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Water: Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments
A. Pollution Prevention Management Measure
Implement pollution prevention and education programs to reduce nonpoint source pollutants generated from the following activities, where applicable:
- The improper storage, use, and disposal of household hazardous chemicals, including automobile fluids, pesticides, paints, solvents, etc.;
- Lawn and garden activities, including the application and disposal of lawn and garden care products, and the improper disposal of leaves and yard trimmings;
- Turf management on golf courses, parks, and recreational areas;
- Improper operation and maintenance of onsite disposal systems;
- Discharge of pollutants into storm drains including floatables, waste oil, and litter;
- Commercial activities including parking lots, gas stations, and other entities not under NPDES purview; and
- Improper disposal of pet excrement.
1. Applicability
This management measure is intended to be applied by States to reduce the generation of nonpoint source pollution in all areas within the section 6217 management area. The adoption of the Pollution Prevention Management Measure does not exclude applicability of other management measures to those sources covered by this management measure. Under the Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments of 1990, States are subject to a number of requirements as they develop coastal NPS programs in conformity with this management measure and will have flexibility in doing so. The application of management measures by States is described more fully in Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program: Program Development and Approval Guidance, published jointly by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
2. Description
This management measure is intended to prevent and reduce NPS pollutant loadings generated from a variety of activities within urban areas not addressed by other management measures within Chapter 4. Source reduction is considered preferable over waste recycling for pollution reduction (DOI, 1991; USEPA, 1991). Everyday activities have the potential to contribute to nonpoint source pollutant loadings. Some of the major sources include households, garden and lawn care activities, turf grass management, diesel and gasoline vehicles, OSDS, illegal discharges to urban runoff conveyances, commercial activities, and pets and domesticated animals. These sources are described below. By reducing pollutant generation, adverse water quality impacts from these sources can be decreased.
a. Households
Everyday household activities generate numerous pollutants that may affect water quality. Common household NPS pollutants include paints, solvents, lawn and garden care products, detergents and cleansers, and automotive products such as antifreeze and oil. The use and disposal of these products are chronic sources of pollution (Puget Sound Water Quality Authority, 1991). Table 4-25 summarizes estimated pollutant loadings from various household chemicals that may contaminate runoff. These pollutants are typically introduced into the environment due to ignorance on the part of the user or the lack of proper disposal options. Storm drains are commonly mistaken for treatment systems, and significant loadings to waterbodies result from this misconception. Other wastes and chemicals are dumped directly onto the ground (Washington State Department of Ecology, 1990).
b. Improper Disposal of Used Oil
The improper disposal of used oil and antifreeze can significantly degrade surface waters. The Washington Department of Ecology estimated that over 4.5 million gallons of used oil are dumped in Washington State each year. Of this total, 2 million gallons eventually are discharged into the Puget Sound (USEPA, 1988). Such loadings can severely degrade surface waters. One quart of oil can contaminate up to 2 million gallons of drinking water; 4 quarts of oil can form an oil slick approximately 8 acres in size (University of Maryland Cooperative Extension Service, 1987).
c. Landscape Maintenance and Turf Management
The care of landscaped areas, including golf courses, can contribute significantly to nonpoint source pollutant loadings. The application of fertilizers and pesticides in coastal areas can be detrimental to surface waters. After a site is developed, a significant area of maintained landscape may be regularly treated with fertilizer and pesticides. Heavily landscaped areas include residential yards, golf courses, and parks. In the coastal zone, much residential development commonly is sited on unconsolidated coastal plain with sandy soils. Where such soils are present, frequent fertilization, pesticide application, and watering must occur to maintain turf grasses. Turf management programs and landscaping ordinances that require minimum maintenance and minimum disturbance or xeriscaping can effectively reduce these loadings.
In areas where nitrogen is a problem pollutant, measures to control the introduction of nitrogen into runoff and leachate are important. Several studies have been completed that demonstrate the leaching potential of nitrogen from turf. Researchers at Cornell University found that 60 percent of nitrogen applied to turf leached to ground water (Long Island Regional Planning Board, 1984). Shultz (1989) suggests that 50 percent of the nitrogen applications are leached out and not used by plants. A study completed by Exner and others (1991) showed that as much as 95 percent of nitrate applied in late August on an urban lawn was leached below the turf grass root zone. In coastal areas, where soils are highly permeable and ground water and surface waters are hydrologically connected, reduced applications of nutrients may be necessary to control subsurface flow of nutrients into surface waters.
A recent nonpoint source loading analysis (Cahill and Associates, 1991) indicated that 10 percent of the nitrogen and 4 percent of the phosphorus applied annually in a 193-square-mile area (an area approximately 10 miles by 20 miles) of maintained landscaped residential development end up in surface waters as the result of overapplication. A total of 512.7 tons of nitrogen and 49.4 tons of phosphorus enter surface waters from this area. These estimated pollutant delivery rates are conservative. Delivery rates in coastal areas with sandy soils may be much higher. Schultz (1989) found that over 50 percent of the nitrogen in fertilizer leaches from lawns when improperly applied. In addition, the proximity of sources to waterbodies may result in increased loadings. Where waterbodies are nitrogen- or phosphorus-limited, applications of fertilizers should be reduced or prohibited. Fertilizer control programs can effectively reduce nitrogen and phosphorus loadings by encouraging the proper application of nutrients. Fertilizer costs may also be reduced.
A study in Rhode Island concluded that medium-density residential development has the highest loading factor of pesticides and fertilizers of all land uses in the State (RIDEM, 1988). These results echoed the findings of research conducted on the Chesapeake Bay watershed that identified medium- and high-density residential development as having the highest loading factors for nitrogen and phosphorus in the Bay area (Chesapeake Bay Local Advisory Committee, 1989). Table 4-26 shows a summary of results from various studies quantifying application rates of household fertilizers. Table 4-27 summarizes recommended application rates.
Home use is estimated to account for 20 percent of pesticide use in the Puget Sound area, and household users often apply pesticides excessively or in too concentrated a formulation (PSWQA, 1991). The Puget Sound Water Quality Authority summarized available data in a 1990 issue paper on pesticides in the Puget Sound. This research revealed that 50 to 80 percent of all household users apply some form of pesticides for lawn and garden use. EPA Region 10 and the Puget Sound Water Quality Authority (PSWQA, 1990) reviewed data and surveyed pesticide use in 12 counties in the Puget Sound basin and concluded that household pesticide use in 1988 was greater than 213,000 pounds. Unnecessary pesticide loadings to surface waters may result from homeowner overapplication, poor knowledge of proper application techniques, or applications during grass dormancy. Both the PSWQA and the Virginia Cooperative Extension Survey (1991) have determined that such improper use commonly occurs.
Consideration of the potential for exposure and toxic effects of applied fertilizers and pesticides should be an important component of golf course policy decisions. Some of the technical issues concerning intensive management of turf grass include (1) extent of nutrient and pesticide applications, (2) chronic and acute toxicity to nontarget organisms, (3) potential for exposure of nontarget organisms to applied chemicals, (4) use of increasingly scarce water resources for irrigation, (5) potential off-site movement of fertilizers and pesticides, (6) effects of maintenance and storage facilities on soil and water quality, and (7) potential loss of and effects on wetlands resulting from construction and turf grass maintenance (Balogh and Walker, 1992).
While quantitative information is not currently available regarding the effectiveness of fertilizer and pesticide control measures, it can be assumed that application reductions will result in corresponding decreases in pollutant loadings. Table 4-28 (15k) provides guidance useful for reducing fertilizer and pesticide use. This guidance was developed by the Northern Virginia Soil and Water Conservation District, the Lake Barcroft Watershed Improvement District, the Northern Virginia Planning District Commission, and the Virginia Cooperative Extension service for use by commercial lawn care companies and households that choose to use commercial lawn care services. This advice, however, is useful for all turf grass management.
d. Yard Trimmings Management
Improper disposal of yard trimmings can lead to increased nutrient levels in runoff. Yard trimmings deposited on street corners may be washed down storm sewers and result in elevated nutrient loadings to surface waters. Proper management of yard trimmings and home composting can reduce the level of nutrients in runoff and decrease overall runoff volumes through the addition of humus to the soil. Increased levels of humus enhance soil permeability, decrease erodibility, and provide nutrients in a less soluble form than commercial fertilizers.
e. Improper Installation and Maintenance of Onsite Disposal Systems
As discussed in Section V of this chapter, failing or improperly sited or designed OSDS may contribute both pathogens and nutrients to surface waters. Many engineers, contractors, surveyors, drain-layers, sanitarians, OSDS installers, waste haulers, building inspectors, local and State officials, and owners of OSDS are insufficiently informed regarding the need for proper siting, design, and maintenance of onsite systems. While a number of States currently license OSDS installers and waste haulers in accordance with State health standards, these licensing procedures may be out-of-date. In addition, many of these standards address only limited health-related issues and do not address the complex joint issues of water quality and public health (Myers, 1991).
Many homeowners are unaware of proper OSDS operation and maintenance principles. They often do not know how frequently their septic tanks need to be pumped, what hydraulic load their systems can accommodate, and what should or should not be disposed of in their systems (Huang, 1983). Some homeowners use septic system cleaners containing substances that may contaminate ground water, may provide little to no benefit to the OSDS, and may even be harmful to the system (RIDEM, 1988). Public education programs can help homeowners to prepare, operate, and maintain OSDS and thus help to ensure the continued pollutant removal effectiveness of the OSDS. A variety of brochures and other educational materials regarding OSDS have already been developed, and these materials have been used in many areas to educate the general public about proper OSDS operation and maintenance (e.g., the Chesapeake Bay Region, Puget Sound). State and local agencies should make use of these materials and implement mailing and information dissemination programs. Brochures mailed to homeowners as part of general utility correspondence or as special mailings are also effective. Posters and other materials distributed at libraries can help disseminate this information to the public. Educational and outreach programs should target builders, buyers, system installation contractors, inspectors, and enforcement personnel, in addition to homeowners, realtors, and pumpers.
f. Discharges Into Storm Drains
Significant loadings of NPS pollutants enter surface waters and tributaries via illegal discharges into storm drains. The public unknowingly assumes that storm drains discharge into sanitary sewers, and materials are dumped into storm drains under the assumption that treatment will occur at the sewage treatment plant. Illicit discharges may also be a problem. Public education programs, such as storm drain stenciling, and identification of illicit discharges can be effective tools to reduce pollutant loadings. Sanitary surveys are also a useful method to help managers identify the presence and entry point(s) of illicit discharges or other sources of pollutants to storm sewer systems.
g. Litter
Litter along coastal waterways, estuaries, and inland shorelines has become a significant source of nonpoint source pollution. Litter, debris, and dumped large solid items impair coastal water quality, as well as the aesthetic and recreational value of coastal waters, and may also be a hazard to wildlife. Storm sewers have been identified as a significant source of marine debris (Younger and Hodge, 1992).
Plastics are the major debris problem in the marine environment. Plastic accounts for 59 percent of the debris collected in coastal cleanup efforts (Younger and Hodge, 1992). Other litter may also be a problem. The State Adopt-a-Highway programs have revealed that beverage cans are the item most frequently removed from the side of roads. These wastes commonly have entered surface waters via storm sewers or swale systems. During 1991-1992, participants in the Virginia Adopt-a-Highway program removed 36,000 cubic yards of debris with volunteer hours valued at $2 million (M. Kornwolf, Virginia Dept. of Transportation, personal communication, 1992).
h. Commercial Activities
Nonpoint source runoff from commercial land areas such as shopping centers, business districts, and office parks, and large parking lots or garages may contain high hydrocarbon loadings and metal concentrations that are twice those found in the average urban area (Woodward-Clyde, 1991). These loadings can be attributed to heavy traffic volumes and large areas of impervious surface on which these pollutants concentrate (Long Island Sound Regional Planning Board, 1982). For example, contributions of lead to the Milwaukee River south watershed have been estimated as 20 to 25 percent from commercial areas and 40 to 55 percent from industrial areas (Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 1991). Where activities other than traffic, such as liquids storage and equipment use and maintenance, are associated with specific commercial activities, other pollutants may also be present in runoff. BMPs suited to the control of automotive-related pollutants and any other pollutants associated with specific commercial uses should be used to control their entry into surface waters.
Gas stations, in most communities, are designated as a commercial land use and are subject to the same controls as shopping centers and office parks. However, gas stations may generate high concentrations of heavy metals, hydrocarbons, and other automobile-related pollutants that can enter runoff (Santa Clara Valley Water Control District, 1992). Since gas stations have high potential loadings and pollutant profiles similar to those of industrial sites, the good housekeeping controls used on industrial sites are usually necessary.
i. Pet Droppings
Pet droppings have been found to be important contributors of NPS pollution in estuaries and bays where there are high populations of dogs. Fecal coliform and fecal streptococcal bacteria levels in runoff in several drainage basins in Long Island, New York, can be attributed to the dog population (Long Island Regional Planning Board, 1982). Although dogs cause the more common pet droppings problem, other urban animals, such as domestic or semi-wild ducks, also contribute to NPS pollution where their populations are high enough. Eliminating or significantly reducing the quantity of pet droppings washed into storm drains and hence into surface waters can improve the quality of urban runoff. It has been estimated that for a small bay watershed (up to 20 square miles), 2 to 3 days of droppings from a population of 100 dogs contribute enough bacteria, nitrogen, and phosphorus to temporarily close a bay to swimming and shellfishing (George Heufelder, personal communication, 1992).
The Soil Conservation Service in the Nassau-Suffolk region of New York collected data indicating that domestic animals contribute BOD, COD, bacteria, nitrogen, and phosphorus to ground water and surface waters (Nassau-Suffolk Regional Planning Board, 1978). Runoff containing pet droppings has been found to be responsible for numerous shellfish bed closures in Massachusetts (George Heufelder, personal communication, 1992; Nassau-Suffolk Regional Planning Board, 1978). In New York the large populations of semi-wild White Pekin ducks contribute heavily to runoff problems, while in a Massachusetts study, dog feces alone were found to be sufficient to account for the closures.
3. Management Measure Selection
This management measure was selected to ensure that communities implement solutions that may result in behavioral changes to reduce nonpoint source pollutant loading from the sources listed in the management measure. A number of States and local communities, including Washington, Maryland, Virginia, Florida, and Alameda County, California, are using pollution prevention activities to protect or enhance coastal water quality. Such activities include public education, promotion of alternative and public transportation, proper management of maintained landscapes, pollution prevention, training and urban runoff control plans for commercial sources, and OSDS inspection and maintenance. To allow flexibility, specific controls have not been specified in the management measure. Communities may select practices that best fit local priorities and the availability of funding. In addition, flexibility is necessary to account for community acceptance, which is often the major determinant affecting whether education and outreach activities and administrative mechanisms such as certification and training requirements are practical or effective solutions.
Arlington County, Virginia, is drafting a source control plan for "minimizing impacts on its streams, a well as impacts to the Potomac River and the Chesapeake Bay, from pollutants entering the streams from many diverse sources." The plan is aimed at implementing individual programs for controlling sources of nonpoint pollution. Projects include:
- Storm drainage master plan;
- Educational programs for lawn management;
- Evaluation of street sweeping programs;
- Stream valley stabilization and restoration;
- Evaluation of parking lot and street design requirements;
- Land use planning;
- Leaf and debris collection;
- Household hazardous waste disposal; and
- Storm drain stenciling.
4. Practices, Effectiveness Information, and Cost Information
As discussed more fully at the beginning of this chapter and in Chapter 1, the following practices are described for illustrative purposes only. State programs need not require implementation of these practices. However, as a practical matter, EPA anticipates that the management measure set forth above generally will be implemented by applying one or more management practices appropriate to the source, location, and climate. The practices set forth below have been found by EPA to be representative of the types of practices that can be applied successfully to achieve the management measure described above.
- a. Promote public education programs regarding proper use and disposal of household hazardous materials and chemicals.
Public education is an important component of this management measure. The provision of information regarding the environmental impacts of common household activities can produce long-term shifts in behavior and may result in significant reductions in household-generated pollutants. School curricula on watershed protection, including nonpoint pollution control, have been developed for elementary and secondary school education programs. An example is the program developed by the Washington State Office of Environmental Education (Puget Sound Water Quality Authority, 1989). Incorporating such programs into regular school curricula is an effective way to educate youth about the importance of environmentally conscious behavior, which in turn can help reduce the need for and cost of technology-based pollution control.
Florida developed a comprehensive Statewide plan for environmental education coordinated by its Council on Comprehensive Environmental Education to be implemented through formal and informal education programs and State agency programs. All teachers receive the training, as well as State agency personnel and school children in grades kindergarten through 12 (Florida Council on Comprehensive Environmental Education, 1987).
Public participation is an effective means of educating the public and is also necessary for successfully creating and implementing a nonpoint pollution control plan. Public involvement should be encouraged during the planning process through attendance at meetings, workshops, and private or group consultations, and by encouraging the public to comment on planning documents. Support for the documents and the plans being developed is fostered through public involvement. Newsletters are an effective means of keeping the public informed of what planning steps are being taken and how the public can become and stay involved. Metropolitan Seattle has printed an educational brochure concerning waste oil disposal in six languages in order to reach a wider audience (Washington State Department of Ecology, 1992).
- b. Establish programs such as Amnesty Days to encourage proper disposal of household hazardous chemicals.
Recognizing the potential impacts for environmental degradation from the improper disposal of hazardous household materials and chemicals, many communities have implemented programs to collect these chemicals. There has been an exponential growth in the number of such collection programs since the early 1980s. Two programs were in place in 1980; 822 were in place in 1990. The most common type of collection system is a 1-day event at a temporary site (often referred to as an Amnesty Day). More local governments are beginning to sponsor these programs several times a year, and many communities are establishing permanent programs, including retail store drop-off programs, curbside collection, and mobile permanent facilities (Duxbury, 1990). Table 4-29 (20k) summarizes the cost and effectiveness of some household chemical collection programs.
In spite of relatively low participation rates, collection programs can have a significant impact on the amount of hazardous chemicals and materials entering the waste stream. It has been estimated that the amount of hazardous chemicals collected in States having approved coastal management programs was approximately 51,000 drums, or 280,500 gallons, in 1990 (extrapolated from Duxbury, 1990).
- c. Develop used oil, used antifreeze, and hazardous chemical recycling programs and site collection centers in convenient locations.
Household hazardous chemical (HHC) collection programs already exist in many counties throughout the United States. Specific days are usually designated as drop-off days and are advertised through television, newspapers, flyers, and radio. In Arlington County, Virginia, collection during the week is by appointment with a water pollution chemist employed by the county and on one Saturday a month. Other HHC collection programs have once-a-week or once-a-month collection days, and some programs have a single day set aside each year for all HHC collection for the county or region. The waste collected by these programs is usually disposed of by a licensed HHC contractor. Table 4-29 (20k) presents program descriptions, effectiveness, and cost information for representative HHC collection programs. Many service stations currently provide used oil and antifreeze recycling facilities for "do-it-yourselfers" to encourage environmentally sound disposal.
- d. Encourage proper lawn management and landscaping.
The care of landscaped areas can contribute significantly to NPS pollutant loadings. Results of a telephone survey conducted in 1982 by the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University showed that only 12 to 15 percent of home lawns in Virginia were being managed properly. The majority of homeowners preferred to do their own lawn work; only 8 to 10 percent of the households used commercial lawn care companies. A similar survey conducted on Long Island concluded that in affluent neighborhoods, 72 percent of the respondents used a lawn care service; in the least affluent neighborhoods, no one subscribed to commercial lawn care (Cornell Water Resources Institute, 1985). The extent of nonpoint source pollution from fertilizer application is site-specific and depends on a number of factors, including soil type, application rate, type of fertilizer, precipitation and watering amount, and socioeconomic status of residents. Because most people are not trained in proper fertilization and maintenance application, homeowner lawn care may result in significant amounts of nonpoint source pollution.
To significantly decrease homeowners' pesticide and fertilizer loadings requires a broad-based educational effort. The State Cooperative Extension Service (CES) is one educational vehicle; however, the CES reaches only a small percentage of the population. Mass media approaches are generally the most effective way to reach a large part of the population, though some other possibilities are discussed below (Puget Sound Water Quality Authority, 1991). The following practices are part of proper lawn management and landscaping.
Proper pesticide and herbicide use, and reduced applications
While few studies have been conducted to correlate pesticide and herbicide use with adverse effects on marine water quality, the magnitude of potential impacts can be inferred from incidents such as the extensive ground-water contamination in counties bordering the Puget Sound following widespread use of the pesticide ethylene dibromide (EDB) (Puget Sound Water Quality Authority, 1989). Estimates of pesticide use in the Puget Sound area reveal that 20 percent of the volume of pesticides applied is from residential sources and that these applications are typically in excess of recommended amounts or are too concentrated (Puget Sound Water Quality Authority, 1991).
Maintaining a buffer between surface water and areas treated with pesticides is one method to increase the transport distance and reduce the potential for offsite movement of toxics. Selection of less toxic, mobile, and persistent chemicals with greater selective control of pests is encouraged (Spectrum Research, 1990).
Reduced fertilizer applications and proper application timing
Lawn fertilization has been identified as a source of excess nitrogen and phosphorus loadings that may lead to eutrophication. A modeling study of urban runoff pollution conducted in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Washington, DC, and Virginia by Cohn-Lee and Cameron (1991) estimated that the nonpoint source loadings of nutrients were equal to or greater than loadings discharged from POTWs and industries in the Chesapeake Bay area.
Ground-water contamination also may be of concern especially where interflow exists between surface waters and ground waters. Schultz (1989) found that over 50 percent of the nitrogen in fertilizer leaches from a lawn when improperly applied. NVSWCD et al. (1991) found that up to two-thirds less fertilizer can be applied than is typically recommended by manufacturers. The use of slow-release forms of nitrogen and proper watering may also decrease nonpoint source pollution loadings (Nassau-Suffolk Regional Planning Board, 1978).
Limited lawn watering
Nonpoint source runoff from lawns can be reduced by employing efficient watering techniques. Overwatering can increase nitrogen loss 5 to 11 times the amount lost when proper watering strategies are used (Morton et al., 1988).
Soaker hoses and trickle or drip irrigation systems are an alternative to sprinkler systems. These types of systems deliver water at lower rates, which can increase the volume infiltrated, conserve water, and avoid runoff that can be associated with improperly operated sprinkler systems.
Use of minimum maintenance/minimum disturbance and IPM methods
Minimum maintenance/minimum disturbance policies and strategies can effectively reduce land disturbance and associated soil loss and can reduce fertilizer, pesticide, and herbicide loadings. Where new development is occurring, community standards that limit the use of fertilizers or require commercial lawn care companies to use low-impact lawn care practices can decrease NPS loadings. Such practices can be promoted through public education programs for both new and existing developments.
Effective use of IPM strategies can further reduce nonpoint source loadings. Regional soil conservation services, agricultural extension offices, local conservation districts, or the U.S. Department of Agriculture are good sources of information on IPM. A study in Maryland on IPM for street and landscape trees in a planned suburban community demonstrated that pesticide use could be reduced by 79 to 87 percent when spot application techniques were substituted for cover spray techniques. An average annual cost savings of 22 percent also resulted from the program.
Effective IPM Strategies include (Washington State Department of Ecology, 1992):
- Use of natural predators and pathogens;
- Mechanical control;
- Use of native and resistant plantings;
- Maintainenance of proper growing conditions;
- Removal of or substitutions for less-favored pest habitat;
- Timing annual crops to avoid pests;
- Localized use of appropriate chemicals as a last alternative.
Xeriscaping, creative landscaping for decreased water, energy, and pesticide/fertilizer inputs, can be used to reduce urban runoff and minimize the application of lawn care products that may adversely impact coastal waters. The use of xeriscaping practices can reduce required lawn maintenance up to 50 percent and reduce watering requirements by 60 percent (Clemson University, 1991). Florida has passed legislation requiring xeriscaping on the grounds of all State buildings. Several other States, including New Jersey and California, actively support xeriscaping efforts. A more detailed discussion of xeriscaping is in Section II.C of this chapter.
Reduced runoff potential
Rainwater from roofs can be infiltrated into the ground in gravel-filled trenches in well-drained soils or collected in rain barrels for later irrigation. Wood decking or brick pavers allow greater infiltration than do solid concrete structures. Landscape terracing reduces runoff and erosion when gardening on slopes (Washington State Department of Ecology, 1992).
Training, certification, and licensing programs for landscaping and lawn care professionals
Training, certification, and licensing programs are an effective method to educate lawn care professionals about potential nonpoint pollution problems associated with fertilizer, pesticide, and herbicide applications. The State Cooperative Extension Service commonly provides these services. Trained lawn care professional can also help educate the general public about the advantages of low-input approaches.
- e. Encourage proper onsite recycling of yard trimmings.
Home composting promotes onsite recycling of plant nutrients contained in yard trimmings and reduces the potential for nutrients to enter surface waters. Unlike most commercial fertilizers, compost releases nutrients slowly and is a source of trace metals (Hansen and Mancl, 1988). When added as an amendment to lawn or garden soils, compost increases the organic content of the soil, which increases infiltration, reduces runoff, and decreases the need for watering. Sediment and bound nutrients in soils with high organic content are less mobile and less likely to migrate from the site. Compost applications may also result in increased plant health and vigor, allowing for the reduced use of pesticides (Logsdon, 1990).
Home composting programs may result in municipal cost savings. An average suburban yard generates up to 1,500 pounds of yard trimmings per year, most of which is usually landfilled (McNelly, undated). Homeowners should be encouraged to place compost piles or bins away from streams and roadways that may serve as conveyances of leached nutrients. Recycling of grass clippings and mulched leaves should also be encouraged through education programs. The retention of grass clippings and mulched leaves reduces the need for supplemental water and fertilizer inputs.
Suggested backyard composting programs include the following:
- Provide compost bins free or at cost.
- Create pamphlets explaining benefits and methods.
- Start a "Master Composter" program in which graduates receive free equipment and conduct their own workshops.
- Provide credits on waste removal fees to people who compost yard wastes.
- f. Encourage the use of biodegradable cleaners and other alternatives to hazardous chemicals.
Improperly disposed household cleaners containing nonbiodegradable chemicals have the potential to contaminate surface waters and ground water. OSDS systems may also be adversely impacted by these substances (PSWQA, 1989). The use of nontoxic, biodegradable alternatives, which quickly break down, should be encouraged through public education efforts (Reef Relief, 1992).
- g. Manage pet excrement to minimize runoff into surface waters.
The Soil Conservation Service in the Nassau-Suffolk region of New York collected data indicating that domestic animals contribute BOD, COD, bacteria, nitrogen, and phosphorus to ground water and surface waters (Nassau-Suffolk Regional Planning Board, 1978). Urban runoff containing pet excrement has been found to be responsible for numerous shellfish bed closures in New York and has been implicated in shellfish bed closures in Massachusetts (George Huefelder, personal communication, 1992; Nassau-Suffolk Regional Planning Board, 1978). In New York, the large populations of semi-wild Pekin ducks contribute heavily to water quality problems. A study in Massachusetts found that dog droppings alone were significant enough to cause shellfish bed closures.
Curb laws, requiring that dogs be walked close to street curbs so they will defecate on the streets near curbs, are intended to ensure that street sweeping operations collect the droppings and prevent them from entering runoff. However, traditional street sweeping has been found to be an ineffective means for controlling fines and soluble NPS pollution and the dog droppings are more often swept into sewers and delivered to bays and estuaries during rain storms (Long Island Regional Planning Board, 1982; 1984; Nassau-Suffolk Regional Planning Board, 1978). Curbing ordinances should therefore be repealed where they are in effect, and laws requiring pet owners to clean up after their pets when they are walked in public areas and to dispose of the droppings properly should be enacted.
Proper cleanup and disposal of canine fecal material and discouragement of public feeding of waterfowl are two ways of potentially controlling the adverse impacts of animal droppings. The following examples from the Long Island Regional Planning Board (1984) illustrate controls for NPS pollution from animal droppings.
Control of NPS pollution from dogs:
- Enactment of "pooper-scooper" laws requiring the removal and proper disposal of dog feces on public property.
- Enforcement of existing "pooper-scooper" and leash laws should be improved in priority target areas where animal feces are known to be an NPS pollution problem.
Control of NPS pollution from horses:
- Instituting zoning ordinances to control the keeping of horses. These ordinances should include:
- Minimum acreage requirements per horse;
- Specifying areas where horse waste may be stored; and
- Designated areas where horses may be kept.
- Limiting the density of horses in deep aquifer recharge areas, in selected shallow aquifer recharge areas, in areas immediately adjacent to surface waters, and where slopes are greater than 5 percent.
Public education programs:
- The Cooperative Extension Service and similar agencies should be encouraged to develop and distribute informational material on all aspects of animal waste problems.
Owners of large animals should use BMPs similar to those for pasture management, including the fencing of animals away from surface waters, avoidance of "overgrazing," "grazing area" rotation, and limited "grazing" when soil is wet. Manure is best stored away from waterbodies on an impervious surface with a cover or roof (Washington State Department of Ecology, 1992).
The following actions can be used to help control the problem of pet excrement:
- Pass regulations controlling the disposal of excrement from domestic animals;
- Enact domestic animal clean-up regulations; and
- Require commercial domestic animal operations (e.g., pet stores, kennels) to implement BMPs for the control and proper disposal of animal excrement.
- h. Use storm drain stenciling in appropriate areas.
Storm drain stenciling programs can be effective tools to reduce illegal dumping of litter, leaves, and toxic substances down urban runoff drainage systems. These programs also serve as educational reminders to the public that such storm drains often discharge untreated runoff directly to coastal waters.
A successful program was initiated in Anne Arundel County, Maryland. The program was implemented by volunteers to prevent dumping of harmful material into storm drains that ultimately discharge to the Chesapeake Bay. The county's only involvement has been to publicize the program and provide stencils and painting materials.
Approximately 60 to 70 percent of all communities in the county have participated. Several other counties around the Chesapeake Bay have inquired about the program. Data on effectiveness in terms of pounds of pollutant removed were not available; however, an informal survey that occurred after the program was implemented revealed that there is increased public understanding that storm drains should not be used for disposal of hazardous materials and dumping has decreased. Costs were nominal ($7.00 per stencil kit, including paint and brushes; the average neighborhood cost was $40.00). There is a similar program in place in Puget Sound, Washington. The total cost of implementing the stenciling program for the Sound was $2,644.39, including materials and labor. This practice is currently being used in other States and localities, including the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, drainage basin.
- i. Encourage alternative designs and maintenance strategies for impervious parking lots.
Parking lot runoff accounts for a significant percentage of nonpoint source pollution in commercial areas, depending on the proportion of building size to parking lot size. Sweeping is a viable method of reducing this runoff from paved areas. If a lot is rectangular and has no parking bumpers or medians dividing it, the job is easier and less expensive. As indicated in the case study, a computer model proved to be a useful tool in evaluating the effectiveness of pavement sweeping as a method to control one source of nonpoint pollution (Broward County Planning Council, 1982).
Through an EPA Continuing Planning Process Grant, the Broward County Planning Council received funding to conduct a study to determine the effectiveness of parking lot sweeping as a method to abate water pollution. A computer model, utilizing simple and multiple regression equations, was used to simulate the conditions at the study area and to predict the runoff loads from the area due to rainfall. Some results of the study are as follows: for paved commercial parking lots, the 3-day to 28-day sweeping cycle produces a pollutant removal range of 60 percent to 20 percent, respectively; as the quantity of residue increases, sweeper efficiency also increases, and there is a point of diminishing return for pollutant removal by sweeping and for sweeper efficiency in removing pollutant loadings (Broward County Planning Council, 1982).
Equipment types commonly used for street sweeping include abrasive brush and vacuum device sweepers. Both abrasive brush and vacuum sweepers have been shown to be generally inefficient at picking up fine solids of less than 43 microns. Although vacuum sweepers are more effective at removing fine particulates than brush sweepers, they are still generally considered to be inefficient. A newly developed helical brush sweeper that incorporates a steel brush with vacuum has been shown to be more effective at removing fine solids and is currently being evaluated. Although currently used sweeper technologies have been shown to be inefficient at removing fine particulates, their use in conjunction with other BMPs that are effective in trapping fine solids could improve downstream water quality (NVPDC, 1987).
Another promising method of street cleaning that concentrates on oil and grease removal is wet-sweeping. By spraying a small area with water containing biodegradable soaps or detergents that solubilize the oil and grease deposited on pavement surfaces, increased removal can occur with a combination of sweeping and vacuum action. This method, however, is a fairly new concept and requires further testing (Silverman et al., 1986).
Vegetated areas/grassed swales are another method commonly used to reduce pollutant loadings from pavement runoff. These areas can be designed to accept runoff with relatively high oil and grease concentrations from parking lots. Percolation through soil and underlying layers typically results in hydrocarbon filtration and adsorption, and degradation by naturally occurring soil bacteria.
- j. Control commercial sources of NPS pollutants by promoting pollution prevention assessments and developing NPS pollution reduction strategies or plans and training materials for the workplace.
The opportunities for and advantages of pollution prevention practices vary from industry to industry, location to location, and activity to activity. Therefore, it is important to develop pollution prevention programs tailored specifically to an activity or site. Pollution prevention assessments on a site-by-site basis reduce some wastes and possibly eliminate the generation of other wastes. Such assessments are often necessary for successful pollution prevention programs (DOI, 1991).
States should promote and/or provide pollution prevention training and on-site assessments of individual facilities to help reduce the amount of hazardous wastes entering the environment from households and commercial facilities. A typical assessment for a facility will identify the types of waste produced, appropriate disposal methods and sites, and source reduction techniques. An education program to instruct personnel about proper materials handling and waste reduction strategies is also recommended.
The Alachua County, Florida, Office of Environmental Protection produced a handbook of BMPs to be applied in 12 separate commercial operations. Many of the BMPs are common to more than one type of operation, though specifics are mentioned for each category of activities. The 12 operations mentioned are small and large mechanical repair, dry cleaning, junk yards, photo processing, print and silk screening, machine shops and airport maintenance, boat manufacturing and repair, concrete and mining, agricultural, paint manufacturers and distributors, and plastic manufacturers (Alachua County Office of Environmental Protection, 1991).
The Santa Clara Valley Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program and the San Jose Office of Environmental Management produced a handbook of BMPs for automobile service stations (Santa Clara Valley Water Control District, 1992). The handbook describes 18 BMPs that can be used to control onsite nonpoint source pollutants. Many of these BMPs require little or no investment for implementation. Most of the BMPs rely on education-induced behavior changes to minimize spills and disposal of chemicals and wastewaters down storm drains. Recycling, spill prevention and response plans, and proper material storage are also covered.
The City of Lacy, Washington, developed guidelines to control NPS pollution impacts from service stations and automotive repair facilities on Puget Sound. These include:
- Straining used solvents and paint thinner for reuse;
- Recycling antifreeze, oil, metal chips, and batteries;
- Properly disposing of wastes, including oils, machine-tool coolant, and batteries;
- Using dry floor cleaners, such as kitty litter or vermiculite; and
- Limiting use of water to clean driveways and walkways.
The city developed educational material for distribution that describes these guidelines, defines procedures for potential hazardous materials problems, and provides the State Hazardous Substance Hotline.
The City of Bellevue, Washington, Storm and Surface Water Utility, in cooperation with local businesses, has conducted a series of workshops aimed at the prevention of nonpoint pollution for automotive, construction, landscaping, food, and building maintenance businesses. The city gives recognition to businesses that attend a workshop and prepare a water quality action program. Videos of the workshops and accompanying manuals are also produced by the City of Bellevue (Washington State Department of Ecology, 1992).
- k. Promote water conservation.
Excessive use of water contributes to numerous NPS pollution problems, including runoff from fertilized areas, OSDS drainfield failures, and sewage leaks. Water overuse may also contribute indirectly to NPS pollution problems: streams, rivers, and ground water may be excessively drawn down for water supply, decreasing their capacity to absorb pollutant runoff and upsetting their natural flow (Long Island Regional Planning Board, 1982; Maddaus, 1989). Additional information on water conservation is contained in the OSDS section of this chapter.
- l. Discourage the use of septic system additives.
A 1980 EPA study identified 23 priority pollutants that are likely to be disposed of down household drains. Disposal of these chemicals into OSDS may impair OSDS function and contaminate ground water. Septic system cleaners are included in this category. There is little scientific evidence that septic system cleaners are effective in improving the function of septic systems. Many of the septic system cleaners contain chemicals such as chlorinated hydrocarbons, aromatic organic compounds, and acids and bases that may have an adverse affect on the biological treatment system and that may also pollute ground water. Many of these chemicals are also highly persistent in the ground water. Studies of ground-water contamination in New York and Connecticut have monitored these compounds in ground water and have found that (1) the septic system additives are not effective in improving the treatment systems and (2) the additives pass into ground water in relatively unaltered form (RIDEM, 1988).
Many States and local governments have adopted legislation prohibiting the use of septic system cleaning solvents, including the States of Maine and Delaware, the New Jersey Pinelands Regional Planning Commission, and several jurisdictions in Massachusetts. Rhode Island prohibits the disposal of acids or organic chemical solvents in septic systems and specifically discourages the use of septic tank cleaners. The State of Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection has taken the process one step further by banning the sale and use of cleaning solvents and also implementing the law through press releases, statewide surveys, direct manufacturer contact, and contact with the State Retail Merchants Association.
- m. Encourage litter control.
While street sweeping historically has been found to provide little benefit in reducing fines and pollutants associated with small particulates because of outdated sweeping equipment and irregular sweeping frequencies, litter control can be an effective means to improve the quality of urban runoff. Both the Baltimore and Long Island Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP) projects found that litter control substantially influenced the quality of runoff from urban areas (Myers, 1989). Suggestions for controlling litter include:
- Encouraging businesses to keep the streets in front of their buildings free of litter;
- Developing local ordinances restricting or prohibiting food establishments from using disposable food packaging, especially plastics, styrofoam, and other floatables;
- Implementing "bottle bills" and mandatory recycling laws;
- Providing technical and financial assistance for establishing and maintaining community waste collection programs;
- Distributing public education materials on the benefits of recycling; and
- Developing "user-friendly" ways for recycling, such as curbside pick-up, voluntary container buy-back systems, and drop-off recycling centers.
- n. Promote programs such as Adopt-a-Stream to assist in keeping waterways free of litter and other debris.
Such programs can eliminate much of the floatable debris found in coastal waters and their tributaries. These programs involve volunteers who pick up trash along designated streambeds. Several successful programs similar to these are being implemented in Maryland, Alaska, Virginia, North Carolina, and Washington. The International Coastal Cleanup, the largest coastal cleanup effort in the country, is coordinated by the Center for Marine Conservation (CMC). With the use of data cards, plastic gloves, and trash bags, 130,152 volunteers cleared 4,347 miles of beaches and waterways of 2,878,913 pounds of trash during the 1991 cleanup effort (Younger and Hodge, 1992).
In addition to the visible benefits of such clean-up efforts, these programs offer valuable educational opportunities for volunteers and provide a significant amount of data on the amounts and types of debris being found in waterways. The sources of various types of debris can be traced as well. Debris can be traced to a specific company or organization based on labeling or marking. Where possible, CMC contacts these organizations about the finding of their debris, informs them of the problems caused by marine debris, and asks them to join the battle against the debris problem. From the 1990 CMC coastal clean-up effort, approximately 150 organizations were identified and contacted. As a result, the majority of organizations responded positively by printing educational "Do not litter" slogans on their products, and several launched internal investigations into current waste-handling procedures (Younger and Hodge, 1992).
- o. Promote proper operation and maintenance of OSDS through public education and outreach programs.
Many of the problems associated with improper use of OSDS may be attributed to lack of knowledge on operation and maintenance of onsite systems. Training courses for installers and inspectors and education materials for homeowners on proper maintenance may reduce some of the incidences of OSDS failure.
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Celebrity Divorce - Deion Sanders Awarded Full Custody of Children
Former MLB and NFL legend, Deion Sanders, is use to battling to the top. But this time, his three children were on the line. As we have previously blogged, Sanders filed for divorce in 2011. Luckily for Sanders, he came out on top again when a Texas judge recently awarded him full custody of his 9 year old daughter. Sanders had also previously been awarded full custody of his two sons, 11 and 13, but had only been given joint custody of his daughter with estranged wife, Pilar. This leaves us to wonder, what exactly does Sanders' "full custody" award entail? As divorce attorneys know, in California, two types of custody exist: "legal" and "physical". Each type of child custody may be awarded solely to one parent or shared jointly between divorcing parents.
Legal Custody:Legal custody refers to a parent's right to make decisions about the child's health, welfare and education. If a parent is awarded "sole legal custody" by the court, then he/she is the only one who has the right to make such decisions and may do so without consulting with the other parent. However, when divorcing parents are awarded "joint legal custody," they both have the right to make decisions about the child's health, welfare, and education.
Since Sanders has been awarded sole legal custody of all three children, he now has full range to make decisions about where the kids will go to school, whether they should receive medical care and whether they will engage in religious activities, without consulting with Pilar.
Read more about the divorce process in San Diego
Physical Custody:Physical custody, on the other hand, refers to where the child lives after divorce. The parent who has physical custody is the one who has the right to have the child physically with them and in their home. Physical custody, like legal custody, can be awarded solely to one parent or shared jointly. When a divorce lawyer makes an argument for "Sole physical custody," this means that the child will reside with only one parent. That parent is typically referred to by attorneys and the court as the "custodial" or "residential" parent. Divorce lawyers and judges refer to the other parent as the "non-custodial" or "non-residential" parent. It is important to note that the court can still order visitation time for the non-custodial parent.
Learn more about the family law attorneys at the firm
"Joint physical custody" means that a child's time is divided equally, or close to equally, between both parents. Family lawyers in San Diego will draft such custody orders so that each parent has separate but significant periods of physical custody. Typically, parents share joint legal custody of their children. Divorce attorneys will argue for sole legal custody if one parent is deemed unfit, the parents are completely unable to make decisions together, or it would be in the child's best interest to have sole legal custody with one parent. For Sanders, winning the child custody battle with Pilar now means that all three kids will be living with dad!
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Tuesday, January 13, 2009
Earthworm Superheroes
Earthworms are the superheroes of the garden. They are planet Earth's composters taking organic materials and turning them into something even better than gardener's gold, worm poop! Worm poop, also known as worm castings and vermicompost, has so many beneficial microbes inside that it is like compost on steroids. The bacteria in the castings coming out is in a much greater quantity than the material that went in and that is great news any plant lucky enough to have the castings spread near them. The castings also act as a great soil conditioner improving the moisture holding capacity of the soil. By using worm castings you are feeding the soil not the plant which is exactly what you are supposed to do. The plants take the nutrients from the soil whereas the synthetic water soluble magic blue colored water will get your plants drunk on artificial nutrients and deposit salts into the soil. Salt isn't good for plants!
I've decided to give worm composting a try. There are fancy worm composters you can purchase online through various retailers at a range of prices but there are also some inexpensive options out there. I hope you'll follow along on yet another of my gardening projects over the next couple of weeks: Vermicomposting!
10 comments :
There is a gardener near me in Chatham County, NC (another writer, too) who has been raising earthworms for years. I've lost the bookmark to her website since my PC crashed, but she just absolutely loves raising the worms for gardening.
We loved the tick! He was too funny, but my all time favorite is Dark Wing Duck. But on to your garden topic. I have been trying to pay attention to the worms in my garden! I read someplace, but don't ask me where, that a sign of good soil was about 17 worms psf...not there yet but aiming that way! I just haven't the space/place for a worm composter right now...Where will you put your worm composter? Is the garage too cold?
Hi Dave, like Gail, we loved the Tick too. I think we have sons the same age who were into that sort of thing at the time. I tried to do the worm bin thing a few years ago but made two big mistakes, using worms from the garden and keeping it in the too cool garage during winter. And too wet. It was a gloppy gooey mess. I know you will do it right and get the right kind of worms too. We will be watching to see how you do it!ReplyDelete
Looking forward to following along with the worm farming Dave. Should be fun!ReplyDelete
I hope the garage works out because worms are not coming in the house! Maybe you can get a heat lamp. :)ReplyDelete
Doing some blog catch up today! I like the new look for 2009 Dave! I will be interested to see how this worm farming goes.ReplyDelete
Right Said Dave! I have a small space in front of my house for composting and the worms decompose them really quick and no odor! They're such sweethearts! Without them we wouldn't have a garden!ReplyDelete
It's really hard to garden organically without some kind of manure, and worms have a lot of advantages for that - you don't have to buy feed for them, and they don't crow at daybreak for example. When we kept rabbits we had tons of worms, now not so much.ReplyDelete
I have been excited to try vermicomposting for quite a long time. So, I took the plunge in late October. I was so thrilled. However, within 4 weeks or so, I was breeding a houseful of fruit flies!! I didn't know what to do. So, I took the extreme measure of adding the whole tub contents to my outdoor compost pile (which means, they're enriching the compost pile by means of their decomposing bodies). I'm in Iowa and we're in the middle of a very cold winter.ReplyDelete
So sad. Wish you much better rate of success!!!
Now you are going to start posting about castings and newspaper shredders. This will be fun to watch.ReplyDelete
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Madison Bella Hunt
Madison Bella Hunt was born to Eric and Amber Hunt on March 4, 2008 at Georgetown Community Hospital. She weighed 6 lbs. 6 oz., and is welcomed by her sister, Taylor Renae.
Maternal grandparents are Joe and Marian Anderson, great-grandparents Joe and Gladys Fitzgerald, all of Cynthiana.
Paternal grandparents are Larry and Juanita Hunt, great-grandparents are Elsie Hunt and the late Clay Hunt, all of Carlisle.
According to our weather forecasters it looks like we are locked into a cool, wet weather pattern for a couple of weeks. This is good news for some and bad for others. It is certainly hard to get ornamental and vegetable plants in when it rains all the time. Excessive rain and cool temperatures can slow things down a bit, in more ways then one.
10 years ago . . .
I cant tell you how many people have told me that they have planted their tomatoes alreadysome nearly a month ago! Too early, too early! When it comes to spring fever the tomato is most abused. Gardeners just cant wait to get out and dig, which is understandable, but when it comes to tomatoes it is best to be patient.
Tomatoes love two things: good drainage and heat. If you have struggled with tomatoes in the past consider what makes them most content when preparing the garden and setting your plants out.
Jayden Ann Marshall
Jayden Ann Marshall was born to John and Amanda Marshall on April 10, 2008 at Georgetown Community Hospital. She weighed 6 lbs. 15.3 oz. and is welcomed by her sister, Haley Nicole Marshall.
Maternal grandparents are Dermon and Teresa King of Cynthiana; maternal great-grandparents are Leonard and Bobbie Kennedy of Cynthiana, and the late Lorene Pearl Davis King and Herbert Dermon King.
* Cynthiana News, Aug. 1, 1867 -- Mr. Frisbie, the polite railroad agent at this place, has some enterprise in his composition. He has recently finished off a fine lot of cattle pens near the depot for the benefit of cattle, sheep, and hog drovers and shippers and has also put up scales, Fairbanks make, for the purpose of weighing hay, grain, and all kinds of stock. He keeps a coal yard and will weigh his coal hereafter, by that means giving a fairer return for the money.
* Aristotle -- In all things of nature, there is something of the marvelous.
Maternal grandparents are Leonard and Bobbie Kennedy of Cynthiana, and the late Lorraine Davis King and Herbert Dermon King.
Paternal grandparents are Claudette King of Cynthiana, and the late Benjamin Franklin Marshall; paternal great-grandparents are the late Clyde Omer Webster and Nanie Elizabeth Webster.
Kary Suzanna Simpson
Kary Suzanna Simpson was born to Stevie and Rebecca Simpson of Berry, Ky. on April 22, 2008 at Harrison Memorial Hospital. She weighed 7 lbs. 12 oz.
Maternal grandparents are Mark and Delores Marsh of Berry; maternal great-grandparents are George Marsh and the late Kary Marsh, and Jean Crawley and the late Edward Crawley.
Paternal grandparents are Stevie and Sue Simpson of Harrodsburg, Ky., and Lillie Simpson of Millersburg, Ky.; paternal great-grandparents are Mickey and Larry Emmons, and the late Robert and Edna Morris.
When we first moved out to the farm in 1979 the first fruit that my parents planted were strawberries and peaches; undoubtedly there was some influence from Daddys good friend Joe Huber. Southern Indiana must have some strawberry influence because Ill be planting strawberries again this year thanks to another Floyds Knob friend, Bruce Eveslage, who gave me some Italian alpine strawberry plants to add to my potager garden. I feel a little rusty on the strawberry cultivation thing so I have refreshed my memory about growing this small, versatile fruit.
Rayden Tucker McRoberts
Rayden Tucker McRoberts was born to Joey and Stacy McRoberts of Brooksville, Ky. on April 11, 2008 at Meadowview Regional Hospital. He weighed 7 lbs. 2 oz.
Maternal grandparents are Dennis and Tracy Tucker of Brooksville.
Paternal grandparents are, Steve and Sherry McRoberts of Tollesboro, Ky.
Great-grandparents are Betty Persinger of Milford, Charles Tucker of Brooksville, and Jim and Barbara McRoberts of Tollesboro.
Births announced this week are: Joseph Bo Hodge, April 20, son of Christy and Shane Hodge; Spencer Wyatt Hughes, April 19, son of Steve and Amy Hughes; Victoria Taylor Switzer, April 10, daughter of Doug and Tammy Switzer.
Harrison County Fiscal Court awards bid to N&N Contracting for $34,900 for construction of a bridge on Grays Run Road; and renewed contracts with the Montgomery County Regional Jail for housing adults at $25 a day, and juveniles at $100 per day.
Births announced this week are: Brandi Dawn Ballinger, April 13, daughter of Fred and Rita Ballinger; Devon Alex Cracraft, March 30, son of Stephen and Stella Cracraft; Michael Connor Rose, April 5, son of George and Susan Rose; Kethan Russell Todd Johnson, March 26, son of Todd and Darla Johnson.
The bell that has been on the roof of the Cynthiana City Hall is being taken to Harrison Machine Shop to be cleaned. It will be displayed with a historical marker beside city hall. The bell was used for many years to alert firefighters of a fire.
* Log Cabin, April 2,1897 - The members of the local Chapter of the D.A.R. were entertained by Mrs. Hervey McDowell Tuesday.
Sawyer Glenn Cracraft
Sawyer Glenn Cracraft was born to Christopher and Angela Cracraft on Feb. 8, 2008 at Central Baptist Hospital in Lexington, Ky. He weighed 6 lbs. 13 oz.
Maternal grandparents are Jarvis Agee and Vivian Hawkins; maternal great-grandparents are Bonnie Robison of Campbellsville, Ky. and the late Wigg Robison, and the late James and Lena Agee of Campbellsville.
We winter over a great many tropicals from year to year. I have angle wing begonias, agapanthus, dipladenia, gardenia and a growing collection of succulents that spend the winter in a restful state in the windowed basement. They are starting to look a little ragged because of low light, humidity and water: the realities of the indoor winter environment in Kentuckiana. But things are changing outside so I am getting everyone ready for the big move.
Jameson Warner
Jameson Warner was born to Jebb and Shawn Hicks Warner of Georgetown, Ky. on March 8, 2008. He weighed 6 lbs. 3 oz., and is welcomed by his brother, Justin Warner.
Maternal grandparents are Billy and Diane Hicks; maternal great-grandparents are Ruby Moses and the late Bill Moses, and Bill and Marie Hicks.
Paternal grandparents are Jack and Nancy Warner of Lexington, and Jerri Warner of Georgetown.
Macy Brooke Beagle
Macy Brooke Beagle was born to Scott and Mary Beagle of Berry, Ky. on March 23, 2008 at Harrison Memorial Hospital. She weighed 8 lbs. 4 oz., and is welcomed by her brother Cole.
Maternal grandparents are Rick and Evea Green of Berry; maternal great-grandparents are Kenneth and Georgena Brown, and Dorothy Green.
Paternal grandparents are Terry and Dale Beagle of Berry; paternal great-grandparents are Ralph Thompson and Amanda Beagle.
No births to announce this week.
Canine units conduct random drug search at Harrison County Middle School and high school. No drugs found.
Harrison County Recreation Department asks Cynthiana City Commission for more money. The department is not a money making operation. Higher fees for youth leagues spurrs complaints from parents. Next years budget will be operating on a $57,320 deficit.
Caleb Joseph Shepperd
Caleb Joseph Shepperd was born to Jeremy and Erika Shepperd of Louisville, Ky. on March 16, 2008 at the University of Louisville Hospital. He weighed 7 lbs. 7 oz.
Maternal grandparents are Jaimie and Michelle Koch of Berea, Ky., and Thomas Roe of Mauk, Ga.
Paternal grandparents are Joseph and Irene Shepperd of Cynthiana; paternal great-grandparent is Dessie Shepperd of Falmouth, Ky.
* Log Cabin, Oct. 30, 1942 - It was learned here yesterday from reliable sources that the court house fence, containing a high type scrap iron and weighing an estimated 75 tons would be torn down today and thrown on the Donated Scrap Pile. Mr. H. A. Rohs stated yesterday that a quantity of high type pewter and brass fixtures from the old Aeolian Hall of ante-bellum vintage would be tossed into the scrap and proceeds donated to the County War Chest. Additional swords added to the collection of Sword and Saber Club include donations by H. R. Terry and Mrs. L. G. Evans.
Copyright © 2015
The Cynthiana Democrat is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Cynthiana, KY and the surrounding area.


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Friday, June 17, 2011
© Copyright 2015 Gwinnett Daily Post
DULUTH — Turnovers and special teams are often two big keys in arena football.Both were the difference in the Georgia Force's game with the New Orleans VooDoo on Friday. The host Force created four from the visitors and turned them into 24 points, vaulting the hosts to a 58-47 victory before 4,009 fans Friday night at The Arena at Gwinnett Center. Just how important were turnovers for the Force (8-6)? Two interceptions by Tracy Belton, one by Ahmad Hawkins and a fumble recovery by Jerry Turner allowed Georgia to win despite accumulating only 179 yards of total offense, and helped the Force keep pressure on Pittsburgh and Cleveland in the race for one of the American Conference's wild card playoff spots, with the latter two scheduled to play later this weekend. "Energy always picks up after turnovers," said Belton, nabbed his team-best seventh and eighth interceptions of the year Friday. "Every turnover counts. That's arena football." Special teams were also big for the Force (8-6), who got 189 return yards from C.J. Johnson, including a 56-yard kickoff return for a touchdown in the second quarter, and a blocked field goal by Jeff Littlejohn. The offense also had its moments as Brett Elliott (19-33-1, 179 yards) threw for six touchdowns, four of which went to to Maurice Purify (11-106). Still, turnovers made the biggest impact, and perhaps the biggest turnover of the game came on the first play from scrimmage in the second half after the Force had taken a scant 24-20 advantage into intermission. Ahmad Hawkins stepped in front of a D. Bryant pass at the New Orleans 4-yard line and strolled untouched into the end zone. The interception briefly tied Hawkins with Belton for the team lead with seven on the season, and gave to give the Force breathing room with a 31-20 lead just 36 seconds into the third quarter. "It seemed to good to be true because I read it so fast," Hawkins said of his interception. "I just had faith in what the scheme was and what God put me in position to do. "When you get a pick six and a defensive score, it's a game changer." After an exchange of scores, Belton came up with his second interception of the game on the next VooDoo possession — an acrobatic, one-handed diving grab in the end zone that set up Elliott's third TD pass to Purify of the night, a 16-yard strike to pushed the Georgia lead to 44-27 with 4:40 left in the third quarter. New Orleans (2-11) got a late turnover of its own on Dayron Brutley fumble recover that set up Bryant's 2-yard scoring strike to Skyler Green that pulled the VooDoo as close as 45-40 with 7:55 to play. But the Force quickly answered with five-play, 40-yard drive, capped by the final hook-up between Elliott and Purify of the night, a 10-yard scoring strike that made the score 52-40 with 4:09 to play and effectively put the game away.
More like this story
- Last-second TD propels Force past Vigilantes ( April 8, 2011 )
- Force on two-game win streak as mid-season hits ( May 5, 2011 )
- Force working for consistency ( April 29, 2011 )
- Force return to Arena to meet Vigilantes ( April 7, 2011 )
- Force can't make final comeback ( May 21, 2011 )


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Edward M. McCormick
CUMBERLAND - Edward M. McCormick, of Cumberland died Saturday, April 30, 2011. He was the husband of Anna P. (Iachetti) McCormick.
Mr. McCormick was born in Pawtucket, the son of the late Michael and Marion (Bardsley) McCormick. He was a United States Army Veteran of WWII where he served in a tank division during the Battle of the Bulge.
Mr. McCormick was a painting contractor for many years before he retired.
He loved to golf and was an avid traveler.
Besides his wife, Mr. McCormick is survived by his sisters, Noreen P. Unwin of Pawtucket and Elsie Bradbury of Colorado and his brother Michael D. McCormick of Colorado. He also leaves his nieces Joanne Saldua of Pawtucket and Larae Bradbury in Colorado and a nephew Samuel Bradbury in Colorado.
The funeral for Mr. McCormick will be Thursday at 8:30 a.m. from the MANNING-HEFFERN FUNERAL HOME, 68 Broadway, Pawtucket. There will be a Mass of Christian Burial in St. Teresa's Church, 358 Newport Avenue, Pawtucket at 9:30 a.m. His burial will be with full Military Honors in the Rhode Island Veterans Cemetery, Exeter.
The calling hours will be Wednesday 4-7 p.m. in the funeral home. For guest book signatures please visit www.manningheffern.com.
In lieu of flowers donations may be made to Home and Hospice Care of RI, 1085 North Main Street, Providence RI, 02904 in Mr. McCormick's memory.


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Member Since:
July 28th, 2011
About Deborah Ellingwood
Deborah was born in the State of Maine but was raised as a child in Delaware. She moved back to Maine only to meet her Husband Paul who joined the US Navy, so off she went again. With their two Daughters Jen and Jamie, they traveled for 21 years all over the United States as well as Italy, England, Germany, and Egypt.
When asked what medium she paints in the response is usually �I paint just about anything and everything on just about anything and everything� Deb would say that Acrylics is near and dear to her heart as well as the use of an Airbrush.
While in High School she attended Kent County Vocational Technical School where she studied Commercial Arts. She also attended two Airbrush seminars, one in 1995 in New York and the other 2010 in Las Vegas. For the most part Deborah would be considered a Self Taught Artist.
Deborah�s work can be found in 6 local Tim Hortons from Skowhegan to Old Town, Maine as well as in D.Ellingood Art in Newport, Maine which is where her studio is located. When she is not busy in her studio painting she is teaching a class in watercolor, acrylics or airbrush.
Her painting �Flight of the Moon Fairies� won People�s Choice Award at the Bangor Flower Show in 2011
Majestic by Deborah Ellingwood
Rustic Harvest by Deborah Ellingwood
The Blue Fairy by Deborah Ellingwood
Enchantment by Deborah Ellingwood
Peaches by Deborah Ellingwood
Flight of the Moon Faries by Deborah Ellingwood
Lonesome Fairy by Deborah Ellingwood
Butterfly Dance by Deborah Ellingwood
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Figure 4.
GSK-3β and FKHR phosphorylation following CCL25 treatment. MDA-MB-231 cells were tested for their ability to phosphorylate GSK-3β and FKHR following treatment with CCL25, cisplatin and specific-kinase inhibitors (wortmannin and PF-573, 228). In situ total and active (phosphorylated) GSK-3β and FKHR levels were quantified by Fast Activated Cell-based ELISA (FACE) assay before (0 minutes) or after (5 or 10 minutes) CCL25 stimulation in the presence of cisplatin and kinase inhibitors.
Johnson-Holiday et al. World Journal of Surgical Oncology 2011 9:46 doi:10.1186/1477-7819-9-46


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Clear Tune Monitors T-500 Elite
" Introduction Click here for the marketing info. No need for me to retype what's already available. My set-ups Most of my music—and all of my audition music—is 44.1/16 ALAC rips from CD performed by XLD. Playback for this review is as follows: MBP – iTunes – Wireworld Starlight 7 USB – ALO Audio The International – CTMs MBP – Audirvana latest..." --muziq
Clear Tune Monitors CTM-200
Clear Tune Monitors (CTM) has developed a line of extremely affordable in-ear monitors ranging from $200 to $600. Clear Tune Monitors (CTM) offers a wide array of products that a provide high-end listening experience, whether you are a professional musician or an average music lover wanting to take your aural experience to the next level: CTM-200: The CTM- 200 is the most popular type of...
Ultimate Ears 100 Noise-Isolating Earphones - Black/Green
" I would personally like flat colors on the design but hey ts just me. Noise Isolation is really great (and I regularly commute home here in Manila, which is really loud at peak hours) Would I recommend it? Well Sure if you really are on a tight budget, but if you can add $10 to $15 dollars more you can get a sweeter pair. " --PLsg08


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I started MOO in 2004 with the ambition to create remarkable products. In 2006 we introduced MiniCards, to help you share your virtual life with the real world. Packed with modern innovations, MiniCards were, nevertheless, built on the tradition of Victorian-era calling cards. Hundreds of years after calling cards first appeared, CNET called MiniCards "the Web 2.0 secret handshake". That made me chuckle: a printed card for the internet generation.
Since then, our little company has grown (we've printed close to 100m MiniCards), but our values remain the same. We believe that technology should build on the values of the past – striving to make great things even better, more accessible: for everyone.
That's what brings us here today.
Inspired by the …Continue reading this article…
Meet Kieu, our newest MOO Ambassador! Kieu joined us in her resident state Louisiana, for Imaging USA in New Orleans. She fit right in and was a perfect member of the MOO Crew. In fact, I think she even knew more about MOO than we did! Here's what she had to say about the experience, take it away Kieu…
After being on the road for six months, I was just settling back into the rhythm of things here in southern Louisiana when I saw the call for MOO Ambassadors at the 2012 Imaging USA Expo in New Orleans. I'm a big fan of MOO – the products, the quality, the personality …Continue reading this article…
Some days, I find myself spending way too much time looking through the photos on our Facebook page and flicking through all the shots in MOO's Flickr pool. Today was one of those days. I'm always so impressed with what MOOsters make with MOO products. It makes my mind whirl with new ideas.
My current obsession is stickers. Who doesn't love stickers? They're so sticky and they stick to things. No seriously, some of the artwork on these stickers is gorgeous. I've rounded up a real hodge-podge of ideas. Enjoy.
First up are these beauties by @gemgirlart. We've featured her art before in our ideas section. I adore her illustration and it's so vibrant on these …Continue reading this article…
I've got a head cold today, you'll probably end up hearing it on the screencast (below) if you watch it.
The reason I'm telling you this is because I've been trying to write a blog post on how important it is for Product Managers to strike a balance between creating brand new products and improving the existing ones. About how our new Facebook Cards are an exciting new product and how what we're releasing today is aimed purely at improving things based on what we've heard from our existing customers.
The thing is, I keep re-reading what I've written and it sounds like a cold feels, all bunged up and treacly, fuzzy and unclear. So, I think I'm just going to …Continue reading this article…
We're venturing out of the office and hitting New Orleans this month to attend Imaging USA. Come see our products first-hand (new Stickers, perhaps?) and chat with members of the MOO Crew. We'd love to meet you and say hi. Plus, we'll also be dishing out the latest insider gossip and there may even be some great giveaways.
Imaging USA is PPA's annual photographic convention and expo for professional and advanced amateur photographers. If you're in the photographic industry, this is one not to miss!
Even better? We're offering all MOOsters a FREE Expo Pass, on us! Click the link, to score the freebie registration.
The skinny:
Event: Imaging USA
Location: New Orleans
MOO Booth: 953
Dates: January 15-17
Ideal for: …Continue reading this article…
The great thing about our entrepreneurial MOO customers – that's you, by the way! – is that we know when we ask a question, we can count on a really diverse, useful and brilliant pool of answers in reply! And in our latest Twitter competition, as usual, you've come up trumps. We asked you to tweet your best business tips – and we've received so many fantastic ideas and snippets of advice, it's been quite the challenge to pick just one winner every day! But in the end, we've chosen some really great tips, so without further ado, may we present some of the winning business tweets – and we hope you get as much out of them as we …Continue reading this article…
At MOO we love big images: the bigger the image, the better the print. And the more interesting the image, the better the impression it makes when you first hand your card over to anyone you meet.
So, when we first heard Facebook were redesigning their profile page to include large format photography, it was pretty clear to us that this would look great on a business card. Then, when we saw the final Timeline design with the profile photo poking up over the large image we knew this was a product that we simply had to create!
If you've been living in a hole for the past few months you might be wondering what a Facebook …Continue reading this article…
We help our customers print things like Business Cards, MiniCards, and Letterheads, making it easy for them to share information about themselves or their business in the real world.
Don't miss out on special offers and discounts that we share with our subscribers!
We know that lots of you are great ambassadors for MOO and so we've been thinking of a way to say thank you. Which is why you can now actually earn money off your next order when you refer friends to MOO.Find out more
If you can do us a favour, we'll do one for you in return. Sign up as an affiliate and you could earn up to £5, $8, or €6 for every new customer you send our way.Sign up now


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Code: IYGAS
Discovery tours are all about exploring & experiencing the world with like-minded people, dipping your toe beneath the usual tourist surface & discovering the real essence of a region. They are genuinely innovative, exciting & imaginative tours that offer that little bit more to travellers.
Our Basic tours offer superb value and are ideal for those who are happy to forgo some creature comforts in favour of an authentic and fun experience. Under the leadership of a fully trained tour leader, you will enjoy all the highlights and freedom of independent travel with the convenience, security and companionship of a small group. All accommodation is based on twin share. If you are a solo traveller you will share with another solo traveller of the same sex. Single supplements are available on some trips. If you are interested in booking a single supplement please contact us to check availability.
With its picturesque beaches and beautiful blue waters, there are few more delectable places to unwind than the exotic 'Spice Island' of Zanzibar. Snorkel or scuba dive in crystal-clear reef waters, taste exotic tropical fruits, meet friendly locals and simply let your cares melt away as you laze at a resort. This is a colourful, engaging and relaxing seaside break.
Our tailor made adventure holidays will truly inspire and delight the senses and will live in your memory for ever.more info
Join us on one of our worldwide adventures coming up over the next few months – all guaranteed to depart, all at up to 20% off.more info


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The Tribeca Film Festival announced the films of its 2014 World Documentary Competition yesterday. Excitingly, one of the 12 chosen is Ballet 422, the collaboration between Ellen Bar, a former New York City Ballet soloist and the company's director of media projects, and choreographer Justin Peck.
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Vasant Panchami Festival
Devotees taking dips into the river Yamuna after immersing the idol... News PhotoAnnual Event,Event,Goddess,Horizontal,India,Noida,Pilgrim,Religion,Religious Celebration,River,Saraswati Puja,Uttar Pradesh,Yamuna RiverPhotographer Hindustan TimesCollection: Hindustan Times 2013 Hindustan TimesNOIDA, INDIA - FEBRUARY 17: Devotees taking dips into the river Yamuna after immersing the idol of goddess Saraswati on the occasion of Vasant Panchami festival on February 17, 2013 in Noida, India. Vasant Panchami sometimes referred to as Saraswati Puja or Shree Panchami, is a Hindu festival. On this day Hindus worship Saraswati, the goddess of knowledge, music, art and culture. This festival is celebrated every year on the 5th day or Panchami of the bright fortnight of the lunar month of Magha, which falls during January-February. (Photo by Burhaan Kinu/Hindustan Times via Getty Images)


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Eastwood Towne Center's 11th Annual Summer Music Series
Eastwood Towne Center presents the 11th Annual Summer Music Series.
Tuesday evenings from 6pm-8pm enjoy some FREE live music at Center Court.
The concert schedule is as follows:
- Showdown: July 30th
- Root Doctor: August 6th
- Cheap Dates: August 13th
- The Don Middlebrook Band: August 20th
- Life Support: August 27th
For more information visit www.shopeastwoodtownecenter.com.
This site uses Facebook comments to make it easier for you to contribute. If you see a comment you would like to flag for spam or abuse, click the "x" in the upper right of it. By posting, you agree to our Terms of Use.


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Affluent Lifestyle Guide
You might like Best Runway Models >
The Galaxy Note 8.0 was introduced at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, reports Quartz.
So, is it a tablet computer that also has a smartphone in it, or is smartphone that also contains a tablet computer? Either way, the new Galaxy Note 8, with its 8-inch screen, the world's largest smartphone is product with a following. It is two products in one, which is a good thing, especially when one device is capable of doing the work of two.
One recent survey by T-Mobile indicated that 77% of consumers would prefer smartphones with screens larger than the one found on the iPhone 5. In a world in which staring at our phones has become a global pastime, some consumers like having the biggest, flashiest "phone" in the room.
Four Tech Trends to Watch for in 2014Eco-Friendly & Luxury Cars Drive 2014 San Diego International Auto ShowJustLuxe Presents Vacation Fitness: Anywhere, Anytime. No Gear RequiredEuro Currency 2013's Best-Performing Currency per FOREXHow Elon Musk Knows if Someone Is Lying During a Job InterviewZappos to Zap All Job Titles in 2014


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Folk singer and songwriter Nathan Moore will be live and in concert at Staunton's Visualite Theater in celebration of the release of his new album Hippy Fiasco Rides Again this Saturday.
- Filed Under
Folk singer and songwriter Nathan Moore performs Saturday at Staunton's Visulite Cinema in celebration of the release of his new album, "Hippy Fiasco Rides Again."
Born and raised in Staunton, Moore has been playing guitar and writing songs since he was 12, after falling in love with songs from his father's extensive record collection.
A bearer of the coveted Telluride Troubadour Award, Moore has performed nationwide for nearly two decades, recording 21 albums and sharing the stage with talented artists such as My Morning Jacket, Rickie Lee Jones, Greg Brown, Rambling Jack Elliot and ...


text: photo provided by Caddo Parish Sheriff's Office [ Body Found in Caddo Parish Creek Identified as West Monroe Man By John Lee April 16, 2013 The Caddo Coroner's Office has used dental records to identify a body found this past Sunday by a fisherman in a creek near 12-Mile Bayou. 23-year-old Christopher Grant had been reported missing to the West Monroe Police Department over three weeks ago. Read More|Comment Category: Ark-La-Tex News, Human Interest, Law Enforcement Tags: Christopher Grant, missing person Send to a friend! Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr!


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Checking my understanding of ddrescue
I've used the various tools in Rescue Remix several times to successfully get data back - mostly ddrescue. But I want to check my understanding of this incredible tool.
I understand the basic model. You use ddrescue to create a single image file of the damaged drive onto a working drive of equal or larger size.
My question is about the size of the image that's created. Does the ddrescue image contain only the data that's been used on the damaged drive or the whole thing? For example, if the capacity of the damaged drive is 100MB, but I know that only 20MB has been used, then will the ddrescue image be 20 or 100?
The reason I ask is that as drives continue to get astronomically large in capacity, and crash more often, our recovery efforts will take longer and longer. And we have to keep purchasing larger and larger recovery drives.
Finally, what if the 100MB drive has been completely encrypted? My guess is that the ddrescue image would be 100 in this case.
Experts, set me straight.
Many thanks!
The image that is created is
The image that is created is of the whole partition, and not just the used blocks. In this sense, gddrescue is filesystem agnostic.
It doesn't even look at the filesystem. So there is no way for it to distinguish between used and unused blocks.
The same thing applies to encrypted filesystems. The raw data is machine readable just as a non-encrypted filesystem. But to make sense of and of the data, you must decrypt the filesystem.
I reckon this would make file-carving mostly impossible.
Thanks for the reply,
Thanks for the reply, Andrew. I was afraid you were going to say that. Makes sense, I guess. It just makes it harder and harder to get data back from drives that break. I usually opt for smaller drives. But the people I help think differently.
As for encrypted drives, your comment is what has made me not encrypt the whole drive on my laptop. Say I encrypt the whole thing, it crashes, and won't boot up. ddrescue would pull an image, then what? Would I be able to mount it the same way as a non-encrypted image?
As for mounting the ddrescue image, under what conditions does it fail? Why would an image of a drive not mount? I've seen failures, I just want to understand why.
I would assume that you
I would assume that you would be able to mount the image if your provided the key - just as you need to do to boot into an encrypted partition. But data-carving is another story. You would have to decrypt the raw image as you fed it into the file-carving software.
Why would an image not mount? Because the filesystem is damaged. That can be caused by the drive failing and gddrescue is only able to recover a partial image. It can also be caused by a lot of other things that are not hardware related. In that case, it's best to try to repair a copy of the image, since repairing it may cause further data loss. You can alsways go back to the original and start again. So making an image of the drive is a good first step in most cases.
Thank you Andrew for your
Thank you Andrew for your patience responses. This is very helpful for me!
To continue... say I have one hard drive, with a single NTFS partition, that is not encrypted. And I'm using XP as the OS. It's damaged -- won't boot, etc.
I use gddrescue to make an image of the damaged drive onto a new clean drive. So now I have a single, large, image file of the damaged NTFS partition. What do you usually do next?
What is the properly formed mount command to attempt mounting this image?
Say I issue that command and the image fails to mount. Then what? From your previous response, I gather this means that the NTFS filesystem is damaged. Is there any way to repair the damaged NTFS filesystem using an image file?
Or is the next option to "Extract individual files from recovered image", as outlined in the DataRecovery documentation?
Are you able to load a recovered image file into software such as GetDataBack for NTFS? Have you had any success/experience with that?
Thank you for all your help!
It depends, if the image was
It depends, if the image was fully recovered, then I would be more optimistic about being able to mount it.
If the image file is named "file" and I created a subdirectory named mnt where I want to mount it, I would try:
sudo mount -r -t ntfs -o force,loop file mnt
If that failed, I would try ntfsfix
sudo ntfsfix file
and try again. If that fails, you can use testdisk to try to rebuild the MFT:
If that still failed, I would either skip to file carving or try Autopsy/Sleuthkit. It depends on your needs. If you want to recover a large amount of data, use file carving. If you are looking for a small number of specific files, you may have get results faster using the Sleuth Kit.
As far as proprietary software, I haven't found any that does any better than the free-libre file-carving tools that are available. I usually get back just about exactly the same files, if anything at all. In fact, I would be surprised if the proprietary software didn't base a lot of their engine on the free software file carvers.
Thank you again, Andrew! I
Thank you again, Andrew!
I appreciate your patient responses.


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About Tynan Motors
Tynan Motors is a multi-franchise automotive dealer with a dedicated and professional staff of nearly 300. The company continues to expand, with 14 different brands of vehicles now sold across seven convenient locations.
We offer a wide range of new, used and demonstrator vehicles, along with service, finance and tyres services. You're sure to find us with locations across Miranda, Kirrawee, Sutherland, Wollongong and Nowra.
Tynan Motors is a family-owned and run company that focuses on providing a professional and personal service to every customer. While we have expanded well beyond the sole Mazda dealership established by Michael Tynan in 1966, the Tynan Motor Group remains a company built on integrity, embracing all the values of family. Come and meet our friendly team at one of our many locations, and experience the Tynan Motors difference.
Community Involvement
The Tynan Motor Group plays an active role in the community and participates in many charity events all year round. We also take pride in sponsoring several sporting, cultural and health organisations throughout the St George and Sutherland Shire. These include:
Trek For TraumaIn 2013, Madeline Tynan was part of a group sponsored by Jeep that completed a 96km track along the Kokoda Track, with all proceeds going towards the redevelopment of the Emergency and Trauma units at St George Hospital.
St George and Sutherland Medical Research FoundationTynan Motors proudly supports several charity events each year, including the St George and Sutherland Medical Research Foundation Annual Dinner. All proceeds from the night go towards providing lifesaving treatment at St George and Sutherland hospitals.
Beachside DashTynan Motors was very proud to support the 2013 Lifesupport Beachside Dash at Brighton. Tynan Motors took part by entering a team in the big race, as well as providing a BBQ and handing out free water.
FBA Hall of FameMost recently, Tynan Motors has been honored with induction into the Family Business Australia Hall of Fame, in recognition our positive contribution to Australian lives, culture and economy.
MTA Dealer of the YearTynan Motors Mercedes-Benz has been recognised as the Motor Traders Association New Car Dealer of the Year.
Sales Executive of The YearSales Executive Rob O'Connor has taken out the Mercedes-Benz Star Guild Award for the New Vehicle Sales Executive of the Year.
" Understanding the market requires diligence and being constantly involved, learning, educating and involving our staff in all aspects of the business. The Tynan family's involvement ensures a strong future as we embrace change and plan our future growth.... " - Michael Tynan,
Managing Director
Latest Addition
The latest addition to our expansion plans is brand new showrooms located at Kirrawee. The stunning new venue is the perfect place to showcase Australia's fastest growing automotive brands, including Hyundai, Mitsubishi and Suzuki. Check out these prestigious brands' latest models.
We also have a new Wollongong used cars location, while our Wollongong new car dealership now features Suzuki. Come and take a look at our latest range in one of Australia's most popular dealerships.
Stay up to date with our latest offers, competitions and special offers by signing up to our newsletter, or by liking us on Facebook, and following us on Twitter and Instagram.


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Professor Oliver Penrose, F.R.S., F.R.S.E.
Oliver Penrose was a Professor of Mathematics at Heriot-Watt University from 1986 until his retirement in 1994. Before that he spent 17 years at the Open University. He is still active in research and now holds the title Professor Emeritus.
His principal research interest is in Statistical Mechanics, both equilibrium and non-equilibrium, and in related topics such as the kinetics of phase transitions in metals and the physical chemistry of surfactants; he makes occasional forays into more metaphysical areas such as the direction of time and the interpretation of quantum mechanics.
His recreations include music and chess.
Statistical mechanics for mathematicians (Heriot-Watt University, January-February 2003)
The Becker-Doering equations for the kinetics of phase transitions ( Strathclyde University, 1995) (pdf file).
Statistical mechanics of nonlinear elasticity in a system of hard disks (ICMS conference "Geometric Analysis, Elasticity and PDE" in honour of J M Ball's 65th birthday, Edinburgh, June 2008.) Click here to see the transparencies I made for this lecture: (pdf file )
Mathematical modelling, finance and the recession (BMC/BAMC, Edinburgh, 6-9 April 2010) Click here to see the electronic slides I made for this presentation: (pdf file). Click here to see the slides used for my longer talk with the same title at Heriot-Watt University 26 May 2010 (pdf file). Click here to see a version of this talk in the form of a text with illustrations (pdf file).
Statistical mechanics of nonlinear elasticity (see reference 19 below and lecture notes above)
Theory of curvature and grooving effects in diffusion-induced grain boundary motion, (with J W Cahn)
Theory of discontinuous precipitation in alloys
Extension of the theory described in my book `Foundations of statistical mechanics' (Dover reprint, 2005) to the case where the sequence of successive obervational states is not assumed to be Markovian
Off-diagonal long-range order and the thermodynamics of superconductivity
Time evolution of a weakly interacting Bose system, with or without condensate (Lecture at Warwick University workshop on 'Large many-body systems', 23 August 2004) (pdf file)
A system of kinetic equations for phase transitions in the presence of mushy zones
"Statistical mechanics" of two-dimensional turbulence ( pdf file)
Theory of one-component micelles (with D.G. Hall and J. Wattis, in abeyance).
For a full list of publications up to December 2005 please click here : ( pdf file).