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Keys to Living is a unique practice. We are a group of licensed professionals who are committed to the Christian faith. Our approach to people and their problems is framed by the values
of Scripture and honed by many years of experience. For over 30 years we have helped thousands of people with a variety of problems... problems similar to yours.
The journey of change is much easier when you are joined by an experienced therapist. Someone who has helped many people before you through similar issues. Each of our therapists is state licensed and has a Masters degree. But beyond academics each is personally gifted in working with people in need. That's one reason why we witness people growing, healing and reconciling. And that's one reason why we have real hope for you.
Change is more likely when people are met with acceptance, treated with respect, and offered grace. Our therapists are kind, accepting, and patient. Their central goal is to guide you through the process of change. Whatever your issues, we are here to help.


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Science Friday Show Feed
Hr1: News Roundup, Nobel Prizes, Math Anxiety and Apps
October 8, 2015
A look at this week in science, a look at the 2015 Nobel Prizes in science, and how an iPad app helps first graders improve how well they do in math.
Hr2: Gene Therapy, Reclaiming Conversation, Postnatural History
October 8, 2015
An experimental gene therapy for treating congenital blindness, Sherry Turkle discusses the power of face-to-face conversation in a time of always on technological connection, and a museum where modified organisms are the star attraction.
Hr1: News Roundup, Cosntructing Dothraki, Latinos and Climate Change
October 1, 2015
A look at this week in science, how language creator David J. Peterson constructed Dothraki and the Valyrian languages, and the effects of climate change on Latino communities in Florida.
Hr2: Mars Water, Science Goes to the Movies, Plants In Space
October 1, 2015
The evidence for present-day liquid water on Mars, an astronaut and a NASA engineer weigh in on The Martian, and why plant biologists sent a lowly weed to the International Space Station.
Hr1: News Roundup, Sneaker Innovation, A is for Arsenic
September 24, 2015
A look at this week in science, the ever-changing world of sneaker innovation, and the poisons of Agatha Christie.

subset: commoncrawl


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Once again, Dr. Chris Williams has been invited to participate in Jacksonville Magazine's Best Dentists 2014 issue. Why is this? Well, it is likely due to his high level of ongoing extensive training. He goes above and beyond the continuing educational requirements of the state and earns hundreds of hours each year studying the areas of treatment that are most needed in our community. He is one of the few dentists to qualify as a Fellow of the Academy of General Dentistry and is also a Fellow of the Las Vegas Institute for Advanced Dental Studies. Dr. Williams is the only dentist in the Southeast to study the Biobloc Ortho-tropic philosophy of treatment under both of its developers, Dr. Bill Hang of Los Angeles and Dr. John Mew of London. Orthotropics, when applied around eight years of age, can help accommodate the face, jaw and airway of a growing child to make room for all 32 adult teeth. Dr. Williams treats families from all over the Southern U.S., who drive hundreds of miles each month for his care. He is one of the founding members of the North American Association of Facial Orthotropics (visit orthotropics-na.org to learn more).
Dr. Williams maintains a beautiful state-of-the-art office in Jacksonville Beach. He has been a Cerec One Visit Crown practitioner for over 12 years and his office places minimally invasive dental implants using advanced 3D imaging and planning techniques. He is particularly known for his aesthetic skills with dental veneers and his ability to treat those who suffer from jaw and head pain. He sees both adults and children and has a reputation for his kind and gentle approach. His dental team is amazing and makes each visit a fun experience.
Dr. Williams has been in practice for 28 years. He is married to his high school sweetheart, Donna, and they have eight children.
Dr. Williams is often heard saying he has the "best patients in the world" and he feels very blessed to be a part of their care.
Education D.M.D. University of Florida College of Dentistry
Fellowships & Advanced Training Fellow, Academy of General Dentistry (FAGD) •Fellow, Las Vegas Institute for Advanced Dental Studies (LVIF) • Founding Member, North American Academy of Facial Orthotropics (NAAFO) • Member, American Academy of Dental Sleep Medicine (AADSM)
391 14th Ave. S., Jacksonville Beach, FL 32250 / (904) 241-4337


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Hearing: Affiliate Sharing Practices and Their Relationship to the Fair Credit Reporting Act
Thursday, June 26, 2003
Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member and Distinguished Members of the Committee,
I commend you for convening this hearing on affiliate sharing practices and their relationship to the Fair Credit Reporting Act and I thank you for the honor and privilege to appear before you. My name is Joel R. Reidenberg. I am a Professor of Law at Fordham University School of Law where I teach courses in information privacy, international trade and comparative law. As a law professor, I have written and lectured extensively on the regulation of fair information practices in the private sector. My bibliography includes scholarly articles and two co-authored books on data privacy.1 Of relevance to today's hearing, I have studied and written about the Fair Credit Reporting Act ("FCRA") and have advised both federal and state government agencies on FCRA litigation issues. I am a former chair of the Association of American Law School's Section on Defamation and Privacy and have also served as an expert advisor on data privacy issues to state and local governments, to the Office of Technology Assessment in the 103rd and 104th U.S. Congresses and, at the international level, to the European Commission and foreign data protection agencies. I appear today as an academic expert on data privacy law and policy and do not represent any organization or institution with which I am or have been affiliated.
My testimony will focus on three points: (1) the US credit reporting system needs strong privacy protections to preserve a robust national information economy; (2) the affiliate sharing provisions of the 1996 Amendments create significant unrecognized loopholes that eviscerate the protections of the FCRA; and (3) the affiliate sharing loopholes pose security risks and a threat to the soundness of the U.S. credit reporting system.
I recommend that Congress either eliminate the affiliate sharing loopholes or leave the 1996 sunset clauses alone so that states are re-authorized to protect their citizens against abusive practices under the affiliate sharing loopholes. I further recommend that, before taking any other type of legislative action, Congress should investigate thoroughly these broader implications of affiliate sharing. Congress must have a much deeper factual knowledge of the specific types of credit report data that is shared among affiliated companies and a much deeper knowledge of the specific uses, disclosures and onward transfers that are made by the affiliated recipients outside the protections of the FCRA for citizens' privacy.
1. Strong Privacy Protections are Essential for the Credit Reporting System
The FCRA was enacted in 1970 as a response to significant abuses in the nascent credit reporting industry. Decisions affecting citizens' lives were being made in secret with bad data. Congress heard extensive testimony during the late 1960s on the unfair and abusive information practices that voluntary industry guidelines failed to prevent. These included the release of credit information to non-credit grantors, the dissemination of inaccurate credit information, the inability of consumers to gain access to their credit reports, and the difficulty of consumers to obtain correction of erroneous information.2 Scandals and distrust were harming the marketplace.
In enacting the original FCRA, Congress wanted to assure the efficiency and integrity of the U.S. banking system. The statute became the cornerstone of US privacy law. Congress recognized that fair information practices were essential for vibrant credit markets and expressly sought "to prevent an undue invasion of the individual's right of privacy in the collection and dissemination of credit information."3
A. The FCRA Established the Principles of Opt-in Consent and the Fair Treatment of Personal Information
At the time of enactment, the FCRA was an extraordinary and unique statute precisely because the law set a new standard for strong privacy protection. The FCRA established a then-novel system of opt-in permission for the dissemination of credit report information. The statute defined a specific set of permissible purposes for which the disclosure of credit report information was authorized. These purposes related directly to the reasons for which collected data was gathered and were generally limited to the extension of credit, insurance or employment. Any other disclosure of credit report information required the written consent of the consumer.
Among other important innovations for fairness, the law created transparency in the industry by granting a consumer the right of access to credit report information and by requiring the industry to identify the recipients of credit reports. The law further provided rights for consumers to dispute inaccurate information contained in their credit reports. Lastly, the FCRA included due process safeguards before a consumer reporting agency could disclosure credit report information to government agencies or law enforcement. This overall framework provided a bedrock set of standards for fair information practices.
B. The FCRA Never Created an Overall "Uniform National Standard"
From the start, however, Congress recognized that the credit reporting industry would be likely to evolve significantly and that even greater privacy and fairness could benefit the banking industry. As a result, Congress permitted the states to enact stronger privacy protections for credit reporting since stronger state statutes promoted the main goals of the original FCRA. In fact, at the time of enactment, this Committee specifically endorsed the position of state officials who testified at Senate hearings expressing "a need for Federal legislation to supplement any future State legislation which may be enacted."4
The major subsequent fair information practice laws similarly adopted this policy and waived federal pre-emption. For example, the Financial Services Modernization Act, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, the Cable Communications Policy Act, and the Video Privacy Protection Act, each expressly waived, in whole or in part, federal pre-emption. Despite industry's wishful repetition at a plethora of hearings this spring,5 the FCRA never intended nor did it create an overall "uniform national standard." Instead, the statute established a minimum set of federal standards that have always been supplemented by varying state laws.
By 1996, when Congress adopted a number of significant amendments to the FCRA, the credit reporting industry had grown dramatically and, indeed, operated nation-wide in a seamless fashion notwithstanding diversity at the state level. In testimony earlier this month before the House Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit, Vermont Assistant Attorney General Julie Brill thoroughly documented the significant variations among state laws.6
Nevertheless, among the 1996 FCRA amendments, Congress included a temporary and partial pre-emption clause that prevents states for another six months from implementing certain types of stronger credit reporting provisions. Notwithstanding the temporary and narrow pre-emption, the 1996 amendments explicitly exempted the stronger California, Massachusetts and Vermont statutes from specific elements of the narrow pre-emption.7 Hence, even the 1996 amendments did not create an overall "uniform national standard."
C. State Differences Do Not Appear to Impede Credit Reporting or Financial Decision-Making
The fairness rules and opt-in approach contained in the FCRA enabled the credit reporting industry to progress from its fragmented, chaotic and abusive period in the late 1960s to a successful, respected component of the U.S. information-based economy. The FCRA obligations coupled with the ability of states to enact stronger protections, in effect, created today's thriving national infrastructure of credit reporting.
Industry funded projects, however, assert the imminence of a 'parade of horribles' should Congress not support industry's desire to preclude stronger state privacy laws. Key "findings" from these projects are based on ideological hyperbole rather than comprehensive and accurate analysis. For example, some have argued that strong credit reporting rules overseas substantially hinder the "miracle of instant credit" and result in much higher interest rates or more onerous borrowing conditions.8 These arguments have no apparent basis in fact or analysis. No other major country to my knowledge has a comparable statute governing only credit report information. Comprehensive data privacy laws applicable to most processing of personal information do exist outside the United States such as those in Canada, in the United Kingdom and throughout Europe under European Directive 95/46/EC. These laws typically apply to credit reporting and are generally more protective of consumers than the FCRA. However, foreign consumer credit markets are structured by banking law, bankruptcy law, real estate law, and consumer protection laws that often deviate significantly from those in the US legal system. The attribution of differences in credit markets to general data privacy laws without examination of the direct regulatory constraints on credit relationships such as interest rate regulation, down payment restrictions, or legal protections for security interests is specious and a misrepresentation of foreign privacy law.
Others have even argued that "increased competition, driven in part by pre-screening, has caused [credit card] interest rates today to be ... lower overall"9 as compared to 1990. Yet, the "analysis" omitted any mention of the dramatic drop in the prime rate that many card issuers use to calculate their credit card interest rates. In fact, between 1990 and 2002, the prime rate declined from 10.01% to 4.67%.10 Most rational observers would give Chairman Greenspan and the Federal Reserve the acclaim for declines in credit card rates rather than pre-screening.
To my knowledge, there is no study or evidence that examines the actual, existing differences among state protections and that shows these stronger protections demonstrably impede the credit reporting system. Indeed, to my knowledge, no industry group has examined the effects of the three stronger state statutes recognized by Congress under the 1996 Amendments on either the credit markets in those states or on the nation-wide industry. This is not surprising. A rudimentary look at federal statistics suggests that credit decisions in these states benefit both lenders and consumers. Consumer bankruptcy filings per household, a basic sign of bad credit decisions, are markedly better for the three states with statutes recognized by Congress as more protective of consumer information. Vermont ranks 50th with the lowest rate of consumer bankruptcies in the nation, Massachusetts is 49th and California comes in below the median at 27th. 11
Similarly, federal statistics on interest rates seem to indicate that states with stronger credit reporting laws have lower rates. The most current annual federal mortgage loan data indicates that the effective rate on a conventional mortgage for 2002 was 6.25% in California, 6.43% in Massachusetts and 6.59% in Vermont.12 All were below the national median and California had the lowest rate in the nation. Vermont Assistant Attorney General Julie Brill has also noted in testimony presented to the House Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit that Vermont has the second lowest auto loan rates in the country and the other more privacy protective states rank well with low rates.13
While these statistics leave out important elements for a thorough assessment of the impact of stronger state laws such as a correlation with state unemployment data for bankruptcy filings and non-interest transaction costs for home mortgage loans, the data does show that the horror stories circulating about the pre-emption provisions make good theater, but reflect poor research.14
In fact, other countries with comprehensive data protection statutes such as Canada demonstrate that robust credit information services can co-exist with strong, comprehensive data privacy laws. For example, one major US credit reporting agency operating in Canada offers a typical credit report for Canadians that contains information strikingly similar to the typical report for Americans. In the United Kingdom where a comprehensive data privacy law also applies, major credit card companies offer instant approvals for platinum cards just as they do in the United States.
D. Weakening of Privacy Protections Raises Uncertainty and Decreases Confidence
The bottom line is that strong privacy protections are essential for public confidence in the integrity of financial services in the United States. Without adherence to strict fair information practices, financial markets will face uncertainty because the risk of newsworthy privacy scandals increases such as those commited by Citibank,15 US Bancorp16, Fleet Bank17 or Chase Manhattan18. The weakening of fair information practice standards at the federal level or the preclusion of stronger state protections puts companies at greater risk for privacy scandal and diminishes public trust in the fairness of industry treatment of personal information.
2. The Affiliate Sharing Loophole Eviscerates FCRA Protections
The FCRA created fundamental fairness in the treatment of personal information through adherence to the basic principle that information collected for one purpose should not be used for different purposes without the individual's written consent. Surveys show that 95% of Americans object to secondary use of personal information.19 For information used to make financial decisions about consumers, citizens believe that fairness requires opt-in permission. In 2001, citizens in North Dakota had the first and only opportunity in the nation to take a real position at the polls on the dissemination of their personal financial information. The North Dakota state legislature had just watered down financial privacy from an opt-in rule on third-party data sharing to an opt-out rule. The citizens of North Dakota revolted. By an overwhelming 72% majority, the voters of North Dakota approved a referendum restoring the old opt-in rule and rebuking the legislature's weakening of privacy standards.
Previous to these expressions of public opinion, Congress introduced in 1996 a significant deviation from the FCRA's historical commitment to this fundamental permissible purpose principle. Congress amended the definition of a "consumer report" in Section 603(d) to exclude information shared among companies affiliated by common ownership or control. This deviation allows organizations to escape the fair information practice obligations of the FCRA for information that would otherwise be covered when such data is disseminated to affiliates. Those affiliated companies will not be subject to important FCRA requirements including those of use only for a permissible purpose, access, accuracy and civil liability.
Congress permitted this departure from the core principle only if the company provided consumers with notice of affiliate sharing and an opportunity to opt-out. The far-reaching consequences of this deviation as a result of the successful liberalization of the financial services sector have not, however, been recognized or subject to public scrutiny. Large groups of affiliated financial and non-financial organizations can now easily engage in exactly the same behavior that Americans find troubling-- the dissemination of confidential credit report information for a wide range of activities unrelated to the purpose of collection-and escape the obligations of consumer reporting agencies and the opt-in rule.
A. The Blanket Exemption for Experience and Transaction Data Opens a Pandora's Box
The 1996 amendments first create a blanket exemption from FCRA protection for experience and transaction data. Section 603(d)(2)(A)(ii) excludes from the definition of "consumer report" any communication of experience or transaction data among "persons related by common ownership or affiliated by corporate control." This means that organizations may disseminate experience and transaction data such as credit card performance information, insurance status or brokerage account activity among related companies without key protections under the FCRA such as accuracy. If, however, the organization qualifies as a financial institution under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, then GLBA will require the organization to provide notice of its sharing practices to the consumer. But, under GLBA, consumers will not have any right to dispute erroneous information, access the information or even opt-out of the sharing.
The breadth of this exemption is likely to be very large with organizations such as Citibank that have an extraordinary array of related companies. At the same time, the scope of this exemption is also poorly understood. Industry practices are not transparent and consumers do not have access to specific information on the types of transaction and experience data that is shared nor do they have access to the identities of the actual recipients of such data and nor do they have information about the specific purposes for which the data is actually used by an identified affiliate. If this exemption is retained, I believe that Congress needs to investigate the reach of this exemption.
B. Affiliate Sharing Allows the Circumvention of Basic Protections
The most sweeping damage to the FCRA's fairness principles comes from the next part of the affiliate sharing exemption. Section 603(d)(2)(A)(iii) excludes "communications .... [to] persons related by common ownership or by corporate control" from the definition of "consumer report." To qualify for the exemption, the company must provide a one-time "clear and conspicuous" notice and must provide a single opportunity to opt-out. Experience with GLBA teaches that this limitation, however, is not likely to be particularly informative or useful for consumers.
Some companies justify this affiliate sharing provision by arguing that corporate families should be treated as one unit for consumer privacy purposes because corporate organizational structure does not have an effect on consumers.20 This claim is simply not credible. The existence of separate entities to avoid consolidated legal liability confuses operational responsibility for privacy, impacts consumers seeking to assure the fair treatment of their personal information, and undermines consumers seeking legal redress for violations. A confusing maize of companies helped Enron obscure its true behavior. The same holds true for affiliates sharing personal information.
The exemption for affiliate sharing means that credit report information loses protection when shared with far-flung related companies. Affiliated recipients can use and disseminate credit report information and ignore the fairness principles of use only for permissible purposes, consumer access (when no adverse credit, employment or insurance decision is made), storage limitations for obsolete data or obligations for the correction of erroneous information. A consumer reporting agency might, for example, sell credit score information to one company as a permissible disclosure under the FCRA. If that purchaser were to transfer the score to an insurance affiliate, the transferred score would be excluded from the definition of "consumer report" and most of the consumer protection provisions would not apply.
In effect, the exemption undermines the entire philosophy of the FCRA. Industry statements indicate that this mechanism is already being used to subvert the original protections of FCRA: decisions are made once again from data outside the general reach of consumers and without any consumer recourse. For example, Trans Union promotes the use of affiliate sharing for underwriting decisions.21 Citibank reported to Congress earlier this month that it "shares information among our affiliates ... [including] credit application and credit bureau data, as well as information on our transactions with the customer." 22 MBNA indicates that it shares credit eligibility information including credit reports among affiliates.23 These are precisely the uses of personal information that the original FCRA sought to cover.
The enormous scope of this exemption can be illustrated by a few examples of possible practices among related companies. U.S. Bancorp included in its cardholder agreement a disclosure that said "We share customer information within our organization ... to better meet your needs" and provided instructions to opt-out of affiliate sharing. At the same time the company was settling a claim brought by the Minnesota Attorney General for disclosures of customer information to third parties, the company purchased Gargoyles-a company that designs and markets sunglasses.24 Would any consumer reasonably understand that Gargoyles might receive copies of the customer's credit application or transaction history? While information is not available to determine if US Bancorp actually transferred client data to Gargoyles, the affiliate sharing provisions would disturbingly allow the transfer of credit report data to Gargoyles for sunglass marketing purposes. Gargoyles would then be free to re-disseminate the information outside the confines of the FCRA.
The potential circumventions are similarly disturbing when the affiliations of consumer reporting agencies are considered. Trans Union, for example, belongs to the Marmon Group.25 The group affiliates companies in a wide range of businesses including one in the syringe needle business and another in residential water treatment.26 If Trans Union provided notice of affiliate sharing and an opt-out, the company could transfer credit reports to these affiliates. Experian is in the same situation. Great Universal Stores, a British company owns Experian as well as Metromail and Burberrys.27 If Experian were to provide notice of affiliate sharing and an opt-out, Experian could share the credit reporting database with Metromail, a marketing company that paid $15 million to settle a lawsuit because the company was caught disclosing sensitive personal information to jailed convicts for processing.28 Burberrys could also supply credit report information to Metromail outside the protections of the FCRA.
As it turns out, both Experian provides notice of affiliate sharing and opt-out choices to a growing number of consumers. The company offers consumers online access to their credit reports and monitoring services. Experian appears to use registration for these services as a means in the legal boilerplate to provide notice and opt-out for affiliate sharing.29 In other words, consumers particularly concerned about the sanctity of their credit reports are likely to enable inadvertently the sharing of their data by the credit reporting agency with affiliates outside the protections of the FCRA. No information, however, is readily available to determine whether Experian actually shares data with these affiliates or others.
If these uses are or become widespread, then the FCRA loses both effectiveness and credibility. Since affiliate sharing generally escapes the transparency and accuracy obligations of the FCRA, there is no way for a consumer to learn the magnitude of this problem. Even for those organizations regulated by GLBA, affiliate sharing notices under GLBA would not provide sufficient detail for a consumer to realize that a company like Experian might share with Metromail or that US Bancorp might share with Gargoyles.
If this loophole is closed, Congress can and should investigate whether companies have begun to circumvent the FCRA in this fashion.
C. Affiliate Sharing Allows the Government to Engage in Surveillance Outside the FCRA Due Process Protections
Sections 604 and 625 of the FCRA provide due process safeguards against government surveillance of credit report information. Briefly, government and law enforcement agencies may obtain credit report information for specified purposes with procedural safeguards or pursuant to a court order or a Federal grand jury subpoena or, in the case of counterintelligence investigations, a statutorily defined FBI certification.30 However, affiliate sharing means that these due process protections for access by law enforcement can easily be circumvented. If consumer report information is shared with an affiliate, the data loses its status as a "consumer report" and the FCRA protections would not apply to subsequent disclosures by the affiliate. This loophole would be one way for the "Total Information Awareness" program, an effort already the subject of Congressional concern,31 to obtain detailed sensitive personal information on US citizens and escape the need for compliance with privacy obligations.
A simple example of the possible sharing between two affiliated companies illustrates the magnitude of this potential problem. Equifax, the credit reporting agency, operates through a number of changing groups including the currently named U.S. Consumer Services Group.32 This apparent group of affiliates provides information services to government clients. Equifax includes a statement in its Online Privacy Policy & Fair Information Principles informing consumers who request copies of their credit reports that "we may disclose any of the information, as described above [including Equifax credit file information], to affiliates which are companies that are related to us by common ownership or affiliated with us by common control" and describing for consumers several opt-out choices.33 Although the specific language of the current opt-out choices might be insufficient to qualify for the affiliate sharing exemption, a simple clarification would clearly enable Equifax to transfer the credit report information to members of the US Consumer Services Group who, in turn, could sell the data to government agencies without an otherwise permissible purpose or court order.
At present, I have no information to suggest that Equifax engages in this practice or that government agencies or law enforcement officials are currently exploiting this loophole. I do, however, believe that this possible practice needs to be investigated if Congress does not eliminate this loophole.
D. States May Not Protect their Citizens Prior to January 1, 2004
According to Section 624 of the FCRA, stronger state laws applicable to experience and transaction data and to affiliate sharing are temporarily pre-empted, with the exception of Vermont's affiliate sharing rule. If Congress allows these pre-emptions to sunset, the states will be re-authorized to protect their citizens against the circumvention of FCRA protections. The states can play a useful role experimenting and fine tuning workable solutions to the affiliate sharing loopholes.
3. Security Risks and Threats to the Soundness of the Credit Reporting System
The leakage of credit report information to affiliates for secondary purposes outside the protections of the FCRA increases security risks and threatens the integrity of the credit reporting system.
A. Affiliate Sharing Enhances Identity Theft Risk
The circulation of credit report information to affiliates outside the core permissible purposes and outside the overall protection of the FCRA increases the risk of identity theft. Reports indicate that identity theft often occurs as an 'inside job.' In testimony to this Committee last week, US Secret Service Special Agent Timothy Caddigan stated: "The method that may be most difficult to prevent is theft by a collusive employee. The Secret Service has discovered that individuals or groups who wish to obtain personal or financial identifiers for a large-scale fraud ring will often pay or extort an employee who has access to this information through their employment at workplaces such as a financial institution, medical office, or government agency."34 Wide ranging affiliate sharing increases the exposure of credit report information to the risk that a malevolent insider will steal data for identity theft.
Not surprisingly, some lobbyists deny that the wider circulation of personal information through secondary use of credit report data facilitates identity theft.35 Yet, in the context of pre-screening, the overwhelming consensus among those involved in identity theft prevention is that pre-approved credit card offers are one of the most common resources for identity thieves. The U.S. Postal Inspection Service, the U.S. Department of Justice, the U.S. Secret Service and each of the major credit reporting agencies warn consumers that discarded, pre-approved credit card offers are one of the most common sources of personal information for identity thieves.36 A lobbying paper sponsored by an industry group, the Privacy Leadership Initiative, admits that the average response rate to credit card offers in 2000 was only 0.6 percent.37 In other words, American consumers are not interested in 99.4 % of these purportedly targeted offers and throw them away. There is no credible, public evidence to suggest that product or service offers generated through affiliate sharing will be of any greater interest to consumers. Yet, this type of secondary use of credit information creates an important leakage of data from confidential and secure credit reporting.
The exemption for affiliate sharing also appears unnecessary for the purpose of fraud detection and prevention. Fraud detection and prevention would in most cases qualify as a "legitimate business need" under Section 604(a); the disclosure of credit report information for that purpose should be a permissible purpose. If legitimate reasons justify affiliate sharing outside the protections of the FCRA to detect or prevent fraud, a more narrowly drawn exemption for that specific purpose would reduce the risk of identity theft from wide circulation.
B. Affiliate Sharing Introduces Homeland Security Risks
The global reach of US corporate groups means that affiliate sharing may send credit report information on US consumers to countries with high risk of political instability or terrorist action. As a consequence, US consumer data may be subject to compromising risks. For example, banks may share credit report information with affiliates in India or the Philippines where no privacy rights apply and where local concerns for the safety of US data are substantial.38 Indeed, unconfirmed reports suggest that many US financial institutions transfer client data to India, but take careful steps not to reveal the existence of these off-shore arrangements.
One specific example illustrates this potential risk. Fair Isaacs offers a "decisioning process" that handles "30% of US credit card applicants as well as auto loans, mortgages, loans and lines of credit around the world" and offers a fraud detection system that monitors "more than 400 million payment card accounts worldwide."39 Fair Isaacs appears to have an affiliated distributor in Malaysia,40 a country for which the US Department of State has issued a warning about the possibility of terrorist attacks against American citizens and American interests.41 While the exact ownership relationship between Fair Isaacs and the Malaysian partner is unclear, the point remains that if these companies are under common control, then the US data may be sent there. In this particular case, there is also no readily available information that would suggest whether Fair Isaacs does indeed transfer US credit report information to Malaysia.
Without specific information on where affiliates are located and what information they receive, the magnitude of this risk cannot be evaluated. If Congress does not eliminate the affiliate sharing loopholes, I believe that this risk needs further investigation.
Recommendations for Future Action
When Senator Proxmire introduced the original FCRA, he sought to preclude "the furnishing of information to Government agencies or to market research firms or to other business firms who are simply on fishing expeditions."42 The implications of the affiliate sharing loopholes seem to return consumers to the unfair and unsafe data handling practices of the pre-FCRA era.
In sum, I believe that Congress needs to restore the FCRA to the higher level of its original protections for consumer privacy.
To do so, I recommend the following:
1. Eliminate the exemption for affiliate sharing from the definition of "consumer report" in the FCRA or allow the partial pre-emption clause in Section 624 to sunset on January 1, 2004.
2. Investigate the actual sharing practices of credit report information among affiliated companies and the uses of such data by the affiliated recipients that escape the protections of the FCRA. To this end, Congress should instruct each of the functional bank regulatory agencies and the Federal Trade Commission to investigate, audit and report to Congress on the actual sharing of consumer report information among affiliated companies and on the actual, unprotected uses of such data by the affiliated recipients.
Biographical Information
Joel R. Reidenberg is Professor of Law and a past Director of the Graduate Program in Law at Fordham University School of Law. He teaches courses in Information Privacy Law, Information Technology Law, International Trade, Comparative Law and Contracts. Professor Reidenberg writes extensively on fair information practice issues in the private sector and is the co-author with Paul Schwartz of two leading books on information privacy law: ON-LINE SERVICES AND DATA PROTECTION LAW: REGULATORY RESPONSES (EUR-OP: 1998) and DATA PRIVACY LAW (Michie : 1996). He has chaired the Section on Defamation and Privacy of the Association of American Law Schools (the academic society for American law professors) and is a former chair of the association's Section on Law and Computers. Professor Reidenberg served as a consultant to the Federal Trade Commission on Fair Credit Reporting Act issues and as an expert advisor on data privacy issues for state and local governments, the U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment, the European Commission and several foreign data protection agencies. Recently, he has provided assistance to the Attorney General of the State of Washington and to the County Counsel of San Mateo County, California in connection with privacy litigation. Prior to joining the faculty at Fordham, Professor Reidenberg practiced law in Washington, DC with the international telecommunications group of the national law firm Debevoise & Plimpton.
Professor Reidenberg received an A.B. degree from Dartmouth College, a
J.D. from Columbia University, and both a D.E.A. and a Ph.D from the Université de Paris 1 (Panthéon-Sorbonne). He is admitted to the Bars of New York and the District of Columbia.
1 Paul M. Schwartz & Joel R. Reidenberg, DATA PRIVACY LAW (Michie: 1996); Joel R. Reidenberg and Paul M. Schwartz, ONLINE SERVICES AND DATA PROTECTION LAW: REGULATORY RESPONSES (Eur-OP: 1998); Joel R. Reidenberg, Privacy Wrongs in Search of Remedies, 54 HASTINGS L. J. -- (forthcoming); Lorrie Cranor & Joel R. Reidenberg, Can user agents accurately represent privacy notices?, TPRC 30th Research Conference Paper # 65 (2002) available at <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=328860>; Joel R. Reidenberg, E-commerce and Trans-Atlantic Privacy , 38 HOUSTON L. REV. 717 (2001); Joel R. Reidenberg, Resolving Conflicting International Data Privacy Rules in Cyberspace , 52 STANFORD L. REV. 1315 (2000); Joel R. Reidenberg , Restoring Americans' Privacy in Electronic Commerce , 14 BERKELEY TECH. L. J. 771 (1999): Joel R. Reidenberg, Setting Standards for Fair Information Practice in the U.S. Private Sector, 80 IOWA L. REV. 497 (1995); Joel R. Reidenberg & Francoise Gamet-Pol, The Fundamental Role of Privacy and Confidence in Networks, 30 WAKE FOREST L. REV. 105 (1995); Joel R. Reidenberg, Rules of the Road on Global Electronic Highways: Merging the Trade and Technical Paradigms, 6 HARVARD J. LAW & TECH. 287 (1993); Joel R. Reidenberg, The Privacy Obstacle Course: Hurdling Barriers to Transnational Financial Services, 60 FORDHAM L. REV. S137 (1992); Joel R. Reidenberg, Privacy in the Information Economy-- A Fortress or Frontier for Individual Rights?, 44 FED. COMM. L. J. 195 (1992). Copies of most of my articles may currently be found on my web site at: <http://reidenberg.home.sprynet.com>
2 See e.g. S. Rep. 91-517, 91st Cong., 1st Sess. (1969); Hearings on Commercial Credit Bureaus before the House Special Subcommittee on Invasion of Privacy of the Committee on Government Operations, 90th Cong., 2nd Sess., March 12-14, 1968; Hearings on Fair Credit Reporting S. 823 before the Senate Subcommittee on Financial Institutions of the Committee on Banking and Currency, 91st Cong., 1st Sess. (May 19-23, 1969)
3 S. Rep. 91-517, 91st Cong., 1st Sess. 1 (1969)
4 S. Rep. 91-517, 91st Cong., 1st Sess. 3, 8 (1969)
5 See e.g. Hearing on "The Growing Problem of Identity Theft and Its Relationship to the Fair Credit Reporting Act" before the Senate Banking Committee, 108th Cong., 1st Sess. (June 19, 2003); Hearing on "Fair Credit Reporting Act: How It Functions for Consumers and the Economy" before the Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit of the House Committee on Financial Services, 108th Cong., 1st Sess. (June 4, 2003); Hearing on "the Importance of the National Credit Reporting System to Consumers in the U.S. Economy" before the Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit of the House Committee on Financial Services, 108th Cong., 1st Sess. (May 8, 2003).
6 Hearing on "Fair Credit Reporting Act: How It Functions for Consumers and the Economy" before the Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit of the House Committee on Financial Services, 108th Cong., 1st Sess. (June 4, 2003)(Statement of Julie Brill, Assistant Attorney General for Vermont)
7 15 U.S.C. 1681t(b)(1)(F)
8 Hearing on "the Importance of the National Credit Reporting System to Consumers in the U.S. Economy" before the Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit of the House Committee on Financial Services, 108th Cong., 1st Sess. (May 8, 2003) (Statement of Michael E. Staten, Director, Credit Research Center, McDonough School of Business, Georgetown University), at p. 6
9 See Michael Turner, The Fair Credit Reporting Act: Access, Efficiency & Opportunity The Economic Importance of Fair Credit Reauthorization, at 65 (Information Policy Institute: June 2003)
10 See Federal Reserve System, Rate of interest in money and capital markets: Prime Rate (not seasonally adjusted, twelve months ending in December) available at http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h15/data/a/prime.txt
11 American Bankruptcy Institute, US Bankruptcy Filing Statistics: Households per filing, Rank (2003) (using "statistics based on data from the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts (2002 bankruptcies) and the U.S. Bureau of the Census.") available at http://www.abiworld.org/stats/householdrank.pdf
12 Federal Housing Finance Board, Periodic Summary Tables: Table IX-Terms on Conventional Home Mortgages 2002 available at http://www.fhfb.gov/MIRS/mirstbl9.htm
13 Hearing on "Fair Credit Reporting Act: How It Functions for Consumers and the Economy" before the Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit of the House Committee on Financial Services, 108th Cong., 1st Sess. (June 4, 2003)(Statement of Julie Brill, Assistant Attorney General for Vermont)
14 See also, Robert Gellman, No Fair Fight over FCRA Provisions, DM News, May 5, 2003, pp. 12-13.
15 See National Assoc. of Attorneys General, Press Release: Multistate Actions: 27 States and Puerto Rico Settle With Citibank (Mar. 1, 2002) available at http://www.naag.org/issues/20020301-multi-citibank.php
16 See Minn. Attorney General Press Release, Minnesota Attorney General and US Bancorp Settle Customer Privacy Suit (July 1, 1999) available at http://www.ag.state.mn.us/consumer/privacy/pr/pr_usbank_07011999.html
17 See N.Y. Attorney General Press Release, Fleet Bank Agrees to New Privacy Protections (Jan. 16, 2001) available at http://www.oag.state.ny.us/press/2001/jan/jan16b_01.html
18 See N.Y. State Dept. of Law, Annual Report 2000, at 24 (2000) available at http://www.oag.state.ny.us/2000AnnualReport.pdf
19 Harris Interactive/Privacy & American Business Poll, Privacy On and Off the Internet: What Consumers want ( Feb. 7, 2002) available at http://www.aicpa.org/download/webtrust/priv_rpt_21mar02.pdf (53% of those polled reported a "major concern" while only 5% were 'not concerned' if "the company will use my information outside of the specific transaction for which it was intended (for example, to offer me other products and services)".)
20 Hearing on "The Role of FCRA in the Credit Granting Process" before the House Committee on Financial Services Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit, 108th Cong., 1st Sess. (June 12, 2003) (Statement of Martin Wong, General Counsel, Citigroup Global Consumer Group)(testifying that "Corporate structure is usually driven by concerns that do not affect the customer, such as the company's history of acquisitions or by corporate tax, legal, and accounting concerns.")
21 Hearing on "The Role of FCRA in the Credit Granting Process" before the House Committee on Financial Services Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit, 108th Cong., 1st Sess. (June 12, 2003) (Statement of Harry Gambil, CEO, Trans Union), at 8.
22 Hearing on "The Role of FCRA in the Credit Granting Process" before the House Committee on Financial Services Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit, 108th Cong., 1st Sess. (June 12, 2003) (Statement of Martin Wong, General Counsel, Citigroup Global Consumer Group), at 4.
23 See MBNA Privacy Notice, http://www.mbna.com/privacy.html (visited June 23, 2003)
24 See Minnesota v. US Bank (Settlement dated June 6, 1999) available at http://www.ag.state.mn.us/consumer/privacy/PR/pr_usbank_06091999.html (visited June 23, 2003); U.S. Bank, SEC Form Schedule 13D for Gargoyles (filed with the SEC, June 11, 1999) available at http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1016278/0001047469-99-023944-index.html
25 See The Marmon Group: Companies, http://www.marmon.com/Companies.html (visited June 19, 2003)
26 See The Marmon Group: Companies, http://www.marmon.com/Companies.html (visited June 19, 2003)
27 See Great Universal Stores Interim Report 2002, at 2 (Nov. 21, 2002); GUS plc News: Great Universal Stores completes acquisition of Metromail Corporation, Apr. 4, 1998 available at http://www.gusplc.co.uk/gus/news/gusarchive/gus19998/1998-04-28
28 See Dennis v. Metromail, No. 96-04451 (Travis Cty D. Tex., June 7, 1999). Settlement agreement available at http://www.entwistle-law.com/news/cases/settled/pdf/newmetronot.pdf
29 See Experian's Scorecard Privacy Policy, http://scorecard.experian.com/creditexpert/common/privacy_policy.asp (visited June 24, 2003) ("We may disclose any of the information that we collect to our affiliated companies .... If you prefer that we do not share information with affiliated companies, you may opt-out of these disclosures.")
30 15 U.S.C. §§ 1681b(a)(3)(D), 1681b(a)(4), 1681f, 1681u.
31 See e.g. Department of Defense, DARPA Report to Congress Regarding the Terrorist Information Awareness Program (May 20, 2003) http://www.darpa.mil/body/tia/TIA%20ES.pdf
32 See Equifax, Annual Shareholders Report Form 10-K for the Fiscal Year Ended Dec. 31, 2002 (filed with the SEC on Mar. 23, 2003).
33 Equifax Online Privacy Policy & Fair Information Principles (US Only) available at https://www.econsumer.equifax.com/consumer/forward.ehtml?forward=privacypolicy (visited June 24, 2003)
34 Hearing on "The Growing Problem of Identity Theft and Its Relationship to the Fair Credit Reporting Act" before the Senate Banking Committee, 108th Cong., 1st Sess. (June 19, 2003)(Statement of Timothy Caddigan, Special Agent In Charge Criminal Investigation Division, U.S. Secret Service)
35 See e.g. Hearing on "The Growing Problem of Identity Theft and Its Relationship to the Fair Credit Reporting Act" before the Senate Banking Committee, 108th Cong., 1st Sess. (June 19, 2003) (Statement of Michael D. Cunningham, Sr. Vice President, Credit and Fraud Operations, Chase Cardmember Services), at p. 3-4
36 See See Criminal Gangs Hitting Mailboxes for Credit Offers, Personal Data, Privacy Times, June 16, 2003, at 2; U.S. Dept. of Justice, Identity Theft and Fraud, available at http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/fraud/idtheft.html (visited May 28, 2003) ("What are the most common ways to commit identity theft or fraud? .... If you receive applications for 'pre-approved' credit cards in the mail, but discard them without tearing up the enclosed materials, criminals may retrieve them"); Hearing on "The Growing Problem of Identity Theft and Its Relationship to the Fair Credit Reporting Act" before the Senate Banking Committee, 108th Cong., 1st Sess. (June 19, 2003)(Statement of Timothy Caddigan, Special Agent In Charge Criminal Investigation Division, U.S. Secret Service)(the Secret Service advises Americans to "shred or burn pre-approved credit card applications"), at p. 8; Experian, All about Credit: Fraud Prevention Tips, available at http://www.experian.com/consumer/help/fraud/prevention.html (visited May 28, 2003); Trans Union, Avoiding Fraud available at http://www.transunion.com/content/page.jsp?id=/personalsolutions/general/data/AvoidingFraud.xml (visited May 28, 2003); Equifax, How Identity Theft Strikes, available at https://www.econsumer.equifax.com/consumer/forward.ehtml?forward=identitytheft_fraud (visited June 24, 2003)
37 Michael E. Staten & Fred H. Cate, Paper prepared for the Privacy Leadership Initiative "The Adverse Impact of Opt-In Privacy Rules on Consumers: A Case Study of Retail Credit," at 25 (April 2002).
38 See e.g. U.S. Dept. of State, Public Announcement: Philipines (March 7, 2003)(" The terrorist threat to Americans in the Philippines remains high") available at http://travel.state.gov/philippines_announce.html; U.S. Dept. of State, Public Announcement: India (Mar. 27, 2003) available at http://travel.state.gov/india.html
39 See Fair Isaac, New Product Releases: Capstone Decision Manager, Falcon Fraud Manager for Issuers available at http://www.predictive.com.au/whatsnew.html (visited June 11, 2003).
40 See http://www.predictive.com.au/contacts.html (visited June 11, 2003)
41 US Dept. of State, Public Announcement: Malaysia (May 14, 2003) available at http://travel.state.gov/malaysia_announce.html
42 Cong. Rec. Senate, Jan. 31, 1969 (statement of Sen. Proxmire) reprinted in Hearings on Fair Credit Reporting S. 823 before the Senate Subcommittee on Financial Institutions of the Committee on Banking and Currency, 91st Cong., 1st Sess., at 436 (May 19-23, 1969)


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Last-chance cancer surgery
Dr.Ian McGilvray, surgeon in the multi-organ transplant program at Toronto General Hospital, leads the push to operation those otherwise deemed inoperable. Video by Bernard Weil
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text: My horse has white saddle scars near his withers from more then a year ago and I have not used that saddle for a year. Have a new saddle now but have not used that either for a while now. However, I went out to see him tonight and on one of the white marks the hair looked thinner so I started fiddling with it and little clumps of hair kept falling out! It's about the size of a quarter and bare to the skin...no scabs or open wound or anything... His blanket does not sit there, so it's not that. He has girth itch on his girth area right now, and I know it can spread anywhere but this hairless area is not bumpy so I don't think it's that... I'm not sure what it is or if I should be concerned! Anyone got anything to say???


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FEATURE: What are the chances of an African triumph in Brazil?
By Mninawa Ntloko
Brazilian Pele once told a starry-eyed gallery he'd had an epiphany and seen an African country finally winning the World Cup.
This moment of clairvoyance took place in Glasgow, in 1989, and he felt confident enough to even pencil in a deadline for his prediction — he said that the continent would have a world champion before the millennium ended.
Now the 73-year-old Pele may be widely regarded as the greatest football player to ever walk the planet, but his penchant for getting his size-15 foot stuck in his mouth has often proved to be his greatest shortcoming.
The Viagra salesman's vote of confidence has now become a curse as the furthest any African country has ever gone in a World Cup is the quarterfinal stage — Cameroon in 1990, Senegal in 2002 and then Ghana in 2010.
And given the continent's overall performances in the 84-year history of the global showpiece, only a reckless gambler with very little regard for his money would bet on Pele's prediction coming true in Brazil in 77 days' time.
England manager Roy Hodgson also believes that African countries are due a World Cup title and have a greater chance of winning this year's showpiece in Brazil than their European counterparts.
Hodgson believes that the South American climate will suit African countries and should go some way in aiding a maiden title for the continent.
Curiously, Hodgson doesn't actually explain why Africa could not win the World Cup when it was held in Africa in 2010. You would think that the climate favoured the continent in South Africa four years ago and yet Ghana couldn't get past the troublesome quarterfinal stage.
So what chance do Africa's five representatives really have in South America in June?
It's very difficult to say what is likely to transpire but I'll tell you one thing, all five — Algeria, Cameroon, Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire and Nigeria — will need the soccer gods to be in a very generous mood.
Ghana face what appears to be the toughest hurdle as they will have to negotiate past Germany — strong favourites to win the tournament after hosts Brazil — pretenders Portugal and the formidable US.
It's a pity that the luck of the draw was so unkind on the Black Stars as they have a squad that many believe could reach the semifinals.
Perhaps this is an opportunity for them to prove to the world what they are about because the cynics predict that they will be back home after the group matches.
Cameroon also have some tricky pitfalls to negotiate as they are in the same group as overwhelming favourites Brazil, Mexico and Croatia.
Their World Cup adventure begins with an opening match against the tricky Mexico on June 13 and that match may well determine how things pan out for the Indomitable Lions in their remaining group games.
If the Cameroon coach, Volker Finke, is able to get them to qualify from Group A, then anything is possible.
The German-born mentor recently went as far as describing Samuel Eto'o as his nation's best hope in Brazil and it remains to be seen if the Chelsea star will rise to the occasion in what will be his swansong at this level.
Côte d'Ivoire surely have enough firepower to get out of Group C and should be able to deal with the threat posed by Colombia, Greece and Japan. What happens after that is anyone's guess, given the Ivorians' nasty habit of disappointing when a lot is expected of them.
Nigeria have regained the swagger of old under coach Stephen Keshi and should progress out of a group that includes Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Iran.
Algeria complete the roster of African representatives and they have Russia, Belgium and South Korea to contend with in Group H.
The cynics have advised that the North Africans should keep their plane engine running because they will not be staying in Brazil long enough to familiarise themselves with the tourist attractions.
That Pele prediction certainly does not appear to be in danger of coming true, does it?


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Written by Francois-Xavier Ada-Affana
On February 26, 2012, George Zimmerman, a 'Neighborhood Watch Volunteer' in Sanford, Florida, USA, shot and killed 17 year-old Trayvon Martin while the latter was coming out of a store with freshly-purchased candy. George Zimmerman confessed to the police that he shot Trayvon in the chest.
According to the 911-recording of the telephone conversation published last Friday night, George Zimmerman had notified the police of a "suspicious individual", Trayvon Martin, a 17 year-old black youth, coming out of a store. The 911-operator stated that George Zimmerman had been told not to pursue the young man.
The indignation of American citizens and internauts regarding the incident continues to grow and is still making front-page headlines in the town of Sanford where the murder took place. The police unit in charge of the case up to now has not been able to come up with any formal charges against George Zimmerman, whose act is considered as a racial crime by many.
Gareth Bryant on his blog, comments:
Why is the Black man always on the endangered-species list? It's like it's my destiny, to forever be victimized in this matrix.
jrcm.t writes:
the perfect combination: "A fire arm and a black man" – racism at its best!!! And the defence is said to plead "citizens' rights to use fire arms for self-defence." The social network reacted with this formula: white man > spanish man > black man.
The racial connotation in this case seems obvious, indeed. Even though the US Department of Justice and the FBI have initiated an investigation as to the "facts and circumstances" surrounding the murder of Trayvon Martin, the internet community continues to put pressure on the US government to render justice. Among the more pertinent comments:
Tericruz, in The Huffington Post comment section (which has received thousands of comments on the article since its publication) writes:
You can hear the boy screaming for his life in the back ground of the 911 calls. I cried because all I could do is think of my son, in that position, knowing he was about to die and no one was there to help him. God Bless his soul and his family.
Claudial adds:
The law in Florida sounds like it gives cover to anyone who wants to commit murder, provided there are no witnesses. If I lived in Florida, I would be very afraid. The gun laws in this country are completely up-side-down.
MrScorpio created a subject on DemocraticUnderground.com [en] and ever since, internauts have been inundating the site with their reactions, personal testimonies and memories of mistreatment by white people in the United States.
Twitter has been flooded with comments about the case. Photos of demonstrations in Florida are available by following the following hashtag: #Trayvon.
At city hall, hundreds of residents and activists are calling for the arrest [of George Zimmerman] in the Trayvon Martin incident: #trayvon
@YsanneBueno broaches the racial issue:
@MUTHAKNOWS If Trayvon had been a white boy and Zimmerman a black man, I wonder how this all would have panned out? #TrueStory
@OmariShakirXo asks the global community to unite in memory of Trayvon:
Everyone who wanted to arrest Kony, please share your sadness over the Trayvon case. I really can't see how that would be asking too much…
Many are demonstrating against the "Stand Your Ground" law, in force in Florida since 2005, which widens the auto-defence zones of residential areas to include most public areas as well. Such a law eliminates the notion under English law whereby one must "retreat" when faced with dangerous situations outside the home. Without this nuance, an American citizen who is armed now has no obligation to withdraw when faced with a threat.
@Karen Hunter tweeted:
Can someone please explain to me why this "Stand Your Ground" exists?
@Touré added:
The "Stand Your Ground" law does not stipulate that "If you feel threatened by a young black youth, you [are entitled to] respond with a shotgun".
Charles M. Blow in the New York Times concludes:
Although we must wait to get the results from all the investigations into Trayvon's killing, it is clear that it is a tragedy. If no wrongdoing of any sort is ascribed to the incident, it will be an even greater tragedy.
This post was originally published by Global Voices.
Related Stories:
How Gun Advocates Failed The Trayvon Martin Messaging Battle
Gingrich: Obama's Trayvon Comments "Appalling" and "Disgraceful"
Demand Justice For Trayvon Martin: Repeal "Stand Your Ground" Law
Read more: global voices, gun control, nra, stand your ground, stand your ground law, trayvon martin
Photo from werthmedia via flickr
Contrary to the set of examples of responses, "the rest of the world" does extend beyond the borders of the United States.
Love the photo, completely agree.
I have just heard on the news bulletin that there has been another gun massacre in America. It is not known yet how many were killed but there were fatalities and there were guns. Isn't it about time America gave up arming civilians (besides police and the military). Does everyone (including children) need or want a gun? Why must everyone have a gun? America has more than its fair share of crazies and is obviously paranoid about terrorism and security but putting the guns into everyone's hand when so fearful of everything is fraught with danger.
Trayvon Martin was murdered and deserves what all American rights are Justice. Now Trayvon reputation is being drag through the mud by the media. It is a disgraceful and disrespectful to his memory and his mourning family. These attacks reflect the same kind of racial profiling and stereotyping that led to his death and then protected his killer from investigation and arrest. Martin Luther King said these words "No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream." Public officials should be getting justice for Trayvon and addressing the dangers of racial profiling in our society.
You need to ban guns altogether and update those old bits of paper that you call a constitution, get rid of that right to bear arms crap. It was put there to defend against the English attackers. And believe me! We have no intention of invading you! And even if we did, no redneck with a gun would be a match for harrier jump jets, eurofighters, or guided missiles.
And if not, then arm black guys, they seem to be the ones in need of defence, it's obvious to everyone in the world that black guys are an endangered species over there,
"With one man dead, it is a one sided story. Which is why we have judiciary systems. Alas the first step of arresting the man holding the weapon was not done. This creates so much anger in a country riddled with racism and guns. No point slogging it out here as none of us know what went down. It seems two males with bravado had a disagreement. And an innocent kid is dead. Banging down some doors of yr local councillors and law enforcement agencies demanding action is a start.."Julieanne B.
Good Point. This is why When he Is FINALLY ARRESTED, There Needs To Be A Polygraph Test. This is when they ARE NEEDED, since it is far too easy to continue LYING. After all, Trayvon Martin is too dead to contradict him.
With one man dead, it is a one sided story. Which is why we have judiciary systems. Alas the first step of arresting the man holding the weapon was not done. This creates so much anger in a country riddled with racism and guns. No point slogging it out here as none of us know what went down. It seems two males with bravado had a disagreement. And an innocent kid is dead. Banging down some doors of yr local councillors and law enforcement agencies demanding action is a start..
On second thought Mary C, no profile, no credibility. No reason to pay any attention to you. Care should at least make the trolls pretend to exist by inventing a profile.
Disclaimer: The views expressed above are solely those of the author and may
not reflect those of
Care2, Inc., its employees or advertisers.
All things are in the eye of the beholder and their resulting interpretation. aren't they? Since life's…
RKH., Not only was your post deflective and off-topic, but it was inaccurate too. Oh wait, you…
Animal testing must end forever.
Problem on this page? Briefly let us know what isn't working for you and we'll try to make it right!


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JUPITER, Fla. (AP) — PGA Tour player Dustin Johnson and Paulina Gretzky have taken to Twitter to say they're getting married.
Johnson tweeted Sunday that "she said yes!!!" and included a picture of a large diamond ring on the daughter of hockey great Wayne Gretzky. She retweeted it, along with several congratulatory messages from friends and family.


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Michael Mentz
The addition of former Proteas paceman Makhaya Ntini as manager of the Kaizer Chiefs Sevens rugby team will further boost moral in the camp ahead of their first match at the inaugural NBM Sevens in George tomorrow.
This is the view of coach Gcobani Bobo who yesterday confirmed that his men are ready for action.
"Just having a guy like Makhaya in the team is going to make a big difference as he's a staunch Chiefs fan and a great inspiration to all the players."
Bobo's squad assembled on Monday and, according to the former Springbok, preparations for the two day tournament have been satisfactory.
But whether the short time the squad has spent in camp will be sufficient remains to be seen as they will be up against some very tough opponents that range from Super Rugby players to former Sevens specialists like England's Ben Gollings who will be playing for NBM All Stars.
One of the teams that may be the cause of a few sleepless nights for Bobo's charges are Samurai International who boast many emerging Springbok Sevens players.
"Looking at the opposition, we know it is going to be very tough and that a solid start on the first day will be crucial," said Bobo
"There are also some teams that are used to dealing with the demands Sevens ask from players so we will have to adapt very fast.
"The Samurai team may very well be our biggest rivals."
Kaizer Chiefs start their campaign with a match against the Lions before taking on the privately owned Living Ball and the Sharks on the first day.
"The guys are really excited and with no injuries in our team, it is all systems go."


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Iowa County Humane Society
Animal Rescue League of Iowa
Kansas K9RESQ
Pals Animal Rescue
LL Dog Rescue
Furry Kids' Refuge
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K-9 Karma Animal Advocates Inc
Animal Rescue Connection
Home At Last Sanctuary
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Tangi Adopt A Rescue
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Almost Home Rescue of Maine
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The Ark For Pets
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Animal Rescue, Inc.
Pet Rescue of Maryland
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Massachusetts Animal Coalition
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Second Chance Animal Shelter, Inc
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Animal Rescue Fund
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Humane Society of Missouri
Caolition for Animal Rescue and Education
M'Shoogy's Emergency Animal Rescue
Montana Animal Rescue League
Senior Dog House and Rescue
Nebraska Rescue Council
Nebraska Animal Rescue
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Black Dog Animal Rescue Inc
Nevada Humane Society
Nevada SPCA
New Dawn Dog Rescue
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Long Trail Canine Rescue
Animal Rescue League of New Hampshire
Salem Animal Rescue League
Manchester Animal Shelter
New Jersey
Suffolk County Unleashed
NJ Puppy Rescue
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Pet Rescue of Mercer
Little Egg Harbor Animal Rescue
Triboro Animal Welfare
Barks, Inc.
Morris Animal Refuge
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Lap Dog Rescue of New Mexico
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Suffolk County Unleashed
Animal Welfare Adoption Network
Animal care & Control of New York City
Little Shelter Animal Rescue
Animal Haven
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Long Island Animal Shelter
North Carolina
Chatham Animal Rescue and Education, Inc
Second Chance Pet Adoptions
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Best Buddies COmpanion Rescue and Adoption
Paw's Place
Sarge's Animal Rescue Foundation
Rainbow Rescue North Carolina
Tri COunty Animal Rescue
Canine Hope Animal Rescue
A New Leash on Life Dog Rescue
My Dog House Rescue
North Dakota
4 Luv of Dogs Rescue
New Beginnings Animal Shelter
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Stop The Suffering
Almost Home Dog Rescue of Ohio
Ryan's Dog Rescue
Montgomery County Ohio Animal Resource Center
Give Me Paw
Old Mason Animal Rescue
A.D.O.P.T. Pet Rescue
Fido's Companion Rescue, Inc.
Save Ohio Strays
PA.Caring for K9's
Paws of Tomorrow
Animal Rescue Inc.
ARF Sepa
Animal Rescue League of Western Pennsylvania
Main Line Animal Rescue
Morris Animal Refuge
The Animal Rescue League of Berks County Inc.
Happy Dog Rescue
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Sndance Mountain Stables Animal Rescue
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South Dakota
Forever Friends Rescue
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Safe Place for Animals
DFW Pup Patrol
Ready 2 Rescue
Zeke Fund
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West Virginia
Animal Rescue Connection
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National Dog Rescue Connection
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Adopt an Animal Canada
Senior Canine Rescue Society
Directory of animal rescue web sites. Pets and wildlife. Homes wanted.
Hoosier Hooves and Hounds
Best Friends Rescue
Animal Refuge
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By Country


text:
This is a user submitted page about the ins and outs of the Asus U50Vg. Here users can provide details about their experiences with this laptop and to provide helpful tips to others. Also available is the discussion section below which can be used to ask questions about the Asus U50Vg.
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Intel® Pentium® M Processor T4200 : 2.0 GHz
|15.6" HD (1366×768) Widescreen
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Intel® Wireless WiFi Link 5100 ABGN
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text: Mario Tama, Getty Images [ Lubbock Parks and Recreation to Host Summer Job Fair [Audio] By Roni Vowels May 8, 2014 Thursday on Lubbock's First News, Nancy Neal of Lubbock Parks and Recreation gave details on the upcoming summer job fair and other events... Read More|Comment Category: Audio, Lubbock News Tags: job fair, lubbock parks and recreation, lubbock's first news, nancy neal Send to a friend! Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr!


text:
WarmlyYours Floor Heating Circuit Check
Model: SS-01 | Internet/Cat: 908219 | Store SKU: 1000694345
Designed as an installation aid for use with WarmlyYours floor heating systems. Simply connect this electronic device to the floor heating systems return lead wires for a fault free installation. Leave the Circuit Check connected for the duration of installation. An alarm will sound in the unlikely event of a short in the system, allowing for immediate identification and repair before final flooring installation. No need to ever worry about the integrity of your installation.
- Batteries and screwdriver included
- Easy to operate
- Instructions included
- Ensures peace of mind during installation
Warranty Information
|Assembled Depth (In Inches)
|Assembled Height (In Inches)
|Assembled Weight (In LBS)
|1 Lbs.
|Assembled Width (In Inches)
|Country of Origin
|CSA Certified
|Drop Ship
|Item Depth
|1 In.
|Item Height
|3 In.
|Item Weight
|1 Lbs.
|Item Width
|2.5 In.
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*Valid only on date printed
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|"You betcha...and you should be
flossing, too!"
Now, I recently had my wisdom teeth removed, which was one of the best things I have EVER done for myself. I had lived with tooth sensitivity for years, thinking it was just that I had sensitive teeth. Nope! It was one of those pieces of vestigial enamel sticking out of my jaw. With the wisdom teeth gone, I have no more sensitivity! Woo hoo!!! Crank out the ice cubes and pass the margaritas! It's fiesta time!
When I went for the consult for my wisdom teeth surgery, the dentist noticed that the 2nd molar next to one of the doomed wisdom teeth had a cavity that probably needed to get taken care of some time in the near future. He couldn't do the day of the wisdom teeth surgery, so he scheduled me for an appointment 2 weeks later.
Here we are, and it's time for me to sacrifice more enamel to the dental gods.
|Sorry, Austin, but Brit-teeth aren't
"groovy, baby."
Luckily another dentist fixed it.
This same incompetent dentist also put sealants on my molars to help prevent cavities. The sealants neither "sealed" my teeth nor prevented cavities. Groovy. Enter dentist #3 in my early 20s who filled the tooth with the faulty sealant.
|I believe that if I brush enough,
I too will eventually look like
Brooke Shields.
Off I go to what will (hopefully) be my last dentist visit until my regularly scheduled prophylaxis this summer. I'll come home with a fresh filling and a new lease on life! Okay, not really, but I will be about $300 poorer.


text:
Bilal Ahmed3/2/2013
Authoritarianism in Pakistan
Pakistan has remained under both de facto and de jure authoritarian rule for the most part of its existence. It has led to a weakening of institutions, including the media, which is harmful from the perspective of the country's evolution as a true democracy. It is because of this menace that the country is still struggling to function as a state. Political instability, economic deprivation and terrorism can be laid at the door of this deficiency in our system. Whether Pakistan acquired this authoritarian steak after independence because of the weaknesses of its political parties, mainly the founder of Pakistan, Muslim League, or the vice is rooted in the pre-independence mindset and factors are an enlightened debate. Using an analytical method of inquiry, this article attempts to trace the roots of authoritarianism in Pakistan by using the data in the form of books available on the subject. Authoritarianism is a malaise that has tainted Pakistani politics since time immemorial. Authoritarian rule has also affected media freedom in the country, with negative effect on democracy. The state of the media in Pakistan after independence can vouchsafe for this fact. There are innumerable reasons for this but to understand the phenomenon of political authoritarianism in South Asia, particularly Pakistan; one has to trace its roots to the pre-partition era of Indian Subcontinent. From great Mauryan ruler Asoka to the Mughals, all rulers have practiced authoritarianism in one way or the other. The British were no different. They practiced their own set of authoritarianism. "In the Indian Subcontinent, the whole concept of the power of the monarch differed from that of European feudalism, in which the king had authority over all persons and things in his domain. This authority was delegated to the lords and the barons who vowed allegiance to him....


text:
|Wolverine Cheerleading Tryouts
|Written by Staff Reports
|Tuesday, 26 June 2012 10:20
The Watauga Wolverine Cheeleading team, which cheers for the Watauga County Middle School football team, will be starting practice for the upcoming season. Any rising 6th, 7th and 8th grade girls in the 2012-2013 school year are welcome to join the team. I do not have tryouts at this level.
For more infomation, please call Sara Rice at 941-830-0190.
|Share This Article:


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text:
Anna Quindlen editorial
Friday, May 1, 2009
There's an interesting Anna Quindlen article in Newsweek last week. Check it out. I think its pretty good. She's right. Not everyone is cut-out for parenting. I'm certainly not. There should be a quiz or something before hand.
1. If you are woken up at 5 AM by a loud noise, are you:
a. bitchy?
b. panicked?
c. confused?
d. incredibly perky and happy to make the noise's day GREAT!?
2. When embarrassed in public by someone vomiting on you, you:
a. have a private cry while cleaning up in the bathroom?
b. express your shock and outrage?
c. panic?
d. thank the person and tell them how cute they are?
Things like that.
Anyway, Anna Quindlen's article:
Category: Motherhood


text:
Company Overview of Otsuka America, Inc.
Executive Profile
Hiromi Yoshikawa
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Otsuka America, Inc.
|Total Calculated Compensation
|This person is connected to 4 Board Members in 4 different organizations across 4 different industries.
See Board Relationships
Mr. Hiromi Yoshikawa is the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer at Otsuka America, Inc. since 2000. He served as the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc. (OAPI) since 2000. He serves as Director of U.S. Pharmaceutical Business and Corporate Finance in Europe for Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America. He joined Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (OPC) in April 1976, where he worked in the Computer System Section of Otsuka's ...
Corporate Headquarters
One Embarcadero CenterPhone: 415-986-5300
San Francisco, California 94111
United States
Fax: 415-986-5361
Board Members Memberships
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Member of the Board of Directors
Bachelor's Degree
Waseda University
Other Affiliations
Annual CompensationThere is no Annual Compensation data available.
Stocks OptionsThere is no Stock Options data available.
Total CompensationThere is no Total Compensation data available.
|There is no Competitor Compensation data available.
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text:
DUVAL, WILLIAM POPE (1784–1854). William Pope Duval, lawyer and congressman, the son of William and Anne (Pope) Duval, was born at Mount Comfort, Virginia, in 1784 and spent several years on the Kentucky frontier. In 1804 he was admitted to the bar and married Nancy Hynes. They had eight children. In 1812 Duval participated in Indian campaigns as a captain of mounted rangers. From 1813 to 1815 he represented Kentucky in the House of Representatives of the Thirteenth Congress, after which he resumed his law practice at Bardstown, Kentucky. President Monroe appointed Duval a United States judge in Florida Territory on May 18, 1821, and from 1822 to 1834 Duval served as civil governor there. In this post, he accomplished the removal of the Seminole Indians to South Florida. From 1839 to 1842 he was a senator in the Florida legislature. In 1845 he served as a commissioner to settle the disputed northern boundary of Florida. Duval was first grand master of the Masonic Grand Lodge of Florida. Two of his sons, Burr H. and John C. Duval,qqv participated in the Texas Revolution. Another son, Thomas H. Duval, moved to Austin in 1845 or early 1846. William P. Duval followed his sons to Texas in 1848 and settled at Galveston to practice law. Sam Houston was among his clients. Duval died in Washington, D.C., on March 19, 1854, while there on legal business. He was buried in the Congressional Cemetery.
Biographical Directory of the American Congress, 1928. Dictionary of American Biography. National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, Vol. 11. Roy L. Swift, Civilizers: The DuVals of Texas from Virginia through Kentucky and Florida (Austin: Eakin Press, 1992). Amelia W. Williams and Eugene C. Barker, eds., The Writings of Sam Houston, 1813–1863 (8 vols., Austin: University of Texas Press, 1938–43; rpt., Austin and New York: Pemberton Press, 1970).
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article."DUVAL, WILLIAM POPE," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fdu35), accessed October 06, 2015. Uploaded on June 12, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.