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Provision of dietary amino acids increases skeletal muscle protein synthesis (MPS), an effect that is enhanced by prior resistance exercise. As a fundamentally necessary process in the enhancement of muscle mass, strategies to enhance rates of MPS would be beneficial in the development of interventions aimed at increasing skeletal muscle mass particularly when combined with chronic resistance exercise. The purpose of this review article is to provide an update on current findings regarding the nutritional regulation of MPS and highlight nutrition based strategies that may serve to maximize skeletal muscle protein anabolism with resistance exercise. Such factors include timing of protein intake, dietary protein type, the role of leucine as a key anabolic amino acid, and the impact of other macronutrients (i.e. carbohydrate) on the regulation of MPS after resistance exercise. We contend that nutritional strategies that serve to maximally stimulate MPS may be useful in the development of nutrition and exercise based interventions aimed at enhancing skeletal muscle mass which may be of interest to elderly populations and to athletes.
Keywords:Nutrition; Muscle; Anabolic intramuscular signaling; Hypertrophy
The synergistic effects of amino acid provision and resistance exercise on skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates (MPS) are now well described (for reviews see: [1,2]). Consuming dietary amino acids after resistance exercise stimulates an increase in MPS and is necessary to shift net protein balance (defined as MPS minus muscle protein breakdown (MPB)) from negative (net protein loss) to positive (net protein gain) [3]. In healthy individuals, feeding-induced changes in MPS are ~3–5 times greater over the course of any given day than measurable changes in MPB, demonstrating that MPS is highly responsive, regulated, and represents the primary driver of changes in muscle net protein balance. As such, it would follow that for chronic elevations in net muscle protein balance to result in gains in muscle mass, changes in MPS are highly relevant. We do not contend that MPB is a trivial biological process; MPB assists in maintenance of intracellular amino acid levels, and likely plays a role in maintaining muscle protein quality by removing damaged proteins and allowing their constituent amino acids to be used for the synthesis of new functional muscle proteins. Consequently, we propose that nutritional interventions that enhance MPS may be of great scientific and clinical interest as a strategy to promote positive muscle protein balance and eventual muscle protein accrual. Further, these interventions may be of interest to athletes concerned with enhancing the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to chronic exercise training. Current research has demonstrated that factors such as the dose of dietary protein/essential amino acids (EAA) ingested [4,5], protein food source (i.e. whey, soy, micellar casein) [6-9], and timing of protein/EAA intake [9-11] impact the magnitude (and possibly the duration) of MPS in response to feeding and resistance exercise. Other research has focused on the ability to enhance MPS by providing increased amounts of leucine [12-14] or arginine [15] within an amino acid containing solution. Lastly, the influence of consuming mixed macronutrients on muscle protein metabolism [16-20] has also received some attention. The purpose of this review is to discuss the nutritional regulation of human MPS and provide an update on nutritional strategies that may serve to maximize MPS with feeding and resistance exercise.
Redefining the 'window of anabolic potential' after resistance exercise
Although the amino acid mediated increase in MPS is transient, lasting only a few hours at most [21-23], the contractile activity associated with intense resistance exercise results in increased rates of MPS that are sustained for ~48 h in the fasted state in young participants [24]. It is now unequivocal that immediate post-exercise amino acid provision is an effective nutrition based strategy to enhance MPS above rates observed with exercise alone [3,5,25]. The importance of early post-exercise protein ingestion relates to the fact that exercise-mediated increases in rates of MPS are greatest immediately after exercise (~100 – 150% above basal rates) [2], and thus the synergistic effects of exercise and feeding on MPS are likely greatest during this time-period. However, since resistance exercise increases MPS for up to ~48 h [24] consumption of dietary amino acids 24 - 48 h post-exercise recovery would also likely convey the same synergistic effects on MPS as those that are observed when amino acids are provided immediately after resistance exercise [7,8,25,26]. As shown in Figure 1, the synergistic enhancement of pre-existing resistance exercise-induced elevations in MPS by protein provision is greatest immediately post-exercise and wanes over time, but may still be present up to 48 h later. We have recently shown that feeding 15 g of whey protein, a less than optimally effective dose of protein for maximizing MPS [5], ~24 h after acute resistance exercise results in a greater stimulation of myofibrillar (contractile proteins of skeletal muscle) protein synthesis than the same dose provided at rest [27] (Figure 2). However, the effect of enhanced sensitivity to protein ingestion induced by prior resistance exercise performed 24 h earlier was independent of the amount of weight lifted. Specifically, resistance exercise was performed at a relatively high load (90FAIL) or low load (30FAIL), but both regimens were performed to volitional fatigue. Thus, irrespective of exercise load, the ultimate result was eventual similar increases in muscle fibre recruitment [28]. Future research should examine if there are age-related differences in the ability of resistance exercise to convey an enhanced sensitivity of MPS to protein ingestion when consumed ~24 h after exercise, and whether this effect is influenced by the type of protein consumed as these results would be relevant to increasing our understanding of the factors involved in age-related muscle loss.
Figure 1. Resistance exercise stimulates a prolonged elevation of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) that can remain elevated for ≥ 24 h (dashed lines). Thus, we propose that protein ingestion at any point during this enhanced period of 'anabolic potential' will be additive to these already elevated exercise mediated rates (solid line).
Figure 2. Enhanced amino acid sensitivity of myofibrillar protein synthesis (FSR) persists for up to 24 h only after resistance exercise that results in maximal muscle fibre activation induced by high load low volume resistance exercise (90FAIL) or low load high volume resistance exercise (30FAIL). 30WM represents a worked-match control to the 90FAIL condition that did not result in full muscle fibre recruitment. The change in myofibrillar protein synthesis rates are determined from the transition from fasting (FAST) to feeding 15 g of protein at rest (FED) or 24–27 h after resistance exercise in the fasting- (24 h EX FAST) or fed-state (24 h EX-FED). *Significantly different from FED (P < 0.05). †Significantly different from 30WM (P < 0.05). Adptated from Burd and colleagues [27].
Overnight nutrient provision may also represent an effective nutritional strategy to stimulate MPS, and thus increase the 'window of anabolic opportunity' by promoting a greater muscle net protein balance over the course of 24 h. Previous research has shown that overnight MPS rates are quite low [29], however both intragastric protein provision during sleep [30], and oral protein ingestion after resistance exercise immediately before bed [31] are followed by normal protein digestion and absorption kinetics and an overnight stimulation of MPS. Therefore, we contend that properly planned protein/EAA provision, not only immediately after, but up to ~24 h following exercise should be carefully considered as a dietary strategy to maximally stimulate exercise-induced rates of MPS.
Mechanisms underpinning the enhanced sensitivity of skeletal muscle after exercise
Dietary amino acids and insulin are major nutrient-regulated effectors of MPS and MPB and recent work has shed light on the molecular pathways involved in regulating the amino acid and contraction-induced increase in MPS. A comprehensive review of the molecular regulation of MPS in response to nutrition and exercise is beyond the scope of this article but can be found elsewhere [32]. The protein kinase mTORC1 serves as a critical point of integration from a wide range of signals that promote MPS, including dietary amino acids [33] and muscle contraction [34]. Specifically, mTORC1 regulates MPS by phosphorylation of downstream protein effectors such as p70S6k and 4E-BP1 that are involved in translation initiation of MPS. Further, blocking mTOR activity with the drug rapamycin blocks both the contraction [34], and EAA [33] mediated increase in human MPS, demonstrating the essentiality of this kinase in the regulation of MPS. To date, several studies have demonstrated that amino acid provision after resistance exercise and the subsequent increase in MPS are associated with enhanced phosphorylation of components of the mTOR signaling cascade above levels that are observed following exercise without nutrients [26,35-37]. However, dissociation between direct measures of rates of MPS and the extent of muscle anabolic signaling molecule phosphorylation has been reported previously [13,38]. Further, exactly how amino acids are able to activate mTORC1 to increase MPS is not understood, although MAP4K3 [39], vacuolar sorting protein 34 (Vps34) [40,41], and Rag GTPases [42] are signaling proteins that are candidate amino acid 'sensors' capable of responding to changes in amino acid concentration with subsequent activation of mTORC1. In addition, the mRNA expression of select skeletal muscle amino acid transporters such as LAT1 (SLC7A5), SNAT2 (SLC38A2), CD98 (SLC3A2), and PAT1 (SLC36A1) has been reported to be increased following EAA ingestion [43] and resistance exercise [44] in human skeletal muscle. These transporters may play an important role in the regulation of human muscle protein metabolism based on their ability to transport amino acids across the cell membrane, and relay signals to downstream targets thought to regulate MPS [45]. An increase in the protein levels of some of these amino acid transporters has also been observed following EAA ingestion [43] and resistance exercise [44], however it is currently unclear whether increases in mRNA and protein expression of these transporters are associated with enhanced amino acid transport capacity. Clearly, further research is needed to define the functional and physiological significance of these transporters in the nutrition and exercise mediated regulation of MPS.
Optimizing MPS: the role of protein source
The ingestion of dietary proteins including whey [5-8,21,27,46,47], egg albumin [5], soy [7,8], casein [6,8], and beef [48,49] are all able to stimulate MPS. However, dietary proteins from different sources differ in their capacity to stimulate MPS both at rest [6-8] and following resistance exercise [7,8]. For example, work from our lab has shown that whey protein [8] and bovine milk [7] promote greater increases in MPS after acute resistance exercise than does consumption of an equivalent amount of plant-based soy protein despite the fact that these protein sources have protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scores (PDCAAS) above 1.0. The limitations of the PDCAAS scoring system and the artificial truncation at 1.0, when some proteins have a PDCAAS of > 1.0, has been discussed in our previous review [50]. The mechanisms responsible for these differences are not entirely clear but may relate to important differences in the amino acid profile and/or amino acid availability due to differences in the digestion/absorption kinetics of the proteins. Whey protein is acid soluble and is associated with a very rapid, large, but transient increase in postprandial amino acid availability [6,51], while casein coagulates and precipitates when exposed to stomach acid and the resultant dairy curd is slowly released from the stomach resulting in a much more moderate but sustained rise in plasma amino acids [6,51]. Our lab has recently compared the effects of whey protein isolate to micellar casein on rates of MPS in elderly men [52]. Consistent with our previous findings in young subjects [8] we reported greater increases in blood leucine concentration and increases in both rested and post-exercise MPS after ingestion of 20 g of whey protein isolate than ingestion of micellar casein. This data corroborates our previous work showing that a rapid rate of amino acid appearance in the blood after feeding enhances MPS and anabolic cell-signaling after resistance exercise more than a slow rate of amino acid appearance [53], supporting the notion that protein digestion and absorption rate represents an important factor in the nutritional regulation of MPS in humans [8,47,51,52,54,55]. Our data on MPS are dissimilar, in some regards, to results obtained from studies of whole-body protein turnover [51,54,55], likely because skeletal muscle accounts for only ~30% of whole body protein synthesis [56] and turns over at a rate that is significantly less (~20-fold) than both splanchnic [57] and plasma proteins [58]. Interestingly, recent research suggests that the form of food (i.e. liquid vs. solid) may be an important factor regulating postprandial plasma amino acid availability [59]. For example, Conley and colleagues [59] showed greater increases in plasma amino acids that were more sustained following beverage administration as compared to the same supplement (i.e. energy and macronutrient matched) provided in solid food-form. These findings are interesting in light of the fact that the postprandial rise in plasma EAA [60] and/or leucine [61,62] appears to be key regulator of the postprandial rise in MPS, but more research is needed to determine the physiological relevance of food form as it pertains to the regulation of MPS.
Leucine as a nutrient signal in skeletal muscle
Of the amino acids, the EAA are primarily responsible for stimulating MPS [63,64], whereas non-essential amino acids appear ineffective in this regard [65]. The branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) leucine appears unique among the EAA as a key regulator of translation initiation of MPS [66,67]. For example, leucine, but not isoleucine or valine can stimulate an increase in MPS through activation of the mTOR-p70S6k pathway in animals [66,68]. Work in cell culture utilizing C2C12 cells has demonstrated that leucine is the most potent among the EAA in its ability to increase the phosphorylation status of p70S6k, and the only EAA capable of increasing the phosphorylation status of mTOR and 4E-BP1 [69]. Taking these data into account, recent research has focused on utilizing leucine as part of a nutritional intervention to modulate MPS and/or muscle mass in humans. Tipton and colleagues [12] examined the effect of free leucine (3.4 g) added to whey protein (16.6 g) on rates of MPS after acute resistance exercise and reported no further increase in MPS with the addition of free leucine compared to that previously reported for 20 g whey protein. However, these data are not surprising in light of work from our group [5] and others [4] in which the dose–response relationship between protein/EAA ingestion and MPS was examined. Moore and colleagues [5] reported that MPS was maximally stimulated in young men with 20 g of high-quality protein after resistance exercise, with 40 g of protein resulting not in increased MPS above that observed with 20 g, but simply elevated levels of amino acid oxidation. Thus, ingestion of leucine in amounts greater than that found in a saturating dose (20–25 g whey protein containing 2.5-3.0 g leucine) of high quality protein, is unlikely to further stimulate an increase in the magnitude or duration of MPS. However, these data are taken from young healthy men weighing ~86 kg and the maximally effective dose of protein may be quite different in, for example, a ~50 kg female gymnast or a 120 kg bodybuilder. The elderly also represent a population that may require greater amounts of dietary protein and/or leucine to mount a robust increase in MPS in response to feeding [70,71]. Future research is needed to define the amount of leucine required to stimulate MPS in both young and elderly adults and to clearly establish the role of other EAA in the regulation of MPS with feeding and resistance exercise.
Post-exercise nutrition for the elderly
Defining nutritional interventions that maximally stimulate rates of MPS are of interest in the development of therapeutic strategies designed combat age-related muscle loss (sarcopenia). The cause of sarcopenia is likely multi-facted [72], however some evidence suggests that that the elderly are 'resistant' to the anabolic effects of amino acids [4,73] and resistance exercise [74], and to the anti-proteolytic effects of insulin [75]. For example, Kumar and colleagues [74] reported an age-related blunting of the MPS response in the post-absorptive state following acute resistance exercise performed over a range of intensities (20-90% 1RM) when measured over 1-2 h post-exercise recovery. However, since free-living individuals typically eat after resistance exercise, it can only be speculated whether the same blunted MPS response between young and old would have been observed in the fed-state.
Despite the diminished response to amino acid provision and exercise in the elderly, it appears that the additive effects of feeding and resistance exercise on rates of MPS are preserved in this population, with several studies showing that combined feeding and exercise results in greater increases in MPS than feeding alone [48,52,76]. Our lab has recently examined the dose–response relationship between whey protein ingestion and myofibrillar protein synthesis under both rested and post-resistance exercise conditions in the elderly [76]. Contrary to young participants in whom MPS is maximally stimulated after resistance exercise with ~20 g of protein, 40 g of protein increased rates of MPS in the elderly more than 20 g when consumed after resistance exercise [76], suggesting that the elderly may benefit from a greater amount of amino acids and/or leucine after resistance exercise to maximize myofibrillar protein synthesis. In support of the elderly responding to greater amounts of leucine, Katsanos and colleagues (2006) reported that a 6.7 g mixture of EAA containing 26% leucine was unable to promote an increase MPS above basal levels in the elderly; however, when the leucine content of the same EAA mixture was increased to 41%, MPS was stimulated above basal to the same extent as that observed in young subjects [70]. These findings suggest that amino acid composition, and not simply total EAA is of key importance in determining the postprandial response of MPS in elderly muscle. However, the efficacy of free leucine supplementation with meal feeding as a strategy to augment muscle mass in the elderly is not currently supported. Verhoeven and colleagues (2009) examined the efficacy of long-term leucine supplementation on skeletal muscle mass in elderly subjects and reported that supplemental leucine (7.5 g per day with meals) for a 12-week period did not increase skeletal muscle mass or strength when compared to an energy-matched placebo [77]. However, this was only in subjects who were consuming standard meals and meal-induced gains in lean mass from feeding alone, without resistance exercise are likely to be small, especially over a period of 12 weeks. Further, the leucine supplementation was associated with declines in circulating valine and isoleucine which could have become limiting for the stimulation of MPS [77]. Studies in animals have shown that leucine provision leads to a decline in circulating EAA and reduces the duration of the amino acid mediated increase in MPS [78]; however, when this decrease is prevented and basal amino acid concentrations are maintained, the response of MPS to amino acid provision lasts ~2 hours [79]. Overall, additional dietary leucine, which may be obtained from high quality proteins and not necessarily in crystalline form, may be of some benefit to the elderly from the perspective of increasing MPS [70,71]. More research is needed to examine the effect of leucine-enriched amino acid provision in the early time period after resistance exercise on MPS and gains in lean mass following more long-term training.
Recently, Smith and colleagues (2011a, 2011b) have examined the role of supplemental (4 g day for 8 weeks) omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on rates of MPS and the activation of signaling proteins within the mTOR-p70S6k pathway in both young and middle aged [80], and elderly subjects [81]. In all age groups examined, supplementation with omega 3 fatty acids significantly increased the magnitude of the amino acid/insulin induced stimulation of MPS and phosphorylation of mTOR [80,81]. Although the mechanisms are currently unknown, these results suggest that omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids possess anabolic properties via their ability to enhance the sensitivity of skeletal muscle to amino acids and insulin, even in young healthy individuals [80,81]. Recently it has been shown that supplemental fish oil (2 g/day) is also able to enhance the adaptive response to chronic resistance exercise training by promoting increases in muscle strength in elderly women [82]. Future research should examine the role of supplemental omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on lean muscle mass accrual following a period of chronic resistance exercise training in both the young and elderly.
Role of carbohydrate and insulin in the regulation of muscle protein metabolism
Consumption of a typical mixed meal is generally associated with the ingestion of not only dietary proteins and amino acids, but also carbohydrates and lipids. While almost nothing is known about the impact of lipid-protein co-ingestion on direct measures of MPS with feeding and resistance exercise, Elliot and colleagues [83] reported that threonine and phenylalanine uptake (indicative of an anabolic response) was greater after ingestion of whole milk (8.2 g fat, 8.0 g protein, 11.4 carbohydrate: total 627 kcal) as compared to fat free milk or isocaloric control conditions that were devoid of fat. The reason for the greater anabolism after whole milk ingestion is not entirely clear; however, it may relate to the greater muscle perfusion, at least in that study. Previous studies have investigated the role of carbohydrate (CHO) in the regulation of human muscle protein metabolism [16-19,84]. Intake of CHO is associated with increased levels of circulating insulin, which has a strong inhibitory effect on MPB [38,85,86], and thus is able to improve net protein balance [16-19,84]. However, in the absence of amino acid intake, CHO intake does not result in a positive net protein balance [19,84]. Our lab has recently examined the effect of carbohydrate-protein co-ingestion as compared to protein intake alone on rates of MPS and MPB after acute resistance exercise in young men [17]. Subjects consumed 25 g of whey protein or 25 g of whey protein with 50 g of added CHO as maltodextrin. Area under the plasma insulin curve was ~5-fold higher following protein-carbohydrate co-ingestion, however measures of limb blood flow, MPS, and MPB at rest and after resistance exercise were not different as compared to protein alone [17]. Therefore, when protein intake is of sufficient quantity to maximize MPS (see [5]), the resulting hyperaminoacidemia/hyperinsulinemia is sufficient to not only maximize MPS, but also fully inhibit MPB. These findings corroborate earlier work by Greenhaff and colleagues (2008) who demonstrated that low concentrations (5 mU/L) of insulin are required to mediate a maximal amino acid induced stimulation of leg protein synthesis, and that increasing plasma insulin up to 30 mU/L was required to reduce leg protein breakdown by over 50% and increase net protein balance, but concentrations above this were not further inhibitory for protein breakdown [38]. It is important to note that although CHO may not be fundamentally important in altering net protein balance after resistance exercise when adequate protein is provided, muscle glycogen is reduced following resistance exercise [87,88] and CHO has an important role in muscle glycogen resynthesis and is therefore useful to enhance recovery from training [89].
Nutritional interventions designed to maximally stimulate MPS may be useful for those individuals concerned with enhancing skeletal muscle protein accretion, particularly when they are combined with a program of chronic resistance exercise. Factors including protein/EAA dose, protein source, timing of protein ingestion, and amino acid composition appear to impact the magnitude, and possibly duration, of postprandial MPS. Therefore, in terms of current recommendations it appears that consumption of ~ 20–25 g (corresponding to ~ 8–10 g EAA) [5] of a rapidly absorbed protein [6,8,53] may serve to maximally stimulate MPS after resistance exercise in young healthy individuals. Ideal candidates to fulfill such criteria appear to be whey [6,8] or bovine milk [7]. Whether these recommendations hold for individuals outside of ~80-90 kg is unknown and future research is warranted to address this question.
For the elderly, consumption of high quality leucine-rich proteins, such as whey, may be of primary importance to maximize MPS [70,71] although addition of free leucine to meals does not appear to be an effective strategy to enhance muscle mass or strength, at least when measured over 12 weeks [77]. We propose that there is, at least in young individuals, an extended 'window of anabolic opportunity' beyond the immediate post-exercise period that persists for at least 24 h, which may result from muscle fibre recruitment dependent enhanced sensitivity of skeletal muscle to amino acid provision. Although amino acids appear to be the primary nutrient effectors of MPS and can independently enhance muscle protein accrual, their effect on MPS, and ultimately muscle growth will be enhanced by chronic resistance exercise.
CHO, Carbohydrate; EAA, Essential amino acid; MPB, Muscle protein breakdown; MPS, Muscle protein synthesis.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
TACV, NAB, and SMP wrote and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
We thank Daniel West and Cameron Mitchell for helpful discussions and feedback on the manuscript.
Funding for this project was provided by the Natural Science and Engineering Research council of Canada (NSERC) and by the Canadian Institute of Health Research (CIHR) grants to SMP and an NSERC postgraduate scholarship to TACV.
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March's Community Class
Join The Yoga Sanctuary for their March Community Yoga Class as they host a benefit for the Yah Yah Girls and their Back Pack Kidz Program, an organization whose mission is to help the children of Charlotte County who are homeless, near homeless or who are living in dire financial need. This free yoga class is open to all and will include a brief introduction by Jolene Mowry, president of The Yah Yah Girls, Inc. Learn more about how this amazing group of women helps children in our community. All donations collected will go to The Yah Yah Girls. For more information visit www.theyogasanctuary.biz or call 941.505.YOGA(9642).
The Yoga Sanctuary
112 Sullivan St, Punta Gorda, FL 33950

subset: commoncrawl


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Ataxia often occurs when parts of the nervous system that control movement are damaged. People with ataxia experience a failure of muscle control in their arms and legs, resulting in a lack of balance and coordination or a disturbance of gait. While the term ataxia is primarily used to describe this set of symptoms, it is sometimes also used to refer to a family of disorders. It is not, however, a specific diagnosis.
Most disorders that result in ataxia cause cells in the part of the brain called the cerebellum to degenerate, or atrophy. Sometimes the spine is also affected. The phrases cerebellar degeneration and spinocerebellar degeneration are used to describe changes that have taken place in a person's nervous system; neither term constitutes a specific diagnosis. Cerebellar and spinocerebellar degeneration have many different causes. The age of onset of the resulting ataxia varies depending on the underlying cause of the degeneration.
Many ataxias are hereditary and are classified by chromosomal location and pattern of inheritance: autosomal dominant, in which the affected person inherits a normal gene from one parent and a faulty gene from the other parent; and autosomal recessive, in which both parents pass on a copy of the faulty gene. Among the more common inherited ataxias are Friedreich's ataxia and Machado-Joseph disease. Sporadic ataxias can also occur in families with no prior history.
Ataxia can also be acquired. Conditions that can cause acquired ataxia include stroke, multiple sclerosis, tumors, alcoholism, peripheral neuropathy, metabolic disorders, and vitamin deficiencies.
|National Ataxia Foundation (NAF)
2600 Fernbrook Lane North
Suite 119
Minneapolis, MN 55447-4752
Tel: 763-553-0020
Fax: 763-553-0167
|Friedreich's Ataxia Research Alliance (FARA)
P.O. Box 1537
Springfield, VA 22151
Tel: (703) 426-1576
Fax: (703) 425-0643
|National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
55 Kenosia Avenue
Danbury, CT 06810
Tel: 203-744-0100 Voice Mail 800-999-NORD (6673)
Fax: 203-798-2291
Prepared by:
Office of Communications and Public Liaison
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, MD 20892
NINDS health-related material is provided for information purposes only and does not necessarily represent endorsement by or an official position of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke or any other Federal agency. Advice on the treatment or care of an individual patient should be obtained through consultation with a physician who has examined that patient or is familiar with that patient's medical history.
All NINDS-prepared information is in the public domain and may be freely copied. Credit to the NINDS or the NIH is appreciated.
Last updated July 17, 2015


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(This article was first published on isomorphismes, and kindly contributed to R-bloggers)
nice ggplot intro tutorial. Just run the commands, about 6 pages = flexible 1-3 hours of learning, depending how much reading you want to pair it with
by Ramon Saccilotto
To leave a comment for the author, please follow the link and comment on their blog: isomorphismes.
R-bloggers.com offers daily e-mail updates about R news and tutorials on topics such as: visualization (ggplot2, Boxplots, maps, animation), programming (RStudio, Sweave, LaTeX, SQL, Eclipse, git, hadoop, Web Scraping) statistics (regression, PCA, time series, trading) and more...


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|Okere, Isidore - CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV
|Young, Martin
|Mcelfresh, Tracy - CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV
|Chess, David - CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV
|Sharov, Victor - FORD HEART&VASCULAR INST
|Sabbah, Hani - FORD HEART7VASCULAR INST
|Hoit, Brian - CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV
|Ernsberger, Paul - CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV
|Chandler, Margaret - CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV
|Stanley, William - CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV
Submitted to: Hypertension
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: September 25, 2006
Publication Date: October 23, 2006
Citation: Okere, I.C., Young, M.E., McElfresh, T.A., Chess, D.J., Sharov, V.G., Sabbah, H.N., Hoit, B.D., Ernsberger, P., Chandler, M.P., Stanley, W.C. 2006. Low carbohydrate/high-fat diet attenuates cardiac hypertrophy, remodeling, and altered gene expression in hypertension. Hypertension. 48:1116-1123. Interpretive Summary: Factors that increase risk for heart disease often go hand-in-hand. These include increased blood pressure (hypertension) and high lipid (fat) levels in the blood (known as dyslipidemia). This study investigated whether a high-fat diet (similar to the Atkins diet) influenced the heart disease associated with hypertension. Somewhat surprisingly, we found that a high-fat diet appeared to improve heart function in an animal model of hypertension. The results suggest that the Atkins diet may not accelerate heart disease progression, at least in the short term.
Technical Abstract: The effects of dietary fat intake on the development of left ventricular hypertrophy and accompanying structural and molecular remodeling in response to hypertension are not understood. The present study compared the effects of a high-fat versus a low-fat diet on development of left ventricular hypertrophy, remodeling, contractile dysfunction, and induction of molecular markers of hypertrophy (ie, expression of mRNA for atrial natriuretic factor and myosin heavy chain beta). Dahl salt-sensitive rats were fed either a low-fat (10% of total energy from fat) or a high-fat (60% of total energy from fat) diet on either low-salt or high-salt (6% NaCl) chow for 12 weeks. Hearts were analyzed for mRNA markers of ventricular remodeling and activities of the mitochondrial enzymes citrate synthase and medium chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase. Similar levels of hypertension were achieved with high-salt feeding in both diet groups (systolic pressure of approximately 190 mm Hg). In hypertensive rats fed low-fat chow, left ventricular mass, myocyte cross-sectional area, and end-diastolic volume were increased, and ejection fraction was decreased; however, these effects were not observed with the high-fat diet. Hypertensive animals on low-fat chow had increased atrial natriuretic factor mRNA, myosin heavy chain isoform switching (alpha to beta), and decreased activity of citrate synthase and medium chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase, which were all attenuated by high-fat feeding. In conclusion, increased dietary lipid intake can reduce cardiac growth, left ventricular remodeling, contractile dysfunction, and alterations in gene expression in response to hypertension.


text: Home » Jackets » 60's Jacket » DSC02568 DSC02568 Fraeulein.Perlon June 10, 2012 0 comments Share This Content Tweet Pin It • Meet the Author • Fraeulein.Perlon I love all things of the 40-60Years and sewing since a couple of month. View My Website Love what you've seen so far? Subscribe by email to receive all the week's posts delivered to your inbox in one big glorious email every Friday. Inbox overflowing? Follow us on Bloglovin instead! Find the WeSewRetro crew chatting on Facebook and sharing pretties on Pinterest. 0 comments… add one Don't Be Shy » Leave a Comment! Cancel


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Looks like I have been tagged by my buddy, Abby over at Life with B and A: http://lifewithba.blogspot.com/
So here are my 7 random facts:
1. I have a severe fear of Turkeys.
2. I went to an all girls school (uniforms and all!) for Junior High.
3. I was supposed to be born on Christmas Day, but came 2 days early (it was probably the only time in my life I was early for something).
4. Sean and I secretly hope the baby is born early as well because we are so curious to see what she looks like we can hardly stand it!
5. I would eat a Taco Bell Cheesy Gordita Crunch for every single meal every day if I could. I LOVE those things.
6. We finally found a home for all our Koi fish at Big Al's Aquariums, but have no idea if he was going to feed them to his shark collection or sell them. Now we feel kinda bad about not making sure they weren't going to end up as shark food…
7. Dipping strawberries in chocolate fondue is our favorite evening snack!
And now I am tagging these awesome ladies as well:
Excited New Mom, MommyMoreno: http://mommymoreno.blogspot.com/
Jenna: http://jennablife.blogspot.com/
Amber over at It's Easy Being Green: http://organicallyamber.blogspot.com/
Jenn at Pemberton Peanut: http://pembertonpeanut.blogspot.com/
The always fabulous Jen at the perfectbalance: http://perfectbalance-runjen.blogspot.com/
The lovely Dee : http://deesgarret.blogspot.com/
Jennifer at Baby makes Five: http://theverginfamilyblog.blogspot.com/


text: Bio: Denison Andrews stumped the panel on What's My Line while promoting his first books, HOW TO MAKE YOUR OWN HAMMOCK and LIE IN IT (Workman). He lives in Boston, and has been involved in teaching, selling, store ownership, real estate, insurance, etc., all in pursuit of his principal vocation: retirement. His short humor has appeared in Harvard Magazine.


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Sarasota, Florida - It is a bad break-up between a powerful partnership.
The Susan G. Komen Foundation is cutting all financial ties to Planned Parenthood, which has seven clinics in fifteen counties in Florida.
Some suspect that it's due to the abortion services that Planned Parenthood offers. In fact, people who are angry with this decision claim that the ultra-conservative new president of the country's leading breast cancer charity is to blame.
So far, no one from the Komen Foundation has gone on camera to comment in interviews.
However, a Komen spokesperson had this to say in a written statement: "We want to maintain a positive relationship with them. We're not making any judgment. We must continue to evolve to best and meet the needs of the women we serve and most fully advance our mission."
Barbara A. Zdravecky is the CEO of the Southwest and Central Florida office of Planned Parenthood in Sarasota.
Zdravecky addressed the media in a press conference Wednesday saying, "Planned parenthood is not going to stop. Planned Parenthood is providing more healthcare to women than any other group in the country. We will not stop. We're going to stand up for women's health. We're going to stand up for poor women's health and continue to provide the care that 97 percent of our services entail."
One in five women have utilized Planned Parenthood services in their lives, according to the iconic, nationwide organization. Planned Parenthood calls this "bullying" and a "witch hunt."
Organizers maintain they're not just upset, they're devastated.
Today in Sarasota, Zdravecky said that 27,000 women were treated last year at their Sarasota clinic, and half of them received breast exams.
Planned Parenthood organizers say the majority of what they do is women's health care, offering low cost cancer screenings, breast exams, mammograms, contraception and STD testing. They say Komen should recognize how Planned Parenthood is saving lives.
Only three percent, according to Planned Parenthood, of what they do deals with abortion services.
Not all Planned Parenthood clinics are affected by this funding freeze. Some do not rely on grants from Komen. There's only one in Florida that takes Komen funding, and it's in the Palm Beach-Miami area.
A private donor gave $250,000 to the Sarasota Planned Parenthood location to help the other clinics across the country struggling with the loss of funding.
According to Gina Kravitz, Executive Director Suncoast chapter of the Komen foundation, "Nothing's going to change about the number of women we are able to provide. Our number one priority is to have screening programs in place in the six counties we serve. Our grants will serve the same number of people."
Kravitz went on to say, "This was not a local decision."
Numerous people responded to the 10 News Facebook page saying they were going to pull their support and donations to Komen in the future.


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Ganesha On My Mind. ~ Linda Maria Sperl
The story of Ganesha fascinated me.
So much so, that I went out before my trip to purchase a Ganesha for my home altar and one for my pocket. When I was at the shop, my eyes caught a view of a Ganesha in the showcase. There, almost out of view and in the shadows, it stood. I fell in love with it. The vendor came over to remark on the beauty of it. I nodded. In the spirit of honesty, however, he gently pointed out a tiny imperfection in the Ganesha. There, at the crown of his elephant head. So small, that I hadn't even noticed it until his truthfulness exposed its secret. I was disappointed. I had wanted that Ganesha, but now the small, broken chip marred it. I looked at other Ganesha statues in the showcase, but I didn't see any that caught my attention or my heart like this one. My eyes kept returning to the imperfect one. The vendor saw my attachment to it and offered a discount. The gesture was kind, but I was still hesitating.
Why buy a "not as good as new" Ganesha?
But something kept my feet firmly planted in front of that showcase. That something told me that this was the Ganesha for me. As much as my mind kept resisting, my heart kept its focus on the imperfect statuette. Then, quite suddenly really, two words fluttered from my lips: Wabi-Sabi. And my spirit knew. Wabi-Sabi is my theme word for 2012. It is a Japanese concept that implies the idea of "the beauty of imperfection." It is an acceptance of what is and the simplicity and elegance of all things not perfect.
I had chosen Wabi-Sabi as a word guide for this year because much of the time my personal history prevented movement because of those required desires of perfection: the best, the most timely, the perfect word, the right moment, the absolute certainty that this is 'the' right answer. The list could go on and on. It is a rut that blocks movement of any kind. That Ganesha in me does not allow me to move through the threshold. I become locked in the space between two worlds. I stay there, in the doorway and shadows, but there is not much to see, experience, and love. I stay, waiting.
There in the tiny Indian shop, Wabi-Sabi lit up this Ganesha, two cultures, Japanese and Indian, connecting my spirit to both.
My mind wandered in and in and remembered. My childhood was a lot like that. Raised by 'off the boat' parents in an American culture, I had often felt poised in the doorway of both cultures, Waiting to choose. As a child, feeling un-whole if one did not include the other, and feeling imperfect in both. It had taken me years to bring them together in who I am today. Some days, the memory of that struggle reappears. Like now, in that little Indian shop.
That statuette sits on my home altar now. Waiting and ready to break through the next barriers that silently surround me. Wabi-Sabi will be my light, my guide. Teaching me to look and see the beauty and uniqueness of all that is imperfect—and this amazing Ganesha, with the chip in its head? It will propel me through that door, not waiting anymore. And it will be imperfectly perfect.
Linda Maria Sperl is a practicing yogini who believes in the deep, healing powers of women's intuition, yoga, writing, and the moon. She teaches a gentle, meditative yoga flow and weaves poetry, journaling, philosophy, and breath consciousness into her yoga classes. She believes that a yoga practice is a spiritual journey and strives to create themes that are nourishing and soothing to the soul. Linda Maria is deeply grateful for the practice of yoga and the enriching experiences it has given her in life. She lives in New York with her amazing hubby Rich and Sophie, her sweet, little cocker spaniel.
Editor: Tanya L. Markul
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16 Responses to "Ganesha On My Mind. ~ Linda Maria Sperl"
I too love Ganesha and the philosophy of wabi-sabi. Now I also love the way you have woven them together.
Just posted to "Featured Today" on the Elephant Spirituality Homepage.
Valerie Carruthers
Please go and "Like" Elephant Spirituality on Facebook
Posted to Elephant Yoga on Facebook and Twitter.
Tanya Lee Markul, Yoga Editor
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Thank you Tanya!
Wow I so liked reading your blog. I'm thinking about writing my own blog in the near future Best Wishes.
Thanks! Looking forward to reading one of your posts as well!
This is my first post here at elephant and I wanted to say how joyful I am that I was given the opportunity to share my story with you (Thank you Tanya!) !I I would also like to thank Susanna Harwood Rubin for her incredible teachings at "Writing My Practice". Her wisdom, knowledge, and encouragement have truly supported my writing and helped it (and me) to grow.
How did I miss this earlier? Or did I? I just wrote a Ganesh story & it linked to your article in the "If you liked this.." area! YAY! I remember this piece & loved your thoughtfulness & as ever, your sensibility. Post a link to this in a comment under my piece! http://www.elephantjournal.com/2012/10/receiving-…
And send me your links! xox
Beautiful words and insights. Honored to be in Susanna's class with you.
Grateful to you Teri! Thank you for stopping by and reading the article!
[…] She recognized this voice. It has visited before. It burrows deep into the throat until she thought she would faint and die if she did not scream, even a […]
just yesterday I spoke with a Japanese woman and ( because of your article) asked her about the phrase "wabi-sabi". She looked at me funny at first, most likely wondering how I could have known such a term, and then described the meaning to me. She explained that it compared to the beauty of a flower blossom BEFORE it opens or just AFTER the flower dies back. Most people think of the perfection of the bloom itself being of value, but it is seeing the beauty and importance of the hope and struggle to bloom and then the letting go and reward of the fulfillment that comes after the glory.
We can not be perfect, but we can strive to be the best possible humans we can in the way we love each other and share the hope in us. Being created in the image of God is an awesome responsibility. We have chances every day to choose our path and what we make of the gift of the life that has been given to us. We are imperfect on the inside and the outside and we should not judge each other because of any perceived or known faults.
Thanks for sharing your thoughts and stories through your writings. Although I can not relate to a statue of a half man half animal, I appreciate the message of your article. And there is such beauty in being caught between two cultures ! Because of your back ground and experiences, it has shaped you to become the unique and beautiful person that you are..Wabi- Sabi !!!!
Wow! I love the story that your acquaintance shared wtih you about the beauty of the flower in all of its phases. So, so true, really. Thank you for sharing!
my dear friend from yoga teacher training, I just love your words and I am SO glad to read your piece. You have such a gift for words. Thank you for sharing your thoughts and words.
How wonderful to see you here Janice! Thank you for your sweet encouragement! With deep gratitude, Linda
Linda, Thank you for yet again giving me something to ponder and think about. I have never heard of this story or the Wabi-Sabi. I can totally relate to how you have experienced the world. I too often have missed out on an experience because I was afraid to engage and do whatever "it" was wrong or not be good (perfect) at it. What a wonderful way to look at un-sticking ones self to move into a world of opportunities and do them all imperfectly perfect. Love, Katy PS Congratulations on being published.
[…] held that statue for a long time, knowing that only the love of a mother could match the […]


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Azucar's Salsa Mondays
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hope for pixel pushers
Rewinding back to JavaOne2000, a few of us on the Swing team put
together a session called "WebAwareWare" (forgive us, this predated
"Web Services" as a household name). In the session we
built a rich client version of a little web application called "Blogger",
written by a couple guys at Pyra Software. When I first learned of
"blogging", my first thought was, "who has time to write these things?",
and my next thought was, "why on earth would anyone read them?". Well,
apparently blogging has become an intrinsic part of web life, and so here goes...
I think this JavaOne (2003) has been my favorite since we introduced
Swing at JavaOne97. I could say it's because the tone this year feels
more "real" than recent years -- not just promises and announcements --
but stuff that really (or almost really :-) works. That would be true, but I think the real
reason is less philosophical -- I'm energized because there's a focus
on desktop Java again.
The opening day "general session" (formerly known as a "keynote") was
full of desktop Java. From Groker to JBuilder to GE Medical to games --
all highlighting the sophisticated level of clients which are enabled by
desktop Java technology. Images flew and performance screamed, showing
how far we've come over the years. Sessions on building high-performance
Swing/2D clients ("profile, profile, profile") and integrating 2D
effects into UIs hit that sweet spot of being technically interesting
and practical at the same time (okay, I may show some bias towards my
team colleagues here, but I'm sure attendees will corroborate this). And
the Swing BOF was packed. Questions are not so much about this bug or that,
but more questions about our strategic direction for the future.
Those of us who have a passion for UI & graphics are into pixels -
the more the merrier. Servers don't have em, and phones have only a
handful, so I'm quite content to let those fevers be tended by others.
For the last 8 years I've been blessed with the opportunity to drive
pixels using Java, and there's simply no place else I'd rather be
(workwise, that is).
So, I'm just jazzed about this new desktop-focused Java community and
look forward to working together to build solutions that solve real-world problems and bring truth and beauty to our users. Apple gets it. So do we.
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text: King, King & King | IBDB: The official source for Broadway Information IBDB: The official source for Broadway Information Official Broadway League sites: - sites - broadway.org broadwayleague.com broadwayfanclub.com kidsnightonbroadway.com stagespecs.org tonyawards.com Quick Search For: In This Category: All Show People/Org. Theatre Season King, King & King Performer Primary Organization Members:Harry King, Matty King and Bob King Brother act Productions ProductionsDate of ProductionsBroadway Nights[Musical, Revue, Original] Performer: King, King & King [Three Baggage Men]Jul 15, 1929 - Aug 17, 1929 Find out where King, King & King and are credited together © 2001-2015, The Broadway League, All Rights Reserved. (Copyright and Disclaimer)


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Winter holidays
Welcome to Innsbruck and its holiday villages. Welcome to winter! Three times host to the Winter Olympics, our region boasts nine ski areas for alpine skiing, snowboarding and cross-country skiing. Our winter sports menu also includes tobogganing, ice skating, alpine-style curling and even a ride in an Olympic bobsleigh. The free ski bus is convenient and environmentally friendly.
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Muskoka Lakes Boathouse by Ottawa-based studio Christopher Simmonds Architect is located in Muskoka Lakes, Ontario, Canada. The construction that gets its name from its location is a renewal of an existing boathouse with 600 square meters, it includes a second guest suite and roof terrace. Its design in the wilderness provides varied views as well as a sheltering foil to the open lake breezes and water traffic.
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The third episode of Telltale's The Walking Dead series has launched on the App Store. This episode, called Long Road Ahead, is available via in-app purchases from the 'Episodes' menu. The episode is $4.99 like previous episodes and thrifty users can purchase the whole thing for a cool $14.99 in-app. [Download]
Mobile publisher DeNA has released the card-battling Marvel: War of Heroes on Android and iOS. The game was originally expected on October 11, but it missed that launch date. The game is developed by Cygames, the team behind the immensely popular Rage of Bahamut card game, so expect the same action to be found here with your favorite Marvel characters. Marvel: War of Heroes is available for free on either platform. [Download Android/iOS]
A larger number of players had their progress completely wiped in the iOS version of EA's Theme Park. Since the game features in-app purchases, this has become a real problem for EA, with many users leaving one-star reviews to vent their rage. There's currently no word on whether EA will be able to restore users' items.
Console developer Lightbox Interactive has decided to leave behind the PlayStation 3 to developer an iOS title. The company previously worked on the PlayStation 3-exclusive Starhawk, but the game's sales were less than stellar. Lightbox did not announce the name of its first iOS title.
Finally, the first update to Rovio's Bad Piggies has been completed. Rovio tweeted that the update was finished and "will be out in less than a month from launch!" The title launched on September 27 to rave reviews and the timeline puts the update's release prior to Halloween this month.
Bethesda kicks off E3 with a plethora of looks at upcoming games. More »
Posted: Apr 16, 2015
Posted: Dec 4, 2014
Posted: Nov 20, 2014
Posted: Oct 29, 2014


text:
The Magazine
Whip Unemployment Now?
The Obama presidency enters its pathetic phase.
Sep 26, 2011, Vol. 17, No. 02 • By FRED BARNES
But suspicion became fact when the president disclosed he'd pay for his $447 billion bill entirely with tax increases. He knew Republicans would never go along. If they did, he knew it would split their party bitterly. He knew he'd have a "do-nothing Congress" of his very own.
Obama isn't as clever as he thinks. A back-to-the-future strategy from 63 years ago isn't likely to work. Politics has changed, and the president's devices and desires are transparent. Truman himself couldn't pull off the strategy today.
But Obama's machinations aren't the clearest evidence of his desperation. His unpresidential conduct is. In 2008, he led crowds in chanting, "Yes, we can." He was a candidate then, and it demonstrated the loftiness of his appeal and the passion of his partisans.
Now he's president. We can have fast railroads like China's, he said in Columbus. "So let's tell Congress, pass this bill right away." The crowd shouted back. "Pass this bill! Pass this bill! Pass this bill!"
Now get ready for the "Pass this bill" buttons.
Fred Barnes is executive editor of THE WEEKLY STANDARD.
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Capturing Time-lapse Photos and Recording Video at the Same Time with the Dual HERO System
You can capture time-lapse photos and record video at the same time when using Dual HERO Mode. Dual Hero Mode enables the user to capture video from the master camera while separately recording full 12mp time-lapse from the slave camera. Both cameras will display their individual status screens for the respective mode that they are shooting in (video for master and time-lapse for slave).


text:
Order of Business.
Thursday, 10 December 1970
Dáil Eireann Debate
The Taoiseach: It is proposed to lake business as follows: Nos. 20, 21, 22, 23, 7, 8 and 24; Questions at 2.30 p.m. The House will sit today from 10.30 a.m. to 10.30 p.m. and tomorrow from 10.30 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Dr. FitzGerald: Arising out of the Order of Business I wish to raise the question of the disappearance from the Order Paper of item No. 1 on yesterday's Order Paper. This item was not taken. I rose on it but as the debate had not concluded on Mr. Corish's speech, I was not able to get in.
An Ceann Comhairle: It was taken. I called No. 1 and the Minister moved it.
Dr. FitzGerald: Since I did not hear it being moved, I had no opportunity of saying anything on the Bill.
Mr. O'Malley: May I say that I moved the Bill and that it was accepted by the House?
Dr. FitzGerald: On a point of order, let it be placed again on the Order Paper.
An Ceann Comhairle: I called No. 1 and the Minister indicated when it would be taken.
Mr. O'Malley: I was asked subsequently by Deputy Fitzpatrick what date it was fixed for.
Mr. Tully: I was a lot nearer to the Minister than was either the Chair or [520] Deputy FitzGerald and I did not hear the Minister move this item.
Mr. B. Lenihan: Deputy Fitzpatrick spoke on it.
Mr. P.J. Burke: It was not possible to hear anything in this House yesterday. Parliament was disgraced.
Dr. FitzGerald: It is important that this House should have an opportunity, should it wish to do so——
Mr. M. O'Leary: It was the Taoiseach and no one else who brought Parliament into disgrace yesterday.
Dr. FitzGerald: I am sure the Chair will be the first to agree that this House, in respect of any Bill, should, if it wishes to do so, have the opportunity to raise a question and oppose the Bill on the First Stage but if we cannot hear it being moved, we cannot be aware that it is being moved. Later, I did hear you call No. 4 but I did not hear item No. 1. I wish to lodge a protest and to ask that in any case in which a Member of this House cannot hear a Bill being moved that the Bill be put on the Order Paper again.
An Ceann Comhairle: The fact that Members do not hear is not a matter for the Chair. I heard the Minister distinctly ordering the Bill for the first sitting day after the recess.
Dr. FitzGerald: May I make a point that it is a matter for the Chair to ensure that the business of this House is carried on, that people can be heard and that people have a right to carry on business in an orderly way? If the Chair fails to ensure that, the blame does not lie with us and we are entitled to ask you, if you were unable to maintain order and allowed the business to proceed despite that, to ensure this item is put on the Order Paper again.
[521]Mr. T.J. Fitzpatrick: (Cavan) rose.
An Ceann Comhairle: Deputy Cluskey.
Mr. T.J. Fitzpatrick: (Cavan): My name has been mentioned.
Mr. Cluskey: Last night after the House had adjourned, the Taoiseach, both personally and through his Whip, offered us a full-day debate tomorrow on the question of internment provided that we abandon our position in relation to the Prices and Incomes Bill.
The Taoiseach: That was not the condition.
Mr. M. O'Leary: This is interesting.
Mr. Cluskey: As it would not be possible to sacrifice one piece of democracy in an effort to defend another, we would ask the Taoiseach if he would be prepared to have the debate tomorrow. In turn, we would be prepared to sit for any extra hours that might be lost.
The Taoiseach: I want to say specifically that the condition that has been referred to by Deputy Cluskey was never mentioned by me.
The Taoiseach: I shall tell the House exactly what happened.
Mr. Cluskey: That would be a novelty, to use the Taoiseach's own words.
The Taoiseach: During the course of the debate yesterday I suggested to the Opposition that a debate on the Government statement of last Friday could be included in the Adjournment Debate at the end of the present session provided that the legislation now on the Order Paper will have been passed by that time. I mentioned that openly in the Dáil yesterday. Apparently it was not acceptable.
Subsequently, I did convey directly to Deputy Cluskey the offer that we [522] could have a debate tomorrow provided that by next week all the legislation that the Government wished to put through will have been passed. I did not suggest any abandonment of any principle by anybody. That offer still stands. It is reasonable that the Government are entitled to ask the House to have the necessary legislative provisions put through this House at the proper time when there is a statutory limitation on the necessity for such legislation. Both offers are still open —the first one having been made openly here yesterday and the second both to Deputy Cluskey and to the leader of his party.
Mr. Cluskey: Will the Taoiseach not agree that we were prepared to facilitate as far as all the business on the Order Paper was concerned with the exception of the Prices and Income Bill? We are not prepared to sacrifice the interests of the workers——
Mr. Cluskey: I did not know that the people on the Government benches would recognise the interests of the workers.
Mr. Cluskey: The Chair's ruling yesterday was to the effect that the powers were not in operation. I recall that when major strikes were about to take place but had not actually become effective, debates were allowed in the House. Therefore, I find it difficult to detect any consistency in your ruling of yesterday.
An Ceann Comhairle: At this stage, we cannot have a discussion on my ruling.
The Taoiseach: May I clarify the situation? The Labour Party are trying, in some way, to put me in a false position. I did not refuse a debate here yesterday. There was a specific motion on the Order Paper from the Labour [523] Party which you found did not comply with Standing Orders for the purpose of providing a debate. That was the Chair's decision and I had no function in it. However, I did make the offer to which I have already referred here openly, and also the other one to the Labour Party directly. I want to repeat that both these offers are still open.
Mr. Cluskey: The Taoiseach's statement yesterday to the House was that there was too much legislation to be dealt with. We are now prepared to sit any extra hours that are necessary to compensate for the time that would be lost in discussing this major issue.
The Taoiseach: It is important that legislation before the House is completed before Christmas——
The Taoiseach: Otherwise we shall sit up to Christmas Day, but it is not desirable we should do that. By offering hours to compensate for whatever hours would be lost in a debate does not mean there is any undertaking from or indication by the Labour Party that the necessary legislation would be put through before the Recess.
Mr. P. Belton: That is blackmail.
Mr. Cluskey: The idea is that we shall get one part of democracy if we abandon another. We are not trading principles.
Mr. Tully: Is it not a fact that, even without the debate for which we are asking, the Taoiseach has no guarantee that the business before the House will be finished before Christmas? Has it not always been the case that there will be certain items which the Government will abandon at the last minute? Why not be sensible about it? Let the Taoiseach name the ones he wants and, as Deputy Cluskey says, we shall sit all night, if necessary, to give him the time.
The Taoiseach: It is not unreasonable in a democratic society that if a request is made by one side a request would also be made by the other side [524] and both be acceded to. This is a matter of procedure by the House. The Labour Party want it both ways. They want to have a debate on a matter that you. Sir, have ruled they are not entitled to have——
The Taoiseach: We are prepared to do that provided they accede to my reasonable request. I mentioned the measures we required and I shall repeat them now: the Finance (No. 2) Bill, the Decimal Currency Bill, the Transport Bill, the Exchange Control Bill and the Prices and Incomes Bill.
Mr. Desmond: Is the Taoiseach aware that in relation to the Prices and Incomes Bill he is placing the Labour Party in an impossible position? The Irish Congress of Trade Unions are about to ask him, in view of their special delegate conference tomorrow on the proposed national wage agreement, to withdraw the Prices and Incomes Bill to enable that conference to take place in a calm atmosphere in which there can be rational discussion. You cannot have it both ways.
Mr. B. Lenihan: That is the joke of the day.
Dr. Cruise-O'Brien: The Taoiseach said just now that the refusal to allow a debate on this matter stemmed from your ruling. Sir, and not from his decision. We would accept that, but we should like to know what the basis for your ruling is, for your extraordinary interpretation of section 29. You ruled that nothing definite had happened. Something definite has happened. The European Commission on Human Rights at Strasbourg have been informed of our impending derogation from the Convention on Human Rights.
Mr. Colley: On a point of order. Is it not true that under our procedure there is a method of dealing with criticism of the ruling of the Chair and that this is not the way to do it?
An Ceann Comhairle: The Deputy is not in order. I explained fully to the House yesterday my reasons for refusing to have the debate.
[525]Dr. Cruise-O'Brien: No, Sir, you did not. You said nothing definite had happened. That was not true. As a matter of fact, definite things have happened. The Taoiseach made an important statement which has been the subject of widespread comment.
An Ceann Comhairle: The Deputy may not discuss my ruling at this stage. The Deputy is not in order.
Dr. Cruise-O'Brien: Strasbourg has been informed——
An Ceann Comhairle: I would ask the Deputy to resume his seat.
Dr. Cruise-O'Brien: This is a matter of public importance. You ruled no thing definite had happened.
An Ceann Comhairle: The Deputy is disorderly.
Dr. Cruise O'Brien: I heard the Ceann Comhairle. We shall not agree that debate shall be stifled by using the forum of this House and by you abusing your powers——
An Ceann Comhairle: Would the Deputy please resume his seat?
The Taoiseach: The Deputy, by abusing the Chair, wants to be put out.
An Ceann Comhairle: Would the Deputy allow the business to continue?
[526]Dr. Cruise-O'Brien: We are not going to accept the ruling of the Chair. The Chair's ruling in this matter is a corrupt one.
An Ceann Comhairle: Deputy Cosgrave.
Dr. Cruise-O'Brien: You are twisting——
Mr. P.J. Burke: This is despicable conduct. Mob law.
Mr. P. Belton: Withdraw the internment threat.
Dr. Cruise-O'Brien: Justify your ruling.
An Ceann Comhairle: Would the Deputy allow Deputy Cosgrave to put a question?
An Ceann Comhairle: If the Deputy will allow me I shall oblige him. I would ask the Taoiseach, in view of Deputy Conor Cruise-O'Brien's disorderly conduct, to name the Deputy.
|Last Updated: 15/09/2010 06:23:34
|Page of 91


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Archinect's Architecture School Lecture Guide for Winter-Spring 2015Archinect's Get Lectured is back in session! Get Lectured is an ongoing series where we feature a school's lecture series—and their snazzy posters—for the current term. Check back frequently to keep track of any upcoming... View full entry »
Archinect's Architecture School Lecture Guide for Winter/Spring 2014Archinect's Get Lectured is up and running again for the Winter/Spring '14 term! As a refresher from our Fall 2013 guide, every week we'll feature a school's lecture series—and their snazzy posters—for the current season. If... View full entry »
The new directors of the school, [AA, DC, MB said (on record and in a recording) that the university was a corporation and their first interest was not education. If education is a business, shouldn't we know what we are paying for? — Public Intelligence
This document is a copy of the cyclical unit review performed by the University for the SoA in spring of this year. The result of the review may or may not have been the forced resignation of Professor Michael Jemtrud - an visionary individual who was making important and progressive changes... View full entry »
An institution isn't just a logo, a set of buildings and protocols, and the legal and economic capacity to grant degrees, hire employees, and command public attention. It's not a means to an end—a place where you cough up your time, money, and effort in exchange for other goods, such as credentials or a salary. An institution is built on traditions, community, and relationships built one at a time between the people who make themselves a part of it. It is a family, of sorts. — Harvard GSD (Lian)
Very excited to be back in Montreal for the next few days, for McGill School of Architecture's conference, 'The Virtue of the Virtual.' — Harvard GSD (Lian)
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