text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|8 Apr 2004
|Filing date
|19 Dec 2002
|Priority date
|8 Oct 2002
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Andrew Daly, Navin Shah, Richard Kraski
|Original Assignee
|Daly Andrew T., Navin Shah, Kraski Richard A.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (14), Referenced by (13), Classifications (17), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/267,558, filed on Oct. 8, 2002. This invention relates to ultraviolet radiation curable powders and, more particularly, to powders that give powder coatings having a smooth, low gloss finish, methods for forming such powders, and the powder coatings formed thereby.
[0002] Thermosetting coating powders are dry, finely divided, free-flowing solid materials at room temperature. Coating powders find particular utility in industrial coating applications because they are readily applied to a variety of conductive substrates, they use very little or no organic solvents, and excess coating powders can be readily recycled.
[0003] One class of curable coating powders is ultraviolet (UV) radiation curable powders. UV curable powders have the ability to flow, cure, and produce smoother coatings at much lower temperatures than previously possible with traditional thermosetting chemistry. This is primarily due to the curing reaction being triggered by photoinitiated radiation rather than heat. Typically, UV curable powders are formulated from solid unsaturated base resins with low glass transition temperatures (Tg), such as unsaturated polyesters, unsaturated co-polymerizable cross linking resins such as vinyl ethers, photoinitiators, flow and leveling agents, performance-enhancing additives, and, optionally, pigments and fillers.
[0004] During coating operations, the parts are preferably preheated to drive out substrate volatiles, then UV curable powders are applied to a substrate, e.g. using electrostatic spray techniques. The coated substrate is then heated to fuse the powders into a smooth molten coating. Light, which cures and hardens the coating into a durable, smooth, attractive coating. However, because of the very rapid cure of UV curable coatings, it has been difficult to obtain a low gloss, smooth UV cured coating and the coatings so formed tend to have a relatively high gloss appearance. For reasons of aesthetic preference and commercial application, low gloss coatings are desirable for certain applications. Generally, gloss reduction can be obtained in traditional powder coatings through the introduction of matting agents, such as fillers or waxes, which rise to the surface during curing and cause matting through disruption of the surface of the coating. However, because UV curable powders cure so quickly, there is not adequate time for the fillers and waxes to flocculate to the surface, and they become trapped within the coating. There is reduction in flow in the coating but little matting takes place. Higher amounts of filler or waxes may be used, but this tends to cause the powders to block or cake during normal storage and/or produce coatings with severe orange peel, limiting the amount of gloss reduction that could be attained.
[0005] U.S. Pat. No. 6,348,242 discloses UV curable powder coatings containing crystalline components, wherein the heat fused powder is further heated to flow out the crystalline components, followed by cooling to recrystallize them to form a low gloss finish prior to UV curing the coating. However, reliance on crystalline resins to provide film continuity or appearance properties of the coatings adds costly recrystallization processing to the formation of the powder and leads to powders lacking in storage stability.
[0006] Accordingly, there remains a need for UV curable powders that form powder coatings with a low gloss. In accordance with the present invention, the present inventors have found powders that are resistant to blocking and that give surprisingly durable, low gloss, smooth UV cured powder coatings.
[0007] In a first aspect, the present invention provides a UV curable powder for powder coatings comprising one or more than one free radical curable epoxy resin and one or more than one second free radical curable resin, and one or more than one free radical photoinitiator, or, alternatively, one or more than one free radical curable unsaturated polyester resin in combination with powder one or more than wax, and one or more than one free radical photoinitiator, wherein the coating powder has an average particle size of from 5 to 25 microns, preferably from 5 to 20 microns. Preferably, the powder comprises both of the one or more than one free radical curable unsaturated polyester resin in combination with one or more than wax and the one or more than one free radical curable epoxy resin. More preferably, the powder composition further comprises one or more than one crystalline crosslinker resin, such as a vinyl ether resin, has a narrow particle size distribution and has a particle size polydispersity (pD) of from 1.5 to 4.5.
[0008] In a second aspect, the present invention provides a method of making a smooth, optionally microtextured, coating, comprising disposing a layer of the coating powder according to the first aspect of the present invention onto a substrate; fusing the disposed powder layer with heat to form a powder coating; and UV curing the powder coating to achieve a gloss level of below 60, preferably 1 to 50, on a Gardner Gloss scale. In a third aspect, a powder coated article is made according to the method of the second aspect of the present invention.
[0009] In a fourth aspect of the present invention, a method of making a low particle size pD powder to give a smooth, low gloss UV cured finish comprises one or more of the group consisting of forming an emulsion of a powder composition according to the present invention, followed by spray drying said emulsion; extruding a powder composition in a supercritical fluid to form a supercritical suspension, followed by spray drying said supercritical suspension; extruding a powder composition in a supercritical fluid in the presence of a cosolvent to form a supercritical suspension, followed by spray drying said supercritical suspension; extruding a powder composition to form an extrudate, followed by jet milling the extrudate; and combinations thereof. Preferably, a powder composition is extruded in supercritical fluid, with or without a cosolvent, to form a supercritical suspension, followed by spray drying said supercritical suspension.
[0010] For purposes of better defining the coating powder and powder coating, the coating powder, powder or powder coating composition refers herein to the particulate material, and the powder coating refers to the coating applied to a substrate or article.
[0011] As used herein, unless otherwise indicated, the phrase "per hundred parts resin" or "phr" means the amount, by weight, of an ingredient per hundred parts, by weight, of the total amount of resin contained in a coating powder, including cross-linking resins.
[0012] In the most preferred embodiment of the present invention, a UV curable powder that provides smooth coatings having a low gloss appearance of below 60 on a 60� Gardner Gloss scale, comprises one or more than one free radical curable epoxy resin, one or more than one free radical curable unsaturated polyester resin as a second free radical curable resin, one or more than one free radical photoinitiator, one or more than one crystalline crosslinker resin, and one or more than one wax. Aside from unsaturated polyester resins, other second free radical curable resins may include (meth)acrylourethanes, vinyl esters, allyl ethers, allyl esters, or mixtures thereof. The term "(meth)acrylate" used herein means acrylate, methacrylate, and mixtures thereof and the term "(meth)acrylic" used herein means acrylic, methacrylic, and mixtures thereof.
[0013] Because of the excellent weatherability and flexibility of unsaturated polyester resins, a preferred powder composition for providing low gloss, weatherable coatings comprises one or more than one unsaturated polyester resin in combination with one or more than one wax, one or more than one photoinitiator and one or more than one crystalline crosslinker resin. The powder composition can further comprise other free radical curable resins, including (meth)acrylourethanes, vinyl esters, allyl ethers, allyl esters, or mixtures thereof.
[0014] Additional components such as heat-activated catalysts, pigments, fillers, flow control agents, dry flow additives, anticratering agents, surfactants, texturing agents, light stabilizers, matting agents, photosensitizers, wetting agents, anti-oxidants, plasticizers, opacifiers, stabilizers, and degassing agents can also be present. More particularly, low gloss luster can be achieved without the use of additives and/or fillers that can cause the resultant coating to cake and/or peel.
[0015] The powder composition employs a free radical curing mechanism. In free radical curing mechanisms, the reactive functionality of the resin reacts during cure by means of free radical (uncharged) intermediate species. The resin itself may be a polymer, oligomer, or monomer that has at least two unreacted functional groups capable of crosslinking, polymerizing, or other reaction that leads to the coating. Accordingly, free radical curable resins generally have, on average, at least two ethylenically unsaturated groups per molecule bound, for example, to an aliphatic, aromatic, cycloaliphatic, araliphatic, or heterocyclic structure; or to an oligomer or polymer such as, for example, an epoxy resin or polymer, a polyester, a polyurethane, a polyether, a polyolefin, a polycarbonate, or (meth)acrylic polymer.
[0016] Suitable free radical curable resins include, for example, unsaturated polyesters, (meth)acrylate-functional resins such as (meth) acrylate functional epoxy resins or epoxy polymers, (meth)acrylourethanes, vinyl esters, allyl ethers, allyl esters, or mixtures comprising at least one of the foregoing. A wide variety of free radical curable epoxy resins may be used in the powders of the present invention. Suitable epoxy resins have a glass transition temperature (Tg) of from 30 to 150 degrees C. Examples of suitable epoxy resins may include (meth)acrylate-functional epoxy resins, for example, an aliphatic, aromatic, cycloaliphatic, araliphatic or heterocyclic epoxy structure together with at least two (meth)acrylate groups. Exemplary useful structures are based on either monocylic phenols, for example on resorcinol or hydroquinone, or on polycyclic phenols, for example bisphenol F or bisphenol A. Methacrylate containing resins that further comprise unsaturated side chains, for example allyl, vinyl, or vinyl ether groups may be used. In one preferred embodiment, an epoxy (meth)acrylate, is used in combination with unsaturated polyester resins. More preferably, the epoxy acrylate and unsaturated polyester is mixed with a crystalline crosslinker resin. These materials are usually formed by reacting (meth)acrylic acid ((M)AA) with epoxy backbones.
[0017] Suitable epoxy backbone resins include, for reaction with (M)AA, for example, aromatic epoxides including groups such as bisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol S, and the like, as generally illustrated in Formula (1):
[0018] wherein R1, R2, R3, and R4 is each independently an aliphatic C1-C6 hydrocarbon or fluorohydrocarbon, preferably methyl; n=1-8, preferably 1-4; and Ep is an epoxide generally comprising the following structure (2):
[0019] Suitable commercial epoxide resins are exemplified by solid bisphenol A epoxy resins available under the trade names "GT-9013", "GT-7072" and "GT-6259", from Vantico.
[0020] The unsaturated polyesters may be formed in a conventional manner from di- or polyfunctional carboxylic acids (or their anhydrides) and di- or polyhydric alcohols. The unsaturation is typically supplied by the carboxylic acid, although it is possible to supply it through the alcohol. Monohydric alcohols, e.g. lower alkanols, or monofunctional carboxylic acids (or their esters) may be employed for chain termination purposes. Suitable monofunctional acids for chain termination include, for example, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and the like.
[0021] Suitable ethylenically unsaturated di- or polyfunctional carboxylic acids (or their anhydrides) include, for example, maleic anhydride, fumaric acid, itaconic anhydride, citraconic anhydride, mesaconic anhydride, aconitic acid, tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, nadic anhydride, dimeric methacrylic acid, and the like, with maleic anhydride, fumaric acid, or their mixtures being preferred. Aromatic and saturated acids may be employed in conjunction with the unsaturated acids to reduce the density of the ethylenic unsaturation and provide the desired chemical and mechanical properties.
[0022] Suitable aromatic or saturated di- or polycarboxylic acids (or their anhydrides) include, for example, adipic acid, succinic acid, sebacic acid, malonic acid, glutaric acid, cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, dodecane dicarboxylic acid, phthalic anhydride, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, tetrahydrophthalic acid, hexahydrophthalic acid, trimellitic acid, pyromellitic anhydride, and the like.
[0023] Suitable di- or poly-hydric alcohols include, for example, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, propanediol, butanediol, neopentyl glycol, cyclohexanedimethanol, hexanediol, 2-n-butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol, dodecanediol, bisphenol A, hydrogenated bisphenol A, trimethylol propane, pentaerythritol, and the like.
[0024] Exemplary unsaturated polyesters include the maleate diesters and fumarate diesters of Formulas (5) and (6) respectively:
[0025] wherein R9, R10, R11 and R12 are each independently oligomers or polymers consisting of glycols and mono or polybasic acids.
[0026] Preferably, the unsaturated polyester resins are solid materials at room temperature, and can be easily formulated into powders or particulate form. Further, the preferred resins exhibit virtually no cold flow at temperatures up to 90� F. (34� C.) for desired long shelf life. They also have a Tg below the flow temperature required for preservation of heat sensitive substrates, e.g. 40� C. or more, preferably 45� C. (113� F.) to 149� C. (300� F.). The resins may be crystalline, semi-crystalline, or amorphous, or a combination of these forms may be used. Suitable unsaturated polyester resins generally have a weight average (Mw) molecular weight of 400 to 10,000, preferably 1,000 to 4,500. The degree of unsaturation is typically 2 to 20 weight percent (wt. %), preferably 4 to 10 wt. %, based on the weight of the unsaturated polyester resin. Furthermore, whether the unsaturated polyester resin contains hydroxyl functional groups or acid functional groups depends upon the —OH/—COOH molar ratio of the monomer mix. The resins containing hydroxyl functional groups may have a hydroxyl number of 5 to 100, while the resins containing acid functional groups may have an acid number of 1 to 80. For use in aqueous emulsion processing to make powders having a narrow particle size distribution, preferred unsaturated polyesters have an acid number of from 50 to 80.
[0027] Crystalline crosslinker resins increase the crosslinking density and improve the flow of coatings made therefrom. Suitable crystalline crosslinker resins have at least two free radical curable sites, e.g. unsaturated groups, per molecule and may include, for example, divinyl ether resin, an allyl ether resin, or mixtures and combinations thereof. The Tg or the melting point of crystalline crosslinker resins useful in the present invention ranges from 40 to 120 degrees C., preferably from 40 to 60 degrees C.
[0028] Crystalline crosslinker resins preferably comprise vinyl ethers which have the following formula (3)
R 4O—CH═CH2]n (3)
[0029] wherein R4 is an aliphatic, aromatic, cycloaliphatic, araliphatic or heterocyclic group, optionally further comprising one or more than one functional group such as ether, polyether, ester, polyester, urethane, polyurethane, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing groups or functional groups; and n=2-10, preferably 2-4. A divinyl ether resin useful in the present invention is URACROS� ZW 3307, from DSM, N.V., The Netherlands. Suitable crystalline vinyl ether resins include, for example, cyclohexanedimethanol divinylether, diethyleneglycol divinylether, ethyleneglycol divinylether, hexanediol divinylether, tetraethyleneglycol divinylether, trimethylolpropane trivinylether, polyalkylene glycol divinyl ether, divinyl ether terephthalates, such as bis((4-ethenyloxy)butyl) terephthalate, bis((4-ethenyloxy)butyl) 1,3-benzendicarboxylate, and tris(4-(ethenyloxy)butyl) 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate, and chain extended vinyl ethers. Suitable commercially available chain extended vinyl ethers include the Pluriol-E200 divinyl ether (PEG200-DVE), and poly-THF290 divinylether (PTHF290-DVE) from BASF Corp. In addition, suitable crystalline vinyl ether resins include divinyl ether terminated crystalline urethanes. These resins are available as crystalline resins formed from the reaction of vinyl ethers containing hydroxyl functional groups, such as hydroxybutyl vinyl ether, with crystalline diisocyanates, such as hexamethylene diisocyanate, hydrogenated methylenebis(cyclohexyl) diisocyanate, or biurets or uretdiones thereof. A preferred crystalline crosslinker resin comprises divinyl ether terminated hexamethylene diisocyanate. These resins find particular utility as crosslinking agents for the unsaturated polyester resins, described above.
[0030] Allyl ester crystalline crosslinking resins may also be employed, such as the reaction product of allyl alcohol and crystalline carboxylic acids (or their anhydrides), typically phthalic anhydride. Standard allyl ester resins include the reaction product of an allyl ester, such as allyl propoxylate, and a hydrogenated methylene diisocyanate. These resins find particular utility for use with the unsaturated polyester resins, described above.
[0031] In the powder compositions of the present invention, the proportion of one or more than one free radical curable epoxy resin may range from 5 to 60 phr, combined with from 5 to 95 phr of one or more than one second free radical curable unsaturated resin. Further, the proportion of one or more than one unsaturated polyester resin may range from 5 to 100 phr in combination with from 0 to 95 phr of one or more than one other free radical curable unsaturated resin.
[0032] The relative amounts of free radical curable resin to crystalline crosslinker resin in the powder will depend on the choice of materials employed. Generally, such materials are employed in stoichiometric equivalent amounts to allow cross-linking to proceed to substantial completion, although an excess of either can be used if desired. From 1 to 50 phr of one or more than one crystalline crosslinker resin, preferably from 2 to 25 phr, and more preferably from 5 to 20 phr may be used in the powder of the present invention.
[0033] Suitable commercial embodiments of free radical curable resins include, for example, an unsaturated polyester resin commercially available under the trade name P-3125 from DSM, N.V., The Netherlands, and also under the trade name VAN-1743 from the Solutia; an acrylourethane resin commercially available under the trade name Viaktin 3546 from Solutia; PIOESTER 275, PIONEER P-1942, and P-1937, all from Pioneer Plastics, Auburn, Maine; ATLAC 363E, ATLAC 352, and DION 6694 ES, all from Reichold, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and the unsaturated polyester resin available under the trade name Viaktin� 3890 from Solutia.
[0034] Suitable free radical photoinitiators for use in the coating powder according to the present invention include, for example, alpha-cleavage photoinitiators, hydrogen abstraction photoinitiators, and the like. Suitable alpha-cleavage photoinitiators include, for example, benzoin, benzoin ethers, benzil ketals such as benzil dimethyl ketal, monoacyl phosphines, bisacylphosphine oxides such as diphenyl (2,4,6-trimethyl benzoyl) phosphine oxide, aryl ketones such as 1-hydroxy cyclohexyl phenyl ketone, and the like. Suitable hydrogen abstraction photoinitiators include, for example, Michler's ketone, and the like, and dimethoxy phenyl acetophenones, and the like. Other examples of free radical photoinitiators include benzophenones, or acetophenone derivatives, such as alpha-hydroxyalkylphenylketones. Examples of radical photoinitiators useful in the present invention are 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenylketone, available under the trade name IRGACURE 184�; 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenyl acetophenone, available under the trade name IRGACURE 651�; or 2-hydroxy-ethoxyphenyl-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropane-1-one, available under the trade name IRGACURE� 2959, each from Ciba-Geigy, Tarrytown, N.Y.
[0035] An effective total photoinitiator content of the powder coating can be readily determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, depending upon the types of free radical curable polymer systems employed, the amount of other constituent components, and the other properties desired in the coating. In general, however, an effective quantity of the total amount of the free radical photoinitiator is 0.1 to 10 phr, preferably 0.5 to 7.5 phr, and most preferably 1 to 3 phr.
[0036] Waxes useful in the powder compositions of the present invention may comprise polyolefin, epoxidized polyolefin, polytetrafluoroethylene, and hydrocarbon waxes, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, oxidized polyethylene, oxidized polypropylene, microcrystalline polyolefin wax, paraffin, montan wax or carnauba wax, wherein said waxes have a Tg or a melting point of from 40 to 120 degrees C. Preferably, the one or more than one wax comprises polyethylene wax. Amounts of wax may range from 0.1 to 6.0 phr, preferably 0.5 to 3 phr.
[0037] Preferably, the components of the coating powder are processed in the solid phase to avoid potential processing difficulties. For example, particles containing any excess solvent may experience clumping, thus impeding the processing and application of the coating powder to the substrate. Generally, some of the above-mentioned photoinitiators are supplied by commercial vendors in the form of approximately 50% solids in a solvent. To most effectively utilize these photoinitiators, including all other components contained in solvent, these components undergo preliminary evaporation or other processing steps to convert these materials to powder or particulate form. To enhance the cross-linking rate during cure, thermal catalysts may optionally be employed. The inclusion of thermal free-radical initiators has been found to assist in curing near the substrate, particularly when pigmented, opaque, or thick film coatings are desired. Suitable catalysts include, for example, peroxides such as peroxy ketals such as 1,1-bis(t-butyl peroxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane, diacylperoxides such as benzoyl peroxide, peroxy esters and peroxy carbonates; and transition metal and magnesium compounds based on fatty acids, oils, or tertiary amines, preferably cobalt soaps, such as cobalt octoate, cobalt neodecanoate, cobalt naphthenate, and cobalt octadecanoate. An effective amount of catalyst can be readily determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, depending upon the amount of cross-linking desired, types of free radical curable polymer systems employed, and amounts of polymer in the coating powder. In general, an effective quantity of peroxide catalyst may range from 0.01 to 5 phr, preferably from 0.05 to 3 phr, more preferably from 0.1 to 2 phr, and most preferably from 0.5 phr to 2 phr. In addition, effective quantities of metal catalyst may range from 0.01 to 1 phr, preferably 0.05 to 0.75 phr, and most preferably 0.1 phr to 0.5 phr.
[0038] Additives to aid or enhance the chemical and physical properties of the powder coating may be included such as pigments, fillers, flow control agents, dry flow additives, anticratering agents, surfactants, light stabilizers, plasticizers, degassing agents, wetting agents, anti-oxidants, matting agents, and non ionic surfactants, such as fluorinated non ionic surfactants, such as FLUORAD TM FC-4430 fluoroaliphatic polymeric esters from 3M Specialty Materials, St. Paul, Minn., and the like.
[0039] Suitable pigments include, for example, titanium dioxide, iron oxide red, iron oxide yellow, phthalocyanine green, phthalocyanine blue, blue tone phthalocyanine green, yellow tone phthalocyanine green, green tone phthalocyanine blue, lamp black, carbon black, silica, metal oxides, mixed metal oxides or combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing pigments. Suitable fillers include, for example, calcium carbonate, barium sulfate, wollastonite, mica, china clay, diatomaceous earth, benzoic acid, low molecular weight nylon, or combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing fillers.
[0040] The amount of fillers and/or pigments may be varied depending upon the desired film opacity and coloration of the resultant coating. In general, effective quantities of fillers and/or pigments may range from 0 to 120 phr, preferably from 1 to 90 phr, more preferably from 1 to 30 phr. In a preferred embodiment, the low gloss powder coatings are clear to translucent and contain an accordingly low proportion of pigment, e.g. from 0 to 60 phr, or they contain a clear to translucent filler, pigment or colorant in the amount of 0 to 120 phr. Suitable flow control agents include, for example, acrylic resins, silicone resins, combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing flow control agents, and the like. A suitable flow control agent for use in the present invention is RESIFLOW� P-67, an acrylate flow modifier, from Estron, Calvert city, KY. Suitable dry flow additives include, for example, fumed silica, alumina oxide, and the like, or combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing dry flow additives. Suitable anticratering agents include, for example, benzoin, benzoin derivatives, low molecular weight phenoxy and phthalate plasticizers, and the like, or combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing anticratering agents. Suitable surfactants include, for example, acetylenic diol, and the like. Suitable light stabilizers include, for example, hindered amines, hindered phenols, or combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing light stabilizers. In general, effective quantities of flow control additives, dry flow additives, anticratering agents, texturing agents, surfactants, or light stabilizers are individually from 0.1 to 15 phr, preferably from 0.5 to 5 phr.
[0041] The powder of the present invention may be produced or "processed" using conventional techniques. For example, the free radical curable resin, the free radical photoinitiator, crystalline crosslinker resin, thermal catalyst, and any additives may be mixed together, e.g. dry blended in the appropriate amounts. The mixture may then be blended to form a fluid mixture, such as a melt of powder forming ingredients or a dispersion of one or more powder forming ingredients in a melt of one or more powder forming ingredients, e.g. by extrusion with heating. A fluid mixture may preferably be formed blending below the melting point of any crystalline crosslinker present in the composition. The extruded composition is preferably rapidly cooled and broken into chips, and then ground in an air classifying mill, preferably with cooling, to a powder having an average particle size of less than 40 microns, preferably less than 25 microns, as determined by laser light scattering. Additionally, the once ground powder may be double ground to an average particle size of from 20 to 23 microns, which results in a smooth coating having a microtextured surface. If necessary, the once ground or double ground powders may be sorted according to size to provide coatings with consistent smoothness. The powders may be sorted by screening in a 270 to 400 mesh screen or by passing them through a cyclone classifier.
[0042] The average particle size of powder compositions preferably ranges from 5 to 25 microns, as determined by laser light scattering. Preferably, after extrusion or mixing the ingredients together and then cooling, the compositions, e.g. chips, are processed to provide a small average particle size of from 5 to 20 microns. Powders having small average particle sizes provide smooth coatings for use as translucent or clear coatings on natural wood and hardwood substrates such as maple, oak, walnut, mahogany, or cherry. In addition, the reduced particle size enables the provision of thinner coating films, e.g. of from about 0.5 to 6.0 mil, having improved smoothness and reduced outgassing. Still further, small particle size powders will give coatings having a good coverage in the open wood grain at a 1.0 to 2.0 mil thickness. Thus, the small sized powders of the present invention eliminate bridging effects in the open wood grain. To produce a smaller average particle size powder and a smooth coating, the processed compositions prior to particle formation, e.g. chips, may be jet milled, may be finely ground in an air classifying mill or conventional mill, followed by screening them through a 325 to 400 mesh screen, or may be spray dried to an average particle size, as determined by laser light scattering, of 5 to 20 micrometers, preferably from 8 to 20 micrometers, and more preferably from 8 to 16 micrometers.
[0043] The most preferred powder compositions have a narrow particle size distribution and a low average particle size polydispersity (pD) of from 1.5 to 4.5, preferably 1.5 to 3.0. Low pD powders have excellent handling and coatability properties despite their small particle size. Low pD powders may include those that are produced by spray drying a powder melt, a fluid mixture, an aqueous emulsion of a processed powder, or a suspension or dispersion of a processed powder, preferably as a suspension in high-pressure air or supercritical fluid.
[0044] To make aqueous emulsion of the powder of the present invention, any acid functional resin powder composition may be used which has been processed, e.g. as a melt, a fluid mixture, chips or a powder. For example, processed chips comprising at least 40 phr of an unsaturated polyester having an acid number of from 40 to 100, preferably 50 to 80, may be optionally pre-ground and then charged into aqueous ammonia or an aqueous solution of a lower (C2-C6) alkyl amine, optionally with stirring or shear, followed by heating to form a viscous emulsion having from 20 to 40 weight %, preferably 25 to 35 weight % solids. The resulting mixture may be heated to a temperature of from 30 to 80 degrees C., preferably from 45 to 70 degrees C., however less heat is required for resins having a higher acid number. The equivalent ratio of ammonia or lower alkyl amine to acid groups on the polymer or resin may range from 0.75 to 1.25, preferably from 0.9 to 1.1, and may be lower for resins have a higher acid number.
[0045] A supercritical suspension or dispersion of powder or a fluid mixture of ingredients for forming a powder may be formed by charging a "supercritical fluid" or SC fluid, i.e. one that has been pressurized or heated, or both, to a level at or above its critical point, to an apparatus containing the powder, fluid mixture, or aqueous emulsion of the present invention. The SC fluid and powder, emulsion or fluid mixture may be charged into any apparatus selected from the group consisting of an extruder, a gear pump, a melt pump, a static mixer, a homogenizer, a vessel used to form an aqueous emulsion, a spray nozzle, and, preferably, a combination thereof. Ingredients for forming a powder which have not yet been processed may be charged with SC fluid to extruder, gear pump or melt pump to form a fluid mixture which may be spray dried. Processed powders, SC suspensions, fluid mixtures and emulsions thereof may be charged directly to a spray dryer with SC fluid or high-pressure air.
[0046] SC fluid may be charged to an extruder either upstream of, concurrently with, or downstream of the point at which the ingredient's for making powder is charged into the extruder, or at any combination of those locations in the extruder. Supercritical extrusion of a powder may combine all ingredients of the powder composition in the same way as melt extrusion or melt blending, but at a lower extrusion temperature which may be from 10 to 100 degrees F. (6 to 54 degrees C.) below the Tg or the melting point of the resin in the powder composition. Such a process may nearly or fully eliminate chemical reaction during extrusion or melt processing and may prevent the undesirable melting of crystalline resin during processing. Preferably, only a portion of the SC fluid used in processing is charged to an extruder, and the remainder of the SC fluid is charged to a second or third apparatus, e.g. a gear pump, melt pump, static mixer, homogenizer, or spray nozzle, located downstream of the extruder.
[0047] To enable the processing of higher viscosity materials, e.g. high Tg resins and fillers, at lower temperatures, powder forming ingredients or a fluid mixture or aqueous emulsion and all or a portion of SC fluid may be charged to a gear pump or melt pump. This enables powder melt processing without any damaging reduction in viscosity of the melt mixture in an extruder and can enable processing of very high melting or difficult to dissolve solids, e.g. pigments, because the pumps provide additional pressure to dissolve powder components and a pressure increase prior to spraying. Where a portion of SC fluid is charged to a pump, the remainder is preferably charged to a spray nozzle to make powder. Any gear pump or melt pump may be located downstream of an extruder in which powder forming ingredients are processed.
[0048] A portion of SC fluid may be charged to a static mixer or homogenizer located downstream of an extruder, wherein some or none of the SC fluid is charged, to further mix the various components of the powder composition, facilitate the reduction in the particle size of the powder and to facilitate pressure increase prior to subsequent spray drying. Where a portion of SC fluid is charged to a static mixer or homogenizer, the remainder is preferably charged to a spray nozzle to make powder.
[0049] When some or all of the SC fluid is charged to a spray nozzle located downstream of an extruder, melt pump or gear pump, vessel used to form an aqueous emulsion, static mixer or homogenizer, the fluid creates an atomizing force to enable fine spray drying of the powder, fluid mixture, aqueous emulsion or supercritical suspension which is charged to the nozzle. Alternatively, air may be used instead of SC fluid in air assisted spray drying. For example, high-pressure air may be charged to an air-assisted nozzle along with an emulsion, a fluid mixture, a supercritical suspension of powder or a fluid mixture, or a powder to create an atomizing force to enable fine spray drying. The spray dried product may comprise a powder or may comprise a powder coating on a substrate.
[0050] SC fluids suitable for use in the present invention may comprise carbon dioxide, ammonia, N2O, methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, chlorotrifluoromethane, trifluoroethane, trifluoropropane and monofluoromethane. Preferably, SC fluid comprises carbon dioxide or propane. SC fluids may be used in the total amount of from 5 to 90 weight %, preferably from 20 to 80 weight % based on the total weight of resulting supercritical suspension. In supercritical extrusion, for example, SC fluid may preferably be used in the amount of from about 5 to 60 weight %, based on the weight of the resulting supercritical suspension, and the remainder of the SC fluid is then charged to one or more than one apparatus located downstream of the extruder. In supercritical spray drying, all of the SC fluid used in processing may be charged to the spray nozzle.
[0051] Cosolvents may combined with SC fluids. Such cosolvents may help to fully dissolve some components of a powder mixture in an extruder, gear pump or melt pump, static mixer, homogenizer or spray nozzle. A suitable cosolvent is any solvent or mixture of solvents which is miscible with the SC fluid and is a good solvent for a component of a powder composition. Suitable cosolvents may include tetrahydrofuran, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl iso butyl ketone, cyclohexanone and other aliphatic ketones; esters such as methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, alkyl carboxylic esters; ethers such as methyl t-butyl ether, dibutyl ether, methyl phenyl ether, and other aliphatic or alkyl aromatic ethers; glycol ethers such as ethoxyethanol, butoxyethanol, propoxyethanol, butoxypropanol and other glycol ethers; glycol ether esters such as butoxyethoxy acetate, ethyl ethoxy propionate and other glycol ether esters; alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, 2-propanol, butanol, amyl alcohol and other aliphatic alcohols; and aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, xylene and other aromatics or mixtures of aromatic solvents; and nitro alkanes such as 2-nitro propane. Cosolvents may be added anywhere where SC fluid is present and may be added in the amount of from 0 to 50 weight %, preferably from 0 to 15 weight %, based on the total weight of the resulting supercritical suspension of powder.
[0052] According to the preferred method of making a powder, an emulsion of said powder may be spray dried, the powder may be extruded, pumped, homogenized or mixed in a supercritical fluid and, optionally in the presence of a cosolvent, to form a supercritical suspension, followed by spray drying said supercritical suspension, or, in a combination of preferred methods, an emulsion of the composition for making a powder may be dried and, optionally, processed in SC fluid in one or more than one of a pump, homogenizer, or static mixer, followed by spray drying said supercritical suspension.
[0053] To make a powder coating in accordance with the present invention, the coating powder is applied in the usual fashion, e.g., electrostatically, to an optionally pre-heated, pre-treated or primed substrate to be coated. A treated substrate may be heated up to 200 degrees F. (93 degrees C.), preferably from 165 to 185 degrees F. (74 to 85 degrees C.) to facilitate the even flow of the powder on the substrate. Small particle sized powders (5 to 20 microns average particle size) may be applied from a fluidized bed, a magnetic brush or a spray nozzle in SC fluid or an air assisted nozzle in high-pressure air. Generally, electrostatic spray booths are employed that house banks of corona discharge or triboelectric spray guns and recirculators for recycling over sprayed powders back into the powder feed.
[0054] The type of substrate is not particularly limited, and includes both heat-resistant substrates, such as metal, glass, steel, ceramic, carbon and graphite, and heat-sensitive substrates. Examples of heat-sensitive substrates include wood, such as natural woods like hardwood; hard board, laminated bamboo, wood composites, such as particle board, electrically conductive particle board, high, medium, or low density fiber board, masonite board, laminated bamboo, and other substrates that contain a significant amount of wood. These substrates may be filled, pre-treated, or primed with ultraviolet radiation curable liquids, powder primers, or solvent or waterborne coatings, such as antistatic agents to improve smoothness and reduce the required film buildups. Any solvent or water present on a substrate may be heat flashed off in the manner described in heat fusion prior to powder coating. Other suitable heat-sensitive substrates include, for example, plastics such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer resins (ABS), polyphenylene ether resins (PPO), sheet molded components (SMC), polyolefins, thermoplastic polyolefins (TPO), polycarbonates, acrylics, nylons, other copolymers which may warp or outgas when coated and heated with traditional heat curable coating powders, and paper, cardboard, and composites and components having a heat-sensitive aspect.
[0055] After it is coated on a substrate, the coating powder layer may be flowed out, for example, by exposure to infrared (IR) to create a coating having a more consistent profile.
[0056] Next, the coating powder layer is exposed to an amount of heat effective to fuse (i.e., melt) the powders into a continuous, smooth, molten film. The substrate may be heated at the time of application (pre-heated) and/or subsequently (post-heated) to effect heat fusion and film formation. Heating may be performed in infrared, convection ovens, or a combination of both. When coating heat sensitive substrates, such as wood articles, pre-heat and post-heat steps may be employed to enable faster melt and flow out. With plastic articles, pre heating is preferably eliminated to limit heat exposure and avoid plastic deformation.
[0057] Generally, heat fusion proceeds for a time effective to outgas substrate volatiles, which prevents surface defects such as blisters, craters, and pinholes from forming during curing. Preferably, the flow viscosity of the powder coating composition is sufficiently low to produce a smooth coating on the substrate. In accordance with the present invention, coated powders are heat fused for from 10 seconds to 10 minutes, preferably from 20 seconds to 5 minutes, and most preferably from 30 seconds to 3 minutes. Shorter heat fusion times are needed as the temperature of heat fusion is increased. In accordance with the present invention, coated powders are heat fused at from 120 to 350� F. (49 to 177� C.�), preferably from 150 to 300� F. (65 to 149� C.), and most preferably from 180 to 270� F. (82 to 132� C.). For example, powder coatings may be heat fused at from 250� F. (121� C.) to 270� F. (132� C.) for 1 minute.
[0058] After the coating powder is heat fused onto the substrate, it may be allowed to cool, and is then exposed to a radiation source effective to activate the photoinitiator. Preferably, exposure is to a standard ultraviolet light source, such as a standard medium pressure mercury-vapor lamp, iron doped mercury-vapor lamp, and/or gallium doped mercury-vapor lamp, e.g., 600-watt Fusion H-, D- and/or V-lamps, respectively, to rapidly cure the coating films into smooth, hardened, low gloss finishes. Visible light or electron beam radiation may be used instead of UV radiation, if desired. Activation and cure of the free radical initiators in the coating typically takes from 1 millisecond to 10 seconds, and typically less than 3 seconds, depending on the particular compositions and photoinitiators.
[0059] Coating powders are generally applied to achieve a powder coating thickness of from 0.5 mil (0.0122 millimeters, "mm") to 25 mils (0.635 mm), preferably from 1.0 to 6.0 mils (0.038 to 0.245 mm), more preferably from 1.0 to 4.0 mils (0.0245 mm to 0.102 mm). As mentioned above, the coatings are smooth, and have low gloss without use of matting agents that can disrupt the surface to the coating. They are also curable at very low temperatures, for example from 150 to 180� F. (65.6 to 82.2� C.).
[0060] Throughout the coating process prior to the cooling of an applied coating, the surface of the coated substrate should not exceed 200 degrees F. (93 degrees C.), and preferably should not exceed from 165 to 185 degrees F. (74 to 85 degrees C.) during any part of the coating process. So long as the coating is fused and cured, the lower the surface temperature of the substrate, the better the quality of the low gloss and smoothness properties in the product coating.
[0061] Some embodiments of the invention will now be described in detail in the following Examples.
[0062] Gloss was measured at 60� according to a modified version of ASTM D 523 by using a BYK Gardner Micro TRI gloss meter.
[0063] Methyl ethyl ketone resistance (MEK resistance), a rating of solvent resistance and an indication of crosslinking density, was measured as follows. A cotton swab was soaked in MEK and rubbed with moderate pressure in a back and forth stroking motion (a "double rub") 50 times. A relative rating was given on a scale of 1-5 with a rating of 5 defined as the most solvent resistant and a rating of 1 justified when the coating can be completely removed during the process to expose bare substrate. More specifically, a rating of 5 corresponds to no rub off, 4 to slight rub off, 3 to moderate rub off, 2 to severe rub off, and 1 to complete rub through to substrate.
[0064] PCI smoothness means a coating's smoothness when visually compared to a set of standards that assign a numerical rating from 1 (textured) to 10 (very smooth). PCI standards for smoothness are available from ACT Laboratories, Inc. of Hillsdale Mich.
[0065] Profilometry measures if the local variation of the coating along one linear centimeter by running the 12.5 micron in diameter ballpoint tip of a profilometer slowly along a 1 centimeter line on the surface of the coating. Local variation in a coating refers to the linear distance (height) in microns between a peak and its adjacent valley or between a valley and its adjacent peak.
[0066] A coating powder comprising the components in the amounts shown in Table 1 was prepared. The components were compounded and extruded using a PR-46 Buss co-kneader extruder at a temperature of 25� C. The extrudate was ground using a Brinkman grinder, and then screened through a 325 mesh screen to remove coarse particles.
TABLE 1 Component Parts Per Hundred Resin (phr) Bisphenol A epoxy methacrylate 20 Unsaturated Polyester 60 Divinyl ether 20 Dimethoxy phenylacetophenone 2.0 Acrylic oligomer - Flow Modifier 1.0 Wax Matting Agent 5.0 Fluorinated Nonionic Surfactant 0.5
[0067] The resultant coating powder was then electrostatically applied to a 6�6 inch (15�15�1.8 centimeter) block of maple hardwood. The solid maple substrate was preheated for 30 seconds at 300� F. (149� C.) so that its surface temp reached 120F. The coating powder was electrostatically applied to the substrate, followed by post heating to flow out for 30″ using 50% (med. Wave) infrared heat (450� F., 232.2� C.) to achieve a surface temp of 165� F. (74� C.). The coating powder was then cured by exposure to a 600 watt V/H lamps for 1 second to form a powder coating having a film thickness of 1.0 to 1.6 mils and the following characteristics as shown in Table 2:
TABLE 2 Test Results 60� Gardner Gloss 25-35 units MEK Resistance (50 double rubs) No Rub Off (excellent) Smoothness 8 (PCI std)
[0068] As shown in Table 2, the resulting powder coating possesses a low gloss finish as measured on a 60� Gardner Gloss scale. In contrast, a similar thermally cured coating would require a preheat of 10 minutes at 375� F. (190.6� C.) and a post heat of 5 minutes at 375� F. (190.6� C.) on one inch MDF, and would require 250 to 375� F. (121 to 190.6� C.) cure temperatures to yield similar results.
[0069] The coating powder of Example 1 can be applied at both lower preheat and post heat temperatures, are shown in and cured by ultraviolet at lower cure temperatures, than are shown in the Example.
[0070] The powder formulation used in Example 1 was processed and coated in the same way as in Example 1, except that, prior to applying the coating, the coating powder was finely ground in a jet mill (Example 2A) and an Air Classifying Mill (Brinkmann Mill) (Example 2B). The powder coatings had the properties shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3 Powder Grinding Step Example 2A Example 2B Fluid Energy model 00 Brinkman Grind with a microjet mill 0.5 mesh screen, 12 pin Grinding nozzle 90 psi rotor, then High speed Property Pusher nozzle 40 psi Screened, 270 mesh Thickness 0.8-0.9 mils 1.4-1.7 mils Appearance NO texture visible Slight texture visible 60 degree gloss 19 14 MEK resistance (50 Slight rub off Slight Rub Off double rubs) Average particle size 9.25 microns 23.5 microns Bridging in Grain None Slight
[0071] As can be seen in Example 2A, a small particle size powder will surprisingly eliminate bridging in the open grain and provide a natural wood appearance powder prior to coating a substrate provides a very thin UV cured coating which has a very low gloss, good to excellent smoothness (appearance), and a remarkable MEK resistance for a UV cured clear powder coating on hardwood. As can be seen in Example 2B, grinding a powder in a Brinkman mill will significantly reduce bridging and provide a microtextured, smooth coating with minimal texture visible.
[0072] Powder coatings were processed and applied in the same fashion as in Example 1 except that they were applied on a polished brass panel. In Example 3 they were double-ground in a Brinkman mill to an average particle size of 21 microns, and in Example 4 they were double-ground in an Brinkman mill and then screened through a 325 mesh screen to an average particle size of 20 microns.
[0073] Each of the coatings in Examples 3 and 4 provided a smooth, microtextured surface on hardwood and a low gloss. Each coating was one mil or 25.4 microns thick. In the coating of Example 3, profilometry data show that 87 percent of the local variations in the coating were less than six microns from peak to valley. In the coating of Example 4, profilometry data showed that 92 percent of the local variations in the coating were less than 4.5 microns from peak to valley.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
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|8 Nov 1976
|12 Dec 1978
|Scm Corporation
|Ultraviolet curable epoxy-polyester powder paints
|26 Jan 1996
|4 Aug 1998
|Herberts Powder Coatings, Inc.
|Radiation curing of powder coatings on heat sensitive substrates: chemical compositions and processes for obtaining coated workpieces
|6 Mar 1996
|20 Oct 1998
|Herbert's Powder Coatings, Inc.
|Radiation curing of powder coatings on wood
|26 Dec 1996
|13 Jul 1999
|Morton International, Inc.
|Dual thermal and ultraviolet curable powder coatings
|16 Dec 1997
|21 Dec 1999
|Morton International, Inc.
|Dual thermal and ultraviolet curable powder coatings
|31 Mar 1998
|25 Jan 2000
|Morton International, Inc.
|Method for producing low gloss appearance with UV curable powder coatings
|16 Dec 1997
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|Morton International, Inc.
|Solid vinyl ether terminated urethane curing agent
|26 Jan 1998
|25 Apr 2000
|Alliedsignal Inc.
|High temperature performance polymers for stereolithography
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|24 Oct 2000
|Morton International Inc.
|Non-hazing UV curable powder coatings containing crystalline resins
|8 Apr 1999
|22 May 2001
|Morton International, Inc.
|Method for on-mold coating molded articles with a coating powder as a liquid gel coat replacement
|29 Nov 1999
|25 Sep 2001
|Rohm And Haas Company
|Coating powders for heat-sensitive substrates
|16 Feb 2000
|19 Feb 2002
|Morton International Inc.
|Method for producing low/medium gloss appearance with UV curable powder coatings
|6 Aug 1999
|14 Oct 2003
|Basf Coatings Ag
|Binders curable thermally and/or by high-energy radiation
|7 Jun 2002
|8 May 2003
|Decker Owen Hugh
|Low gloss free radical powder coatings
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|16 Dec 2003
|1 May 2007
|Air Products And Chemicals, Inc.
|Processing of substrates with dense fluids comprising acetylenic diols and/or alcohols
|7 Feb 2006
|4 Jan 2011
|Designer Molecules, Inc.
|Mold compositions with high adhesion to metal substrates
|11 Apr 2007
|11 Jan 2011
|Designer Molecules, Inc.
|Low shrinkage polyester thermosetting resins
|15 Oct 2007
|25 Jan 2011
|Designer Molecules, Inc.
|Free-radical curable polyesters and methods for use thereof
|24 Dec 2008
|16 Apr 2013
|General Electric Company
|Electrostatic spray for coating aircraft engine components
|23 Jun 2005
|7 May 2013
|Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc.
|Powder coating compositions, mid-gloss range coatings, related methods and substrates
|16 Dec 2003
|10 Feb 2005
|Hoshang Subawalla
|Processing of substrates with dense fluids comprising acetylenic diols and/or alcohols
|10 Mar 2004
|15 Sep 2005
|Skoog Andrew J.
|Powder coating of gas turbine engine components
|23 Jun 2005
|28 Dec 2006
|Chasser Anthony M
|Powder coating compositions, mid-gloss range coatings, related methods and substrates
|27 Sep 2010
|19 Jul 2012
|Masamitsu Nagahama
|Resin composition for carbon dioxide emission reduction, method for producing the same, and use thereof
|7 Dec 2006
|11 Jul 2007
|Marabuwerke GmbH & Co. KG
|UV hardening glass printing ink and uv hardening glass printing lacquer and method for printing a glass substrate
|22 Mar 2013
|26 Sep 2013
|Vkr Holding A/S
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|26 Apr 2013
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|Arkema France
|Method for manufacturing polyamide thermoplastic polymer particles in the presence of supercritical co2
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|10 Nov 2008
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|3 Nov 2010
Owner name: AKZO NOBEL COATINGS INTERNATIONAL B.V., NETHERLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ROHM AND HAAS COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:025238/0380
Effective date: 20101022
|12 Nov 2012
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


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Health and Education Initiatives GrantSubmitted by Maureen Hinkley on February 18, 2010
The Urban Marriage and Family Therapy Initiatives program, directed by Dr. Anibal Torres of the Marriage and Family Therapy Department, encompassed 3 distinct projects:
- A recruitment program
- An urban internship development program
- A multicultural competence-training program.
These projects accomplished the following 3 objectives during the 12-month funding period (January 2009-December 2009):
- Increased the number of racial ethnic minority and multilingual applicants to Fairfield University's Department of Marriage and Family Therapy by 5%
- Increased by 5% the number of internship opportunities and clinical interns in the urban centers of Fairfield County.
- Developed a training sequence that enhances the multicultural competence of marriage and family therapy clinical interns and clinical supervisors.
The project involved partnerships between the Graduate School of Education and Allied Professions and community-based mental health service providers, namely Family Services Woodfield in Bridgeport and Catholic Charities in Bridgeport and Norwalk Connecticut.
Tiny URL for this post: http://tinyurl.com/84enzs9

subset: commoncrawl


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Los Angeles Real Estate
Los Angeles is not only the most populated city in the State of California, but is also the 2nd most populous in the nation! With an area of roughly 469 square miles, sprawled out across Southern California, Los Angeles contains 3,792,621 ethnically diverse people (according to the 2010 Census). Los Angeles is very popular for its comfortable climate, which allows for relatively pleasant temperatures all year around. With the nickname of the "City of Angels," Los Angeles is home to world famous institutions across the board—cultural, academic and professional. Indeed, Los Angeles is a leader in business, domestic and international trade, entertainment, culture, science, sports, education, and science, and has often been ranked among the richest and most influential cities in the world. With its amazing climate, ethnically diverse populace, and thriving economy, Los Angeles is one of the greatest places to live in the world.
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Check out our database of Los Angeles homes for sale. We give you complete information along with photographs of property to give you a full view of each home. Red Blue Realty agents are here to answer all your questions and work with you to choose the best Los Angeles home for your lifestyle.
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Our superlative Los Angeles real estate agents at Red Blue Realty are here to help you locate a home near the stores, schools and businesses that will make your life easier. We understand that location is sometimes just as important as the layout of a house and its amenities. Some potential homeowners need to be close to medical offices or a hospital, while others may prefer to be near public transportation.
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Christopher Rosiak
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text:
Destination ImagiNation is an academic creativity competition that challenges youth worldwide to think on their feet, improvise, and demonstrate leadership and teamwork skills.
First- and second-place state winners advance to the Global Finals, May 25–28 at the University of Tennessee in Knoxville. West Michigan teams making the trip will be elementary schools from Ravenna and Zeeland, middle schools from Ravenna and North Muskegon, and Mona Shores and Reeths-Puffer high schools.


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Watch Patrick Stewart and Ian McKellen Play The Newlywed Game
My god, is there anything better than watching Patrick Stewart and Ian McKellen interacting with each other? They laugh, they sing, they bicker like an old married couple. And even though the two have been friends for what seems like forever, they still have lots of trouble answering questions about each other's… »


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If you are associated with LENOX ON LAKE (THE) , click the Claim Listing button to contact a representative about a free listing with our referral program.
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Description of Lenox On Lake (The) in Lauderhill, FL
Number of Beds : 139
Lenox On Lake (The), located in Lauderhill, Florida provides the following services: Assisted Living and Alzheimer's Care. Lenox On Lake (The) has a very good hospital, University Hospital & Medical Center, located nearby, which scored a 91 out of 100 in its most recent Medicare review. The Lenox On Lake (The)'s nearest hospital is 1 miles away. The zipcode (00000) in Florida, where Lenox On Lake (The) is located, has an above average safety rating based on recent crime statistics. A more detailed description of the types of care for Lenox On Lake (The) can be found here.
LENOX ON LAKE (THE) is an assisted living facility. Assisted living facilities are an apartment-style habitat designed to focus on providing assistance with daily living activities. They provide a higher level of service for the elderly which can include preparing meals, housekeeping, medication assistance, laundry, and also do regular check-in's on the residents. Basically, they are designed to bridge the gap between independent living and nursing home facilities. When thinking about how to pay for care, assisted living facilities are generally less expensive than nursing homes, if assisted living is a viable option for your loved one.
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For more information about Lenox On Lake (The) call (866) 827-3953 to speak with a local Care Advisor
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Selene 5599 Sea Trial
Greetings Howard and JR,
Please find the Sea Trial information from Today on 5599. This sea trial went VERY smooth and the owner, Patrick and Miriam Gill were also very happy with their new boat. The Wesmar stabilizers and many of the other systems checked out and were operating correctly. We did find that the bolts on the steering ram connections were slightly loose but tightened them up on the spot.
Please let the JTM crew that they did a great job on the this boat and to keep up the good work.
Best Regards,
Bradley A. Pilz
Selene Service Center
Seattle Phone: 206-423-5504
China Phone: 86-1342-3391-007


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SUMMIT COUNTY -- On Wednesday, a Summit County Sheriff's deputy recognized a woman sought in an Aug. 5 attack and robbery of an 82-year-old in a Giant Eagle parking lot in Macedonia.
The deputy noticed a vehicle in Northfield Center Township that matched the description and the driver matched the description of the suspect.
The driver of the vehicle was identified as Kimberly Tromski, 43, of Uniontown, who was wanted in connection with the robbery.
On Aug. 5, an 82-year-old woman was robbed at the Giant Eagle located at 290 East Aurora Road in Macedonia. The victim was knocked to the ground during the robbery and was injured.
Bystanders were able to intervene and assisted in fending off the attacker. The Sheriff's Office was given a description of the suspect and her vehicle.
Tromski was charged with robbery and felonious assault and is now in the Summit County Jail.


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You was front and center at recent opening ceremonies for the company's new Yingkou plant in her native Liaoning Province. The 42-acre (170,000 square meter) plant,
You's enthusiasm for her new work is palpable. "I am so excited," she says. "It is a brand-new factory; everything is new and full of challenges. It is also a brand-new stage for young people. To me, it is a new world."
It's also a new world of opportunity for many Chinese people working with
"For the community it means development," says You. "It provides more work chances for Yingkou people."
Those thoughts are echoed by
Growing that business in China also means helping local employees adjust to
The new plant is a welcome addition to the continued industrial development of northeastern China — as well as
For her part, You has fond memories of the Yingkou plant opening ceremony, where she sang, took photographs and had lunch with Kent, who "also gave us warm hugs like friends. I am happy to work here and eager to work here forever."


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I bought this sort of impulsively and am now having serious buyer's remorse. We have a baby on the way, and I really shouldn't have spent the money. I noticed they're backordered again at REI, so I thought I'd offer it here instead of paying shipping to return it. It's brand new and never used except to blow it up once with my Exped pumpsack.I bought it with my 20% off coupon, so I'd like to get my $120 back plus $5 shipping. I prefer PayPal. Post here or email firstname.lastname@example.com
Edited by mysticmoose on 05/16/2009 15:56:07 MDT.
I was looking for an neoair regular; I'll buy it.
Sale pending... Thanks!
If not sold... I will take it! Thanks.
Sorry, it's already sold.
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As good as you think 2.0 is, you have a lot more that dislike 2.0 greatly. When 2.0 was put in and 1.0 was removed, a lot of us wanted 1.0 back. In 1.0, most games you knew who was going to win based on ratings. In 2.0, it is a crap shoot sometimes reguardless of ratings. The hope was that 3.0 went back to be more ratings based and less about a flip of the coin.
Posted by noah23 on 7/20/2013 10:08:00 AM (view original):Why? Because if 2.0 is all there is I won't be sticking around much longer, and I'm not alone. I'm even doing well in 2.0 (13th best winning percentage in dobie all time atm) What I wish we could do, is start with 2.0 with the new control features and see what that does, then tweak from there.
Posted by noah23 on 7/21/2013 8:13:00 PM (view original):So, you are saying that version 2 could not be modified to make ratings matter? IF so, then whatever..it was better to start from scratch I guess. I just have a hard time seeing things as being impossible that is not specifically said is not possible. Particularly, in the case of realistic scores where talent matters where I have seen it actually happen in a text based game.
Posted by noah23 on 7/21/2013 8:24:00 PM (view original):I did play 1.0. I got absolutely destroyed in every game I played. I got jaded by the experience and didn't play again until right before the beta started. When I talk about getting beat 120-0 being a detriment to attracting new players I speak from experience. If we fix the sim, and don't touch the recruit generation..I fear that many will be jaded by it, and I will get bored with it. I'm doing well at Bridgewater. Learning a bit more about 2.0 every season. It is stale. It lacks any sort of immersion into the individual players. The statistics are inflated. I'm slowly getting bored the more I learn about getting better at the game. I want to continue playing at whatifsports, but HD is completely done for me after I'm done with my final season there. GD has a chance to keep me, only because of the possibility of 3.0. IF 3.0 comes out, it gets applied to the pay worlds, and instantly the bad teams lose 120-0 with no change in how recruits are generated (which is actually HD's strongest point) then I won't continue. Its boring. Its not a good business model, and I want to have this game to play and for the site to thrive. I was never a GD player, I was an HD player for the majority of my time here. Mainly because when I first started I enjoyed HD and detested GD. Mainly because it didn't matter what I did I was behind the 8 ball from the start and the only teams available were the terrible teams that there was no way to improve. Maybe I could have if I wanted to spend 100 bucks to win 4 games but trust me very few people are willing to do that.
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With standard nutrition labels as the only guide for millions of consumers to judge what they are eating, researchers concluded that food manufacturers need to make nutrition information even easier for consumers to understand and implement.
However, another piece of the study revealed that even when consumers were made aware that their choice of food was nutrient-deficient or fattening, it did not affect their choice of food in many cases. In addition, many Americans recognize -- but ignore -- the importance of eating a nutritionally-balanced breakfast.
Many consumers, according to the AC Nielsen study, don't pay attention to labels or what they know about them, leading to the consumption of more consumable junk food, even though the consumer is aware that weight gain may result.
Another aspect of the study tried to determine why that is, and they found the "convenience" factor of junk food was a big lure. Many junk foods have long shelf lives, are readily available and inexpensive, leading to increased consumption over healthier, but harder to find, foods. The fast-paced lifestyle of most Americans reinforces this need for choosing convenience over health, since the consequences of bad food choices aren't always immediate.
Researchers found that the two most commonly tried weight control activities -- eating junk food less frequently and reducing meal size -- have actual trial rates that come close to matching perceived effectiveness. In other words, people did actually see the difference in their body weight when they made an effort to consume less junk food or reduce meal sizes.
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The Aida Maria offers a great combination of comfort, style and economy for tours in the Galapagos. Offering comfortable accommodations for only 16 passengers, each of the eight double cabins has a private bath and hot shower, air conditioning and an ample external deck to enjoy sunny Galapagos days. The Aida Maria is an experienced yacht in the Galapagos and offers cruises around the islands as a charter yacht as well as for individual travelers.
Facilities aboard the Aida Maria
The Aida Maria's design is based on efficiency and comfort with ample social areas. Among other conveniences, this yacht offers an ample external deck, comfortable bar and lounge areas with TV/DVD and a small library. Relax out on the sun deck and enjoy the warm Galapagos breezes.
Accommodations for the 16 guests are eight cabins located on the main deck, upper deck and solarium providing optimum comfort for your experience exploring the Galapagos. All cabins are double cabins with private bath facilities, air-conditioning, and ample hot water.
An attentive crew will see to guests every need. Your Galapagos adventure will be accompanied by a naturalist multilingual guide, gourmet chef, bartender and other crew to provide an exceptional experience in the Galapagos.
Standard cabins have upper and lower bunks.


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|Posted by: Joel @ 2013-12-10 11:13:11
|Much apologies. We had an issue with the site and lost backups of the actual website. Resolved from a found backup and brought back up to operational status. No Databases were lost and continued to operate as expected. New Signups are available again. Thanks for patience and continued dedication to this free service.
|DDoS outage
|Posted by: Joel @ 2012-09-11 07:43:44
|Yesterday (9/10/12) there was a dns outtage due to a DDoS Attack on GoDaddy; Please forgive any inaccessible time as this was completely out of our control.
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TurboTax Help & Support Options
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"AES is now competing in the diesel fuel market as the cost of retail diesel fuel climbs to the $3.50 to $4 per gallon price," Bush said. "The BLP and its employees are pleased to participate in this project and in helping America reduce its dependency on foreign oil."
During the course of the grant period, AES delivered more than 8,000 gallons of fuel to the diesel plant.
"Advantages of this biofuel alternative energy product include low investment, on-demand electricity — and a community fuel source that is independent of fuel reserves, foreign oil volatility and weather variables," Bush said.
To read more of this story, see today's print edition of the Grand Haven Tribune.


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Morgan County Fair
The Morgan County Fair will be held in Jacksonville, IL from Wednesday, July 9th through Sunday, July 13th, 2014. The Queen & Princess Pageant will be held on Tuesday, July 8th. The headlining musical performers will be Lee Brice with Chris Cavanaugh on Friday, July 11th and 38 Special with Madd Hoss Jackson on Saturday, July 12th. Other activities include an Antique Tractor Parade, Antique Tractor Pull, Livestock and 4-H Exhibits, Talent Show, Loghoggers Log Sculpting, Demolition Derby, Professional Truck & Tractor Pull, Jr. Horse Show, Western Horse Show, Sand Volleyball Tournament, Bench Press/Deadlift Championships, Cowboy Mounted Shooting, Pedal Tractor Pull and a Pet and Wheel Parade.
For more information, go to their website at www.themorgancountyfair.com or find them on Facebook at Morgan County Fair.


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GOP nominee McCain attends fundraiser in Naples
- • McCain bears brunt of bloopers: Presumptive republican presidential nominee John McCain runs into multiple technical glitches and gets a few bumps and bruises during a campaign stop in West Palm Beach. (March 6)
Sen. John McCain has left the fundraiser in Naples and is headed to Fort Myers.
Posted earlier
Sen. John McCain arrived at noon today to address about 200 people expected to attend a fund-raising luncheon at the Ritz-Carlton Golf Resort at Tiburon.
The Ritz-Carlton increased security and began restricting access to the property around 11 a.m., when the first guests began arriving for the fundraiser for the Republican presidential nominee. The event is closed to the media at the request of the client, said Lauren Rotchford, public relations director for both Ritz-Carolton hotels in Naples. Governer Charlie Crist escorted him off the plane.
Tickets for the $2,300-per-person event were still available minutes before McCain arrived.
McCain arrived on time for the noon event and he expects to be at the Ritz-Carlton until 1:30 p.m., said Lauren Rotchford, public relations director for both Ritz-Carlton hotels in Naples.
As McCain arrived in a white van as part of a four-vehicle caravan, he waved to the media.
Posted earlier:
U.S. Sen. and presumptive Republican presidential nominee John McCain will come to Naples today for a private fundraiser.
The Ritz-Carlton Golf Resort at Tiburon is hosting the luncheon event with tickets costing $2,300 per person.
This morning before the Naples luncheon, McCain has a public campaign event at Howley's Restaurant and Diner in West Palm Beach.
McCain will be landing at Private Sky, at Southwest Florida International Airport in Fort Myers.
The event is chaired by Floridians For McCain, with co-chairs including former U.S. Ambassador to Portugal and WCI Communities Inc. founder Al Hoffman.
Hoffman has been involved in fundraising for other high-level Republicans, including President George W. Bush, former Florida Gov. Jeb Bush and the Republican National Committee.
McCain officially captured the Republican nomination for president Tuesday after he received more than the necessary amount of delegates. The nomination was reinforced by an endorsement from President Bush on Wednesday.
Subscribe to the Naples Daily News
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Monday-Friday: 6am-6pm / Saturday: 7am-3pm / Sunday: 7am-2pm


text:
Islam: A Short History
by Karen Armstrong
Translations of this item:
The Modern Library has attempted to stage a comeback by launching a large and ambitious series of handsomely produced volumes, most of which are indeed by leading authorities. Not so this slim work on Islamic history, a scandalously apologetic and misleading account written by a former nun with an ax to grind.
The apologetics start with the Prophet Muhammad and conclude with the present day. Armstrong goes out of her way to soften every hard edge, explain away every unpleasantness, and hide what she cannot otherwise account for. The massacre of the Jewish tribe of Qurayza she acknowledges a "horrible incident" but urges the reader not to judge it by the standards of our time; has moral relativism sunk so low? As for hiding what she cannot account for, the author has the temerity to characterize Muslims living in the West as "beleaguered and endangered," without making the slightest reference to the likes of such fanatics as the blind sheikh of New York or Cemaleddin Kaplan, known as the "caliph" of Cologne. And if Muslims are oppressed in the West, why do they wish to immigrate there in record numbers?
Inaccuracies also permeate this foully dishonest text. Armstrong's account of the breaking of the treaty of Hudaybiya ("the Quraysh violated the treaty by attacking one of the Prophet's tribal allies") gets the facts wrong (it was not Quraysh itself that attacked but one of its tribal allies, the Bani Bakr) and so mangles the whole import of this incident. Nor can she keep track of time: "On the eve of the second Christian millennium," she pronounces with her wonted pomposity, "the Crusaders massacred some thirty thousand Jews and Muslims in Jerusalem." But the eve of that millennium was 999 and the Crusader massacre took place in 1099. Turning to the present day, she states that Malcolm X "became disillusioned with the Nation of Islam … when he discovered the moral laxity of Elijah Muhammad." Well, "became disillusioned with" is one way of putting it, but a more accurate verb might be "expelled from." Likewise, she ascribes to Malcolm X the founding of the American Muslim Mission, an institution that in fact did not come into existence until 1981, or sixteen years after his death.
These represent but the smallest fraction of faults early and late, large and small, of omission and commission, that mar Armstrong's dreadful book. Avoid it at all costs.
Related Topics: History, Islam
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I am taking a week off from Real Life to focus on home improvement projects, friends, and web sites. Much of my time will be spent behind the scenes here at Get Rich Slowly, planning for future improvements. If you have any requests or suggestions, please let me know. I'm open to all comments, good or bad, in an attempt to improve this site.
I'll be posting as normal during this break. Look forward to information on index funds, a continued interview with Scott Durbin of the Imagination Movers, advice on how to avoid scams, and an excerpt from Malcolm Gladwell's Blink discussing how and why we buy things. And, as always, I'll share personal finance stories from people like you.
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This article is about About, About, Administration


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BUCK BRANCH (Caldwell County). Buck Branch rises six miles southwest of Delhi in southwestern Caldwell County (at 29°47' N, 97°24' W) and runs south for nine miles to its mouth on Sandy Fork, six miles west of Waelder in Gonzales County (at 29°40' N, 97°24' W). It crosses low-rolling to flat terrain with local dissections, surfaced by sandy and clay loams that support scrub brush, mixed hardwoods, pine, and grasses.
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article."BUCK BRANCH (CALDWELL COUNTY)," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rbblg), accessed October 13, 2015. Uploaded on June 12, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.


text:
Vibrant Health
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Vibrant Health Maximum Vibrance delivers a meal's worth of high protein, almost no fat, plus a Paleolithic dose of micronutrients. What is meant by "a Paleolithic dose of micronutrients?" The term means that Maximum Vibrance will feed the human body a broad and rich range of vitamins, minerals, polyphenols, and nutritional co-factors at levels that closely match the high requirements of the ancient, Paleolithic biochemistry that resides in each of us.
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In high power blender or food processor combine hemp hearts, chia, flax, Max Vibrance, shredded coconut, cacao powder (other than 3 tbsp for coating), chopped chocolate bar, dates, cherries until crumbly. Add coconut butter, coconut oil, honey, and water until smooth. Refrigerate in sealed container for up to 4 months and freezer up to 1 year in appropriate container.
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text:
2013 Game Fields and Directions v.2
CRA05 CR Soccer Complex 5 1821 111th Ave. NW Coon Rapids MN 55433 Directions - CRA05 From the South: Take MN 252 North to MN 610 East to East River Road exit turn Left onto East River Road. East River Road turns into Coon Rapids Blvd. Take Coon Rapids Blvd to Hanson Blvd turn Right onto Hanson Blvd. Take Hanson Blvd to 111th Ave NW turn Right onto 111th Ave. Complex will be on the Left side approx .4 miles. OR Take US 10 Hwy West to Hanson Blvd turn left onto Hanson Blvd. Take Hanson Blvd to 111th Ave. NW turn left onto 111th. Complex will be on the left side approx. .4 miles. Field 5 is north of field 2. Field Updated: 4/6/13 ******************************************************************************************************************************************** NSS58 Wilkinson Centerville Rd & County Rd J North Oaks MN 55117 Directions - NSS58 From 35E & 694 Interchange, go north on 35E to Hwy 96 exit. Turn left on to Hwy 96 (Westbound) for 0.2 miles. Turn right (North) on Centerville Road and go 2.7 miles. The field is located at 5909 Centerville Road and is on the left side. Just past the field, turn left into the north parking lot. Field Updated: 4/1/12
© Copyright 2014 North Suburban Soccer Association. All rights reserved.
© Copyright 2014
Demosphere International, Inc.
All rights reserved.


text:
BUFFALO, N.Y. - Joshua Stanfill, a 25 year-old Schenectady, N.Y., resident who viewed and distributed child pornography was sentenced on Oct. 1 to 60 months in prison and a lifetime of supervised release. The sentence resulted from an investigation conducted by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement's (ICE) Office of Homeland Security Investigations (HSI).
HSI, the U.S. Marshal's Service and Schenectady Police officers executed a federal search warrant at his residence in July 2009 and seized five computer towers, a laptop computer, digital camera, four bags of various CDs and DVDs, one external hard drive and a VHS video tape.
Forensic analysis of the evidence collected determined that one hard drive contained approximately 27 videos of child pornography and approximately 401 fantasy stories of child pornography, rape and incest, images of cartoon/computer generated child pornography. One other hard drive had approximately 84 still images of child pornography and approximately 26 still images of child erotica were discovered.
Stanfill pled guilty in U.S. District Court to one count indictment charging him with the receipt of child pornography. He was not immediately remanded to the custody of the U.S. Marshal's Service and was given a mid-November 2010 report date.


text:
Tactical Ripstop Pant - Dickies
Dickies Tactical Ripstop pant, engineered to work as hard as the officers who...
Gamber-Johnson's new Mag Pandock is constructed out of a strong but lightweight magnesium shell, which enhances its overall look and performance. Its simplified docking mechanism makes for easy one-handed docking and undocking of the computer. The Mag Pandock includes an internal power supply and is compatible with the Panasonic Toughbook 27, 28, 29, and 30. Its simplified, molded design reduces the number of parts, improves cost, and helps to minimize noise. Additionally, the Mag Pandock contains forward facing ports for low mounting capability, minimal cable strain and minimal swivel resistance, is USB 2.0 compliant, and offers a variety of antenna pass-through options.
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text:
Prefect of Congregation for Clergy speaks on dangers of 'clericalism'
Catholic World News - February 12, 2014
In an interview with the Italian daily La Stampa, the prefect of the Congregation for Clergy spoke at some length about clericalism, "a word that has been on the Pope's lips a great deal in recent months."
"Clericalism is bad for priests because it distorts their mission and is harmful for the laity because it hinders their development as adult Christians," said Archbishop Beniamino Stella. He said:
. I think I am right in saying that what the Holy Father means when he refers to the term "clerical," is that it describes the kind of priest who wants to give orders, who always thinks he knows best and becomes closed, hindering the mission of the Church. A clerical priest is a priest who withdraws into his own shell, into his own mindset and does not consult or listen to others, especially the laity, as he doesn't recognize the role of lay people in the Church's mission.
The archbishop emphasized that priests should dedicate themselves to service, rather than pursuing their own interests. Otherwise, he said, they risk falling into mere activism, or becoming "faith officials and administrators rather than pastors."
In the same interview Archbishop Stella discloses his reaction upon hearing that he will receive a cardinal's red hat from Pope Francis later this month, and reflects on the Pope's message to the cardinal-designates.
Additional sources for this story
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An appeal from our founder, Dr. Jeffrey Mirus:
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text:
Book your room at Motel 6 Fresno - Blackstone North
Get an overview of this hotelFamily-friendly motel with outdoor pool and 24-hour front desk
Collect 200 points
Simply enter your Nectar card number when prompted. Your points will be credited 30 days after you return from your trip.*Offers may apply
This family-friendly Fresno motel is located near the airport, within 2 mi (3 km) of Vineyard Farmers Market and Fashion Fair Mall. Fresno Art Museum is 2.6 mi (4.2 km) away.
Property Features
This motel features an outdoor pool, coffee/tea in the lobby, and laundry facilities. Self parking is free. Other amenities include a 24-hour front desk.
Room Amenities
All 82 rooms offer WiFi, TVs with cable channels, and free local calls.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Motel 6 Fresno - Blackstone North features an outdoor pool, coffee/tea in the lobby, and laundry facilities. The property has a 24-hour front desk. Onsite self parking is complimentary. A total renovation of this property was completed in 2015.
- 24-hour front desk
- Total number of rooms - 82
- Number of floors - 2
- Coffee/tea in lobby
- Laundry facilities
- Free self parking
- Number of buildings/towers - 2
- Outdoor pool
Family Friendly Amenities
- Family Hotel
- Outdoor pool
- Laundry facilities
- Cribs/infant beds (complimentary)
Available in all rooms: Wireless internet access (2.99 USD per 24 hours surcharge)
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Air conditioning
- Climate control
- Access via exterior corridors
- Phone
- Free local calls
- Daily housekeeping
- Private bathroom
- Television
- Cable TV service
- WiFi (surcharge)
- Free cribs/infant beds
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- Accessible path of travel
- Accessible parking
- In-room accessibility
- Roll-in shower
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Minimum check-in age is 21
Check-out time is noon
Payment types
Pets allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
No rollaway/extra beds available
No elevators
- Fee for in-room wireless Internet: USD 2.99 (for 24 hours, rates may vary)
We should mention
Children 17 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding. Guests can arrange to bring pets by contacting the property directly, using the contact information on the booking confirmation.


text:
Photo by Yunhee Kim
YIELD: Makes 1 serving
ACTIVE TIME: 5 minutes Total time
TOTAL TIME: 5 minutes
- 1 ripe apricot, halved and pitted
- 4 tablespoons regular plain or Greek yogurt
- Honey (try wildflower or lavender)
- 1 tablespoon unsalted roasted pistachios, roughly chopped
1. Top each apricot half with 2 tablespoons of the yogurt, drizzle with the honey, sprinkle with the pistachios, and serve.
2. While it's not necessary, if you want to give your plain (i.e., non-Greek) yogurt a thicker consistency, line a sieve with a paper coffee filter and set it over a bowl. Empty an 8-ounce container into the sieve, cover it loosely with plastic wrap, and place it in the refrigerator for at least 6 hours.
Per serving: 147 calories, 6 g fat (2 g saturated), 7 mg cholesterol, 27 mg sodium, 19 g carbohydrates, 1 g fiber, 6 g protein
Nutritional analysis provided by Nutrition Data
See the full nutritional analysis from NutritionData.com


text: i did find it a little rude of her, and thats why i posted saying that i didn't find LC difficult to deal with. i probably should've said that that was a little rude to say, especially when she was complaining about people in other forums being rude. i appologize


text:
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text:
BA in Mathematics
Visit the
Department Web site
The demand for qualified mathematically-trained professionals is found in nearly every industry and profession, including biological and physical sciences, computer science, economics, engineering, finance, operations research, and political science.
Dyson College's Mathematics Department offers two undergraduate majors, a BA in Mathematics and a BS in Mathematics, as well as minors in Mathematics and Statistics.
All of our programs, while structured, are flexible and can be tailored to suit our students' individual goals.
Our programs provide students with the logical reasoning, quantitative, and analytical thinking skills necessary to compete in today's complex global environment. Many of our courses are offered online.
Students who wish to pursue teaching can enroll in our combined BA in Mathematics/MST in Adolescent Education degree program.
BA in Mathematics
This degree is ideal for those students who wish to attain a broad-based liberal arts and science education. It is a generalized program that enables students to develop critical-thinking, problem-solving, analytical, and quantitative skills. Its flexibility allows students to pursue a double major or complete up to two minors. Many of the mathematics majors are double majors in Economics or Computer Science.
Dyson College's Mathematics Departments at the Pleasantville and New York City campuses are committed to providing students with a supportive learning environment that includes small classes, which allow productive interaction, and personalized attention and guidance from dedicated faculty.
BA in MATHEMATICS/MST in ADOLESCENT EDUCATION
The combined degree program in Mathematics and Adolescent Education is offered by the Dyson College of Arts and Sciences and the Pace University School of Education. It leads to a Bachelor of Arts in Mathematics and Master of Science for Teachers in Adolescent Education (Grades 7-12). At the undergraduate level, students will complete a major in Mathematics. At the graduate level, candidates will complete the educational components required to fulfill the requirement for the initial and professional certificates in Mathematics.
Learn more about our faculty in New York City
Learn more about our faculty in Pleasantville
Pace University is #1. According to U.S.News & World Report's Short List, Pace is one of the top five schools in the U.S. for internship placement. That makes Pace the No. 1 school for internships in metro New York.


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One of 2013's best, the iPad Mini 3 is still a compelling choice despite the lack of upgrades. However, the nearly identical and significantly cheaper iPad Mini 2 is a smarter buy.
The LG Marquee's slim design and jam-packed feature set make it Boost Mobile's flagship phone. But its high price (even without a contract) and slow processor will make it a tough sell.
The RIM BlackBerry Torch 9810 should satisfy BlackBerry fans with its responsive touch screen and overall specs, but for $50 more, T-Mobile customers could get the much better Bold 9900 instead.
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text:
We are always on the lookout for potential employees with creative and new ways of thinking. The different personalities, intellects, and experiences of our employee community form the backbone of SeeScan. While our passion is creating great products that push the technological envelope, we truly value the person as much as the job. Strict, corporate hierarchies aren't our style - we strive to keep our employees happy and to make SeeScan an exciting place to work.
Check out our employment opportunities and then consider visiting "Tips for Applying at SeeScan" to get you started on your journey.