text:
Private Members' Business. - Early Education: Motion (Resumed).
Wednesday, 25 October 1995
Dáil Éireann Debate
The following motion was moved by Deputy Martin on Tuesday, 24 October 1995:
"That Dáil Éireann calls on the Government to formulate a comprehensive and co-ordinated national policy on early education embracing all existing providers of early education in Ireland at present and calls on the Ministers for Education and Health to take the following interim steps as a means towards achieving this objective:
—to establish a National Forum on Early Education made up of representatives from all groups involved in the provision of such education along with representatives from the relevant Government Departments;
—to cease the expansion of the Early Start Programme any further until genuine consultations and negotiations leading to an agreed plan take place with the Irish Pre-School Playgroups Association, An Comhchoiste Réamhscolaíochta, the Association Montessori International, the St. Nicholas Montessori Society, the National Children's Nursery Association and the INTO;
—to implement forthwith the sections of the Child Care Act, 1991, concerning the supervision and regulation of pre-school services;
—to put in place, in consultation with the teacher training colleges and universities a progressive education and training programme, in early education with suitable accreditation;
—to increase the level of funding to pre-school playgroups operating [1484] throughout the country in the next financial year;
—to allow qualified A.M.I. Montessori and St. Nicholas Montessori teachers to apply for positions on the Early Start Programme; and
—to undertake a national research study on early childhood services in Ireland to provide the necessary data base for the development of an early education policy.".
Debate resumed on amendment No. 1:
To delete all words after "That" and substitute the following:
"Dáil Éireann commends the Government for the initiatives it has taken to alleviate the effects of social disadvantage on the educational welfare of children;
in particular, as one element of the Minister for Education's comprehensive policy for tackling disadvantage in the educational system, it commends the Minister for the establishment, following the most detailed research and preparation, of a high quality pre-school service in areas of disadvantage; and
commends the Minister for Health for implementing a range of initiatives in the area of pre-school care under the 1991 Child Care Act and for the financial and other supports given to voluntary playgroups and other early childhood services".
Mr. L. Fitzgerald: I wish to share my time with Deputy Gregory.
An Ceann Comhairle: I am sure that is satisfactory and agreed.
Mr. L. Fitzgerald: Molaim an rún atá os comhair na Dála ag an Teachta Martin. Tá sé mar phríomh-aidhm aige polasaí náisiúnta oideachais don aos óg [1485] a chruthú a bheadh comhraghaithe agus forleathan agus ag an am céanna a bhainfeadh fiuntas iomlán — agus tá sin an-thábhachtach — as na seirbhísigh uilig atá ar fáil i láthair na huaire.
Molaim freisin cuid de na gnéithe atá i bhfeidhm ag an Aire ach tá an modh ginearálta lochtach.
I congratulate Deputy Martin on bringing this motion before the House and for the obvious research into its formulation. In particular, I congratulate him on the constructive and positive spirit in which he introduced it. In supporting his case I want to refer briefly to some of the points behind the motion.
I do not wish to knock the early start programme. As I understand it and from talking to teachers, including former colleagues, the early start programme is based on the philosophy of early intervention being targeted at areas of greatest socio-economic disadvantage and marginalisation. It reminds me of the head start programme undertaken in the United States which I studies many years ago. That programme was introduced in the 1970s but as I cannot recall its details and could not find any information about it last night, I cannot say to what extent the early start programme models itself on the United States programme. I recall that case studies were carried out at the time which indicated that this type of early intervention had obvious positive effects.
I must declare a previous vested interest in regard to this debate. I am not saying that primary teachers are not the appropriate profession to implement the early start programme's elements and modules and I am satisfied that nothing in this motion attempts to make that charge. The Fianna Fáil position is that the whole question of early childhood education, if it is to seriously and profoundly address the major challenges faced by a young child growing up in an increasingly more complex environment, must take full account of the totality of needs of the three year old child. We are saying there must be [1486] a comprehensive, co-ordinated national policy in this area. In the absence of such a clearly thought out and well defined policy all that is left is patchwork. Despite all the merits of the early start programme, without a national policy there will be merely patchwork and ad hoc solutions. The Minister of State is, unwittingly, going down this road.
I do not intend detailing the merits of the philosophy and ideology of play and creativity for children; all of us who have studied education are fully familiar with those. The challenge to this House is for a full national debate on the needs of the pre-school child and I am glad the Minister of State with responsibility for children is present. Such a debate will have to embrace all the existing providers of early education, including voluntary groups, the community, professionals and statutory organisations.
I put it to the Minister of State — and he has had a great deal of involvement with children — that if the early start programme is progressed and expanded and if the Department's policy proceeds along that line, it will create a two-tier system. That is very dangerous because those who opt for the State system the Minister has hurriedly put in place will have enormous resources, and I concede that major resources are being made available to the early start programme. Those who continue to opt for the non-State structures, already in place in some cases for over 20 years, or who cannot find places on the early start programme will be at an acute disadvantage. Is this duplication really necessary? Has the Minister sufficiently thought out what she wants to achieve in relation to the whole question of early childhood education? I believe she has not. In turning her back on the providers of this service, she made a fundamental blunder but it not too late for her to seriously examine the suggestion behind this motion.
Mr. Gregory: I will not have time to go through the various aspects of the motion but I pay tribute to the work of [1487] the Irish Pre-School Playgroups' Association which has worked in areas of social disadvantage, with which I am familiar, when nobody else either seemed to care or to be doing anything for children in that age group. I hope its concerns will be met by the Minister.
I want to concentrate on the Government amendment to this motion which I find quite offensive. I refer in particular to the first section which commends the Government for the initiatives it has taken to alleviate the effects of social disadvantage on the educational welfare of children. This Government has done the exact opposite. It has concentrated resources on the children of the rich who least need them by giving free third level education at a time when primary education——
Mr. Broughan: Thirty-three pre-schools.
Mr. Gregory: I would not interrupt another Deputy.
An Ceann Comhairle: Deputy Gregory has limited time available to him and he should be allowed utilise it without any interruption.
Mr. Broughan: We have to challenge what he is saying.
Mr. Gregory: Perhaps the Ceann Comhairle would ask the Deputy to leave the House if he continues to interrupt.
An Ceann Comhairle: Leave that to me, Deputy.
Mr. Broughan: This is a debating Chamber.
Mr. Gregory: The Deputy obviously does not want to hear the other side. There are two sides in a debate, I am trying to present one side.
An Ceann Comhairle: The Deputy in [1488] possession should not invite interruptions.
Mr. Gregory: I will continue, hopefully uninterrupted, but the interruption is an indication that the Labour Party is particularly sensitive to the fact that it has given the resources of this State to the children of the rich——
Mr. Broughan: I will not listen to this.
Mr. Gregory: ——and supposedly is here to represent the children who need it most, those living in disadvantaged areas.
I am still waiting for the Minister for Education to respond to a request from many groups throughout the centre of Dublin — the Minister of State present is aware of this — for a community college in the Sean McDermott Street area. The Minister of State, Deputy Currie, was positive in his response to me but, unfortunately, the Minister does not appear to be in a position to make a decision on this matter.
Deputy Currie is also familiar with the Cherry Orchard area of Ballyfermot where they do not have any school. There is 50 per cent unemployment in the area and the children of those people, whom our friends in the Labour Party were elected to represent, cannot afford to travel to schools in other districts. The area has the highest absenteeism from primary schools in this State. Yet this Government, instead of providing resources to give hope to children in these areas, concentrates most of the resources available on third level education, conferring benefit on people who need it least. I find that extraordinary, particularly considering the presence of two so-called left wing parties in this Government.
It is offensive to hear this Government propose an amendment to this good and comprehensive motion, an amendment which makes claims that could not be further from the truth. I know there are concerned elements within the Government. I ask Deputy Currie to speed up decisions on the [1489] issues I have addressed on numerous occasions in this House. If the Government does that, not just in the two areas I mentioned although they are probably the most acute areas of disadvantage in this State, it will be doing something to alleviate social disadvantage. If it continues to ignore those areas, it cannot with any integrity put amendments like this before us.
Ms F. Fitzgerald: I would like to share my time with Deputies Shortall and Broughan.
An Ceann Comhairle: Is that agreed? Agreed.
Ms F. Fitzgerald: I welcome the opportunity to speak on the important issue of how we treat young children in this society and the range of services and educational opportunity which should be available to them. I welcome Fianna Fáil's late conversion on this issue.
Miss Coughlan: That is not true.
Ms F. Fitzgerald: I am pleased they are now focusing on early school education. Fianna Fáil Ministers for Finance have been extremely slow to put money into and support the development of services in this area. Their motion comes when this Government has not just given a commitment to but put resources into this area.
It is interesting to ask why a country whose Constitution claims that all children are cherished equally produced a political system which had such an insensitive and incomplete response to the welfare of children in the past. We are aware now, because it has been forced upon us, that the welfare of children in Ireland has been a hit and miss affair. We are aware that there is gross abuse of children within the sacrosanct shrine of the family and that the pattern of family life is changing utterly, with vast implications for children. We must pull together the scattered threads of our concern for children into a national [1490] policy of which we can be proud. This Government has that national policy under way. There is increased money for child care, an Early Start programme, both a committee and a commission on the family and increased focus on investing resources in disadvantaged areas. However, more needs to be done.
I welcome the Early Start initiative which is extremely important. It is also important to give credit to the many women and parents in disadvantaged communities who, without State help over a long period, put in great effort to develop pre-schools in their communities. I am pleased to hear Ministers say there is good consultation and liaison with the providers of those services in communities and that a way has been found to link the work in the Early Start programmes with the resources these communities have already put in place. There is great scope for co-operation between the two.
Early Start education is important. It is clear from international research that if we invest money in young children, particularly disadvantaged young children, we reap the rewards later. For every pound invested during the early years, we save £20 at a later stage and we help to move children away from the paths of truancy, delinquency and from being caught up in the justice system. We have been negligent about developing these services and we have been frightened that, by developing services for children, we will somehow undermine the family. This is far from the truth because we support families by giving children these services and we create stronger families. I call on the Minister for Education to expand and develop the Early Start programme once it has been monitored because it is both urgent and vital.
We also need to invest resources in the primary school system generally. I refer to a letter from a teacher in my own constituency who writes about the problems facing children in his primary school in an area where there is a high unemployment rate, poor housing, a [1491] high proportion of lone parents, growing drug abuse, gambling, lack of parenting skills and a high dependency on social welfare. He tells me that within his school there is a great problem with children who are experiencing emotional and educational difficulty. He says that this manifests itself on a daily basis in vandalism of school books and property, absenteeism, lack of punctuality, temper tantrums and aggressive behaviour towards peers. Some 40 per cent of children in this school have reading difficulties. It is critical to focus on the primary schools with these problems.
National policy must ensure that we reduce the numbers in our primary schools as we move towards the 21st century. We should look at the home maker services provided by the health boards and how they can be linked into schools. One of the great changes we are seeing in primary schools is co-operation between teachers and home liaison officers and services provided by health boards. Parents are becoming more involved. This is an important support for teachers but primarily gives a better service to our young people. We also must consider introducing an information programme in the primary schools on smoking, alcohol, drugs and crime. It is not enough to bring these programmes in at secondary level. We should also consider supplying hot meals in schools. Many teachers tell me that children are coming in without breakfast and are unable to learn. We should have a pilot project to ascertain whether this is feasible in certain areas.
I welcome what the Minister said about the implementation of the Child Care Act. People have been calling for its implementation for a number of years. I regret that the social workers have some problems with the implementation of this Act on the basis that they need more resources. It is clear that children need the protection of this Act and the Government is right to go ahead with its implementation. I hope there can be further discussions and [1492] consultations between the social workers and the health boards and that this situation will not escalate further as it is not in anybody's interest. Millions of pounds have been invested in child care over the last few years and it is making up for past neglect in the area.
I welcome the implementation of regulations on pre-schools. It is important to ensure pre-schools comform to high standards. The regulations which will be in place shortly, following some further discussion and consultation, will ensure the standards in pre-schools are uniformly high. This is important if we do not want a hit and miss development.
Ms Shortall: I commend the Government for its initiative in alleviating the effects of social disadvantage on the education and welfare of children. I wish, in particular, to commend my colleague, the Minister for Education, for her role in targeting disadvantage in primary and second level education and for initiating the Early Start projects. Her work in this area indicates a political realisation of the need for a proper State funded pre-school education system.
I welcome this debate on pre-school education, the first such debate in the House. I am glad that at last attention is being paid to this vital area of education. It is interesting that the debate has been initiated by Fianna Fáil which in its typically reactive mode is trying to block the very important initiative by the Minister for Education. This raises questions about what that party did during all the years it had control of the Department of Education and why it was not in a position to introduce a proper State funded pre-school system.
Miss Coughlan: The Deputy should change the record or get a new needle.
Ms Shortall: The White Paper on Education states that the Government strategy for education is characterised by the hallmark of equality. The denial of education has powerfully negative [1493] social and economic consequences which are all too evident in society. This problem implies a need for intervention in order to eliminate the source of the disadvantage and alleviate the consequences. An integral component of this intervention is pre-school education. The Early Start programme is based on three principal considerations; first, the importance of early childhood experiences for the child's development; second, the frequent difficulties which children experience on entering formal schooling; and, third, early disadvantages which affect the child's enduring experience with formal schooling. Research carried out abroad and here indicates that high quality pre-school education can play a vitally important part in offsetting the effects of social disadvantage and in preventing school failure. The Early Start programme was initiated in the light of these findings and this is reflected in the fact that the programme was another important step in bringing our measures for dealing with educational disadvantage into line with those adopted in other EU states.
The Early Start philosophy views learning as a guided discovery through a series of structured activities with the aim of developing the entire child. The Early Start programme was established with the express objectives of introducing young children to an education programme which would enhance their overall development, prevent school failure and offset the effects of social disadvantage. This is one of the reasons careful consideration was given to the areas selected for the pilot programme. I am very glad that two centres have been set up in Finglas South and Ballymun in my constituency. The programme also involves parents and transition year students. Parents are involved in the programme at three levels: first, they belong to an advisory group in each centre; second, they participate in the everyday running and organising of the centre; and, third, they join their children in many of the centre's activities.
[1494] The correlation between social disadvantage and the lack of formal education is well documented and broadly accepted. Education not only makes a fundamentally important contribution to the quality and well-being of society but also contributes in a very substantial way to an individual's quality of life and well-being. It is extremely important, therefore, for the State to promote and support the conditions within which education can realise its potential in society. It is through measures such as the Early Start programme that the true importance of education can be inculcated and its true potential realised.
Research has shown that the three most important hallmarks of quality are accommodation and equipment, personnel qualifications and the adult-child ratio. Early Start centres are based in good accommodation in existing classrooms and there is a considerable grant of £4,000-£5,000 per classroom for equipment. The teachers are fully qualified teachers with experience of infant teaching, while there is an excellent adult-child ratio of 15:2. The emphasis on these quality issues should be applied throughout the entire education system. I hope they set a precedent for future education provision.
Fianna Fáil proposes the establishment of a national forum to look at the area of pre-school provision. The Minister has set up a monitoring committee which will oversee the Early Start programme. It will carry out its work on an ongoing basis and will advise on best practice in relation to early education. The national forum proposed by Fianna Fáil would work in a vacuum and on a theoretical basis. It is much better to establish a well researched programme on a pilot basis, to evaluate it and to take decisions based on its success.
Nobody denies that the Early Start programme has experienced teething problems. It is only natural that a new system would experience such problems. It is important to recognise the enormous contribution made by the voluntary and private sectors in this area. Many of the people involved in [1495] this area have worked in a voluntary capacity on a shoestring budget. In spite of this they have done much good work particularly in disadvantaged areas. It is important to record our appreciation of the work they have done over the years.
Now that we recognise the role the State must play in a properly funded system, it is important to look at ways in which we can marry the voluntary and State sectors. Obviously the question of consultation and the location of these centres is important and there is room for improvement within the monitoring committee. I recognise the constraints placed on the consultation process this year and I hope there will be improved consultation next year. The question of qualifications is also important and a door must be opened for those who have vast experience and expertise in this area so that they can become involved in the Early Start programme. I am glad the Department has recognised this difficulty and I welcome the Minister's announcement that the NCVA and the NCEA are in the process of introducing a mechanism which will give accreditation to people who have experience in this area. I would like to see this being brought about as quickly as possible.
The Labour Party believes that without due recognition of the socio-economic role of education we can never hope to realise our potential as a modern State. Education is probably the most important formative force in a person's development on both a personal level and also as part of the community. The Labour Party is committed to ensuring that individual and collective potential are realised and the initiation of the Early Start programme is an indication of our commitment in this regard.
Mr. Broughan: I support the final points made by my colleague, Deputy Shorthall. The section in the White Paper dealing with education and the economy made the connection between education and an advanced economy [1496] and paid tribute to the great work carried out by pre-school, primary, secondary and third level teachers in helping us achieve a high tech economy. It has been stated today that there are now more people in better jobs than at any time in our history. The Labour Party is proud that this has been achieved under a Labour Minister for Finance.
The role of pre-school education and the age at which children should start formal education have been the subject of much debate internationally. A later start is preferred in Germany and some Scandinavian countries, for example. It is agreed internationally, however, that early intervention in deprived areas is essential. I, therefore, commend the Minister for commencing the early start programme on a pilot basis last year and for extending it to a further 33 centres this year.
Pre-school education has been developed in an ad hoc manner. Nonetheless, it has to be acknowledged that an enormous effort is being made on behalf of tens of thousands of children by all the teachers in the voluntary pre-school sector who have been trained to a high standard. They must be allowed to participate in the ongoing debate.
The location of pre-schools, including the importance of locating pre-schools in the workplace, has been the subject of lengthy discussions at Dublin City Council. Much valuable experience has been gained during the past 20 to 30 years. I have no doubt that this will be taken into account by the Minister and the Department of Education in evaluating the early start programme and in the ongoing discussions leading to the formulation of a national pre-school programme.
Deputy Gregory cast a slur on the Labour Party in relation to its efforts to eliminate educational disadvantage for children from a working class background. I reject this. Since 1992 the education budget has been dramatically increased by more than 20 per cent in real terms. The capitation grant for primary schools has been increased by almost 50 per cent in the same period. I [1497] would like Deputy Gregory to speak to parents from a working class background on low incomes in my constituency who are now in a position due to a Minister for Education who is a member of the Labour Party to send their children to third level. The Labour Party makes no appologies to anyone for this, certainly not to Fianna Fáil or people like Deputy Gregory.
In commencing the early start programme the Minister was right to concentrate on deprived areas. A number of centres are located in my constituency. I do not know whether the Ceann Comhairle has stepped inside one of the new early start centres, but it is a wonderful experience. I visited one of the centres in the Darndale-Belcamp area some months ago where a special atmosphere was created by the 15 three-year-old children in each class as they beavered away at various tasks with their teacher, parents and child care worker. It is almost impossible to replicate this elsewhere in the education system.
I reject the notion put forward by the columnist Drapier in The Irish Times recently — I understand this column is written by a number of different journalists and, possibly, a number of Opposition politicians — that the Labour Party has abandoned areas such as Darndale in Dublin and others in north Cork to Democratic Left and Fianna Fáil. I am sure that Deputy Byrne of Democratic Left who was due to speak in this debate would share my sentiments that it was not Fianna Fáil which provided the resources for the areas to which Drapier was referring, but the Labour Party which will always seek to have additional resources allocated, despite great opposition from the conservative parties, in the areas of health and education.
Although it had many opportunities to do so Fianna Fáil failed to put a formal national pre-school system in place. The Labour Party is to be commended for doing so.
Mr. N. Ahern: The Deputy should [1498] make up his mind. On the last occasion the Labour Party was in power it sought to raise the age limit to five.
Mr. Broughan: I have only been a Member of this House for three years. In that time the Labour Party has carried out its duty in terms of putting a formal pre-school system in place in deprived areas. My colleague emphasised the need to deliver a high quality service and pointed to the current adult-child ratio of 15:2.
I am disappointed that my teaching colleague, Deputy Liam Fitzgerald, cast aspersions on primary teachers who play an important role and who have served their communities well. I thought he would be the last person to do so.
Parental involvement is a key feature of the early start programme. This is happening in the two centres with which I am familiar in my constituency. Second level transition year students are also involved. That is an interesting development.
All aspects of the programme are being rigorously evaluated by the Educational Research Centre in Drumcondra, with a view to assessing the problems encountered during implementation, how it interfaces with other programmes and initiatives such as the home-school-liaison programme, the extent of parental involvement and the achievements of participants as they progress through the formal primary school system.
In addition to principals, teachers and parents, the expert monitoring committee comprises representatives from the Irish Pre-School Playgroups Association, the World Organisation for Early Childhood Education, the colleges of education, the Catholic Primary School Managers Association, the INTO and the Department of Health. The Minister has also nominated two distinguished experts on early childhood from UCD and the Dublin Institute of Technology.
This is the first formal debate in this House on the subject of pre-school education. I hope that all those involved in [1499] the voluntary sector who have been providing a service on a shoestring budget will be encouraged with all those involved in the formal education system to participate in the ongoing debate. I taught many children who came through the pre-school system and they did exceptionally well. I am confident that the Minister in evaluating and expanding the programme will seek to encourage all the interests involved to participate in laying the foundations for a national pre-school system.
One of the most notable features of the 27th Dáil over which the Ceann Comhairle has presided with such distinction is that the Minister has secured a massive increase in resources.
She deserves great credit for that. She has laid a wonderful foundation for the future. We will have more good news, like that which we received in recent days on the development of the economy, in the years ahead as our children develop as the most educationally advantaged in Europe. Our education system is, perhaps, our greatest capital investment resource, as the White Paper stated. We have laid a good foundation in the pre-school area to carry that on.
Mr. Flood: I wish to share my time with Deputy Helen Keogh.
An Ceann Comhairle: Is that agreed? Agreed.
Mr. Flood: I do not intend to take the same line as the last speaker in criticising different political parties because it is a waste of my valuable time. I want to concentrate on the important issues covered by this debate, irrespective of from which side of the motion one comes.
I also take this opportunity to point out to Deputy Frances Fitzgerald that in her comments regarding the treatment of children over the years she neglected to point out that it was my party, after a series of wide consultations which were held leading up to 1991, which was responsible for enacting the Child Care [1500] Act, 1991. My colleague, the then Minister for Education, Deputy O'Rourke, introduced the new home-school liaison officer and the school psychological service. These are only a couple of small contributions but Fianna Fáil has made many contributions over the years to the development of education and child care and the party takes a certain pride in this. We accept we have a long way to go in terms of providing facilities for pre-school children and I hope this debate will help to concentrate the minds of those who have the power to make such decisions.
In my role as Minister of State at the Department of Health with responsibility for child care, I took the opportunity in the short time available to establish an "out of hours" services for the young homeless in Dublin, for example, and to provide a mobile health clinic for travellers, wherever they were located, on official or unofficial sites. I understand both services are working quite well.
In any role which it has been called upon to play, Fianna Fáil has been conscious of its contribution to the development of child care and child care facilities. For that reason this debate is timely. Frankly, I would prefer to avoid this slagging which we have seen earlier in the debate as it does not help anybody. Let us get on with the issues.
The motion on the early start programme gives us the opportunity to discuss this important issue. My colleague, Deputy Martin, set out clearly in this contribution many of the current concerns of the Opposition about the present operation of the early start programme. We are not saying there should not be a programme. We have some pertinent points to make which the Minister for Education, Deputy Bhreathnach, might well consider taking up even at this stage.
Among a number of calls we make on the issue is the need to establish a national forum because one of the criticisms coming through time and time again on the early start programme is the lack of consultation, particularly [1501] with the voluntary and community sectors. This is the kernel of the problem and the area from which the complaint comes. Unlike the Child Care Act, 1991, where there was wide consultation with interested groups who influenced the content of the Act in the end, the same opportunity was not given to those working in this pre-school area on as wide a basis. That is where the criticism comes from and if that consultation had taken place, we might have been able to further develop the early start programme, perhaps in a different way but certainly involving the voluntary and community sectors. I believe genuinely that at this stage in the development of a child, that sector has a role to play.
The compelling reasons for setting up the forum were twofold: first, we needed to consult; and, second, we needed a co-ordinated approach to the provision of early education because it does not exist, if it did, early education would be the better for it.
To illustrate the lack of co-ordination in funding, for example, the following provide pre-school facilities for children; primary schools, nursery schools, Montessori schools, play school groups and naíonraí, the Irish créches. They provide a service and have been doing so for quite a long time but this Government finds itself, as, in fact, other Governments did, funding it through a whole range of Government Departments. The Department of Education, the Department of Health, through the health boards because they grant-aid community play groups, the Department of the Environment, through its consultative role under the Child Care Act, 1991, in relation to setting up play schools and certain facilities in them, particularly in terms of safety, are all involved. Even the Department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry has become involved under the Leader II programme and the Department of Enterprise and Employment, through FÁS training schemes in the child care area. The Department of Equality and Law Reform is involved too, through a pilot child care initiative, which is [1502] funded through its 1994 budget. I have not been able to get too much detail on the latter initiative but I understand that is where the funding comes from. The Department of Social Welfare, of course, funds various child care projects, particular with reference to disadvantaged areas. Practically every Department is involved in the provision of pre-school facilities and services. That is where the lack of co-ordination arises and where a national forum might help to focus on what may be a wasteful distribution of resources, which are always tight. That is another reason the forum was a particularly good idea.
The Minister missed a valuable opportunity to work more closely with the voluntary sector because of lack of consultation. I believe the voluntary sector would have said many things to the Minister which might well have influenced the manner in which the service was set up and the difficulties it caused in some areas. In one parish in my constituency, where the first of the early start programmes was established, the existing pre-school play group had to vacate the school classrooms because the new service was being made available. In fact, I raised the matter on the Adjournment at the time in early 1994 and the Minister of State, Deputy Eithne FitzGerald responded. Four ordinary people living in the area contacted me when they discovered they were going to lose the facility of a classroom in the area because this other service was being established. They had built up a good relationship with parents and youngsters over the years and it was unfortunate that happened through a lack of consultation.
The Minister could have taken other options in introducing the early start programme and might well have included an initiative with the voluntary sector even if she was treating it as a pilot scheme. She could have explained to the voluntary sector what she was trying to do. She could have asked them if they could play a role become involved or bring their experience to bear on what the Department was trying to do.
[1503] They could also have been asked if the voluntary sector could become part and parcel of the early start programme. Unfortunately, that did not happen. It should have and the voluntary sector ought, at least, to have been given a chance.
If the early start programme continues to expand and be successful, it will push aside the groups which are already working in the community and voluntary sectors. All the experience and local commitment which these groups have brought to bear will evaporate, which is unfortunate. That is another reason wider consultation and a national forum might have given us an opportunity to tackle the issue in a much better way.
I met members of the IPPA, an association which was ahead of its time, when I was Minister of State at the Department. The association, set up in 1969, catered for 22,000 children and with a membership of 1,700 was a substantial organisation with a vast level of experience. It had its own rules, regulations and standards, received State funding and many different State agencies used its network. When I met the members they were talking about recruiting advisers and extending into sparsely populated rural areas.
There is a lack of understanding and sympathy for the organisation. That is why we believe the forum or pilot initiative might be a better approach. It is not too late for that. We are talking about eight early start programmes which are up and running and a further 21 or 22 which is a drop in the ocean.
In the Eastern Health Board region 200 social workers have indicated they find it impossible to operate the provisions of the Child Care Act which is to come into force next Tuesday. The onus on this occasion may well rest with the health board. I agree with Mr. Tierney of the ISPCC when he said: "let us get on with it and implement the provisions". We have waited long enough for the implementation of various sections. Adequate funding, resources [1504] and structures must be put in place as the Act cannot be implemented if the basic structures have not been provided. I wish the Minister well in tackling this issue and hope he is successful. Children will suffer if this row continues.
I was disappointed with some of the comments made by backbencers on the Government side. They engaged in slagging matches which will not help one child who is affected by the early start programme. I ask the Minister to try to involve the community, the voluntary and private sector which has been so committed to this area and particularly the association I mentioned which has a contribution to make. Unfortunately it has been brushed aside by the Minister who is determined to pursue her own course. There should be consultations between the two sides to see if they could work together and put the best system in place in the shortest possible time.
Ms Keogh: I am pleased to have an opportunity to debate this most fundamental part of education. Over the past 20 years there has been an immense growth in early childhood services, for the most part unregulated and under-financed. This growth has developed for a number of reasons. The number of mothers in the workforce has led to child care becoming a political issue. Deputy Fitzgerald mentioned the head start movement in the late 1960s. Research into that movement demonstrated the intervention possibilities of pre-school provision for disadvantaged children. Early childhood care and education have received little attention in general and virtually none at policy or Government level.
In his book on "Childcare Services in Ireland", Robbie Gilligan highlights the fact that although we have a high regard for children at a personal level, "child centred public policy in Ireland is more the exception than the rule". In comparison to our European partners, and despite the advances of the past few years, we remain with Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the UK, lowest in [1505] terms of publicly funded child care provision for young children.
That emphasis must change because we cannot consider children in terms of what they will become or their future as adults — we must consider what children are now. We need children who will cope and succeed as adults, but there is very little debate on how early experiences that are developmentally appropriate can facilitate the development of children who can think, cope and adapt in a rapidly changing world.
My party sees children as a starting point in our plans for the future, particularly at a time when we cannot predict the knowledge and skills they will need. We must ensure they can adapt to and cope with change and think flexibly. Child services were provided on an unregulated and ad hoc basis. There are many committed providers of various types of services working to ensure that their service is of the highest calibre. It is necessary to plan if we are to ensure the best for children. That requires the investment of resources and the collection of information so that various services exist to meet varied needs. In order to plan efficiently and cost effectively, we need to gather material on the number of children and services, those using different services, the spread of services and so on. This must be done urgently if we are to present a policy and begin planning good quality services across the country. The Government need not take on the complete administration of these services but it must support that type of initiative. It can do so by having a policy within which services can develop.
Many voluntary and private bodies which administer services work well but they lack support and a structure within which to grow and develop. There is a role for the State in that and, perhaps, as suggested in the motion, through a national forum. The Child Care Act clearly allocates responsibility to the Department of Health and to the Minister with responsibility for the co-ordination of children's services. It is important that the provisions of the Act [1506] are implemented and it is unfortunate that there are difficulties with this due to a lack of resources.
Different services have different needs and a study of training courses, their objectives, outcomes and validation should be conducted. The Minister rightly established a monitoring committee which is specific to the early start programme. There is provision in the Child Care Act for monitoring which should be extended to provide evaluation and determine what should go into quality child care services generally. I advocate a system of registration and regulation for full day care services. We should be able to collate and disseminate information on issues of concern to the education and welfare of young children and perhaps this could be done by an agency run independently by a board of management with members from both the statutory and voluntary sectors. Funding for such a body should not be a problem as it could be derived from voluntary, trust and membership fee sources, for example. It is important to have an independent evaluation and review of services. Without information on what is already happening, it is impossible to plan or budget effectively.
Some Members of the Labour Party referred to what the White Paper on Education says about our education services generally. It pays very little attention to the early years as being one of the most important stages in educational development, which in a way implies that what we are now doing is satisfactory whereas it is not.
For example, Part VII, section 50 of the Child Care Act, 1991 draws a distinction between a pre-school child and a child attending national school —"pre-school child" meaning a child who has not attained the age of six years and who is not attending a national school or a school providing an educational programme similar to a national school.
Clearly, then, there is a division between care and education. While it is understandable that the Department of [1507] Health should not concern itself with a service regulated by the Department of Education, there is no Government policy on the provision of early education for our young children. We must insist on a national policy on education from the Department of Education.
Our services fall between too many different agencies and Departments, which is fundamentally wrong.
In 1989 the European Council of Ministers of Education passed a resolution on measures to be implemented to combat failure at school which stated:
The member states, in the framework of their educational policies and constitutional structures, will make every effort to combat failure at school....
and went on to outline a number of proposals, one being the strengthening of pre-primary education which contributes to a better subsequent performance at school, particularly in the case of children from disadvantaged backgrounds.
The report of the Review Body on the Primary Curriculum produced in May 1990 stressed:
The need for early intervention strategies to ensure greater access to primary education for disadvantaged children. A substantial body of research from Ireland and abroad suggested that properly structured professionally staffed pre-primary provision can foster positive attitudes to schooling and can contribute significantly to the development of linguistic and cognitive abilities among disadvantaged children.
Therefore there must be wide discussion on policy and practice in early education in general, with particular regard to children at risk of educational failure. I have no difficulty with the principle of the early start programme. Contrary to the impression created, including by some contributors this evening, that is not the purpose of this motion. There is no quarrel with the rationale behind the programme, rather the quarrel is with [1508] the manner in which it has been introduced, the Minister ignoring the facilities already available within the community.
Deputy Shorthall referred to teething problems but I am afraid the problems are somewhat deeper. There is a certain degree of unevenness in the quality of services provided, which highlights the necessity for regulation. The Minister has ignored the facilities already provided over many decades. She was embarrassed into engaging in consultation with members of various organisations who Members of the Labour Party say should have been consulted, but no consultations were willingly undertaken.
People providing pre-school facilities may well ask why we should incur additional expense since there is already a pre-school facility available. How can we ascertain what is needed without consultation? Had there been a proper consultation as promised, the Minister would have had better information to enable her make an informed choice on which children would most benefit from an early intervention programme, and could establish where the early start programme should be placed to best advantage for our children. There has been a dearth of consultation on the early start programme.
In June 1991 the ESRI said in its report under the heading "Education, Employment and Training in the Youth Labour Market" that early intervention is advocated to combat early school leaving and went on to say:
Essential in such an innovation in educational policy would be intervention at an early age, built around the development of stronger links between school, home and the community. Remedial provision, curricular reform and so on, if introduced at the post-primary level, while obviously helpful, would be insufficient.
The ESRI talked there about links with the community. One cannot establish [1509] links with a community without consultation with that community, which is where the Minister has really fallen down.
We have already heard about the financial sense of early intervention. In the Perry pre-school programme study of 1962, Dr. David Weikart discovered that for every $1,000 invested in a high quality, pre-school programme, the return to society was $4,000, mainly through reduced costs of remedial education, reduced legal procedures in the case of delinquent behaviour and increased lifetime earning for its participants.
Along with Froebel, Montessori, Dewey, Piaget and others of more recent years, the Progressive Democrats believe that money invested in the early years of a child's life — when unconscious learning is gradually brought to the conscious level — is money wisely invested. An example of the Minister's incomprehensible decision in regard to the Early Start programme was her refusal to employ Montessori teachers. The Minister of State said last evening that teachers participating in the Early Start programme must have complete mobility within the school in which they are employed and went on to say it was doubtful whether Montessori teachers would wish to apply for the position of child care workers. Of course, they will not want to apply for positions as child care workers. They want to apply for posts as teachers, which is their due after a long training in early childhood psychology and education. Any graduates of colleges accredited to the NCEA should be able to apply for teachers posts, not as assistants; they want their education and training acknowledged. Those who have worked long and hard and gained much expertise over many years within community pre-school groups need to have their expertise and work acknowledged and deserve that recognition.
The Minister of State rightly pointed out the quality issues in pre-schooling, citing as its hallmarks, professionally trained staff. In that case why are those [1510] who are specifically trained, with accreditation from the NCEA excluded?
While we all like to be bolstered up from time to time it is a bit rich that, any time we attempt to discuss educational policy in this Chamber — not often enough as far as I am concerned — Labour backbenchers are wheeled in to deliver eulogies on the Minister's performance. It does not add anything to the debate. One might have thought they would be the very people who would clamour for the type of strategy called for in this motion.
I am very happy to support this motion. It underscores the fact that we are moving in the wrong direction. The Minister does not consult sufficiently, takes decisions and thereafter must pick up the bits and pieces. That is most unfortunate, since we are all agreed on the value of early intervention. The Early Start programme is a good one but why could we not have had consultation, with community groups, who know the needs and have worked with their communities over many years? I find such lack of consultation absolutely amazing and am indeed sorry the Minister appears to turn the blind eye to this so frequently.
Minister for Education (Ms Bhreathnach): I am very pleased to have the opportunity to outline to the House my policy on pre-school education. I am greatly encouraged by the Opposition's belated but nonetheless welcome interest in and appreciation of the need for a high quality pre-school education system. I welcome the recognition that pre-school and infant education is of equal importance to education in all sectors. This has always been my position as a professional early educator and I am delighted to be in a position to do something about it now as Minister.
Early education requires the same high standards of professional training that we have in other educational sectors. Ireland's high standards are the [1511] envy of many European Union countries where the training and conditions of staff are lower for pre-school than for primary education.
No step in Irish education has been as well reported on and researched. There have been exhaustive reports, studies, conferences and publications on this issue over the last 25 years. We are not short of recommendations and policy statements, but until last year when the Early Start programme was introduced we were woefully short on action.
The Government can proudly claim to have a comprehensive policy of tackling disadvantage in education. The Early Start is just the latest strand to be put into operation in this area. In moving the amendment, my colleague Deputy Allen, referred to the very adequate funding of the Early Start project through capitation grants, allocation of additional staffing for schools, and a dramatic increase in the home/school/ community links scheme, Youthreach and the vocational preparation and training (VPT) schemes.
Any suggestion that Early Start was embarked on without a background of education and psychological research at national and international level is false. It is doubtful if any educational reform has such a high level of research consensus to consolidate its position as a very important education intervention.
The vision of intervening effectively at the earliest time in the cycle of educational disadvantage is a bold and ambitious one. It is backed up by decades of painstaking research and experience. This research includes our own results from the intervention programme in Dublin's inner city which, 25 years down the road, is continuing to show that we can break the vicious cycle of poor school attainment, early dropout, low participation in third level and subsequent high unemployment.
All reputable research makes it clear that not all pre-school or care settings will work to offset the blighting and cumulative effects of low school [1512] achievement. To be effective, educational intervention must have a number of quality marks which the House can be assured are present in this programme. These marks are: staff professionally trained in early education and child development; favourable adult/child ratios — the Early Start ratio is 1:7.5; small groups of children; well organised space with a variety of materials; and involvement of parents right through the programme.
It seems illogical and even irresponsible that there are those who would criticise and try to halt the Early Start programme on the grounds that not all other care systems for children under six come up to this standard.
With regard to training in the child care sector, my Department recognises the difficulty that has arisen due to the variety of courses on offer from private organisations. This variety makes the task of selection a difficult one for both parents and employers alike. However, the National Council for Vocational Awards — NCVA — and the National Council for Educational Awards — NCEA — have taken on the task of bringing comparability into the system. The NCVA is in the process of introducing a mechanism which will give accreditation for prior learning to all people with previous training in private colleges or organisations.
I have listened to the debate with interest. I challenge Deputies to continue their support for the concept of Early Start and not to become involved in the efforts being made to destabilise this intervention. We have waited 25 years to increase State intervention in early school-leaving. I cannot be criticised for 25 years of inactivity. I ask Deputies to support this intervention which comes at a time when national and international research points the way to it as a way to break the cycle of disadvantage.
The Opposition's motion has one virtue in that it represents a plethora of interests and concerns within the pre-school area. My concern, however, is with a powerless constituency with no [1513] political voice, namely the children. I make no apology for ensuring that Irish children at the most critical and vulnerable stage of their development will have the best quality educational opportunity available in the European Union.
Miss Coughlan: Ba mhaith liom mo bhuíochas a ghabháil le mo chomhghle-acaithe a bhí pairteach sa díospóireacht seo. I am not going to engage in banter in this debate because I believe this issue is above banter and slagging. There have been no recent conversions on this side of the House. None of us has changed our religion, politics or views regarding the need to pursue and promote pre-school, early child care intervention and so on. We have held that view for many years.
When first elected to this House, I had the honour to participate in two years of debate — between 1988 and 1989 — with regard to the Child Care Act. The committee's debate was non-acrimonious and produced one of the best pieces of legislation put through this House. That legislation involved commitment and the committee engaged in real consultation while producing it. I regret the Minister's statement that her concern is with "a powerless constituency with no political voice, namely the children." We are all here to represent those with no political voice. It is a disgrace to say that others who support early education do not consider the needs of children. I am sure that is not what the Minister intended to say but that is how I understood it.
This has been a very frustrating debate for those involved in the community pre-school and playgroup area who might have hoped for a real response to their needs by the Minister for Education. They might also have expected a fuller and more enthusiastic recognition by the Minister of the considerable effort and commitment they have displayed in building up the early education sector in recent decades. Initially this was done without significant State aid. More recently, however, it has been achieved with the welcome [1514] support of the regional health boards. Many of these pre-schools were established in areas of great poverty and disadvantage in our cities. Others were set up in areas of moderate advantage, where honest working people came together to do the best they could for their own children. In areas where parents had a desire to ensure that their children grew up with a reasonable fluency in the Irish language, the naíonraí were established.
There are other areas of rural disadvantage, — of particular interest to me — where playgroups have been established and maintained, often with little or no support from the State sector. The concentration of attention on urban disadvantage and the enormous problems attached to it is often used to hide the real problems of rural disadvantage. People living in County Donegal have a unique insight into rural and urban problems because of the close links that exist along the Atlantic seaboard with Scotland and Glasgow in particular. We can readily support initiatives to cope with serious urban problems but we know that, relative to population size, remote rural areas can have different but equally serious problems.
The Minister's Early Start programme is based on designated areas. A significant factor in their designation is the existence of local authority housing and flats. There are not many local authority flats in County Donegal or in areas of rural disadvantage. Many of the other criteria for Early Start do exist. These include possession of a medical card or being in receipt of unemployment assistance. Factors such as unemployment, poverty, low incomes, lone parent families, family break-up and the associated emotional problems, alcoholism, poor housing conditions, lack of discipline within the family, poor financial management skills, poor diet and negative attitudes for schooling are all to be found in remote rural areas, yet the communities there will never qualify for the early start programme. Needs can be met and in some cases are being met by community playgroups which [1515] involve playgroup leaders, community leaders, and parents. This involvement increases the participation of the community in education and gives young parents, in particular, greater control over their lives and the destinies of their children or empowerment — if we want to use the fashionable word. To establish such playgroups throughout sparsely populated rural areas requires leadership, training and a modicum of funding and facilities. The cost of this would be substantially less than the cost of the early start programme. It would provide encouragement or éachtacht mar a dheireann siad to communities which have lost Garda stations, post offices and other public services.
There has been a great deal of debate in recent times on the role of State companies. It is a fundamental tenet that the State does not do what private individuals can do well. The Minister, intentionally or otherwise has been putting community playgroups out of business and I agree with what has been said by Deputies who represent areas which have lost their playgroups. In the two suburban new towns of Tallaght and Mulhuddart in County Dublin the introduction of the early start programme has had a major impact. In Tallaght one of the playgroups lost its premises and closed last year. This year another playgroup has had to relocate and its numbers have dropped from 15 to five. This happened in two communities where the early start programme was established. In Mulhuddart three early start programmes opened this year and the local playgroups have decreased their numbers by almost 50 per cent. The statistics are there but, unfortunately, nobody in the Department of Education read them.
It is frightening that almost 50 per cent of those who attended pre-school playgroups in six areas of Mulhuddart have been attracted to the early start programme. In an article in The Irish Times on 26 September 1995 the Department of Education was said not to be aware of any playgroups closing [1516] down. I am sure the Minister is aware of the position because those ladies who got little recognition made themselves known to the Minister but, unfortunately, did not get to meet her. They have a very strong voice and we should empower them and allow them have a say in their own community. I am sick, sore and tired of discussing the bottom up approach but what is more bottom up than the people in a community for decades providing a service that is not recognised?
Contrary to what Members on the Government benches may say we are not trying to knock the early start programme. It is a tremendous concept and is probably the only scheme that is properly funded. I cannot understand why the programme was introduced without consultation with those in the area. We are ghettoising pre-schools and that was not the intention I am sure of any Member. Why create disadvantage? If there is free access to the early start programme but people pay to playschools that creates an economic disadvantage. That is wrong, it is the worst thing that has happened to the early start programme.
It is wrong to put educationally sound well researched programmes into an area without consultation, pretending that other people do not exist. It amounts to the worst decision made in recent years especially when we are trying to force on the agenda the need for early intervention and to provide a national research study on early childhood services, as we state in our motion, so that we can have a proper database. We do not have a data base. We also need to develop a proper early education policy. The Minister introduced a pilot scheme and if, following the report of the education research centre, it is decided to discontinue the scheme the disadvantaged areas will be in a worse position than when they started because they will have lost what they had set up themselves. Will the Minister give me a guarantee that she will accept the need for a national forum to discuss early education? I dread the day when we will [1517] have areas that need our help and intervention being left worse off than at present.
I would welcome Deputy O'Shea's assurance that Part VII of the Child Care Act will be brought into force during 1996, if I could believe it. As the Minister is aware, it is doubtful if the other 44 sections that were to be brought into force in 1995 will be implemented. Before those sections are implemented very significant resources will have to be found and this in the teeth of the Minister for Finance, Deputy Quinn's embargo. If there is no money there will be no personnel and no implementation. No Deputy believes the Minister of State's assurances that he cannot be accused of misleading the House.
In our motion we are calling on the Minister to consult the various agencies who have experience of developing early childhood education, consider the immediate needs, take note of the desirable medium-term development and put together a programme to achieve it. The education White Paper contains three and a half pages on early education and whether it is in black and white, colour or on video, that is not the plan.
The Minister should listen to the people who have experience of providing playschool and pre-school services. People have provided these services over the decades without State funding or recognition but with a vast amount of goodwill, energy, commitment and hard work. We cannot have the Department of Education, which impinges on everyone's life, behaving like an ostrich with [1518] its head in the sand. It is high time the head was taken out of the sand and that we considered how to use our resources wisely. We are always complaining that we have not the resources but when we have them it is important that we do not waste them. The sum of £1.5 million is being allocated to the early start programme in 30 centres this year but the allocation of £1.5 million to preschools and playgroups would do a great deal for people in disadvantaged areas. There is an absolute need for proper consultation. We are not here to say that the early start programme is wrong.
The Minister seeks to amend our motion to read that Dáil Éireann commends the Minister for the establishment, following the most detailed research and preparation, of a high quality pre-school service in areas of disadvantage; but the one word missing is consultation. So much research has been carried out here that it is a wonder there are any trees left.
An Leas-Cheann Comhairle: It is time to put the question.
Miss Coughlan: All wisdom does not necessarily reside in the Department of Education or in the Minister's office. The Minister should listen to the people. Even members on the Government benches agreed there was a need to change and that we must listen. I commend the motion to the House. I ask the Minister to reconsider her views and accept this motion for the sake of the children.
|Barry, Peter.
Bell, Michael.
Bhamjee, Moosajee.
Boylan, Andrew.
Bradford, Paul.
Bhreathnach, Niamh.
Bree, Declan.
Broughan, Tommy.
Browne, John (Carlow-Kilkenny). [1519]Crowley, Frank.
Currie, Austin.
Deasy, Austin.
Deenihan, Jimmy.
Doyle, Avril.
Dukes, Alan M.
Durkan, Bernard J.
Ferris, Michael.
Finucane, Michael.
Fitzgerald, Brian.
Fitzgerald, Eithne.
Fitzgerald, Frances.
Gallagher, Pat (Laoighis-Offaly).
Gilmore, Eamon.
Harte, Paddy.
Higgins, Jim.
Higgins, Michael D.
Hogan, Philip.
Kavanagh, Liam.
Kenny, Enda.
Kenny, Seán.
Lowry, Michael.
|Bruton, John.
Bruton, Richard.
Burton, Joan.
Byrne, Eric.
Carey, Donal.
Connaughton, Paul.
Connor, John.
Costello, Joe.
Crawford, Seymour. [1520]Lynch, Kathleen.
McCormack, Pádraic.
McDowell, Derek.
McGinley, Dinny.
McGrath, Paul.
McManus, Liz.
Nealon, Ted.
Noonan, Michael (Limerick East).
O'Keeffe, Jim.
O'Shea, Brian.
O'Sullivan, Toddy.
Owen, Nora.
Pattison, Séamus.
Penrose, William.
Quinn, Ruairí.
Ring, Michael.
Ryan, John.
Ryan, Sean.
Sheehan, P.J.
Shortall, Róisín.
Taylor, Mervyn.
Timmins, Godfrey.
Upton, Pat.
|Ahern, Dermot.
Ahern, Michael.
Ahern, Noel.
Aylward, Liam.
Brennan, Séamus.
Briscoe, Ben.
Browne, John (Wexford).
Burke, Raphael P.
Byrne, Hugh.
Callely, Ivor.
Clohessy, Peadar.
Coughlan, Mary.
Cowen, Brian.
Cullen, Martin.
Davern, Noel.
Ellis, John.
Fitzgerald, Liam.
Flood, Chris.
Foley, Denis.
Geoghegan-Quinn, Máire.
Jacob, Joe.
Kenneally, Brendan.
Keogh, Helen.
Killeen, Tony.
|Kirk, Séamus.
Kitt, Michael P.
Kitt, Tom.
Lawlor, Liam.
Leonard, Jimmy.
McCreevy, Charlie.
McDaid, James.
Moffatt, Tom.
Molloy, Robert.
Morley, P.J.
Moynihan, Donal.
Nolan, M.J.
O'Dea, Willie.
O'Hanlon, Rory.
O'Keeffe, Batt.
O'Keeffe, Ned.
O'Leary, John.
Power, Seán.
Quill, Máirín.
Smith, Brendan.
Treacy, Noel.
Wallace, Dan.
Walsh, Joe.
Woods, Michael.
[1521] Amendment declared carried.
Motion, as amended, put and declared carried.
|Last Updated: 21/05/2011 16:16:25
|Page of 96


text:
Tag Archives: melody miller
January flowers…
Thanks for all your lovely comments on my last post! I had fun looking back at the things I made in 2011, but now I've already started looking ahead and working on some new projects for 2012. For my first … Continue reading
a big bee quilt!
What do you get when you combine hot pink with large insects? Why, my newest finished quilt! I fell in love with this large bee print fabric from Melody Miller's latest line, Ruby Star Spring, when she first showed sneak … Continue reading
ruby star pants
Loving these Melody Miller Ruby Star Spring fabrics! Max got a cute little pair of pants with some of the remnants from my recent quilt, and I bought this fun print for PJ pants for me. I offered Morgan a … Continue reading
Posted in baby, Clothing, Fabric Tagged baby pants, clothes, Fabric, handmade, melody miller, pj pants, ruby star spring 22 Comments

subset: commoncrawl


text:
We're excited to announce that the University of Michigan Program in Biomedical Sciences (PIBS) has developed a video overview of our program so that you can learn all about PIBS and Ann Arbor from the mouths of our students and faculty.
You can check out the full video or short clips on the main PIBS website:
You can also find it on YouTube and Facebook!
Please feel free to share this new resource with your students when discussing Michigan for their graduate studies.


text:
Tuesday, November 27, 2012
© Copyright 2015 Gwinnett Daily Post
SNELLVILLE -- Courtney Gardner, one of Brookwood's few veterans, gave the Broncos back a lead they had held most of the game just seconds into the fourth quarter.
Nija Kurien followed that with a lightning grab to steal the ball at midcourt and raced the opposite way for just a little bit of breathing room.
Central Gwinnett put up a good fight, but Brookwood never trailed again and won its Region 8-AAAAAA opener 58-54 on Tuesday night.
"It's good to get that first region win and when it's our home opener, it makes it even nicer," Brookwood head coach Scott Terry said. "(Coach) Jason (Adams) does a great job with those kids over at
Central and it's always a battle. This was no different.
"I'm really proud of our kids and their intensity, especially in the first half. Shelby Hunter coming off the bench and giving us some big minutes when we got some others in foul trouble. She was laying out and making some tremendous effort plays."
Both teams suffered from lapses throughout the game, leaving the door open for big swings on the scoreboard. Central had a sloppy start, falling behind 9-2, but made a push late in the first quarter to finish down just 14-12.
The Broncos (4-0, 1-0) answered with a big second quarter and led 30-19 at the half on a balanced attack. Rebecca Walker, Brookwood's other returning regular, had 13 of her team-high 18 points in the first half.
"We're a young team," Terry said. "We've really got just three kids with varsity experience. It's that learning process. A lot of unforced turnovers that did allow things to swing back and forth."
The Black Knights (3-2, 0-1) used a full-court press in the third quarter to disrupt the Broncos' breakout and got a tremendous boost on the inside from Carol Reynolds. The senior finished with a game-high 21 points, 17 in the second half, and helped Central close the gap.
Boxing out, Reynolds gave the Black Knights their first lead, 37-36, with 30 seconds left in the third quarter.
"Carol is a good player," Adams said. "She's worked hard to get back with the team after only playing half the season last year. To have an inside presence was something we haven't had for a while at Central and it really adds to what we try to do offensively."
But Brookwood's Lesley Holbrook was fouled by Reynolds right after that and her free throws restored the Broncos' lead going into the final eight minutes.
Lexus Travis got a sweet feed from Alexandra Frazier to put Central back ahead at the start of the fourth before Gardner went to work. The senior had eight points in the fourth quarter and finished with 12. Gardner and Walker were the only Broncos in double digits. Kurien and Holbrook each had eight.
"They've got probably two of the best players in our region," Adams said of Walker and Gardner.
Central stayed in striking distance down the stretch, getting as close as three points and never trailing by more than seven in the final three minutes.
"We didn't give up," Adams said. "I thought our kids overcame some tough calls and Brookwood is a good team.
"We didn't do a good job of controlling the boards and gave them too many second opportunities. You can't give that many opportunities to that team."
Central's Keisha Washington added 10 points and Frazier had nine.
Brookwood 77, Central Gwinnett 64
Junior Kendall Joseph led the charge with a game-high 21 points and Brookwood's boys beat Central 77-64 on Tuesday.
The game was close in an explosive first quarter before the Broncos' distanced themselves in the second for a 36-22 halftime lead.Central got within 10 points on a strong drive to the hoop by Shaun
Jones early in the fourth quarter, but Brookwood answered with threeto shut the door.
Jones scored 20 points for the Black Knights, Michael Vos-Otin added13 and Brian Egejuru had 12.
Joining Joseph in double figures for Brookwood were Deion Dedeaux with16 and Khalil Abdulah with 11.
More like this story
- Brookwood girls top South, clinch another state tourney trip ( February 13, 2013 )
- Broncos' offense comes up short at Cherokee ( February 19, 2013 )
- Stifling defense leads Parkview girls to rout of Brookwood ( December 8, 2012 )
- Etowah defense stifles Broncos in season-ending loss ( February 27, 2010 )
- Gardner can't rescue Broncos in Deep South semis loss ( December 28, 2012 )


text:
Emerson Signs $25M Contract with Chicago Water District
Emerson Process Management has signed a major, multi-year agreement with the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago.
Emerson will install its Ovation expert control system at the District's Stickney Water Reclamation Plant (WRP), the largest wastewater treatment facility in the world with a capacity to process 1.3 billion gallons per day. The Stickney WRP serves 2.4 million people in a 260-square-mile area including downtown Chicago and 43 suburban communities.
As part of the agreement signed yesterday, Emerson will supply hardware, software, programming, factory testing, training, and on-site startup and testing, as well as extended maintenance and service.
The installation of the Ovation system will be done over the next several years, with a potential value to Emerson of more than $25 million. The company's Power & Water Solutions industry center will oversee and supervise the effort, which is the third major project Emerson has had with the District.
"An expert control system like Ovation can be expected to generate overall operation and maintenance efficiencies through improved data acquisition, process monitoring and control -- and those benefits are magnified exponentially when you consider a project of this size," said John Berra, president of Emerson Process Management. "The Stickney plant represents an opportunity to showcase the power of our fully integrated distributed control solution on a grand scale."
More like this
- Emerson Wins Contracts Totaling $40 M to Upgrade Water, Wastewater Facilities
- Emerson to Automate Philadelphia's Baxter Water Treatment Plant
- Westinghouse Process Control Wins Los Angeles Department of Water and Power Contract
- Emerson Wins Contract to Install Digital Automation Architecture at New Croton Water Filtration Plan
- Yeager Named President of Emerson's Power & Water Solutions Center


text:
WASHINGTON – Christmas is all about the traditions.
Do you open a present on Christmas Eve? Head to a movie on Christmas afternoon?
Check out these weird and wacky Christmas traditions from around the world from The Telegraph:
Curious about more? Check out The Telegraph's slideshow for the full list.
Follow @WTOP on Twitter.
We\'ve gathered photos that capture the spirit, and sometimes stress, of this joyful season. Happy Holidays from WTOP.
In Maryland, all sorts of marine life is living among more than 100 sunken ships.


text:
Back in February, experts warned Internet users of a campaign in which cybercriminals not only tricked people into handing over their login credentials, but also lured them to bogus tech support services. More variations of the scam have surfaced.
According to Malwarebytes researchers, scammers are using various methods to trick people into calling fake tech support services. In some cases, they advertise their sites via sponsored ads on search engines.
In other cases, they first lure victims to a phishing page. The phishing sites target the customers of various services, including Netflix, AT&T, AOL, online gaming site Pogo, Comcast and CenturyLink.
After unsuspecting internauts enter their username and password on the phishing site, they're informed that their accounts have been temporarily suspended. Victims are instructed to call a certain number to regain access to their accounts.
The phishing sites also host pages containing a live chat that's also used to lure victims. The so-called support technicians ask for various amounts of money for allegedly fixing some non-existent security issues.
The phishing sites are hosted on legitimate-looking domains. The list includes aolrisk.com, aolfix.com, affiliatedhelp.com, myscreenname.com and login-emails.com. Experts highlight the fact that targeted advertising is much more efficient than random cold calls.
Check out the video in which Malwarebytes shows how the tech support scammers operate:


text:
Friday, March 13, 2009
A Fugitive from Chalk Dust
The Friday feature is actually the third race today and despite the small field it's highly contentious and open. These three year old allowance fillies are at various stages of development and are either returning on relatively short rest making their returns from lengthy layups or brief freshening, in short, a little of everything.
The temptation is to try to beat the favorite and we will, conceding that Flashing (8-5) is fastest and returning from a rough trip in a stakes for leading rider Ramon Dominguez at the very live Albertrani barn. Boleyn (5-2) is classy, having finished second in the Demoiselle last fall and also hails from a hot outfit, Todd Pletcher's.
But while Karakorum Fugitive (3-1) is returning in three weeks and picking up weight to carry 122 pounds, there's really no telling how good this undefeated New York bred is. She just might be good enough to make it three straight given the pole, tactical speed and her ability to overcome trouble.
Her recent bullet half-mile work in :47 1/5 was the fastest of 113 three-year-olds to work during a seven day period--and that includes colts. As we said, no telling how good, but we're sure to find out a lot more here.
Taking Karakorum Fugitive to win at 5-2 or greater, boxing an exacta with Flashing, and adding Boleyn and McVictory (8-1), experienced and reuniting with Maragh, to the trifecta mix second and third.
Running Totals: (380) 116-78-51 Total Dollar Return: $810.60 [win selections only]
Written by John Pricci


text:
Friday, July 23, 2010
© Copyright 2015 Clayton News Daily
By Curt Yeomans
Following the elimination of several administrative positions -- part of the Clayton County School System's recent budget cuts -- the board of education is scheduled to review the district's new organizational chart on Monday.
The school board is meeting at 4 p.m., to discuss an accreditation-related personnel matter in executive session, according to School Board Chairperson Alieka Anderson. The board is then scheduled to meet again at 6 p.m., for its monthly work session.
Both meetings will take place at the Clayton County Public Schools Central Administration Complex, which is located at 1058 Fifth Ave., in Jonesboro.
The district's organizational chart will be the first thing the board will discuss in public, during the work session. According to an agenda for the meeting, the discussion will take place during Superintendent Edmond Heatley's updates to the board.
"The board members should have received a copy of the organizational chart in their board packets already, so they should have already had a chance to review it, and ask any questions they may have," Anderson said. "But, if somebody has any questions at the meeting, they will have an opportunity to ask them."
Earlier this summer, the highest levels of Clayton County Public Schools' administration underwent a major shake-up, in the wake of budget cuts that included the elimination of several central office positions.
Among the changes in the new organizational chart, which went into effect on July 1, are the elimination of several academic coordinator positions, one area assistant superintendent slot, the assistant superintendent of support services position, and the district's research, evaluation and development department.
Several new positions have been created, though, including a "data warehouse" director, support staffs for the remaining area assistant superintendents, and the chief administrative officer slot, which is filled by Douglas Hendrix (formerly the district's chief human resources officer, a position that has been eliminated).
In other action scheduled to take place during the work session, the school board is expected to review policies dealing with instructional programs, fiscal and business management, facility-expansion programs, negotiations, and general public relations.
School board members are also scheduled to review bids for the construction of auxiliary gymnasiums at Jonesboro and North Clayton high schools.
More like this story
- BOE reviewing Heatley's first-year performance ( July 26, 2010 )
- Clayton Schools' hierarchy reorganized for next year ( June 2, 2010 )
- BOE reviewing Heatley's first-year performance ( July 26, 2010 )
- Clayton Schools' hierarchy reorganized for next year ( June 2, 2010 )
- Adamson unsure about longer school day ( March 3, 2011 )


text:
Latest News
Crew got two-goals from CSA standout Chris Davis a goal and an assist each from Meram and Anor
Mon, 05/30/2011
Ashleigh Ignelzi catches up with Robbie Roger before he leaves for Gold Cup
Mon, 05/30/2011
DP earns fourth start, combines with Ekpo to rally against Chivas
Sun, 05/29/2011
Crew and ChivasUSA Battle for a Draw After Six Total Goals.
Sat, 05/28/2011
Crew Communications
The Columbus Crew's Tommy Heinemann is eager for more playing time this season.
Photo Credit:
Courtesy of the Columbus Crew
Heinemann likely starting again against Chivas USA
Fri, 05/27/2011
Columbus look to snap out funk, Chivas look to rebound after loss to LA
Fri, 05/27/2011
Records just out of reach as he seeks playing time
Fri, 05/27/2011
The CrewXtra After Party with Ashleigh Ignelzi
Thu, 05/26/2011
Crew look to stay unbeaten at home
Thu, 05/26/2011
CSA member Wil Trapp represents The Crew
Thu, 05/26/2011
Midfielder, fullback close to returning from injury to help Crew
Thu, 05/26/2011
Alliance incorporates Detriot-area club into Crew youth development program as CSA Wolves
Wed, 05/25/2011
Versatile mid held out hope for Gold Cup call; Bradley says it's time
Tue, 05/24/2011
Heinemann makes first MLSsoccer.com Team of the Week appearance
Tue, 05/24/2011
Tue, 05/24/2011


text:
VIDEO: Ghanaian youngster Kingsley Boateng eyes improved form at NAC
Ghanaian striker Kingsley Boateng is looking to make massive improvement on his individual skill while at Dutch club NAC Breda.
The 20-year-old joined the Eredivisie club this summer on a three-year deal from Italian giants AC Milan after being farmed out on loan last season to Catania.
Boateng is a man on a mission and aims to prove his worth at NAC Breda – believing the Dutch league is better suited for young players of his calibre.
"AC Milan is a great team but I am here to grow with the team, with NAC," he said.
"Here [in Holland], you can have more space to play the ball, in Italy when you have the ball all the players are around and I think here football is good for young players."
Boateng also took the opportunity to confirm he is not related to his former AC Milan teammate Kevin-Prince Boateng.
"No, we are not the same family but it is a common surname in Ghana so that's all.
"I know him, he is a good guy and really give me some good words to grow."
The youngster reveals his priority is to help his new club win games with scoring goals being a bonus.
"I hope to score more goals but I want to win first and if the goals come, better."
Watch video of Kingsley Boateng in the footage below:


text:
BFFs forever: Signs you're 'just a friend'
Published On: Apr 12 2011 03:17:17 PM EDT Updated On: Apr 12 2011 04:06:52 PM EDT
The three worst words in relationship history are "Just Be Friends." How do you if your girl or guy friend is not interested in you? Click ahead for the gory truth.


text:
The Field team is immensely proud to launch the new FieldFastener.com. Whether you're a current partner, familiar with Field and our capabilities, or a prospective customer curious about Read More
February 2013
- Have a question about fastener materials, grades and strengths? Curious as to how VMI can improve forecasting? Interested in joint design and torque tension? Ask the Field experts and we'll answer your question right on the Field blog.
Recent Posts
IFI Connection. Get access to the world's most complete source for technical information related to the manufacturing, inspection, and use of mechanical fasteners.


text:
Ladies and gentlemen, the best of Shepard Smith
Mike: My ability to withstand torture is irrelevant. I concede I'd cave in within a few minutes.
I personally do believe McCain is a war hero, and it should not be held against him that he caved in to the torture. And yes, as you point out he stayed, although he did so based on the universally understood "first in first out" rule of American POWs (he said so in his book).
HOWEVER, that being said, I am simply treating McCain the way he and his party treat the Democrats. I will not accept double standards, especially when they are completely baseless. So, until I'm satisfied that Obama would not be called a traitorous wimp communist appeasor if he were the one who caved in to Vietnamese torture and spoke out against America during a time of war, I'll continue to insult McCain.
I would torture the crap out anyone who would seek to blow-up, decapitate, vaporize, rape then murder, innocent women, men and children. Waterboarding is a joke...oh no! a COLD room. Try walking across Russia in winter and then going against tanks for three months as you starve (WWII). Our generation are a bunch of little girls.April 24 2009 at 4:02 AM Report abuse Permalink rate up rate down Reply
Shep Smith is my secret crush. I LOVE him!
I let my husband have the Miami Dolphins Cheerleaders as his crush.
Fair exchange if you ask me. Shep is dreamy! :)
# 5 is lol funny squared. MSNBC is the radical left side of Fox's conservative wing nuts. Talk about wanting your bias echoed!
FYI the f bomb comment was online on streaming video. I watch Fox news or rather I watch Shep Smith. I love the guy. He is real, wicked sarcastic, funny and above all calls 'em like he sees 'em.
The graphics are odd on that first clip. White logo instead of the spnning red, white & blue graphic.
The font for LIVE is also different from what the network usually uses - unless that's the style for Studio B.
I could be wrong but the fact that Shep pushes back from the desk makes me think this conversation was not on the air. It looks like pre-show studio discussion that someone has dressed up to look like it aired.
Did anyone see this air live?
I too am surprised that Shepard Smith is being allowed to take a position in opposition to Dick Cheney. I've watched plenty of Fox News and they most certainly are NOT fair and balanced. Fair and balanced news does not sell - people want to hear "news" that corresponds to their own world views. If you're a christofascist you watch Fox News, if you're not you watch MSNBC.
Of course, the republican party is basically split these days on the torture issue. It really amazes me, though, that in a short 50 or so years our political debate has gone from whether or not the tax code should provide for a depletion allowance to whether or not we should be torturing people we don't like.
I despise Fox News, but when Shepard Smith is right, he is right. Well said, Shep. We DO NOT FUCKING TORTURE, and it doesn't matter if it "works" (which it does not despite Dick Cheney's claims to the contrary).
In case anyone doesn't know what Dick is doing, when we tortured one of the high-up al queda members (waterboarded him 183 times in one month), the guy started doing what anyone in that situation would do - he started to lie. He said "okay okay I give, I give, there will be a second wave of terrorist attacks." He made it up to get the torture to stop, and sure enough, there was not a second wave of terrorist attacks. But Cheney and his ilk presume the truth of the (false) admission and take the credit for "preventing" the "second wave of terrorist attacks"... even though no such plot ever existed in the first place. Thus, Dick has the chutzpah to claim that torture works. But he knows it doesn't. So that begs the question - why did he want to torture people? We know he's not going to admit he did something wrong, so to that extent he is going to keep on maintaining that torture works, and he'll keep on invoking the "ticking timebomb scenario" that only happens on dumbass TV shows like 24, but never in real life, to justify it. Unfortunately a lot of Americans (half the Republican party) are too dumb to understand that real life is not like 24. In real life we don't get a fly on the wall view of a terrorist doing terrorist bomb-setting things, and when he's captured in real life the terrorist doesn't say "Muahah yes I know where the ticking bomb is but I will never tell you muahaha you will all die muahaha!".
The purpose of torture is to get people to give FALSE statements/confessions. Like when that wimp John McCain was tortured by the Vietnamese, he caved in and read a confession on the radio saying that America was evil and he had been committing crimes on behalf of America. The other American POWs took the torture but McCain, the wimp that he is, caved in and recited false information, severely hurting the American war effort against the communists. We lost the Vietnam war in part because of McCain's treason. But because he's a Republican his actions are okay. If John Kerry, on the other hand, had caved in to communist torture and gave a public, treasonous, anti-American statement intended to give comfort to our enemies during time of war, does anyone think he would have been elected to sit on a local school board, let alone Congress, let alone a presidential candidate? Of course not. The Republicans would have eaten him alive, calling him a treasonous coward wimp pinko-pussy communist-appeaser. It would have been all Hannity and Limbaugh ever talked about. They did it anyway with the swift-boat crap. But I digress. Torture is meant to get FALSE info, not accurate/truthful info. False information does not, can not, ever, in any way, "protect America."
All these torture-mongers need to be indicted and thrown in prison. Meanwhile, Obama is becoming the biggest appeaser of torture the world has ever seen. If someone tortured his family, would he "look forward and not backward" and not bring criminal charges? I've practiced criminal defense for years, and not once have I, or any other attorney, ever told a judge that charges should be dismissed because we should "look forward not backward." Who cares about whether or not my client murdered his family, that's all in the past, we should just look forward to the future. I'd be disbarred. Obama should be, too. Meanwhile, if the situation were reversed, the Republicans would prosecute the SHIT out of Obama and every Democrat who so much as knew about the torture program. Obama would be sitting in a prison cell right now, held without bail, facing a 400-page federal indictment. Why do the Democrats not have the balls to prosecute Republicans? Why is Obama so damn spineless? Why is Obama giving so much ground and letting the Republicans take advantage of him under the guise of wanting to be "bipartisan"? Bipartisanship is a means, not an end, and Obama won the election - Bipartisa
You kos kids are really unhinged.
You whine about IMPEACH, and now you whine about INDICT.
Obama knows another attack now would be on his watch. He's not going to stick his neck out too far on this and have to deal with the backlash on that too, if that particular situation were to arise.
Some Dems are only talking about this now to pacify the whiney left. Nothing will happen to Bush, Cheney or anyone else about this.
Calm down, first of all if McCain was the wimp you are talking about he would have just taken the offer to go home when they found out who his dad was. But he stayed in the prison because he didn't want to give the Vietnamese any sort of propaganda for them to say how nice they are. He was a POW for almost 6 years, and yes he was broken after a year of being there, and only after severe torture. You sound like someone who wouldn't even last a couple days, let alone 6 years. You may not care for his politics but John McCain is a war hero, you should show a little respect.
Oh and waterboarding did work, it helped us capture other terrorists.
#2 was laugh out loud funny. I guess he is safe because the PTC is too busy moaning about Fox to watch Fox News.April 23 2009 at 4:42 PM Report abuse Permalink rate up rate down Reply
Cable channels aren't held to the same "decency" standards as over the air broadcast channels, fortunately.April 23 2009 at 5:46 PM Report abuse Permalink rate up rate down Reply
How is he allowed to keep his job at Fox News when he doesn't think the U.S. should torture? Isn't that a requirement for those people these days? I actually have some respect for him. I wonder how long he'll be allowed to stay on Fox.April 23 2009 at 4:26 PM Report abuse Permalink rate up rate down Reply
Scott do you think the fact that he has kept his job at Fox News for so long is that what you think of Fox News is wrong.April 23 2009 at 4:40 PM Report abuse Permalink rate up rate down Reply


text:
KALAMAZOO, Mich. (AP) -- The Pentagon says Kalamazoo's public safety department and a Holland company are getting an award recognizing employer support for workers who serve in the National Guard and Reserve.
The Defense Department's Employer Support of the Guard and Reserve program announced the selections this month for the 2012 Secretary of Defense Employer Support Freedom Award.
Uniform Color Co. of Holland and the Kalamazoo Department of Public Safety are among the 15 recipients.
The Pentagon says the Kalamazoo agency started a Family Readiness Group that helps the families of deployed employees. It says the department retrained an employee to shoot left-handed after his right hand was injured in combat.
The military says the Uniform Color Co. actively recruits military personnel. It also offers counseling and financial assistance to families of deployed employees.


text:
Newsticker stacks set v2.0 released
04/dec./13 19:30 Filed in: General Information | RapidWeaver | Stacks
Update for the Newsticker stacks set v2.0 released:
- New: New edit interface and icon for all the Newsticker stacks;
- New: Icon;
- New style properties.
Newsticker Stacks set updated
12/apr./11 21:29 Filed in: General Information | RapidWeaver | Stacks
The Newsticker as known in version 1.2.0 is renamed to Newsticker Custom and Newsticker Styled is added as a new ticker stack. Most important difference between these 2 stacks is that the Newsticker Styled handles more than a single line of text and you are able to use an entire text item as hyperlink. Besides that the styled version also has this built-in feature for placing the Newsticker directly inside an Extra Content Area. More information available on the product page.
Newsticker stack update
23/okt./10 14:06 Filed in: RapidWeaver | Stacks
The Newsticker stack has been updated and is currently priced at € 2,99.
With the version 1.2.0 release of this stack the following changes where implemented:
With the version 1.2.0 release of this stack the following changes where implemented:
- Add multiple versions of the Newsticker on a single page, up to 5 times;
- Perform the Newsticker only one time, repeat checkbox;
- Start the Newsticker after a given number of ms;
- Use a slider to simply control the number of Newsticker text lines, currently up to 20.
Newsticker stack
12/jul./10 17:04 Filed in: RapidWeaver | Stacks
Release of the Newsticker stack.


text:
Instant "Members Only" Coupon Codes Emailed NOW When You Sign Up for FREE Membership!
You are already an existing user.
Do you want to opt back in?
Please check your email inbox for a confirmation message.
Just click the link to complete your subscription and receive your coupon codes.
Popular Destinations
- Mexico
- Caribbean
- Las Vegas
- Orlando
- Hawaii
- Florida
- New York City
- Costa Rica
- New Orleans
- San Francisco
Hotel Keihan Tenmabashi
With a stay at Hotel Keihan Tenmabashi in Osaka (Osaka Castle), you'll be minutes from Nishinomaru Garden and Osaka Castle. This hotel is within close proximity of Osaka Castle Museum and Osaka Tenmangu Shrine. Read More About Hotel Keihan Tenmabashi
Hotel Keihan Tenmabashi Deals & Specials
- Dry Cleaning Service
- Elevator / Lift
- Laundry Services/Laundry Facility
(+) = Additional fees may apply for the use of these amenities.
(*) = Free, some restrictions may apply.