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BPL Community Profile
Chad Miller (chadnsc) - BPL Guest
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All Forum Posts by Chad Miller
Showing 191 - 200 of 805 | Page: 1 ...11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 ...81
Re: SHT
Well Rick how about we plan on a trip in the last two weekends of January? I'll post up more details next week.
Re: How many of you bought "Long" sized bags for winter camping?
First off the extra space is taken up by insulated gear, ie boots, jacket ect. If you still had too much room then you could simply fold the footbox over on itself and reduce the extra space at yo...
Re: Mt. Shasta
Well I know a couple of guys from Duluth MN that trained here and only here and did an alpine accent of Denali a few years ago. Ironically they out climbed and summited over groups of people f...
Re: Re: Re: How many of you bought "Long" sized bags for winter camping?
Well I am a deer hunter and avid winter backpacker and I know from personal experience that it keeps me warmer. ;)
Wow - arguing for the sake of arguing. After seven pages of 'debate' do you think that your single post will make Jake fall down upon his knees and proclaim that he was mistaken and is...
Re: How many of you bought "Long" sized bags for winter camping?
Well I have a long size bag for winter camping but then again I'm 6'2" and need the room. As for the gear you're thinking of placing in your bag: 1. Boots- I don't slee...
Re: UL Shell and Winter Backpacking
Please keep in mind that my winter backpacking is done in places like northern MN, Glacier, and Yellowstone so . . . . I've found that to keep my lower body warm and dry when in camp I li...
Re: Re: Re: Tom
Chase Norton "My opinion is simply that and while I am apart of this community, I only attempt to post my own views. I say screwem and am overly prideful to the point of arrogance. I do not...
Why screw'em?
Ah this thread is rather interesting. I had been a member here for four or five years before I decided to not renew my membership. The decision not to renew was a hard one but not for con...
Re: Your Winter "TEN ESSENTIALS" List?
My 'ten essentials' list is really no different than my three season list with a couple of exceptions. 1. Shovel. 2. Butane lighter instead of mini-bic 3. Space blanket (this is...
All Reader Reviews by Chad Miller
Chad Miller has posted no reviews.


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Characterizing the Greedy Behavior in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks
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Date Added: Jul 2012
Format: PDF
While the problem of greedy behavior at the MAC layer has been widely explored in the context of Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN), its study for multi-hop wireless networks still almost an unexplored and unexplained problem. Indeed, in a wireless local area network, an access point mostly forwards packets sent by wireless nodes over the wired link. In this case, a greedy node can easily get more bandwidth share and starve all other associated contending nodes by manipulating intelligently MAC layer parameters. However, in wireless ad hoc environment, all packets are transmitted in a multi-hop fashion over wireless links.

subset: commoncrawl


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How to make a home seem bigger than it really is? That is one question almost everyone faces today when decorating the interior of their homes.
One thing you can do is create a open concept: join together the three main rooms of your home (living room, dining room and the kitchen). Instead of having walls and doors separating the three, joining them together can make a large, airing entertainment area for your home.
Take a look at the multifunctional entertainment area of this home which features three rooms in one, pretty neat don't you think?


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Sample destroyed in Hurricane Katrina; Sediment sample source: donated by Ocean-Seismic-Survey Inc.; Sample location: Louisiana, Cheniere Ronquille
|1 : [material from this subsample is not available]
|Additional data and information available for this sample: description (online); digitized core profile (online); USGS publication (online): Dreher, C.A., Flocks, J.G., Ferina, N.F., and Kulp, M.A., 2008, Archive of Sediment Data Collected from Sandy Point to Belle Pass, Louisiana, 1983 through 2000 (Vibracore Surveys: 00SCC, CR83, P86, and USACE Borehole Cores): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 344.; non-USGS publication: Alpine Ocean Seismic Survey, Inc., June 1986, Final Report: Louisiana Sand Resource Inventory 1985 Vibracore Services, for Department of Natural Resources State of Louisiana, Contract No.21940-86-01, ORC Contract No. 431-6006, amendment OCR Contract No. 431-6006A.


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Miller Philanthropy aims to focus funding on small charities and individuals who undertake heroic work in the community. Our aim is to support them and help them to help others.
We achieve this by funding non-profit making activities, projects and individuals that have the passion and solutions to positively effect change amongst the ailing sectors of society and the environment: primarily in the UK.
We are humbled by the heroes that seek daily to make a difference without the backing of a big brand, professional fundraising, celebrity patronage or large investment portfolios. We want to help them to help others. These people are our primary focus.


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Kim joined CRCL as Executive Director in June 2014 after 13 years with the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), where she served as Fisheries Program Director. In that capacity, she advanced strategies to promote fisheries sustainability through engagement on seafood supply and demand working with fisheries around the world and influential players in the seafood industry. Kim co-led the development of a $29 million tuna management project with the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, led the International Smart Gear Competition which awards cash prizes for fishing gear innovations and supervised 20+ projects in more than 20 countries. Kim also spent 6 years at the Ocean Conservancy (formerly the Center for Marine Conservation), first in Florida, and then in Washington, D.C. A native of Tampa, Kim received a bachelor's degree in Geography from Dartmouth College, and a master's degree in Natural Resource Economics and Policy from Duke University.
Kelly joined the CRCL team in April 2007 and currently serves as Director of Member Services. Kelly has spent many summers fishing in Grand Isle, LA. She enjoys traveling, cooking and painting.
Amy Tyrrell
Operations Director
A native of south Louisiana, Amy Tyrrell received a BA in Communications from Southeastern Louisiana University. After spending eight years working for nonprofits in Texas and Arkansas, Amy returned to her beloved Louisiana in 2008. Since that time she has served CRCL as Program Director and currently as Director of Operations. A history buff and amateur photographer, Amy enjoys spending her weekends touring and photographing the many historical homes and gardens of south Louisiana.
Hilary Collis
Restoration Program Director
Hilary came to CRCL as the director of our Community-Based Restoration Program in January, 2011. Originally from Boise, ID, Hilary has been working on various coastal restoration programs across Louisiana since earning her master's degree in oceanography & coastal studies from LSU in 2006. In her free time, Hilary prefers to spend time outdoors hiking, running, cycling, and fishing.
Charles "Chuck" Simmons
Development Director
Chuck is a graduate of Mississippi College with a degree in Marketing. He was born in New Orleans and grew up in Jackson, MS. Chuck joined CRCL's staff after retiring from a 30 year career with a large national organization, serving as an executive director for the last 14 years. Chuck loves Louisiana, particularly the coast, and enjoys fishing and golf. He is married to Janet and has four children and two grandchildren.
A 3rd-generation native of the New Orleans area and an LSU alum, Corey received his Masters in Sociology from the University of New Orleans through a research assistantship with the Center for Hazards Assessment, Response and Technology (UNO-CHART). His passion for both nature and human interaction has fittingly landed him in the position of Stakeholder Engagement Coordinator, where he spends much of his time interacting with coastal citizens to help address their concerns and needs as we move toward a restored ecosystem. Corey enjoys any free time spent outdoors, especially on the water with a fishing pole in-hand. WHO-DAT !?
Morgan has served as CRCL's Technical and Policy Analyst since September of 2011. In this role, she synthesizes technical and scientific information to evaluate coastal policies, programs, plans, and projects. Additionally, she coordinates the development of core program content for CRCL's biennial State of the Coast Conference. She has a Bachelor's degree in Environmental Studies from Loyola University at New Orleans and a Master's degree in Natural Resource Policy from the University of Michigan. Morgan enjoys spreadsheets, taking to the trails with her three dogs, and practicing her Francais with Cajuns, especially those that cook well.
Jimmy is an award winning journalist and broadcaster who joins CRCL as the Communications Director after a 20 year career in public relations, governmental affairs and local and regional media. Jimmy served as the public relations manager for Cox Communications earning five national awards for his community affairs initiatives. Jimmy also served as the executive producer, program manager, production manager and on-air talent for Cox Communications' regional television channel which allowed him to hone his media skills in all facets of the industry. While at Cox, Jimmy was also able to cultivate close working relationships will local, regional, state and national elected officials.
Jimmy's media credentials include being the legislative reporter for the Louisiana Network, where he won five Associated Press awards, and content manager for WBRZ in Baton Rouge. As content manager, Jimmy managed a newsroom of 26 reporters, anchors and photographers producing three newscasts daily.
Jimmy has spent much of his life fishing the waters of coastal Louisiana from Calcasieu Lake to Venice, so he has experienced firsthand the ravages of coastal erosion. His goal is to use his talents and expertise to help ensure his two young sons have the opportunity to enjoy one of the United States' most precious resources—Coastal Louisiana
Jimmy is a native of Baton Rouge and earned a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Journalism and Marketing from Northwestern State University.
Jenny Byrd
Volunteer Coordinator
Jenny has served with CRCL as our Volunteer Coordinator since January 2014. She grew up in Bossier City, Louisiana but is pretty sure she was supposed to be born south of the I-10 corridor. She has a Bachelor's degree in Wetland Ecology from LSU. Jenny enjoys spending her free time participating in obstacle races, stuffing her face with delicious Louisiana food and discovering awesome New Orleans street bands.
Elizabeth joined the CRCL team in May 2013 and currently serves as Office Manager. Originally from Baton Rouge, Elizabeth attended Northwestern State University where she studied Business Administration. In her spare time, she strives to be a positive influence in the community and for the youth. She enjoys motivational speaking, writing books and poems, dancing, volunteering, traveling, spending time with her family and being an active football and soccer mom for her 2 handsome sons.
Nic is serving with CRCL as an AmeriCorps member of the Louisiana Delta Service Corps team for the 2014-2015 year. Growing up loving and playing in the Louisiana outdoors, and now as a recent graduate from Louisiana State University's School of Renewable Natural Resources, he is excited to be involved with coastal restoration. He lives for hard (but meaningful) field work, and is most happy when he is outside in remote locations. Nic can usually be found at the local skate park riding BMX, on the parade grounds playing ultimate Frisbee, or in a salt water marsh chasing reds and specks (but usually with a hard head on the end of the line).


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Navigators of the Mystic Sea Tarot
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The Navigators of the Mystic Sea Tarot deck is based on the Golden Dawn foundation of the Hermetic Qabbalah, with the Tree of Life on the back of the cards. The artwork is really quite bizarre, but interesting.
Artist: Julia Turk
Publisher: US Games
Year: 1997
Items: 78
Size: 2.76 x 4.33 inches = 7.00cm x 11.00cm
Major Arcana Card Names: Fool, Magian (sic), Arch Priestess, Empress,Emperor, Hierophant, Lovers, Chariot, Strength, Hermit, Fortune, Destiny, Suspension, Death, Art, Devil, Tower, Star, Moon, Sun, Aeon, Universe
Suit Names: Cups, Swords, Wands, Pentacles
Court Cards: Page, Knight, Queen, King
Card back: Non-reversible
Card back design: Colourful Tree of Life
Comments: Strength is 15; Justice is 9
Language: English
Card Images from Navigators of the Mystic Sea Tarot


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 30, 2003
|Filing date
|Jan 10, 2003
|Priority date
|Apr 25, 2002
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Clyde Schultz
|Original Assignee
|Schultz Clyde L.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (13), Classifications (29), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/132,843, filed Apr. 25, 2002, hereby incorporated by reference.
[0002] In general, the invention relates to the fields of hydrogels, drug delivery systems, wound healing, and reduction of pain and inflammation.
[0003] Corneal wounds caused by injury, disease, or surgery represent a serious medical condition that may lead to loss of sight. For example, persistent epithelial defects can lead to stromal melting, which causes serious visual dysfunction. Wound healing of corneal mucosal tissue has taken on increased importance with the advent of laser corrective surgery to re-establish normal vision for people who do not wish to wear contact lenses or spectacles. These laser surgical methods are used to correct vision for nearsightedness (myopia), farsightedness (hyperopia), and astigmatism. The methods include laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK), and photo-refractive keratectomy (PRK).
[0004] LASIK refers to the use of a laser to reshape the cornea without invading the adjacent cell layers. During the LASIK procedure a microkeratome is used to separate the surface layers of the cornea and create a corneal flap (160-180 microns deep). This flap stays attached to the rest of the cornea and is folded back on one side to expose the stroma of the cornea. The laser delivers pulses of ultraviolet light onto the inner cornea (stroma). Each pulse removes a microscopic layer of the inner cornea to reshape the surface of the cornea. For nearsighted patients, the procedure flattens the cornea. For farsighted patients, the procedure increases the curvature of the cornea. For astigmatism, selected tissues are removed at certain angles to make the cornea more spherical in shape. After exposure to the laser is completed, the corneal flap is replaced where it bonds without the need for stitches. The anterior layers of the cornea (epithelium, Bowman's Layer) are largely preserved. Once the surgery is completed, the eye is left to heal normally with the exception of eye drops, which are used to prevent infection & swelling, with varying degrees of success. Following the surgery, patients are able to see clearly without depending on glasses or contacts.
[0005] During PRK, the surgeon removes the epithelium (the anterior layer of the cornea or Bowman's Layer), which is a thin layer of protective skin that covers the cornea. This layer can be removed with an excimer laser or a brush. During the procedure, the patient stares at a fixation light. In less than a minute, the laser removes the proper amount of tissue while it reshapes the surface of the cornea. The excimer laser delivers pulses of ultraviolet light into the cornea. This exposure to laser radiation reduces or eliminates nearsightedness by flattening the central cornea and relocating the focal point of the lens onto the retina rather than in front of it, which produces sharper vision. Following surgery, a bandage contact lens is placed on the eye for 2-3 days. Because the epithelium was removed, patients may experience blurry vision for three to five days. Eye drops and the contact lens are effective in reducing postoperative discomfort. The purpose of the contact lens given to PRK patients post-surgically is to protect the leading edge of the corneal epithelium that is regenerating along the surface of the eye, post-surgery. As patients blink, the newer leading edge of the epithelium may be removed. As a result, recovery takes longer and there is an increased risk of infection.
[0006] LASEK is similar to PRK but the epithelium is detached by using an alcohol solution that weakens the epithelium and allows it to fold back into a flap. A laser is then used to re-shape the cornea and correct vision acuity.
[0007] All three procedures can result in corneal epithelial defects, and inflammation and infection may also occur. These complications can lead to acuity regression, pain, or other adverse effects. Corneal defects from injury or other types of surgery, such as corneal transplants, may also results in these undesirable outcomes. Wound healing is thus of critical importance for the outcome of surgery. There exists a need, therefore, for devices and treatments that promote healing of corneal wounds.
[0008] The present invention features hydrogel drug delivery systems and methods of producing and using such systems for the treatment of wounds. The systems are based on a hydrogel into which a growth factor, e.g., epidermal growth factor (EGF), is passively transferred from a dilute aqueous solution. When placed in contact with a wounded tissue, the growth factor passively transfers out of the hydrogel to provide accelerated healing and a concomitant reduction in pain. The amount of growth factor absorbed into the hydrogel may be ≦350 ppb, but this amount surprisingly is effective in producing a therapeutic effect likely because the delivery system is localized and provides a sustained release of the factor. Higher concentrations of growth factor may also be employed. The systems are applicable to ocular wounds, especially after vision correcting surgery, as well as other wound treatments.
[0009] Accordingly, in one aspect, the invention features a polymeric hydrogel that contains a substantially pure growth factor. Exemplary growth factors include epidermal growth factor, platelet derived growth factor, hepatocytic growth factor, human growth hormone, fibroblast growth factor, and combinations thereof. The concentration of the growth factor is, for example, between 0.005 and 350 ppb. Other exemplary concentrations include at most 1, 10, 25, 50, or 100 ppm. The hydrogel has a water content of, for example, between 37.5% and 75% by weight. Exemplary hydrogel materials include a tetrapolymer of hydroxymethylmethacrylate, ethylene glycol, dimethylmethacrylate, and methacrylic acid. Other examples of hydrogels include etafilcon A, vifilcon A, lidofilcon A, vasurfilcon A, and polymacon B. In addition, variations of these polymers formed by the use of different packing solutions (e.g., phosphate-buffered saline and boric acid) in the manufacturing process are also included. The hydrogel may be ionic or non-ionic. In various embodiments, the growth factor is capable of being passively released into an environment, e.g., an ocular environment, under ambient or existing conditions. In other embodiments, the hydrogel may be shaped as a contact lens, e.g., one capable of correcting vision. Such a contact lens may be capable of correcting vision in the range of +8.0 to −8.0 diopters, including plano, and may have a base curve between 8.0 and 9.0. Hydrogels of the invention may further include other therapeutic compounds as described herein, e.g., an anti-inflammatory compound, such as dexamethasone, fluorometholone, rimexolone, or prednisolone.
[0010] In another aspect, the invention features a polymeric hydrogel including an anti-inflammatory compound. Exemplary polymers and anti-inflammatory compounds are as described above. The concentration of the anti-inflammatory compounds is, for example, between 0.001 and 100 ppm, e.g., at most 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 15, 20, 30, or 50 ppm.
[0011] The invention further features a method for making a hydrogel drug delivery system by placing the hydrogel, e.g., a contact lens, in an aqueous solution containing a substantially pure growth factor as described herein, which is passively transferred to the hydrogel. This method may further include the steps of washing the hydrogel in an isotonic saline solution and partially desiccating the hydrogel prior to placement in the solution. The aqueous solution has, e.g., a pH between 6.9 and 7.4 and between 0.01 and 10 ng growth factor per μL. The concentration of growth factor in the hydrogel after soaking (i.e., after the medicated hydrogel is manufactured) is, for example, between 5 and 350 ppb. In one embodiment, the hydrogel is placed in the solution of growth factor for at least 30 minutes. The aqueous solution may further include another therapeutic compound as described herein, e.g., an anti-inflammatory compound, such as dexamethasone, fluorometholone, rimexolone, or prednisolone. Hydrogels containing these other therapeutic compounds may also be obtained by omitting the growth factor in the soaking solution.
[0012] In another aspect, the invention features a method for treating a wound. The method includes placing a hydrogel, as described herein, in contact with the wound, wherein the growth factor or anti-inflammatory compound or both are passively released from the hydrogel to treat the wound. In one embodiment, the hydrogel further acts as a protective shield against mechanical abuse. In various embodiments, the wound is in endothelial tissue, epithelial tissue, the lung, the skin, or the digestive tract. The hydrogel may be placed in a body cavity. In another embodiment, the method causes a reduction in pain compared to a wound not contacted with the medicated hydrogel. The hydrogel may passively release, for example, at least 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 10, 15, or 20 μg of a growth factor, and the hydrogel may be placed in contact with the wound for at least 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, or 24 hours. The hydrogel may also passively release at least 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 10, 15, 20, 50, 100, or 1000 μg of other compounds, as described herein.
[0013] The invention also features a method of delivering a growth factor including the steps of placing a polymeric hydrogel of the invention in contact with a wound that is in contact with a replenishable bodily fluid; and allowing the growth factor to release passively from the hydrogel into the replenishable bodily fluid. In this method, the release of the growth factor from the hydrogel into the replenisbable bodily fluid is accelerated compared to the release of the growth factor from the hydrogel into a non-replenishable bodily fluid. An exemplary wound is an ocular wound, and an exemplary replenishable bodily fluid is tear fluid. This method may also be used to deliver anti-inflammatory or other compounds as described herein.
[0014] As used herein, by "ambient conditions" is meant room temperature and pressure.
[0015] By "existing conditions" is meant in situ, as in the eye or other body system.
[0016] By "substantially pure" is meant having a purity of greater than 75% by weight. A growth factor of the invention is, for example, greater than 85%, 90%, 95%, or even 99% pure. Use of the term is intended to define purity from other biological compounds, e.g., proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids that are commonly associated with the growth factor in vivo.
[0017] By "treating" is meant the medical management of a patient with the intent that a prevention, cure, stabilization, or amelioration of the symptoms will result. This term includes active treatment, that is, treatment directed specifically toward improvement of the disorder; palliative treatment, that is, treatment designed for the relief of symptoms rather than the curing of the disorder; preventive treatment, that is, treatment directed to prevention of the disorder; and supportive treatment, that is, treatment employed to supplement another specific therapy directed toward the improvement of the disorder. The term "treatment" also includes symptomatic treatment, that is, treatment directed toward constitutional symptoms of the disorder. The term further includes the promotion of wound closure or healing.
[0018] By "therapeutically effective amount" is meant an amount of a compound sufficient to produce a preventative, healing, curative, stabilizing, or ameliorative effect in the treatment of a condition, e.g., an eye wound.
[0019] By "wound" is meant an injury to any tissue. Examples of wounds include burns, lacerations, abrasions, bites, surgical wounds, puncture wounds, and ulcers.
[0020] By "ocular environment" is meant the tissues of and surrounding the eye, including, for example, the sclera, cornea, and other tissues of the ocular cavity.
[0021] By "replenishable bodily fluid" is meant a fluid produced by a mammal that is periodically replaced with new fluid. Examples of replenishable bodily fluids include tears, saliva, mucous, gastric fluids, and urine.
[0022] All percentages described in the present invention are by weight unless otherwise specified.
[0023] Other features and advantages of the invention will apparent from the following description and the claims.
[0024]FIGS. 1A and 1B are groups of the uptake (A) and release (B) of EGF from vasurfilcon A contact lenses.
[0025] This invention provides a polymeric drug delivery system including a hydrogel containing a growth factor, e.g., EGF. Allowing passive transference of the growth factor from a dilute aqueous solution into the hydrogel produces the delivery system. The hydrogel, when placed in contact with a wound, delivers a low concentration of the growth factor. The delivery of the growth factor is sustained over an extended period of time, which is of particular utility in environments, e.g., the eye, that are periodically flushed with bodily fluids, e.g., tears. This sustained delivery accelerates the wound healing process while avoiding potential damaging effects of localized delivery of high concentrations of compounds, e.g., from eye drops.
[0026] Drug Delivery System
[0027] Hydrogels. This invention may employ different polymer compositions that are useful in the treatment of a variety of tissues. For example, in the ocular environment, conventional soft contact lenses can be used and can be either ionic or non-ionic hydrogels containing between 37.5%-75% water by weight and can have any base curve, e.g., from 8.0 to 9.0. The contact lenses may also have the ability to correct vision, for example, over a range of diopters of +8.0 to −8.0, including plano. Exemplary hydrogel contact lens materials include etafilcon A, vifilcon A, lidofilcon A, polymacon B, vasurfilcon A, and a tetrapolymer of hydroxymethylmethacrylate, ethylene glycol, dimethylmethacrylate, and methacrylic acid. These materials may also be employed, in other physical forms, in treating wounds in other tissues. Other suitable hydrogel materials are known to those skilled in the art. The hydrogels may be insoluble or may dissolve over time in vivo, e.g., over one day or one week. The growth factor is passively delivered, for example, by diffusion out of the hydrogel, by desorption from the hydrogel, or by release as the hydrogel dissolves.
[0028] The drug delivery system may be produced from a partially desiccated hydrogel (or equivalently a partially hydrated hydrogel). The desiccation step removes, for example, approximately 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 75% of the water in a hydrogel. Desiccation can occur, for example, by exposure of the hydrogel to ambient or humidity controlled air, by heating the hydrogel for a specific period of time, or by blowing dried gas, such as N2, over the hydrogel. In one embodiment, the hydrogel is saturated with physiological (isotonic) saline prior to desiccation. The partially desiccated hydrogel is then soaked, e.g., for at least 30 minutes, in a dilute aqueous solution of growth factor, e.g., at a pH between 6.9 to 7.4. The hydrogels may also be soaked for at least 1 hour, 6 hours, 12 hours, or 24 hours. The concentration of growth factor into which the hydrogel is placed is typically 10 ng/μL or less, e.g., at most 5 ng/μL, 1 ng/μL, 0.1 ng/μL, or 0.01 ng/μL. Higher concentrations may also be used, for example, to reduce the soaking time. The growth factor is passively transferred into the hydrogel. This transfer may occur at least in part by rehydrating the hydrogel. Diffusion of the growth factor into the water in the hydrogel may also occur. In alternative embodiments, a fully hydrated or fully desiccated hydrogel is placed in the soaking solution to produce the medicated hydrogel.
[0029] Desirably, the concentration of growth factor transferred to the hydrogel is substantially lower than the solution in which the hydrogel is soaked. For example, the concentration of growth factor in the hydrogel is at least 2�, 5�, or 10� less than that of the soaking solution. Some growth factors, however, may have a higher affinity for a hydrogel than aqueous solution, and such a hydrogel will have a higher concentration of growth factor than the solution in which it was soaked. The water content and type of hydrogel, time and conditions, e.g., temperature of soaking, composition of the soaking solution (e.g., ionic strength and pH), and type of growth factor employed also may influence the concentration of growth factor in the drug delivery system. Since the water content of the hydrogel also helps to determine the total amount of growth factor present in a hydrogel; it represents a variable by which to control the amount of growth factor delivered to a tissue. The production of a hydrogel containing a specified amount of growth factor can be accomplished by routine experimentation by one skilled in the art. Exemplary hydrogels include between 5 and 350 ppb of growth factor, for example, between 5 and 250 ppb, 5 and 100 ppb, 5 and 50 ppb, or 5 and 10 ppb. The concentration of growth factor in the hydrogel may, however, be higher, e.g., at most 100, 75, 50, 25, 10, or 1 ppm.
[0030] Growth factors. Growth factors are a heterogeneous group of proteins capable of stimulating growth and the multiplication of cells. Exemplary growth factors include epidermal growth factor, platelet derived growth factor, hepatocytic growth factor, human growth hormone, fibroblast growth factor, and combinations thereof. These growth factors may be natural, synthetic, or recombinant growth factors or growth factor derivatives from any animal, for example, humans, or any domesticated animal or pet species. Such growth factors also include biologically active growth factors and analogs. Peptide growth factors play important biological roles by regulating many of the processes involved in normal wound healing including migration, mitosis, and differentiation of cells. Growth factors are commercially available or may be isolated using methods known in the art.
[0031] Other compounds. The hydrogels of the invention may also contain medicaments other than growth factors. These additional compounds include, without limitation, analgesics, anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., dexamethasone, fluorometholone, rimexolone and prednisolone), antibodies, meganins, self-proteins, pharmaceutical drugs, and antibiotic compounds. These other compounds may also be used at reduced concentrations from their typically prescribed dosages. For example, these chemicals may be delivered in concentrations of less than 100, 50, 25, 10, 1, 0.1, 0.01, or 0.001 ppm at various sites (e.g., the eye) and under different conditions (e.g. ambient or existing).
[0032] The use of preservatives is non-ideal as they may transfer to a hydrogel at a disproportionately high concentration and cause cytotoxicity. Treatment. To treat a wound, a drug delivery system of the invention may be placed in contact with a damaged tissue. When the system is shaped as a contact lens, the lens may simply be placed in the eye normally in order to deliver the growth factor. In order to effect accelerated healing of other wounds, the hydrogel may be part of a bandage or may be adhered (e.g., by adhesives or sutures) to the wounded tissue. If the hydrogel is placed internally in a patient, the hydrogel is advantageously biodegradable.
[0033] Hydrogels may be considered to be disposable and may be replaced after a specified period of time, e.g., at least 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, or 24 hours. Alternatively, a hydrogel that has a depleted amount of growth factor may be recycled by desiccating and soaking the hydrogel again.
[0034] Treatment Approaches
[0035] The invention may be used in conjunction with healing many types of wounds, including, without limitation, ocular, oral, lung, digestive tract, skin, large intestine, small intestine, colon, and other wounds to endothelial, mucosal, or epithelial tissues. As stated above, the invention provides accelerated healing by delivering a growth factor to an injured tissue. In certain embodiments, at least 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 15, or 20 μg of the growth factor is released from the hydrogel. This delivery occurs by passive transfer and allows medications to be released into fluids of the body, e.g., ocular fluid. The growth factor stimulates proliferation of cells surrounding a wound to close the wound and replace damaged cells. Because the growth factor is localized by the hydrogel, which provides greater control over release of the growth factor or drug, a lesser amount of growth factor may in many cases be needed to effect wound healing than if, e.g., topical solutions, such as eye drops are used. Accelerated healing may also reduce the pain and inflammation associated with a particular wound and may help prevent infection. In addition, the hydrogel may also act as a physical barrier to provide protection from mechanical abuse and to prevent adherence of the healing tissue to adjacent tissues. The use of hydrogels of the invention may also allow patients to be treated using fewer applications than with traditional methods. For example, a patient treated using the hydrogels of the invention may be able to treated only once in a period of at least 48 hours.
[0036] In desirable embodiments, a hydrogel of the invention is used to treat a wound that is in contact with a replenisbable bodily fluid, e.g., tears. In these embodiments, the growth factor is released from the hydrogel at a more rapid rate than the release of the growth factor into a fixed volume of fluid because as the bodily fluid is replenished, the growth factor released is flushed away from the site of application causing an increase in the relative rate of diffusion of the growth factor out of the hydrogel. The replenishing action of fluids such as tears may also effectively increase the rate of diffusion of the growth factor into the fluid and lead to earlier onset of therapeutic activity. For medicated hydrogels of the invention placed in contact with a non-replenishable bodily fluid (i.e., one where replacement is very slow or nonexistent on the time-scale of drug release), lower concentrations of a drug may be used since the drug is not flushed from the site as quickly as in a replenishable fluid.
[0037] Ocular Wounds. In one embodiment, the wound is an ocular wound, e.g., in corneal epithelial, endothelial, or retinal tissue. The invention is of particular utility after vision correcting surgery, such as LASIK, PRK, or LASEK. Soft and collagen contact lenses may be utilized to minimize post-surgical epithelial trauma and provide a stable healing environment. PRK typically requires a therapeutic contact lens for 3-4 days, and post-operative therapeutic drops are often prescribed. In the present invention, the hydrogel may be shaped as a contact lens that acts as a reservoir for the growth factor and can serve to protect the leading edge of wound healing from normal mechanical abuse. The growth factor gradually delivered in a low concentration from the hydrogel obviates the need for therapeutic drops. Therapeutic drops often include high concentrations of drugs because the majority of the drop is excreted from the eye in a short period of time. These high concentrations can cause additional damage to a wound, which is avoided by the use of the present, localized time-release drug delivery system.
[0038] A further understanding of the invention may be obtained from the following non-limiting examples.
[0039] An exemplary drug delivery system was prepared as follows. Contact lenses were removed from their package and rinsed with saline to remove contact lens packing solution. The hydrogel lens materials were allowed to desiccate for 10-30 seconds. The hydrogel lens materials were placed into physiological saline that contained epidermal growth factor (EGF) at concentrations of 10 ng/μl or 5.0 ng/μl for at least 30 minutes. Lower concentrations may also be used. Longer passive transference times may also be used. Untreated or control lenses were placed in physiological saline without EGF.
[0040] Ocular cells were placed into a sterile plastic dish. This dish contained a 5-mm disk. The purpose of the disk was to prevent cells from growing in the covered area. When the disk was removed, a 5-mm "wound" or "hole" was present.
[0041] Contact lenses were then added to these cell sheets with the wounds. The lenses were left in contact with the cell sheets for a minimum of 30 minutes. Minimal medium was used to maintain the cell cultures. Cells were incubated at 35� C.�2� C. in 5% CO2. Contact lenses with or without EGF were produced as in Example 1. The contact lenses used were polymacon B, vifilcon A, and lidofilcon A hydrogel polymers.
[0042] The cell sheets were then viewed over time, and the diameter of the hole was measured.
[0043] The results are expressed in terms of closure of the in vitro wound over time.
[0044] Epithelial Cells and Tissue. Epithelial (rabbit corneal epithelial cells) cells were seeded on a dish and contacted with control and EGF-containing contact lenses. At 48 hours there was a 25% difference in the closure rate between the EGF-treated cells and the non-EGF treated cells. At 72 hours, there was a 43% difference in the closure rate between the EGF-treated epithelial tissue and the controls. The hydrogel material that was used was vifilcon A, an ionic polymer with a water content of 55%. The polymer had been incubated with 10 ng/μL EGF for one hour at 4� C. prior to use in the experiments.
[0045] Closure rates were calculated by direct measurement of the diameter of the wound. Measurements were taken daily.
[0046] In a related series of experiments, a vifilcon A lens was incubated under the same conditions as above with 5.0 ng/μL of EGF and then contacted with an epithelial "wound" as above. At 48 hours, there was a 21% closure rate difference between controls and EGF treated hydrogel materials. At 72 hours, there was also a 21% difference in the closure rate. These results indicated that over a 72-hour period, the relative healing rates remained essentially the same for the treated and non-treated epithelial tissue, with the epithelial tissue treated with EGF always having an accelerated rate of healing.
[0047] The rate of wound healing increased with increased exposure of the hydrogel material to the wound. Further, compared to a wound not contacted with any lens, at 48 hours there was a 31% difference in the healing rates. Healing for tissue exposed to a lens soaked in 10 ng/μL of EGF increased from 14% at 48 hours to 25% at 72 hours.
[0048] Endothelial Cells and Tissue. Wounds caused in endothelial tissue (bovine corneal endothelial cells) were also healed by release of EGF from a vifilcon A lens. The lens, soaked in 10 ng/μL of EGF as above, showed a 73% difference in healing rates at 48 hours compared to a control. At 72 hours, the EGF-treated tissue had completely healed. In the control group, less than half (43%) of the tissue had healed. The same lens material exposed to 5 ng/μL of EGF showed a 31% difference in closure rate at 48 hours between the EGF treated group and the controls. At 72 hours, 53% of the tissue had healed in the EGF treated group, compared to 43% in the control.
[0049] Lidofilcon A hydrogel (non-ionic, water content=70%) materials were evaluated for their ability to deliver EGF to endothelial tissue to close wounds. The concentration of EGF used in the soaking solution was 10 ng/μL. At 48 hours, the EGF treated tissue showed a 54% increase in the healing rate (wound closure rate) as compared to controls. At 72 hours, there was a difference of 44%.
[0050] A third material, polymacon B, that is non-ionic and has a water content of 38%, was also evaluated for the ability to deliver EGF to wounds. The lenses were prepared using a soaking solution of 10 ng/μL of EGF. At 48 hours, the wound was 60% closed in the treated group and 27% closed in the non-treated group. At 72 hours, the difference in closure between the treated and untreated groups was 62%. In the EGF treated group at 72 hours, the wound had closed by 80%, while in the untreated group, the wound had closed by 46.8%.
[0051] The amount of uptake and release of EGF from a contact lens depends on the water content or composition of the lens or both. Data were collected on the uptake and release of EGF from two types of lenses, lotrafilcon A (24% water) and vasurfilcon A (74% water). Both of these lenses are non-ionic. For uptake studies, thirty lenses of each type were placed in 25 mL of a solution containing 40 ppm of EGF. For release studies, the lenses produced by the uptake study were placed in 25 mL of solution not containing EGF after desiccation for 10-30 seconds. For both types of study, the amount of EGF in the solution was then measured at defined time intervals. For vasurfilcon A, about 75% of the EGF in solution was taken up by the lenses after 6 hours (FIG. 1A), at which point the lenses appeared to be in equilibrium with the solution, and about 37% of the EGF taken up was released after 7 hours (FIG. 1B), at which point the lenses appeared to be at or near equilibrium. The release data indicate that contact lenses can deliver a sustained dosage of EGF over a period of time. For lotrafilcon A, surprisingly, no measurable amount of EGF was taken up or released by the lenses. Based on a purely diffusional theory of uptake, at least some growth factor would have been expected to be taken up in the water in the lotrafilcon A contact lens. Two possible explanations for the differential uptake of EGF by the two polymers studied are 1) a water content higher than 24% is needed for uptake of EGF and 2) the lotrafilcon A polymer is chemically (thermodynamically) or structurally (kinetically) unfavorable for the entry of EGF.
[0052] Contact lenses containing EGF, EGF and dexamethasone (an anti-inflammatory steroid), and human growth hormone (HGH) were tested in a rabbit model for efficacy and toxicity. New Zealand white rabbits were anesthetized, and then both eyes were abraded with a needle. A control contact lens was placed in the left eye, and a medicated contact lens was placed in the right eye of each rabbit for up to 4 hours prior to euthanasia. Control contact lenses (etafilcon A, an ionic lens with 58% water content) were washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) prior to insertion. Medicated contact lenses (etafilcon A) were prepared by briefly drying the lens and then soaking it in 400 ppb, 4 ppm, or 10 ppm EGF or 400 ppb HGH in PBS for 24 hours. In another experiment, lenses were soaked in 200 ppb EGF and 12.5 ppm dexamethasone for 25 hours. No toxicity was observed in the rabbits at any concentration of EGF tested. Rabbits were visually scored on a 0-4 scale (0 being the best and 4 being the worst) for corneal edema (which is a measure of wound healing), inflammation, and exudate production.
[0053] EGF (lenses soaked in 400 ppb EGF) released from hydrogel contact lenses (right eye) healed wounds at an accelerated rate when compared to control eyes (left eye) for the first two hours after treatment. Data from four rabbits are shown in Table 1.
[0054] In another experiment, in addition to being abraded, the rabbits eyes were treated with a solution of lipopolysaccharide from E. coli O111:B4 (1 mg/mL) to induce inflammation. Lenses soaked in 200 ppb EGF and 12.5 ppm (see above) dexamethasone controlled inflammation and caused increased wound healing (right eye) compared to control eyes (left eye). EGF controlled healing of wounds even if there was an increase in inflammation.
[0055] Rabbit eyes (right eye) treated with HGH released from a contact lens (400 ppb soak) had increased wound healing and reduction in inflammation compared to control eves (left eve) in rabbits. In addition, no toxicity was observed to the ocular tissue.
TABLE 2 Wound healing with contact lenses containing EGF Time Corneal Edema Inflammation Exudate (hours) Left Right Left Right Left Right Rabbit 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1.5 2 1 1 0 0 0 2 2 1 2 0 1 0 2.5 2 2 1 1 2 1 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 3.5* 2 2 2 2 3 2 Rabbit 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1.5 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2.5 2 2 1 1 1 3 3 2 1 1 2 2 2 3.5* 2 2 1 2 1 2 Rabbit 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1.5 1 0 0 0 1 0 2* 1 0 0 0 0 0 Rabbit 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1.5 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 2.5 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 3.5 1 1 0 0 0 0 4* 1 1 0 0 0 0
TABLE 2 Wound healing and treatment of inflammation with contact lenses containing EGF and dexamethasone Wound healing with contact lenses containing EGF Time Corneal Edema Inflammation Exudate (hours) Left Right Left Right Left Right Rabbit 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1.5 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 2 0 0 0 2.5 2 0 2 0 0 0 3 2 0 2 0 0 0 3.5* 2 0 1 1 1 1 Rabbit 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1.5 2 1 2 0 0 0 2 2 1 2 0 0 0 2.5 2 1 2 1 1 0 3 2 1 2 0 2 0 3.5 2 1 2 1 1 1 4.0* 2 1 2 2 2 2 Rabbit 3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1.5 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 1 2 0 1 0 2.5 1 1 1 0 0 0 3.0* 1 0 1 0 0 0 Rabbit 4 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1.5 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 2.5 1 1 1 0 1 0 3 1 1 1 0 2 0 3.5 1 1 0 0 0 0 4* 1 1 1 0 0 0
TABLE 2 Wound healing with contact lenses containing HGH Time Corneal Edema Inflammation Exudate (hours) Left Right Left Right Left Right Rabbit 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1.5 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 1 0 0 0 2.5 2 0 1 0 0 0 3 2 0 1 1 0 0 3.5* 1 0 1 1 0 0 Rabbit 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1.5 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 2.5 1 0 1 0 0 0 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 3.5* 1 0 0 0 0 1 Rabbit 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1.5 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 2.5 1 0 1 0 0 0 3.0 1 1 1 0 1 0 3.5* 1 1 1 1 0 0 Rabbit 4 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1.5 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 2.5 1 1 1 0 0 1 3 1 1 1 0 0 1 3.5* 1 1 0 1 0 1
[0058] A polymacon B lens having 38% water content was soaked in 400 ppb EGF for 24 hours. This lens was placed in a human patient suffering from a recurring epithelial defect that was not responsive to traditional medical treatments. Clinical efficacy (i.e., wound healing) was observed after treatment with the medicated lens of the invention. Desirably treatment lasts for at least one hour. This type of injury is normally treated by the repeated introduction of eye drops, sometimes as often as every 4-5 minutes. A contact lens of the present invention, however, was able to produce a positive result with only one administration.
[0059] Modifications and variations of the described methods of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Although the invention has been described in connection with specific desirable embodiments, it should be understood that the invention as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specific embodiments. Indeed, various modifications of the described modes for carrying out the invention, which are obvious to those skilled in the art, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
[0060] All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually to be incorporated by reference.
[0061] Other embodiments are within the claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 4, 1936
|Mar 28, 1939
|American Box Board Co
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 21, 2009
|Nov 29, 2011
|Velvet Antler Research New Zealand Limited (Varnz)
|Deer antler extract for promoting angiogenesis
|Oct 7, 2011
|Jan 7, 2014
|National Chiao Tung University
|Drug-carrying contact lens and method for fabricating the same
|Mar 8, 2005
|Dec 15, 2005
|Marmo J C
|Contact lenses, package systems, and method for promoting a healthy epithelium of an eye
|May 26, 2004
|Feb 1, 2007
|Coates Dawn E
|Deer antler extract for promoting angiogenesis
|Sep 27, 2005
|Dec 1, 2010
|Externally-applied preparation containing human growth incretion or human granular leukocyte macrophage stimulus factor for treating injury ulceration
|Mar 2, 2007
|Feb 3, 2010
|Combined application of artemisinin and its derivative and antibiotic medicine
|Jun 23, 2006
|Jul 9, 2008
|Genescience Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd.
|An exterior-applied formulation and its preparation methods and uses
|Mar 16, 2007
|Jul 4, 2012
|Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Inc.
|Methods and Ophthalmic Devices used in the Treatment of Ocular Allergies
|Mar 16, 2007
|Jul 4, 2012
|Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Inc.
|Methods and Ophthalmic Devices used in the Treatment of Ocular Allergies
|Mar 16, 2007
|Jul 4, 2012
|Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Inc.
|Methods and Ophthalmic Devices used in the Treatment of Ocular Allergies
|Mar 9, 2005
|Sep 22, 2005
|Coopervision Internat Holdings
|Contact lenses, package systems, and method for promoting a healthy epithelium of an eye
|Jun 28, 2007
|Jan 10, 2008
|Directcontact Llc
|Growth factor delivery system containing antimicrobial agents
|Mar 16, 2007
|Apr 10, 2008
|Johnson & Johnson Vision Care
|Methods and ophthalmic devices used in the treatment of ocular allergies
|U.S. Classification
|424/423, 424/487, 424/486, 514/12.2, 514/9.1, 514/20.8, 514/8.2, 514/11.4, 514/9.4, 514/9.6, 514/9.5
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 10, 2003
Owner name: RAPID HEAL, INC., MASSACHUSETTS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:SCHULTZ, CLYDE L.;REEL/FRAME:013656/0871
Effective date: 20030110
|Jul 6, 2006
|Jun 12, 2007
|Certificate of correction
|Jul 30, 2010
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jun 30, 2014
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


text:
Raising Expectations By Reforming Residency Programs
I was pleased to learn the Council on Podiatric Medical Education (CPME) has declared a moratorium on one-year podiatric residency training programs that will take effect in 2008. Twelve months is simply not enough time to prepare young DPMs for the complexity and demands of our profession. I should know. I was a "12-month wonder." The residency training in podiatry has come 180 degrees since I graduated from podiatry school in 1974. At that time, the top students competed for the few good training programs. In 2003, it's the opposite. Good residency programs are competing for the top students. There are enough good programs and not enough graduating podiatrists. It's the way it should be. In 1974, the Waldo program in Seattle had selected me for a one-month externship. They knew me and that's the only program I applied to. In my interview, I told them they should select me because otherwise I would be a danger to society due to lack of training. That thought scared the hell out of them so they took me. There were a lot of really bright podiatry students applying for that program and I didn't want to sound like the rest of them. It worked. The one-year program was a little like being tossed into a wind tunnel. You bounce around confused and 12 months later, you pop out of the exit hatch and you are still confused. In the one-year program, I "participated" in about 200 surgical cases. I held retractors a lot and did some of the easier procedures. Suddenly, it was July and I was done. I was scared, confused and ready to begin a practice. There were just a few jobs for new DPMs in those days. Most of us rented space in a shopping mall and hung up a sign. I still have my first sign. It cost $150 and the "M" fell off the first month. The CPME wants two- or three-year programs with three years being the gold standard for surgical programs. This will be a great move for podiatry. Young DPMs will walk into practice situations in which they will become full active members of hospital staffs. They will be thought of and treated as physicians. I was an "allied healthcare provider" in 1975. The expectations were not high. We need to get behind the CPME, the podiatry colleges and the residency programs to make this transition work. The colleges will need our financial support to keep high quality educational programs for fewer students. In the bad old days, the government gave capitation grants to medical colleges that made it financially prudent to keep enlarging the classes. This meant watered down training and not enough residency programs. The grants are gone so now the schools are tuition driven. That's not good either. Ideally, the profession should provide 50 percent of the funds needed to run the schools. This would allow the colleges to compete for the best students. We need to support the residency programs by participation with our patients and giving our time as instructors. It's no good to have three-year surgical programs when the numbers of cases and their complexity is watered down. Hospitals or surgical centers in our communities that have podiatric training programs should be our first choice for patient admission. We have been stewing over the crisis of decreasing applicants to podiatry college. This cloud may have a silver lining. The colleges and residency training programs will be able to do a more thorough job of training young DPMs if there are fewer to teach. Another way we can help is to guide bright young kids into a career in podiatry. That doesn't mean handing them a slick brochure on podiatry schools. It means bringing them into our clinics or hospitals and letting them see what a great profession we have. It could also mean helping them with tuition and being a mentor as they progress through their training. I don't want to go back to the bad old days. When I told the dean of my podiatry college that I wanted to do a one-month externship in 1973, he denied me permission. He was afraid I would return to tell my fellow students about the program and they would all want externships. I threatened to quit podiatry school. He didn't want to lose that capitation grant so he let me go. I came back and told all my fellow students about my month of hospital training. The dean was right. They all wanted more training. Dr. McCord (pictured) is a Diplomate wtih the American Board of Podiatric Surgery. He practices at the Centralia Medical Center in Centralia, Wash.


text:
All the latest on the world's youngest royals
His own son has just been deployed to Afghanistan on a four-month tour of duty, so Prince Charles's latest engagement had great personal resonance.
With the Duchess of Cornwall by his side, a "humble" Prince of Wales opened a new therapy centre for wounded servicemen on Wednesday.
The future King met several former soldiers as he toured the new £16.9 million Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre at Headley Court in Surrey.
Crouched down in the gardens of the centre, the Prince listened intently to the stories of bravery and strength recounted by the patients.
At one point, Charles even took part in a therapeutic yoga session, performing the 'Tree' pose under the instruction of amputee Marine, Chay Coulbert.
Speaking of the experience, the royal said: "So often people don't hear about the number of people who are wounded on a daily basis in Afghanistan.
While her husband toured the complex's gardens, Camilla got a close look at the facilities available to users.
"It is only when you visit the Queen Elizabeth Hospital or here that you realise how many people are going through such horrific experiences.
"It is astonishing. It makes me feel incredibly small and humble, what they have been through, what they go on to do and the inspiration they provide to others."
All the latest on the world's youngest royals


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This thermal guide covers thermal considerations for the boxed Intel® Core™2 Extreme processor, the boxed Intel® Core™2 Quad processor, and the boxed Intel® Core™2 Duo processor.1 The term "boxed Intel® processor" refers to processors packaged in a retail box for use by system integrators.
Systems using Intel® desktop processors all require thermal management. This document assumes the reader has a general knowledge of system operation, integration, and thermal management. Integrators who follow the recommendations presented here can provide their customers with more reliable systems and will see fewer customers returning with thermal management issues.
Thermal management in boxed Intel® desktop processor-based systems can affect both the performance (Thermal Monitor feature) and noise level (variable speed fan) of the system.
The Intel® Core™2 processor uses the Thermal Monitor feature to protect the processor during times when the silicon would otherwise operate above specification. More information on this feature as well as other thermal specifications can be found in the respective datasheet.
Intel® Core™2 Extreme Processor DatasheetIntel® Core™2 Quad Processor DatasheetIntel® Core™2 Duo Processor Datasheet
The Thermal Monitor feature is intended to help prevent long-term reliability damage to the processor and provide protection for unusual circumstances like higher than normal internal chassis temperatures or failure of a system thermal management component such as a system fan. In its active state, the Thermal Monitor feature scales back processor power consumption if the factory programmed thermal design temperature is exceeded. While the Thermal Monitor feature is active, the system's performance may drop below its normal peak performance level.
It is critical that systems be designed to maintain low enough internal chassis and processor inlet air temperatures to prevent the boxed Intel® desktop processor from entering a Thermal Monitor active state. In a properly designed system, the Thermal Monitor feature should never become active. It is recommended that the internal chassis temperature for boxed Intel® Core™2 Quad processor and boxed Intel® Core™2 Duo processor-based systems remain below the lower set point of the nominal operating environments, as shown in Table 1.
In addition to the Thermal Monitor feature, the boxed Intel® desktop processor fan heatsink uses a high quality variable speed fan. This allows the processor to remain within its operating thermal specifications by running at different speeds over a short range of internal chassis temperatures and processor power consumption levels.
As processor power has increased, required thermal solutions have generated more noise. Intel® has added an option to the boxed processor fan heatsink that allows system integrators to have a quieter system in the most common usage.
Previous generation boxed Intel® fan heatsinks contain built-in circuitry to control fan speed. They have a thermistor in the fan hub which measures the chassis ambient air temperature. The fan circuitry then adjusts the fan speed to properly cool the processor at the slowest speed allowable. If the chassis ambient temperature is cool, then the processor will run slower and quieter. If the ambient temperature is hot, then the fan will run faster.
This fan was designed to work in a variety of operating conditions so it had to be designed in such a way that it would cool the processor when running at its maximum power at any given ambient temperature as specified in Table 2. In normal operating environments, the processor rarely reaches its maximum power rating. Under most conditions the fan is spinning faster and louder than necessary. The fan heatsink is required to work this way so that it will properly cool the CPU in all specified operating environments.
Intel® has been aware of customer concerns over fan noise. In response, Intel® designed a fan speed control technology to take advantage of the fact that the processor is not always running at maximum power. This was done by basing the fan speed control on actual CPU temperature and power usage.
The speed of the fan heatsink is controlled by the additional 4th wire of the fan cable. This technology is sometimes referred to as 4-wire fan speed control. The additional 4th wire sends a signal from the motherboard to the fan heatsink to control the speed. There is a thermal diode in the processor which measures actual CPU temperature. The processor sends information to the motherboard about its specific thermal requirements and the actual processor temperature. The motherboard then uses this information to optimally control the speed of the processor fan.
Figure 1 shows the current fan speed curve (red) of a 3-wire fan heatsink with thermistor-based fan speed control. The additional curves in blue represent fan operations at lower CPU temperature and power consumption levels based on the 4-wire fan speed control fan heatsink.
The Max Temp in figure 1 represents the fan heatsink upper set point or worse case ambient temperature of 38°C. The Min Temp represents the lower set point or the slowest possible fan speed at an ambient temperature of 30°C. (Also see Table 1). These temperatures should not be confused with the fan inlet temperature which is different.
A 4-wire fan does not guarantee a quieter system. If the processor is being used in a hot environment and under heavy loads, the fan will have to run fast enough to properly cool the processor. The internal chassis temperature is required to be maintained at the temperature specified in Table 2. The acoustic benefits of the 4-wire based fan speed control may also vary depending on the specific motherboard implementation since the acoustical benefits are reliant on the particular motherboard implementation of fan speed control.
Intel® also developed a motherboard-based fan speed control starting with Intel® 965 chipset-based motherboards called Intel® Quiet System Technology (Intel® QST). This new technology uses a PID (Program Integral Derivative) controller that can measure the rate of change of the processor temperature, thus predicting when the processor will reach its maximum temperature. If implemented correctly by the motherboard manufacturer, the control algorithm will operate the processor fan at minimum speed under most operating conditions. Since Intel® QST can predict when the processor will reach its maximum temperature, it will delay increasing the fan speed until just the right moment in order to keep the processor from exceeding its maximum temperature. Consult with your motherboard manufacturer to see which motherboards they offer with support for Intel® QST.
Table 1. Boxed processor variable fan heatsink set points
Figure 1. Internal chassis temperature impact on noise
Allowing processors to operate at temperatures beyond their maximum specified operating temperature may shorten the life of the processor and can cause unreliable operation. Meeting the processor temperature specification is ultimately the responsibility of the system integrator. When building quality systems using the boxed Intel® processor, it is imperative to carefully consider the thermal management of the system and verify the system design with thermal testing. This document details specific thermal requirements for the boxed Intel® processors. System integrators using the boxed Intel® processors should become familiar with this document as well as the related document listed below.
Related document
The following document describes general thermal management techniques and proper integration of a boxed processor in order to improve system quality and reliability. It should be used in conjunction with the information on this page.
Chassis system airflow considerationsThermal management
The ultimate goal of thermal management is to keep the processor at or below its maximum operating temperature. Proper thermal management depends on two major elements:
Proper thermal management is achieved when heat is transferred from the processor to the system air, which is then vented out of the system. Boxed Intel® processors are shipped with a high-quality variable speed fan heatsink, which can effectively transfer processor heat to the system air. It is the responsibility of the system integrator to ensure each design has adequate system airflow.
Fan heatsink
The fan heatsink included with the boxed Intel® processor must be securely attached to the processor. Thermal interface material, preapplied at the factory and attached to the bottom of the heatsink, provides effective heat transfer from the processor to the fan heatsink. The fan cable provides power to the fan by connecting to a motherboard-mounted power header and also allows the transfer of information to and from the fan with the motherboard. Only motherboards with proper hardware monitoring circuitry can use the fan speed signal since additional circuitry is required for motherboard-based fan speed control.
The fan is responsible for providing a good local air stream. This air stream transfers heat from the heatsink to the air inside the system. However, moving heat from the processor to the system air is only half the task. Sufficient system airflow is also needed in order to exhaust the air. Without a steady stream of air through the system, the fan heatsink will re-circulate warm air, and therefore may not cool the processor adequately.Thermal interface material replacement for fan heatsink
However, if you must remove and re-use the fan heatsink due to a processor reinstallation, it may require replacement depending on how long the fan heatsink has been attached and in use. A good guideline is this - when in doubt, remove the old thermal interface material and apply new thermal interface material.
Do not try to add additional thermal interface material or apply thermal interface material that is not directly supplied from Intel®. This part may be ordered online at the click.intel.com* pay-for-spares online store. You may also choose to contact Intel® Customer Support to receive replacement thermal interface material.
Chassis recommendations
Systems based on the boxed Intel® desktop processor must use a chassis that comply with the ATX specification (revision 2.2 or later) or microATX specification (revision 1.0 or later), depending on the motherboard form factor. Intel® recommends system integrators using ATX form factor motherboards to choose a chassis that complies with the ATX specification. Likewise, system integrators using microATX form factor motherboards should choose a chassis that complies with the microATX specification.
The chassis must also support a lower internal ambient temperature than many standard ATX and microATX desktop chassis designs. The internal chassis temperature for systems based on the boxed Intel® desktop processors should not exceed the values listed in Table 2 when the chassis is used in a maximum expected room temperature of 35°C. Most chassis designed for the boxed Intel® desktop processor use extra internal chassis fans to improve airflow and many include ducting to bring cool air directly to the processor fan heatsink. Optimum results are best achieved by using a Thermally Advantaged Chassis (TAC) version 1.1 or later.
Intel® recommends using a Thermally Advantaged Chassis from the Tested Chassis List to ensure proper chassis airflow, electrical support (ATX12V or SFX12V power supply), and compatibility with boxed Intel® processors. Chassis designs that pass this thermal testing provide system integrators with a starting place for determining which chassis to evaluate. It is strongly recommended that system integrators perform thermal testing on the chassis selected for each system configuration, even when using a chassis on the Tested Chassis List.Intel® Desktop Processor thermal specificationsTable 2 lists the power dissipation of boxed desktop processors for various processors. You may also refer to the following documents for more details on processor power specifications:
A simple evaluation of the temperature of the air entering the fan heatsink can provide confidence in the system's thermal management. The best description for how to measure this is provided in the Thermal and Mechanical Design Guide in the section entitled "Thermal Metrology". Evaluation of test data makes it possible to determine if a system has sufficient thermal management for the boxed processor. Systems based on the Intel® boxed processors listed below should have a maximum expected fan inlet temperature of either 39°C or 40°C for the maximum expected external ambient temperature, which is typically calculated at 35°C.
Table 2. Boxed Intel® Processor thermal specifications
See datasheet
1, 4
1Not all Intel® Boxed Processors include a fan heatsink solution in the package.
This applies to:


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Diary of an Innocent
I'd find it amusing if, in a few centuries, the only thing that our descendents condescend to retain of our artistic production, the only thing in which they'll see worlds to admire, to penetrate, the only thing that they'll show off as precious in immense museums after having flushed down the toilet all our acknowledged masterpieces, the only thing that will give them nostalgia and love for us will be our porn.
—from Diary of an Innocent
Exiled from the prestigious French literary circles that had adored him in the 1970s, novelist Tony Duvert's life ended in anonymity. In 2008, nineteen years after his last book was published, Duvert's lifeless body was discovered in the small village of Thoré-la-Rochette, where he had been living a life of total seclusion.
Now for the first time, Duvert's most highly crafted novel is available in English. Poetic, brutally frank, and outright shocking, Diary of an Innocent recounts the risky experiences of a sexual adventurer among a tribe of adolescent boys in an imaginary setting that suggests North Africa. More reverie than narrative, Duvert's Diary presents a cascading series of portraits of the narrator's adolescent sexual partners and their culture, and ends with a fanciful yet rigorous construction of a reverse world in which marginal sexualities have become the norm.
Written with gusto and infused with a luminous bitterness, this novel is more unsettling to readers today than it was to its first audience when published in French in 1976. In his openly declared war on society, Duvert presents a worldview that offers no easy moral code and no false narrative solution of redemption. And yet no reader will remain untouched by the book's dazzling language, stinging wit, devotion to matters of the heart, and terse condemnation of today's society.
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About the Author
Tony Duvert (1945–2008) is the author of fourteen books of fiction and nonfiction. His fifth novel, Paysage de fantaisie (Strange Landscape), won the prestigious Prix Médicis in 1973. Other books translated into English include the novel When Jonathan Died, and the scathing critique of sex and society Good Sex Illustrated (Semiotext(e), 2007).
"Shock value aside, the book is intelligent to its core. Duvert's style is consummate, his devices elegant, his methods seductive; Bruce Benderson's translation is clear and stately."—Review of Contemporary Fiction
"'I always write completely nude, and I don't wash before,' writes Tony Duvert, whose explosive Diary of an Innocent is part tract, part porn, part theory, part fiction, and (I presume) part fact. Certain pages of Gide, Genet, Hocquenghem—and certain scenes from Bresson or Pasolini—suggest themselves as mild precursors, but Duvert goes further, filthier, faster. Only the Marquis de Sade outpaces him. Must we burn Duvert? I pray not. This book, troubling and memorable, interrogates—with delicate strokes—the damaged state of contemporary sexual relations."
—Wayne Koestenbaum
"Diary of an Innocent by Tony Duvert is a truly scandalous work, but first and foremost a work of great depth and freedom. . . . A book that reinvents the seduction of literature."
—Abdellah Ta


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Lynda Booth
Lynda Booth is founder of the award-winning Dublin Cookery School and the author of the cookery book, From Lynda's Table. Lynda's dedication, drive and enthusiasm for food has seen her travel and work with some of the world's best restaurateurs and chefs, from the Four Seasons in Canada to the acclaimed Relais Chateaux Hotels in Italy. Her bold approach to Raymond Blanc landed her a job as pastry chef at his Michelin two starred restaurant "Le Manoir aux Quat'Saisons" in Oxford. Lynda is a teacher at heart and is always bringing new ideas and ingredients to the school and to her new book that will stretch the cook's repertoire. Suitable for beginners and experienced cooks, From Lynda's Table challenges the reader to try new things and is a must have for every kitchen.View all recipes from Lynda Booth


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NEW YORK (MarketWatch) — A friend of mine bumped into two acquaintances earlier this week. They are die-hard Republicans. They are serenely confident. "Mitt Romney has this in the bag," they said. Other friends of mine, also Republicans, are in a similar zone.
Meanwhile, oddly enough, my Democratic friends are also confident. "Obama's going to win," they keep telling me. Liberals tend to be a pessimistic bunch, but not this time. Apparently they are sleeping easily.
Opinion: Delay the Election?
Columnist Bret Stephens on why President Obama can't and shouldn't postpone the election. Photo: Getty Images
It's surreal. Normally, with an election this close, everyone's on edge. This time everyone has already ordered champagne. Half of the country is going to wake up next Wednesday is a state of total shock.
If you think the amateurs are confused, look at the professionals. The election nerds. The numbers guys. For them, it's spreadsheets at dawn.
First Nate Silver, the baseball numbers guy turned election numbers guy at the New York Times, launched a scathing attack on the methodology and reliability of the polling methods used by Gallup.
The back story was that Gallup has pretty consistently shown Mitt Romney about even or slightly ahead in recent weeks, while Silver's prediction "model" gives Barack Obama about a 77% chance of winning.
After Silver's attack, the conservative National Review responded in kind, calling Silver's own model flawed. MSNBC's Joe Scarborough joined in, calling Silver something of a partisan joke, and saying in reality Obama had no better than a "50.1%" chance of winning.
Enter no less a beast than Paul Krugman. The Princeton professor and Nobel Laureate suggested the attacks on Silver's model were part of an ideological attack on reason, and an ominous foretaste of the future.
To all of these people, I have four simple words: Show me the money!
Don't just offer an opinion. Offer a bet.
If only pundits were required by law to bet on their predictions. Voters, as well as investors, would be spared an enormous amount of misleading blather. There is a way to do this, too. I have a sporting interest.
By now most people have heard of InTrade, a betting exchange run from Dublin which offers a futures market on election outcomes. I once wrote a book about this.
How does it work? Take a look at the Mitt Romney victory contract. If Romney wins, it pays out a dollar. If he loses, it pays out nothing. How much would you pay for such a contract? If you think Romney has a 50% chance of winning, logically you'd pay up to about 50 cents for it. If you think Romney has a 30% chance, you'd pay no more than 30 cents. And so on. People buy and sell these contracts all day, and it gives a rough approximation to where "the market" thinks the right chances are.
Right now betting at InTrade gives Obama a 63% chance, Romney a 37% chance.


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GHHS Class of 2014 in Photos!
(Tribune photos/Wendy Swenson)
Beautiful pictures and congratulations to the 2014 Class...BUT... there are shots that weren't included...the BAND! They were all so excited about playing for their Seniors...how sad that they were not included in the pictures. YEA FOR THE BAND TOO! They did a great job!
Bev Albergo
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- Red Bull X-Fighters
- Red Bull X-Fighters - Live Voting
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- Red Bull X-Fighters Sydney - The Contenders
Red Bull X-Fighters Sydney - The Contenders
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- Dany Torres, Nate Adams
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- Red Bull X-Fighters - Dubai, UAE, Brasilia, Brazil, Rome, Italy, Madrid, Spain, Poznan, Poland, Sydney, Australia
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- © Red Bull Media House
- About this Video
- Duel of the giants: Finale in Sydney! A mere 40 points separate the current points leader Nate Adams (USA) and his great rival Dany Torres (ESP) going into the final showdown of the Red Bull X-Fighters 2011 World Tour. The season title will be decided on Cockatoo Island in Sydney Harbour.
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Packed with history: FMX toreros master bikes in bullfight ring for the 10th time: The best FMX toreros of the world will demonstrate their mastery of their two-wheeled bikes at the Plaza de Toro de...
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It was only last year that the Red Bull X-Fighters were competing for the first time in the Eternal City. It was the first time there for the finale as well. Nate Adams (USA) secured his overall 2010...


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First, Isaac. Then Vera (Wang), Norma (Kamali), and Nicole (Miller). Fifth Avenue designers are all flocking to a stripmall nearest you in an effort to build their brand and pocketbooks. With so many designer premiering mass market lines, it's difficult to know which ones are worth the Saturday trek to your Target. Here's my picks:
Designer Lines at Budget Stores
- JC Penney—JC Penney's carries a collection called Nicole by designer Nicole Miller (known mostly for her high priced, beautiful dresses).
- Spiegel—80s favorite Norma Kamali is back with a collection of interchangeable pieces in basic black, red, and multi color stripes for the catalog company. All pieces are priced $99 and under.
- Target—Isaac Mizrahi's line offers classic 5th avenue style to main street America, reflecting some of the hottest fashion trends for less than $50. Target also carries the Swell line of home and personal furnishings by Cynthia Rowley and a line of high end make-up for less by famed make-up artist Sonia Kashuk. Target's Go International initiative features a line created by a global designer for a 90 day period. Currently, British designer Luella Bartley is the featured designer, with Canadian Tara Jarmon set to premier a line at Target later this spring.
- Sears—Carries quite a few lines from top fashion designers like Alvin Valley (known as Lord of the Pants). Anne Klein has a line at the store called Aline, which has fashions and styles that are very similar to its higher priced red label line and BCBG Max Azria has a line called Parallel at Sears as well. There's a rumor that French Connection (aka the British Gap), will premier a collection at the store in late 2006.


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DepEd easily tracks Filipino students through online information system-A A +A
Friday, August 22, 2014
THE Department of Education (DepEd) has been able to easily monitor the total public school enrolment with the use of online information system or the Learners' Information System (LIS).
Education Secretary Armin Luistro said the LIS, which was launched in 2011, enabled them to better track the Filipino students in formal and non-formal instruction to formulate more appropriate interventions in the provision of quality education.
"While being a tech- based solution, the LIS involves an inclusive, community- driven process that thrives because of the active engagement and participation of all teachers, principals, planning officers, and other DepEd personnel all throughout the Philippines," Luistro said.
Considering the size of DepEd and the number of schools it is supervising, Luistro said it is very critical for the sector to be equipped with the right information at the right time to be able to make better decisions. But with the help of LIS, they were able to know the students and could respond better.
"As an example, students who transfer from one school to another can be monitored and better assisted by using data from the LIS," Luistro said.
"What used to take ten months to collect, consolidate, and validate has now been reduced to three months," he added, referring to the result of the use of technology.
Luistro said the department had an access to 20 million student enrollees in public schools, as of June 6, 2014.
"The use of automation and technology has helped the Department update information on enrollment for planning, budgeting, and resource allocation among others," he said.
Luistro said the LIS aimed "to promoting transparency, informed decision making, and empowerment at different levels of the organization."
Out of the 46,648 public schools in the country, Luistro said that only 140 schools or 0.3 percent of overall schools had failed to submit data for the school year 2014-2015. The small percentage illustrates a "very high participation and submission rate" by the schools, he added.
Luistro also assured that the concerned divisions have already been instructed to complete the remaining school information immediately. (Sunnex)
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Sep 21, 2008 12:30PM sheesh1961 wrote:
Sorry to be dredging up an old thread -- I mentioned the "puckering" on each end of my incisions on the October recon thread, and someone suggested I do a search for dog ears, so here I am! (I had never heard that term!)
I had bilateral mast on Aug. 13, immediate recon with expanders. I'm now filled to 400cc (the size my implants will be) and still have dog ears both sides of both incisions. I'm not overweight and was not large busted (solid B cup), so those factors couldn't have come into play for me. And now that I'm filled to 400cc, if the dog ears are left for recon "space," wouldn't you think they'd have flattened out by now? So when I saw my PS last week I asked him about it, and if he can fix them when he does my exchange. He said he doesn't want to fix them because scar tissue is still living tissue, and he said the thin lines I have now at my incision will be much wider 10 weeks down the road -- and at that point my dog ears should disappear too. But from what I'm reading here, it doesn't sound like that happens necessarily.
So I'm thinking I'll bring it up again when I see him before my exchange surgery. Sher, you mentioned not being able to go braless because the lumps show through -- that's exactly my complaint too!
Anyway, I'm curious whether anyone has seen the dog ears diminish with time, or if your incision line got wider like my PS is saying it will.


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Ottawa, ON July 10, 2012 Monitoring the effectiveness of the HPV vaccine in Canada requires that data from multiple registries and other data sources be combined. Linking registries can be problematic, however, since they are often managed by unrelated organizations. Privacy legislation may also restrict the sharing of data for such linkages. To address these challenges, Dr. Khaled El-Emam and his team at the CHEO Research Institute have developed a secure protocol that allows the linking of individual patient records without revealing personal information, which has been published in PLoS ONE.
According to Dr. El Emam, previous protocols were not secure or did not protect privacy; this new evidence-based protocol, however, is the strongest on record. It can be generalized for use in monitoring other conditions or diseases, or vaccination programs.
"There is a need to do long-term evaluations of vaccines, and to monitor vaccination rates and how they vary by individual and family characteristics. Access to data to perform such surveillance is often challenging because of legitimate privacy concerns. Our protocol addresses these concerns directly and facilitates rapid data sharing," explained Dr. El Emam.
HPV, or the human papillomavirus, is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted viral infections in the world, causing symptoms that range from genital warts to increased risk of cervical cancer. An effective preventative quadrivalent vaccine has been available in Canada since 2007 (and a second, bivalent vaccine was approved for use in 2010) and is regularly administered to girls through publicly funded school-based programs. The vaccine can potentially reduce health care costs and HPV-related illnesses and death, but the long-term effectiveness of the vaccine is not yet known. Further research is required to gauge the vaccine's lasting impact on health and to inform policy decisions concerning the allocation of heal
|Contact: Adrienne Vienneau
613-737-7600 x4144
Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute


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President Obama swallowed hard after he averred that protections for consumers, health-care patients and homeowners are stronger than ever before. A sure sign, body language expert Tonya Reiman said, that he wasn't sure he believed what he was saying.
But when the president urged Republicans and Democrats to work together to reduce the deficit, he gesticulated emphatically with both hands directly in front of him, progressively moving them closer to his center. Reiman said that meant he really did believe. "If the hands go outward," she said, "it's a sign that people are lying."


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By Larissa Spencer for OntarioOval.com – Laura Hughes comes from a racing family, so it was no secret that she would one day be racing too. With little experience Laura set out for her first Mini stock heat, not expecting to do all that well, but then she ended up winning that race. I had the chance to come out for the second week in a row to watch Laura race. Friday June 8th Laura won her second heat. When I asked Laura the question "How was winning your second heat in a row" she simply replied with "The car is perfect!" Laura's luck unfortunately didn't follow her into the feature race, she got caught in the wrong place at the wrong time and ended up with a DNF. Laura is an aspiring racer with a lot of talent. She can be found racing Friday night's in the Mini Stock Division at Ohsweken Speedway. I had the chance to interview Laura in this edition of 'Question Session'.
The Basics
Birthdate: April 25, 1989
Hometown: Hamilton, Ontario
Years in racing: 2012 Rookie season
How did you get your start in racing?
My start in racing began last September when Karl Sault let me take an old bomber out one night. When it was over I was all bummed out and wanted to go again, and it started from there. With a lot of encouragement and advice from (my brother) Jeremy, he decided to put me in his Mini Stock and let me try a crack at the big track.
Your dad use to race, tell me about his career?
Our dad left us a lot of great memories on and off the track. He had a few Challenger series championships and many enduro wins. He was just the quiet guy that showed up, started last, and won. He was a humble humanitarian and we were very fortunate to have him as a father and also an idol to look up to.
You race against your brother Jeremy, what's that like? Does he take it easier on you since your family or does he race you harder to challenge you?
There's a 9 year difference between Jeremy and I, so I've always been trying to keep up to him since I was a kid. Like a typical big brother he's always on his toes to challenge me (and usually wins). I haven't been too close to him on the race track yet, but I'm sure once we're close together on the racetrack, like a typical little sister, I'm going to try my hardest to keep up to my big brother.
What does racing mean to you?
Racing has always been apart of my family, whether it's drag racing or oval track racing. Between my dad and Jeremy I was surrounded by race cars and classic re-builds, like my dads two 55 Chevys where I spent a good part growing up in the garage watching and helping when I could.
You captured your first heat win on opening night at Ohsweken Speedway, how did you feel after you won?
Going onto the track in the last position I was not expecting to even finish top 5. I gained a big advantage on the restart and learned that it's hard to look forward when you're in first with traffic behind you. When I came off the track I thought…"that couldn't have just happened..it was my first mini stock heat!" but as soon as I saw Jeremy running to the pits with a grin I figured I had won it. It was a proud exciting moment.
Who makes it possible for you to race each week and who would you like to thank?
Most importantly I owe the biggest thank you to Jeremy. He makes it possible for me to race each week, without him I wouldn't be on the race track. He's given me encouragement and advice. I'm a girl that's not very fluent in speaking "mechanic", so when I ask a question that makes absolutely no sense, he's been great giving me an answer… along with a very confused look at first. Haha. Also to Trevor Roszell for towing the car up each week. I'd also like to thank Meghan for always being there when I came off the track with anything I need. Karl Sault for making sure that fun comes first. Davey Boughton for letting me take his car out as well as the Rutherford's, and everyone there to support my brother and I.
What other tracks would you like to race at during your racing career?
I've been to Sunset once and thought it such a well taken care of track, it's beautiful there and I'd love to take a spin on that track one day.
What are your feelings about being one of few girls in racing?
I don't have too many feelings about being one of few girls in racing, but I do think it's a good thing for the sport and brings in more fans like young girls. I know as a little kid I always thought how it cool was to see a girl out there not afraid to get dirty and put their foot to the floor.
You've taken Davey Boughton's Pure Stock out at Flamboro Speedway during practice, do you prefer racing on dirt or asphalt?
Taking Davey's car out gave me a little more confidence about racing dirt, and I think I'm pretty much all for the tracks. I love sliding around and not touching the breaks.
What are your plans for this season and seasons to come?
This season is all about learning for me. I still have so much to take in and learn, and some great people helping me along the way. One day I'd love to be in a Thunder Stock… but that one day is far, far away.
Stay tuned for the next edition of "Question Session". If you are a driver, team member or track official and would like to be considered for an upcoming edition of "Question Session" please CLICK HERE to contact us.