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Ranking: 3.28 / 721
You Don't Need to Be a Weatherman...
It was two o'clock in the morning and a husband and wife were asleep, when suddenly the phone rang.
The husband picked up the phone and said, "Hello? ... How the heck do I know? What am I, the weather man?" -- and promptly slammed the phone down.
His wife rolls over and asks, "Who was that?"
The husband replies, I dont know. Some guy who wanted to know if the coast was clear.
Thanks to: asf - coimbatore - tamilnadu - India
rec.:Jun/28/2001 pub.:Jun/28/2001 sent:May/18/2014
Ranking: 3.36 / 588
Her husband had been slipping in and out of a coma for several months yet she stayed by his bedside every single day. When he came to, he motioned for her to come nearer. As she sat by him, he said, "You know what? You have been with me all through the bad times. When I got fired, you were there to support me. When my business fell, you were there. When I got shot, you were by my side. When we lost the house, you gave me support. When my health started failing, you were still by my side. Well, now that I think about it, I think you bring me bad luck!
Thanks to: Paulina A. Candia - Santiago - R. M. - Chile
rec.:Jul/30/1998 pub.:Jul/30/1998 sent:May/12/2013
Ranking: 4.02 / 195
A man placed some flowers on the grave of his departed mother and started back for his car, parked on the cemetery road. His attention was diverted to a man kneeling at a grave.
The man seemed to be praying with profound intensity, and kept repeating, "Why did you die? Why did you die?"
The first man approached him and said, "Sir, I don't want to interfere with your private grief, but this demonstration of hurt and pain is more than I've ever seen before. For whom do you mourn so deeply? Your Child? A parent? Who, may I ask, lies in that grave?"
The mourner answered, "My wife's first husband! ... Why did you die? Why did you die?"
Thanks to: Patricia Figueroa de Diaz
rec.:Jul/28/1997 pub.:Jul/28/1997 sent:Feb/24/2014
Ranking: 3.29 / 572
Joe had asked Bob to help him out with the deck after work, so Bob just went straight over to Joe's place. When they got to the door, Joe went straight to his wife, gave her a hug and told her how beautiful she was and how much he had missed her at work. When it was time for supper, he complimented his wife on her cooking, kissed her and told her how much he loved her.
Once they were working on the deck, Bob told Joe that he was surprised that he fussed so much over his wife. Joe said that he'd started this about six months ago, it had revived their marriage, and things couldn't be better. Bob thought he'd give it a go. When he got home, he gave his wife a massive hug, kissed her and told her that he loved her. His wife burst into tears.
Bob was confused and asked why she was crying. She said, "This is the worst day of my life. First, little Billy fell off his bike and twisted his ankle. Then, the washing machine broke and flooded the basement. And now, you come home drunk!"
Thanks to: Dave Fanno
rec.:Oct/16/1998 pub.:Oct/16/1998 sent:Apr/27/2014
© 1995-2015 EMERgency 24 Inc.


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I'll be 12w on Mon and my baby was measuring a week ahead at my last u/s (2 wks ago). Has anyone else noticed something similar? I'm wondering...could it be the baby, or is it too early to feel anything?
Lump/bump on left side of uterus
Sebastian 1/10/13
Baby #2 due 4/11/15 (daddy's bday!)
Same for me, I'm 15 weeks and I wake up every morning to a bump on the right side. I'm very relieved to know other pregnant girls experience this too!
i feel the same thing but i have a lump on left and cramps on left and when my baby moves i have the lump on right with slight cramps on right and im only 12 weeks 3 days...my mom thought it was fat but i know my body
i ave the same thing on my left side, it was alot amaller a couple weeks ago the drs say im 6 weeks and 3 days due to the fact i got my period in march but they wont listen to me i keep telling them that my period lasts 7 days and its usually really heavy but it was 4 days and super light. so i think im about 8 weeks. i was freaking out yesterday cause i thought i had a cyst or something, it doesnt really go away when i stand up i dont think i havent really paid attention and it hurts if you push on it. im hoping its the baby. like i said it was smaller like the size of a pea, now its much bigger.

subset: commoncrawl


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Environmental regulations
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Consult these sources for information on Canadian guidelines, regulations, permits and agreements related to the environment.
- Acts, regulations and agreements — Environment
When you operate a business, you need to obey laws and regulations that protect the water, land, air, birds and animals that are around it.
- Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines
Does your business use chemicals that could pollute land and water nearby? This website can show you how much you can safely use.
- Permits and licences
Find the federal, provincial/territorial and municipal permits and licences that you may need to start or manage your business.
- Special waste collection for businesses
Find out how your business can dispose of special wastes with a pick-up and delivery service for all businesses in the Yukon.
- Date modified:


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Wildlife Photography in Glacier National Park
Camera traps in the Glacier ecosystem and Grand Teton National Park are capturing unique images of park wildlife never seen before. Meet Joe Riis, one of a new breed of photographers taking pictures without lifting a finger.
By Scott Kirkwood
View a short video of Joe Riis in the field.
Glacier Camera Trap Video from NPCA on Vimeo.
This article appears in the Summer 2010 issue.
National Parks, our award-winning quarterly magazine, is an exclusive benefit of membership in the National Parks Conservation Association. Subscribe today!
Post a Comment
Thoughts about this article? Comments you'd like to share with the editors? Post your comments below* or send an e-mail to email@example.com, and we'll consider printing your letter in the next issue of National Parks magazine. If you write a letter please include your name, city, and state. Published letters may be edited for length and clarity.
* Your comments will appear once approved by the moderator. NPCA staff do not regularly respond to postings. We reserve the right to remove comments that include profanity, personal attacks, or are off-topic. Opinions expressed here do not necessarily reflect the position(s) of NPCA. By submitting comments you are giving NPCA permission to reuse your words on our website and print materials.


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Trailer for 2012 – Watch more Funny Videos
Roland Emmerich and Michael Bay should have an explosion war. Both of them get a sick kick out of blowing up monuments, landmarks, and national treasures. In fact, they even blow up the same icons in several different movies. Why not just go back in time and punch Betsey Ross in the kidney while she's sewing the stars and stripes on the American Flag? Or better yet, have the Red Coats crash a tidal wave down on top of her. Maybe Emmerich can work that into a redux of the The Patriot. Until then, we can watch John Cusack and a motley cast of other recognizable faces outrun the end of the world much like the characters do in The Day After Tomorrow and Independence Day.
Consider posting a comment.


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- Musician's Friend Best Selection, Price & Service. Guaranteed.
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- Northern New York Newspapers
- Watertown
- Ogdensburg
- Massena-Potsdam
- Lowville
- Carthage
- Malone
- NNY Business
- NNY Living
- NNY Ads
WEST CARTHAGE After no negative comments during the public hearings, the Champion Town Council approved two measures overriding the state tax cap and changing zoning rules.
The board voted unanimously to allow for an override of the tax levy limit established by state law.
Supervisor Terry L. Buckley said that although the town hopes not to raise the tax levy, it is good have the override in place.
We have been lowering the tax rate. Well lower it again this year, the supervisor said.
Local contractors James D. Uhlinger and Scott O. Britton spoke in favor of the rezoning that will decrease the road frontage required for development in the town outside the village. Mr. Uhlinger said the change will make housing more affordable.
The change concerns the area requirements for parcels in R-1 and R-2 zones with public water and sewer service available. Changing the required frontage from 125 feet to 60 feet would make development more feasible and would maximize the use of the existing infrastructure, according to town Planning Board Chairman Peter J. LaBarge.
No one from the public objected to the zoning change; however, Councilman Stanley W. Buzzell voted against the measure.
Going from 125 feet to 60 feet is a lot, he said. Im not in agreement. Reduce it some, but to put in a 60-feet lot is going too far. Its too congested and against my belief of what the town of Champion should be.
Mr. Buckley said there would be no change in rural areas since there was no water and sewer, nor would any be put there because of the cost.
When I first got on the board there wasnt water and sewer in Great Bend, Farney Pit Road or Sayre Road ... you cant say never, Mr. Buzzell said. I dont want houses piled on top of each other.
The local law passed 4-1.
Thousands of readers like you have made Northern New York Newspapers the number one ranked website* for local news and sports coverage in the north country.
You can continue on to this article in a few seconds, or you can visit one of our websites:


text:
notch fiddling sure to delight all ages!
Welcome to the official site of The Scott Woods Band. Home of Canadian Old Time Fiddle, Traditional Country, Swing and Gospel Music.
Please browse through these pages for information about Scott and the band, the upcoming tour schedule, some great photos and more.
The Scott Woods Band travels extensively throughout Canada each year helping to raise hundreds of thousands of dollars for churches, charities and other community organizations. The show changes twice every year to a brand new theme so there's always something new to see.
Scott combines his masterful playing ability, a wonderful sense of humour and an incredibly talented group of musicians and puts it all together into a top notch fiddle variety show that is sure to delight audiences of all ages.
Bring your family and friends and join us for some toe-tapping fun, lots of laughs and some good old tunes. We'll put a song in your heart, a bounce in your step and a smile on your face. Get your tickets early though as many of the shows sell out well in advance of the concert date.
Thanks for stopping by and we hope to see you at a show real soon!


text:
Java Power Tools Bootcamps coming up in New Zealand
The next Java Power Tools Bootcamp is planned for Auckland, between the 11th and the 14th of August. This is the first Auckland session, and I'm certainly looking forward to it. Places are limited, so don't miss out!
And for those who missed out on the first Java Power Tools Bootcamp in Wellington, another bootcamp has been scheduled in Wellington for the 25th-28th of August.
The Java Power Tools Bootcamp is a comprehensive, innovative and hands-on workshop covering best-of-breed open source tools and techniques for Agile Development in Java. Learn how to optimize your development process, hone your programming skills and know-how, and ultimately produce better software. It covers key areas of software development and best practices, including:
- Agile Development Principles and Practices and Maven 2
- Unit and Integration testing with JUnit 4, Hamcrest, Selenium and so on.
- Code quality and documentation with tools like Checkstyle, PMD, FindBugs and Crap4J
- SCM and Continuous Integration with Subversion and Hudson
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text: Close Tweet0 Share0 Comment0 Share0 Share0 Stumble It0 Print0 More Audibles Two Baltimore Ravens players reportedly kicked out of club for being too intoxicated by Josh Sanchez Email Posted: Thu May. 29, 2014 Updated: Sat Jun. 14, 2014 Jacoby Jones was one of two Ravens asked to leave a Maryland club for being too intoxicated. (Peter Read Miller/SI)In the wake of the Ray Rice incident, one would think the Baltimore Ravens told their players over and over again to stay out of trouble. After all, the last thing the Ravens need is more poor PR.Well, it would appear that a few of the players did not heed the warning.MORE COVERAGE: Offseason Report Cards | NFL Power Rankings | 2015 NFL Mock Draft According to a report from CBS Washington -- that was obtained through TMZ -- two Ravens (Jacoby Jones, Bernard Pierce) were escorted from an Ocean City beach club, Seacrets, for being too drunk while enjoying Memorial Day weekend.Cornerback Jimmy Smith was present at the club with Jones and Pierce. Smith was eventually allowed to stay at the club.Jones, you may recall, was injured last season after being hit in the head with a bottle by a stripper named Sweet Pea while on a party bus celebrating a teammate's birthday. Add in the arrest of running back Lorenzo Taliaferro for destruction of property and public intoxication earlier in the weekend, and it was a bad 48-hour span for the Ravens. Promoted Stories Comments


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The approximately 100 judicial opinions designated as landmark cases deal with issues routinely encountered in the practice of forensic psychiatry. Information from these cases has comprised 30-40% of the forensic psychiatry board exam. Thus, it is imperative that forensic psychiatrists read the landmark cases and understand their importance to the field. This article suggests an approach to analyzing a landmark case.
First, note the name of the case (e.g., O'Connor v. Donaldson). Next, notice the court that decided the case. This indicates the extent of the precedential authority of the opinion (e.g., United States Supreme Court, a state supreme court, or a federal district court).
The year of the opinion is important because it gives the reader an indication of the social and political climate in which the case was decided. Note whether the opinion involves civil litigation or a criminal proceeding. Each landmark case belongs to a "line" of cases based on the psychiatric issues involved (e.g., civil commitment, criminal responsibility). Reading all of the opinions in a line of cases in chronological order helps the reader follow how the courts have handled a particular issue in a series of cases.
Most judicial opinions begin with a succinct summary of the case in the form of a syllabus and/or headnotes. Headnotes are topic-focused summary paragraphs about the main points of law in a case. Headnotes are numbered to direct the reader to paragraph numbers in brackets in the body of the opinion. The syllabus and the headnotes are included for the convenience of the reader and constitute no part of the official court opinion.
The body of the case officially begins with the majority opinion. Pay attention to the author and the number of justices voting in favor of the majority opinion. The Chief Justice of a court often writes opinions on cases of the most legal significance. A unanimous vote typically indicates the court's strong consensus on an issue. Opinions decided by a one vote majority with a strong dissent often lead to speculation that the court may rule differently in the future. The first few paragraphs of the majority opinion usually state the facts, the procedural history, and the legal issues raised in the case.
For most forensic psychiatrists, it is not necessary to memorize the specific facts of each case. Instead, one should read the landmark cases to develop an appreciation of what lawyers call the "fact pattern". It is less important to remember the specific facts of a landmark case (e.g., Johnnie Baxstrom was transferred from a New York prison to Dannemora State Hospital) and more important to be able to recognize a similar pattern of facts later in an actual case or a board exam. For example, the fact pattern of Baxstrom v. Herold could be succinctly stated as "A prison inmate at the end of his sentence was committed to a mental hospital without a full hearing."
Take note of the "procedural history" of the case, a term that refers to prior legal rulings on the case and how the case made its way through the lower courts for a decision by the current court. Most of the landmark cases are appeals court decisions, as opposed to trial court decisions; they address legal issues decided by lower courts and appealed to higher courts such as the United States Supreme Court, a United States Court of Appeals, or a state supreme court. Examples of how a case may reach a higher court include appeals of a motion for summary judgment, a writ of habeas corpus, or a trial court jury verdict.
The general rule is that only issues of law, not issues of fact, can be raised on appeal. The reader should be able to pick out the important legal issues because not all of the legal issues raised in each case pertain to forensic psychiatry. Legal issues commonly raised in the landmark cases include denial of Fourteenth Amendment rights (due process and equal protection), cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment, and civil rights deprivations under 42 U.S.C. 1983.
The most important part of the landmark case is the court's ruling or "holding". The holding states the court's opinion on the legal issues raised in the case. For example, the U.S. Supreme Court considered in Washington v. Harper the legal issue of whether a judicial hearing is required by the Due Process Clause before a state may treat a mentally ill prisoner with antipsychotic medication against his will. The Supreme Court held that treatment of a mentally ill prisoner with antipsychotic medication against his will without a judicial hearing does not violate due process.
Also of importance in the analysis of a landmark case is the court's reasoning or rationale for its holding. The court may decide the case based on its holding in a prior case (by following the principle of stare decisis) or the court may establish a new judicial precedent. Comments in the opinion which are not part of the official holding are frequently referred to as "dicta", which give the reader further insight into the court's reasoning and may indicate how the court would rule in future cases. The reader should take note of the holdings and dicta in early landmark cases (e.g., Addington v. Texas, Jackson v. Indiana), which are frequently cited as legal precedent for the decision in many subsequent landmark cases.
The landmark cases often contain concurring opinions. A concurrence is usually written when a judge agrees with the holding of the majority opinion but wants to explain their reasoning in a separate opinion. Concurring opinions carry no precedential authority, but are frequently cited in later judicial opinions.
A dissenting opinion explains the reasoning of a judge who voted with the minority. Dissents are often strongly worded and critical of the majority opinion. Dissenting opinions carry no precedential authority, but often stimulate the reader to think critically about the reasoning of the majority opinion. Like concurring opinions, dissents are frequently cited in later cases.
The disposition of a case is stated at the end of the opinion. Appeals court opinions typically affirm, reverse, vacate, or modify the opinion of the lower court. The appeals court may remand the case to the lower court if further proceedings are required.
After analyzing the entire opinion, the reader should reflect on the opinion as a whole. Consider the social and political policy issues involved and how the case affected the law in the line of cases to which it belongs. Note whether the court applied a particular legal "test" (e.g., the rational relationship test) or established a new legal precedent or duty (e.g., Tarasoff duty to protect).
Consider the impact of the court's holding on psychiatry. Why is the court's opinion important enough to psychiatry to be a landmark case? Is the decision a good one or a bad one? Also note the court's attitude toward psychiatry and mental health issues. See Paul Appelbaum's thought-provoking comments on how courts alternate between idealization and devaluation of psychiatry to fit the court's purposes.¹
A judicial opinion by an appeals court is often not the last event in the life of a court case. Following an opinion by an appellate court, cases often settle out of court or are retried based on legal rulings by the appellate court. The legal research task of determining the subsequent history of a judicial opinion is known as "Shepardizing," so named because all citations to a court opinion can be researched in a series of reference books known as "Shepard's Citations." The landmark cases and their citations are available online through commercial legal services such as Westlaw and Lexis. To get the most out of a landmark case, the reader should have available a legal dictionary to look up unfamiliar terms.
For board exam preparation, self-prepared flash cards are a valuable study tool. At a minimum, a flash card should contain the name and date of the case, the court that decided the case, the fact pattern, the holding, the court's rationale for the decision, and any legal test or legal duty mentioned in the case.
The landmark cases deal with issues of national interest. Persons practicing forensic psychiatry in some jurisdictions may need to be familiar with certain "local" landmark cases. The landmark cases may be purchased in three bound volumes from the AAPL office. For those who desire a study guide, landmark case summaries are available in the AAPL Forensic Psychiatry Review Course syllabus and Dr. Richard Rosner's forensic psychiatry text.²
1. Applebaum, P.: The Supreme Court Looks at Psychiatry, Am J Psychiatry, 141: 827-835, 1984.
2. Rosner, R. (ed): Landmark Cases in Forensic Psychiatry, in Principles and Practice of Forensic Psychiatry. Chapman & Hall, New York, 1994 (pp 583-620).
3. Merideth, P.: The Landmark Cases: How to Master Them. American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Newsletter, 22: 55-56, January, 1998
4. Landmark Cases in Psychiatry and the Law, contained in Dr. James Hooper's Forensic Home Page at http://bama.ua.edu/jhooper/landmark.html
5. Landmark Cases, Volumes 1-3. American Academyof Psychiatry and the Law, Bloomfield, CT 1993. [Contains the full text of 92 landmark cases. Available for purchase from AAPL.]
6. Landmark case summaries and study questions contained in the AAPL Forensic Psychiatry Review Course Syllabus. [Available for purchase from AAPL].
7. Black's Law Dictionary. St. Paul, Minnesota, West Publishing Company, 1979.
8. Melton, G., et al. Psychological Evaluations for the Courts. The Guilford Press, New York, 1997.
9. Keram, E.: Preparing for the Forensic Psychiatry Board Examination. American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Newsletter, 23: 8-9, September,1998.
10. Audio recordings of U.S. Supreme Court oral arguments for some landmark cases are available on-line by way of Dr. James Hooper's Forensic Home Page at the internet address listed in reference #4 above.
Ed's Note: This online version of the article contains additional material added by Dr. Meredith, including additional references, not contained in the originally published version.]


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A comment for Counting Sets of Coins
Being ble to add and subtract when using money is a very important life skill.I like the sequencing of the lesson and the use...
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Being ble to add and subtract when using money is a very important life skill.I like the sequencing of the lesson and the use of electronic manipulatives, although I would prefer to use real/replica coins if possible for authenticity. I also like the differentiated activiities according to ability. The range of activities also caters for different types of learners as there is role play, electronic games and manipulatives on offer.Being so young (grade 1 and 2) I think the lesson tries to cover too many objectives in one lesson. (I'm not sure how long this lesson plan is for).The coin box game I found difficult. I guess the students have to be trained how to use it. The other online games are useful though.This resource is easy to use.Technical Remarks:The lesson has many electronic resources and they all work.
Sandy Tam (Faculty)
Date Added:
Mar 08, 2012
About this comment:
Rating: Comment only
Used in course: no
A comment for Counting Sets of Coins
The problem being address is the need for first grade students to effectively learn to count mixed coins and to solve number...
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The problem being address is the need for first grade students to effectively learn to count mixed coins and to solve number stories problems. There is scaffolding in the lesson by having the students first determine the value of each coin, practice counting, and learning to count objects in class. The students are clearly motivated by learning how to use their counting skills in the real world and working together in a group. I believe the lesson is too long and there is too much technology/and lessons planned for such a young age group. With the whiteboard activities, the online independent practice, the computer games, the counting of the coins, and writing and solving problems, they may start to feel confused and overwhelmed.
Sandra Toth (Teacher (K-12))
Date Added:
Mar 06, 2012
About this comment:
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While Poland is increasingly becoming less discernible from other western European countries (in a good way), there are still certain local traditions and laws which the foreign visitor should be aware of. This is In Your Pocket's run-down of the helpful things everyone should know when visiting Poland.
ClimatePoland has a temperate climate with hot summers and cold winters. Seasons tend to be more pronounced than in the west and temperatures can get down as low as -20 C in winter and as high as +30 C in summer. The coldest weather tends to hit around February although the last couple of winters have been fairly mild.
CustomsIf you are travelling within the EU those over 18 can now take 10 litres of spirits, 90 litres of wine and 110 litres of beer. Most countries will not allow more than 800 cigarettes from Poland. If purchasing art or books, you need to consider their age and value. In order to leave the country, art must be both less than 50 years old and under a certain value (varies depending by type; photos under 6,000zł, other art under 16,000zł, for example); if these conditions are met, the gallery curator can then provide you with a 'zaświadczenie' (permission document) describing the artwork's price and when and where it was created. If the work exceeds the permitted age or value, you must get permission from the 'Wojewódzki Konserwator Zabytków' (Regional Curator's Office) to take it out of Poland; bear in mind that this process will likely take 2-3 months. Books must be less than 100 years old and under 6,000zł in value in order to leave the country; if neither applies, permission must be obtained from the National Library. Obviously, problems arise when purchases are made at bazaars or flea markets where vendors cannot provide the necessary documents; if there is any doubt about the value or age of your purchase, we suggest you visit an 'Antykwariat' (antiques dealer – see shopping) for advice.
ElectricityElectricity in Poland is 230V, 50Hz AC. Plug sockets are round with two round-pin sockets. Therefore if you are coming from the US, UK or Ireland you are definitely going to need a plug converter. The best place to pick these up is at home though if you do arrive without a converter try your luck with your hotel reception; they should be able to point you to an electrical store if they can't provide a converter themselves.
Facts & Figures
Poland covers an area of 312,685 square kilometres and is the ninth biggest country in Europe. It borders the Baltic Sea (528km) and seven countries, namely Belarus (416km), Czech Republic (790km), Germany (467km), Lithuania (103km), the mysterious Russian exclave of Kaliningrad (210km), Slovakia (539km) and Ukraine (529km).
Longest River
The river Vistula (Wisła) is Poland's longest river at 1,047km and flows through Krakow and Warsaw before reaching the Bay of Gdańsk (Zatoka Gdańska). Poznań sits on the Warta river which reaches the Baltic via the Odra at Szczecin.
Highest Point
The highest peak is Rysy (2,499m) in the Tatra Mountains on Poland's southern border.
Population (2014)
Poland - 38,502,396
Warsaw - 1,729,119
Kraków - 759,800
Łódź - 708,554
Wrocław - 633,105
Poznań - 546,829
Gdańsk - 461,935
Katowice - 294,889
Local Time
Poland is in the Central European (CET) time zone (GMT+1hr). When it's 12:00 in Poznań it's 6:00 am in New York City, 11:00 in London, 12:00 in Paris and Berlin and 19:00 in Tokyo. Polish summer time (GMT+2hrs) starts and ends on the last Sundays of March and October.
Health & EmergencyIn case of an emergency those dialling from a land line or public phone should use the following numbers: 999 for an ambulance, 998 for the fire brigade and 997 for the police. Mobile phone users should call 112 to be forwarded to the relevant department. English speaking assistance is not necessarily guaranteed, and rests on the linguistic capabilities of the operator.
English, German and Russian speakers have the option of using separate lines specifically designed for foreigners in distress: dial +48 608 599 999 or + 48 22 278 77 77. Both numbers can be reached from a mobile phone or a land line and are hotlines in case you run into any troubles during your stay. The lines are active year round with later hours during the high-tourist season.
If you've woken up to find you've got a raging headache, a swollen foot you can't put weight on and vague memories of some kind of calamity, we suggest you sort it out by calling a private clinic, thus avoiding the hassle of the notoriously long queues in Polish hospitals; a list of private clinics can be found in the Directory section of our guide. Further help can be provided by embassies and consulates, a list of which can also be found in the Directory. If it's a financial emergency your hopes will rest on a Western Union money transfer. Most banks and many exchange bureaus (kantors) can now carry out such transactions, just keep an eye out for the Western Union logo.
InternetInternet access is typically free and widely available in Poland, with practically every café and restaurant offering wi-fi to customers with laptops and smartphones. Getting on the network often requires nothing more than a password, which you can request of your favorite bartender or barista with a simple, "Poproszę o hasło do internetu." If you are in the area of Stary Rynek, Pl. Kolegiacki and Pl. Wolności keep an eye out for Poznań Internet Free. You don't need a password, just enter your name and accept the rules and off you go. If you don't have your own gadgets we offer a few internet cafe options below.
The Polish LanguageMany Poles, particularly young people, have a healthy command of the English language. Many are also adept at other European languages with German being the most commonly spoken. Older Poles will fiercely contest that they have 'forgotten' the Russian taught to them at school but most will still have a reasonable understanding.
Mastering the Polish tongue can be a terrifying ordeal, often resulting in personal degradation as shop assistants laugh at your flustered attempts. That aside, learning a few key phrases will smooth your time in Poznań and may even win you friends and admirers.
On the downside, Polish is one of the most difficult languages for native English speakers to learn. On the upside, unlike in English, words in Polish are spelled the way they are pronounced. This is a great help once you know how to pronounce each letter/combination of letters. While many letters represent the same sounds as they do in English, below we have listed those particular to Polish, followed by some basic words and phrases. Powodzenia (Good luck)!
Basic Pronunciation
'ą' sounds like 'on' in the French 'bon'
'ę' sounds like 'en' as in the French 'bien'
'ó' is an open 'o' sound like 'oo' in 'boot'
'c' like the 'ts' in 'bits''
'j' like the 'y' in 'yeah'
'w' is pronounced like the English 'v'
'ł' like the 'w' in 'win'
'ń' like the 'ny' in 'canyon'
'cz' and 'ć' like the 'ch' in 'beach'
'dz' like the 'ds' in 'beds'
'rz' and 'ż' like the 'su' in 'treasure'
'sz' and 'ś' like the 'sh' in 'ship'
'drz' like the 'g' in 'George'
'r' is always rolled
Polish Words & Phrases
Yes Tak (Tahk)
No Nie (Nyeh)
Hi/Bye (informal) Cześć (Cheshch)
Hello/Good day (formal) Dzień dobry (Jen doh-bri)
Good evening (formal) Dobry wieczór (Doh-bri vyeh-choor)
Good-bye Do widzenia (Doh veet-zen-ya)
Good Night Dobranoc (Doh-brah-noats)
Please Proszę (Prosheh)
Thank you Dziękuje (Jen-koo-yeh)
Excuse me/Sorry Przepraszam (Psheh-prasham)
My name is... Mam na imię... (Mam nah ee-myeh…)
I'm from England. Jestem z Anglii (Yehstem zanglee)
Do you speak English? Czy mówisz po angielsku? (Che moo-veesh po an-gyel-skoo?)
I don't speak Polish. Nie mówię po polsku. (Nyeh moo-vyeh po pol-skoo.)
I don't understand. Nie rozumiem. (Nyeh row-zoo-me-ehm.)
Two beers, please. Dwa piwa proszę. (Dvah peevah prosheh.)
Cheers! Na zdrowie! (Nah zdrovyeh!)
Where are the toilets? Gdzie są toalety? (Gdjeh sawn toe-letih)
You are beautiful. Jesteś piękna. (Yes-tesh pee-enk-nah.)
I love you. Kocham cię. (Ko-hahm chuh.)
Please take me home. Proszę zabierz mnie do domu. (Prosheh za-byesh mnyeh doh doh-moo.)
Call me! Zadzwoń do mnie! (Zads-dvoan doh mnyeh!)
Airport Lotnisko (Lot-nees-ko)
Train station Dworzec PKP (Dvoar-jets Peh Kah Peh)
Bus station Dworzec PKS (Dvoar-jets Peh Kah Ess)
One ticket to… Jeden bilet do… (Yeh-den bee-let doh…)
Law & OrderIn general Poznań is far safer than most Western cities, and visitors are unlikely to face any problems if they simply employ common sense. Petty crime does exist, and travellers should be on guard against pickpockets; if you're in a bar or restaurant keep your wallet inside your trouser pocket, not inside a jacket casually left lying around. Those travelling by car are advised to use a guarded car park. Avoid being ripped off by opportunistic taxi gits by using clearly marked cabs, something to bear in mind around the train station and airport. The vagrants and pondlife who gather around the train station are by in large harmless and easily ignored.
Staying on the right side of the law is significantly easier for tourists who accept that Polish beer and vodka are rocket fuel and drink accordingly. If you're determined to make an idiot of yourself then make sure it's not in front of the law. In recent years visitors ranging from folks in Chewbacca costumes to complete fools who've thought it's perfectly acceptable to drop trousers and urinate in a city centre fountain have tested the patience of the local law enforcement. Their tolerance threshold is now decidedly low so don't push your luck. Those who do may well be treated to a trip to Poznań's premier drunk tank (ul. Podolańska 46), where you can expect a strip search, a set of blue pyjamas and the company of a dozen mumbling vagrantsa chastening experience which will set you back 250zł for a 6-24 hour stay. In return for your cash expect a strip search, a set of blue pyjamas and the company of a dozen mumbling vagrants. Not to mention a hefty fine (credit cards not accepted, of course).
Other easy ways for tourists to cross cops are by riding public transport without a ticket (see Arrival & Transport, Public Transport) and, silly as it seems, by jaywalking. If you are from a country which doesn't have or respect jaywalking laws, you'll be surprised to see crowds of people standing obediently at a crossing waiting for the lights to change. The reason for obeying this little rule is the fact that the local city police (Straż Miejska) will quite freely give you a 50-100zł fine for crossing a road at a place where no crossing is marked or a 100zł fine when the 'walk' light is red. And don't think you are exempt by being a foreign visitor. You too are subject to the law and your non-residency means you will be forced to pay the fine on the spot.
Market Values
Prices in Poland are still fairly competitive despite increases over the last couple of years particularly in the prices of cigarettes. Here are some typical everyday products and prices.
Market values as of June 18, 2015 based on €1 = 4.11zł
|Price (zł)
|Price (€)
|McDonald's Big Mac
|0.5ltr vodka (shop)
|0.5ltr beer (shop)
|0.5ltr beer (bar)
|Loaf of white bread
|Pack of Marlboros
|1ltr of unleaded petrol (98)
|Local transport ticket (1 journey)
MoneyThinking of paying for your tram ticket with one of the 100zł notes in your pocket? Think again. Small shops, newsagents, public toilets, even the occasional restaurant or bar will often refuse to break a large note for you. As annoying as coins can be, do carry small change for such moments.
Currency can be exchanged at airports, hotels, banks and anywhere with a sign proclaiming 'Kantor'. Kantors will often provide better value than the banks in your home country or the ATM, though for obvious reasons be very wary of Kantors in the airports, bus stations and close to tourist sites. Shopping around will reward you with the best rate. For a list of Kantors in Poznań, see Directory.
Since EU ascension, prices in Poland have been on the rise, making the country less of a bargain than it was ten years ago. Having said that, however, prices for food, drink, cultural venues and transport still remain comparably cheap in contrast to Western Europe. A ticket to the cinema typically costs 15-25zł while admission to most museums costs around 5-15zł.
Credit Card ChargesIf you're visiting Poland and plan to pay for any purchases with a credit card whose base currency isn't Polish złoty (and unless you're Polish, this probably means you) odds are you may find merchants asking whether you want to be charged in your home currency or złotys. At times (though this is more rare) it's not even a question – the merchant will simply take it upon himself to charge your credit card in your home currency, no questions asked. Don't fall into the trap of thinking your credit card company won't charge a foreign transaction fee if you opt to be charged in your native currency; crossing the border is what they care about, not the currency. And that's just one of the reasons why, when given the choice, it's in the best interest of your wallet to choose złotys.
Why? Because the companies that process credit card transactions typically tack on fees for converting the money, and then do so at a lousy exchange rate. Depending on the size and number of your purchases while in Poland, the cost can really add up. Visitors will have to be vigilant and monitor receipts when paying with a credit card, and should you be charged in a different currency put your foot down. Merchants don't benefit from those additional fees, only the company that processes the transaction does. So be firm about asking to have your purchase refunded and done over again in złotys.
Polish National Holidays
With a full calendar of religious holidays, seasonal traditions and name days, it seems there's always something being celebrated here in Poland. Not to be confused with unofficial holidays like Women's Day (March 8th), national holidays that are still regular work days like the Day of Pope John Paul II (October 16th), or the rash of spontaneously decreed days of national mourning that occur each year, below we list Poland's annual non-working public holidays:
April 5 Easter Sunday
April 6 Easter Monday
May 1 Labour Day
May 3 Constitution Day (May 3, 1791)
May 24 Pentecost Sunday
June 4 Corpus Christi
August 15 Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, also Polish Army Day
November 1 All Saints' Day
November 11 Independence Day (Nov 11, 1918)
December 25 First Day of Christmas
December 26 Second Day of Christmas
January 1, 2016 New Year's Day
January 6, 2016 Three Kings


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Religions of the West Today
Another World to Live in
- The imagined realm to which one has access through the system of symbols constituting a religious tradition by dwelling in them (= attending from them subsidiarily).
- It is the realm where one encounters or at least makes connection with what the tradition takes to be ultimate reality.
- It is the "inside" which qualifies insiders as "insiders."
- The state of being at-one with what is ultimate reality.
- "in harmony with"
- the characterization of this state of at-onement will differ from one tradition to another.
- A way of formulating your account of a religious expression in a neutral way for the sake of understanding and reflection.
- Ex.
? The Jews are the Chosen People of God?
? Jews believe themselves to be the Chosen people of God.
Central/Primary Story
- The most important story of all the stories that are told
- the one in relation to which all other stories, beliefs, symbols, and practices take on the meaning they characteristically have in that tradition.
- Usually it is the story of the founding or establishment of the tradition.
Eastern Religions
- The family of the great religious traditions which emerged in the Far East, primarily the religions originating in India (Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism) and China (Taoism, Confucianism), though it includes more than these.
Empathetic Objectivity
- A capacity of your imagination to temporarily suspend your own perspective, and take on the perspective of the other, in order to apprehend and appreciate what can be seen and understood, and then to convey that to others in a neutral way that does it full justice.
- An act of imaginatively stepping into another person's perspective and considering how things look from over there
- as if one were an insider while one is not one in fact.
- Success in empathetic understanding would be a matter of having entered the perspective of the other person sufficiently as well to be able to re-present it credibly to others,
- especially and above all in a way that is recognizable and credible to those persons who themselves occupy that perspective.
- Pertaining to the end of history
- the end of time
- It relates to those religious traditions that speak of a final end to human history
- involves a judgment of people in relation to God and a final apportioning of justice in which each is expected to receive what he or she deserves.
- There is no ideas in traditions which conceive cosmic time as cyclical rather than linear or non-repeating.
Historical Religion
- A religious tradition which conceives itself to have originated in a revelation of "ultimate reality" in history through certain particular events, persons, and circumstances.
- Its central story will tell of a decisive revelation of trans-historical, universal significance as having actually taken place in historical time.
- In consequence, all efforts to convey the content of that alleged revelation will be shaped and colored by those historical particulars, and the tradition will continue to be preoccupied with those historical particulars as having been vested with eternal significance.
- The Western family of religions are all historical religions in this sense.
Holiness of God
- The awesome, infinite standard of righteousness that God is understood both to set or establish and to be by his very being.
- This is a characteristic of "ultimate reality" (stressed in Judaism)
- In Western religions
- A striving to draw near to the object of investigation
- where all relevant perspectives on it intersect
- thus to comprehend it in its transcendence beyond any one perspective in a way that commands the recognition of those who dwell within them and know them well.
- It is a matter of doing justice to the object itself
Belief that there exists one and only one God
Otherness of God
- The person-like character of God in virtue of which
(a) God and his intentions would not be known did he not make himself and his intentions known in human history
(b) God is capable of entering into relationship with people, thereby singling them out to accomplish his special purposes in history
Phenomenology of Religion
- It seeks to discover and make understandable to outsiders the understandings held by insiders.
- It combines empathy and objectivity.
- It brings to light common patterns and differences.
Presentational Symbol
- A religious symbol that serves not only to represent ultimate reality, but also for participants to render it present and enable direct participation in it.
- sometimes called sacramental symbols.
- All presentational symbols are representational symbols, but the reverse is not true.
Problem of Meaning
- The respect in which events in human experience from time to time in a variety of different ways pose a threat to the ultimate meaningfulness of life and disclose a felt dis-relationship between the persons feeling that threat and what is taken to be ultimate reality
- The question is, how to cope with the threat and attain to an affirmation of the meaning and worth of life despite it.
- There are six ways of being religious, which are in ways of coping with the threat and attaining to an affirmation of the meaning and worth of life despite it.
- A human spokesperson for God in Western religions
- chosen and enabled by God to declare and make known his revelation to human beings, which revelation typically involves some divine moral expectation that needs to be heeded to get in right relationship with God.
Public Education of Religious Studies
- Teaching
religion: teaching about what people believe to be true and important
- not an attempt to instruct religiously
- A means of getting in touch with and of attaining at-onement with "ultimate reality."
- a system of symbols (e.g., words and gestures, stories and practices, objects and places) that functions religiously, namely, an ongoing system of symbols that participants use to draw near to, and come into right or appropriate relationship with, what they deem to be ultimate reality.
Representational Symbol
- Anything which refers to and represents something pertaining to "ultimate reality."
- Some such symbols under certain circumstances may also serve as presentational symbols, in which case they are experienced as conveying the very presence of what they are understood to represent.
- A disclosure or communication by the "ultimate reality" to human beings of matters that would not otherwise be known, or not known as clearly and decisively.
- in Western religions.
Scandal of Particularity
- A feature of historical religions where the universal and eternal message of divine revelation is accessible only in and through the particular historical and culturally specific circumstances in which it is held to have originally been given.
- In consequence, there results a perpetual controversy over sorting out what is essential to the divine message and what are the non-essential particulars of its initial historical reception.
- The mix often comes across as "scandalous" to outsiders who might identify with what seems to be matters of universal significance but are put off by what appears to be culturally and historically specific particulars.
Spiritual Regret
a new religious virtue appropriate for the study of religion in an age of religious pluralism that involves both joy at discovering a new spiritual view that attracts you and sadness that you cannot fully adopt such a view.
System of Symbols
The complex of stories, scriptures (if the tradition is literate), rituals, symbolic forms, and particular vocabulary for referring to what is taken to be ultimate reality, that as an interconnected whole constitute the core of a given religion.
Test of Empathy
- Its purpose is to test how well one's interpretation has captured and conveyed an insider's perspective.
- The actual test is to see whether or not knowledgeable and thoughtful insiders can recognize and confirm your interpretation as correct.
Test of Neutrality
- Its purpose is to determine how well your account conveys transparently what it is you are interpreting, rather than what you think about.
- The actual test is to see if a third party can detect your own bias/opinion in your interpretation.
- (
of a system of symbols, of "another world to live in"
- An entryway whereby one crosses the boundary from being outside the "other world" of a tradition to being inside it.
- Though it may be symbolized by a physical threshold (as to a temple or shrine), it essentially refers to a shift of consciousness from focally attending to a tradition's symbols to subsidiarily attending from them to what they symbolize, which is to say coming to dwell within them.
Threshold Effect
- A change in the appearance of things when viewed from inside the system, rather than on the outside.
- On the outside, symbols are opaque and at best refer to matters within that other world.
- As one begins to cross the threshold, the symbols become translucent, presentational.
- as one is able fully to cross the threshold, the symbols usher one into what seems to be the very presence of the sacred realities of which tradition speaks.
Ultimate Reality
- A variable standing for whatever the people of a given tradition take to be the ultimate ground of meaning and purpose in life--both how things are and how life ought to be lived.
- It stands for whatever is taken to make up the ultimate cosmic context of life that lies beyond the perspectives of ordinary human awareness and the mundane sphere of everyday life.
- Ex. God
Way of Being Religious
- One generic manner and pattern among others of drawing near to and coming into right or appropriate relationship with what a religion takes to be ultimate reality.
- Each way is further characterized in terms of a mode of approach to what is taken to be the ultimate reality, an aspect of the problem of meaning to which it is addressed, a hermeneutical orientation, a pattern of social structures, and specific virtues and vices.
Way of Devotion
- Cultivation of a personal relationship to "ultimate reality" of whole-hearted adoration, devotional surrender to "its" transforming grace, and trust in "its" providential care, anticipating in return an influx of sustaining energy, hope, and a sense of affirming presence or at-onement.
- It typically involves a conversion experience and emotional purgation.
Way of Mystical Quest
- Employment of ascetic and meditative disciplines in a deliberate quest to break through and become free of, the obscuring limitations and distracting compulsions of ordinary life
- in order to attain a direct awareness of "ultimate reality," come to be wholly at-one with it, and have life and one's relations with all things become transparently grounded in it.
Way of Reasoned Inquiry
- A rational struggle to transcend conventional patterns of thinking
- in the effort to attain understanding of, and consciousness-transforming insight into, ?the ultimate what, how, and why of things?.
- To bring together one?s own mind with ?the ultimate Mind? and thereby acquire a portion of ?divine wisdom?.
- It typically involves systematic study of a tradition's scripture and previous attempts to articulate what is ultimately the case.
Way of Right Action
- the concerted effort to bring all of life, individual and communal, into conformity with the way things are ultimately supposed to be.
- Pursuing the promise of individual fulfillment, social justice, and the embodiment of the divine ideal in the midst of this mundane, worldly life.
Way of Sacred Rite
- Participation in the sacred archetypal patterns through which "ultimate reality" is understood by participants
- by means of symbolic ritual enactments and presentations
- that enable participants repeatedly to enter their presence, attain at-onement with them, and thereby experience renewal.
- It is typically communal rather than individual.
Way of Shamanic Mediation
- Entry into altered states of consciousness in which persons become mediators or channels for "supernatural" (trans-mundane) resources of imagination, power, and guidance for solving or dealing with otherwise intractable problems of life.
- Pursuing at-onement with "ultimate reality" in its nature to bring about healing, well-being, and fulfillment for the world.
Western Religions
The family of major religious traditions which emerged in the Near East, primarily Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, each of which defines itself in certain respects in relation to the former as a further development or as a successor. All claim to be based upon a decisive revelation of "ultimate reality" as a person-like God.
- The 1st patriarch of the people of Israel
- 1st person to live in covenant with God
- the covenant would embrace the people of Israel (Jews = chosen people)
- promise of homeland
- One of the two subject matters of the Oral Torah
- having to do with the purposes of the commandments
- encompasses matters of belief (e.g., about the nature of God, what actually happened at Mt. Sinai, the last things, life after death)
- According to the Oral Torah, interpretation of aggadah is not as restrictive as interpretation of halakhah
- One of the most respected of the rab
- interpretations and arguments are preserved in the Talmud
- died a martyr at the hands of the Romans
Bar/Bat Mitzvah
- The ceremony in which a 13 year old boy or girl becomes an adult member of the Jewish community.
- involves coming forward to recite the formal blessing in Hebrew over the portion of the Torah to be read in the synagogue service.
- literally mean "son/daughter of the commandment."
- once the boy has completed the ceremony, he is qualified to become a part of the
(ten adult males) required for any Jewish worship service
- A boy's initiation ritual as a member of the covenant between God and the people of Israel
- involving removal of the foreskin of the penis.
- occurs on the 8th day after birth and is called
brit milah
(covenant of circumcision).
Conservative Judaism
- A movement in the latter half of the 19th century attempting to adapt Judaism to modern life by balancing observing traditional laws and recognizing influences of historical progression in studying the Torah
- middle ground between Reform and Orthodox Judaism
- emphasized the relationship between the religion and the people.
- It is the only Jewish religious movement which has consistently supported Jewish nationalism (Zionism), which issue is the crux of its split with Reform Judaism.
- Founded by Zecharias Frankel (1801-1975) in Germany and later Solomon Schechter (1847-1915) in America.
Covenant (berith)
- The special, ongoing relationship between God and the people of Israel,
- began with Abraham but reconfirmed and developed further at Mt. Sinai to include all the people of Israel, and involving Israel's acceptance of God's Torah.
- The most loved and respected of the kings of Israel,
- model of the messiah to come
- the second of the three kings who ruled over the ancient united kingdom of Israel, reigning between 1002 and 962 BCE
- Separation of the people of Israel from their homeland, the land believed to have been promised to Abraham and his descendants, and their dispersal throughout the world
- The central story of Judaism
- the miraculous deliverance of the people of Israel from slavery in Egypt
- under Moses' leadership
- encompassing the receiving of the Torah at Mt. Sinai, and 40 years of wandering in the wilderness of Sinai before their entry into the "promised land."
- One of the two subject matters of the Oral Torah
- having to do with the commandments of God and their implications
- interpretation of halakhah must issue in a single ruling of what the commandment of God implies for conduct
- encompassses all of the Torah's implications for human conduct and all traditional interpretations of the same as a guide for Jewish life.
- A popular mystical and devotional Jewish movement beginning in the 17th century in Eastern Europe
- initially quite distinct from traditional Rabbinic Judaism, but later home of the most strict or ultra-orthodox of Judaists.
- emphasizes emotion & intuition over reason, non-scholarly piety over scholarship in the study of Torah, and worshipping God through devotional joy.
The European Enlightenment of the 18th century and its impact upon Jews of Europe, producing new forms of Jewish religious life, assimilation of large numbers of Jews into the surrounding culture, and provoking sometimes hostile reaction among those who continued to identify with traditional beliefs and practices.
- One of the great first century CE rabbis whose interpretations and arguments are preserved in the Talmud.
- His definition of Judaism: "What is hateful to yourself do not do to your fellow-man. That is the whole Torah. All the rest is commentary. Now go and study."
The Holocaust
Ancient term meaning "all-consuming sacrificial fire," used since World War II to denote the destruction of some 6 million Jews under the Nazis. (1933 - 1945)
- "he who struggles with man and god and prevails" or "wins."
- refers to:
(a) Jacob, a grandson of Abraham, who is said to have first received the name in an unusual encounter with a supernatural being;
(b) the offspring of Jacob, personified as a single person;
(c) an ancient united kingdom under kings Saul, David, and Solomon;
(d) the northern kingdom, after the united kingdom split in two, from Solomon's death until its destruction by the Assyrians in 722 BCE;
(e) the modern state of Israel founded in 1948.
Israel Baal Shem Tov
- (1700-1760 CE): Founder of Hasidism
- charismatic holy man, storyteller, mystic, wonder worker, and shaman. - interested in experience & emotion
- "Master of the good name"
- movement to re-embrace the religion
- Holiest city in the world for Judaists,
- established by King David as the capital of the ancient united Kingdom of Israel
- it is believed God chose Jerusalem for his Temple.
- The name means "city of peace."
- Member of the people of Israel
- in a special covenant (chosen people) with God in virtue of which they are believed to bear cert
ain special obligations (the commandments).
- Historically, the name derives from persons who were citizens of the Kingdom of Judah.
- A person may be a Jew by birth or by conversion to Judaism.
- Jews never call themselves "Jews" in Hebrew, but
always "Israelites."
- The ancient southern kingdom into which the united Kingdom of Israel split in 922 BCE,
- centered in Jerusalem,
- lasting until its destruction in 586 by the Babylonians,
- restored later in that century and lasting until 70 CE.
- This ancient kingdom/nation took its name from the name of one of Jacob's 12 sons, who were thought to have settled what later became the ancient southern kingdom of Judah.
A religious Jew; i.e., a Jew who identifies with and practices Judaism as a religious faith.
- The Jewish mystical tradition
- dedicated to discovering the esoteric, inner meaning of the Torah,
- using distinctively Jewish forms of meditation for developing an awareness of divine powers at work in the world and within oneself, and endeavoring to cooperate with God in the redemption of the world.
- The name
refers to the teaching concerning the 10
, of which God is said to have created
- From the Hebrew word kashrut, meaning ?fit to eat.?
- it refers to food selected and prepared according to Jewish dietary rules and under rabbinical supervision.
- (1141-1205 CE): The greatest Jewish philosopher
- brought together the philosophy of Aristotle with the faith and practice of Judaism in his
Guide for the Perplexed
- one of the greatest of the Medieval rabbis whose clarifying summary of the entire Oral Torah, called
Mishneh Torah
, is still regarded as among the best and most influential.
- Literally, the one annointed to be king.
- The human ruler who is forecast by the ancient Hebrew prophets for the end of days to bring peace to humanity, to restore the people of Israel to sovereignty in the promised land, and to rule over society in perfect accordance with the Torah.
- The symbol of the anticipated redemption of Israel and the world at large by God.
- It is a matter of
, not
Messianic Judaism
- Any form of Judaism which is particularly linked with the messiah or as having already come.
- In late biblical times, the Zealots, the Qumran community, and Christianity were forms of messianic Judaism.
- In modern times, Reform Judaism, Zionism, and messianic socialism are forms of messianic Judaism.
- Although the Pharisees and the Rabbis of the Talmud did believe in the Messiah, because they did not give belief in the Messiah central emphasis, scholars are reluctant to speak of the Pharisees and the Talmudic Rabbis as "messianic."
- The oldest portion of what is found the Talmud,
- compiled and edited by Rabbi Judah around 200 CE,
- representing the most authoritative legal interpretations on halakhah which the Oral Torah had produced by that time
- the Talmud proper is the
which consists of commentary on the
- A good deed or virtuous action.
- refers to a commandment of God given in the Torah
- intended to be carried out by members of the covenant, thereby making sacred the area of life to which it pertains.
- According to traditional reckoning, there are 613 mitzvot in the Torah.
- Greatest of the Hebrew prophets,
- leader of Israel through the Exodus,
- receiver from God of the Torah at Mt. Sinai,
- the one human of whom it is said that he spoke with God face to face.
Oral Torah
- Part of the Whole Torah that is said to have been given by God to Moses (and through Moses to the people of Israel) at Mt. Sinai,
- consisting specifically of the practical know-how for appropriately interpreting the Torah
- learned through oral apprenticeship from masters of the Oral Torah and is practiced orally to this day in groups of two or more persons.
- The commandment to study the Torah, is understood to mean participation, to the extent that one is able, in the Oral Torah.
Orthodox Judaism
- The reaffirmation of traditional Rabbinic Judaism within the modern world,
- believing that God gave both the Written Torah and the Oral Torah for its interpretation,
- accepts as binding the interpretations of the Oral Torah in full continuity with the pre-modern past.
Especially identified with the position taken by Samson Raphael Hirsch (1808-1888) in opposition to Reform Judaism.
Passover (Pessah)
- Spring holiday festival, lasting eight days, centering upon a ritual meal taking place usually in the home and
- commemorates liberation from slavery in Egypt by the miraculous power of God under the leadership of Moses.
- eating unleavened bread (matzah)
- the first great Jewish philosopher, who lived in the first century CE in Alexandria, Egypt.
- He synthesized the philosophy of Plato and ancient Stoicism with Biblical religion and came to have a powerful influence on subsequent theology and philosophy, especially Christian thought.
Literally, "my master." Title for a master, teacher, and ordained judge of the Oral Torah. Not until modern times did a rabbi come to exercise the roles of leader of worship, pastor, and preacher.
Rabbinic Judaism
- post-Biblical Judaism
- accepting the theory and practice of the Oral Torah
- The rabbis of the Oral Torah, accordingly occupy the place of religious leadership in all aspects of religious life in this form of Judaism.
Reform Judaism
- Jewish religious movement advocating change of tradition to conform to the conditions of modern life.
- Abraham Geiger formed reform in an effort to counter secular nationalism
- Reform Judaism holds
to be a human creation and
binding upon modern Jews;
- it does not take the Written Torah to be literally given by God
- it tends to universalize all Jewish teachings and minimize what traditionally has made Jews other than or different from non-Jews.
- It interprets the messianic hope in a figurative way as a vision of justice for all people of which they see it is the mission of Jews to spread.
- A communication by God to human beings of a particular historical time and place of matters that its recipients would not otherwise know about God and his will for human beings.
- According to traditional Judaism, the greatest revelation, eclipsing all others, is the revelation of the Torah of God at Mt. Sinai to Moses and the people of Israel.
- The Jewish weekly holy day, a day in which Jews are commanded to rest from labor and devote themselves to worship, study of Torah, and family.
- It lasts from Friday at sunset to Saturday at sunset.
- commemorates the seventh day of Creation, in which God is said to have rested from the labor of creating the heavens and the earth and all of its creatures.
- Proclamation of the unity of God: "Hear, O Israel, the Lord our God. The Lord is one."
- Specifically, Deuteronomy 6:4-9, 11:13-21, Numbers 15:37-41.
- Sometimes said to be the closest thing to a creed in Judaism.
Siddur/Order of Prayer
- The traditional structure of congregational prayer for all days except special holy days.
- established by the rabbis of the Mishnah, setting order of worship for subsequent post-Biblical Judaism.
- The order of worship followed by a Jewish group is usually in book form, and is called the
A mountain in the wilderness of the Sinai peninsula where Moses and the people of Israel are said to have received the Torah from God, shortly following their Exodus from Egypt.
plus commentary on the Mishnah, called
- produced in rabbinical academies in Palestine and in Babylonia between 200 CE and 700 CE.
- The Talmud (Mishnah and Gemara taken together) is the primary literary expression of the Oral Torah.
Tanakh/Hebrew Bible
The Jewish scriptures; an acronym made up of
(the books of the Prophets), and
(the Writings, including the Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Song of Solomon).
- Amulets worn by adult males at morning prayer,
- based on Exodus and Deuteronomy
- These passages of the Torah are written on parchment, placed in leather cases, to which are attached long leather straps, and worn on left arm and forehead, with the straps wrap
ped around the left arm, hand, and finger -- signifying, among other things, the restrictions placed upon a Judaist?s physical and mental activities.
The 1st & 2nd Temples
- The place in Jerusalem where God is said to have chosen to be worshiped by means of an elaborate system of sacrificial rituals.
- The center of Jewish religious life from the time of Moses to the building of the first temple by Solomon was this system of sacrificial rituals at a portable sanctuary.
- Except for the Babylonian exile in the middle of the 6th century BCE, between the destruction of the First Temple and the building of the Second Temple under Nehemiah,
- this system of sacrificial rituals at the Temple continued unabated until 70 CE, when the Second Temple was destroyed by the Romans.
- There have been no Temple and no sacrificial rituals since then.
- The central symbol of Judaism,
- signifying first of all what was revealed by God to the people of Israel at Mt. Sinai
- laying out the way of life given by God for the people of Israel.
- the first five books of the Hebrew Bible (the Written Torah), especially in the form of the Torah scroll,
- the focus of Jewish worship.
- By extension it includes the whole of the Hebrew Bible.
- For Rabbinic Judaism, it includes also the Oral Torah
- Finally it is said mystically to refer to the esoteric principles that structure heart of all of creation.
Written Torah
- The first five books of the Hebrew Bible:
* Genesis
* Exodus
* Leviticus
* Numbers
* Deuteronomy.
- According to Rabbinical Judaism, the Written Torah was given by God,
- complemented by the Oral Torah, also given by God,
- to interpret and apply the Written Torah to living out what God has intended.
Yavneh (Jamnia)
- The city in Palestine where a rabbinical academy was established after the destruction of the Second Temple
- to determine and shape what would become of subsequent Judaism.
- The Siddur and the substance of what became the Mishnah were its principal products.
Yom Kippur
- The holiest day of the Jewish year, the Day of Atonement, 8-9 days after Rosh Hashanah
- celebrating the creation of the world
- the people of Israel fast and gather in their synagogues to make up for the wrongs they have committed toward their neighbors, confess their to God, and seek his forgiveness and blessing.
- The mountain on which Jerusalem and the Temple was built
- also symbolic of the entire Jewish homeland, the "promised land" of Palestine.
- Traditionally, the place where redemption is to begin and where the messiah is to begin his reign.
- A modern, secular movement to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine
- in response to a recognition that modern Western societies would never wholly accept Jews in their difference from other peoples.
- Founded in 1897 by Theodor Herzl.
- The most important and influential book of Kabbalah
- composed by Moses de Leon in Spain in the 13th century and completed in the 14th century
- a mystical commentary claiming to find profound esoteric meanings beneath every detail of the Torah.
- the books of the prophets
- historical works
- Sacred writings
- incl. psalms, proverbs, poetry, history
- commentary on the Mishnah
- links the oral to the written Torah
- Gemara and Mishnah form the Talmud
- type of Talmudic lit
- attached to Bible
- usually for trad.s that were derived from the bible
- commentaries
Dead Sea Scrolls
- found by Bedouins in 7 caves by Dead Sea
- religious manuscripts preserved for 2000 yrs
- oldest Biblical texts ever found
- written in Hewbrew
- incl. Book of Isaiah
- collaborators with Rome
- associated with Temple in Jerusalem & religious power structure
- kept peace with Romans
- at odds with Essenes
- 2nd temple period, 1st century
- rejected Oral Torah, insisted on written Torah
- 1st century, 2nd temple period
- teachers associated with synagogues
- believed in Oral Torah
written Torah
- precursor to Rabbinic Judaism
- survives past 1st century
- 1st century
- strove to abide by Torah (Halakah)
- disgusted with Sadducees & Pharisees, moved out of Jerusalem to Qumran
- called themselves "sons of light/sons of darkness" (strict commitment to dietary laws and celibacy)
- against Romans
- hated/fought against Rome
- had most impact
- instigated the Great Revolt
- attacked small Roman forces in Jerusalem, but were eventually overtaken by Romans in yr 70 because of Jews' civil war in Jerusalem
- on Dead Sea shores
- where Dead Sea scrolls were found
- zealots who survived the Great Revolt fled here
- to defend themselves against Romans
- Romans built ramps and weapons to breach Masada's walls
- when it became apparent that Romans would not quit until they had defeated all Zealots, the Jews at Masada chose suicide rather than surrendering to Roman control
- shows Jewish resistance and desire to survive
- Jew from Jerusalem, fled to cave where supposed to commit suicide with others, but instead surrendered to Romans
- wrote about the Great Revolt, destruction of the 2nd Temple, Jewish history (
The Jewish War
- writings were biased and never considered fact because he was a prisoner of the Romans
- divine powers of God that make Him "unknowable"
- according to Kabbalah
- Mysticism
- (God's) divine presence
- in Kabbalah, linked to feminism
- commemorates when Israelites lived in the wilderness after Exodus
- lived in temporary shelters
- ingathering of crops (palm frond, myrtle and willow branches, citron)
- lighting of the lamps, festival of lights
- commemorates the victory of Jews over religious persecution and the rededication of the Temple after its defilement
- oil lasted for 8 nights
- commemorates Jews being saved from execution during Persian empire
- in book of Esther
Deuteronomistic History
- literature is southern oriented
- God brings judgement upon people who do not make the covenant
- sacred name of God in Jewish scriptures and tradition
- "yahweh"
- pronounced "adonai" (lord) in trad. Judaism
Sabbatai Zvi
- teacher of Kabbalah
- thought to be Messiah
- leader of Islamic kingdom told him he could choose between death and Isalm
- converted to Islam - therefore, not Messiah
Pirke Abot
- "ethics of the fathers"
- book in the Oral law
- moral advice and insights of the leading rabbinic scholars of different generation
- cites Hillel
- studied on the Sabbath
Pittsburgh Platform
- 1885
- expresses ethic in Reform Judaism
- said Jews have a role in shaping what Judaism looks like in the modern world
Martin Buber
- zionist
- founded Jewish National Committe during WWI
- I-thou relationships with others to truly understand them - dialogue is necessary
- God as the eternal thou
- reaffirms Jews' relationship with God - through dialogue
(- its ok to be mad at him)
- term coined by Wilhelm Marr in 1879 as a more "polite" term for Jew-hatred
- semite refers to Jews
Balfour Declaration
- British gov created a national home for Jewish people in Palestine
- created violence between immigrants (Jews) and natives (Arabs)
Six Day War
- June 5-10, 1967
- Syria, Egypt, Jordan, Iraq had Israel surrounded, but did not launch full attacks
- June 5, Israel launched a surprise attack on Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Iraq's air forces
- war continued for 6 days
- Israel gained control of Sinai, Golan Heights, Gaza strip, West Bank, Jerusalem, Western Wall (2nd Temple), - 3 times the area they controlled before the war
Yom Kippur War
- October 6,1973, Yom Kippur
- Egypt invaded Sinai penninsula
- Syria invaded Golan Heights
- Israel managed to maintain territories
- instigated political influence form zionists
Camp David Accords
- 1978
- Peace treaty signed by Anwar Sadat, pres. of Egypt, and Menachem Begin, prime minister of Israel
- witnessed by US pres. Jimmy Carter
- led to Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty of 1979
- 1986
- street revolts by Palestinians against Israel
- West bank, Gaza, Jerusalem
- orchestrated and ended by PLO
Oslo Accords
- 1991
- Declaration of Principles
- Israel and PLO to end conflict, recognize mutual political rights, and to live in peaceful coexistence
- Palestinians to control Gaza and West Bank for 5 yrs
Theodor Herzl
- zionist
- wrote
The Jewish State
- 1896
- "Jews need a place to live"
- self-identity
- focus on Palestine
- self-determination
- first zionist congress - 1897
Israel Independence day
- May 14, 1948
- same day as British Mandate for Palestine ended
- established the State of Israel
- signed by Jewish People's Council in Tel Aviv
- David Ben Gurion
- recognized by US same day
1948 War
- followed UN Partition vote in 1947 that gave Israel power over Arab land
- Arabs attacked Jewish communities
Destruction of 2nd Temple
- Roma's destruction of Jerusalem
- ended Kingdom of Judah (national status for people of Israel)
- instigated exile/diaspora
- Jews continued to live in Palestine
Bar Kokhba Revolt
- Roman ruler established a place in Jerusalem for Jews to rebuild Temple
- when Hadrian left, Jews rebelled for "the freedom of Israel"
- Romans fought back, demolishing cities, withholding food, eventually winning
- changed city's name from Judah to Syria
Biblical Period (4004 BCE-70 CE)
- 4004 - Creation of the World (Bishop Ussher)
- 1800 - Age of the Patriarchs - Abraham
- 1400-1200 - Moses, Exodus, Passover
- 1000 - United Kingdom - Saul, David (Messiah), Solomon (1st temple)
- 922 - Divided Kingdom - Israel and Judah
- 722 - Assyrians conquer Northern Kingdom (Israel)
- 586 - Babylonians conquer Southern Kingdom (Judah)
- 538 - Cyrus of Persia - allows Jews to return from exile & rebuild Temple
- 164 - Epiphanes, Maccabees, Hanukkah
- 63 - Romans conquer Palestine
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text:
From time to time, people ask about the use of "Verve" in our band's name, and sometimes come to the incorrect conclusion that we are trying to imply (misleadingly) an affiliation with the famous Verve record label. Nothing of the sort! Here's the skinny on our name...
In 2006, when we informally formed the Verve Jazz Ensemble, we were just a group of local Fairfield County, CT jazz musicians who came together through the local jam circuit in that area. We began playing in local restaurants for fun. We picked the name Verve (it is a very cool word) because it sort of harkened back to the kind of classic swinging music we loved to play, and it was a somewhat catchy name for a local group. No one in our group ever dreamed for a second that the band would one day garner national notoriety, nor was that ever our goal. We were simply local musicians having fun, playing the jazz we loved to play.
Over the years, our reputation grew, which was great (more restaurants, some country clubs, corporate events, weddings, etc.). But as the economy tightened up after 2010, jazz venues began to close in our area, and with that, our gigging spots became more limited, which made us sad of course. As a result, purely to advance our art and give ourselves a creative project to work on, we decided to do an album (for ourselves, and for the love of the music we enjoyed playing).
So we took a year and worked on arrangements and got It's About Time together in late 2012. (We'd been asked by our listeners for years to do an album, and all we'd say was, "No way, we're just a local band having some fun.") In January 2013, a month after we completed It's About Time, Jon Blanck, our tenor saxophonist and arranger / composer extraordinaire, shared our new album with his friend and musical colleague Bobbi Tammaro (a/k/a the #1 Smooth Jazz recording artist Funkee Boy). Bobbi really dug our album and said "you guys have something here. Let me help you." And he hooked us up with his radio promotion director, Neal Sapper. Neal listened to our album and loved it, and said he'd take us on. We said, "You will? Really? Wow, OK. What now?"
The next thing we knew, 4 months later, It's About Time and the Verve Jazz Ensemble were #5 on the national JazzWeek radio charts. There was a lot of noise around the album, and there it was. Then the drum beat started. "Nice debut, fellas," everyone said. "When's the next CD coming out?" And so it began.
Along the way, some people asked about the name of our group and thought it was cool, but a very small number thought we were tying to mislead people, make folks think we were affiliated with the record label, etc. Should we change the name of the band, we thought? "Not necessary at all, and not now especially! You guys are already out there," said everyone with whom we spoke. OK, Verve Jazz Ensemble it is!
To be certain we were not infringing on anything by keeping our name Verve Jazz Ensemble from the local Fairfield County, CT gigging days circa 2006, we asked our attorney. He informed us there are like 300 companies in the US in many different fields (outside of music, too) that use "Verve" in their name. The name "Verve" is ubiquitous, he said. However, in an abundance of caution (because we love jazz, the legacy of the Verve record label, and its awesome catalog of masterpieces over decades), we put a disclaimer on our website to be toothpaste clean about the fact that we're not trying to ride on anybody's coattails.
It just happened that a local group of jazz musicians having fun got a spotlight shined on them out of nowhere :-)


text:
Lake Merritt Area
Notified About
Illegal Dumping Archived3901 Broadway Oakland, California - Mosswood
This alcove is a perpetual problem spot, and needs to be gated.
Queen Palm in Street Median Destroyed Acknowledged471-517 Lake Park Avenue Oakland, California - Lakeshore
A Queen Palm was demolished earlier today when a car westbound on Lake Park skidded out of control. This is not an emergency since he tree has already been removed.
While I the hope the driver wasn't seriously injured, this incident raises two distinct issues:
#1: This was the third of the Queen Palms that were installed in 2003 as part of the Splash Pad project that were destroyed by out of control vehicles. On the first two occasions, as far as I know, no efforts were made by the city to sue for damages that would be used to plant replacement palms. An established Queen Palm this size is going to run about $600 -$700 and delivery and installation will double that price. Since the Public Works Department is extremely short-staffed and lacking in funds, this latest palm is not going to be replaced unless the driver's insurance company foots the bill. As we all know, the city is being sued constantly--often for far less clear-cut reasons. How about us trying to level the playing field?
#2: There have been numerous accidents on this short stretch of Lake Park -- typically cars speeding as they come off the freeway and/or speeding up to try and make the green light on Grand. The palm in the median across from KFC was destroyed several years ago and not replaced. The one today was across from Chao Thai. Another three palms in that median are heavily scarred from earlier accidents. I'd strongly suggest that Traffic Engineering look into installation of signs that warn of a curve ahead and/or 25mph speed limit signs or whatever else may do the trick.
Street Light Acknowledged2300-2398 Valley Street Oakland, California - Northgate
Please evaluate the section of Valley Street between 23rd and 24th Streets for increased wattage on the existing street lights. Thank you.
Trash, smells, bird refuse Archived600 Broadway Oakland, California - Chinatown
The underpass on Broadway between sixth and fifth street is is really filthy and smelly with garbage, trash, etc. Needs high pressure cleaning every couple of weeks. People use this to walk to BART. This is an ongoing problem that needs attention. The "artwork" (everyone thinks it is freeway fencing, but my understanding is that Oakland actually paid for this) also needs to be removed so that it is easier to keep clean, since garbage accumulates between there and the fence, itinerants use the semi-closed in portion for camping while passing through, and it looks really ugly.
Ongoing nuisance Acknowledged341 13th Street Oakland, California - Downtown
The shooting on the morning of April 13th outside of shadow ultra lounge makes that the 10th shooting at that address in the last 3 years. That's probably some sort of record. Any chance that the operator of the nightclub could be evicted under the nuisance ordinance? Or do we have to get to 20 shootings before something can be done?
Lakeshore Avenue And The Cleveland Cascade Oakland, CA - Lake Merritt
As with other pedestrian crosswalks in our community, this one at the Cleveland Cascade has no lighting to alert drivers that someone is crossing. I recently was almost hit when a driver began to brake as I approached and then accelerated through the crosswalk, narrowly missing me just as I stepped out into his or her path. This crosswalk needs the same blinking light system used in other area crosswalks.
Stop "Ben" aka "Ben BTM" AcknowledgedDowtown / Uptown Oakland, CA - Downtown
This person has tagged more than two dozen buildings, several kiosks, garbage cans, sidewalks, and as of last night someones work van parked on MLK.
428 3rd St Oakland CA 94607, Oakland, CA - Old City-Produce And Waterfront
Now that there has been a gunshot death inside Club Anton (instead of just extreme noise, unruly patrons, altercations, and a prior shooting involving Club Anton customers outside the club), PLEASE RESPOND TO THE YEARS OF COMPLAINTS (to the owner, the police, Nancy Nadal, Lynnette McElhaney, and other City agencies and officials). REVOKE CLUB ANTON'S LIQUOR LICENSE AND SHUT IT DOWN!
500 Broadway Oakland, California - Old City-Produce And Waterfront
The underpass on Broadway between 5th and 6th Streets requires (1) pressure washing at both street level and at the top of the red pillars to get rid of the ugly, smelly bird droppings, which really make the artwork look gross, and (2) repair to the City-installed lighting at the bottom of the pillars. We really appreciate the recently improved trash pickups by the City and CalTrans' now keeping the underpass lit from above during the day. These last two requests are City and NOT CalTrans matters, since they relate to the area where the "artwork" pillars are located on and above the sidewalk on the street side of the CalTrans fence.
Tree Blocking Signs Open258 41st Street Oakland, California - Piedmont Avenue
At this address, the vegetation is blocking the street-sweeping and two-hour parking signs. It needs to be clipped back.
482 Oak Street Oakland, CA - Produce And Waterfront
Most of the wall at the South East corner at the intersection between 5th street and Oak Street is plastered with random writing. It is highly visible from the freeway and is the major way Oakland Citizens access the 880 freeway. This makes the entire city look bad.
Street Light Archived3300 Grand Avenue Oakland, California - Lakeshore
This issue relates to the Walker Avenue parking lot - the entrance to which is between 3268 and 3300 Grand. This city parking lot has a huge problem with auto break-ins and there's also an inordinate amount of armed robberies in this area. From what we've been told, there are no plans currently to replace the existing lighting with LEDs. In the interest of safety and as a way to provide needed support to Grand Avenue businesses, we'd urge the city to find the means to make this possible.


text:
News chopper crash kills Emmy-winning photographer
The deadly news helicopter crash near the Seattle Center killed the chopper's pilot, and an Emmy-winning news photographer. Devastated by the loss, his colleagues remembered him as they reported on the accident.
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LSU Talk: Basball Wrap 5m10s
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The team worked VERY diligent with us in meeting our every need!!! The finished product (24ft trailer with 16ft stage) was outstanding!!! Wouldn't hesitate to use Dan...
Read More Reviews
December 10, 2014
The service department is experienced in all types of trailer service including preventative maintenance, tire & brake service, insurance accident work, welding, wiring, installations of accessories and most trailer modifications. We also install a number of hitches & accessories.
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text:
Annual Washington Post Bucket Event 2010
Palabras clave
Darcia Anthony, right center, and Dani Williams, right, of Baltimore,... Fotografía de noticiasBaltimore - Maryland,EE.UU.,Homosexual,Horizontal,Interés humano,Maryland - Estado,Parejas,ReírsePhotographer The Washington PostCollection: The Washington Post 2013 The Washington PostBALTIMORE, MD - JANUARY 01: Darcia Anthony, right center, and Dani Williams, right, of Baltimore, MD laugh together before they and six other same-sex couples became some of the first to be married in the state of Maryland at Baltimore City Hall on Tuesday January 01, 2013 in Baltimore, MD. Baltimore Mayor Stephanie Rawlings-Blake officiated the first of the seven marriages. (Photo by Matt McClain for The Washington Post via Getty Images)


text:
Left Masthead
October 7, 2015
California OKs Same-Day Voter Registration, as Long as It's Not Today
Posted on Sep 25, 2012
With the signature of Gov. Jerry Brown secured, California became the 11th state to allow voters to register on Election Day. Just not this Election Day. Or the next one, if officials can't launch a statewide database that is part of the deal and not expected to be ready until 2015.
Oh well, it's the thought that counts.
A statement on the governor's website quotes Brown as saying, "Voting—the sacred right of every citizen—should be simple and convenient. ... While other states try to restrict voters with new laws that burden the process, California allows voters to register online—and even on Election Day."
—Posted by Peter Z. Scheer. Follow him on Twitter: @peesch.
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