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Biosafety Program
The Biosafety Program is designed to provide guidance on the safe handling and containment of all activities involving biohazardous materials, to minimize the risks of laboratory acquired infections, and to maintain compliance with all regulations pertaining to recombinant DNA and biohazardous materials. The mission of the Biosafety Program at MSU is to ensure a safe environment for individuals working with biohazardous materials and to ensure the protection of the community and environment by preventing exposure to biohazardous materials. To accomplish this, the Biosafety Program provides technical advice to Principal Investigators on laboratory containment, security, and safety procedures. Other aspects of the Biosafety Program include developing emergency response plans for handling spills and personnel containment, overseeing periodic laboratory inspections to ensure laboratory standards are maintained, and providing Biosafety training, recombinant DNA regulations training, and Bloodborne Pathogen training.


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Kukla's Korner Hockey
The Fans Vote
by Paul on 01/09/06 at 08:01 PM ET
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Most Recent Blog Posts
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About Kukla's Korner Hockey
Paul Kukla founded Kukla's Korner in 2005 and the site has since become the must-read site on the 'net for all the latest happenings around the NHL.
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You can now configure / visualize your 4 Series Convertible at BMWUSA.com.
Harold Wood renders the upcoming 4 Series Gran Coupe based on recent images.
We take a look at the just revealed F33 4 Series Convertible [Official Thread] against the E93 3 Series Convertible which it replaces.
Congrats to BIMMERPOST member Kyokio for taking delivery of his "Superman Combo" Estoril Blue II and Coral Red interior 435i Coupe!
Check out some pics inside.
Here's the first sound clip for the 4 Series M Performance Parts exhaust system.
We have updated our official 4 Series Convertible thread with more wallpapers and the first video.
The all-new BMW 4 Series Convertible represents the latest chapter in the modern history of BMW Convertibles which dates back to 1987 and the first BMW 3 Series Convertible. As with the new BMW 4 Series Coupe, the 4 Series Convertible embodies the very essence of dynamics and aesthetic appeal in the premium segment. The "4" in its title headlines this new product line for the Convertible and emphasizes not only its stand-out design, but also the fact that any way you look at it, … CONTINUED
Here is the F33 4 Series Convertible in some official images.
New commercial for the BMW 4 Series Coupe.
"With sleek design and performance prowess, the first-ever BMW 4 Series is simply irresistible."
May our single 4 Series owners experience this.
Akrapovic has released its Evolution Exhaust system for the BMW 435i coupe, with these quoted figures:
HP Increase: ~7 @ 5850 rpm
TQ Increase: ~7.9 @ 3500 rpm
Weight savings: 1.8 lbs
See inside for the system's specs, graphs, photos and some sample clips.
Congrats to our first Canadian 4 Series owner! The lucky member picked up his Estoril Blue 435i xDrive on Monday and already has plans to upgrade with an exhaust and the M Performance Power Kit.
Check out the first photos inside.
The list of cars and trucks up for the 2014 Car of the Year Award has been parsed down to a short list of 12 cars and 12 trucks. The initial candidates list contained 30 cars overall, of which the BMW i3 was also nominated. It did not make this short list.
2014 North American Car of the Year short list:
BMW 4 Series
Cadillac CTS
Chevrolet Corvette Stingray
Chevrolet Impala… CONTINUED
Check out some delivery photos of an Alpine White 435i xDrive with M Sport Package.
Introducing our Official 4 Series Photo Compilations Threads.
You can access all our Official F32 4 Series Color Photos Threads via the links inside, and vote for your favorite color in the poll.
AC Schnitzer has released initial info on its tuning program for the 4 Series Coupe.
Starting with the engine, the AC Schnitzer tune for the 435i bumps its power up to 360 HP (265 kW), the 428i up to 294 HP (216 kW) and the 420d up to 218 HP (160 kW). To add to the visceral experience, a sports exhaust system is available.
For handling, they offer a height adjustable 'racing suspension,' as well as a lowering sprint kit which will lower the F32 by approximately … CONTINUED
BMW 4 Series Coupe deliveries have begun! Congratulations to our very first owner and delivery.
This is a 2014 428i Mineral Gray with Coral Red Leather and gloss black trim. M Sport, Premium, Heated Seats, Navigation, Dynamic Handling Package and was delivered on Long Island, NY.
On August 24, 2013, BMW visited BMW super fan Nathan Risch in Palm Springs, CA with the first-ever BMW 4 Series for the weekend—making him one of the first to drive in it in America. Watch as he hits the road in Palm Springs and The Thermal Club Racetrack.
BMW also visited BMW super fan Rashed Haque in Virginia and surprised him with the first-ever BMW 4 Series for the weekend—making him one of the first to drive in it in America. See what happens when … CONTINUED
Discover the Launch Control feature on the new BMW 4 Series F32 Coupe.


text: It's not often you can find someplace as special as Plymouth County. A place where the past and the present meet and have so much to offer. Walk in the footsteps of the Native Americans and the Pilgrims or chart your own course. When you visit Plymouth County, you're bound to make history. So whether you're looking for a starting point to your next vacation or on your way to Boston or Cape Cod and the Islands, be sure you make Plymouth County a destination.


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Solar San Antonio
Solar San Antonio iis a non-profit 501 (c)(3) advocacy and resource center for renewable and sustainable energy applications. Utilizing community education and outreach, we strive to decrease energy costs and improve the quality of life in San Antonio and South Texas.
Posts filtered on Tag
Building Solar Electric Cars to Fight Cancer
Solar San Antonio joined ACE Technologies at Camp Discovery to help kids build an all electric vehicle with solar power. The camp is an annual event open to 150 children diagnosed with cancer. Campers spend a week having fun, learning new things, and developing as people. This year, ACE Technologies introduced a new project to […] [Read More]


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Proof 419 combines passion for bread, local craft beerWritten by Staff Reports | | firstname.lastname@example.com
By Chase Will, Toledo Free Press Staff Writer
On April 19, local bread company Proof 419 will premiere three original bread recipes at the Toledo Farmers' Market. Each of these recipes is based around Maumee Bay Beer, a favorite of co-owner Tucker Lux.
"Proofing" is a term used in bread making to describe the fermentation of yeast. Lux ties this term in with a quote from Benjamin Franklin, "Beer is proof that God exists and he wants us to be happy."
"It's been pretty well-received," Lux said. "My wife and I were looking for a way to make some extra money. I've been obsessive about bread for quite a while, and she had the idea, since we're both into craft beer, to try to make artisan breads instead of just doing things that have already been done."
The business began as an experiment in which many beer-and-cheese combinations were tested in small batches. After narrowing down the three best combinations, Lux and his wife showed samples to Tim Childers, chef at the Maumee Bay Brew Pub, and he will soon integrate their IPA and sharp cheddar combination into his menu.
"It was a no-brainer to include it in our menu," Childers said. "It will be available near the end of April."
"The hops of the IPA really come through, and floral notes from the specific hop varieties," Lux said. "Another favorite of mine is the Glass City Bread, which pairs Glass City Pale Ale with parmesan and crushed black pepper, which really blends nicely. Then there's the Buckeye Beer with mild cheddar and smoked paprika, with just a hint of cayenne pepper to heat it up a bit."
The company's biggest challenge is operating from a home kitchen, which forces Lux to be creative in how he produces large quantities while retaining high-quality standards.
"When you're just making one loaf, that's one thing, but when you're making 16 loaves at a time in a home oven, you have a few variables to work around," Lux said. "We've been shopping at the market here for a long time and we're excited to be able to get down there as vendors and do something that can help benefit the community by keeping it as local as we can."
Loaves are available for $4 every Saturday at the Toledo Farmers' Market, at the Erie Street Market.
Proof 419 can be found on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. For more information, visit proof419.com.
Tags: Beer is proof that God exists and he wants us to be happy, bread making, Buckeye Beer, Glass City Bread, Glass City Pale Ale, Maumee Bay Beer, Maumee Bay Brew Pub, original bread recipes, Proof 419, Tim Childers, Toledo Farmers Market, Tucker Lux


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I am loading HBC but using CFG Loader, not USB GX. CFG and Wiiflow recognize the iso, but usbloader GX doesnt (maybe because of an outdated revision). I did use Wad manager 1.7 and tried reinstalling DIOSMIOS again but it didnt do anything. I tried the booter you gave me; does the disc have to be in the drive for it to boot? i change the device to USB but the only game listed is "Boot disc in DVD drive", when i believe the game ISO's should show up here. Thanks for the help again, hope i get this to work soon!
i tried using the "boot disc in dvd drive" anyway, but it gave me a black screen again with USB selected as the device.


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X-Ray Confirms Jose Aldo Broke His Foot During UFC 163 Win
RIO DE JANEIRO -- Jose Aldo's fourth-round TKO win over Chan Sung Jung was a costly one.
At the UFC 163 post-fight press conference in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the 145-pound champion revealed he injured his right foot during the fight, and an X-ray exam confirmed it was broken. As a result, Aldo isn't expected to fight again this year.
He broke his foot two minutes into the fight, Andre Pederneiras, Jose Aldos head coach, told MMAFighting.com on Sunday. The first kick he threw landed on (Jungs) knee.
With his foot injured, Aldo was forced to change his game plan during the fight and use less leg kicks, one of his main weapons in his undefeated run in the UFC and WEC. However, he was still able to score his second knockout win in the UFC, the 14th of his MMA career.
Aldo's doctors couldn't tell him when he would be able to return just yet, but it wont be anytime soon.
We are talking to the UFC doctor, Marcio Tannure, but hell probably take a medical suspension for the next two or three months," Pederneiras said. Its up to the doctors now."


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Sierra Cypress
Exclusively at
Item# LF000498
Great Quality. Great Price. Our PERGO Presto collection features dual-locking click installation joint and end-to-end plank matching. ScratchGuard Advanced surface protection provides exceptional resistance to scuffs and scratches. Authentic Embossed-in-Register and all-over textures.
- Details
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- Type: Laminate
- Color: Light
- Visual: Smooth
- Planks: 2-Strip Plank
- Warranty: 30-Year Limited Residential Warranty
- Plank Size: 7 5/8" W x 47 5/8" L
- Thickness: 8mm
*Wear Claim compared to standard AC-3 laminate flooring and measured in accordance with NALFA/ANSI LF-01 2011 and/or EN 13329:2006+A1:2008
Pergo floors feature innovative premium click joints technology for faster, easier installation with more secure joints. Learn more »
We offer the best warranties in the industry — a 30-year Limited Residential Warranty.Learn more »


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Dongbang Silver Press Pellets 100 (DB506B)
The pellets may remain in place for several hours. Use silver pellets to sedate.
100 in a pack.
Weight (including packaging): 200g
Tax is not applicable to those living outside the European Economic Community. For more info click here.
99 in stock
Now: £6.00 (£7.20 inc. tax)
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Find accommodations in Missouri City with the hotel list provided below. Search for the cheapest discounted hotel and motel rates in or near Missouri City, TX for your upcoming personal or group travel. Explore the most favored Missouri City, Texas motel and hotel rooms. Browse the Missouri City area hotels to find the perfect lodging! Please use the provided map of the Missouri City hotels. Planning a group? Lock in Missouri City Group Hotel RatesThe Missouri City center is about 1 mile from Fondren Gardens and 2 miles from Fort Bend Houston.
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Arizona Cardinals
Patrick Peterson: Offense 'can't give up two touchdowns'
Patrick Peterson is only two years removed from his college career at LSU, yet the 22-year-old may be the only player on the Arizona Cardinals' 53-man roster with the authority to call out any of his teammates.
After all, he's done just about everything in 2012.
Peterson, who has served as a cornerback, running back, wide receiver, punt returner and gunner this season, displayed that rare cachet after Sunday's 28-13 to the Chicago Bears.
"As an offense, we can't give up two touchdowns," Peterson said. "Coach Whisenhunt really hit that on the head today."
While Peterson and Arizona's defense held Bears quarterback Jay Cutler in check (12-of-26 for 141 yards), the Cardinals were forced to play from behind all afternoon on Sunday, as a fumble return for a touchdown by Chicago's Zack Bowman in the first quarter and an interception return for a touchdown by Charles Tillman in the third quarter put Lovie Smith and Co. in the driver's seat at University of Phoenix Stadium.
Although the former No. 5 overall pick had some harsh words for the offense, he didn't limit his criticism to only one side of the football.
"At the end of the day, we can't let those guys score," said Peterson. "We have to do a better when the offense does turn the ball over to hold those guys to three points."
The Cardinals' defense limited Chicago's offense to only 15 points, but they did allow over 150 yards on the ground.
With a week left in their season, the Cardinals sit in the basement of the NFC West, and are much closer to a top 5 draft pick than they are to playoff contention. Despite a forgettable campaign in 2012, Peterson said the team would still try to grow together over their final 60 minutes of play next Sunday.
"We're a team that never wants to give up," said Peterson. "We want to play hard until the fourth quarter when that clock says 0:00. That's our mentality coming into any game, win, lose or draw."
The Cardinals travel to San Francisco to take on the division-leading 49ers next weekend. The game still has plenty of meaning for Jim Harbaugh's squad, as well. After being blown out 42-13 Sunday night, the 49ers still need a win or a Seattle Seahawks loss in Week 17 to clinch the NFC West.
Most Popular
Cardinals Audio
- Kent Somers, azcentral sports Cardinals beat writer - Wednesday July 29Kent Somers lays out some of the biggest stories surrounding Cardinals training camp.
- Monica Lindstrom, legal analyst - Wednesday July 29Monica Lindstrom says Tom Brady has already lost in the court of public opinion.
- Jen Welter, Cardinals assistant coach - Tuesday July 28Welter talks about the historical significance of her hire, and how she'll approach the job
- Bickley Blast - Tuesday July 28The Cardinals made a ground breaking coaching hire
- Former Arizona Cardinals Pro Bowler Bertrand Berry - Tuesday July 28Bertrand Berry talks about the Cardinals hiring Jen Welter as the first woman coach in NFL history.


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ROSEMONT, Ill.---The Chicago Wolves were unable to produce any offense Friday night as the Grand Rapids Griffins and goaltender Tom McCollum blanked the Wolves 3-0 at the Allstate Arena.
Chicago goaltender Matt Climie (2-7-0) stopped 34 of 37 shots in the loss, while McCollum (5-3-1) kicked out all 20 of the Wolves shots. Chicago (9-9-2-1), which has dropped eight of its last 10 contests, has provided Climie just 15 goals of support in his nine appearances this season.
"They were the better team than we were tonight," said Wolves head coach Scott Arniel. "We were chasing all night long and you aren't going to win many hockey games when you have nine shots after two periods."
Grand Rapids (12-7-1-1) opened scoring one minute into the second period with a power-play marker by defenseman Adam Almquist. The Griffins blueliner's shot from the far circle was stopped by Climie, but the rebound bounced toward the slot where it hit off a Wolves defender's skate and trickled over the goal line.
The Griffins doubled their lead when center Joakim Andersson sent a pass from the side of the net to the slot, from where Landon Ferraro's shot was stopped by Climie. Andersson jumped on the rebound and roofed a shot over Climie's glove at 4:20 of the third period.
Left wing Tomas Tatar closed out scoring for Grand Rapids 1:50 later. The Griffins entered the Wolves zone on a three-on-one rush and right wing Gustav Nyquist found the streaking Tatar alone at the top of the crease and he tapped home an empty-netter.
The Wolves travel to Rockford for an Illinois Lottery Cup contest against the IceHogs at 7 p.m. on Saturday. They return home at 7 p.m. Thursday, Dec. 13, against Hamilton. For tickets, call 1-800-THE-WOLVES or visit ChicagoWolves.com.
Grand Rapids 0 1 2 -- 3
Chicago 0 0 0 -- 0
First Period---None. Penalties---Ferraro, Grand Rapids (interference), 3:10; Connauton, Chicago (closing hand on puck), 11:56.
Second Period---1, Grand Rapids, Almquist 3 (Paetsch, Ferraro), 1:00 pp. Penalties---Sterling, Chicago (tripping), 0:50.
Third Period---2, Grand Rapids, Andersson 5 (Ferraro), 4:20; 3, Grand Rapids, Tatar 11 (Nyquist), 6:10. Penalties---Aubry, Grand Rapids (misconduct), 5:05; Callahan, Grand Rapids (double-minor roughing), 5:05; Grant, Grand Rapids (double-minor roughing), 5:05; Desbiens, Chicago (double-minor roughing), 5:05; Joslin, Chicago (double-minor roughing), 5:05; Miller, Chicago (misconduct), 5:05; Freisen, Chicago (tripping), 10:44; Rodin, Chicago (tripping), 14:12.
Shots on goal---Grand Rapids: 15-11-11--37. Chicago: 5-4-11-20. Power plays---Grand Rapids: 1-4. Chicago: 0-1. Goalies---Grand Rapids, McCollum (20-20). Chicago, Climie (34-37). A---5,821. Referee---Shaun Davis. Linesmen---Al Stensland and Michael Spohn.
ROSEMONT, Ill.---The Chicago Wolves were unable to produce any offense Friday night as the Grand Rapids Griffins and goaltender Tom McCollum blanked the Wolves 3-0 at the Allstate Arena.


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Product to be used as wedding reception decor. I would recommend to others for party & event decor. The paper is thick and lasts multiple uses.


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+27 11 780 7810
Meropa Casino and Entertainment World is a Moroccan-style gaming mecca in the heart of the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Even though there is a 24-hour casino, there is also a strong emphasis on outdoor entertainment, especially where families are concerned. Choose from mini-golf, go-karting or the exciting wildlife park that offers educational exhibits. You can also take some time out for a cup of tea in the park at WildThingz Tea Garden.
Speaking of places to eat or drink, there are a number of fantastic restaurants and bars at Meropa Casino and Entertainment World offering delicious food, excellent service and a well-deserved treat after a day of fun and games. The Jembe Tavern plays host to brilliant shows and performances to ensure that you have a blast, even when you're not on the gaming floor.
Sun International supports responsible gambling. Gambling for persons 18 years and older. Winners know when to stop.
National Responsible Gambling toll-free counselling line 0800 006 008. Sun International Casinos are licensed Casinos. For more information visit: Responsible Gambling


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To The Editor:
I am not a resident of Waitsfield, but I have watched the increasingly rancorous civil discourse there with growing dismay. Waitsfield is the "downtown" for Fayston residents, too, and after this week's Valley Reporter account of a recent select board meeting, I am compelled to speak out.
I have known Robin Morris, a member of the Waitsfield Water Commission, for some time and know him to be conscientious, knowledgeable and generous with his time, his counsel and his talents. I was appalled by the irresponsible comments made by some of the select board members about Mr. Morris, in particular, and the Waitsfield Water Commission, in general. There will always be people who say some process or another isn't fair; that's not a signal for select board members to leap into a process of which they are apparently willfully ignorant. If there's to be a water commission, for goodness' sake let them do the work they were charged with!
The town of Waitsfield, in fact any town in Vermont, must rely on the good will of volunteers to accomplish the town's business. To publicly excoriate those volunteers is bad management from elected officials and bad manners from anyone. The select board owes Mr. Morris and the hard-working commission members an apology, to say the least.
Dinsmore Fulton


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Madras Storage Cube 4 4
Great as an end table I must have missed this in my local store (not surprising as there's just so much to see) but found it online. It fits my needs perfectly as a storage end table next to a reading chair. Plenty of room inside and on top for "stuff". Nicely finished with great texture and a range of brown color from dark to light. April 2, 2014
Perfect for storage and looks great Use this in my bedroom next to chaise lounge for storing my stationary, books and colored writing pens and stamps and a few books. Keeps the space uncluttered but with easy access when I want to sit and write a few notes and sip my tea. I just love it! June 8, 2012
would recommend! These are very attractive and are great for both storage and decoration. We love them! February 4, 2011
great buy! great but!can put a lot of stuff in and still looks good January 30, 2009
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Sweaty. Sound is ok but nothing special.
Pros: Good amount of bass
Cons: Gets sweaty after 10 minutes, no sparkle in the sound
They are about as good as my Koss KSC75 but with a bit more bass. Now I quite like the Koss, so it is no bad thing being as good as those. But the Koss are £12 earphones, so the price of the Monoprice is about right for what you get.
In my opinion, the people who hype these up on forums are too impressed by the low price and have not made proper comparisons to decent headphones. Then there are those who have nothing better to do than to make wild claims about the sound quality of the headphones they own. I would be very careful about believing these people and all of their hype. I was taken in, but I wish I had read reviews from more experienced and trustworthy people who recommend the Creative Aurvana Live in this price range. Those are the headphones i would choose if you are looking to spend little money. The CAL have a similar sound to the Monoprice, but when you compare the two you notice how much more energy and sparkle the CAL have. This extra energy makes a huge difference. They make the Monoprice seem a bit dull and boring. I may even get rid of the Grados now that I've heard how good the CAL sound.
Final negative for me is that the Monoprice are uncomfortable thanks to the fake leather pads that made me sweat after about 10 minutes.


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Concord Extra provides discounted products online in our Health and Beauty Department including Mens and Ladies Toiletries, Hair Care and Cosmetics, Fragrances, Household Toiletries,Groceries, Petcare, Seasonal and DIY Products.
You can save more when you buy case deals of your favourite products. Some of our top brands include Adidas, Armani, Beckham, Cif, Dove, Gillette, L'Oreal, Radox, Diesel, Lynx, Glade, Nivea and Vaseline to name but a few. Our exceptional quality of service from our dedicated team will not be beaten. We provide excellent delivery service with the option of next day delivery, free collection and free delivery on orders over £89. If you are looking for anything from sun tan lotion for your holiday, to pest control at discounted prices, we are ready to take your order online, at store or via the telephone.


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Daily Post Wales
For the latest local news straight to your Twitter, Facebook feed or e-mail inbox.
Is there something happening in your area you would like us to report on?
Interested in advertising? Please call 01492 582582
The Daily Post is North Wales' Best Read Daily Newspaper.
Reaching over 1 in 4 people in the area (Source: JICREG 01/10/12, reaches 26.72%% of people within Daily Post area each month)
The Daily Post is a trustworthy and favourite local newspaper (108,000 people said the Daily Post was their favourite local newspaper, 135,000 people saying that the Daily Post is a trustworthy local newspaper - GfK NOP 2008 )
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Editor, Daily Post
Liverpool-born Mark joined the Daily Post in January 2014 after seven years as editor of its Merseyside sister title the Liverpool Post. He started out as a weekly news reporter on Wirral Newspapers, and spent seven years at the Daily Post and Liverpool Echo. He was The Press Association's regional correspondent for North Wales, Merseyside and Cheshire from 1983 to 1997, before returning to the ECHO as deputy news editor. He has won a number of journalism awards, including the UK Press Gazzette Regional Reporter of the Year award, and in 1993 wrote a book on the James Bulger murder.


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Develops the skills students need to become productive members of society. There are currently three Applied Learning Initiatives:
Contact: Cara Coffina (212) 802-1545
Provides professional development, assistance procuring grants, as well as develops partnerships and collaborations between schools and the cultural community. Contact Katherine Mikulewicz (212) 802-1585
Provides professionally trained, multi-disciplinary teams to see if technology can help students perform skills that they cannot otherwise do either because of physical/developmental delays or deficit.s These tech solutions may include tools for handwriting, voice output communication devices, computers, amplifiers, switches, etc.
Once students receive Assistive Technology, it is added to their IEPs and becomes a requirement to be integrated into the student's school program.
Contact: Karen Gorman (212) 802-1530
Supports the mental health needs of students providing individual and group counseling to students as determined by their IEPs. There are three tiers of service that counselors and clinicians provide:
Contact: Roslyn Hoff, Supervisor of Psychologists (917) 256-4273/4269
Topics include: developmental stages across all domains; appropriate early childhood instructional practices; aligning with the Common Core Learning Standards and the Danielson Framework for Teaching; analysis of assessment data to help in instructional decision-making.
District 75 Pre-Kindergarten Programs 2014-15 Contact Ana Gomez, Director (212) 802-1555
Provides instruction in utilizing Braille, Nemeth Code, large print, optical and non-optical low vision devices and other skills that are necessary to attain academic, social, vocational and life adjustment skills, literacy and acquisition of information using tactile, visual, and auditory strategies.
This service is provided for students who are blind or have a visual impairment related to pathology of the eyes or visual pathways with a visual acuity no greater than 20/70 in the better eye with best correction or limitations in visual acuity and visual field which adversely affect student performance.
Contact Laurence Gardner, Director (917) -256-4201
Provides an array of unique services, including:
to Limited English Proficient/English Language Learners (LEP/ELLs) between the ages of 4.9 and 21 years of age with moderate to severe disabilities.
Contact: Maryann Polesinelli, Director (212) 802-1624
Info, Forms & Resources
Provides district-wide support in all employment related matters.
Contact Catherine Ammirati,Director or Michael Harrington, Deputy Director.
Find out more from the office of Special Education.
Provides special education services in the general education classroom. This means that students:
Contact Ruchika Chopra, Director (212) 802-1519 Fax: (718) 706-4527
Enhances literacy programs in all District 75 schools, by providing instructional support to:
so that all children are instructed based upon the needs of their IEP so that hey may become lifelong readers and writers.Ongoing professional development workshops in various literacy areas are offered and follow up support is provided by the literacy team.
Info. Forms & Resources
Provides Related Services under Part B of IDEA to support a student's Individualized Education Program.
School-\Based Occupational Therapists:
Work collaboratively with the student's IEP team and participate to evaluate, program, plan, and monitor
Design services to maintain, improve, or restore function of students in all education-related activities, including neuro-musculoskeletal function, motor function including fine motor, oral motor and visual motor integration, sensory and perceptual function, cognitive, and psychosocial function.
Emphasize independence in daily living skills and school participation in various settings including classroom, bathroom, cafeteria, and playground.
Contact Shelly Segev, Supervisor (917) 256-4276 Fax (917) 256-4269
Coordinates the work between contracted agencies and the NYC DOE.
A Related Service Authorization (RSA) is issued only when a contracted agency cannot provide the service. RSAs allow families to secure an independent provider paid for by the Department of Education.Contracted agencies are issued a transmittal requesting service when there are no Department of Education therapists available to serve students.
The independent provider may come to the school or the child's home, or a caregiver may take the child to the practitioner's office (carfare reimbursement is available). The DOE provider who is serving a child as an independent contractor can only serve a child before or after school hours.
Contact: Maria Leo, Administrator (212) 802-1535 Fax (917) 256-4216
Provides Related Services under Part B of IDEA to support a student's Individualized Education Program.
School-based Physical Therapists:
Physical Therapy is delivered so that students can continue their daily education schedule, with the least amount of interruption possible, and the least amount of attention directed toward the disability.
Contact Cynthia Aridas, Supervisor (917) 256-4277
Helps schools create and maintain safe and supportive environments for students, staff and the school community. School climate has a significant effect on students' academic achievement and behavior and as such, our focus is to assist schools in developing systems and structures for teaching expected behaviors and social skills.Office of Safety and Suspensions includes:
District 75 follows the Chancellor's Regulations for suspensions.Contact Mary Mason Simpson, Director of Safety and Suspensions (212) 802-1654 Fax: (212) 802-1666
Contact Leslie Schecht, DIrector STEM (212) 802-1597
Provides sign language interpreting services for all Board of Education non-classroom activities.
Contact Beth Prevor, Director (212) 689-4020 (V/TTY) Fax: (212)-689-3988
Contact Raizel Blau (212) 802-1618
Contact Helen D. Kaufman, Administrative Assistant Superintendent (917) 256-4236
D75's Office of Teacher Effectivenes:s:
Contact: Karen Anderson (212) 802-1554 Fax: (718) 364-9548
Supports students, schools, parents, and agencies in the inclusion of purposeful movement and transportation and travel-related skills into school instructional programs. The ability to purposefully direct our own movement to fulfill our needs, to gradually navigate safely and independently through environments, and, to use public transportation to travel to specific destinations is an essential component for participation in the range of opportunities available in the community. You can read the latest Travel Training newsletter here.
Contact Peggy Groce, Director (212) 802-1625 Fax: (212) 802-1527


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On Tuesday, March 26, Moretown Landfill informed the Moretown Select Board that it will no longer accept non-contracted incoming waste as of April 1.
This date comes two weeks earlier than the April 15 closure mandated by the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources (ANR). The ANR denied the landfill's request for recertification of Cells 2 and 3. Moretown is worried how the sudden cutoff will affect its residents, as well as those of neighboring towns who deliver directly to the Route 2 facility.
The closure of one of the state's two landfills will work itself out "in the long term," select board chair Tom Martin said, "but what will people do immediately?" he asked. "Where will people take their trash?"
Over the past couple of months, Moretown has planned for the landfill's potential closure by asking the state for help developing an "exit plan," Martin explained, "but there's been very little communication on their end." The town has asked the state to provide funding for Moretown for a "soft landing" from the landfill closing. Moretown has received about $500,000 from the landfill in tipping fees annually.
In the state's defense, Moretown Landfill's closure "shouldn't come as a surprise to Moretown," ANR secretary Deb Markowitz told WDEV-FM 96.1 host Mark Johnson on Monday, March 25.
"The landfill is full," Markowitz said. "It was certified and built to live its years, and it's completed those years....The landfill wasn't intended to be forever," she said, explaining that Moretown has been putting a portion of the half-million dollars in tipping fees and property taxes that it receives from Moretown Landfill into a Savings Reserve Fund for this very reason.
But Moretown residents aren't the only ones who will be affected by the facility's closure, as trash hauling costs are likely to increase across the region, and areas bordering the remaining landfill in Coventry will have to adjust to increased truck traffic.
When asked if she felt comfortable with Vermont having only one landfill, Markowitz replied, "Absolutely." She did mention, however, that there are three other sites in Vermont permitted to be new landfills, and that one—located in Hartford—has been actively looking for investors.
In its March 26 letter, the landfill announced that it will be appealing the ANR's decision not to recertify its cells on the grounds that the agency did not take into account the over $1 million in improvements they invested in their operations after December 10, 2013, but "the appeal process will take time," Moretown Landfill general manager Mike DiMaggio said.
Moretown Landfill decided to stop accepting non-contracted incoming waste before April 15 "due to limited air space," DiMaggio said in a phone interview on Wednesday, March 27, but "we're not giving up," he said.
In the meantime, however, the landfill will be closed. People and businesses will have to find new ways to dispose of their trash, and Moretown will continue to look to the state for help.


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Ex-MU players make Super Bowl
HUNTINGTON -- Super Bowl XLVII is being dubbed as the Harbaugh Bowl, but it could also be renamed as the Sup-Herd Bowl.
Between the two teams, Marshall University has six individuals involved -- four former players and two graduates who are Baltimore Ravens cheerleaders.
Each of the teams features two former Marshall players.
The San Francisco 49ers, who won the NFC Championship with a 28-24 come-from-behind win over Atlanta, feature former Marshall record-breaking wide receiver Randy Moss and former Herd safety C.J. Spillman.
The Baltimore Ravens, who earned the AFC title with a 28-13 win over New England in Foxboro, Mass., feature former Conference USA Defensive Player of the Year Albert McClellan and former Marshall safety Omar Brown, who is in his rookie season.
After a one-year retirement, Moss signed with San Francisco in the preseason and has 28 catches for 434 yards and three touchdowns in his 14th NFL season.
Spillman, who signed with San Francisco in 2010, has become one of the most heralded special teams players in the NFL, earning a nod as a Pro Bowl alternate in 2012 and has 11 tackles on the season as a gunner for the punt coverage team. He also recovered a muffed punt in the 49ers' win over Green Bay in the NFC Divisional playoffs.
The former Marshall free safety was signed as an undrafted rookie by the San Diego Chargers in 2009, but signed with the 49ers midway through the 2010 season.
For Baltimore, McClellan is in his second season out of Marshall and has 49 tackles, a sack and a forced fumble in the 2012 year. He has started 11 games this season for Baltimore, seeing action as both an inside linebacker and an outside linebacker.
Former Marshall free safety Omar Brown is in his rookie season with the Ravens after being signed as an undrafted free agent out of Marshall.
Brown, who spent much of the season on the practice squad, was called to the active roster late in the season. He has three tackles, including his first career sack, which came against Eli Manning in the Ravens' 33-14 win over the New York Giants on Dec. 23.
Baltimore also has two cheerleaders who are Marshall graduates. Jo T. is a former captain of the Marshall dance team from Damascus, Md., while Whitney J. grew up in Ravenswood, W.Va. The NFL team doesn't release last names of cheerleaders for privacy reasons, but both women are identified as Marshall graduates on its website, www.baltimoreravens.com.
The Herald-Dispatch welcomes your comments on this article, but please be civil. Avoid profanity, obscenity, personal attacks, accusations of criminal activity, name-calling or insults to the other posters. Herald-dispatch.com does not control or monitor comments as they are posted, but if you find a comment offensive or uncivil, hover your mouse over the comment and click the X that appears in the upper right of the comment. If you do not want your comment to post to your personal Facebook page, uncheck the box below the comment.


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February 12, 2007
Google vs Valentine's Day
In 2000, Google decided to do something special for Valentine's Day, so they asked Ken Perlin, a computer graphics expert in the New York University Department of Computer Science, to create a nice animation. He made a bouncing heart and a lot of special effects (you'll need Java to see it).
Larry and Sergey announced it in a special edition of Google's newsletter: "Just a quick note to let you know about something special that's waiting for you on Google this Valentine's Day weekend. In our long and festive tradition of celebrating holidays, Google is pleased to share with you a special holiday greeting that expresses our love for all Google users."
Because people liked it a lot (maybe because it seemed cute and funny), the bouncing heart returned in 2001. After that, Google stuck only to doodles for Valentine's Day (2003, 2004, 2005).
Last time I saw something Valentine-related at Google? A new logo for Google Checkout. As defined by Wikipedia, "cuteness is a delicate and attractive kind of beauty commonly associated with youth, innocence, and helplessness." Can Google still be cute even if it's not young, innocent or helpless anymore?
This blog is not affiliated with Google.


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Solid swimsuits are the most traditional swimsuit style out there. Before there were unique prints of paisleys, florals, and stripes, solid swimsuits ruled the industry. Swimsuits solids still serve a purpose now. A black swimsuit bottom can be paired with a number of different tops, and you can mix n match to create original outfits. Here at The Orchid Boutique we believe that swimsuit solids are more fashionable when accented with hardware detailing, rings, beading, crochet, or embroidery. Find, buy, or shop designer solid swimsuits and bikinis made with a variety of detailing.


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There are 34 results - Show results on a map Print this page
Showing 1 - 10 of 34
This delightful house, built in 1851, reputedly for the Bishop of Worcester, stands in attractive gardens with stunning views of The Malverns. Bedrooms have been authentically renovated, retaining man...More about The Cotford Hotel & L'Amuse Bouche Restaurant
Located in an elevated position on the outskirts of Malvern, this inn is popular with locals and visiting walkers. The thoughtfully furnished bedrooms provide good levels of comfort with suitable gues...More about Wyche Inn
Famed for being the inn depicted in Henry Fielding's novel Tom Jones, this 16th-century hotel is a reminder of 'Old England' with features such as exposed beams and wall timbers still remaining. The q...More about White Lion Hotel
This modern, friendly hotel is set on the outskirts of the famous spa town. The bedrooms are contemporary with sumptuous beds, and many guest extras are provided; the bathrooms have quality fixtures a...More about The Malvern
At the base of the Malvern Hills this delightful wisteria-covered hotel sits in attractive manicured grounds. Charming public areas include an intimate bar, a log fire-enhanced lounge and an elegant d...More about Holdfast Cottage Hotel
Set in the historic riverside town of Upton upon Severn this 400-year-old inn offers plenty of charm and quirkiness. The bedrooms provide good comfort and practicality and are modern in design, with s...More about The Swan
Mount Pleasant is an attractive Georgian house in the town centre that occupies an elevated position, and overlooks Priory Church and the picturesque Severn Plain. It is family-run, with a relaxed at...More about Mount Pleasant Hotel
Close to the town centre this privately owned and managed hotel is ideally situated for many of Malvern's attractions. The accommodation is spacious and well equipped. Public areas include quiet loung...More about The Great Malvern Hotel
An inn has occupied this site since the 13th century, though The Boot itself dates from the Georgian period. Much historic charm remains in the pub, while the bedrooms, furnished in antique pine, are ...More about The Boot Inn
A wealth of authentic features can be found at this historic timber-framed hotel, situated in the middle of town. The comfortably equipped bedrooms are tastefully decorated; there is also Eve's Cottag...More about Feathers Hotel


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M&M Parking
150 NE 7th St., Miami, FL 33139
This parking does not currently offer online bookings.
140 People Recommend Parking Here
90 Left Comments
"Great Location"
"Everything's fine !"
"None of the staff knew anything about the premium parking option I paid for. It was a wasted $10. They would not allow me to park near the exit as was stated on your webiste when I "upgraded.""
"The parking was very convenient. It was only two blocks in front of the arena, only 5 minute walk. Next time I go to a Miami Heat game, I will park there again definately."
"Easy to find. Easy access to AA Arena and our parking attendant was awesome. He told us how to get to get to 95 and avoid post Heat traffic and he was spot on."
This is a paved, well lit surface lot just across the street from the American Airlines Arena.
Look for the small yellow attendant's booth just inside the entrance to the lot.
This location is a commercial parking lot.
Nearby destinations: American Airlines Arena.
When exiting highway take NE 2nd Ave South and make a right turn on 7th St. The entrance to lot is on left. Look for the small yellow attendant's booth just inside the entrance to the lot.


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For support and advice from others,
visit our Brain
Aneurysms Community
A brain (cerebral) aneurysm is a weak or thin spot on a blood vessel in the brain that balloons out and fills with blood.
aneurysms can be congenital, resulting from an inborn abnormality in an artery
wall. Cerebral aneurysms are also more common in people with certain
genetic diseases, such as connective tissue disorders and polycystic kidney
disease, and certain circulatory disorders, such as arteriovenous malformations
(snarled tangles of arteries and veins in the brain that disrupt blood flow).
Other causes include trauma or injury to the head, high blood pressure, infection, tumors, atherosclerosis (a blood vessel disease in which fats build up on the inside of artery walls) and other diseases of the vascular system, cigarette smoking, and drug abuse. Some investigators have speculated that oral contraceptives may increase the risk of developing aneurysms.
Aneurysms that result from an infection in the arterial wall are called mycotic aneurysms. Cancer-related aneurysms are often associated with primary or metastatic tumors of the head and neck. Drug abuse, particularly the habitual use of cocaine, can inflame blood vessels and lead to the development of brain aneurysms.
Most cerebral aneurysms do not show symptoms until they either become very
large or burst. Small, unchanging aneurysms generally will not produce
symptoms, whereas a larger aneurysm that is steadily growing may press on
tissues and nerves. Symptoms may include pain above and behind the eye;
numbness, weakness, or paralysis on one side of the face; dilated pupils; and
vision changes. When an aneurysm hemorrhages, an individual may
experience a sudden and extremely severe headache, double vision, nausea,
vomiting, stiff neck, and/or loss of consciousness. Individuals usually
describe the headache as "the worst headache of my life" and it is generally
different in severity and intensity from other headaches people may
experience. "Sentinel" or warning headaches may result from an aneurysm
that leaks for days to weeks prior to rupture. Only a minority of
individuals have a sentinel headache prior to aneurysm rupture.
Other signs that a cerebral aneurysm has burst include nausea and vomiting associated with a severe headache, a drooping eyelid, sensitivity to light, and change in mental status or level of awareness. Some individuals may have seizures. Individuals may lose consciousness briefly or go into prolonged coma. People experiencing this "worst headache," especially when it is combined with any other symptoms, should seek immediate medical attention.
Most cerebral aneurysms go unnoticed until they rupture or are detected by
brain imaging that may have been obtained for another condition. Several
diagnostic methods are available to provide information about the aneurysm and
the best form of treatment. The tests are usually obtained after a
subarachnoid hemorrhage, to confirm the diagnosis of an aneurysm.
Angiography is a dye test used to analyze the arteries or veins. An intracerebral angiogram can detect the degree of narrowing or obstruction of an artery or blood vessel in the brain, head, or neck, and can identify changes in an artery or vein such as a weak spot like an aneurysm. It is used to diagnose stroke and to precisely determine the location, size, and shape of a brain tumor, aneurysm, or blood vessel that has bled. This test is usually performed in a hospital angiography suite. Following the injection of a local anesthetic, a flexible catheter is inserted into an artery and threaded through the body to the affected artery. A small amount of contrast dye (one that is highlighted on x-rays) is released into the bloodstream and allowed to travel into the head and neck. A series of x-rays is taken and changes, if present, are noted.
Computed tomography (CT) of the head is a fast, painless, noninvasive diagnostic tool that can reveal the presence of a cerebral aneurysm and determine, for those aneurysms that have burst, if blood has leaked into the brain. This is often the first diagnostic procedure ordered by a physician following suspected rupture. X-rays of the head are processed by a computer as two-dimensional cross-sectional images, or "slices," of the brain and skull. Occasionally a contrast dye is injected into the bloodstream prior to scanning. This process, called CT angiography, produces sharper, more detailed images of blood flow in the brain arteries. CT is usually conducted at a testing facility or hospital outpatient setting.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses computer-generated radio waves and a powerful magnetic field to produce detailed images of the brain and other body structures. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) produces more detailed images of blood vessels. The images may be seen as either three-dimensional pictures or two-dimensional cross-slices of the brain and vessels. These painless, noninvasive procedures can show the size and shape of an un-ruptured aneurysm and can detect bleeding in the brain.
Cerebrospinal fluid analysis may be ordered if a ruptured aneurysm is suspected. Following application of a local anesthetic, a small amount of this fluid (which protects the brain and spinal cord) is removed from the subarachnoid space - located between the spinal cord and the membranes that surround it-by surgical needle and tested to detect any bleeding or brain hemorrhage. In individuals with suspected subarachnoid hemorrhage, this procedure is usually done in a hospital.
Source: Information provided courtesy of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), a division of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
NINDS health-related material is provided for information purposes only and does not necessarily represent endorsement by or an official position of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke or any other Federal agency. Advice on the treatment or care of an individual patient should be obtained through consultation with a physician who has examined that patient or is familiar with that patient's medical history.
o Brain Aneurysms- Overview
o Brain Aneurysms- Classification and prognosis
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The following is from a series of posts by Catholic apologist and "reluctant traditionalist" David Palm, originally posted on the Catholic Answers forums in the thread "Catholic Heliocentrism" (September 2010). "Cassini" is a geocentrist. After the five asterisks below I have included some further helpful remarks by David Palm in a combox from my blog on the same general topic.
* * *
Over in another thread you explicitly admit that you believe that this "heresy" will harm the faith of the faithful. Is it really true, then, that the entire hierarchy themselves hold a heresy and allow it to spread unchecked for centuries without one word or action to check it? And this has been the status quo for centuries? Notice what happened to Pope Honorius I who, in reply to an heretical letter penned by Sergius the Patriarch of Constantinople, utilized the phrase "one will". Most scholars agree that he did not hold the heresy to which he was responding. But he was formally condemned by the Sixth Ecumenical Council and this condemnation was affirmed by Pope Leo II: "We anathematize the inventors of the new error, that is, Theodore, Sergius, ...and also Honorius, who did not attempt to sanctify this Apostolic Church with the teaching of Apostolic tradition, but by profane treachery permitted its purity to be polluted."
Here you tell us that not siding with the condemnation of Galileo will cause tremendous harm to the Church's credibility, indeed will undermine her claim to infallibility.
So then, what does siding with the pronouncements against Galileo do? For almost three hundred years now, not one word has been said by any bishop or any Pope in condemnation of this "formal heresy". This includes even the sainted Pius X and the beatified Pius IX and John XXIII. More than that, this "formal heresy" has been openly taught in Catholic grade schools, high schools, colleges, universities, and pontifical institutions. This "formal heresy" has been presented as established fact in numerous articles and books written by Catholics and for Catholics, many of which bear the Church's imprimatur and nihil obstat. It is believed by the vast majority of the Catholics of the world—that includes the world's bishops and priests, not to mention the Pope. The Magisterium has given the faithful not one hint that there is any problem whatsoever in believing this "formal heresy", let alone actively and repeatedly warn them away from it. More than that, a Pope has publicly apologized for the treatment of Galileo, which could do nothing but bolster the view that this belief is perfectly legitimate for the faithful to hold.
I'm not trying to put words in your mouth, but typically within the testosterone-drenched apologetics of those like Sungenis, the only reason anyone could possibly fail to teach openly against a "formal heresy" is if he's either a simpleton or a coward. Which again tars the entire Catholic magisterium for the past 300 years as either dupes or traitors.
It seems amazing to me that you would be willing to uphold the logical conclusion of your position, namely that all the Popes at least from Benedict XIV (1740) up through Benedict XVI (present), along with all the bishops in communion with them, have utterly failed to exercise the vigilance their office demands of them. According to your position they "did not attempt to sanctify this Apostolic Church with the teaching of Apostolic tradition, but by profane treachery permitted its purity to be polluted."
Now there are very good reasons not to hold that the motion of the earth is a "formal heresy". But the indefectibility of the Catholic Church is without a doubt a dogma of the faith. I see no way your position can be held in light of that dogma and thus, to be blunt, it seems to me that it is you who are flirting with heresy. GrannyH and others have demonstrated that it is relatively easy to harmonize the indefectibility of the Church with a mistake made by a theological commission, even one approved by the Pope. It is far easier to see that terrestrial motion is a matter of scientific belief and not a matter of faith and morals, to believe that a commission of theologians erred in their judgment of Galileo, than that the entire Church, hierarchy and faithful, have been plunged into this "formal heresy".
It would seem that those who hold this extreme position with respect to geocentrism are like a monkey grasping a pebble in a precious Ming vase, unwilling to give up his prize and willing instead to smash the jar in order to have it. Or perhaps more like a man who would burn down a whole building, with all the people in it, just to kill a rat.
I'd prefer simply to note again that the actions of the Church do make it clear that a rejection of geocentrism is not "formal heresy". And I would point out again that you did not harmonize your view with the dogma of the indefectibility of the Church.
[Cassini] I thought the Church was protected by the Holy Ghost in such matters as papal decrees.
This, I believe, is the error which has caused so much difficulty. The Church has never taught that every papal decree is protected by the Holy Ghost. The Catholic Encyclopedia summarizes well the acts of the Congregation of the Index against Galileo:
Can it be said that either Paul V or Urban VIII so committed himself to the doctrine of geocentricism as to impose it upon the Church as an article of faith, and so to teach as pope what is now acknowledged to be untrue? That both these pontiffs were convinced anti-Copernicans cannot be doubted, nor that they believed the Copernican system to be unscriptural and desired its suppression. The question is, however, whether either of them condemned the doctrine ex cathedra. This, it is clear, they never did. As to the decree of 1616, we have seen that it was issued by the Congregation of the Index, which can raise no difficulty in regard of infallibility, this tribunal being absolutely incompetent to make a dogmatic decree. Nor is the case altered by the fact that the pope approved the Congregation's decision in forma communi, that is to say, to the extent needful for the purpose intended, namely to prohibit the circulation of writings which were judged harmful. The pope and his assessors may have been wrong in such a judgment, but this does not alter the character of the pronouncement, or convert it into a decree ex cathedra.Another article spells out the distinction in authority between decrees from Roman Congregations approved in forma communi and in forma specifica:
As to the second trial in 1633, this was concerned not so much with the doctrine as with the person of Galileo, and his manifest breach of contract in not abstaining from the active propaganda of Copernican doctrines. The sentence, passed upon him in consequence, clearly implied a condemnation of Copernicanism, but it made no formal decree on the subject, and did not receive the pope's signature. (Galileo; my emphasis)
As regards the doctrinal value of Decrees of the Holy Office it should be observed that canonists distinguish two kinds of approbation of an act of an inferior by a superior: first, approbation in common form (in forma communi), as it is sometimes called, which does not take from the act its nature and quality as an act of the inferior. Thus, for example, the decrees of a provincial council, although approved by the Congregation of the Council or by the Holy See, always remain provincial conciliar decrees. Secondly, specific approbation (in forma specifica), which takes from the act approved its character of an act of the inferior and makes it the act of a superior who approves it. This approbation is understood when, for example, the pope approves a Decree of the Holy Office ex certa scientia, motu proprio, or plenitudine suae potestatis." (The Roman Congregations.)Thus the 1616 decree from the Congregation of the Index may not be cited as creating a dogma binding on the universal Church for this was not only beyond the competence of the Congregation but also did not receive the papal confirmation that would be necessary.
It is for the Church to decide what is and is not taught infallibly by the universal and ordinary Magisterium. And I think it is very clear that the Church does not hold geocentrism to be infallibly taught by her own Magisterium. Here is an explicit indication of that from an encyclical from Benedict XV:
If the progress of science showed later that that conception of the world rested on no sure foundation, that the spheres imagined by our ancestors did not exist, that nature, the number and course of the planets and stars, are not indeed as they were then thought to be, still the fundamental principle remained that the universe, whatever be the order that sustains it in its parts, is the work of the creating and preserving sign of Omnipotent God, who moves and governs all, and whose glory risplende in una parte piu e meno altrove; and though this earth on which we live may not be the centre of the universe as at one time was thought, it was the scene of the original happiness of our first ancestors, witness of their unhappy fall, as too of the Redemption of mankind through the Passion and Death of Jesus Christ. (In Praeclara Summorum 4; my emphasis)This encyclical proves, at the very least, that Catholics are perfectly free to reject geocentrism without any fear of being tainted by a "formal heresy".
I have always been inspired by the humility of Bishop Karl Joseph von Hefele who opposed the definition of papal infallibility at the First Vatican Council. He was criticized afterwards for his submission to the definition:
It is true that I stood on the side of the opposition. But thereby I made use of my right; for the question was proposed for discussion. However, once the decision had been made, to tarry in the opposition party would have been inconsistent with my whole past. I would have set my own infallibility in the place of the infallibility of the Church (cited in the Karl Joseph von Hefele; my emphasis)I would urge you, Cassini, to consider whether your present position really can be harmonized with the dogma of the Church's infallibility and be humble enough to relinquish your position in light of her teaching. The long and short of it is that this is an area in which the Church has given us freedom and we should not unnecessarily chain ourselves, especially if in doing so it would destroy (were that possible) the very Church that we love.
[Cassini] One also learned as a Catholic that no papal decree can be overturned without an act of abrogation, an explanation as to why the decree is being officially abandoned.
On a little more reflection, it seems to me that the answer to this is to be found in the distinction laid out by the canonists on papal approval of various acts of Congregations in forma communi and in forma specifica. The 1616 decree was approved by the Pope in forma communi and hence, if my own understanding is correct, the character of this decree remains that of a duly approved act of the Congregation itself, i.e. it was not a papal act per se. Hence such acts of Roman Congregations do not require an explicit papal abrogation.
This would also explain something you mentioned in another thread now unfortunately deleted, namely, that this decree does not show up in Denzinger. Was this part of the great conspiracy, as you said there, or does it admit of a less insidious explanation?
Again, don't have my Denzinger handy, but I suspect that there are many, many decrees of various Roman Congregations approved in forma communi that do not appear in Denzinger precisely because, lacking the fullest papal approbation, they do not lend to the theological topic at hand the sort of ecclesiastical authority that Denzinger normally documents. The acts of Roman Congregations approved in forma communi do not in themselves represent binding theological definitions. Decrees authorized in forma specifica would do so and I suspect that one will find those assiduously documented by Denzinger.
And as for the 1633 decree, it was about what was and was not to be on the Index which we all agree was a disciplinary matter that could be and was changed by later Popes, on any number of issues besides geocentrism.
I have just three main points and then what I can contribute to this discussion is pretty much tapped out. I want to clarify exactly what I'm saying here. I am arguing that no explanation of the movement of the heavenly bodies is de fide in the Catholic Church. I am arguing that the Church gives us freedom to explore these things and come to conclusions based on the best scientific evidence. I am asserting that the Catholic Church does not propose any one conclusion as a matter of faith, the denial of which is formal heresy.
I am not entering into the relative merits or lack thereof of any scientific theory. In my limited study I find that geocentrism, like "young earth creationism", has certain major implausibilities which prevent me from embracing it. But I am not an expert and I am not addressing the scientific questions.
What concerns me is the assertion that geocentrism is de fide and that the denial of it is therefore "formal heresy". This I think is fraught with theological difficulties.
Point #1: It Has Happened in the History of the Church that "It's Not Infallible" is the Truthful and Correct Answer
Although Cassini denigrates the "but it's not infallible" approach, the fact is that when one surveys Church history there are a few—a remarkably small number but still a few—instances in which one examines all the facts and has to conclude that what was said even in an official capacity was wrong, but that it was not proposed infallibly and so does not negate the Church's claim.
The most famous of these is probably that of Pope Honorius. Gerry Matatics and Tim Staples in public debate argued that Honorius was not wrong and they were soundly defeated by a knowledgeable opponent. Robert Sungenis was all set to try the same approach, but Steve Ray and David Palm convinced him that the approach to the question taken by the famous patristic scholar Dom John Chapman was the correct one: "The Pope and the Council were in agreement as to the necessity of condemning Honorius, and they were certainly right in doing so under the circumstances" (Chapman, The Condemnation of Pope Honorius, p. 9). Chapman goes on to argue that, although this was indeed an official papal document and did address a doctrinal matter, Pope Honorius did not convene the Roman Synod, did not invoke the authority of St. Peter, did not do any of the things Popes of his day were wont to do when authoritatively addressing a doctrinal issue. He was wrong on a doctrinal matter, but he manifestly did not bind the Church to his error.
Point #2: The decrees against Galileo were from Roman Congregations, approved only in forma communi. They were not papal decrees and therefore, all the more, were not immune from error.
As I have already demonstrated, the 1616 and 1633 decrees concerning Galileo were not "papal decrees". Period. They were issued by Roman congregations. A papal decree and a decree from a Roman congregation are two different things. No amount of cajoling can make one into the other. In fact, the Catholic Encyclopedia states that the 1633 decree "did not receive the pope's signature".
I had to smile when in another thread Cassini insisted that, "It was the Church itself that insisted the decree was papal, not I" and then stated, "Here the minutes of Galileo's 1633 trial to prove it" (my emphasis). So now not only the decree of a Roman congregation, but even its minutes represent the authentic and authoritative voice of the Church! I am quite certain that any number of instances could be cited from various Roman congregations, much less their minutes, which Cassini would be very happy indeed to agree are not de fide, are not to be simply equated with the voice of the Church.
The Catholic Encyclopedia points out that even non-Catholics scholars have reasonably conceded that the actions of these congregations in the Galileo case did not commit the whole Church to the positions taken:
Nor is this only an opinion of theologians; it is corroborated by writers whom none will accuse of any bias in favour of the papacy. Thus Professor Augustus De Morgan (Budget of Paradoxes) declares:
It is clear that the absurdity was the act of the Italian Inquisition, for the private and personal pleasure of the pope — who knew that the course he took could not convict him as pope — and not of the body which calls itself the Church.And von Gebler ("Galileo Galilei"):
The Church never condemned it (the Copernican system) at all, for the Qualifiers of the Holy Office never mean the Church.It may be added that Riceloll and other contemporaries of Galileo were permitted, after 1616, to declare that no anti-Copernican definition had issued from the supreme pontiff. (Galileo)
One additional decree that has been cited in this regard is Pope Alexander VII's bull Speculatores Domus Israel which served as a preface to the republication of the Index. Here I think that Peter Dimond, despite his errant sedevacantist position, has provided an important insight. He points out that the Pope tells us explicitly what his purpose was in including the previous decrees in the republication of the Index:
Yet it is so far retained that the class to which each book belongs will be found cited where the book is named, and also the decree by which the book was originally prohibited, in order that the whole history of each case may be known. "For this purpose," pursues the Pontiff, "we have caused the Tridentine and Clementine Indices to be added to this general Index, and also all the relevant decrees up to the present time, (Dimond, "Examining the Theological Status of Geocentrism and Heliocentrism and the Devastating Problems this creates for Baptism of Desire Arguments", p. 24, citing Roberts, The Pontifical Decrees Against the Movement of the Earth and the Ultramontane Defense of Them)Dimond continues:
In promulgating this disciplinary measure, the pope did not infallibly declare that all must believe the things contained in those past decrees of the Holy Office, etc. which were attached to the Index. No, as Fr. Roberts says, Pope Alexander VII attached those other decrees "in order that the whole history of each case may be known." To have lesser decrees attached to a disciplinary measure in order that the history of each case may be known is very different from solemnly declaring (to be believed by the universal Church) all the points contained in those decrees attached to the Index. I believe that this clearly shows that the bull of Pope Alexander VII was a disciplinary measure which did not infallibly promulgate the decrees attached to that disciplinary measure (Dimond, p. 25.)And as MarianD rightly said in another thread (would that we had more catechumens like this!):
Papal bulls/decrees are simply the Pope writing a letter. It carries no weight of dogma or infallibility. They are, however, authoritative. That means that one shouldn't outright disobey it, but that doesn't mean that one can't argue against it. Arguing against a papal decree does NOT make one a non-Catholic, and the words contained within the Papal bull/decree are not infallible dogmas and are subject to change.As it stands, of course, the Index that Alexander VII promulgated was duly modified and eventually abandoned entirely by his successors, demonstrating that this was a matter of discipline, not of doctrine.
The bottom line is that if the Popes of that day had wished to condemn directly with their authority, or to confirm a doctrine as de fide directly with their authority, for the whole Church, they were free and capable of doing so. They did not do so and I see in this the working of the Holy Spirit.
Point #3: The Contrary Position Cannot be Harmonized with the Dogma of the Church's Indefectibility
Finally, I have already stated that I do not believe that Cassini's is consonant with a dogma of the Faith, the indefectibility of the Church. Although he professes to be upholding the Church's authority, surely it's clear that his position destroys it.
Where on one view we have two Roman congregations, confirmed only in forma communi, erroneously branding a particular view as "formal heresy", on the other view we have Pope after Pope and all the bishops in communion with them allowing greater and greater expression of this "formal heresy". They have granted imprimaturs to books that teach this "formal heresy". They have allowed this "formal heresy" to be taught in Catholic schools worldwide. It is explicitly allowed in a papal encyclical that this "formal heresy" may in fact be true (cf. Benedict XV's In Praeclara Summorum 4, cited above), an ecumenical council deplored what happened in 1616 and 1633 (Gaudium et Spes 36, citing Vita e opere di Galileo Galilei in the footnote, making it clear what was in mind), and another Pope publicly apologized for it. My guess is that at this point Cassini would fall back on the "but it's not infallible" argument that he derides in other contexts. But in this thread he has done exactly what I think has to be done if one insists that the 1616 and 1633 decrees established a de fide doctrine, namely, he has painted all of the Popes from Benedict XIV to Benedict XVI as traitor, dupes, and cowards.
What has actually happened is that the Church has officially adopted as her own the principles with regard to Scripture and science as laid out by St. Augustine (De Genesi ad Litteram 1:19–20; 2:9), reiterated by St. Thomas (Summa Theologica, First Part, Question 68), reiterated even by St. Robert Bellarmine (Letter to Foscarini, third point), and officially by Pope Leo XIII in Providentissimus Deus 19:
The unshrinking defense of the Holy Scripture, however, does not require that we should equally uphold all the opinions which each of the Fathers or the more recent interpreters have put forth in explaining it; for it may be that, in commenting on passages where physical matters occur, they have sometimes expressed the ideas of their own times, and thus made statements which in these days have been abandoned as incorrect. Hence, in their interpretations, we must carefully note what they lay down as belonging to faith, or as intimately connected with faith -- what they are unanimous in. For "in those things which do not come under the obligation of faith, the Saints were at liberty to hold divergent opinions, just as we ourselves are,"55 according to the saying of St. Thomas. And in another place he says most admirably: "When philosophers are agreed upon a point, and it is not contrary to our faith, it is safer, in my opinion, neither to lay down such a point as a dogma of faith, even though it is perhaps so presented by the philosophers, nor to reject it as against faith, lest we thus give to the wise of this world an occasion of despising our faith."56 The Catholic interpreter, although he should show that those facts of natural science which investigators affirm to be now quite certain are not contrary to the Scripture rightly explained, must nevertheless always bear in mind, that much which has been held and proved as certain has afterwards been called in question and rejected. And if writers on physics travel outside the boundaries of their own branch, and carry their erroneous teaching into the domain of philosophy, let them be handed over to philosophers for refutation.Therefore I believe that the correct view is very simply that in this matter of "how the heavens go" we have freedom as Catholics. The contrary position, that geocentrism is proposed by the Church de fide, is itself an error that places the Catholic who holds it in a completely untenable position with regard to his own Church. It is, as I have said, the position of the man who would burn down a building, with all the people in it, to kill a rat.
I thank you for your reply and for your view that my view on this is worthy of interaction. I'm afraid my other responsibilities are such that I cannot sustain an extended debate on this. So below will have to be what I would consider my "closing arguments".
First I would note the continued assertion that in 1616 and 1633 we are dealing with "papal decrees". This I have already rejected, with the reasons given above. It's important, I think, because it addresses a point you have made many times, namely, that formal abrogation of these decrees is required. That remains an unproven assertion.
With regard to the 1616 decree from the Congregation of the Index and the Bull of Alexander VII in 1664 there can be no difficulty, since the Index was duly updated and eventually done away with altogether by subsequent Popes, which of course is their right.
With regard to the 1633 decree of the Holy Office (again, not a papal decree), it is claimed (in the Catholic Encyclopedia for instance) that this never even received the Pope's signature (although there can be no doubt that he supported it, of course.) (Emphasis is placed by some geocentrists on the allegation that no signed copy of Pius VII's approval of an imprimatur for Settele's can be produced. So it would seem that at least some consider this sort of argument to carry weight.) At most the 1633 decree can be said to be approved in forma communi and I have yet to see any evidence that decrees from a Roman congregation with that level of papal approval must be formally abrogated by a later Pope.
On the other side, I have pointed to one papal encyclical which clearly allows for the holding of what you are calling a "formal heresy" (Benedict XV's In Praeclara Summorum 4). And Pope Leo XIII's encyclical Providentissimus Deus (18-19), drawing upon St. Augustine and St. Thomas, gives the principles for the whole Church on which both the witness of the Fathers and the testimony of sacred Scripture are to be considered when there appears to be a conflict between Scripture and natural science. This was reiterated by Pius XII in his encylical Divino Afflante Spiritu 3, reaffirming the teaching of Providentissimus Deus and of St. Augustine and St. Thomas on this specific point.
Again, I must emphasize that what I am arguing here is that the Church give us freedom in this area. On the matter of "how the heavens go", Catholics are permitted to hold various views without any taint of "formal heresy".
Unless I see evidence to the contrary, the teaching of these two papal encyclicals represents the official teaching of the Church on this matter and their authority trumps that of the decree of a Roman congregation which lacks formal papal ratification.
As has already been said here, it is the plain teaching of the Popes that these matters of "how the heavens go" are not part of the deposit of faith. It does not matter how many of the Fathers were or were not geocentrists, because their testimony on a matter that does not belong to the deposit of faith, while perhaps interesting, does not bind us as Catholics.
Here are some of the many examples in which the Fathers are wrong on details, even from a modern geocentrist perspective. Again, these should all count against establishing any sort of patristic consensus given the standards deployed elsewhere.
Augustine: "And yet, when it pleased Him who with sovereignty and supreme power regulates all He has created, a star conspicuous among the rest by its size and splendor changed its color, size, form, and, most wonderful of all, the order and law of its course!" (City of God, Book XXI, Ch 8) But the sun is NOT conspicuous for its size and splendor. There are billions of stars as big or bigger than it.
Clement of Rome: "The sun and moon, with the companies of the stars, roll on in harmony according to His command, within their prescribed limits, and without any deviation." (First Epistle to the Corinthians, Ch XX). Correct me if I'm wrong, but my understanding is that the moon's path DOES change and the distance to the earth DOES change. Do geocentrists deny this?
Gregory Nanzianzus: "The sun is extolled by David for its beauty, its greatness, its swift course, and its power, splendid as a bridegroom, majestic as a giant; while, from the extent of its circuit, it has such power that it equally sheds its light from one end of heaven to the other, and the heat thereof is in no wise lessened by distance. (Funeral Orations for St. Basil, 66). Try saying that while on Mercury vs. Pluto.
Gregory of Nyssa: "And how does earth below form the foundation of the whole, and what is it that keeps it firmly in its place? what is it that controls its downward tendency?" (Answer to Eunomius' Second Book) There is nothing pulling the earth "down".
Gregory of Nyssa: "And when you look at the waning and waxing moon you are taught other truths by the visible figure of that heavenly body, viz. that it is in itself devoid of light, and that it revolves in the circle nearest to the earth" (On the Soul and Resurrection). Not a "circle", sorry. Geocentrists have for centuries had to admit that the orbits are ellipses.
Hippolytus: "But that the circle of the sun is twenty-seven times larger than the moon, and that the sun is situated in the highest (quarter of the firmament); whereas the orbs of the fixed stars in the lowest." (Refutation of All Heresies, Bk V, Ch 22) Wrong twice.
Archelaus: "Then, again, the living Spirit created the luminaries, which are fragments of the soul" (Disputation with Manes, 22) The stars are "fragments of the soul"? Well, no, sorry.....St. Jerome thought the idea was idiotic.
Gregory of Nyssa: "when the body of heaven compassed all things round, and those bodies which are heavy and of downward tendency, the earth and the water, holding each other in, took the middle place of the universe" (On the Making of Man, 30, 1, 1) The earth is in the center of the universe because it's the heaviest? Well, no. And also, this is a purely pseudo-scientific reason for saying the earth is in the center rather than suggesting it was from Tradition. Sorry there, too
Basil: "the celestial bodies move in a circular course" (Nine Homilies of the Haxameron, Homily I ) No, they do not "move in a circular course". Again, they are ellipses. Geocentrists agree with that, do they not?
St. Cyril of Jerusalem states that the "firmament" is literally comprised of water. But modern geocentrists don't believe that.
There are many more examples that could be cited, but I think this is sufficient to demonstrate the problem. According to a certain apologist's standards, if these witnesses can't get the details right then they simply cannot be said to form a unanimous witness.
Sure, lots of passages of Scripture state that the sun rises/set or goes up/down. But geocentrists don't believe that it literally goes up and down, rather they say that it orbits around the earth. So they do not apply a literal hermeneutic--even they have to admit that it only appears to go up and down. Neither is there literally an enclosure somewhere for the sun (Psa 19:4) nor does the sun have legs with which to run (Psa 19:5).
Again, Pope Pius XII addressed this sort of language of the senses and specifically stated that we do not derive any scientific information from it, since the Holy Spirit did not intend to convey such. But it's worth noting that even geocentrists do not take this language literally, as they claim.
I have said only that the decrees of Roman congregations approved in forma communi do not and cannot bind the universal Church to an irreformable, infallible doctrine. This is obvious even to honest inquirers outside the Church (as cited by the CE).
The Church does not teach geocentrism as a matter of faith. She never has. On the contrary, she has given us the direct principle—taught by the great Doctors Augustine and Thomas—that on matters of scientific inquiry, on "how the heavens go", we are free to pursue these matters and come to varying conclusions. THAT is the teaching of the Church, as has been demonstrated here.
You admit that the Church has stopped teaching geocentrism as a part of the Faith. Good, I'm glad you admit that openly. Now, let's look at the specific instances you cited. Let's ask ourselves, has the Church stopped teaching THOSE things as part of the Faith?
* The evil of contraception. Still explicitly taught.
* The indissolubility of marriage. Still explicitly taught.
* The nature of and need for the Sacrament of Confession. Still explicitly taught.
* The grave sin of homosexual behavior. Still explicitly taught.
* Scriptural inerrancy. Still explicitly taught.
* The Virgin Birth. Still explicitly taught.
* The establishment of the Sacrament of Holy Orders by Christ Himself. Still explicitly taught.
*** Geocentrism. Not taught. Not even implicitly. Not only not taught, but every indication given that this is no part of the deposit of Faith, that Catholics are perfectly free to hold divergent views.
So, burden of proof is squarely on you to show how this could be reconciled with the dogma of the Indefectibility of the Church. I have already demonstrated how the matters surrounding the Galileo incident can be so harmonized.
Your interaction with the quote from Benedict XV made me smile. Imagine that he had said, "If subsequent study has shown that Jesus Christ really is St. Michael the Archangel" or that "the Blessed Virgin Mary really didn't maintain a virginal state throughout her life" or that "the Sacrament of Holy Orders really was not established by Christ", then the encyclical would have immediately been tagged, especially by the enemies of the Church, as containing an obvious nod to heresy. But nobody blinked an eye. Why? Because the Church does not teach geocentrism as a matter of Faith. She never has.
Viva la difference.
See further of David Palm's comments in one of my comboxes, regarding this same issue of geocentrism and the magisterium of the Catholic Church (in discussion with geocentrists):
[one / two / three / four / five / six / seven / eight / nine / ten / 11 / 12 / 13 / 14 / 15 / 16 / 17 / 18 / 19 / 20 / 21 / 22 / 23]
"Jordanes" has also made an eloquent, compelling case for the same position, in the same combox:
[one / two / three / four / five / six / seven / eight / nine / ten / 11 / 12 / 13 / 14 / 15 / 16 / 17 / 18 / 19 / 20 / 21 / 22 / 23 / 24 / 25 / 26 / 27 / 28 / 29 / 30 / 31 / 32 / 33 / 34 / 35 / 36 / 37 / 38]
Others in the same combox who made helpful, educational comments that I agree with include "Frank", "S", and "Adomnan." Their comments (and any more from David Palm and "Jordanes" after comment #403) can be located by searching their names in the three sections:
Comments 1-200
Comments 201-400
Comments 401 - ?


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Ph.D. Student - Earth System Science (UC Irvine), B.Sc. - Atmospheric Sciences (Cornell University)
By: Zachary Labe, 6:16 PM GMT on November 25, 2014
Zachary Labe
Posted: 25 November 2014
A low pressure will develop off the Southeast coast and move northeastward along the stalled front off the eastern seaboard. Precipitation will develop and expand across much of the Northeast by early morning Wednesday. Marginal cold air will limit the heaviest snow accumulations across inland locations along the foothills of the Appalachians. Most areas east of there will face slushy accumulations of less than t...
Updated: 4:22 PM GMT on December 11, 2014
By: Zachary Labe, 12:10 AM GMT on August 20, 2014
"Current Northeast Surface Station Plots"
"Current Surface Map and Weekly History of Jet Stream Position"
"Regional Radar"
"Regional Satellite"
"Regional Advisories"
"Current Great Lakes Water Temperatures"
Current Northeast Snow Depth and Northeast Wind chills...
"Current NAO and PNA Predictions"
(Courtesy of NOAA)
"Forecast ...
By: Zachary Labe, 5:31 PM GMT on August 15, 2014
Zachary Labe
"Northeast Extreme Precipitation Events"
15 August 2014
According to the 2014 National Climate Assessment, increasing frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation events are likely over the next several decades. For those cleaning up from this past week's record breaking flash flooding in the Northeast, this comes as no surprise. The northeastern contiguous United States is expected to see the greatest increase in this threat as h...
Updated: 11:53 PM GMT on August 19, 2014
By: Zachary Labe, 6:21 PM GMT on July 25, 2014
Zachary Labe
25 July 2014
Winter Premonitions
In the land of long-term seasonal weather forecasts, accuracy and skill are two difficult words to define. Forecasting for large time scales is essentially a game of detective work; even though clues may point to one suspect, it probably is not him. Nevertheless, finding these clues requires an interesting approach to understanding the earth's weather and climate. The rossby pattern is one of a cont...
Updated: 6:43 PM GMT on July 25, 2014
By: Zachary Labe, 4:13 PM GMT on June 27, 2014
Zachary Labe
27 July 2014
Warming temperatures and increasing humidity levels are the big weather stories for the upcoming stretch before the 4th of July. A temporary shift in the rossby wave patterns have allowed for increasing upper level thicknesses over the eastern contiguous United States. 1000-500mb thicknesses will rise to approximately 575dm across portions of the Middle Atlantic with H85 thermals at nearly 20C during the peak of the warmth.<...
Mostly Cloudy


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Thursday, May 9, 2013
Our town has recently – and officially – been branded as the "Birthplace of Sweet Tea" by the Greater Summerville/Dorchester County Chamber of Commerce. The chamber has also trademarked "Birthplace of Southern Hospitality" and "Birthplace of Sweet Tea and Southern Hospitality," at the urging of Nancy Jean Nettles, chamber board president and Rita Berry, chamber president and CEO. They did that, because as Nancy Jean told Tina, "we absolutely do not want to leave any combination open for someone else to grab!" Attorney Mark Wise volunteered his time to steer the approximately 18-month process to completion.
This tourism initiative, blended with the newly minted Sweet Tea Trail, harks back more than a century to when the production of this enticing drink first attracted visitors to our tiny village. It was tea which helped spark our first tourism surge. Today we'll see how the birthplace is steeped in tradition; next week we'll unravel the trail from inception to route. For the graphic result of this dual project, check out the logo on this page.
So what sparked this renewal of tea history – and promotion? "It was Azalea Magazine," said Tina Zimmerman the chamber's tourism coordinator. "Even before I started working here (three years ago in September) I read that publication's history of tea and this was the first time I saw Summerville called its birthplace." Tina thought: "how cool," and remembered her reaction when she came to work at the chamber. At the time the tagline was "Small Town Big Charm," but Tina said they had used that for awhile and were seeking new marketing. While brainstorming, staff concluded that the sweet tea birthplace was a novel and intriguing approach.
"Initially, a lot of people thought that was ridiculous," recalls Tina, and invalid. History proved naysayers wrong on both counts After a good deal of planning and research, a logo was developed. This wash helped by resident Christine Morris, winner of advertising and marketing awards in New York, who volunteered her design skills. The "Birthplace" logo is now proclaimed in a variety of locations, including billboards. Many business and organization leaders are adapting the logo to help promote their establishments as they help promote their town – a prime example of a successful community give and take.
Tina tackled the history by producing a distribution card outlining confirmed Sweet Tea Facts. Research shows the tea plant landed in Summerville in the late 1700s via the Ashley River to what is known today as Middleton Place Planation. In 1888 Dr. Charles Shepard, a scientific philanthropist, established the Pinehurst Tea Plantation (now a residential area called the Tea Farm) in Summerville and for 27 years cultivated prize winning tea. The Tea Plantation drew multitudes of visitors including Presidents, William Howard Taft and Theodore Roosevelt. After Shepard's death the plantation was closed. A half century later many surviving plants were moved to Wadmalaw Island and through a series of owners became the Charleston Tea Plantation producing American Classic Tea. This mirrors Dr. Shepard's accomplishment of 125 years ago, now using some plants from Summerville to become the only U.S. company to produce black tea.
The Sweet Tea Trail is being blended into the process to guide people to and through Summerville attractions. Next week we'll see how an amalgam of brewers is making that happen.
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The Super Bowl trespassing case filed by Jenny Sanford against Mark Sanford has been settled, with Mark Sanford admitting he is "in contempt for this and previous instances of trespassing" into Jenny Sanford's home.
In a consent order filed today in Charleston County Family Court, both sides said the agreement means "a full resolution" of the dispute.
Another point in the settlement is that Mark Sanford will pay $5,000 to take care of Jenny Sanford's fees and legal costs.
And, if Mark Sanford does breach the agreement or the no trespassing stipulations of their divorce, "defendant waives any claim of immunity which would delay or precluded his having to appear."
Jenny Sanford had accused her ex-husband of entering her Sullivan's Island home without her permission the night of the Super Bowl. He wanted to watched the second half with their youngest son.
Jenny Sanford was not home at the time. She also said it was part of a pattern by Mark Sanford to enter her residence without permission.
The dispute surfaced during Mark Sanford's run for Congress but was only a minor setback as he won the 1st District seat Tuesday over Democrat Elizabeth Colbert Busch.
Family Court Judge Jocelyn Cate said she would hold off any sentencing on Sanford's contempt admission based upon his compliance.
The agreement means a scheduled court appearance will not be necessary Thursday.
The penalties available in Family Court for someone found guilty of violating a divorce stipulation are imprisonment for up to a year, a fine of $1,500 or up to 300 hours of community service, or a portion of all three.
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