text:
- Psychologie Magazine Improve your powers of persuasion with Psychologie Magazine's workbook, which is packed with my illustrations. 2015 Drawing, Illustration
- RADAR+ Health myths for RADAR+ 2015 Drawing, Illustration, Print Design
- Psychologie Magazine Psychologie Magazine's readers write about turning-points 2015 Drawing, Illustration
- Kek Mama Managing money and marriage, for Kek Mama 2015 Drawing, Illustration
- Christmas cards My christmas cards, with matching stamps! 2015 Drawing, Illustration, Print Design
- Beeldend dagboek Muzzle 2015 Drawing, Illustration
- Beeldend dagboek Grabbing Hands, drawings and etching 2015 Drawing, Illustration
- Kleine muziekgeschiedenis Heroes from the past 2015 Drawing, Illustration
- Morocco Morocco 2015 Drawing, Illustration
- Beeldend dagboek hart/hoofd 2015 Drawing, Illustration
- Hoe overleef ik... Girls talking about making a difference, in Hoe overleef ik... 2015 Drawing, Illustration
- Morocco Taxi's in Sidi Kaouki 2015 Drawing, Illustration
- Berlin! Berlin's highlights on a 50x70 cm poster 2015 Drawing, Illustration, Print Design
- Heijmans These illustrations for Heijmans' magazine Hé each represent one of their core values; inventive, cooperate and professional. 2014 Drawing, Illustration
- Psychologie Magazine Illustrations for a workbook that helps you develop a more calm lifestyle 2014 Drawing, Illustration
- Beeldend dagboek Antwerp 2015 Drawing, Illustration
- Leine Birth announcement card 2014 Drawing, Illustration
- Untitled Just testing my new paint. 2012 Drawing, Illustration, Painting
- Heijmans Editorial illustrations for Heijmans' corporate blog _overruimte 2014 Drawing, Illustration
Ymere werkt
Eerst kiezen, dan koersen
Editorial illustrations for Ymere werkt via Overhaus 2014 Drawing, Illustration, Typography
Simons & Zwarts Familierecht
Simons & Zwarts Familierecht asked me to design these two cards. People who are divorcing can use them to break the news.
I loved working on this commission because of the huge amount of freedom I got and the personal and sensitive subject. 2012 Drawing, Illustration, Print Design
- de Ruimte ontwerpers A few of my illustrations for 99gram.nl, a website about about food, weight and appearance. Via de Ruimte ontwerpers. 2011 Illustration, Drawing
- Psychologie Magazine Train your brain by taking it for a walk, in Psychologie Magazine. 2015 Drawing, Illustration
Psychologie Magazine
Denkende darmen
Illustrations about how our intestines are a lot like brains. For the Psychologie Magazine June 2012 issue. Published with consent. 2012 Drawing, Illustration
De Volkskrant
Drama van kleine zielen
This illustration on the cover of V goes with an article about how politicians are portrayed in Dutch media. 2011 Illustration, Drawing, Editorial Design
- De vier seizoenen Editorial illustrations about how people see and make choices concerning their work, in different phases of their lives. 2011 Drawing, Illustration, Visual Arts
- Notebooks Handmade notebooks. Illustrations on the cover and a few of them inside the booklets. 2012 Drawing, Illustration
De Volskrant
Ver weg en toch dichtbij
These illustrations for De Volkskrant go with an article about children interested in WWII. 2011 Drawing, Illustration, Photo Illustration
Sketchbook project 2012
Part of my contribution to The Sketchbook Project 2012.
The 2012 Sketchbook Project World Tour kicks off April 14th at the Brooklyn Art Library, featuring thousands of sketchbooks contributed by artists from 102 countries! Over the course of 2012, the Sketchbook Project Tour will visit 14 cities in four countries. 2012 Drawing, Illustration
Ziek van digi-tijd
Editorial illustrations for Viva, about being addicted to social media. 2011 Illustration

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Why the U.S. Owns the Rise of Islamic State and the Syria Disaster
Climate Change Tipping Points and the Question of Civilizational Survival
VIDEO: Trevor Noah on Ben Carson's Genius Plans to Deal With Mass Shootings
A Poet Captures the Devastation of the Syrian War
What Is Russia's Strategy in Syria and Why Does Egypt Approve?
By Mark Heisler $6.00
Although some in Congress applauded Defense Secretary Robert Gates' announcement that the Obama administration would be whittling down the defense budget for 2010, suffice it to say that not everyone is thrilled by this development—especially those whose districts will be directly impacted by the cuts.
AP photo / Pablo Martinez Monsivais
I do so want to believe that Barack Obama is on the right track. His brain is big, his style fresh, his pronouncements both logical and compelling, and it does feel good to have a president-elect elicit universal respect rather than make the world cringe.
Flickr/John Edwards 2008
This is the story of how Jackson Browne's 30-year-old song "Running on Empty" became the unlikely catalyst for the singer's lawsuit against Sen. John McCain—and what Yoko Ono has to do with McCain's response.
After weeks of deliberation about former Democrat-turned-independent Sen. Joe Lieberman, congressional leaders from his former party came to some conclusions Tuesday about his political future.
Huh! So Sarah Palin's White House bid didn't pan out, but the story of her two-month sprint to Election Day with John McCain will likely translate into big bucks from an eager publishing house. But what should Palin's tome be called?
AP photo / Shakh Aivazov
So, Vladimir Putin was right: It was Georgia that started the war with Russia, and once again it was President Bush who got caught in a lie. No surprise, but it is a reminder of just how eager some are for a new Cold War and how indifferent they are to the truth of the matter. Updated
Robert Greenwald's Brave New Films is making the case that, as the title of its "Lieberman Must Go" video clip suggests, Sen. Joe Lieberman should be taken down a few big notches by the Democratic Party for his actions and assertions during the presidential campaign.
Fox News' Greta von Susteren spends a good portion of the first part of her lengthy interview with Sarah Palin asking about the clothes Palin and her family wore on the campaign trail, but the Alaska governor also addresses several other rumors and "oddities" that circulated before the election.
The U.S. presidential election was watched with interest, of course, by Israelis, some of whom favored John McCain because they believed he would have been a better "friend of Israel" than Barack Obama will be. Haaretz columnist Gideon Levy wonders if there aren't some problems with this idea.
Which U.S. presidential candidate did Iranians hope would win? Do Palestinians think President-elect Barack Obama will understand the needs and challenges of their region better than President Bush has?
AP photo / Susan Walsh
All right, so we're being a bit facetious with the headline here, but seriously, Sen. Joe Lieberman's future vis-à-vis his former base at the Democratic Party is a tad uncertain at this time, to say the least.
Sarah Palin didn't endear herself to everyone in the McCain campaign, from the look of this Fox News report on Wednesday. Stories about Palin sourced to campaign staffers are a bit on the, um, career-demolishing side, let's say.
AP photo / Morry Gash
It's time to gush! Later for the analysis of all the hard choices faced by our next president, Barack Obama, but for now, let's just thrill, unabashedly, to the sound of those words.
Flickr / BohPhoto
All 21 eligible voters in Dixville Notch, N.H., became the first in the nation to vote at the polls just after midnight Monday, following a time-honored tradition, and the win went to Barack Obama with 15 votes over John McCain's six.
Regardless of whether or not Obama's your man on Tuesday, this message from his campaign serves as a useful—and humorous—reminder that this election isn't over until it's over.
Just how did we get the Christian right we have today? In his truly scary documentary "Silhouette City," director Michael W. Wilson takes a close look at the key figures and ideologies that played some part in forming the apocalyptic mass movement that's looking to influence American politics and culture.
Time to relive the magic that was the 2008 presidential campaign—one big, outrageous prevarication at a time. FactCheck.org delivers the "Whoppers of 2008," courtesy of both Team McCain and Obama HQ.
This weekend brought yet another startling installment from the Sarah Palin School of International Relations, in which she talks about "needing to really shore up the strategies that we need over in Iraq and Iran to win these wars" during the first 100 days of her time in the White House with John McCain.
Wow. The Huffington Post rounded up all these new attacks on Barack Obama by the McCain campaign and various GOP operatives—but before reading them, be warned: Prolonged exposure to some of these messages (e.g. voting for Obama might lead to a "tragic outcome" for Jewish people) made us want to take a shower.
AP photo / Evan Vucci
During a campaign stop in Pueblo, Colo., on Saturday, Barack Obama used the news that Vice President Dick Cheney had endorsed John McCain for president to further link McCain and the Bush administration. In retaliation, McCain campaign spokesman Tucker Bounds attempted to link Obama with Cheney. Hot potato!
Arianna Huffington was back on "Left, Right & Center" to have her say, along with Tony Blankley, Matt Miller and Truthdig's own Robert Scheer, about the economy and the presidential and vice presidential candidates on the show's last episode before the election.
Composite: Flickr: realjameso16/marcn/jeff kubina
Neither McCain nor Obama would alter the prevailing jurisprudence in the Supreme Court or in subordinate tribunals. The unfortunate result will be a judiciary that is deferential to presidential powers and law enforcement in the name of fighting international terrorism.
AP photo / Kiichiro Sato
California Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger put aside his appeals to post-partisan politics on Friday in favor of taking up John McCain's party line during a campaign rally for McCain in Columbus, Ohio.
Composite: wikimedia/grangercollegeadvising.com
Polling mania continues! So, Thursday brought word of two newly hatched polls—one by The New York Times/CBS News and the other by Fox News—and their results are strikingly different. What whimsy!
Ashley Todd, the 20-year-old McCain campaign volunteer who admitted that she had made up her story about being mugged by a 6' 4" black man who carved a "B" into her face on Oct. 22, has been released from jail under the condition that she undergo psychiatric treatment.
My goodness, those CNN anchors are getting feisty in these final days of the election season! Take Rick Sanchez here, who doesn't give McCain aide Michael Goldfarb an inch when it comes to his claims about Obama's alleged anti-Semite acquaintances.
After so many years on television, David Letterman knows a headline-worthy quote when he hears one, and he clearly thinks Alec Baldwin's nickname for Sarah Palin, "Bible Spice," makes the cut in this clip from Wednesday night's "Late Show."
Next Tuesday, don't be shocked if the Republicans roll out their familiar tactics of intimidating Democratic voters, challenging their eligibility and subjecting them to long lines at polling places. If the election is close, these shady maneuvers might pay off.
AP photo / Gene J. Puskar
Let me now defend white males. We can't possibly be as dumb as the polls showing we are John McCain's most reliable voting base would indicate.
"You really do hate America!" This was the parting shot from a man I had just debated on a television show shortly before the invasion of Iraq. Because he's a notorious right-wing blowhard, I laughed it off as the raving of a crackpot in extremis.
If there's one state that most everyone would consider in the bank for Barack Obama, it might well be California—any more to the left and the state would be afloat in the Pacific (thus fulfilling the fantasies of many). So why are the early voting returns telling a different story?
John McCain's supporters are plenty scared that a secret terrorist-loving Muslim could take over the White House. Meanwhile, Barack Obama's supporters think there's nothing scarier than Sarah Palin. At last, fear has brought both sides together.
AP photo / Carolyn Kaster
October proved to be the cruelest month, for that was the time that Sen. McCain, he of the round, blank, Little Orphan Annie eyes, chose to try out a number of weird lies about Barack Obama ostensibly in the interest of a Republican Party long overdue for burial.
In a move that might suggest that Sarah Palin's performance on the campaign trail has not been universally well received in her home state, the Anchorage Daily News, Alaska's largest newspaper, came out in favor of Barack Obama on Sunday.
AP photo / Nati Harnik
Is Sarah Palin's recent drop in popularity due to the laws of political gravity, or are McCain-Palin campaign advisers to blame? Whatever the reason, Palin is said to be growing frustrated with certain aides and taking her own direction in her latest speeches, with her eye on the White House ... in 2012.
AP photo / Madalyn Ruggiero
Life took an unexpected turn for Joe Wurzelbacher, or "Joe the Plumber," when he became a kind of human talking point for John McCain and Barack Obama during their last debate, and now Wurzelbacher has apparently taken a shine to politics.
This news isn't going to make certain members of the Republican Party like the Gray Lady any more than they already do, which is not at all: The New York Times' editorial board has officially endorsed Barack Obama for president.
AP photo / Charles Dharapak
A study by the Project for Excellence in Journalism has found that media coverage of Republican presidential candidate John McCain has been over three times as negative as coverage of his Democratic rival, Barack Obama, since the two parties held their conventions.
AP photo / Matt Rourke
Did the Republican National Committee splash out a staggering $150,000 since early September to get Sarah Palin all spiffed up for the campaign trail? And if she and John McCain don't win the election, does Palin get to keep all those versatile and stylish career separates? Updated
What struck me during my week in Appalachian Ohio was how different this was from the America of the McCain-Palin campaign, a divided place where the Republicans pit one part of the country against another with vicious robocalls at the dinner hour.
Who knew that "community organizing" and "ACORN" would become two of the most mischaracterized and maligned terms during this election season? Well, as a few key members point out in this must-see clip from Brave New Films, ACORN had some idea this might be coming.
The New York Times' conservative stalwart William Kristol should receive some kind of award for being wrong with such baffling consistency while still retaining his job. Not only has he been credited (if that's the right word) with steering John McCain toward picking Sarah Palin and waving his proverbial pompoms for the Iraq invasion, but he has just let fly with another doozy in his latest column.
Following his paradigm-shifting endorsement of Barack Obama on Sunday's "Meet the Press," which also inevitably represented a slap to the Bush administration he once served, Colin Powell's announcement has (thus far) been met with resounding silence from his former White House colleagues.
Collage: AP photo / Mary Altaffer, acorn.org
Not a moment too soon, here's FactCheck.org's assessment of the recent hullabaloo over ACORN, the beleaguered community organization that has been yanked into the epicenter of the election battle since Team McCain seized upon it as a Campaign Talking Point™.
So much of politics has to do with timing. Why, mere weeks ago it seemed as if the McCain campaign might pull off a wild-card win, riding high on the excitement generated when Sarah Palin burst onto the scene, ready for her close-up. Or was she?
This week's Mosaic Intelligence Reports investigates John "Drill, Baby, Drill!" McCain's claims about "good" and "bad" oil, energy independence and whether he played a little fast and loose with the oil talk during the final presidential debate,
AP photo / Jeff Roberson
Barack Obama drew the largest crowd of his presidential campaign, 100,000 people, on Saturday at a rally in St. Louis. The Illinois senator had been behind in the race in Missouri until very recently.
By way of a response to the McCain camp's claims about Barack Obama's ties to ACORN, Obama's campaign has put in a request to Attorney General Michael Mukasey to "turn over any investigations of voter fraud or voter suppression to Special Prosecutor Nora Dannehy, the same special prosecutor recently appointed to investigate the U.S. attorney firing scandal," according to CNN.
When Sen. John McCain finally appeared on "Late Night" on Thursday, David Letterman didn't let him forget that he had stood Letterman up last month. Later, McCain joked, "I haven't had so much fun since my last interrogation."
After enduring many grueling weeks of campaigning and three tense debates, John McCain and Barack Obama turned up in tuxes for Thursday night's Alfred E. Smith Memorial Foundation Dinner at the Waldorf-Astoria in New York to cut loose and try out some lighter material on a crowd ready to laugh, and they laughed as well—at themselves and (especially) at each other.
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text:
Prediction of Pain in Total Knee Arthroplasty
- Full Text View
- Tabular View
- No Study Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
In this consecutive, prospective cohort study trial the investigators evaluate if preoperative pain response upon heat stimulation is predictive for acute and subacute postoperative pain after total knee arthroplasty.
Pain, Postoperative
Procedure: Preoperative heat stimulation
|Study Type:
|Study Design:
|Observational Model: Cohort
Time Perspective: Prospective
|Official Title:
|Is Preoperative Pain Response Upon Tonic Heat Stimulation Predictive for Pain After Total Knee Arthroplasty?
- Cumulated pain (from 0-24 hours after surgery) [ Time Frame: 24 hours ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]Pain during walk 5 m (VAS)
- Cumulated pain (from day 1 to day 7 after surgery) [ Time Frame: 7 days ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
- Pain at day 14 after surgery [ Time Frame: 14 days ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
- Pain at day 30 after surgery [ Time Frame: 30 days ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
Biospecimen Retention: Samples With DNA
|Study Start Date:
|August 2010
|Study Completion Date:
|September 2011
|Primary Completion Date:
|September 2011 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)
|Assigned Interventions
|Patiens operated with TKA
Procedure: Preoperative heat stimulation
Preoperative short and long tonic heat stimulation
Detailed Description:
The preoperative heat stimulation consists of short and long tonic heat stimulation. Pain response is evaluated with an electronic visual analog scale.
Furthermore the investigators evaluate other factors possibly predictable for acute and subacute postoperative pain after total knee arthroplasty - demographic factors, preoperative pain related factors, psychosocial factors (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Pain Catastrophizing Scale).
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|18 Years and older
|Genders Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
|Sampling Method:
|Probability Sample
Patients operated with total knee arthroplasty (TKA)
Inclusion Criteria:
- Ethnic danes, above 18 years and able to give informed consent scheduled for primary, unilateral total knee arthroplasty.
Exclusion Criteria:
- Bilateral / revision arthroplasty
- Disease affection central or peripheral nerve function
- Alcohol and medical abuse
- Daily use of opioids or glucocorticoids
- Malignancy
- Depression
- Dementia or other cognitive dysfunction
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01179204
|Hvidovre University Hospital
|Copenhagen, Hvidovre, Denmark, 2650
|Principal Investigator:
|Troels H. Lunn, M.D
|Hvidovre University Hospital
No publications provided
|Responsible Party:
|Troels Haxholdt Lunn, MD, Hvidovre University Hospital
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT01179204 History of Changes
|Other Study ID Numbers:
|Study First Received:
|August 9, 2010
|Last Updated:
|September 25, 2012
|Health Authority:
|Denmark: Ethics Committee
Denmark: Danish Dataprotection Agency
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Pain, Postoperative
Pathologic Processes
Postoperative Complications
Signs and Symptoms
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on October 02, 2015


text:
Papal condolences for Ugandan bomb victims
Catholic World News - July 15, 2010
Pope Benedict has expressed his condolences following two bomb explosions in Kampala that left 74 dead. Somali terrorists linked to Al-Qaeda have claimed responsibility.
"We are all deeply saddened by this senseless act of violence and we strongly condemn the act that indiscriminately killed and injured innocent people," added Archbishop Cyprian Lwanga of Kampala. "This barbaric act reveals the evil and ugly nature of the perpetrators who do not value the sanctity of human life."
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text:
Lynn Krawczyk shares a variety of innovative Thermofax® screen printing techniques in her article, "Experiments with Thermofax Printing," on page 26 of the December 2010/January 2011 issue of Quilting Arts. Here are some of her fabrics, from left to right:
Don't miss even more techniques from Lynn, coming in the next issue of Quilting Arts (February/March 2011).
© 2015 F+W All rights reserved.Use of this site signifies your agreement to the Terms and Privacy Policy, updated March 2007


text:
Middle School Exams, Dinner Social, & Promotion
Middle School Exams, Dinner Social, & Promotion
# Middle School Exams begin Thursday, June 2.
# The Middle School Dinner Social is on Friday, May 13.
# 8th Grade Promotion & 8th Grade Dance is on June 8.
READ MORE for detailed information on each of these events.
The Middle School exam schedule is as follows:
Thursday, June 2 Math
Friday, June 3 English
Monday, June 6 Geography/History
Tuesday, June 7 Science Exam (8 - 9:30 a.m.)
Tuesday, June 7 Break - Bring a snack (9:35 – 9:55 a.m.)
Tuesday, June 7 Foreign Language for 7th & 8th Grade (10 – 11:30 a.m.)
Tuesday, June 7 Algebra Readiness Test for 6th Grade (10 – 11:30 a.m.)
Tuesday, June 7 Promotion Rehearsal for 8th Grade (11:30 a.m. – 12 p.m.)
Wed, June 8 Eighth Grade Promotion
* All exams will begin at 8:00 a.m.
* Students are required to remain in their exam for one hour, but have one and a half hours to complete each exam.
* Two exceptions are Geometry and Algebra, for which students are required to stay for one and a half hours, but have two and a half hours to complete the exam.
* All school rules, including dress code, are in effect during exam days.
On Tuesday, June 7 students will take two exams, Science and Foreign Language. Sixth graders will take the Algebra Readiness Test, as they are not required to take a Foreign Language exam. Students should bring a healthy snack for the twenty-minute break time. Students must leave campus promptly after each exam, however eighth graders are required to stay until 12:00 p.m. on Tuesday, June 7 to practice for the Promotion Ceremony.
The Middle School Dinner Social will be held Friday, May 13 in the Bauer Dining Hall from 7-9p. All sixth, seventh, and eighth graders are invited. A buffet dinner will be served at 7p with music and dancing to follow. Admission to the dance is $5.00. We ask that students sign up with Mrs. Limon prior to May 1, so we can have an accurate head count for meal planning.
The theme for this year is "Graffiti Bash" and the attire will be dressy casual. Shorts or pants are acceptable. Please be aware that all School rules are in effect during a social, as stated on page 20 of the Severn School Handbook. This includes dress code rules that involve short skirts, short shorts, cropped tops, tank tops, low-cut, strapless, or spaghetti strap shirts or dresses. As with all Middle School social events, dating is not allowed.
10:00 a.m. on Wednesday, June 8. Eighth graders must arrive at the Price Auditorium at 9:30 a.m. Seating in the front sections will be reserved for students and teachers. Sixth and Seventh graders are invited, but are not required to attend. Eighth grade boys should wear slacks, a tie, a collared shirt, and a blazer with their normal school shoes (clean sneakers are acceptable). Girls should wear dresses, or blouses with skirts, or pants. Clothing must be of modest cut and length, suitable for church or temple.
The night of the Promotion Ceremony, there will be a dance in the Bauer Dining Hall for the eighth graders from 7:30 p.m. until 9:00 p.m. Dress is casual and there is no charge to the students.


text:
16 U.S. Code § 551c - Planning for fire protection
(a) Volunteer firefighters
The Secretaries of Agriculture and the Interior shall annually offer training programs to certify volunteers for suppressing forest fires on National Forest System lands, National Park System lands and Bureau of Land Management public lands in the event that the appropriate Secretary determines that such volunteers are needed. In carrying out this subsection, the Secretaries should utilize existing authorities to train volunteer firefighters for use in fire emergencies. The Secretaries should assess the capabilities of educational institutions and other public and private organizations to provide such training programs.
(b) "Educational institutions" defined
For the purposes of this section, the term "educational institutions" shall include institutions established pursuant to the Act of July 2, 1862 (7 U.S.C. 301 et seq., commonly known as the "Morrill Act"), or the Act of August 30, 1890 (7 U.S.C. 321 et seq., commonly known as the "Second Morrill Act").
(c) Mobilization of local equipment
Not later than one year after May 9, 1990—
(1) the Secretary of Agriculture shall submit to the Congress information with respect to regions of the National Forest System, and
(2) the Secretary of the Interior shall submit to the Congress information with respect to the Bureau of Land Management public lands on a State-by-State basis and each region of the National Park System
that documents mobilization plans that provide for the use of firefighting equipment in cases of fire emergencies that may occur in each such area that may be highly prone to disastrous forest fires.
(d) Presuppression needs
Not later than one year after May 9, 1990, information from the Secretary of Agriculture on presuppression needs for each region of the National Forest System and information from the Secretary of the Interior on the presuppression needs for each region of the National Park System and for each State unit of the Bureau of Land Management shall be submitted to Congress. These reports shall include needs, including an estimate of the funds required, for fire prevention, fuel reduction, training and seasonal fire crews.
Source(Pub. L. 101–286, title II, § 203,May 9, 1990, 104 Stat. 175.)
References in Text
Act of July 2, 1862, referred to in subsec. (b), is act July 2, 1862, ch. 130, 12 Stat. 503, as amended, popularly known as the Morrill Act and also as the First Morrill Act, which is classified generally to subchapter I (§ 301 et seq.) of chapter 13 of Title 7, Agriculture. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 301 of Title 7 and Tables.
Act of August 30, 1890, referred to in subsec. (b), is act Aug. 30, 1890, ch. 841, 26 Stat. 417, as amended, popularly known as the Agricultural College Act of 1890 and also as the Second Morrill Act, which is classified generally to subchapter II (§ 321 et seq.) of chapter 13 of Title 7. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 321 of Title 7 and Tables.
Forest Service Large Airtanker and Aerial Asset Firefighting Recapitalization Pilot Program
Pub. L. 113–79, title VIII, § 8305,Feb. 7, 2014, 128 Stat. 925, provided that:
"(a) In General.—Subject to the availability of appropriations, the Secretary [of Agriculture], acting through the Chief of the Forest Service, may establish a large airtanker and aerial asset lease program in accordance with this section.
"(b) Aircraft Requirements.—In carrying out the program described in subsection (a), the Secretary may enter into a multiyear lease contract for up to 5 aircraft that meet the criteria—
"(1) described in the Forest Service document entitled 'Large Airtanker Modernization Strategy' and dated February 10, 2012, for large airtankers; and
"(2) determined by the Secretary, for other aerial assets.
"(c) Lease Terms.—The term of any individual lease agreement into which the Secretary enters under this section shall be—
"(1) up to 5 years, inclusive of any options to renew or extend the initial lease term; and
"(d) Prohibition.—No lease entered into under this section shall provide for the purchase of the aircraft by, or the transfer of ownership to, the Forest Service."
Forest Firefighting Planning and Cooperation; Findings
Pub. L. 101–286, title II, § 201,May 9, 1990, 104 Stat. 174, provided that: "The Congress finds that—
"(1) it is in the best interest of the Nation to take swift action to rehabilitate burned forests, and an assessment of the situation is necessary to accomplish this; and
"(2) volunteers should be trained to assist where possible."
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


text:
The pope and his associates repeated on various occasions this same justification for not speaking out. In February, 1941, for example, the pope again commented that silence was "unhappily imposed on him." (Blet, 64) This was no mere excuse. At the Nuremberg Trials of Nazi war criminals after the war, Field Marshal Albert Kesselring testified that Pius XII no doubt did not protest "because he told himself quite rightly: 'If I protest, Hitler will be driven to madness; not only will that not help the Jews, but we must expect that they will then be killed all the more." (Rychlak, 261)
Similarly, Dr. Marcus Melchoir, the Chief Rabbi of Denmark, who was himself rescued with his entire community by unpublicized efforts, expressed the same opinion after the war: "I believe it is an error to think that Pius XII could have had any influence whatever on the brain of a madman. If the pope had spoken out, Hitler would probably have massacred more than six million Jews and perhaps ten times the number of Catholics." (McInerny, 140)
The best known case of how publicly challenging the Nazis in occupied Europe could indeed make things worse is that of the Dutch bishops. Their public protest in July, 1942, against the persecutions being carried out by the Nazis resulted in the immediate revocation of what had been an exemption in favor of baptized Jews—and in the immediate deportation to Auschwitz and execution of all the Catholic Jewish converts, including the philosopher and Carmelite nun Edith Stein, later canonized by the Church. Jewish converts to Protestantism were not taken at this time because their leaders had agreed not to protest publicly.
All of our authors except David Kertzer record the Dutch incident (Blet, 147–148; Cornwell, 286–287; Marchione, 20, 28; McInerny, 84–85; Phayer, 54–55; Wills, 54–56; and Zuccotti, 312–313); José Sánchez touches on it only fleetingly, but seems to accept that the public protest of the Dutch bishops "led directly to the deportation and killing of Jews who had converted to Catholicism." (Sánchez, 133)
The anti-Pius authors are not so sure. Cornwell accepts the basic facts but then launches into a discussion of how the incident has been used as the basis of "exculpatory statements" for Pius XII; he particularly objects to one by the pope's long-time housekeeper, Sister M. Pasqualina Lehnert, who, many years later, reported that the pope had actually proceeded to destroy a protest document he had drafted against the Nazi persecutions when he learned of this incident concerning the Dutch bishops.
Phayer is even more skeptical than Cornwell about this story, using the incident to question the credibility of Sister Pasqualina. Garry Wills cites the story in order to question the legitimacy of the canonization of Edith Stein as, properly speaking, a Catholic martyr (rather than a Jewish victim). Zuccotti cites the story mostly as related to her primary subject, the Holocaust in Italy, but finally concedes that "the pope was probably correct that some Jews involved with Catholicism, as well as some Catholics, would suffer from a public protest"—she does not concede that a papal protest might have made things worse for the Jews as such, since her primary thesis is that many more Jews suffered and were sacrificed than necessary because the pope never found a way to speak out against the Nazis.
The pro-Pius authors take the opposite viewpoint; they are all convinced that the incident strongly vindicates the Vatican's policy. Pierre Blet records that the Vatican had actually been expecting a much better outcome in Holland based on diplomatic reports it had received, and was surprised and dismayed by the deportations (which would seem to indicate that the Nazis did change their policy abruptly). Margherita Marchione strongly deplores the protests later raised against the Church's beatification of Edith Stein as a result of her deportation and death. McInerny speaks of the "the tragic consequences of open confrontation" and reports the actual words of the Nazi Reichskommissar reacting to the public protest of the Dutch bishops: "If the Catholic clergy does not bother to negotiate with us, we are compelled to consider all Catholics of Jewish blood as our worst enemies, and must consequently deport them to the East." Rychlak points out that the Reichskommissar in question expressly stated that the Catholic bishops had "interfered," and therefore the deportations had to be carried out. The particular interpretation of each of our various authors of this particular incident is typical of their treatment of Pius XII and the Holocaust generally: the same set of facts is made to serve each author's position, whether for or against the pope.
Still, nothing related to this incident suggests that there were not serious consequences or penalties for speaking out against the Nazis or trying to pressure them. On the contrary, it seems that even the anti-Pius authors basically have to concede this in this case—while, in the case of a couple of them, fuzzing the whole thing up by then diverting attention to the credibility or lack of it of Sister Pasqualina.
Other examples of the same kind can be cited, however. In Hungary in 1944, for example, in a liberated Rome when Pius XII and his nuncios were in a better position to speak and act more forcibly and were quite vigorously doing so—and with some success in preventing further deportations of Jews—the Germans responded by overthrowing the Hungarian government and installing a new and more violent one willing to proceed against the Jews.45 That resistance to the Nazis often did make things more difficult for the victims was an established pattern in Nazi-occupied Europe. Pius XII was not merely rationalizing his decision not to speak out forcefully by saying it made things worse; he was referring to a reality that was obvious to those coping at the time with the war and the evils it had brought in its train.
And there were yet other reasons for the course of action that Pius XII followed. No better summary of them probably exists than that of J. Derek Holmes in his book The Papacy in the Modern World:
[Pius XII] was very skeptical, probably rightly, about the influence of public denunciations on totalitarian regimes. Such condemnations were not only useless, but might even provoke retaliation.
Pius XII was certainly concerned to safeguard German Catholicism from the threat of National Socialism and might even have been afraid of losing the loyalty of German Catholics. He was also anxious to avoid jeopardizing the position of Catholics in Germany and in the occupied territories. Judging from the pope's correspondence with the German bishops, fears of reprisals would seem to have dominated his attitude towards the fate of the Jews in Germany. The very evil to be condemned was sufficiently evil to be able to prevent its condemnation. But the pope had to struggle hard to maintain his "neutrality." He was certainly well-informed and there is a suggestion of total helplessness in his letters in the face of such incredible evil. Even if he made the wrong decision in keeping "silent," he cannot be accused of taking the decision lightly. Finally, the pope's own work on behalf of the Jews might have been endangered by a public denunciation of the Nazis, even though such a denunciation might have justified his moral reputation in the eyes of mankind.46
These, then, were some of the reasons why Pius XII decided upon the relative silence he maintained in the face of the Holocaust. He was far from totally silent, as we have seen, and through the organs of the Church he worked to help the Jews and other victims.
As for the effect of some of the statements that he did make during the war years, one researcher, Stephen M. DiGiovanni, had the idea of going directly to the New York Times, available on microfilm in most large libraries, to see what America's newspaper of record had to say about Pius XII as events in wartime Europe unfolded. The results of his inquiry, available on the website of the Catholic League for Religious and Civil Rights,47 cast considerable doubt on the allegations that Pius's statements were too few, too muted, and too indirect ever to enable the public to understand what was happening in Europe under the Nazis.
It is true that many historians sniff at mere newspaper article research, preferring no doubt to burrow in the archives. Still, it is hard to credit the overall thesis of the pope's culpable silence when we come upon such New York Times headlines as these: POPE CONDEMNS DICTATORS, TREATY VIOLATORS, RACISM (October 28, 1939); or, POPE IS EMPHATIC ABOUT JUST PEACE . . . JEWS' RIGHTS DEFENDED (March 14, 1940); or when we come upon Times editorials such as those commenting on the pontiff's 1941 and 1942 Christmas Messages where the pope is described as "a lonely voice crying out of the silence of a continent."
2) What did Pius XII do for the Jews and could he possibly have done more?
It is surely something of a truism to say that historical figures could have "done more" or acted differently, but it is also beside the point. The proper task of history, it would seem, is to understand what someone did and why. When Pius XII is instead charged with "silence," it is very hard to deal with the question; it is like an unprovable negative.
Actually, Pius XII and the Vatican were heavily involved in relief work throughout the war, quite apart from what the pope said, or did not say; on the "silence" question, Marchione, among other authors, points out that other agencies involved in relief work were similarly "silent." She notes that the World Council of Churches, for example, left any possible denunciations of crimes to its member churches—just as the Holy See regularly left it to the Catholic bishops to say whatever seemed necessary or helpful.
Similarly, the International Red Cross began drafting a protest statement against the Nazis in 1942, but it was never issued. (Marchione, 174–175) In February, 1943, at a meeting called to examine the problem of helping Jews threatened by the Nazis—a meeting which included the papal nuncio as well as a pastor from the World Council of Churches—the Red Cross articulated its reasons for deciding not to issue any protest statement. Protests, in the view of the Red Cross, would jeopardize the relief work the agency was carrying out in favor of war victims:
Such protests gain nothing; furthermore, they can greatly harm those whom they intend to aid. Finally, the primary concern of the International [Red Cross] Committee should be for those for whom it was established. (Blet, 162)
That this was the considered view of the Red Cross reveals a great deal about how the situation was viewed at the time. Yet I do not recall that a single one of the anti-Pius books—nor do the indexes of any of them reveal—any mention of the fact that the Red Cross, like the Vatican, was attempting to carry on doing what it could in the way of relief without issuing direct challenges to regimes which exercised iron control in the very territories where most of the victims in need of assistance were located. Sánchez does mention this "silence" of the Red Cross, but goes on to say that, in his view, more was expected of the pope as "the moral voice of Catholicism." (Sánchez, 120)
In this connection, people have often asked why Pius XII did not excommunicate Hitler, a baptized Catholic, along with those Catholics who participated in the Nazi killings. Our authors generally do not dwell on this question, perhaps considering themselves to be at a level of sophistication above asking such a question. Certainly any such excommunications would have constituted a provocation, if that was what the pope, like the Red Cross, was trying to avoid.
More than that, though, while excommunication might have been effective back in the ages of faith, when a head of state had to contend with strong feelings about excommunication on the part of his subjects, in the secularized world of the twentieth century it was not likely to have much effect. The Holy See, moreover, had first-hand experience of how ineffective excommunications had been for a very long time: the excommunication of Queen Elizabeth I had certainly not helped the Catholic Church in England; nor did it deter Napoleon. In more recent times, the pope had without any discernible effect whatsoever excommunicated the Savoy ruler who became King Vittorio Emmanuele I of a United Italy, along with his famous Prime Minister Count Camillo Cavour. The excommunications of both of these men later had to be quietly lifted to enable them to receive the last Sacraments of the Church at the time of their deaths.48
More than that, Hitler had long since "excommunicated" himself; he had not practiced the Catholic faith since childhood, and on numerous occasions had expressed his hatred of it. (Rychlak, 272–273) Nor does it seem that those who proved themselves capable of engaging in the Nazi killings could have been much influenced by being told that they had been excommunicated. Excommunication would have amounted to an ineffective gesture (like speaking out). More important for the pope would be what could effectively be done under the circumstances.
So what did the Vatican do for war victims, including the Jews? Pope Pius XII set up both a Pontifical Relief Commission and a Vatican Information Service; the former was designed to provide aid in the form of whatever funds, goods, medicine, or shelter could be obtained and distributed, while the latter aimed to find and report on missing soldiers or civilians who had become separated because of the war. Headquartered at the Vatican, these organizations raised money, for example, in the Americas, and then worked through Church institutions and personnel at all levels to funnel aid to needy victims. Thousands of people were involved in this work: priests, monks, friars, nuns, lay volunteers, military chaplains, and others. The networks established by and through these organizations would also prove to be instrumental in hiding Jews or helping them to escape.
From the outset Pope Pius insisted: "It is our ardent wish to offer to the unfortunate and innocent victims every possible spiritual and material succor—with no questions asked, no discrimination, and no strings attached."49 In other words, the assistance specifically provided by the pope and the Church to the Jews was rendered to them along with the aid provided to other wartime victims. It was the Church's policy, as well as the Church's boast, that whatever assistance she could give would be given impartially. McInerny observes that because the Church was engaged in a defense of the "the common rights of the innocent, there was no need to make special mention of the Jews. The Church must come to their defense as to that of any other innocent victims"—he also notes, though, that "Pius XII did make special mention of the Jews" anyway. (McInerny, 59)
Since so much is commonly made about what Pius XII did not do for the Jews, there is obviously a great misunderstanding at work here. While the Church saw herself as attempting to provide help indiscriminately to all, including the Jews, most of the anti-Pius writers see the pope's "failure" to single out the Jews for mention more often and more specifically than he did as proof of his alleged small concern for the Jews and their unique problems, if not as actual anti-Semitism on his part. (Cornwell, 296–297; Phayer, 41, 110; Wills, 66–67; Zuccotti 1–2 and passim) David Kertzer even declares that "as millions of Jews were being murdered, Pius XII could never bring himself to publicly utter the word 'Jew.'" (Kertzer, 16)
Kertzer, of course, is mistaken about this, but his very exaggeration indicates the depth of emotion invested in this question by some of our authors. This raises a further question, though, of why the anti-Pius authors generally give so little attention to the actual wartime relief and rescue efforts that the Church did carry out, however inadequate they may have been in comparison with the enormity of the Holocaust against the Jews. These efforts are pretty consistently downplayed or even ignored by most of the anti-Pius authors, even while they go on at length about the inaction of Pius XII and his supposed negative attitudes towards the Jews.
On the other hand, all of the pro-Pius authors strongly emphasize the Church's wartime relief efforts. All of them quote the estimate of Israeli diplomat and pro-Pius author Pinchas Lapide that "the Catholic Church, under the pontificate of Pius XII, was instrumental in saving at least 700,000, but probably as many as 860,000 Jews from certain death at Nazi hands." (Blet, 286; Marchione, 2, 50; McInerny, 168–169; Rychlak, 240, 404)
Sánchez also quotes the same passage but then calls it "undocumented" and says the "uncritical acceptance of Lapide's statistics and statements has weakened [the] arguments" of the pope's defenders. (Sánchez, 140) Yet Sánchez himself has little more to say at all about what the pope and the Church did, in fact, do in a positive way to help the Jews; and, in this respect, his book resembles the books of the anti-Pius authors.
The anti-Pius authors themselves, however, with the exception of Zuccotti, ignore Lapide's statistics completely, not merely as inaccurate, but as if they did not even exist. Relying on the these authors alone, it would be difficult to learn that Pius XII did anything or helped anybody, and this represents a serious failure on the part of these authors to deal with all the facts of the case.
Zuccotti represents a special case here (as, to a lesser extent, so does Phayer), since she does cover many instances of Jews being helped by Catholics and Church institutions and personnel. But her concern is almost invariably to show that they received such aid apart from—and perhaps even in spite of—anything that Pius XII may ever have said or done. She even mentions Lapide several times, only to charge his work with "being replete with egregious mistakes and distortions" (of which she actually cites only two misattributions in newspaper articles). She goes on to characterize Lapide's methodology as "flawed and the results unreliable." (Zuccotti, 303–4, 336n11, 337n20, 394n7) She does not document this, however, but merely asserts it.
So what is the case, then? Did the pope, or the Church under his leadership, help or save any Jews in their hour of need, or not? If so, how much help? How many Jews were hidden or saved? If Lapide's frequently quoted figure is so "flawed," then what were the numbers, approximately, if any numbers are obtainable at all? There is certainly plenty of anecdotal evidence of Jews being aided. Should not these questions at least be addressed by those trying to make the case against Pius XII, even if wholly accurate answers might understandably be difficult to come by?
Alas, these questions are basically not addressed by the anti-Pius authors. Unless and until they are addressed, their case against the pope can hardly be considered made. If the pope who is accused of being culpably silent and passive in the face of the Holocaust was, in fact, quite active in helping the Jews—just as he was far from entirely silent as well—how are the charges going to hold up? What is the Pius XII controversy all about? As Robert P. Lockwood points out in a well-documented and judicious "white paper" on Pius XII available on the website of the Catholic League for Religious and Civil Rights, even if Lapide's figures represent "an exaggeration by half, it would [still] record more Jewish lives saved than by any other entity at the time."50
3) What was the attitude of Pope Pius XII towards the Nazis, the Communists, and the Democracies? Did he favor or collaborate with the Nazis?
Archbishop Eugenio Pacelli, who later became Pope Pius XII, spent many years as papal nuncio in Germany, spoke fluent German, and was very sympathetic to Germans and German culture. Throughout his pontificate in Rome, his private secretary and closest confidante was a German Jesuit, Father Robert Leiber, S.J., while the papal household was managed by a German nun, Sister Pasqualina Lehnert. The pope was obviously very comfortable in a "German" environment, even within the Vatican walls.
Many have taken these pro-German proclivities of the pope, combined with his well-known abhorrence of Communism, as proof that Pius XII favored a German victory in the war with the Soviet Union, and that he even saw Nazi Germany as some kind of "bulwark" against Communism. This was one of the principal themes of The Deputy. In their starkest form, these accusations are no longer directly lodged against the pope—but they continue to be strongly implied in the anti-Pius literature.
Citing historians who have made use of the volumes of the ADSS collection, Sánchez says that the notion that Pius was pro-German in the war cannot be supported. (Sánchez, 106) Blet points out that Pius XII's consistent position calling for a negotiated peace in no way changed when Hitler launched his attack against the Soviet Union. "Pius never spoke, even by means of allusion about a 'crusade' or a 'holy war' against Bolshevism. His work on behalf of peace after June, 1941, was in no way different from what he did previously." (Blet, 63)
Although the Third Reich was pretending to lead a "crusade" against Bolshevism, from the very first days of the war it had in fact been carrying out a relentless persecution against the Catholic Church and Polish Christians; this persecution was greatly intensified when German forces entered the Soviet Union. In those days, it was the Axis which complained of the "silence" of Pius XII. Mussolini, through his ambassador to the Vatican, tried hard to get the pope to endorse the Axis "crusade" against Godless Communism. The ambassador stated that "the silence of the pope has been a thorn in the heart of Mussolini."
Pius XII's collaborator in the Vatican Secretariat of State, Archbishop Domenico Tardini, speaking for the pontiff, told this same ambassador: "I should be only too pleased to see Communism disappear from the face of the earth. It is the Church's worst enemy. But it is not the only one. Nazism has conducted and still conducts a violent persecution of the Church . . . the Church can hardly regard the Hakenkreuz [Swastika] as . . . the symbol of a crusade!"51
Among the authors covered here, Cornwell still tries hard to perpetuate the myth of a pro-German Pius, and he even describes the concordat concluded by the Vatican with Nazi Germany as delivering "the powerful institution of the Catholic Church in Germany into the hands of Hitler" (Cornwell, 85); but then, Cornwell is trying to show, precisely, that Pius XII was "Hitler's pope," a characterization that the record does not support. Although the Vatican, like the rest of Europe at the height of Hitler's power, was obliged to accommodate itself in various ways to what seemed to be shaping up as a very long rule by a victorious totalitarian Germany, at no time was the Vatican's official neutrality (or, as Pius XII preferred to call it, "impartiality") ever seriously compromised. There was never the slightest question of any "collaboration."
Moreover, Pius XII, both before and after his accession to the papacy, made many statements strongly critical of Nazism (in addition to the strictures against statism and racism found in his official Church teaching documents). Rychlak notes that "of the forty-four public speeches that Nuncio Pacelli made on German soil between 1917 and 1929, at least forty contained attacks on National Socialism or Hitler's doctrines." (Rychlak, 18) The Berlin Morgenpost of March 3, 1939, greeted the election of Cardinal Pacelli to the papal chair as "not accepted with favor in Germany because he was always opposed to Nazism."52 The Germans pointedly sent no delegation to the coronation of Pius XII—a notable diplomatic snub.53 Joseph Goebbels called the pope "the deputy of the Jew God." (McInerny, 158) Mussolini called him "a renegade Italian who has sided with the enemies of his country." (Rychlak, 228)
To various interlocutors Pope Pius XII made a number of extremely critical statements about the Nazis; if these were not known during the war to the public at large, they certainly should be known to historians examining the record today, and should exclude any suggestion of Pius favoring the Nazis. Typical of such statements was the pope's remark to the rector of the Gregorian University in December, 1942: The Nazis "want to destroy the Church and crush it like a toad . . . . There will be no place for the pope in the new Europe."54 As early as 1933, Cardinal Pacelli had voiced his strong misgivings about the Nazis to the British Chargé d'Affaires to the Holy See, Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick, who reported to London that "Cardinal Pacelli deplored the action of the German government at home, their persecution of the Jews, their proceedings against political opponents [and] the reign of terror to which the whole nation has been subjected." (Rychlak, 49)
If the record shows, then, that Pius XII was not even remotely pro-Nazi, or pro-German in the war—or a "collaborator," even indirectly—the pope's anti-Communism, on the other hand, was well known, and was a notable feature of his pontificate. In this regard, and in the light of the Cold War that followed World War II, Pius XII proved to be more prescient than some of the other prominent leaders of the day. But his anti-Communism did not well-dispose him towards the Nazis: he considered Soviet Communism a greater long-term evil than Nazism, but he thought that the latter constituted a more immediate evil.55
As Vatican Secretary of State, Cardinal Pacelli had been instrumental in the preparation and issuance of the papal encyclical Divini Redemptoris, in which his predecessor, Pope Pius XI had declared that "Communism is intrinsically wrong, and no one who would save Christian civilization may collaborate with it in any undertaking whatever."56 Issued just five days after the encyclical Mit Brennender Sorge ("With Burning Anxiety"), in which Pius XI had so sternly condemned Nazism for its idolization of race and state, and its "war of extermination" against the Church,57 this anti-Communist encyclical Divini Redemptoris effectively demonstrated the Vatican's wish to condemn both totalitarian systems together. The Church did not dispose of any armed force to "fight" either system, of course, but at least the issuance of these two encyclicals only a few days apart unmistakably showed where the Church stood. Cardinal Pacelli played a major role in the production of both documents; and the record therefore shows that he opposed both Nazism and Communism.
Writers such as Cornwell who dwell on Cardinal Pacelli's earlier role in negotiating the Vatican Concordat with Germany try to imply that the Vatican would never have concluded such an agreement with the Soviet Union. They are quite wrong about this, however, since it was none other than the young Eugenio Pacelli himself who tried (but failed) to negotiate a concordat regularizing the Church's status in the Soviet Union in the 1920s.58 Cornwell actually mentions this but interprets it as providing one more example of how Pius XII was hardened in his conviction of "the impossibility of striking deals with Bolshevism." (Cornwell, 263)
In spite of his pronounced anti-Communism, and in spite of the official neutrality he was determined to maintain, Pius XII nevertheless certainly favored an Allied victory in the war. This was brought out quite clearly in the way the pope resolved in favor of the Allies a question that raged in the United States regarding lend-lease aid to the Soviet Union. Since Pius XI had so clearly condemned Communism as "intrinsically evil," many American Catholics could not see how there could be any "cooperation" with such an evil regime, since this would go against the express words of the late pope.
To resolve this dilemma, President Roosevelt sent his personal representative Myron C. Taylor on a mission to Rome to speak with Pius XII. The idea was to try to secure an interpretation of the Church's teaching that would allow American Catholics in good conscience to support lend-lease aid to the Soviet Union. The pope's solution was to supply an "interpretation of the encyclical of Pius XI as not condemning the Russian people, but as directed [only] against Soviet practices in respect to religious liberty."59
The Apostolic Delegate in Washington was instructed by the Holy See to convey this papal interpretation to appropriate American Catholic bishops. Soon the Archbishop of Cincinnati, John McNicholas, O.P., issued a pastoral letter embodying the interpretation. And, shortly after that, on November 16, 1941, only three weeks before America would find herself at war, the American bishops issued a statement "warning of the twin evils of Nazism and Communism, but recalling that Pius XI himself, while condemning atheistic Communism, had professed his paternal and compassionate benevolence for the peoples of Russia."60 Thus ended opposition by American Catholics to lend-lease aid to the Soviet Union.
This whole incident showing a decided tilt by Pius XII toward the Allies (when he could so act without violating Vatican neutrality) provides yet one more example of how the authors under review here report, or fail to report, specific words and actions of the wartime pope depending upon their own viewpoints. Almost all of the pro-Pius authors report this action of the pope. (Blet, 126; Marchione, 66–67; Rychlak, 161–162) None of the anti-Pius authors reports it or even alludes to it; nor does the "neutral" author, Sánchez. Unfortunately, we could cite other examples of this same kind of one-sidedness. It cannot but raise questions about the extent to which we are getting the whole truth about Pope Pius XII in some of these books.
4) Was Pope Pius XII an anti-Semite?
The main accusation in the whole Pius XII controversy is that the pope, as a moral leader and head of a worldwide Church, did not do or say what he could and should have done and said to help the Jews during the Holocaust. Those seeking an explanation for what they consider to be his silence and inaction have sometimes asked whether the pope was himself possibly anti-Semitic, sharing in or at least tolerating the historic anti-Semitism unfortunately found in Christian Europe. Merely to ask the question in the post-Holocaust era of greater sensitivity to the great wrong done to the Jews, however, is almost inevitably to stigmatize the person about whom the question is even asked.
No one can disagree that the Nazi attack on the Jewish people was indeed unique. As historian Michael Burleigh puts it, "The comprehensiveness of the 'Final Solution' differentiated it from Nazi violence towards such categories of people as Communists, Conservative Catholic Poles, or homosexuals, persecutions of whom did not routinely extend to killing every family member."61
Being Jewish constituted a category all by itself. Yet at the time, this may not have been as clear as it is today. As Burleigh himself goes on to point out:
Nazi killing started first with German mental patients and defectives in the euthanasia program before the war; after the beginning of the war, the Nazis began killing indiscriminately those who got in their way—not just Jews, but Poles, Gypsies, "Bolsheviks," etc. The killing intensified after the attack on Russia—and all this before the "Final Solution" was even decided upon.62
There has been much discussion in the literature, including in the books under review, about just what the pope knew about the Holocaust against the Jews and when he knew it. The general assumption seems to be that if and when he knew anything definite about what we now know to have been going on in Eastern Europe, he most assuredly should have spoken out against it. This is the Hochhuth thesis, of course, which has seemed to command near universal assent from the time that it was first articulated. That other allied leaders such as Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill similarly did not speak out effectively against the Holocaust while it was going on is not thought to be pertinent to the case of Pius XII, since the latter professed to be primarily a spiritual and moral leader, and the Holocaust constituted an unprecedented moral issue for the world.
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GLORY 14 Middleweight Contender Tournament
Jason Wilnis vs. Sahak Paparyan
Robert Thomas vs. Dustin Jacoby
Super Fight Series
Michael Duut vs. Igor Jukovic
Karapet Kareptyan vs. Artur Kyshenko
Albert Krauss vs. Aikpracha Meenayothin
Bringing you the latest in Muay Thai and Kickboxing news.
Don't know why (well maybe I do know why - the money) these Muay Thai standouts are always crossing over into handicap-rule matches. Then when they lose, the other guys go all out advertising that they beat the Thai Champ, blah, blah, blah. Rarely do the K-1 style fighters cross over into full rule Muay Thai. They should come over to full rule Muay Thai for a change. Muay Thai guys have fought under K-1 rules, Sanda rules, etc. And the other guys are always quick to say they beat Muay Thai. The only Muay Thai is full rules. Otherwise, it's another sport. You can use Muay Thai techniques or parts of it in other sport, but a Muay Thai champ defends his ranking in full rules and shouldn't defend it under other circumstances. We don't make UFC champs fight in pure boxing rules even though they use boxing.ReplyDelete


text:
Why drink tea? Most of us just drink it to warm and fill us up with as little effort and calories as possible. Yet there are many medicinal reasons to drink tea, too. I'll begin my tea articles with a look at the health benefits of the standard black and green teas. In an article week, I'll look at specific illnesses and the various other herbal teas that target them.
Black And Green Tea For Your Health
Tea is an important beverage. Herbal teas are even healthier than coffee, which I wrote about in a previous article. Whether for weight loss, an energy boost, improved mood and sleep or even to fight a winter cold virus, tea does the trick.
Teas are the most commonly consumed beverage in the world, second only to water.
Black And Green Tea
Black and green teas are both made from the shrub Camellia sinensis. The Chinese teas, oolong tea and white tea, also are made from this plant, but with preparation processes that significantly differ.
Black tea, the most oxidized type of tea, has a strong flavor that it maintains for many years. Because of the perceived value of black tea, it has even been compressed into bricks and used as a monetary currency in Mongolia, Tibet and Siberia.
Tea is renowned for its health benefits, and its effects on the body have been examined ever since Camellia sinensis was first used about 4,700 years ago in China. All the data on black and green tea show important health benefits.
Healthy Black Tea
In 2001,i researchers at Boston University found that among patients with cardiovascular disease, short- and long-term black tea consumption reversed vasomotor (blood vessel action) dysfunction. These scientists concluded that this effect on vessels was a major reason why drinking tea decreases heart attack rates.
A 2009 study reported in the Journal of Hypertensionii showed that black tea consumption improves blood flow and decreases arterial stiffness in healthy subjects. We also know that regular ingestion of black tea over six months results in lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure, according to a 2012 report in Food & Function.iii These are very important protective cardiovascular effects. Interestingly, a 2006 German study found that adding milk blocks the heart protective effects of tea.iv
Adding to the heart-healthy effects of black tea is its cholesterol benefits. Theaflavin-3-gallate is an advantageous compound found in black tea that is thought to improve cholesterol metabolism, according to a 2008 report in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.v
Black and green teas contain L-theanine, known to promote nitric oxide (NO) production in the cells of the inner lining of arteries (endothelial cells). Nitric oxide is a well-known vasodilator that increases blood flow for improved skeletal muscle strength and also better cardiovascular health.vi L-theanine is used medicinally to reduce mental and physical stress and is one of the best remedies for adrenal fatigue. It is also known to improve mental clarity and boost mood in combination with caffeine.
Caffeine has a natural stimulant effect that can be beneficial for many health needs but can be overused and lead to a physical dependency. It is interesting to note that coffee has the highest caffeine content.
The approximate caffeine content per cup of various beverages include: drip coffee 100-150 mg, black tea 30-90 mg, Red Bull 80 mg, Mountain Dew 55 mg, Coca-Cola 45 mg, Pepsi-Cola 37 mg and Snapple Tea 32 mg.
Weight Loss
Weight control may be another benefit of tea consumption. A 2010 report in the European Journal of Nutritionvii that looked at body weight and tea consumption among 6,472 study participants revealed a clear correlation: Drinking hot tea was inversely associated with obesity and directly associated with beneficial biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk like increased HDL cholesterol and decreased C-reactive protein in men and women. In 2011, Japanese researchers reported nearly identical findings.viii They found that black tea consumption significantly reduced the risk of obesity and that it also could be used effectively to help prevent metabolic syndrome (prediabetes).
In the June 2009 Journal of Food Science, Chinese researchers found that green tea, oolong tea and black tea helped regulate blood sugar. They discovered that black tea was the most effective of these at slowing blood sugar absorption and fighting free radicals. ix
Green Tea For Health
Green tea shares the heart healthy and diabetes-reducing effects of black tea. Green tea is also known to have high concentrations of phytochemicals like polyphenolic compounds (most predominately epigallocatechin-3-gallate, or EGCG).
Similar to black tea, green tea consumption helps lower obesity and prevent metabolic syndrome. Remember, metabolic syndrome is the combination of obesity, high blood sugar (prediabetes), insulin resistance, hypertension and abnormal cholesterol levels.x It is thought that green tea ameliorates this condition with a modulation of dietary fat absorption and metabolism, increased glucose use, decreased new fat formation, enhanced blood vessel responsiveness (like black tea does) and antioxidant effects.
Moreover, researchers have found that green tea has cancer-reducing properties.
The association between high green tea consumption and low cancer rates in Asian countries is more than just coincidence. The chemicals in green tea have been shown to attach to and destroy cancer cells in animal studies. Studies show that these chemicals may stop cancer from forming in the skin, lung, mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, liver, pancreas and mammary glands.xi Other studies have shown that green tea's actions prevent the spread of breastxii and prostatexiii cancers in humans.
My favorite teas to drink are green tea and fruit-flavored teas. These are low in calories because I sweeten them with stevia, not table sugar.
In my next article, I'll talk about the many other health benefits from various herbal teas. I'm looking forward to exploring that topic.
To feeling good for life,
Michael Cutler, M.D.
Easy Health Options
i Stephen J. Duffy, MB, BS, PhD; John F. Keaney Jr, MD; Monika Holbrook, MA; Noyan Gokce, MD; Peter L. Swerdloff, BA; Balz Frei, PhD, "Short- and Long-Term Black Tea Consumption Reverses Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease"; Joseph A. Vita, MD From Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass, and Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis.
ii Grassi D, Mulder TP, et al. Black tea consumption dose-dependently improves flow-mediated dilation in healthy males. Journal of Hypertension 2009 Apr;27(4):774-81.
iii Hodgson JM, Woodman RJ, Puddey IB, Mulder T, Fuchs D, Croft KD. Short-term effects of polyphenol-rich black tea on blood pressure in men and women. Food Funct. 2013 Jan 19;4(1):111-5. Epub 2012 Oct 5.
iv Mario Lorenz, Nicoline Jochmann, et al. "Addition of milk prevents vascular protective effects of tea". Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Kardiologie und Angiologie, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCM, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany Institut für Biometrie und Klinische Epidemiologie, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCM, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
v Theaflavins from Black Tea, Especially Theaflavin-3-gallate, Reduce the Incorporation of Cholesterol into Mixed Micelles. Mario A. Vermeer, Theo P. J. Mulder and Henri O. F. Molhuizen, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2008, 56 (24), pp 12031—12036.
vi Siamwala JH, Dias PM, et al. l-Theanine promotes nitric oxide production in endothelial cells through eNOS phosphorylation. J Nutr Biochem 2012 Jul 20. [Epub ahead of print] found online at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22819553
vii Vernarelli JA, Lambert JD. Tea consumption is inversely associated with weight status and other markers for metabolic syndrome in US adults. Eur J Nutr. 2012 Jul 10.
viii Kubota K, Sumi S, et al. Improvements of mean body mass index and body weight in preobese and overweight Japanese adults with black Chinese tea (Pu-Erh) water extract. Nutr Res. 2011 Jun;31(6):421-8.
ix Chen H, Qu Z, Fu L, Dong P, and Zhang X. Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Capacity of 3 Polysaccharides from Green Tea, Oolong Tea, and Black Tea. Journal of Food Science, June 30, 2009 Volume 74 Issue 6, Pages C469 – C474. Abstract online at http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122474198/abstract
x Sae-tan S, Grove KA, Lambert JD. Weight control and prevention of metabolic syndrome by green tea. Pharmacol Res. 2011 Aug;64(2):146-54.
xi Yang CS, Maliakal P, Meng X. Inhibition of carcinogenesis by tea. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 2002; 42:25—54.
xii Shrubsole MJ, Lu W, et al. Drinking green tea modestly reduces breast cancer risk. J Nutr. 2009 Feb;139(2):310-6.
xiii Oct. 18, 2012—Men with prostate cancer who consumed green tea prior to undergoing prostatectomy had reductions in markers of inflammation, according to data presented at the 11th Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research, held in Anaheim, Calif., Oct. 16-19, 2012. Accessed online Jan 7, 2013 at: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121018121956.htm