodyguard. He played a key role in the Night of the Long Knives, personally executing several government officials, including Erich Klausener, Germany's secretary of transport and president of Catholic Action, a religious group that opposed Hitler. Himmler later relieved Gildisch of his bodyguard command for habitual drinking.
Hermann Göring
An early leader of the Sturmabteilung (SA, the armed militia responsible for protecting Nazi Party officials), commander of the Gestapo (Geheime Staatspolizei, or Secret State Police), and prominent Nazi minister. A decorated war veteran, Göring brought military discipline and organization to the fledgling SA militia after Hitler recruited him in 1923. When Hitler took the office of chancellor in 1933, Göring joined his cabinet and became minister of Prussia. He transformed the Prussian police force into the Gestapo, which was absorbed into the RSHA (Reichssicherheitshauptamt, or Reich Security Central Office) under Himmler's SS in 1939. As Germany's minister of aviation, Göring also commanded the Luftwaffe.
Ulrich Graf
Hitler's first personal bodyguard (1920- 23) and a founding member and senior officer of the Schutzstaffel (Protective Echelon, better known as the SS). Trained as a butcher, Graf had already made a name for himself as an amateur boxer when he joined Hitler's entourage in 1920. His fighting skills, loyalty, and bravery never came into question. During the ill-conceived putsch in 1923, on Hitler's march through Munich, Graf placed himself directly in the police line of fire and took several shots intended for Hitler. He survived his wounds and eventually rose in the ranks of the SS.
Heinrich Himmler
Reichsführer-SS (1929-45), the head of all security forces in Nazi Germany. An army veteran and failed farmer, Himmler gravitated to Hitler while still a student in Munich. He protected Hitler during the Beer Hall Putsch, rose to deputy head of the SS in 1927, and became its chief in 1929. Himmler oversaw the SS's evolution from bodyguard unit to secret state police and combat force, responsible for assassinations, concentration camps, and extermination programs.
Emile Maurice
(1920-21) of the Sturmabteilung and commander of Hitler's SA guard at scheduled public appearances (1925-32). A watchmaker by trade and a convicted embezzler, Maurice became friends with Hitler almost immediately after World War I. His close personal relationship with the Führer helped him survive many career crises, including his involvement with Hitler's niece and alleged mistress, Geli Raubal, and Himmler's suspicions of his Jewish heritage.
Johann Rattenhuber
Head of the Reichssicherheitsdienst (Reich Security Service, or RSD), 1933-45. A former law enforcement officer in Munich, Rattenhuber recruited fellow Bavarian policemen to provide security for Hitler and other Nazi leaders as the party rose to power. Although he headed the RSD during Stauffenberg's near-miss assassination attempt at the Wolf's Lair, Rattenhuber retained his position of authority afterward and remained loyal to Hitler until the very end.
Ernst Röhm
A founder of the Sturmabteilung and SA chief of staff (1931-34). An ex-commander in the Bavarian infantry, Röhm is widely regarded as the man most responsible for launching Hitler's political career. He publicly allied himself with Hitler in the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch; afterward, he was exiled to Bolivia. In 1930, Hitler recalled Röhm to head the SA. But Röhm eventually became a political rival of both Himmler and Göring, leading to his arrest in the Night of the Long Knives in 1934 and his subsequent execution.
Julius Schreck
Hitler's private chauffeur and early member of the SA, the first commander of the Stosstrupp (Assault Squad) Adolf Hitler (1923), and the chief organizer of the SS as a Nazi headquarters guard. In 1925, Schreck formed SS units in cities all over Germany to protect Nazi Party meetings. His passing resemblance to Hitler also allowed him to work as the Führer's double. He continued to serve as Hitler's personal driver until poor health forced him to resign. Schreck died in 1936 of meningitis.


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URS is one of the largest and most experienced providers of fabrication and modularization services for the oil and gas industry. We specialize in fabricating large and complex facility components, known as modules, for oil sands extraction facilities, gas processing plants, and power and co-generation facilities. These modules contain the mechanical, electrical, and instrumentation systems that ultimately will form parts of the completed facility.
Much of our fabrication work is conducted for clients operating in the Northern Alberta oil sands. This remote region presents unique challenges due to its extreme weather conditions and limited workforce. To overcome these challenges, URS builds modules at off-site fabrication plants located near urban areas where access to construction materials and a larger pool of qualified workers is more readily available. The modules are then transported across hundreds of miles and assembled at the project site.
Representative Services:


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London Pass BlogBack to Blog
Queen Sofia takes budget flight to London
Published: Wednesday 3rd of June 2009
Queen Sofia - the head of state in Spain - has set an example in the economic downturn by taking a budget flight to London.
She boarded the Ryanair flight, which is believed to have cost just £13, when she travelled from London Stansted to Santander.
"Whenever possible the royals use Spanish airlines but in this case Ryanair was the most suitable option for the journey," a palace spokesperson revealed to the Daily Telegraph.
He added that it was likely to have been the first time a member of the Spanish royal family had chosen to fly with the airline.
It is believed that Queen Sofia was travelling to see her brother King Constantine II of Greece who moved to London after the monarchy was abolished 36 years ago.
There are plenty of royal sights to be seen in the city and, with the London Pass, the likes of Kensington Palace and the Jewel Tower can be entered free of charge.
Related articles
Follow The London Pass blog to learn about the latest news with attractions, sights and sightseeing events in the city. As well as useful tips, hints and advice for visitors to the city and how to make the most of your sightseeing time in London. We hope you enjoy…
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Westminster Abbey: Visit the site of Kate Middleton's fairytale wedding for things to do in London
Monday 18th of February 2013 Westminster Abbey is one of the capital's premier attractions.
See plenty of London attractions on the Original London Sightseeing Tour
Monday 18th of February 2013 The Original London Sightseeing Tour is one of the best ways to get around a number of London attractions quickly.
Get a glimpse behind the scenes at Wembley for things to do in London
Sunday 17th of February 2013 People seeking things to do in London could opt for a trip to Wembley Stadium - one of the capital's best sporting attractions.
Things to do in London: Tate modern to host Lichtenstein: A Retrospective
Saturday 16th of February 2013 Art lovers looking for things to do in London will not want to pass up on the opportunity to see Lichtenstein: A Retrospective at the Tate Modern.
The Rock n Roll Walking Tour is one of the best things to do in London
Tuesday 12th of February 2013 When in London, enjoy the Rock n Roll Walking Tour.
London attractions: Visit Elizabethan England at Shakespeare's Globe Theatre
Monday 11th of February 2013 Visitors to Shakespeare's Globe Theatre will be taken on an intriguing trip back in time to the rowdy London of Elizabethan England.
HMS Belfast: One of the top London attractions
Monday 11th of February 2013 Enjoy HMS Belfast, one of the top London attractions.
London attractions: Celebrate The Jam at the British Music Experience
Wednesday 6th of February 2013 The British Music Experience is hosting an exhibition to mark the 40th anniversary of the formation of The Jam.
See Carmen at the Royal Albert Hall for things to do in London
Tuesday 5th of February 2013 The Royal Albert Hall is to host the fantastic opera Carmen from February 21st until March 3rd.
London attractions: Wimbledon Lawn Tennis Museum presents the history of the sport
Monday 4th of February 2013 When it comes to London attractions, Wimbledon Lawn Tennis Museum is one of the most exciting for sports fans.
London attractions: Lights, camera, action!
Friday 1st of February 2013 Mingle amongst the stars of TV and film at Eltham Palace.
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After playing games on the road for over a week on the road, the Carbon High softball team will finally have a chance to play on their own home field.
The Lady Dinos will host Richfield on Thursday, March 20 at 3:30 p.m. for a matchup between two Region 12 teams.
Carbon started the season 4-0 but have dropped their last three games, most recent coming in a 7-0 loss to North Sanpete on Tuesday, March 18. Carbon collected one hit late in the game to prevent North Sanpete from collecting the no-hitter.


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Japan may need five years to recover financially from the earthquake and tsunami, which have caused about £145billion of damage, the World Bank warned yesterday.
The disaster is likely to shave up to 0.5 per cent from the country's economic growth this year.
'Damage to housing and infrastructure has been unprecedented,' the World Bank said in a report.
'Growth should pick up though in subsequent quarters as reconstruction efforts, which could last five years, accelerate.'
Watch a video of the 'unbelievable' Japan damage below:


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Results 1 to 6 of 6
- CrackBerry Genius
01-16-13, 09:26 AM Thread Author #1
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- nacle of phones: BB!
Need Internet Fax Service Recommendations
Hey CrackBerryians - I need some help. Short story is I need recommendations for an internet fax service (send/receive) for occasional use - NEVER more than 10 per month, preferably with a local number capability (or toll free??). Long story follows:
Just moved from a home office to a rented office inside another, completely unrelated business. At home, the local cable provider had me set up with 2 virtual phone numbers in addition to the regular house phone (one that was a double ring and immediately transferred to my cell phone so was for "business card"/appearances only, and the other was a triple ringer fax line that triggered the all-in-one printer to treat it as an incoming fax; outgoing fax handled through the actual phone line with header showing the virtual fax number).
New office location is not served by my home cable company. I have no need for a phone line in this office (existing business has several employees / phone system / can't join their phone system as it would simply be an extension off their main number).
My fax needs (send and receive) are few and far between, 3-5 per month as most things can be handled via scan to pdf and email attachments, but there are the few cases where a customer's purchasing system sends purchase orders via fax, etc.
Who has any experience with this? I'm looking for something with a good reputation, professional, good pricing for a light user.It was recently pointed out to me that SugarSync was still in my signature, and no longer available for free. It was a nice (free) ride, SugarSync, but I'm seeing Box and Dropbox now, via BB10 integration.
- CrackBerry Genius
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- Pin: her: down: on: a: photograph: album: I: am: not: worried: I: am: not: overly: concerned:
I used to use www.srfax.com
They had a very good pricing structure and I had a toll free fax because I operate in two states.
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Been using MyFax | Send & Receive Faxes Online | Internet Fax Service for several years. Reasonable price and an 800 number.
- CrackBerry Abuser
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- PM me
I use ringcentral, I have a local number and they have a plan which is $10/year for something like 100 faxes sent/received.Gun Control: For those willing to rest their life on the conscience of a criminal.
A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.*
*Not valid in CA, HI, DC. May vary by location.
- CrackBerry Newbie
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Sfax has a plan that is ideal for infrequent users - it costs from $24 a year for up to 100 pages and then you can pay per fax after that. Check out: https://www.sfaxme.com/our-pricing/freedom-plan/
- CrackBerry Newbie
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Faxing recommendation
I would recommend Popfax.com. The best solution for a light use - you have a pack for 5$ per month or smth like this and you have a limited number of faxes you can send. Generally, they have a browser sending option, application, API, and mobile website, I think.
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