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It was only last night that I finished reading Victor J. Stenger's new book, "Quantum Gods: Creation, Chaos and the Search for Cosmic Consciousness," and, boy, I can tell you for sure that my understanding of quantum physics was a bit off before. In fact, it was not necessarily wrong, as it was featuring the correct information, but no explanation as to why things are the way they are at a level of miniaturization that seems almost incomprehensible. And that is exactly what this book does – it explains quantum physics, albeit from a point of view that negates the premise of a classic God, such as the one found in Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
Overall, we are treated to a coherent and well-written physics theory, which is a part of the dwindling current made up of those scientists who also try to offer a philosophical explanation of their discoveries. It became obvious over recent years, and Stenger identifies this accurately, that most physics researchers now adopt a "shut up and calculate" attitude, which was not common, for example, among those who conducted their investigations in the first half of the 20th century or earlier.
The former Professor Emeritus of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Hawaii, currently an Adjunct Professor of Philosophy at the University of Colorado, chose to place his findings and life's work in a different reference frame. As he himself admits in the new book, "Nothing I have said conflicts with existing physics. (...) All I have done is give an unconventional philosophical interpretation to otherwise well-established theory."
Essentially, the entire book is a joy ride, if your goal is to make sense of the various types of pseudo-sciences that appeared in the world over the past few decades, since some physicists set on their quest for the unified theory of everything. Beautifully organized, Quantum Gods begins at "macro" level, with a number of studies showing the religious mix-up of the American people, and the "deviation" that the country exhibits from normal trends of religiosity. Then it takes us through some of the claims that have been made about quantum mechanics, as far as transcendental meditation (TM) goes.
In the following chapters, the author explains, with a great deal of references, the main views that those arguing the Universe and humanity are permeated by a single quantum field have on the matter. He cites some of the most famous physicists involved with finding a unified theory of everything (UTE), and lists their arguments. The rest of the book is naturally devoted to combating these arguments, and this is done in a very elegant and logic-driven manner.
It's not often that I come across books that explain such intricate matters as particle physics in a way that is both accessible to the average reader as well as explained with a logic that permeates each line. The conclusion that Stenger draws from his arguments seem like the obvious one and, when broken down, his critics' theories really have nothing on it. Additionally, many confusions that scientists make when thinking about quantum mechanics are also explained clearly.
For a good part of the book, the author treats us to a basic introduction in particle physics, showing a brief history of natural laws, and how they came to be discovered. The Standard Model, its components and its interactions, its quarks, leptons and bosons are also reviewed and explained thoroughly. This data makes up the basis of his arguments, in the last chapters of Quantum Gods, when he begins taking on theories elaborated by either UTE physicists or theologians.
Then, the debate turns philosophical. Stenger first and foremost underlines the differences between the theist and deist gods, which is very important if modern advancements in science are to leave any room for God to act. At the level of knowledge that scientists now have of the particles making up the world, and of the origins of the Universe, it becomes clear that finding a place for a supreme being to act becomes increasingly difficult, despite apologetics' best efforts.
Additionally, throughout the book, the author reveals that complex quantum calculations have led him to the conclusion that a deist god, as in a being that created the Universe but then plays no further role in it, answering our prayers, or actively changing chains of events, is improbable, but not impossible to exist.
However, if it does, it has nothing in common with the God in the three major religions, simply because it does not play an important role in the world. This god does not intervene, and the only action he did before turning "to better things" was allow for the Universe to appear. However, this would imply that randomness, chance and free will are basically human artifacts, constructs we've made to make ourselves feel better.
Theologians in Christianity, for example, have a tough time believing this, as it refutes the knowledge that we are central to God's plans, and also the fact that worship and prayer results in immediate help. "Science has no reason to introduce into its explanatory system an Enlightenment[-era] deist god," Stenger writes.
Indeed, in most of the lines of argument he presents in Quantum Gods, the author demonstrates that either God does not exist because he never left detectable traces of his presence – which would be expected if he did intervene daily in our lives – or because, if God acts within the confines of natural law, then there is no need to introduce him into an explanatory system. This seems to make sense, I believe. If God, say, created natural laws, and the entire Universe is ruled by those laws and nothing else, then there is no room for him to interfere.
But even this small opening for the existence of God is closed in the final chapter, as Stenger explains an idea that has over recent years gained much support among physics scholars. He quotes philosopher David Armstrong: "There is only one true eccentric view. This is the view that, although there are regularities in the world, there are no laws of nature." This statement, which at first glance seems to blow the ground from under the feet of exact science in general, is actually somewhat true.
As the author explains, it all makes sense if you look at Stephen Hawking and James Hartle's explanations of how the Universe appeared. Out of nothing (as in real, indeterministic chaos – a space that has no measurable properties), the initial particles that collided during the Big Bang and exploded our Universe into existence bore their way out through quantum tunneling, a process that is now used in creating such powerful instruments as scanning tunneling microscopes (STM). These instruments can, for example, photograph independent atoms.
Combined with the knowledge that, in nature, simple systems eventually develop into complex ones, the "nothing" theory proves that natural laws are in fact just human constructs, just like space and time, which are created in such a way that they respect the point-of-view invariance. This concept refers to the fact that physicists need to formulate their theories in a manner that is not necessarily related to the reference frame of the observer, or to a certain point in space and time. Newton's laws thus become embedded in Noether's theorem, which holds:
1. Space translation symmetry implies conservation of linear momentum
2. Space rotation symmetry implies conservation of angular momentum
3. Time translation symmetry implies conservation of energy.
As you can see, it's very easy to get trapped in complex explanations of seemingly simple things, but somehow Stenger manages to keep his "cool" throughout the book, and maintain a level of simplicity that essentially means people can understand what he's talking about with a minimum of effort. I would daresay that this book is a must read for those religious fanatics who hold science to be the sign of the Devil. Additionally, a lot of physicists could also benefit from it, as it clarifies a number of issues on which confusion still lingers.
In the end, I would like to say that reading this book was a real pleasure. It was not written as a fairy tale, but it was not filled with mathematical equations either. I can say that a lot more things make sense now that I went through it. And even if some theories will in the future prove Stenger wrong, I would have already gained a deeper understanding of the particle world. And that is why you should get to read it too, whenever you have the chance.
Book data:
Author: Victor J. Stenger
Title: Quantum Gods: Creation, Chaos and the Search for Cosmic Consciousness
Publisher: Prometheus Books


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A Weekend in China's Changing Garden City
Just 40 minutes by bullet train from Shanghai, Suzhou blends ancient court life with modern nightlife.
Wandering through the canal-lined streets and white-washed homes of old Suzhou takes you back to another China, an era of imperial gardens and prosperous silk markets. Dubbed China's "garden city," Suzhou's network of waterways dates back to the 7th century.
In this century, the ancient city is changing fast: As the newly-constructed Suzhou Industrial Park pushes its boundaries into the city's eastern outskirts, luxury hotels and shopping are rising from the landscape.
Thanks to that development, the city now has a nightlife district with upscale restaurants and shops, built beside an illuminated lakefront walkway more reminiscent of the Bellagio fountains in Las Vegas than the ancient pagodas just a few miles away. Rather than negating the city's history, contemporary Suzhou freshly interprets its traditional roots. Like the city's ancient gardens, the lakeside promenade incorporates water, feng shui and zen-like tranquility.
Now that a bullet train has trimmed the trip from Shanghai to about 40 minutes, the city's primed to become a weekend getaway for business travelers, making it easier than ever to see the relics of ancient court life meeting today's urban playground. Here's an ideal weekend itinerary.
Morning: Visitors find Suzhou's soul in its gardens, some of which date back to the Ming dynasty. In recent years, nearly a dozen of the city's major gardens – plus some minor ones – have been restored and are open to the public. Start your day at the Lion Grove Garden (Admission: 30RMB or just over $4US; 23 Yuanlin Road) and get lost in a labyrinth of rock-carved passageways. Look for the limestone boulders whose natural contours resemble the chiseled bodies of outstretched lions. Then walk a few minutes north, to the Humble Administrator's Garden (Admission: 50-70RMB or about $7.50-10US, 178 Dongbei Street; Tel: 0512-67510286) This is Suzhou's largest garden, an expansive swath of green with a lotus pond as its centerpiece.
The 13-acre site has several airy, wooden pavilions with tiled roofs upturned in winged eaves. Their names reinforce the serene feel: Hall of Drifting Fragrances, Listening to the Sound of Rain Pavilion, the Magnolia Hall.
Lunchtime: From the gardens, head next door to the new Suzhou Museum, designed by I.M. Pei (Admission: free, 204 Dongbei Street; Tel: 0512-67575666. www.szmuseum.com ). The Chinese-born international architect returned to his ancestors' hometown for the project, completed in 2006. The museum's light-filled geometric design references Suzhou's traditional grey and white houses. The museum's collection of landscape paintings, ancient scrolls and other rotating exhibits are worth seeing; it's even more tempting to sit quietly and gaze out the tall windows, which frame a forest of bamboo shoots. The site's outdoor courtyard of waterways, footbridges and bamboo is a tribute to classical Chinese style, which incorporates a garden as a central structural element. Refuel with pastries and drinks in the museum's teahouse and café before heading on. For a more substantial meal, stop in one of the small noodle shops that line the surrounding streets. You can order a bowl of noodles, roast pork, and blanched bok choy in a tasty broth for less than $1US.
Afternoon: Head to the Suzhou Silk Museum (Admission: 15RMB or just over $2US; 2001 Renmin Road, Tel: 0512-67536538), to watch live silk-making demonstrations and learn about one of the ancient city's main trades. Museum workers display trays covered with mulberry leaves and live silkworms. Lean in close to hear the crunching sound as the worms methodically snack away.
Stop in the museum's store to purchase silks, or cruise around the nearby blocks, which are filled with stores selling everything from silk pajamas to figure-hugging Mandarin dresses, or qipaos. Good negotiating could score you a decent pair of pajamas for about $10-15US and a silk duvet for as low as $80US. After browsing, visit the nearby North Temple Pagoda (Admission 25RMB or about $3.50US; 652 Renmin Road) – you can't miss the towering brick and wood structure -- and climb to the top for a sweeping city view.
Evening: Suzhou's cuisine is renowned throughout China for its sweet flavors, artful presentation and use of seasonal seafood and vegetables, such as fried shrimp in the spring and steamed crabs in the fall. Try Deyuelou (27 Taijian Lane at Guanqiang Street; 0512-65238940), a 400-year-old restaurant serving hometown delicacies such as "squirrel-like Mandarin fish," a sweet-and-sour fried fish filet sprinkled with pine nuts and served with the tail curled upward to resemble its furry namesake. Add some cherry-flavored pork, a few vegetables, and the date puree rice cake for dessert, and you're set -- all for about $20US a person.
Afer dinner, take a taxi to the southwest corner of the old city's moat for an evening boat cruise. You can buy tickets from the Tourist Boat Jetty across the street from the train station, or from many hotels in town, including the Sheraton, for about 60RMB, or just under $9US. Neon spotlights on the banks and stone bridges make for a colorful ride. Watch for Pan Men Gate, the only remaining section of the ancient city wall constructed in 514 B.C.
Late night: Ask any hip English-speaking Suzhou locals about the best nightlife in town, and chances are you'll be pointed toward Harry's Bar. (70 Luogua Qiao Xia Tang at Lindun Road; Tel: 13706208265, www.harrysbar.cn) The outdoor terrace and frequent live music makes this centrally-located bar a good place for an evening out. (About 25RMB or $3.50US for a beer; 40RMB or just under $6 for a glass of wine.) Or wander down lively Shiquan Street, stopping into a teahouse or one of the many ex-pat bars clustered there.
Early Morning: Take a stroll down Pingjiang Street, a secluded lane that runs along a canal flanked by weeping willows. In this quiet enclave, you'll find the city's historic white-washed houses with grey tile roofs. Start at the intersection of Pingjiang Street and Bai Ta Dong Street and continue south for about 20 minutes.
Before long, you'll come across the newest branch of the Bookworm Café (58 Pingjiang Road, Tel: 0512-65247529. www.suzhoubookworm.com). This popular Beijing chain recently opened on a bridge that spans the canal and is built in Suzhou's characteristic architectural style. Before turning onto busy Gan Jiang Dong Street, linger for awhile and watch hand-propelled wooden boats drift down the canal.
Lunchtime: There are only so many pagodas a tourist can tackle in one weekend. If you'd rather avoid a 30-minute taxi ride, skip popular Tiger Hill – a leaning pagoda built in the 10th century—and check out the less-visited Twin Pagodas (Admission: 8RMB or just over $1US; Dinghui Temple Lane), just a five-minute walk from the Pingjiang canal promenade. The narrow structures are located in the heart of an overgrown garden frequented by pajama-clad Chinese elders.
From the pagodas, it's a short stroll to the Master of Nets Garden (30 RMB or or 20RMB off season, $3 to $4US; 11 Kuotao Xiang; tel: 0512-65293190), revered as the city's finest example of landscape gardening. The garden is just off Shiquan Street, at the heart of a network of alleyways – follow the signs once you hit Daichengqiao Road. At just over an acre, the garden is small, but it's easy to become pleasantly lost among the greenery, courtyards, and doorways. Afterward, peruse the boutiques on Shiquan, mainly shops selling embroidered silks and jade jewels. For lunch, try Good Eats, a decent Chinese take on an American diner (694 Shiquan Street) complete with 1950s bubblegum music. Burgers and chicken sandwiches are about 30RMB each, or just under $4.50US.
Late Afternoon: Take a half-hour cab ride over to Jinji Lake, part of the Suzhou Industrial Park, a joint Chinese and Singaporean venture. This gleaming development is the new Suzhou. Enjoy the best of it with a Thai spa treatment at Regalia (2 Lingongdi, Tel: 0512-62950888. www.regalia.com.cn), a recently opened boutique hotel and spa that offers treatments in stylish lakeside bungalows. The spa accepts appointments from non-hotel guests on weekdays, depending on availability. Or opt for Dragonfly (128 Jinjihu Road, Tel: 0512-6763-9636. www.dragonfly.net.cn ), a reasonably priced but still luxurious outlet of a Shanghai spa chain. Try a stress-melting foot massage for 135RMB or about $20US.
Evening: Continue your sojourn in hyper-modern Suzhou with a walk along Ligongdi, the area's new, somewhat generic waterfront drag. What it lacks in charm, it makes up for in open spaces and trendy hangouts. Upscale restaurants border the lake, such as the spacious Tomato Kitchen Café (56 Ligongdi; tel: 0512-62875966. www.tomatocafe.com.cn ), which features everything from seafood hot pot to blue cheese hamburgers. After dinner, wander over to the dimly-lit Brussels Chocolate Bar (39 Lingondi; tel: 0512-62996999. www.brussels-bar.com ), a plush lakefront bistro with an impressive wine list and rich chocolate truffles for about $2 apiece. Plan to pay upwards of $30US for a decent bottle of wine. The bar holds free chocolate-making demonstrations, so you can leave Suzhou with a bag of complimentary treats. (Check their Web site for dates and times.)
As the return train departs Suzhou, its new urban sprawl quickly dissolves into a muted grey backdrop. Soon, all that's visible is the hint of a faraway pagoda, pushing its way through the modern haze.
The Basics:
From Shanghai, trains run frequently to Suzhou from the Shanghai Railway Station for less than $5 each way. The station is easily accessible by taxi or by metro line 1. Follow the English signs to the ticketing windows, located on the outside of the station. Or, check with your hotel to see if they can book train tickets for you. Buy your soft seat tickets in advance as trains fill up on the weekends.
Suzhou has many hotels, with new properties opening frequently. Visitors can choose between accommodations in the old heart of the city or the new lodgings in the Suzhou Industrial Park, a sprawling commercial center 30 minutes from downtown. In the city center, the Sheraton's (259 Xin Shi Road, Tel: 0512-65103388. www.sheraton.com) pagoda-style décor makes it an attractive high-end option starting at about $100US. At about $80 for a double, the centrally-located Nanlin Hotel (20 Gun Xiu Fang; tel: 0512-68017888. www.nanlin.cn) has an expansive lobby complete with faux waterfalls. Suzhou Mingtown Youth Hostel (28 Pingjiang Road, Tel: 0512-65816869) isn't just for the bargain-seeking backpacker. Its location on the picturesque canal walk – and its historic Suzhou style—make it a good bet for architecture aficionados. About $20US for a private double with bath for a private double with bath.
In the Suzhou Industrial Park, new luxury hotels seem to be opening every day. The polished Regalia Resort & Spa (2 Ligongdi; tel: 0512-62950888. www.regalia.com.cn) offers a swanky waterfront location – with infinity pool—and fragranced rooms with private decks starting at about $280US.


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Join almost 4,000 international students from over 100 countries on our campuses
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International students discuss their time at Edinburgh Napier.
In the past our campuses were used for a wide range of purposes, from hospitals and churches to private estates and a castle.
The University is named after John Napier, 16th century mathematician and philosopher who was born and lived in Merchiston Tower - now part of our Merchiston Campus.
We are a truly international university, with 36.8% of our students coming from overseas. We provide course materials designed to give you the global perspective you need in today's competitive marketplace.
If you choose Edinburgh Napier then you will be choosing one of Europe's most cosmopolitan and iconic cities, and one of Scotland's top universities for graduate employability.
The setting of Edinburgh is itself an incredible asset for enhancing many Edinburgh Napier degree courses in unique and dynamic ways:
Edinburgh is also frequented by regular trains and budget airlines, so you will find it very easy and cheap to travel to other cities in the UK and throughout Europe - that's if you ever want to leave!


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... or browse for s by name or state
Find a Landscape Architect for projects of any size to develop residential, commercial or industrial sites. Whether you are planning a overhaul, require lanscape preservation or are preparing for a new garden, an ideal Landscape Architect for any location across Australia can be found here. All your questions about choosing, hiring and working with Landscape Architects and the complete design and development process from site analysis through to landscaping completion are answered below. +
Published by Martyn Sanjay
- Who are landscape architects?
- What do landscape architects do?
- What's the difference between a landscape architect and a landscaper?
- Do I need a landscape architect?
- Can my architect do the work of a landscape architect?
- At what stage in the process should I get in a landscape architect?
- What is the relevant Australian legislation governing landscape architecture?
- What consumer watchdogs and peak bodies oversee landscape architects?
Finding and hiring a landscape architect
- How do I find a list of landscape architects?
- How can I choose a good landscape architect?
- How can I tell if a landscape architect is any good?
- What qualifications and accreditation should they have?
- Should I investigate more than one firm?
- How do I narrow down a shortlist of landscape architects?
- What is the process of hiring a landscape architect?
- How is landscape architecture work tendered out?
- How much should I pay for a landscape architect?
- Can a landscape architect save me on costs?
- How is payment for a landscape architect organised?
Landscape architects and the design process
Landscape architects and the building process
Defects, disputes and redress
- What dangers should I look out for in a contract with a landscape architect?
- What do I do if a landscape architect breaches the contract?
- What are moral rights and should I worry about them?
Who are landscape architects?
Landscape architects are professionals committed to the environmentally sustainable management, design and construction of meaningful and attractive outdoor spaces. They combine the creative spirit of an artist with the technical understanding of a scientist to provide creative designs and land management solutions particular to individual sites.
What do landscape architects do?
Landscape architects plan and design land areas by applying architectural concepts to natural space. They carry out site assessments, looking at topography, soil, water flows, plant life, sunlight, and weather patterns, as well as existing structures, mapping the complex interactions within the landscape. They may consult with engineers or environmental specialists. Sketches, models, photographs, and videos are prepared to work through and present ideas.
Other responsibilities include seeking approval with clients, preparing specifications, arranging cost estimates, listing necessary building materials and drafting working drawings of the site. After tenders have been called and contracts negotiated, a landscape architect should supervise site work to ensure compliance with plans, specifications of work, cost estimates and time schedules.
If you are undertaking a major project, make sure to check whether the contracted landscape architect usually works independently or alongside other professionals such as architects, engineers and town planners as it is common for a landscape architect to be part of a team.
Also, be aware that landscape architects often specialise in terms of project and service type. Many do small residential projects, but very few specialise in them solely; some work in areas as diverse as schools and playgrounds, roads, waterfronts, airports and hotel complexes, regional planning and resource management, environmental remediation and historic landscape preservation.
What's the difference between a landscape architect and a landscaper?
Landscape architects should have an extensive knowledge of architecture and design principles. They are trained in degree courses at universities that explore the broadest aspects of the outdoor environment, and are responsible for formulation of specific solutions, implementation of designs, and compliance with statutory and local government regimes.
Landscapers, on the other hand, should be used for more practical purposes. They generally have strong horticulture and garden design qualifications and are well equipped for residential and specific environments where practical knowledge and plant care factors are paramount, existing structures are to be retained, and the design potential is limited.
Landscapers should have a formal diploma or certificate qualifications in horticulture, garden design, planning and technical construction, in courses totalling up to five year's of study. Some have additional specialisation to degree standard.
But be aware that no specific training is required to assume the title of landscaper, so the element of reputation and trust is especially important. To ensure quality, check that the landscaper you employ is a member of the Australian Institute of Horticulture (MAIH) or a member of the relevant State Landscape Contractors Association.
Do I need a landscape architect?
For a simple garden with a small budget: probably not. But the planning and organisation skills of a landscape architect might be vital for more complex briefs, with sustainability requirements or tricky interactions between structures and exterior spaces; or for larger or more complex sites, with multiple uses, public throughways or drainage requirements, slopes or remote locations, snow or frost, ocean salt, intense sun or high wind.
While landscape architects are especially necessary in relation to the design and construction of large public projects, they can still be valuable for small projects by helping to avoid costly planning mistakes, dealing with local building regulations, choosing superior materials, and overseeing construction.
Can my architect do the work of a landscape architect?
Your architect is qualified to undertake simple landscape design projects. But for complex or significant outdoor spaces it is best to consult a landscape architect. This is because landscape architecture is a highly specialised, multi-disciplinary field, involving specialist environmental, engineering, and horticultural knowledge.
At what stage in the process should I get in a landscape architect?
As soon as possible. Landscape architects perform tasks throughout the entire design and construction process. At the preliminary stage they canvass design, cost and implementation options. They also confer with architects, engineers and other professionals, and gather data concerning the site.
What is the relevant Australian legislation governing landscape architecture?
Landscape architects must comply with the Trade Practices Act. Although the TPA applies to corporations rather than individuals, members of the Royal Australian Institute of Architects (RAIA) are affected. The RAIA is itself incorporated, as are about one-third of member practices. The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) is the statutory authority responsible for administering and ensuring compliance with the TPA.
The relevant state Office of Fair Trading sets and maintains standards of competence for builders and tradespeople, and issues licences and certificates if needed.
In certain circumstances landscape architects may be required to comply with State Building legislation. A landscape architect may need to hold a certificate under the relevant Act to do residential work if he or she is contracted to do residential building work where the labour and materials content is worth more than $1,000, or is undertaking specialist work. Consult the relevant state legislation for more information or seek legal advice.
What consumer watchdogs and peak bodies oversee landscape architects?
The Australian Institute of Landscape Architects (AILA) is Australia's peak professional body for landscape architects and assumes an accreditation, regulation and representation role within the profession. The Queensland Association of Landscape Industries (QALI) is the peak body specific to Queensland.
The International Federation of Landscape Architecture (IFLA) assumes a proactive leadership role as the peak global body for the landscape architectural profession.
Limited consumer protection is afforded under the Trade Practices Act, compliance with which is overseen by the ACCC. State and Territory Offices of Fair Trading also safeguard consumer rights, and advise business and traders on fair ethical practice. The Home Building Act (NSW) and its equivalent in other Australian States and Territories requires builders and tradespeople to be licensed for the work that they do, and to have proper contracts and insurance in place for most jobs.
How do I find a list of landscape architects?
Specifier.com.au has a comprehensive database of Australian landscape architects and engineers. You can search your local area and you will be given a list of relevant names and contact details.
How can I choose a good landscape architect?
The website of the Australian Institute of Landscape Architects (AILA) contains a complete list of its members, sketching an outline of the services offered and areas of expertise of each practice and member. But be careful – the information is provided and updated by the members themselves, so it can be unreliable.
Industry publications are another good source of information. Have a look at Landscape Architecture Australia Magazine, Landscape Australia Magazine, the Landscape Architecture Journal, and if you can get your hands on it, Landmark, the AILA members' quarterly newsletter.
If you still can't find the right firm, try consulting the member lists of reputable industry bodies such as the Australian Landscape Foundation (ALF), International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA), The Queensland Association of Landscape Industries (QALI), or the Australian Council of Built Environment Design Professionals (BEDP).
How can I tell if a landscape architect is any good?
The most important step is to check that the landscape architect possesses concrete academic qualifications and accreditation. Also, check whether they're a member of a reputable professional body such as the Australian Institute of Landscape Architects (AILA) or the Australian Council of Built Environment Design Professionals (BEDP).
Industry awards are another mark of professional quality – but do keep in mind who funds and runs these awards, and why. The AILA confers national awards annually in the categories of excellence, stewardship and on-going commitment to urban design and landscape architecture. The most prestigious award is the National Award in Landscape Architecture, which in 2006 was awarded to Taylor Cullity Lethlean for Craigieburn Bypass, Hume Highway in Craigieburn, Victoria. Each AILA State branch also confers awards, either on an annual or bi-annual basis.
What qualifications and accreditation should they have?
The specialised work of landscape architects requires rigorous training and a high level of technical knowledge. Ensure that the landscape architect you engage possesses the relevant tertiary academic qualifications accredited by the Australian Institute of Landscape Architects (AILA). There are currently seven Australian universities which offer accredited BLArch degrees - the University of Western Australia, Queensland University of Technology, University of New South Wales, University of Canberra, RMIT University, University of Melbourne and the University of Adelaide.
Also check whether the landscape architect is a registered Associate (AAILA) or Fellow (FAILA) of the Australian Institute of Landscape Architects (AILA). This is your guarantee that appropriate standards of recognised training and experience have been attained. The registration scheme, administered by the AILA board, ensures that registration is afforded only to those with AILA Associate membership, at least five years of genuine commitment to continuing professional development, and a minimum pass mark in an AILA examination of skills and attitude. To ascertain whether a particular landscape architect is registered under the scheme, consult the lists of members or the practice directories at the AILA official website.
To further confirm the quality of the landscape architect inquire as to whether he or she is a member of a reputable professional body such as the Australian Landscape Foundation (ALF), International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA) or the Australian Council of Built Environment Design Professionals (BEDP).
If your landscape architecture project is large and complex you should ensure that the track record of the contracted landscape architect is sound, and that only an AILA registered landscape architect is responsible for the high risk or complex areas of approving tender/contract documents and administration of inspections during construction.
Should I investigate more than one firm?
Yes, unless you have had a previous association with a landscape architect that worked well. However, because the industry is not regulated strictly it is advisable to investigate a number of options.
How do I narrow down a shortlist of landscape architects?
Go online and visit the websites of some landscape architects (you can find links to landscape architects' websites under their listings in the Specifier directory). A thorough website should provide examples of past projects completed by the particular landscape architect, as well as their industry experience, academic qualifications and any awards received. This online investigation should give you a general idea of the type and scope of the architect's work.
Narrow this list of candidates with a few phone calls. Ask some easy preliminary questions: if they're available, or if they're interested in a project of that size. Have some idea of what it is you want, and try to sum it up in a couple of sentences.
What is the process of hiring a landscape architect?
Most architects do not have formal landscaping expertise so landscape architects are usually engaged as specialist subcontractors. They may be selected at the same time as the builder or at a later stage as required.
Because of the size of the Australian market, your architect may nominate a particular landscape architect with whom he or she has worked well previously. Alternately, landscape architects can be engaged through negotiation or through calling tenders.
How is landscape architecture work tendered out?
The tender process can be managed by your architect, the builder, or a specialist consultant according to your requirements. (For example, a landscape architect may supervise the tender process for the supply and installation of plants).
There are two general methods of tender. Public tendering is by invitation extended via the press and is open to all, irrespective of qualifications or experience. Private tendering usually involves the pre-selection of candidates with a familiarity and sound history in your type of project. Selective tendering in the landscape architecture context is commonly restricted to five or six contractors and except for large public projects private tendering is the norm.
Your architect should discuss and make recommendations about subcontracting arrangements. A good architect should also assist you in evaluating tenders. Consideration should be paid primarily to value for money, but should also be given to the tenderer's ability to meet the project schedule, to appropriately staff your project, and to provide the necessary equipment. You should also consider the tenderer's experience in your type of project, his or her reputation for quality work, and his or her financial stability.
How much should I pay for a landscape architect?
Estimating the cost of employing a landscape architect is difficult and varies greatly depending on the type and scale of the project, as well as on the experience and reputation of the architect. However, you can expect the plan for a new home on a one half acre lot to be around the A$1800-2500 mark, and somewhat less for a smaller portion of a property. This is only a rough guide.
Can a landscape architect save me on costs?
Yes – above all, by appreciating factors such as climate, soil, flora, precipitation, and drainage, landscape architects can ensure a project's long-term environmental sustainability, minimising the cost of on-going maintenance and repair.
A landscape architect can also reduce input costs by obtaining quotes independently, then comparing them with the price tendered by bidding contractors.
How is payment for a landscape architect organised?
Generally there are two methods of payment. A landscape architect may either provide a design to meet an established budget, or may help to establish the budget early in the design phase.
How long will a landscape design take?
The length of time varies in accordance with the project size. For a general residential design the plan development process should include a number of meetings with the client to discuss the concept sketch, and then the drawing up of a master plan. In most cases you can expect a completed master plan five to ten weeks after contract signing.
How much input can I have in a landscape design?
Landscape architects are trained to work in a collaborative fashion. In conference with clients they are usually happy to revise plans in response to taste and need, so don't be afraid to voice you own ideas about how you would like the space designed.
How does a landscape architect work with a builder?
It is essential that you also confer closely with your builder before engaging a landscape architect. This is because it is the builder, and not the landscape architect, who legally contracts with the subcontractor. The Royal Australian Institute of Architects (RAIA) reports that ignorance of this legal relationship is the major factor contributing to contractual disputes in this area. " The supplier or subcontractor selected must be acceptable to the builder as only the builder has a legal, contractual relationship with the supplier or subcontractor" the RAIA states.
What dangers should I look out for in a contract with a landscape architect?
Be careful. Within the limits imposed by law, equity and legislation, parties to a contract are able to exclude or modify their obligations as they see fit. This means that it is totally legal for a landscape architect to draft an agreement which excludes him or her from liability, or to construct a contract in which one party purports to indemnify another.
Make sure you seek legal advice before entering into any legally binding contract.
What do I do if a landscape architect breaches the contract?
While criminal liability is pretty much unheard of in landscaping architecture, civil liability does sometimes arise. Usually, this is for breach of contract. Make sure that you contract with a landscape architect who is covered by professional indemnity insurance. PII cover increases the viability of legal action as an effective method of redress of professional negligence claims. However, be aware that the number of landscape architects with PII cover has fallen dramatically in 2006 as cover grows more expensive – in the least twelve months the number of PII providers in Australia dropping from about 35 to less than 5.
What are moral rights and should I worry about them?
A new Moral Rights Amendment to the Copyright Act protects the "moral rights" of artists, including architects. It is designed to protect their reputation, and the integrity of their work.
A landscape architect has the right be attributed as the designer of a project when it is constructed, and when it is publicised or represented in print. They also have the right to be informed if their project is to be altered or demolished.
Any alteration or demolition of a landscape design may, therefore, amount to derogatory conduct. If derogatory conduct is established the architect can require that their name no longer be associated with the project. This can significantly affect the value of a project designed by a well-known landscape architect.


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For the first time in the history of SFMOMA's biennial award program honoring Bay Area artists, the museum has commissioned the four recipients of the 2012 SECA Art Award to create work outside the traditional gallery context. Their site-responsive projects are at several locations throughout the Bay Area. To complement these projects, Open S... More
Posts Tagged "BART"
SECA 2012: Anne Lesley Selcer on Frank Ogawa Plaza10.29.2013 | By
Filed under: 151 3rd, Projects/Series
Anonymous Comic Book Antiheroes Protest BART Rider Slaying08.16.2011 | By
Filed under: Field Notes
Rule number one for BART cops: DON'T SHOOT THE PASSENGERS. Hell, you have my permission to beat the BART riders with billy clubs, handcuff them, arrest them, tase them, pepper spray them, but for God's sake, DON'T SHOOT THEM! Everyone knows that when cops shoot you they aim at your head or your chest. Cops don't shoot to wound or disarm, they shoot to kill. If I am wrong please enlighten me. And whatever happened to rubber bullets? If BART cops have the green light to shoot at riders, can't they at least use rubber... More


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Mary L. Farner, 96, of Monroe died at 4:25 a.m. Tuesday at Fountain View of Monroe. She had been in poor health for two years.
Friends may call from 12 to 8 p.m. Monday at the Rupp Funeral Home, where a Rosary service will be held at 4 p.m. She will lie instate Tuesday 11 a.m. at St. Michael Catholic Church with the Mass of the Resurrection at 12 p.m. Rev. Matthew Bonk, her grandson, will officiate, with burial to follow at St. Joseph Cemetery.
Born Feb. 23, 1917 in Monroe, she was the daughter of Alphonse and Irma (Vermuelen) Lietaert. She married Herbert G. Farner on Jan. 22, 1938 at St. Mary Catholic Church. He preceded her in death on June 19, 1988.
Mary was employed for several years as a secretary for the Michigan Department of Social Services.
She was a member of St. Michael Catholic Church, a life member of the Altar Society, former volunteer for Mercy Memorial Hospice, and was baptized, confirmed, educated and married at St. Mary Catholic Church. She graduated in 1933 from St. Mary Academy.
Surviving are her sons, George (Betty) Farner of Sanford Lake, Mich.; Robert (Terry) Farner of Riverview, Fla.; John Farner of Newport and David (Charlene) Farner of Davenport, Iowa; daughters Carol (Ronald) Driessche of Manchester; Susan (Chester) Bonk of Milan; Judy (Dan) Nelson of Harrison and Elizabeth (Paul) Eads of Richmond, Va.; Sister Margaret Nagel of Monroe; 27 grandchildren and 29 great-grandchildren.
In addition to her husband Herbert, she was preceded in death by her parents, brothers Harold, Herbert and Robert Lietaert and sisters Yvonne LaTour and Beverly Kleinsmith.
Memorials may be made to St. Michael Catholic Church or Mercy Memorial Hospice of Monroe.
Online condolences may be sent through www.rupp-funeralhomeinc.com.


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Windows Tips
Virtual Desktops Faster, Safer than VPNs
Remote access for professionals is a preeminent concern for many sectors of industry. Far more business is conducted on the road, and this need is making itself felt. The old standard for securely connecting to HQ becomes obsolete as operations become too unwieldy and complex to be conducted over limited bandwidth. A virtual private network (VPN) allows a secure connection …
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Windows 7: Restore Google Chrome Settings After Crash
One funny thing happened to me yesterday. I had one of those (rare) blue screen of death crashes on my Windows 7 machine. Happened randomly but I guess it was thanks to a faulty USB modem driver. Anyway, after I restarted and launched my Google Chrome browser, I noticed that all my settings and extensions vanished. Uh-oh. Good thing there's …
Posted in Computers, Windows Tips | 2 Comments »
Download: Dropbox Linker
We haven't really recommended applications for the past year since most of the one we recommended in the past are still the best apps out there and all they got were newer versions that made them better.
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Windows Tip: Bulk Change File Extension in Windows 7
File management in Windows has gone a long way. Now you can drag and drop and shift or control drag and drop, use keyboard shortcuts or do a combination of right and left-clicks to manipulate files. However, there are times when the Windows GUI would leave you stumped on how to manage certain things. Bulk or mass changing file extensions …
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Saving Computer Space
Even if your external hard drive can hold more than 1 TB of data, it can still be used up. Here are some tips on saving computer space.
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Saving PDF Files to Hard Drive
Saving PDF files to your computer's hard drive is so much more convenient than having to access it from a particular website.
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Using Window Disk Cleanup for Shadow Copies
If you're a Windows user, here is one way to delete unused files so as to free your hard drive of space. This is also important to do after an update of your operating system. Each update creates "shadow copies" or backup snapshots which can take up a lot of space.
Posted in Computers, Windows Tips | 1 Comment »
How to Delete Cookies from Windows
Web sites install cookies on your computer when you visit them. These cookies are electronic text that helps sites to keep track of individual settings and preference. For example, cookies can help online stores remember what you have put in your "shopping cart." Although cookies are necessary in cases like this, some people would rather not have their information stored …
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Windows Tip: 5-minute PC Maintenance
Most of the time, PCs (especially those that run on Windows) slow down over time. And it's basically due to the junk and clutter Windows dumps onto your system for all sorts of reasons. To improve your computer's performance, don't neglect the simplest maintenance such as:
Posted in Computers, Windows Tips | 1 Comment »
Force of Habit: Using Firefox Instead Google Chrome
Yesterday was crazy with the launch of Google Chrome. Almost every acquaintance I knew had jumped into the "let's try it out" bandwagon and were soon raving about Google's new browser. As for me, I promised that I would be using Chrome at least for a couple of days but I find myself ditching it after a few hours. Well, …
Posted in Computers, Google Chrome Tips, The Web, Windows Tips | 1 Comment »


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Men have worried about their cock size since the beginning of time. Is it too little? is it shaped right? Will it satisfy a women? Can I make it bigger? Am I a pathetic small penis sissy loser forever destined to be shamed and tormented about my sexual inadequacies and needs to be humiliated by a beautiful dominant woman in order to achieve an orgasm?
Well, we got the answers for you!
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Interested in getting rid of those love handles? Muffin tops? The pooch around your mid-drift not looking so fabulous? With summer fast approaching Darren Capik, CEO of Watch It Now Entertainment (WIN), a leader in the fitness industry and producer … Continue reading
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New in World (page 37 of 55)
Jan 25, 2013 | 10:52 AM CST
CEW, NPD Trend Presentation Looks at Growth of Prestige Market in 2012
The NPD Group's Karen Grant noted, "growth remains positive for both the prestige and mass channels." However, "The trend of prestige beauty outpacing mass beauty continues to be evident since the recessionary period of 2009 and will likely continue into 2013."
Jan 25, 2013 | 10:47 AM CST
P&G Financial Results for October–December 2012 at High End of Expectations
Consequently, the company is raising its guidance for 2013.
Jan 25, 2013 | 10:42 AM CST
Bespoke Skin Care Options Helping Prestige Market, Says Euromonitor
According to an analyst insight article focused on the U.K., cautious consumer spending has created a challenge for prestige beauty that offers two choices: either create offerings at lower prices or increase perceived value for money and therefore prices. In skin care, the latter option appears to be working.
Jan 24, 2013 | 10:50 AM CST
Beiersdorf Steady in Preliminary 2012 Financials
The owner of the Nivea, Eucerin and La Prairie skin care brand grew sales 4.7% during the fiscal year, with gains in BRIC markets.
Jan 23, 2013 | 10:06 AM CST
Q4, Full Year 2012 Financials for Unilever Show Broad Growth
The company's Sunsilk hair care brand joined the company's group of €1 billion brands, and Unilever's personal care division recorded a turnover of €4.7 billion for the fourth quarter of 2012 and of €18.1 billion for full year 2012.
Jan 10, 2013 | 10:25 AM CST
Axe to Send Brand Fans to Space
In a partnership with astronaut Buzz Aldrin and the Space Expedition Corporation, Unilever's Axe is giving customers a chance to travel to space.
Jan 04, 2013 | 04:31 PM CST
More Multicultural: Handling Post-inflammatory Hyperpigmentation
By: Christine Heathman
Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation is a universal response of the skin and is more common in the darker global skin types.
Dec 21, 2012 | 11:47 AM CST
Natural Selection: Opportunities for International Brands in Fast-developing Markets
By: Nicole Tyrimou, Euromonitor International
As the natural marketplace continues to be one of the beauty industry's largest opportunities, brands big and small are competing for the attention of consumers around the globe, with special attention going to those in emerging markets.
Dec 20, 2012 | 03:36 PM CST
On the World Stage: California-based Beauty Brands Step Up
As emerging markets continue to increase in importance for the beauty industry, more and more small- to mid-size beauty brands are seeking out ways to stake an international presence.
Nov 27, 2012 | 11:33 AM CST
Kanebo Lays Out Plan for Global Growth
The Japan-based beauty company is aiming to solidify its presence in its home country while also widening is global reach.


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May 11, 2010
The National Park Service has appointed Cheryl M. Brown Henderson, founder and long-time President and Chief Executive Officer of the non-profit Brown Foundation for Educational Equity, Excellence and Research, as the next Superintendent of the Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site in Topeka, Kansas. She replaces Dennis A. Vasquez, who served as Superintendent for 5 years before transferring to Washington, D.C., in August 2009. Brown Henderson's tenure at the park begins June 6, 2010.
"Cheryl Brown Henderson was instrumental in developing the concept of and the actual designation of the Monroe Elementary School as the Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site, and her strong communication skills and proven ability to work with a wide variety of constituency groups affiliated with the Brown story will be great assets at the site," said Ernest Quintana, the National Park Service's director for the 13-state Midwest Region. "She has an enviable record of building community support for this park at the local, regional, and national levels, and understands the importance of engaging all stakeholders," he added.
Brown Henderson said of this new opportunity, "Because Brown v. Board of Education is a living decision that continues to influence how we live in a diverse society, I look forward to creating greater awareness of this historic site and to expanding our educational outreach. Our story is taught in classrooms from elementary school to graduate school."
In 1972, Brown Henderson began her professional career as a 6th Grade Classroom Teacher with the Topeka Public Schools. Her first teaching assignment was at Monroe Elementary School, now preserved as the Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site. She also taught 6th grade at Avondale East Elementary School before becoming a Guidance Counselor and Parent Educator for the school system in 1976.
From 1979 to 1994, Brown Henderson served as an Educational Program Specialist for the Kansas Department of Education. She assumed responsibility for coordinating gender equity programs across the State at the secondary, post secondary, and graduate levels, which included administering Federal funds to promote the enrollment of women and girls in programs not considered traditional for female students. Brown Henderson also developed programs to better acquaint educators and educational administrators with the legal and social implications of working to insure women and girls access to vocational training opportunities previously provided only to male students. She also planned and sponsored statewide educational conferences and conducted presentations nationally on various aspects of vocational education.
Brown Henderson founded the principal partner for the park, The Brown Foundation, in October 1988 to further the tenants of the Brown v. Board of Education decision by initiating, implementing, and supporting educational programs that invest in children, enhance multi-cultural understanding, increase literacy among children from low-income communities, increase the pool of minority teachers for classrooms across the nation, develop curriculum resources to enhance the teaching of Brown v. Board of Education in the context of the Civil Rights Movement, produce exhibits and gather oral histories to illustrate the detailed history of Brown v. Board of Education in the context of the African American experience in the United States, and convene conferences and conduct presentations that foster the value and acceptance of racial, ethnic, and cultural diversity.
Brown Henderson earned her Bachelor of Science Degree in Education, with a minor in Mathematics, through Baker University in Baldwin City, Kansas. She went on to earn her Masters of Science in Guidance and Counseling from Emporia State University in Emporia, Kansas. Brown Henderson also holds an Honorary Doctorate of Human Letters from Washburn University in Topeka.
Brown Henderson has received countless awards and recognition for her work to preserve the legacy of the Brown decision. Her articles and essays about the Brown decision have been published in several books. She has also written curriculum guides and has lectured in the classrooms on more than 200 university campuses and in 2001 delivered a talk about the Brown decision while traveling in South Africa.
As a member of the namesake family and President and CEO of The Brown Foundation, Brown Henderson served on and provided invaluable direction to the 2003/2004 Brown v. Board of Education 50th Anniversary Presidential Commission. She has served on numerous civic and philanthropic boards and foundations, as well as the boards of the Kansas State Historical Society and the National Trust for Historic Preservation. Brown Henderson has also testified before the U.S. House of Representatives and the United States Senate on women's issues and the Brown v. Board of Education decision.
Brown Henderson has been a guest at White House receptions and dinners on numerous occasions, honoring Dr. King and the Children of Civil Rights Movement (Jan. 1994); the 75th Anniversary, U.S. Department of Labor, Women's Bureau (May 1995); the 49th Anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education (May 2003); the 40th Anniversary of the Civil Rights Act (June 2004); African American History Month (Feb. 2005); and African American Gospel Music Month (June 2005).
Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site was established by Congress on October 26, 1992, to commemorate the 1954 landmark Supreme Court decision that ended segregation in public schools. The site, which was dedicated on May 17, 2004, and opened to the public, interprets the integral role of the Brown v. Board of Education case in the Civil Rights Movement from Reconstruction to the present day.
Library of Congress, Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Louisiana
October 26, 2010
On November 7, 2010, we will mark the 150th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln's presidential election by hosting a lecture and book signing. This event will feature Harvard University professor Dr. John Stauffer, the leading authority on anti-slavery and social protest movements. His book Giants: the Parallel Lives of Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln provides a compelling glimpse into the activist stance taken by both men in the cause of ending slavery. Stauffer describes them as the pre-eminent self-made men of their times, rejecting the status quo and embracing the new ideals of personal liberty.
Each man came to his mission of seeking to end slavery from unique and disparate vantage points. Douglas made a resolution in January of 1836 that he would be free from slavery by the end of the year, so he planned his escape. However, it would take two additional years for his dream to be realized. After escaping from slavery he eventually settled in Massachusetts under his new name of Frederick Douglass and went on to become internationally renowned for his eloquent truth about the need to secure liberty for all people. Lincoln first encountered what he called "the peculiar institution" of slavery when in 1828 while working as a boatman; he joined a flatboat crew headed for New Orleans with a cargo of farm produce. It was there in Louisiana that he witnessed firsthand the inhumanity and degradation of slavery. Shortly thereafter he began his journey to the pinnacle of public service when he was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives in 1834. Twenty-seven years later on November 6, 1861 he was elected president of the United States. By the time of his inauguration on March 4 of 1861 several southern states had seceded from the Union leading the way to the inevitable conflict that would become Civil War.
In the book Giants: the Parallel Lives of Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln, professor Stauffer reveals the nature of their positions on ending slavery. Douglass saw the Civil War as an opportunity to end slavery and during the beginning stages of the war he chastised Lincoln for not embracing emancipation as a war aim. When in 1862 President Lincoln drafted the Emancipation Proclamation, which amounted to an executive order to end slavery in any territory that was in rebellion against the government, Douglass began to admire his political skill. On January 1, 1863 the Emancipation Proclamation was signed. Later that same year on November 19, President Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address. By that time Douglass applauded the president's resolve to lead the nation toward "a new birth of freedom."
Professor John Stauffer has authored eight books including The Black Hearts of Men: Radical Abolitionists and the Transformation of Race, which was published in 2001.
From November 10, 2010, until January 2, 2011, we will host the following exhibits about President Lincoln – Abraham Lincoln: A Man of His Time, a Man for All Times, on loan from the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, and Lincoln in Kansas, on loan from the Kansas State Historical Society.
On an annual basis we partner with the Brown Foundation to sponsor special events and public programs. For our 2010-2011 program series we selected the theme Commemorating our Nation's Struggle for Freedom: from Civil War to Civil Rights, which borrows from the upcoming national observance of the 150th anniversary of the Civil War. In 2011 the National Park Service will commemorate the sesquicentennial of America's Civil War using the theme "Civil War to Civil Rights." Planning is underway for educational initiatives, events, programs, exhibits and institutes that will focus on the period in our history that led to the conflict that would become Civil War. Additional focus will be placed on the historic continuum resulting in the modern Civil Rights Movement bolstered by the May 17, 1954 landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education.
For more information about the event with Dr. Stauffer or the special exhibits featuring Abraham Lincoln, please contact Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site at (785) 354-4273 or email by clicking here.
December 28, 2010
Cheryl Brown Henderson has decided to step down as Superintendent of Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site -- effective December 31 -- and return to her leadership role with the Brown Foundation for Educational Equity, Excellence and Research. National Park Service (NPS) Midwest Regional Director Ernest Quintana stated, "We wish her well and look forward to continuing our work together to ensure that the legacy of Brown v. Board of Education is never forgotten. The search for a new superintendent will begin immediately."
"It was an honor to serve as Superintendent of Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site. Sharing the stories of the people, places, and events that contributed to this landmark United States Supreme Court decision will continue to be my life's work," commented Brown Henderson. "I am stepping down to focus on working with those from Delaware, Kansas, Virginia, South Carolina, and Washington, D.C., who were part of Brown v. Board of Education and are still living, as well as the descendents of those who are deceased. With the passage of time it has become increasingly important to engage them in writing and lecturing about their lives in order to preserve the first person accounts of their unparalleled role in the history of our nation. The profound nature of what my family and all of the case participants represent, is a life affirming experience that will only come about once."
Brown Henderson added that working with Congress from 1990 to 1992, to develop a permanent commemorative site became a dream come true. Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site was established by Congress on October 26, 1992, and commemorates the 1954 landmark United States Supreme Court decision that ended legal segregation in public schools. The site, which was dedicated on May 17, 2004, and opened to the public, interprets the integral role of the Brown v. Board of Education case in the Civil Rights Movement from Reconstruction to the present day.


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[author: Michael A. Nesteroff]
The District of Columbia Court of Appeals decision in Coalition for Responsible Regulation v. EPA (PDF) rejecting all of the industry and state challenges to EPA's greenhouse gas emissions rules is an important milestone in U.S. climate change regulation, but certainly not the last word. In its 82-page opinion, a unanimous panel on June 26 denied all of the claims that sought to overturn the EPA's rules. The court concluded that EPA's foundational Endangerment Finding — that motor vehicle emissions of greenhouse gas emissions contribute to air pollution and is reasonably anticipated to endanger public health and welfare — and the resulting Tailpipe Rule regulating emissions from motor vehicles, are not arbitrary or capricious; that the EPA was "unambiguously correct" in interpreting the Clean Air Act governing provisions; and that none of the multitude of petitioners had standing to challenge the Timing/Tailoring Rules, which delay and raise the threshold for applicability to stationary facilities.
The court had some sharp words for the challenges, as the Washington Post put it:
In its remarks, the three-judge panel seemed to bristle at the opponents' argument that the EPA improperly relied on assessments of climate science by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the National Research Council and the U.S. Global Change Research Program to support its findings that greenhouse gases contribute to warming, posing a threat to human health.
This argument is little more than a semantic trick," the opinion said. "EPA did not delegate . . . any decision-making to any of those entities. EPA simply did here what it and other decision makers often must do to make a science-based judgment.
This is how science works. EPA is not required to re-prove the existence of the atom every time it approaches a scientific question," the court said.
Throughout the opinion, the court references not only the plain language of the Clean Air Act, but also emphasizes the important role played by the U.S. Supreme Court's 2007 decision in Massachusetts v. EPA in determining the outcomes. The court repeatedly cites to Massachusetts not only as the foundational support for EPA's initial determination to regulate greenhouse gases as an air pollutant under the Clean Air Act, but also in disposing of several challenges. For example, in rejecting the challengers claim that the EPA should have considered policy concerns in determining whether greenhouse gases endanger public health, the court cited Massachusetts for that decision's rejection of EPA's earlier attempt to inject policy considerations into its determination. Similarly, challenges to the Tailpipe Rule on the basis that EPA should have deferred to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration fuel-efficiency standards, the court referred to Massachusetts' rejection of a "near-identical" argument.
The losing states and industry groups already have said they will ask the U.S. Supreme Court to review the D.C. Circuit's decision, which raises the question whether the 5-4 majority that resulted in Massachusetts has survived the retirements of Justice John Paul Stevens, the author of Massachusetts, and of Justice David Souter. While they were replaced by Justices Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagen, with such a close majority and the difficult questions, particularly about standing, that were raised by the challengers in Coalition for Responsible Regulation, it remains to be seen how the current Supreme Court will deal with Massachusetts and its application in Coalition for Responsible Regulation. Moreover, its also likely that, in parallel with the legal efforts, opponents of EPA will redouble their efforts in Congress to roll back the agency's authority. The success or failure in that arena will depend on the outcome of the November elections.
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DISCLAIMER: Because of the generality of this update, the information provided herein may not be applicable in all situations and should not be acted upon without specific legal advice based on particular situations.
© Lane Powell PC - Environmental Law Blog
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well, no surprise here that we loved jlaw's look last night. lupita surprised us with the striking baby blue, but we really loved her ethereal look {& that headband… we see a trend coming}. olivia was stunning in her black gown, accessorized by her growing baby bump & glowing skin.
we were actually pretty impressed with most of the dresses last night… which was your favorite? {& do we think that jlaw "accidentally" trips on the reg or is she really that clumsy? discuss}
{don't forget to enter our giveaway with bellajenna… entries will be accepted until friday}
Tags: 2014 oscar fashion, giveaway with bellajenna, headbands on trend, jennifer lawrence oscars 2014, jennifer lawrence trips on red carpet, lupita nyong'o oscars 2014, olivia wilde oscars 2014, olivia wilde pregnant


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Salisbury, Md. – The Delmarva Shorebirds (21-28) were held to three hits as the Greensboro Grasshoppers took the series finale 5-2 at Arthur W. Perdue Stadium on Sunday evening.
Greensboro got on the board in the fourth inning. Matt Smith drilled a two out single into left-center field to score Ryan Goetz and Brent Keys. The Grasshoppers were aided by a throwing error on Nicky Delmonico earlier in the inning.
In the sixth inning, James Wooster hit a two-run homer to left-center field to increase the lead to 4-0.
Shorebirds starter Tim Berry lasted six innings and allowed just two earned runs. He struck out two and did not issue a walk.
The Shorebirds cut into the deficit in the sixth inning. With the bases loaded and two outs, Wynston Sawyer hit a pop up around the plate that Greensboro catcher Tony Caldwell dropped in fair territory, allowing Mikey Planeta and Jason Esposito to score.
Jesse Beal allowed one run in two innings of relief while Matt Bywater tossed a perfect ninth inning.
Greensboro reliever James Nygren earned the save over three scoreless innings. He did not allow a hit.
Glynn Davis went 2-for-4 with two walks.
The Shorebirds play the Hickory Crawdads in the series opener on Monday, May 28 at 5:05pm. RHP Parker Bridwell is the scheduled starter.


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Patagonia Better Sweater Vest for Men
Have tons of fun on your outdoor adventures using the Patagonia Better Sweater Vest for Men, to keep you warm and relaxed. The sweater knit face on this vest resembles wool, for a soft and snug feeling. The Patagonia sweater has a fleece interior that makes it warm with a delicate touch. This product has a durable full zip to trap heat inside. The zip through stand up collar keeps your neck protected from the elements. Thanks to the offset shoulder seams, this vest reduces rub and chaffing points. The vertical zippered pockets give you space, to take your valuables safely. This vest includes two handwarmers to keep your hands from getting cold. This vest is worn with layers or as outerwear. Have a great outing with the Patagonia Better Sweater Vest for Men.


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- Musician's Friend Best Selection, Price & Service. Guaranteed.
Call our Gear Heads
at: 800-449-9128
Call our Gear Heads
at: 800-449-9128
A pair of egg shakers that are colorful in style and sound.
RhythMix Egg Shakers from LP feature a capless design for quick, delicate and responsive shaker sounds. The eggs are constructed of durable, wipe-clean plastic and filled with non-toxic steel shot for players of all ages. Approved for ages 2 & up.
Order today!
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Comments about LP Rhythmix Plastic Egg Shakers (Pair):
What a great instrument for the kids as well as myself. Music is one of the spices of life.
Best Uses
Comments about LP Rhythmix Plastic Egg Shakers (Pair):
These fit right in your hand. Babies can hold them as well. Has a loud sound to be so tiny.
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Composting language that concerned some in Stephens County removed from bill
Composting language that concerned some in Stephens County removed from bill
TOCCOA — A legislative proposal that drew the attention of some Stephens County residents because of its reference to composting is headed to the governor's desk.
The bill, which deals with solid waste management as well as tire transportation, storage and disposal, passed the state House and Senate last week at the end of the legislative session.
The Concerned Citizens of Toccoa-Stephens County said they opposed the initial language of the bill because it could have established that composting did not need to be odor-free, controlled and stable. Members of the group said they were concerned about what such a change would have meant in relation to odors coming from the Wilbros composting facility in Stephens County.
All language referencing composting was removed from the bill that eventually passed the House and Senate.
State Rep. Dan Gasaway, a Homer Republican, voted against the original version of the proposal. He voted in favor of the amended version that removed all references to composting. State Sen. John Wilkinson, a Toccoa Republican, also voted for the amended version.
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5.0mp CMOS Digital Video Camcorder w/ 23X Optical Zoom/HDMI/AV/SD Slot (3.0" Touch Screen)
: Auto Daylight Cloudy Tungsten Fluorescent ISO: Auto 800 1600 3200 6400 Timer shooting: Off 1S 3S 5S Flashlight: Auto red-eye reduction Off white light 1 meter working range
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PORTWORLD ZY01 Multifunctional Outdoor Camera w/ LED Flashlight Shooting / MP3 / FM / Alarm - Silver
-capacity Li- Batteries Language No Other Features MP3 FM Alarm function Flashlight Can extend storage Outer ring; Multifunctional outdoor flashlight: Can be used to have HD
PORTWORLD ZY01 Multifunctional Outdoor Camera LED Flashlight w/ Shooting / MP3 / FM / Alarm - Black
5.0MP Dual Camera 3D/2D Video Camcorder w/ HDMI/AV-Out/USB/SD (3.2" LCD)
White balance: Auto Daylight Cloudy Tungsten Fluorescent Exposure compensation -2.0EV~+2.0EV Auto off: Off 1 minutes 5 minutes Flashlight: On Off white light 1 meter working
5.0MP CMOS Digital Video Camcorder w/ 8X Digital Zoom / SD / HDMI / AV-Out (2.7" TFT LCD)
640 x 480 Auto shooting: 5 sec 10sec Flashlight: Built-in 2 flashlights Microphone and speaker: Built-in AV-out: NTSC PAL Interface: HDMI + AV-out + mini USB + SD Power
HD-20Z 3.0" Touch Screen LCD 5.0 MP CMOS Digital Video Camcorder with 5X Optical Zoom/HDMI/TV-Out/SD
320x240 30fps LCD Display: 3.0" TFT touch LCD 16:9 Flashlight: Range: White Balance: Auto Daylight Cloudy Tungsten Fluorescent Exposure: -2.0EV - +2.0EV Self-timer: off 2
2.4" TFT LCD 5.0 Mega Pixel CMOS HDMI Digital Camcorder with TV-Out
SDHC MMC MMC2.0 Card Max. 32 GB SDHC
- File format: MP4 H.264 , WAV, JPEG
- Lens: Fixed Focus, 2 steps
- LCD display: 2.4" TFT LCD
- Flashlight Strobe
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My remote CentOS server is new and there's not a lot of usage on it so entropy is low. This is causing my java programs to lose connections (and increase execution time) when accessing Oracle 11G database on another Centos server.
I've read a lot about such problems, but I'm not experienced enough to piece together the solution. Here are some useful links:
http://serverfault.com/questions/298698 ... -new-mount
http://www.ghidinelli.com/2011/01/11/co ... kerservlet
http://www.usn-it.de/index.php/2009/02/ ... ool-empty/
How would I set up the server so that rngd feeds /dev/random with entropy from /dev/urandom, such that this modification sticks upon reboot (so I don't need to remember to execute some command line statement upon every reboot)?
I was thinking I could issue the following to try to increase entropy as a one-time deal:
# /etc/init.d/rngd start
# /etc/init.d/rngd -r /dev/urandom -o /dev/random -f -t 5
And if it helps, then make it stick upon server reboot by typing:
# /etc/init.d/rngd start
# /etc/init.d/rngd -r /dev/urandom -o /dev/random -t 5
But when I try to start rngd, it says:
# /etc/init.d/rngd start
Starting rngd: can't open entropy source(tpm or intel/amd rng)
Maybe RNG device modules are not loaded
This is really out of my comfort zone. Any help much appreciated!


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2014 School Board Candidate Forum
Join Champions For Learning (The Education Foundation), the Greater Naples Chamber of Commerce, and the Naples Daily News for the 2014 School Board Candidate Forum on Monday, August 11, 2014 from 6:45-8:30pm at the Naples Daily News Community Room, 1100 Immokalee Road, Naples, FL 34110. This is a moderated conversation-style forum, employing Connect Now conversation guidelines, that will provide an opportunity for the community to become better informed as they prepare to make their choices for School Board. Doors open at 6:30pm. Space is limited and pre-registration is required at www.ChampionsForLearning.org/Forum. You may also watch live video streaming of the Forum at www.NaplesNews.com.
Naples Daily News
1100 Immokalee Road, Naples, FL 34110


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UK Hit By Heavy Snow Fall
Parole chiave
Huntmaster Tim Coulson and Victoria Walton at the Lauderdale Hunt... Foto di attualitàCane,Composizione verticale,Estee Lauder Companies,Neve,Regno Unito,Scozia,Tempo atmosfericoPhotographer Jeff J MitchellCollection: Getty Images News 2013 Getty ImagesLAUDER, UNITED KINGDOM - JANUARY 21: Huntmaster Tim Coulson and Victoria Walton at the Lauderdale Hunt exercise the hounds in the snow at Scarce Law on January 21, 2012 in Lauder, Scotland. Widespread snowfall is affecting most of the UK with school closures and transport disruption. The Met Office has issued a red weather warning for parts of Wales, advising against all non-essential travel as up to 30cm of snow is expected to fall in some areas today. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images)


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Now showing items 31-50 of 81Next Page
|Marshallese canoes
|Marshall Islands
|Marshall Islands.
|Marshall Islands economic conditions
|Marshall Islands--Economic conditions.
|Natural History
|Natural history.
|Natural history--Solomon Islands--Periodicals.
|Navigation--Marshall Islands--History.
|Nuclear Free Pacific
|Nuclear Testing
|nuclear testing
|Oceania literature
|Ondobondo Poster Poems
|Pacific Circle
|Pacific Circle Bulletin
|Pacific Circle--Periodicals
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Now showing items 31-50 of 81Next Page


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Table Top Tripod
DESCRIPTIONThe Manfrotto 209 Table Top Tripod fits into any camera bag; ready to give quick support to a lightweight camera.
Warranty Manfrotto Photo Pro/Amateurs Products
This products is warranted to be fit for the purpose for which it has been designed, and to be free from defects in materials and workmanship. This guarantee does not cover the product against subsequent damage or misuse. The period of validity of the Standard Limited Warranty is defined by the law in force in the country, state or region where the product is sold. Please retain your receipt as proof of purchase to repair your product under warranty.
How to get an extra warranty coverage
Beyond the standard compulsory coverage outlined above, this product is eligible for a warranty extension valid up to 10 years from the date of purchase. The Limited Conventional Warranty Extension does not affect the standard compulsory coverage. To take advantage of the warranty extension scheme, you must register your purchase at warranty.manfrotto.com.
Attachment Number 3/8'' screw attachment type 3/8'' screw attachment type Color black color black color Leg Angles 75° 75° Working Height 5.12 in 13 cm Load Capacity 4.41 lbs 2 kg Minimum Height 1.77 in 4.5 cm Weight 0.21 lbs 0.094 kg
- Name File Size Date of Publication
- 209_19900115.pdf 0.03 MB 2014-11-05
- 209_20050510.pdf 0.03 MB 2014-11-05


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OSCAR-Calcs program
OSCAR-Calcs is a PC-based software package which addresses the most common date and arithmetic functions that arise during the course of a workers' compensation case.
Since its initial release in December, 2007, a number of comments and suggestions have been received from Judges of Compensation as well as members of the workers' compensation bar.
OSCAR-Calcs 2015 incorporates the 2015 minimum and maximum rate changes.
Important: You should download and print the "OSCAR-Calcs Installation Reference" below, prior to downloading the full software version.
OSCAR-Calcs – Installation Reference .pdf (404 Kb)
If you wish to be kept informed of updates to this software, please send a blank email to email@example.com with the subject "OSCAR-CALCS". We will record your email address and notify you of any updates, revisions, etc.


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Lynch, Kathleen
Thursday, 21 January 2010
Dáil Eireann Debate
Order of Business.
It is quite difficult to hear the Tánaiste's replies. We have no idea of the last answer.
Mental capacity is an entirely separate issue.
Other Questions - Flood Response Reports.
Asked the minister: the local authorities that furnished the requested reports by the suggested date in view of circular letter MEM 01-09 seeking flood response information; the local authorities that failed to do so; a...
Written Answers - Health Services.
Asked the minister: the waiting time for assessment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the Cork area; and if she will make a statement on the matter.
|Last Updated: 15/12/2010 14:55:31
|Page of 283


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The Whitby Jet Heritage Centre is located at the end of Church Street in Whitby and is run by myself Hal Redvers-Jones. In addition to producing fine hand crafted jet jewellery I am also proud to host the last remaining example of an authentic Victorian Jet Workshop.
The attached photographs feature the late Alec MacKenzie, who sadly passed in his sleep on April 1st 2010. He was and still remains a much loved and respected inspiration to myself and my pursuit of the 19th Century art of Whitby Jet carving. Alec had an abiding passion for Whitby and in particular the famous gemstone that is found in the surrounding area. He originally worked for the ICI Company in Teeside but later took early retirement to develop his growing interest in the carving of Jet jewellery. Alec's interest first started when he took a night school course in geology. Naturally, the geological formation of Whitby Jet was an integral part of this course and it was not long before Alec decided to have a go at carving some pieces. Little did he know this was to open up a whole new chapter to his life.
During Alec's early days he was fortunate to have the opportunity to speak to one of the last apprenticed Jet workers, a man named Watson Whales. Watson had been engaged in the Jet industry during the 1920's to 1940's when it was only a shadow of its former glorious past in the mid 19th century but never the less he was an accomplished carver and possessed many pieces that illustrated his high degree of competence. Alec keenly presented some of his early work for evaluation. The comment that this dour but talented Yorkshire craftsman made was that "this work is typical of the type that is currently available in the Whitby gift shops"! Watson, quite clearly, bitterly regretted the demise of the industry and this was his not so thinly disguised opinion of the standards that were evident at this time. Not disheartened, Alec continued to carve Jet and some twenty-two years later he earned the reputation of a fine craftsman and was a well-known and respected figure in town.
Alec spent many days scouring the beaches for his elusive raw material followed by many happy hours in his workshop. Although Alec's beachcombing was severely curtailed in later years by arthritic knees, this did not diminished his enthusiasm for his beloved Jet and he always sought new ways to develop his skills. Alec's other interests included listening to music with a particular fondness for Mozart. He also had an interest in Egyptology and would have dearly loved to revisit Giza where he saw the pyramids and the Sphinx whilst completing his National Service. He would have also loved to explore the Valley of the Kings in greater depth. Alec was one of those fortunate souls who found his forte in life and indulged it. It is curiously ironic that the family motto for the Mackenzie name is Luceo non uro - I shine not burn.
I myself have had a convoluted route to the present position as proprietor of the Whitby Jet Heritage Centre. My early education gave me a background in Fine Arts and my career has consisted of various design related businesses. However, there was always an underlying fascination for the skills involved in creating small beautiful items; netsuke, Faberge eggs, carved gems and such like. These small wonders served to inspire and encourage me to acquire jewellery skills in a private capacity but it was a chance meeting with Alec at a watershed in my life that sowed the idea for a new endeavour.
Having removed to Whitby and from very small beginnings we worked long and hard to build up a Whitby Jet jewellery business. We worked very well together, each complementing the others individual skills. As well as producing a range of contemporary jewellery we introduced many lines that paid homage to the carving styles of the mid 19thC. We also offered a restoration service and before long we managed to build a thriving business with a loyal clientele. A major breakthrough came when I was able to purchase premises of our own that included the incredible discovery of an 1867 Victorian workshop. This gave us a base in town were we could expand the retail section of the business and develop new ways of presenting Whitby Jet while still incorporating the traditional methods of manufacture and design.
However, as contemporary craftsmen we were always keen to embrace new technologies. One of the major new developments in technology has been the Internet and this web site has been created in response to inquiries both national and international. It marks an exciting new direction for us, which gives a small independent manufacturer a global presence. Whitby Jet is an exclusive and beautiful gemstone with a lengthy cultural heritage and I am pleased that I am now able to offer my collection of goods and services to a wider market. I would welcome any comments from customers old and new who will be assured of my very best attention.


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Location Address: FTI Bldg., Lot 52, DBP Avenue, FTI Compound, Eastern Bicutan, Taguig City, Metro Manila Contact Telephone Number: 828-3009 556-3822 556-3686
Fax Number: 828-3008
Officer in Charge: Branch Head: Fe Marie Fernandez-Geraldo
Email Address: email@example.com
To see the list of all SSS branches, International and Local, click here.
Social Security System (SSS Head Office)
SSS Main Bldg, East Ave., Diliman, Q.C.
Trunkline: 920-6401
MRD Email Address: email@example.com
For membership information, you may call SSS IVRS at 917-7777 or call 920-6446 to 55 to speak to an SSS representative from 8:00 am to 5pm, Mondays to Fridays.
Learn more about SSS loans, benefits, membership information, auto debit arrangement. And, see the updated list of SSS branches, please visit the official SSS branches at https://www.sss.gov.ph


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SportsNation Blog Archives Peyton Manning
Vote: Peyton Manning greatest QB ever?
Peyton Manning the greatest ever?
Peyton Manning added another record to his resume Sunday, passing Brett Favre for most touchdown passes of all time. Manning ended the night with 510, two more than Favre's 508. Is Manning the greatest QB ever? Will he ever win a second Super Bowl?
Vote: Your 2014 NFL predictions?
Your 2014 NFL predictions?
The 2014 NFL season kicks off Thursday night, with the Super Bowl-winning Seattle Seahawks hosting the Green Bay Packers in the first of what should be many intriguing games in this wide-open league. What will happen this year? Read our experts' NFL preview, then cast your votes below!
More: Predict: Over/unders | Your Power Rankings? | Rank: #NFLRank top 20
Which comebacks were more impressive?July 3, 2014Jul3
In the June 26 issue of ESPN The Magazine, the discussion surrounded comebacks. How do the comebacks of some of the biggest names in sports stack up? Let's take a look.
Which comeback was greater, Jordan's first or his second?
Whatever your metric of choice, it's clear: Early Jordan (1984-93) trumped Middle Jordan (1995-98). Early MJ got to the line more (.385 FT rate vs. .346), was a more efficient scorer and had more steals and blocks. Counter to the notion that he came to trust his teammates as he aged, Early MJ even had more assists (a career-high 8.0/game came in 1988-89) than Middle MJ did. Which is all to say: MJ was slightly worse during his first comeback than the greatest player of all time. -- Kevin Pelton, ESPN Insider
Jordan's second comeback, in 2001, was unprecedented. No perimeter player in NBA history has scored more points at ages 38 and 39 than MJ. (And not for nothing, only Kevin Durant played more minutes this season than the 39-year-old Jordan did in 2002-03.) The Wizards had just 19 wins in 2000-01, before His Airness arrived; they had 37 victories in each of his two seasons. But don't trust us -- trust metrics: The Wiz were three points better per 100 possessions with Jordan creaking and crawling down the floor. -- Bradford Doolittle, ESPN Insider
Did Peyton Manning hurt his legacy?February 2, 2014Feb2AP Photo/Matt Slocum
Did Peyton Manning hurt legacy?
Peyton Manning completed a Super Bowl-record 34 passes on Sunday against the Seattle Seahawks, but that's pretty much where the positives ended for the legendary quarterback in Super Bowl XLVIII. Because despite those passes and Manning's 280 yards, his Denver Broncos were routed 43-8 at MetLife Stadium. Manning carries something of a poor reputation in big games, and it's impossible to say this game reversed it. Was it his fault? Did the blowout damage his legacy?
More: Dynasty starting? | Your grades | Commercials? | Rank: Champs | Rank: QBs
Rank 'Em: Best quarterbacks of all timeFebruary 2, 2014Feb2Kevin C. Cox/Getty ImagesDoes Peyton Manning's sub-par Super Bowl XLVIII affect his all-time ranking?