text:
(with supporting estimates from the Current Population Survey)
Kathleen Short and Martina Shea David Johnson and Thesia I. Garner (1)
2/2/98 Please do not cite without permission
Paper prepared for the annual meeting of the American Economic Association, Chicago, Illinois, January 1998.
The most recent comprehensive examination of poverty measurement in the United States was conducted by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) Panel on Poverty and Family Assistance (Citro and Michael, 1995). In their report, the Panel recommended changing the definition of both the poverty thresholds and the resources that are used to measure poverty. In this paper we implement the Panel's basic procedure, with slight modifications, and describe further work needed to implement remaining recommendations. A detailed analysis of how changes in the definition and derivation of the poverty thresholds affect poverty estimates has been the focus of earlier research(2). The primary focus here is to describe how resources might be defined and how changes in the definition of resources would affect poverty rates.
This paper presents poverty estimates using thresholds derived from Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEX) data for 1989 to 1991, and family resources based on data from the 1991 panel of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) and the March 1992 Current Population Survey (CPS). The resulting poverty rates are compared with those based on the official measure. While previous work(3) has examined the experimental poverty measure exclusively using the CPS, this paper presents, for the first time, estimates from the SIPP, the survey that the Panel recommended become the official source of poverty resource measurement. Additional estimates from the CPS from 1991 to 1996 are presented in order to examine the behavior of the experimental measure over time.
Our findings reveal that changes in the poverty rates based on the official and the experimental measures are similar during the 1991 to 1996 time period. We show that poverty rates using SIPP data are lower than those using the CPS, in part because the more detailed questions in the SIPP identify more types and larger amounts of income. We also show that using the experimental poverty measure yields a poverty population that looks more like the total population in terms of various demographic and socioeconomic characteristics than the current official measure does.
I. Defining the Thresholds
The NAS Panel recommended that the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEX) be used to produce poverty thresholds for a particular year using data from the most recent three years, and that the thresholds be updated annually. Specifically the Panel recommended that the thresholds should represent a budget for food, clothing, shelter, utilities (FCSU), and other needs for a particular reference unit using their actual expenditures. For this study, we use CEX data from 1989 through 1996 to produce thresholds for the years 1991 through 1996. However, only the 1991 thresholds, updated using the CPI-U, are used for the poverty analysis in this paper.
In this study, as in the Panel's study and in our previous work (Garner et al. 1998; and Johnson et al. 1997), the thresholds are obtained by following several steps. First, median expenditures (adjusted to current dollars) for reference units are obtained using their FCSU expenditures. Second, percentages of median expenditures are selected which reflect the 30th and 35th percentiles of the distribution of FCSU expenditures. These percentiles translate to 78 and 83 percent of the median. The Panel concluded in their study that these percentiles seem to represent a "reasonable range" for the FCSU component of the reference family's threshold.(4) Third, expenses for their other needs (e.g., household supplies, personal care, and non-work related expenses) are accounted for through the use of a small multiplier. The Panel recommended a lower and upper value for the multiplier of 1.15 and 1.25, respectively. They stated that this range of multipliers compared favorably to estimates from other studies(5) that range from 1.14 to 1.30.
In this study, as in the Panel's work, we use these ranges of the percentages and the multipliers to obtain our thresholds for the reference unit. The base year threshold is computed by taking the average of these upper and lower values for both the percentages and multipliers (i.e., Threshold = 0.5*(1.15*.78 + 1.25*.83)* median), with the result being that the threshold equals 0.96725*median expenditures for the basic bundle. Hence, the resulting threshold is almost equal to median expenditures on FCSU.
Fourth, adjustments are made to reflect geographic difference in costs. Following the Panel, we use inter-area housing cost indexes calculated from the 1990 Census data on gross rent (including utilities) for apartments with specified characteristics, adjusted for the share of housing in the proposed poverty budget.(6),(7) These indexes are produced for five population size categories within each of the nine census regions. In our application, we normalize the indexes based on the geographic distribution of the weighted sample (see Johnson et al., 1997 for a similar approach). The area indexes are produced relative the U.S. average index equaling to 1.0. For example, the threshold for a two-adult/two-child reference unit in a large metropolitan area in New England is 27 percent higher than the national average, while it is 15 percent lower than the national average if this family lives in a non-metropolitan area in the West South Central region.
Fifth, an equivalence scale adjusts the reference units' threshold to produce thresholds for household units with different characteristics than those of the reference unit. Following the Panel's recommendation, we use a two-parameter equivalence scale that accounts for the differing needs of adults and children and the economies of scale of living in a larger household. This scale is (A+PC)F, where A and C represent the number of adults and children, P represents the adult-equivalent of one child and F represents the scale economy factor. We use P=0.7 and F=0.65 since these scales minimize the effect on overall poverty and are most similar to the current scales (see Citro and Michael, 1995 and Johnson et al., 1997).(8) This scale is normalized such that the reference unit obtains a scale of one. Based on this procedure, the threshold for a single person is about 45 percent of the threshold for the two-adult/two-child unit. The threshold for a household with two adults and three children is about 13 percent higher than the threshold for the two-adult/two-child reference unit.
Sixth, the base year thresholds are updated using a price adjustment factor. While the Panel recommended updating by the change in median expenditures each year (a quasi-relative adjustment), they also recommended that an alternative set of thresholds be produced during the first several years after the new poverty measure is implemented which are updated for price change only.(9) For our poverty analysis, we follow the second recommendation and use the thresholds based on the updated 1991 threshold. Johnson et al. (1997) showed that the change in the FCSU median expenditures for the reference unit were similar to the inflation rate over the 1990-95 period; however, annual changes in these expenditures were more volatile than the inflation rate. Over a longer period, though (1982 through 1995), the median expenditures increased 4.4 percentage points more than did the CPI-U.
There are three technical differences between the approach used in this study to produce the thresholds and the approach used by the Panel and an earlier study (Garner et al. 1997.) First, the Panel recommended using a household with two adults (married or unmarried) and two children as the reference household unit, while the Panel's calculations were based on the expenditures of a consumer unit(10) composed of a married couple with two children. In this study, we follow the Panel's original recommendation and identify the reference unit as one including two adults and two children. Second, in this study we use the most recent three years of data (e.g. 1989-91) as opposed to the Panel's use of data from the previous three-year period. Finally, the Panel study approximated the median expenditures by using mean of the middle vingtile. Here we use the weighted median as our starting point to produce the thresholds.
Johnson et al. (1997) show that these modifications do not significantly change the threshold for the reference unit. The use of two adults and two children instead of married couples with two of their own children produced the greatest difference; the difference in thresholds is on average $400.(11)
Presented in Table 1 are the official thresholds for 1991 through 1996; these are compared to two sets of the experimental thresholds. The thresholds presented in column (2) are CPI-U adjusted and those in column (3) are median-expenditure adjusted. From 1991 to 1996, the CPI-U adjusted thresholds increase by 15.2 percent while the median expenditure adjusted thresholds increase by 13.3 percent. While this is different than the Panel's expectation that updating the thresholds by the change in median expenditures for the basic bundle would yield larger increases in the thresholds than simply updating by the inflation rate, this relationship does not hold for the longer period between 1982 and 1996. These latter years are different partly because the changes in the median expenditures are more volatile than changes in the CPI-U.
II. Defining Resources
Following the Panel's recommendation, we use an experimental resource measure that is based on money income plus the value of in-kind transfers, but which excludes work-related expenses (including child care expenses while working), child support paid, medical out-of-pocket expenses, and taxes paid. We begin with the current official income measure which includes cash income before taxes. To this amount we add dollar values for in-kind benefits. We then subtract expenses that the Panel suggested are necessary for a family to earn a living and which therefore are not available to purchase the items covered in our thresholds (food, clothing, shelter, and utilities). These additions and subtractions are made to produce a more complete measure of family resources. The values of in-kind benefits received and subtractions from income are determined using the methods described below. Average imputed values for the additions and subtractions are presented in Table 2.
Additions to family resources:
1. Food stamps - Food stamp recipiency and amounts received are reported in both the CPS and SIPP. The amounts received are added to each recipient family's income. Table 2 includes, for both surveys, the proportion of persons who are in families with someone reporting the receipt of food stamps, and their average family values received. As shown there, the average amount of food stamps received are similar in the two surveys, $1,951 in SIPP and $1,909 in CPS.
2. School lunch and breakfast programs - Respondents in both the CPS and SIPP surveys are asked about the number of children in the household who receive free, reduced, or regular priced school lunches. The income value for the school lunch program for each participant family is calculated using this information and data on the annual subsidy for free, reduced, and full-priced meals(12). Information on subsidies per meal are obtained from the Department of Agriculture. The percent reporting receipt and average annual lunch subsidies as imputed to the CPS and SIPP are shown in Table 2.
In each wave, SIPP respondents are asked about the number of children receiving free, reduced, and full-priced breakfasts. Breakfast subsidies are imputed in much the same way as lunch subsidies in the SIPP. In the CPS, no information is collected about participation in the Federal School Breakfast Program; therefore, such subsidies are not counted in the experimental CPS measure. The average annual breakfast subsidy in SIPP is $175.
3. Housing subsidies - In this paper we use Fair Market Rents (FMRs) to value housing subsidies in the SIPP (See Shea et al., 1997 for details.) However, to estimate subsidies in the CPS, we use the methods currently described in our annual income and poverty reports as part of our tax and in-kind valuation procedures(14) based on data from the 1985 American Housing Survey (AHS). Shea et al. (1997) and Naifeh et al. (1997) examine the various methods of accounting for housing benefits and their relative merits. Their work discusses the need for updating the current valuation procedure used here for the CPS measures.
The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) has developed FMRs for the purpose of determining rental subsidies for eligible households for Section 8 housing programs in 341 metropolitan areas and in 2,416 counties outside metropolitan areas. These FMRs are set at the 45th percentile of the rent distribution of two-bedroom apartments that were rented in the preceding two years in a given area. Under the Section 8 housing program, renters pay 30 percent of their net countable(15) income towards a rental amount (more in some programs if their rent exceeds the FMR). The difference between the FMR and 30 percent of income is the housing subsidy.
After matching the FMRs to our SIPP file, we subtract 30 percent of household gross money income from the FMR of all respondents who indicate that they receive a housing subsidy or that they live in public housing.(16) The resulting housing subsidy is then added to income for our experimental measure.
Our housing subsidy estimates for the CPS are based on a method that the Census Bureau has been using since 1979.(17)Poverty estimates which take account of housing subsidies in measuring resources have been published annually using the Current Population Survey.The method is based on a model of market rents that is estimated using the 1985 American Housing Survey. The model estimates monthly housing costs for 2 bedroom units of nonsubsidized renters in each of the four Census regions Northeast, Midwest, South, and West. The regression coefficients are then applied to the housing characteristics of subsidized renters in the relevant region yielding market values of housing costs for subsidized units. The market rents that are predicted from this model are used to compute subsidy amounts based on income and regional categories and then matched to families on the CPS according to the number of bedrooms a family could have based on family size and composition.
Table 2 shows the mean imputed annual housing subsidies, in the CPS and SIPP, for families living in public or subsidized housing during 1991. The annual average family subsidy amount for persons who lived at least one month in such housing during 1991 is $2,993 in SIPP based on the FMR method. The FMR method yields aggregate annual expenditures on housing subsidies of $14.5 billion based on these data, matching a HUD benchmark that reports agency spending totals on housing programs(18) .
The CPS mean imputed annual housing subsidy is $1,992 for 1991 based on the Census method. The different methods for valuing housing subsidies account for the large difference in average amounts. The subsidy amounts based on the FMR method are higher than those based on other methods. The Census valuation method has been criticized for producing subsidy amounts that are too low.(19) We are currently considering adopting the use of FMRs in the CPS. Naifeh et al., 1997, showed the effect on poverty statistics of using various methods of valuing housing subsidies in the CPS, including the method used here and one using FMRs.
4. Energy assistance -- SIPP collects information on whether persons receive benefits from the government's energy assistance program and the amount received in each wave. This information is collected in the CPS but is not included in the CPS experimental resource measure here. We will be examining the information collected in the CPS on energy assistance and deciding whether to incorporate this information in an experimental family resource measure. As shown in Table 2, the average family amount of persons in families with this benefit in 1991 was $278 based on SIPP data.
5. Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) - Data on this program are collected in the SIPP but not in the CPS. Since this information is not collected in the CPS, we add WIC benefits to income only in the SIPP.
Subtractions from family resources:
Our 1991 estimated child care expenses are adjusted for inflation using the CPI-U for the time series estimates 1992 to 1996 presented in this paper. Since child care expenses are collected each year in the SIPP, an alternative adjustment would be to compute these amounts each year from the SIPP medians. Preliminary estimates suggest that results would be similar to those reported here using this method.
In the final step, we calibrate expenditures to match a benchmark total. The target for medical out-of-pocket expenditures (MOOP), excluding Medicare Part B premiums, that we use for 1991 is $204.3 billion. This aggregate expenditure amount is obtained by adjusting the benchmark total used in previous work (25) for 1992 by the CPI for medical care. Target amounts are adjusted similarly for the CPS time series estimates. (See Table 3 for these amounts.)
No adjustment for taxes paid is made to the SIPP resource measure reported here. While taxes paid are reported in a topical module in the SIPP, at this time we have not developed an appropriate method to incorporate this information into a complete tax model. Work has been done in this area(27) and we continue to pursue a method that will allow us to incorporate tax estimates in our resource measure from the SIPP.(28)
An important note on the SIPP data: It is important to note at this point that the SIPP estimates reported herein are based on information in the 1991 panel. These estimates combine information reported every four months across the calendar year. They are weighted using the calendar year weights for 1991. Research has been done to investigate the degree of attrition bias measurable in SIPP longitudinal files,(29) particularly in the area of poverty statistics. This research suggests that there is a significant degree of this bias present in our estimates. Since research shows that people who are struggling to get along are less likely to remain in our survey, poverty estimates are biased downward in the SIPP. Huggins et al., 1995, reported that the poverty rate for the first quarter of 1991 of only "attritors" (respondents who left the panel at some point) was 15.7 percent, while the first quarter poverty rate for the complete sample was only 11.5 percent.
Currently, the 1996 panel of SIPP is a four-year panel. In an effort to ameliorate the effects of attrition bias, the Census Bureau has proposed altering the design of the SIPP to include an annual overlapping sample. The purpose of this design change would be to achieve a consistent bias from attrition from year to year by pooling three successive panels , thus allowing comparisons of poverty estimates across time. Until the current design is modified this comparison is not recommended.
III. Results
At this stage of analyzing the Panel's recommendations, poverty rates are only important as a starting point from which to examine trends and the composition of the poverty population. In this section, poverty rates using the official thresholds and resource measure for different demographic groups are compared to the poverty rates based on our implementation of the Panel's proposed method using the CPS and SIPP for 1991. We show poverty rates based on both the experimental thresholds and standardized thresholds. Standardized thresholds are computed by applying a percentage reduction to the experimental thresholds to obtain a poverty rate for the total population equal to the official rate. Standardized measures are reported here in order to facilitate an examination of the effects on the incidence of poverty using the experimental measures.
Poverty in 1991 Based on the Official and Experimental Definitions: CPS and SIPP
The poverty rates shown in Table 4, under the heading 'official definition measures,' represent the current official definitions of income and the thresholds as estimated using CPS data, and a similarly defined measure using SIPP data.(30) Annual before-tax cash income is compared against the current official poverty thresholds to determine poverty status. These estimates show that in 1991 the official poverty rate for all persons was 14.2 percent, and a similarly defined estimate in the SIPP yields a poverty rate of 12.1 percent. There are many reasons why the SIPP produces poverty rates below CPS numbers, one of those being that, as an income survey, SIPP is designed to do a more complete job of collecting income data(31). Other possible factors are sub-annual changes in family compositions, accounted for in the SIPP measure, and attrition bias as discussed above. As is shown in Table 4, the measure based on the official definition results in poverty rates that are consistently lower in the SIPP than the CPS.
The experimental measures shown in Table 5 represent the poverty measure as recommended by the NAS Panel and implemented as described above. In the CPS, experimental poverty rates are higher for all groups than official rates. The overall poverty rate rises from 14.2 percent under the official measure to 18.9 percent using the experimental measure. As we saw in the resource section, there are several deductions from current money income in the new resource measure which would result in higher poverty rates. One of these is taxes paid, which is deducted from the CPS measure shown here (though not from the SIPP measure.) Another important contributor to the large difference between the experimental rate and the official measure is the subtraction of medical out-of-pocket expenditures. As we saw in the earlier section, these expenses are quite large deductions from a family's total resources. Not accounting for medical out-of-pocket expenditures in the CPS experimental resource measure, as shown later, results in a poverty rate about 4 percentage points lower than one that takes account of these expenses.
In the SIPP, the overall rate increases from 12.1 percent under the official definition to 13.6 percent under the experimental definition (see Tables 4 and 5). However, for some groups the poverty rate actually falls using the SIPP experimental resource measure; poverty rates of children, Blacks, and people in female householder families are slightly lower using the experimental measure. One source of the difference between the CPS- and SIPP-based experimental measures has to do with the value of housing subsidies, which, as was shown in an earlier section, is much larger in the SIPP than the CPS measure. Calculating experimental poverty rates from the SIPP without incorporating the housing subsidy values results in a resource measure that is higher for all groups than the official measure. Additionally, the SIPP measure also includes benefits not accounted for in the CPS, as mentioned earlier, such as school breakfast subsidies, energy assistance, and WIC benefits.
Another important difference between the poverty estimates shown here based on the CPS and SIPP samples is that taxes are not deducted from the SIPP experimental measure. We examine the differences between a CPS resource measure with pre-tax income compared with the SIPP estimates to note the effect of after-tax income on our poverty estimates. Our calculations show that the experimental rates are lower, as expected, but that generally the poverty rates under the pre-tax measure are not changed in their relationships to the other measures presented here(32). General results and conclusions discussed here comparing the SIPP and the CPS measures would be unchanged by comparing pre-tax resource measures in both surveys.
Table 6 presents experimental rates from both surveys using thresholds adjusted to produce an overall poverty rate roughly equal to the official rate in 1991 of 14.2 percent. This is achieved by applying a factor of 0.845 to the experimental thresholds when using the CPS-based measure and 1.025 when using the SIPP measure. The standardized rates are an informative way to examine which groups have a differential probability to be classified as poor under the experimental measure. As is seen from Table 6, these groups include children, Blacks, people in female householder families, and those who reside in the Midwest. This is true regardless of the survey data we use. Both the CPS- and the SIPP-based measures result in lower poverty rates for these groups using the new measure relative to the official definition. People residing in the South show a lower poverty rate in the CPS measure only. All other groups listed are more likely to be classified as poor under the experimental measure. Similar to results reported by the Panel, these groups include the elderly, Whites, persons in families with at least one worker, persons in married-couple families, and those residing in the Northeast and the Western states.
Since the experimental standardized poverty rate is lower than the official rate for certain groups such as children, Blacks, and persons in female householder families, we would expect that their representation in the poverty population would be lower. The percentage distributions presented in Table 7 support this hypothesis. Here we present the composition of the total population in 1991, the 1991 poverty population using the official definition, and the experimental poverty measure based on standardized poverty rates. These data also show that the other groups, for whom experimental rates are higher, comprise a greater percentage of the poor. Similar to previous research, using the new measure results in a poverty population that looks more like the total population for many characteristics, with some exceptions. One important difference is for the Hispanic population under the CPS experimental measure. We find that the percentage of Hispanic persons is less like their representation in the total population than under the official measure. Another difference is the geographic distribution under the experimental measure. The experimental measure, for example, shows fewer poor in the Midwest relative to the official measure and shows a slightly higher percentage of poor people residing in the South and West than does the official measure.
Poverty Estimates Over Time: CPS Standardized Experimental Measure versus the Official Measure
Thus far, we have seen how the experimental measure differs from the current official measure for a given calendar year, 1991. It is interesting to examine how this measure would behave over time had we adopted a new measure in that year. Table 8 shows that, over the 1991-96 period, rates under the official and experimental methodologies behave similarly: increasing over the 1991-93 period and decreasing over the 1993-96 period. (The table shows official poverty rates, experimental poverty rates, and standardized experimental poverty rates controlled to the 1991 official rate, and standardized experimental rates controlled to the 1996 official rate.) For these standardized measures, the experimental poverty thresholds are adjusted to produce the same rate as the official rate in a particular year. Thresholds for the remaining years in the series are adjusted by that same factor. From the data presented, we can observe that the official rate rose from 14.2 to 15.1 percent from 1991 to 1993 and fell to 13.7 percent by 1996. The NAS experimental rate rose from 18.9 to 20.2 percent in 1993 and fell to 18.0 percent in 1996. The two standardized experimental rates show very similar patterns.
Variations in Definitions of Resources and Thresholds
There are, however, several interesting differences in these trends in poverty rates over time that require further investigation. We examine some of these by varying our experimental definition slightly. Table 9 shows official poverty rates across the period and rates based on the experimental measure. A third measure uses the experimental resource measure with the official thresholds. This measure illustrates that the net effect of the experimental resource measure is to increase poverty rates considerably. Larger deductions than additions have been incorporated in the new resource measure, at least for people at the lower end of the income distribution.
Another measure shown in Table 9 reverses this pattern. Using our old resource measure but new thresholds shows the net effect of the new thresholds: poverty rates fall slightly.
Finally, but perhaps most significantly, we show the experimental measure without the estimated medical out-of-pocket expenses deducted. The large effect of this deduction is observed by the fact that this measure produces rates that are very nearly equal to those based on the official measure, all other things being equal. Furthermore, the rate of increase from 1991 to 1993 of this measure more closely resembles that of the official rate. This obversation suggests that the slightly higher rate of increase in the experimental measure over this time period may be due to the increase in medical out-of-pocket expenses, as imputed, over this period. As shown earlier, the level of these expenses are adjusted to benchmark totals and resulting poverty rates are affected by these totals. For example, using an aggregate spending benchmark of $218.5 billion (the uncalibrated aggregate amount), which is seven percent higher than the calibrated aggregate amount of $204.3 billion which we used, results in a poverty rate of 19.3 percent, a figure two percent higher than the estimate presented here for 1991.
Another difference in trends between our two measures is a slightly accelerated decline in the experimental measure from 1993 to 1996 as evidenced by the fact that the standardized experimental rates fall below the official rates by 1996 from a slightly higher level in 1993. Another measure listed in Table 9 offers an explanation. Shown there is a standardized experimental measure without the Earned Income Credit (EIC) added into resources. An examination of the trend in this measure, relative to that of the standardized experimental measure shows that the measure with the EIC falls faster than the measure without the EIC from 1993 to 1996, reflecting expansions in the EIC in 1993(33). This result suggests that this trend difference is due to the inclusion of the EIC in the tax measure in the CPS.
This trend difference is even more pronounced for certain groups, namely, those groups more likely to have taken advantage of the EIC. Table 10 includes poverty rates over time of various groups with and without the EIC; all other parts of the standardized poverty measure are the same. For children, Blacks, Hispanics, and persons in families with one or more workers, poverty rates dropped over the 1993-95 period. This drop appears to be due to the addition of the EIC in the resource measure. This result highlights the ability of the new measure to capture the effects of tax and some transfer policies.
IV. Further Work
Future research on poverty measurement will include refinements in the thresholds and the way in which resources are defined. Further work on the threshold side includes examining other geographic adjustments and equivalence scales. The procedure used here to adjust for geographic differences in housing prices is understandable, operationally feasible, and produces results that conform to other research. However, the procedure does not account for housing cost differences within areas or for quality differences. Additionally, since the choice of an equivalence scale can have large effects on the composition of the poverty population, the selection of appropriate equivalence scales must be further examined.
Adopting the SIPP as the official data source for poverty measurement, as recommended by the NAS Panel, would place special demands on the SIPP and the imputation methods used to estimate values for the additions and subtractions to obtain a SIPP-based resource measure. For example, on the resource side, perhaps the largest remaining challenge involves a calculation of taxes to arrive at an after-tax income measure in the SIPP. Work has been done in this area and additional work will incorporate the reported data available in the SIPP with a tax model similar to that already available for the CPS.
Also in the SIPP, we will continue working on the medical out-of-pocket valuations. We have demonstrated in this paper that medical out-of-pocket imputations have a great impact on poverty rates over time and on specific population subgroups at any point in time. Thus, it is imperative that we focus on the valuation methods used for this subtraction from income. In the future, we plan to statistically match new data collected in the SIPP with data collected in the 1997 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Also, since the imputed values of medical expenditures are sensitive to the values of the benchmark totals we use and thus affect outcomes, it is imperative that further research be conducted to specify more appropriate sources for these important inputs.
If the CPS remains the official source of data for poverty measurement, we would need to further examine methods to value in-kind benefits. For example, in the area of housing subsidies, the use of Fair Market Rents as inputs to a valuation procedure, as is done in the SIPP measure presented here, suggests the need for an accurate benchmark control. We are considering adopting this method for an experimental measure based on the CPS that are produced on a regular basis, replacing the current procedure based on 1985 AHS data.
Two more general issues for further research are the treatment of cohabitants and the treatment of the flow of services from owner-occupied housing. The Panel recommended pooling resources and the needs of cohabiting persons to determine poverty status. Some work has been done in this area, comparing poverty rates based on the official definition which uses families, as defined by the Census Bureau, with another that includes cohabiting individuals as the relevant unit of analysis(34). Changing the relevant unit for poverty analysis from the family to include persons who are cohabiting might be an important issue for some population subgroups, for example, young single people.
Accounting for the flow of services for owner-occupied housing would affect both thresholds and resources. As noted by the Panel, economists have long argued that the economic resources for owners and renters be treated comparably; how to do this remains a question for continued research. Economic resources available are related to the expenses that the household has. For example, if the household owns its home without a mortgage, then more money is available to purchase other needed goods and services although the household's consumption need for housing may not differ from that of owners with a mortgage or from that of renters. In defining thresholds for this study, we use the out-of-pocket shelter expenses reported (not including the reduction in mortgage principal) by the reference units for both renters and owners. Other methods to estimate these costs include replacing the owners' expenses with their imputed rents. No adjustment has been made in our resource measure to account for the flow of services of owner occupied housing. In discussing the treatment of home ownership on the resource side, Betson (1995b) states that assigning an imputed rental value to homeowners may understate a homeowner's needs if the homeowner has a mortgage and overstate the homeowner's needs if the homeowner does not have a mortgage. The results presented by Johnson et al. (1997), concerning the valuation of shelter costs for the thresholds, suggest that this may indeed be the case. Basic questions that still need to be addressed are whether the poverty threshold should allow for ownership of housing or just for a flow of services for comparable housing, and if so, how to treat this flow of services on the resource side.
Finally, on a broader note, a complication for poverty measurement has to do with welfare reform. At a time when we are attempting to incorporate government transfers, both cash and in-kind, into our poverty measure, these transfer programs are changing dramatically across the states. Capturing these changes and, further, attempting to value new arrays of benefits presents an exceptional challenge.
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Renwick, Trudi J., "Budget-Based Poverty Measurement: 1992 Basic Needs Budgets for American Families," Proceedings of the Social Science Statistics Section of the American Statistical Association, Alexandria, Va., American Statistical Association, 1993.
Ruggles, Patricia, Drawing the Line--Alternative Poverty Measures and Their Implications for Public Policy, Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute Press, 1990.
Schwarz, John E. and Thomas J. Volgy, Forgotten Americans, New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1992.
Shea, Martina, Mary Naifeh, and Kathleen Short, "Valuing Housing Subsidies in a New Measure of Poverty: SIPP," paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Statistical Association, August 1997.
Short, Kathleen, Martina Shea, and T.J. Eller, "Work-Related Expenditures in a New Measure of Poverty," paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Statistical Association, August 1996.
Steffick, Diane, unpublished memorandum, The Urban Institute, Washington, D.C., 1993.
1. Short and Shea are in the Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division of the Census Bureau. Johnson and Garner are in the Division of Price and Index Number Research, Bureau of Labor Statistics. This paper is not an official report of the Bureau of the Census or the Bureau of Labor Statistics. It presents research which supports the official work of these agencies. Responsibility for any errors remains with the authors.
2. Garner et al., 1998 and Johnson et al., 1997.
3. Citro and Michael, 1995 and Garner et al., 1998.
4. Citro and Michael, 1995, p. 149.
5. For example see Renwick, 1993, pp. 573-582; Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982; Schwarz and Volgy, 1992.
6. The Panel set this share at 44 percent.
7. Johnson et al., 1997 found that these indexes produced similar results to those using inter-area price indexes that account for more expenditure categories.
8. The choice of equivalence scale can have substantial effects on the distribution of poverty (see Citro and Michael, 1995 and Johnson et al., 1997.)
9. Citro and Michael, 1995, p. 7.
10. See USDL1 for definition of consumer unit.
11. Other issues considered by Johnson and colleagues included which consumer units to include in the estimation, how to define shelter expenditures, how to adjust for geographic costs differences, and which equivalence scale to use.
12. Department of Agriculture unpublished data.
14. For more detail on this method see Naifeh et al., 1997, Census Bureau, 1992, and 1997.
15. Countable income is the income defined by the Department of Housing and Urban Development to establish eligibility for housing programs. This is defined as gross annual income (excluding a few resources, such as earnings of children, foster care payments, educational scholarships, and lump sums) minus various expenses such as medical and work-related expenses and including proportions of net family assets.
16. The Panel recommended using housing cost data reported in the SIPP in our subsidy calculation. We have not incorporated these data in the subsidy amounts used here. See Citro and Michael, 1995, p. 223.
17. Experimental poverty estimates which take account of housing subsidies in measuring resources have been published annually using the Current Population Survey (Census Bureau, 1997).
18. Amounts based on verbal communication from staff in the Budget Office at Department of Housing and Urban Development. This figure includes spending for low income housing assistance (section 8), rent supplements, rent housing assistance (section 236), and public housing. It excludes home ownership assistance and college housing expenditures.
19. Steffick, 1993, and Citro and Michael, 1995, p. 223.
20. Citro and Michael, 1995, p. 243.
21. We have included a work-related expenses module in the third wave of the 1996 SIPP panel. These questions will be repeated in the sixth wave of the same panel.
22. This valuation method differs from that used in the Panel's report.
23. Child care expenses are restricted to the earnings of the single parent or the earnings of the parent with the lower earnings in a two-parent family in the CPS but not the SIPP.
24. See Betson, 1995, 1997 and Doyle 1997 for a description of this method.
25. Betson, 1995.
26. See Census Bureau, 1997 or 1992, for a more detailed description of these methods.
27. Dickert et al., 1994.
28. Appendix Table A shows estimates of poverty rates based on a resource measure without taxes deducted.
29. Huggins et al., 1995.
30. Official U.S. poverty estimates come only from the CPS.
31. Coder and Scoon-Rogers, 1996.
32. See Appendix Table A for these estimates.
33. Legislation enacted in 1993 extended a small credit to poor non-elderly workers without children and increased the basic benefit for families with more than one child.
34. Bauman, 1996 and Carlson and Danziger, 1996.


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[xyz] CBI Boss Calls For Reform Of Offshore Tax – NOT 'iraq central bank'! gotcha thud
[xyz] Hundreds of workers protested in Tahrir Square in central Baghdad this morning, to demand their rights and prosecute corrupt officials . "The goal of the demonstration is to eliminate corruption , prosecute corrupt officials , approval of the Unified Retirement Law, and enactment of the new social security system". http://www.ninanews.com/english/News_Details.asp?ar95_VQ=GEIJIF
[noway37] OK.. i got some dinar's about 4 years ago and have got more though the years from "Safe Dinar" this morning i get a email from them. asking me to sign up for emails from exchange rate.. just found that weird..
[noway37] guess my question is.. has anyone else gotten this email that got some of their dinar from them..
[JstBringIt] noway37 hmmm, I have bought from SD as well. No email here yet……
[noway37] JstBringIt just found it wierd cause i havent got any from them for a few months.. but i am a member on their site and have got a few from them.. just seems with the timing a bit strange
[sandytob] noway37 what did the email say?
[JstBringIt] noway37 I haven't bought from them in probably 6 months or so….bought some from sterling and tampa as well to make sure I had accounts and were on email lists for all
[noway37] sandytob its said…. You are receiving this because you have created an account or previously made an order on SafeDinar.com. We are now offering an exchange rate alert notification and a newsletter that we'll send out to you periodically to update you on relevant news and exciting new promotions.
[noway37] JstBringIt i have gotten them from SD, treusary vault, and a couple other places.. BUT have never gotten anything from SD before, as far as emails and all.
[Rocky49] Shining Any good news this morning?
Shining] Rocky49 VERY good!!!
[redhead1] Shining – so glad to see you this morning – everyone is awake with high hopes today – hope your source is still valid – but you have given it your best
Shining] redhead1 everyone needs to stay in high hopes, it's all good
[Shining] Rocky49 ever hear the term "silence is golden"? That's where WE are, and that's where I am happy
[redhead1] Shining – I did speak to my pastor friend who was trying to cash out with the Indian Group in Reno – they have been there 2 days with expenses but so far – no cash and no vouchers – he is suppose to text me if anything happens.
[redhead1] Shining – to me it shows your belief and credibility that you keep returning to the room to keep us posted
[Rocky49] Shining It goes with a phone call I got last night to be careful what you post. That was from a member of the investment group I am in.
[Shining] Rocky49 yeppers, the big SHUT UP
[DRAKEFORTRUTH] Reno is a scam, people are still thinking they will be able to cash out
[redhead1] Drakeforth – so far that seems to be the case – he thinks he is a Tier 1 recipient is the reason he is there but I still do not understand the package he is being offered and keep saying "do not give up your dinar" – so far he still has it
DRAKEFORTRUTH] redhead1 people have been warned but still do not listen, I almost do not feel sorry for them anymore,
[DRAKEFORTRUTH] Do not give up your dinar unless you are sitting in a US bank, with a US banker
[redhead1] Drakeforth – he is trying to save some real estate he was scammed on and he is grasping at straws to get the money to take care of the obligations – desperate times for desperate people.
[DRAKEFORTRUTH] redhead1 still everybody has been warned, and he is trying to fix one mistake with possibly another
[cruiser] DRAKEFORTRUTH you are 100%correct!!!!
[Stitch] cruiser hi
[redhead1] I told my friend who is in this with me that I am worried I might die before the RV and that I hope that God lets me live long enough for a major shopping trip at Chanel.
[Shining] redhead1 oh how fun that will be
[DRAKEFORTRUTH] The rucas in reno is one thing that is scaring the banks, if people cant handle themselves in reno, how do you think the masses will act when it comes for real
[Shining] DRAKEFORTRUTH since when do people "handle" themselves in Reno :superlachen:
[pastorart] DRAKEFORTRUTH I will handle it very well believe me
[Rocky49] redhead1 If it will make you feel better, if you do die before the RV, we will do a shopping trip to Chanel in your honor.
[redhead1] Rocky – thank you – be sure you buy size 6 because that is my dream before I go
[redhead1] Drakefortruth – if my estimates are right – Wells Fargo will have to processs 42 people in each bank each day for the first 10 days to just help those with appointments – think how difficult the ones without appointments are going to be.
[DRAKEFORTRUTH] redhead1 the ones without appointments will be asked to leave, its is not a right to do a currency exchange, it is at the discretion of the bank
[cruiser] This is almost comical.
[Shining] cruiser comical is good , it makes people happy happy
[cruiser] Shining yes it does, but it does not put money in their pockets and that will make everyone happy
[MtnStar] If you call the Denver Wells Fargo currency echange dept. You leave a message and they call you back – this has been the policy for years
[redhead1] Drakeforth/Cruiser – I keep hearing about the banks getting ready but I have not heard anything about increasing their security – is that mostly because these will be digital and paper transactions.
[DRAKEFORTRUTH] redhead1 its just a opinion but would think so
[cruiser] redhead1 there is a process. No one will walk out with cash in hand. That simple.
[Rocky49] cruiser The comic relief is needed. We do need to laugh at ourselves sometimes.
[cllishof] Do we really think this will happen
[cruiser] cllishof I do. That is why I invested
[TORNADO] cruiser -IYO ,are we still on track for 2012. I believe congress is close to making a deal on the fiscal cliff……….
[redhead1] Rocky49 – I laugh at myself more than anyone else – it has helped me through rough times
[snuffys] are we there yet????????????????
[DRAKEFORTRUTH] redhead1 the problem is that most of the stuff that is discuss is just rumors and opinions to fill the time, everything that happens in the world , dinarians always try to tie to the dinar. Its a joke,
[nolaspice] Cllishof if you are speaking in terms of ever – why did you invest? Of course it's gonna happen!!
[cruiser] TORNADO forget the fiscal cliff. It is a distraction. Of course they are going to make a deal. When is the question or should I say how long do they want to drag it out.
[DRAKEFORTRUTH] US Treasury notes for example, just a theory made up, not going to happen , at least pertaining to the dinar
[TORNADO] DRAKEFORTRUTH -Is the ust notes confirm or rumors???
[DRAKEFORTRUTH] Tornado it is bs
[cruiser] DRAKEFORTRUTH do you really want to go there???
[DRAKEFORTRUTH] TORNADO meet with my good friend who owns 4 banks and he says they been saying that for 10 years, and he deals with the UST daily,(banking business) it has never been discussed and they would be informed if it was
[cruiser] DRAKEFORTRUTH roflmao
[TORNADO] cruiser -Are you dis-agreeing with drakefortruth??
[cruiser] TORNADO Totally
[DRAKEFORTRUTH] cruiser yea I will, PROOF it, done talking about speculation
[redhead1] Drakeforth – I have seen you on other sites and typically you try to keep the hopeium down – are you in this because you think it is a good investment or just coasting to see what it will do?
[cruiser] DRAKEFORTRUTH in time. Just like you, I have people in banking that are saying the same thing. Ask your banking people about the NEW system? That will tell you all you need to know.
[TORNADO] cruiser –ty
[diamondd] TORNADO Cruiser is correct.
[TORNADO] cruiser -Are you saying the ust note will be introduce together with the new banking system???
[snuffys] ust notes have already been printed
[cruiser] TORNADO No. That system is in place. That is all I can really share about it.
[TORNADO] snuffys -Have you seen one??
[snuffys] no
[DRAKEFORTRUTH] redhead1 I think we have a good possiblilty of a good investment, but do not need the hopium to live day to day. The storys the theorys just to keep people going each day is unreal, do you really think Iraq is going to allow Kuwait to have a better currency then them
[redhead1] My biggest problem is that I cannot figure out how all of this ties together – the pp – the un – the CBI – the US Treasury Notes and most important who finally pushes the button and when – I do not even care that much about the rate.
[Oracle] cruiser Hi Dude(tte). So, a while ago, it was stated that the rv would happen and we needed to make sure we received UST bills instead of FED notes. The point was that the Dinar is asset backed and the fed is air-jordan backed and the UST is asset backed, so don't trade asset backed currency for nothing
[DRAKEFORTRUTH] Think about this, they say that when we CE that we will be paid with the US Treasury notes, what when you go to a atm it pops out UST notes and other public that did not CE it will spit out normal cash, what the computers at the banks will have codes to determine who has old money and who has notes.
[cruiser] DRAKEFORTRUTH I am not saying the UST bills are out. Read what I said yesterday.
[okrocks] DRAKEFORTRUTH I do not think that is the way it works… there is a process and not all things at once
[TORNADO] cruiser -IYO,when is completion date for this project,just estimation ofcourse??
[DRAKEFORTRUTH] cruiser sorry cruiser, honestly not directed at you, did not know where you stood on this, just a coincidence that we might have a diff on this
[redhead1] I like the early morning discussions in this room because they actually pertain to our investment and news of what is happening.
[snuffys] ust & federalreserve notes will be used for about a year until federal reserve is phased out
[TORNADO] snuffys -I agree
[bamanana] redhead1 I agree, you sign on in the morning to find out what's going on, you sign on at night to have fun and visit with our friends!
[cruiser] DRAKEFORTRUTH I do agree, a picture would be great, but they are not out yet.
[TORNADO] cruiser -spit it out
cruiser] TORNADO when it is over.
[bamanana] redhead1 lol Unfortunately, no one knows what's happening, it's all opinions and best guesses! But i like hearing those!!!
[musiccitylady] bamanana exactly
[Oracle] puppylove Of course some people know what is going on. It is just not us.
[puppylove] Oracle I hear that!!
[calibeach] If Obama wants this done by the Holidays he better hurry up!!!
[redhead1] Cruiser – are you giving any estimates on timing of the RV at this point or is it a sit and wait game – I think the gurus on Recaps are just repeating news items they have picked up and do not know.
[bamanana] I would love to ask Cruiser and Drakefortruth this question???? Will this happen this year or after the 1st of the year?
happen this year or after the 1st of the year?
[cruiser] redhead1 I did that once and never will again. It will be over when we are at the bank. That simple.
[DRAKEFORTRUTH] The thing is , a lot of dinarians are looking for intel, there is not anything to find out, when the decision is made it will happen, we do not know the plan of the PTB, we do not even know if it has been held back, thats just opinions of so called gurus, and they will not preannounce it
[DRAKEFORTRUTH] bamanana NOBODY knows, and anybody that claims it, number one has never been correct, this could happen now or a year from now
[okrocks] DRAKEFORTRUTH agreed, but a year from now will not take care of the plan I think, too far off IMO
[bamanana] redhead1 I didn't expect an answer and it's ok. He said he would never give date and rate again and he's been true to his word. just had to ask roflmao
[cruiser] bamanana redhead1 Did not pass. Just being honest.
[redhead1] Cruiser – it is okay – we have seen how abusive it can be when people try to give rate and date – no problem.
[bamanana] DRAKEFORTRUTH Unfortunately, you're right. That is why I don't focus on it NEARLY as much as I used to. I have to plan for my future WITHOUT the rv and hope that someday it surprises me. right now, it would be a surprise
[bamanana] One thing i don't believe……. people have cashed out……. no one, nada, no one no where has cashed out If so it would be double dipping and the PTBs won't allow that
[nolaspice] Bamanana I have lost money in the stock market and never had so much fun or met as many amazing people or learned so much. Worth the price of admission so to speak!
[DRAKEFORTRUTH] bamanana Nobody has cashed out
[bamanana] Drakefortruth Agreed
[Instigator] Breaking News… Homemade Twinkee Recipe!!! http://www.topsecretrecipes.com/Hostess-Twinkie-Recipe.html
bamanana] But if we are putting it all out there this morning, I'm not as hopeful as I used to be, but I will never sell. Just in case! Middle east is just a mess and putting our hopes in something coming outta there makes me feel a little stupid at times! lol
[Instigator] Buy Dinar… Buy VND.. Eat Twinkees… Cashin Dinar… Cashin VND… Eat Twinkees… Does it get better? LOL
[redhead1] I just do not understand why China does not at least let the VND go – Viet Nam is coming up on tourist season and they need a better currency value.
[Instigator] redhead1 I've finally gotten my insurance policy and got some VND… just in case… Either button works for me now…
[bamanana] Instigator I have more faith in the VND than I do the dinar.
[redhead1] Instigator – now if they will let it go we can go to the bank together – yeah – I am ready

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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The first day at Movement 2011 was a hot mess. First, it was hot. It was also fairly humid. This usually means rain. And yes, it was pouring rain for a good chunk of the day. Some took cover, others got brave and just dealt with it. By the time Dam-Funk took the stage, it didn't much matter. With the clouds clearing up and the sun setting, it was almost like natural lighting for the funk storm that was about to arrive.
That's right -- we're leading into this feature with "funk storm." This dude deserves it. Do you know many other artists that draw comparisons to the early work of Prince on the regular? Didn't think so.
Boogie Machine
Hailing from the West Coast, Dam-Funk is part man, part retroactive boogie machine. The music he makes is the soundtrack to his days of riding around Pasadena, finding the "tempo of funk to fit the soundscapes and visuals of southern California" far more than the hip-hop the rest of his hood was feeling.
During his set, Dam-Funk demonstrated that beautifully. He shattered any sense of novelty when he brought out the bright red 1985 Roland shoulder synth (some of you fools out there might still be calling it a key-tar). Keyboardist Computer Jay rocked it out in front of a small wall of analog gadgets including an Atari module rigged to play drum and synth lines. Drummer J-1 played some of the snappiest beats we've heard in a while.
"It's analog mixed with the future," Dam-Funk coolly states shortly after his funk-filled set on the Red Bull Music Academy stage.
Dam-Funk didn't hesitate unleashing unheard material for the Detroit audience, either. "The Honeymoon's Over," a track off of his upcoming release Invite The Light, was a modern take on the same funk that painted his point of view growing up in Pasadena.
"Even though funk is my base, I'm trying to take it to another level," he explains. "I want the kids coming up behind me to know it and respect it. You have to study those who came before you to understand the future … and I don't want funk to be lost in the mix."
Follow @redbull on Twitter for more news and updates.


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The Who2 Blog
John Wayne a Draft Dodger in World War II? The Argument Continues
"Here for the first time is the first hard evidence that [John] Wayne volunteered for potentially dangerous service with the equivalent of today's C.I.A., and the papers are not out of someone's attic, but official government documents."
That's the latest public defense of the World War II travails of John Wayne, courtesy of the politically conservative site Big Hollywood. The actor never quite made it into the Army or Navy, instead spending the war years making movies in Hollywood and doing USO tours. His fans say that John Wayne tried to join up but had a bad knee or a bad back, was deferred for family reasons, and so on. There are a number of possible excuses.
This latest defense is based on an application John Wayne apparently filed in 1943, hoping to get into Office of Strategic Services photo unit of director John Ford.
It's highly debatable whether getting into Ford's photo unit would equal "potentially dangerous service with the equivalent of today's C.I.A.," but let's just grant that it was. (Ford started out producing military documentaries and training films, and his units later followed the Allied advance across Europe, filming "installations, topography, and combat operations.")
This new argument, like so many others, still misses the point -- which is that even if he was rejected in this case (or others), John Wayne could still have patriotically signed up as an Army private at any time. He didn't.
In fact, the Big Hollywood article itself notes that point:
"By 1943, with officer's slots all filled, the only way Wayne could have gone into the service was as an army private; he had waited too long. Years later Wayne told Dan Ford that as a private, 'I felt it would be a waste of time to spend two years picking up cigarette butts. I thought I could do more for the war effort by staying in Hollywood.'"
"Two years picking up cigarette butts" is a pretty cold quote about the contributions of Army privates, isn't it? Would any Hollywood actor (or politician) today get away with describing Army service during the Iraq and Afghanistan wars as "two years picking up cigarette butts"?
Meanwhile, Clark Gable, at the time a far bigger star than Wayne (and at age 41, six years older) enlisted in the Army in 1942 and then went a step further and volunteered for combat duty. Gable also could have decided he would do more for the war effort by staying in sunny Hollywood, but he didn't.
The point isn't really to knock Wayne. I like many of his movies, especially those old beauties with Ford. And "draft dodger" isn't the right term anyway -- it's not like he fled the draft board and hid out.
The point that does matter to me is the historical one, which is that the loudest "patriots" and the strongest voices in favor of war are often people who avoided fighting one when they had the chance. Dick Cheney is only the latest example, with his infamous "I had other priorities in the '60s than military service" statement about joining up during Vietnam. We should be skeptical of those voices.
I think John Wayne's a good example of that idea. He later became a big supporter of the Vietnam War, even directing the film The Green Berets, in which a skeptical anti-war reporter is shown The Truth by Wayne's tough-guy Col. Kirby.
No doubt John Wayne did feel strongly about the Vietnam War. But by then, he was also safely past fighting age.
Lots of guys his age with bad knees and families made their way into the fighting in World War II, if they were determined enough. John Wayne could have too, and didn't. This latest document doesn't change that. In fact, it makes it all the clearer.


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Universal Nutrition
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text: What's the best way to sneak in booze? May 17, 2011 9:08:39 GMT -8 Quote Select PostDeselect PostLink to PostMemberGive GiftBack to Top Post by StormyPinkness on May 17, 2011 9:08:39 GMT -8 May 17, 2011 7:47:10 GMT -8 weenie said:May 16, 2011 19:52:46 GMT -8 Lump said:If it's the one I'm thinking of, then that's super dangerous, alcohol absorbed there has turned into hospital trips for a couple of my friends.Are you talking about vodka-soaked tampons? Apparently it's a thing now for girls looking to get alcohol poisoning.WTF? Is this a thing?


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BOARD MEMBERS AFFILIATED WITH Joyce A. Edwards *
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Council on Aging seeks new logo
The Camarillo Council on Aging, an advisory body formed to convey concerns of seniors to the Camarillo City Council, and the Ventura County Area Agency on Aging are soliciting graphic artists to take part in a contest to create a new logo.
The Council on Aging wants to update its logo to one more reflective of its mission. Camarillo residents are invited to submit design ideas, but no monetary prizes will be awarded.
More information on the council and logo is available at http://www.ci.camarillo.ca.us, 910-7453 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
Submissions should be in bitmap or JPEG format and e-mailed to the Council on Aging by Sept. 30.
Subscribe to the Ventura County Star
Need Help? Call us at 1-877-710-6182.
Monday-Friday: 6am-3pm / Saturday: 6:30am-10:30am / Sunday: 7am-11am


text:
Vodafone Germany is one of the wireless carriers who will add the upcoming HTC M7 smartphone to its offering, a recent leak suggests.
The handset has just been spotted in the company's inventory system in two color flavors, namely black and silver, documents that emerged over at HTCInside show.
Expected to be officially introduced on February 19, the new mobile phone is rumored to arrive on shelves with a 4.7-inch touchscreen display, capable of delivering a full HD resolution.
Furthermore, Phone Arena notes that the handset should include a 1.7 GHz quad-core Snapdragon S4 Pro CPU, 2GB of RAM, a 13-megapixel camera on the back, and HTC's Sense 5.0 UI loaded on top of Google's Android Jelly Bean operating system.
No specific info on when the device might be released has emerged so far, but said leaked documents do confirm that Germany will receive it.


text:
Two months into the new year I've experienced many new things, one of them being the first time I quit a freelance project.
It started out well. I was able to win over the client with my ideas and most importantly (to the client at least) agree on the cost. The next step was to create a design which is where the first signs of micromanagement appeared. Despite hiring me for my ability to develop pretty and robust web sites, this particular client felt the need to reduce me to a pixel pusher.
Now I can understand having a preference for how you want your website to look and providing a critique, but requesting changes such as "make the titles white" and "make the logo larger" are plain ridiculous.
As a client, you hire a web developer for their skill and ability. Good web developers will design things a certain way for a reason according to established design principles such as colour theory, grids and balance. If clients could do these things, I'm sure they would, but they can't! Please, please, trust us. We know what we are doing (most of the time).
Being micromanaged doesn't feel good either. I felt resentful and no longer enjoyed what I was doing. I could have given in and soldiered on or been a good designer and communicated to the client why I was doing things the way I was, but felt this was going to fall on deaf ears. In the end I felt it was best for myself to drop the project and move on.
I'm happy to report that the client has launched his new website and surprise, surprise, it's yet another ugly, table-based, non-standards compliant, search engine unfriendly, unmanageable website. Is it wrong that this makes me happy?


text: [ Authorities Build Cases in JPMorgan Loss By Associated Press October 11, 2012 A published report says federal authorities are using taped phone conversations to build criminal cases connected to the $6 billion trading loss announced by JPMorgan Chase earlier this year. Read More|Comment Category: TS net Tags: JPMorgan Chase, national, njsyndicated, trading loss Send to a friend! Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr!


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Are consumers still interested in shopping in retail stores?
Do shoppers still like going into retail stores to buy products? I was just reading an article in Chain Store Age that asked this very question. To my surprise, there is still major interest from consumers to shop in physical stores and that spells great potential for any inventor that has a great product that [...]Continue Reading


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West Tennessee's College Preparatory School
University School of Jackson is West Tennessee's college preparatory school. It offers a challenging curriculum in a nurturing and safe environment. We educate students from PreKindergarten through the 12th Grade. From the child-centered environment in the Lower School to the college advanced placement courses in Upper School, USJ offers your child an education that will prepare him for college … and success in life. Learn more.
Strength & Conditioning Facility Ribbon Cutting
University School of Jackson hosted a ribbon cutting for its new Strength and Conditioning facility on Tuesday, September 29. Read more.
Big Orange Bus Tour
The Big Orange Bus Tour came to USJ on Thursday, September 24, while traveling the state of Tennessee from the tri-city area to Memphis on a seven-stop tour. Read more.
Students Participate in National Anthem Project
USJ students recently participated in the National Anthem Project and hosted a Freedom Shrine dedication. Read more.
3-D Printer Purchased for Art Classes
Middle and Upper School students are learning how to incorporate technological innovations and art through 3-D printing. Read more.
USJ Baseball Player Makes History
USJ baseball player Ryan Rolison has done something no other USJ student, past or present, can say. Read more.


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Extended mass layoff events in manufacturing, first quarter 2012
May 18, 2012
In the first quarter of 2012, extended mass layoff events and separations in the manufacturing sector declined to their lowest levels in program history (210 and 28,393, respectively). Thirty-six percent of manufacturing employers with an extended mass layoff event in the first quarter of 2012 anticipated recalling at least some of the displaced workers.
From the first quarter of 2011 to the first quarter of 2012, among major industry sectors, the manufacturing sector experienced the largest decline in the numbers of worker separations—a decrease of 17,118 separations. Fourteen of the 21 manufacturing subsectors experienced over-the-year decreases in the number of layoff events—led by food manufacturing.
Of the 29 extended mass layoff events involving movement of work in the first quarter of 2012, 62 percent were from manufacturing industries.
These data are from the Mass Layoff Statistics program. Extended mass layoff data for the fourth quarter of 2011 and the first quarter of 2012 are preliminary and subject to revision. For more information, see "Extended Mass Layoffs — First Quarter 2012" (HTML) (PDF), news release USDL-12-0955. The series on extended mass layoffs cover layoffs of at least 31-days duration that involve 50 or more individuals from a single employer filing initial claims for unemployment insurance during a consecutive 5-week period
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, The Economics Daily, Extended mass layoff events in manufacturing, first quarter 2012 on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2012/ted_20120518.htm (visited October 09, 2015).
Recent editions of Spotlight on Statistics
New estimates of personal taxes in Consumer Expenditure Survey
In 2013, the Consumer Expenditure Survey improved its personal tax data.
Trends in long-term unemployment
Long-term unemployment reached historically high levels following the recession of 2007–2009.
Housing: before, during, and after the Great Recession
looks at consumer expenditures on household items, employment in residential construction, prices for household items, and injuries in occupations involved in building and maintaining our homes.


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If you're interested in reading about Dr. Greene's empirically supported approach -- now called Collaborative & Proactive Solutions* -- you've found the right place! The research base supporting the effectiveness of the model continues to grow, and numerous papers describing findings from a five-year NIMH-funded outpatient study of the model at the Virginia Tech Child Study Center are in the pipeline (along with papers from other ongoing research projects in schools and juvenile detention centers). This page is updated frequently as papers and chapters are submitted and accepted for publication.
Greene, R. W. (2014). The explosive child: A new approach for understanding and parenting easily frustrated, "chronically inflexible" children (Revised 5th edition). New York: HarperCollins.
Greene, R.W. (2014). Lost at school: Why our kids with behavioral challenges are falling through the cracks and how we can help them (Revised 2nd edition). New York: Scribner.
Regan, K. (2006). Opening our arms: Helping troubled kids do well. Boulder, CO: Bull Publishing.
Conceptual/Theoretical Underpinnings:
Greene, R.W. (2011). The aggressive, explosive child. In M. Augustyn, B. Zuckerman, & E. B. Caronna (Eds.), Zuckerman and Parker Handbook of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics for Primary Care. (2nd Ed.). Baltimore: Lippincott, Williams, & Wilkins, 282-284.
Greene, R. W. (2010). Collaborative Problem Solving*. In R. Murrihy, A. Kidman, & T. Ollendick (Eds.), A clinician's handbook of assessing and treating conduct problems in youth. New York: Springer Publishing, 193-220.
Greene, R.W. (2010). Conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder. In J. Thomas & M. Hersen (Eds.), Handbook of Clinical Psychology Competencies. New York: Springer Publishing, 1329-1350.
Greene, R. W., & Doyle, A.E. (1999). Toward a transactional conceptualization of oppositional defiant disorder: Implications for treatment and assessment. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 2(3), 129-148.
Recent Articles:
Greene, R.W. (2011). Collaborative Problem Solving* can transform school discipline. Phi Delta Kappan, 93(2), 25-28.
Greene, R. W. (2010). Student behavior problems: Time to rethink and retool. Our Children, The National PTA Magazine. 11-12.
Greene, R.W. (2010). Collaborative Problem Solving*. NAMI Beginnings, 3-4.
Greene, R.W. (2010). Calling all frequent flyers. Educational Leadership, 68(2), 28-34. CLICK HERE
Greene, R. W. (2008). Kids do well if they can. Phi Delta Kappan, 161-167. CLICK HERE
Ollendick, T.H., Greene, R.W., Fraire, M.G., Austin, K.E., Halldorsdottir, T., Allen, K.B., Jarrett, M.E., Lewis, K.M., Whitmore, M.J., & Wolff, J.C. (2015). Parent Management Training (PMT) and Collaborative & Proactive Solutions* (CPS) in the treatment of oppositional defiant disorder in youth: A randomized control trial. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. CLICK HERE
Dunsmore, J.C., Booker, J.A., Ollendick, T.H., & Greene, R.W. (2015). Emotional socialization in the context of risk and psychopathology: Maternal emotion coaching predicts better treatment outcomes for emotionally labile children with oppositional defiant disorder. Social Development. CLICK HERE
Greene, R.W., Ollendick, T.H., & Austin, K.E. (2015). Child and family characteristics, treatment condition, and therapist effectiveness: Predicting treatment outcome in youth with oppositional defiant disorder, under review.
Ollendick, T.H., Greene, R. W., Booker, J. A., & Dunsmore, J.C. (2015). Emotional lability as a mediator of treatment outcomes for youth with oppositional defiant disorder, under review.
Dunsmore, J.C., Booker, J.A., Atzaba-Poria, N., Ryan, S., Greene, R.W., & Ollendick, T.H. (2015). Emotion coaching predicts change in family functioning across treatment for children with oppositional defiant disorder. Poster presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Philadephia, PA. CLICK HERE
Dunsmore, J.C., Booker, J.A., Atzaba-Poria, N., Greene, R.W. & Ollendick T.H. (2015). Behavior and family functioning in families with a child with oppositional defiant disorder: Effects of emotion coaching and treatment type, under review.
Dunsmore, J.C., Booker, J.A., Atzaba-Poria, N., Greene, R.W., & Ollendick, T.H. (2015). Emotion-related processes of change in treatment for children with opositional defiant disorder, under review.
Booker, J.A., Ollendick, T.H., Dunsmore, J.C., & Greene, R.W. (2015). Pereceived parent-child relations, conduct problems, and clinical improvement following the treatment of oppositional defiant disorder, under review.
Miller, R.L., Dunsmore, J.C., Ollendick, T.H., & Greene, R.W. (2015). Parent-child synchrony in children with oppositional defiant disorder: Associations with treatment outcomes, under review.
Greene, R.W., & Fraire, M. (2015). Effectiveness of Collaborative & Proactive Solutions* in helping behaviorally challenging students: Findings from five public schools in Maine, under review.
Lopes, V., Kosmos, K., Ozer, E., Greene, R.W., Payson Hays, S. (2015). School psychology consultation: Student social-behavioral change through improved teacher-student relationships, under review.
Kosmos, K., Payson Hays, S., Ozer, E., Greene, R.W., & Lopes, V. (2015). Targeting teacher efficacy to address the social-behavioral functioning of challenging students, under review.
Johnson, M., Ostlund, S., Fransson, G., Landgren, M., Nasic, S., Kadesjo, B., Gillberg, C., and Fernell, E. (2012). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in Swedish children: An open study of Collaborative Problem Solving*. Acta Paediactrica, Volume 101, pp. 624-630. CLICK HERE
Ollendick, T. H. (2011). Invited address: Effective psychosocial treatments for emotional and behavioral disorders in youth. University of Stockholm, Sweden. CLICK HERE
Fraire, M., McWhinney, E., & Ollendick, T. (2011). The effect of comorbidity on treatment outcome in an ODD sample. In T. Ollendick (Chair), Comorbidities in children and adolescents: Implications for evidence-based treatment. Symposia presented at the 41st European Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, Reykjavik, Iceland. CLICK HERE
Halldorsdottir, T., Austin, K. & Ollendick, T. (2011). Comorbid ADHD in children with ODD or specific phobia: Implications for evidence-based treatments. In T. Ollendick (Chair), Comorbidities in children and adolescents: Implications for evidence-based treatment. Symposia presented at the 41st European Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, Reykjavik, Iceland. CLICK HERE
Epstein, T., & Saltzman-Benaiah, J. (2010). Parenting children with disruptive behaviors: Evaluation of a Collaborative Problem Solving* pilot program. Journal of Clinical Psychology Practice, 27-40. CLICK HERE
Martin, A., Krieg, H., Esposito, F., Stubbe, D., & Cardona, L. (2008). Reduction of restraint and seclusion through Collaborative Problem Solving*: A five-year, prospective inpatient study. Psychiatric Services, 59(12), 1406-1412. CLICK HERE
Greene, R.W., Ablon, S.A., & Martin, A. (2006). Innovations: Child Psychiatry: Use of Collaborative Problem Solving* to reduce seclusion and restraint in child and adolescent inpatient units. Psychiatric Services, 57(5), 610-616. CLICK HERE
Greene, R.W., Ablon, J.S., Monuteaux, M., Goring, J., Henin, A., Raezer, L., Edwards, G., & Markey, J., & Rabbitt, S. (2004). Effectiveness of Collaborative Problem Solving* in affectively dysregulated youth with oppositional defiant disorder: Initial findings. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 1157-1164. CLICK HERE
Greene, R.W., Biederman, J., Zerwas, S., Monuteaux, M., Goring, J., Faraone, S.V. (2002). Psychiatric comorbidity, family dysfunction, and social impairment in referred youth with oppositional defiant disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 1214-1224. CLICK HERE
Greene, R. W., Beszterczey, S. K., Katzenstein T., Park, K., & Goring, J. (2002). Are students with ADHD more stressful to teach? Patterns of teacher stress in an elementary school sample. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 10, 27-37.
*Dr. Greene is the originator of the Collaborative Problem Solving approach -- and referred to his model by that name in his articles, chapters, research papers, and books prior to 2013 -- but now calls his model Collaborative & Proactive Solutions (CPS). Read more here.


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The last race at Gulfstream Park Sunday was won by a horse named Hearted. Once you look at the photo, you will understand why. Pretty neat, huh?
Now, this is a horse with a lot of heart
6 Responses
LOL! I was there
That must have been photoshopped onto this photo. There's no way that Castellano, an ardent Zoroastrian, would use his his left index finger to point. But besides that, did you notice this filly has a turquoise left eye and a puce colored left eye? Plus the groom's and jockey's shirts clash. Tim, now that you mention it, right below here forehead marking there is a linear white line that seems unusually straight.
According to the Incompass website Hearted is partially identified as having "large heart shaped star and connected
thin line of white hairs ending on bridge of nose………
This horse was named as a foal and pictures published. Sorry to bust your bubble James. Do a little research. She is beautiful.
I have seen this filly in person and it is indeed a perfect heart on her head
I also have pictures of her
How do I find out more information about this horse?? I love her!


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When you're looking for a glass product or mirror – whether it be for strictly decorative appeal or more practical uses, Northwest Glass and Mirror, Inc. is the name to trust.
Northwest Glass and Mirror, Inc. is a completely custom glass fabricator, providing products designed for residential or commercial applications. For over 30 years, our family-owned and operated company has produced the highest quality glass products available.
Our company values our customers, which is why we have 8 trucks available – so that we are able to provide you with prompt and efficient service. We even offer on-site glass repair, contact us for more information.
Learn More About Northwest Glass and Mirror, Inc.:
Upon request, we will happily provide an extensive list of references. On-site glass repair is available - please contact us for more information.
For more information about our products and services, please visit our main website.
Contact Northwest Glass and Mirror, Inc. today at 281-463-7801, or browse our website for more information about our products and services.


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The Menlo Park police would like to remind residents that fireworks and gunfire are illegal ways to celebrate the Fourth of July. That includes "safe and sane" fireworks, which reportedly are just as capable of setting your yard on fire as any other kind.
Anyone lighting fireworks or firing guns within city limits may be warned, cited, or arrested, according to police, and residents can report illegal holiday activity by calling 330-6300.


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Douglas, James Green
Thursday, 17 December 1931
Seanad Éireann Debate
Town Tenants Bill, 1930—Message from the Dáil.
It seems to me the statement made by Senator Wilson is correct in substance. What we are doing as between our amendment and the amendment that has been sent from the Dáil is that we change twenty yea...
Surplus from Sweepstakes and Housing the Working Classes.
I am one of, I think, two or three members who do not believe that you can bring about a millennium by means of sweepstakes. I thought Senator Johnson was one, but apparently he has now been converted...
Report and Accounts of the Electricity Supply Board. - Motion by Senator Sir John Keane.
On a point of order. In view of the statement made by the Cathaoirleach I take it the House will have no objection to pass the motion, and thereby enable the Minister to make the statement he is willi...
I am not objecting at all to the Senator's statement.
My object in referring to the matter was that unless the questions asked by Senator Sir John Keane are made in the presence of the Minister, thereby giving him an opportunity of replying, we will not ...
|Last Updated: 17/05/2011 18:25:50
|Page of 9


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5 years..
July 4th, 2011
…Happy 5th B'day to AZ! My illegitimate child is still kicking. I must admit there were times I wanted to abandon it but my embedded Catholic sense of guilt kept me coming back. I may not have shown it the attention it deserves over the years but I'm still parenting it.
And happy B'day to America! As always I will post my favorite Americana picture ever…. Elizabeth Shue wrapped in a tattered Old Glory on a desert landscape:
It's got this "Grapes of Wrath", Rosasharn thing going on…at least for me. Even in a seemingly barren, American landscape there is beauty and fertility. I'd like to hold on to that notion…especially in this country's current condition.
Dambala's history
Total Posts: 454 (show recent)
Recent Posts:
RIP Mr. Mosca
1548 days ago
Apple Absentia
1550 days ago
5 years..
1558 days ago
It's official
1560 days ago
Posts in 2011:
July: 4
June: 20
May: 20
April: 8
March: 4
February: 8
January: 4
Posts in 2010:
December: 6
November: 9
October: 25
September: 7
August: 23
July: 23
June: 27
May: 39
April: 22
March: 19
February: 26
January: 28
Posts in 2009:
December: 41
November: 37
October: 29
September: 25


text:
Dragon Age: Origins -- Darkspawn Chronicles
Dragon Age: Origins -- Darkspawn Chronicles Cheats & Codes
| Cheats | Unlockables | Hints | Easter Eggs | Achievements
Be the first to submit a cheat for Dragon Age: Origins -- Darkspawn Chronicles.
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Game Details
Published by: Electronic Arts
Developed by: BioWare
Genre: RPG
Release Date:
United States: May 19, 2010
Australia: May 19, 2010
UK: October 29, 2010
M for Mature : Blood, Intense Violence, Language, Partial Nudity, Sexual Content
Also known as: Dragon Age: Darkspawn Chronicles
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Video: Canucks Fans Throws Salmon On Ice To Honor Friend
February 23, 2012 3:10 PM
The Boers and Bernstein Show Read More
Featured & Trending:
Latest News Headlines:
(WSCR) There's nothing like a throwing a dead fish onto the middle of an ice rink to honor a loved one who has passed away.
Well, according to this report, Canadian hockey fan Joey Smith decided to bring a five-pound salmon to the Canucks game on Saturday in hopes of honoring his deceased friend. The fish was vacuum-sealed and flattened beneath his sweater and jeans.
The report indicates Smith wanted to throw the fish onto the ice to honor his friend, who passed away in an ATV accident.
Check out the video below.


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W. J. Gurganus Elementary School
Welcome to the WJG
Academically/Intellectually Gifted Program!
w/ Ellyn Smith
The AIG program here at WJG is a part of Craven County Schools which strives to meet the academic and social/emotional needs of gifted students. Our students show high capabilities in intellectual and/or academic areas and are motivated and interested in learning at higher levels. Our program presents an enriched curriculum, nurtures underserved populations, and provides resource support for teachers, students and parents.


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OG Kush From Private Dealer (_Goggalor_)
One more review for this Tuesday and it's some OG Kush!! –Tokeahontas
I only got the chance to sample a half-8th of this strain this time unfortunately, and it all came in one 1.7 gram nug. Upon first inspection, the bud is large, chunky, and has definite Indica bud structure. Not too amazing looking outside, but inside is a different story. It's absolutely COATED in layer after layer of juicy trichomes. Very sticky to the touch, but breaks up nicely.
Strong, strong lemony funk. The smell is sweet with a little zesty kick. Very pungent. My nug is sitting in front of me and it's stinking up my whole room, and it's only a half-8th. The jar it came from was much stronger and filled the room instantly.
Very, very fuely, with sweet, earthy undertones.
After exhaling the first hit, my eyes got droopy and I felt the body high coming on, but when it fully hit, it hit hard and stayed for quite a while. Heavy couch lock with this one. It is definitely not a wake and bake strain, at least with this cut.
One bowl and I was couch locked for about an hour.
This was some great medication for anxiety and poor appetite, but it did nothing for my depression with its pure, strong Indica effects. Still, you can't blame the bud for that. Any small quibbles I had with the looks of the bud initially were soon erased. This is my 2nd time smoking on this strain, and it has treated me well each time. Definitely lives up to its reputation if you get the true stuff.
As always, stay medicated.
Peace, Goggalor
Collectives carrying "Og Kush":
Recent Indica Reviews:
9 Comments | Add Yours
maybe its the lighting but this dont' look like an OG ,
It's probably the angle, but it has the classic chunky bud structure and the smell to match. Definitely an OG cut, but again, not sure which one. There are so many out there now.
yea your right ,there is alot of OG cuts out there, would like to see some brighter pics in the future to get a better look at it, but everything else is spot on , keep the reviews coming
Zigzag, I thought the same at first glance, but this is outdoor OG. I've noticed that the outdoor OGs tend to be a lot more chunky than the popcorns we are used to from an indoor OG
4sure mon
To Jerry: That may also explain why it doesn't look all crazy and triched out like most OG's I see here. I'm thinking you're right on the outdoor call.
yeah this may be outdoor, but that doesnt defeat the purpose. nice review, quick and to the point. i recently got some very beautiful outdoor that was a lemon og cut and was bomb and had a great smell and taste, def gave me a dif perspective due to the legit sunlight.
Outdoor for sure. Looks fire still, i'd love to have some in my stash. just because it's outdoor doesn't mean it's shit, some of the best buds I've smoked were outdoor, I've never had a bomb greenhouse bag though. Greenhouse that comes around here is always way under trimmed
Just to clarify before someone gets butthurt about the greenhouse comment, I'm saying I haven't had good greenhouse, not saying that there isn't fire greenhouse out there, just never makes it to my neck of the woods in NC
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Krennan Aranas <Royal Chemist>
This NPC can be found in Gilneas and Gilneas City.
Quotes (1)
- Krennan Aranas yells: It's time to join the fray, <name>! With you on our side the scales will surely tip in our favor!
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The Wowhead Client is a little application we use to keep our database up to date, and to provide you with some nifty extra functionality on the website!
It serves 2 main purposes:
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Westin Off-Road MAX Winch Mounting System - Winch Mount Tray
Product Code: K0WET302.01
Westin Off-Road MAX Winch Mounting System
Westin Off-Road divisions's MAX Winch Mounting System - Strong, sturdy and field functional design for all your off-road recovery needs. Bolt-on applications make mounting your Westin/T-MAX Winch a quick and easy task! Also check out Westin�s Off-Road Light Bar. Perfect for the look and feel of off-road!
The MAX Winch Mount Tray is the first component in the MAX Winch Mounting System. MAX Winch Trays are made of strong and sturdy steel construction and provide a secure platform for the mounting of a Westin T‑MAX Winch. Trays are also compatible with most other major brand winches.
Some vehicle applications are available in a Low Profile design. This design has a sleeker, more stylized front face and faceplate. The Lo Pro design has also been designed to accommodate winches with a 16,500 lb capacity. Please note this information in our application table below.
With Westin MAX Winch Trays, you have additional options to further customize your off-road look and style. Add an optional Polished finish Faceplate (sold separately) or a MAX Bull Bar/Light Bar for mounting auxiliary Off-Road Lights. Mount your Westin T‑MAX Winch and you are on your way to off-road adventure. A full line of T-MAX Winch Accessories are also available.
Features of Westin Off-Road MAX Winch Mounting System's Winch Mount Tray: