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A method and apparatus for inter-module communication is disclosed. The method includes defining a command definition, wherein the command definition comprises commands for interfacing with a multi-channel, multi-media, communication queuing system. The command definition can include, for example, driver object commands to request media type lists and command event lists, create drivers, request service, and release drivers. The command definition can also include, for example, service object commands to release service objects, notify when handling of an event is complete, invoke commands, release work items, suspend work items, resume work items, handle queued events, and cancel queued events. The command definition can also include, for example, client object commands to start a work item, release work items, save work item contexts, restore work item contexts, serialize work items, free work item storage, begin batch processing, and end batch processing.
1. A method of inter-module communication comprising:
communicating between a first channel driver and a multi-channel, multi-media, communication queuing system using a command definition, wherein the first channel driver is coupled to a first communication channel configured to transmit a fax,
communicating between a second channel driver and the multi-channel, multi-media, communication queuing system using the command definition, wherein the second channel driver is coupled to a second communication channel configured to transmit an email, wherein
said command definition comprises commands for interfacing with the multi-channel, multi-media, communication queuing system, and
said commands are independent of first and second media types of the first and second communication channels, respectively, wherein the first and second media types are different from each other.
2. The method of
invoking a command to request a media type list.
3. The method of
invoking a command to request a command event list.
4. The method of
invoking a command to create a driver object.
5. The method of
invoking a command to request a service object.
6. The method of
invoking a command to release a driver object.
7. The method of
invoking a command to issue a notice when handling of an event is complete.
8. The method of
invoking a command to suspend a work item.
9. The method of
invoking a command to resume a work item.
10. The method of
invoking a command to handle a queued event.
11. The method of
invoking a command to cancel a queued event.
12. The method of
interfacing a communication server with a queuing system.
13. The method of
detecting a communication server with a queuing system.
14. The method of
instantiating a task thread to detect incoming events from the first or second communication channel.
15. The method of
detecting an incoming event from the first or second communication channel; and
invoking a function to handle the event.
16. The method of
queuing the event to a memory cache.
17. The method of
indicating the arrival of the event.
18. The method of
dequeuing the event out of the memory cache and processing the event.
19. A method comprising:
communicating between a first channel driver and a communication server, wherein the first channel driver is operable to interface with a first communication device for transmitting a fax using a first media type;
communicating between a second channel driver and the communication server, wherein the second channel driver is operable to interface with a second communication device for transmitting an email using a second media type, and wherein the first and second media types are different from each other;
using a command definition to support communication between the first channel driver and the communication server and between the second channel driver and the communication server, wherein
said command definition comprises commands for interfacing the first and second channel drivers with the communication server, and
said commands are independent of the first and second media types.
20. The method of
invoking a command to request a media type list.
21. The method of
invoking a command to request a command event list.
22. The method of
invoking a command to create a driver object.
23. The method of
invoking a command to request a service object.
24. The method of
invoking a command to release a driver object.
25. The method of
invoking a command to issue a notice when handling of an event is complete.
26. The method of
invoking a command to suspend a work item.
27. The method of
invoking a command to resume a work item.
28. The method of
invoking a command to handle a queued event.
29. The method of
invoking a command to cancel a queued event.
30. The method of
interfacing the communication server with a queuing system.
31. The method of
detecting incoming events from the first or second communication devices.
32. The method of
instantiating a task thread to detect incoming events from the first or second communication devices.
33. The method of
detecting an incoming event from one of the first or second communication devices; and
invoking a function to handle the event.
34. The method of
queuing the event to a memory cache.
35. The method of
indicating the arrival of the event.
36. The method of
dequeuing the event out of the memory cache and processing the event.
37. A computer readable storage media comprising:
computer instructions to implement the method of
The present invention is related to the subject matter of the following provisional United States Patent Application: "Adaptive Communication and Communication Server," naming inventors Henry Jay and Anil Annadata, filed Feb. 6, 2001. Applicants hereby claim the benefit under 35 U.S.C. �119(e) of the foregoing-referenced provisional application. The foregoing-referenced provisional patent application is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
In today's emerging technological and information world, companies are interacting with their customers, potential customers and other contacts through a wide variety of different communication channels. Such communication channels include face-to-face, telephone, fax, email, voicemails, wireless communication, Internet information inquiries via call me now and call me later, Internet collaborative sessions, paging and short messaging services. With all these communication channels, companies are faced with managing each customer interaction while meeting service levels and maximizing customer satisfaction. In addition, companies are faced with optimally staffing and training their workforce to deal with customers through these communication channels whether through their customer support center(s), telebusiness organizations, or their sales, marketing, and service professionals.
Currently, many companies have dedicated email inboxes, fax inboxes, and voicemail boxes defined for specific business areas as well as automated call distributors. Employees called agents are assigned to poll and manage the support requests from customers for each communication channel. Combined with the traditional call queues for inbound telephone calls, each agent is tasked with managing his or her work using all these communication channels while not having any visibility to the queue status and priorities of each customer support request and/or communication channel.
Thus, it is desirable to provide a system that includes a universal queue strategy capable of assigning, routing, and queuing work items from multiple channels of communications to an agent having the appropriate skills to respond to the request. The system should enable the agent to view and manage his or her work items for all communication channels. Such a system reduces the response times and increases customer satisfaction, while balancing priorities amongst work items in multiple communication channels.
In one embodiment, a method for inter-module communication is disclosed. The method includes defining a command definition, wherein the command definition comprises commands for interfacing with a multi-channel, multi-media, communication queuing system.
In one aspect, this embodiment includes driver object commands for requesting media type lists and command event lists, creating driver objects, requesting service, and releasing driver objects.
In another aspect, this embodiment includes service object commands for releasing service objects, notifying when handling of an event is complete, invoking commands, releasing work items, suspending work items, resuming work items, handling queued events, and canceling queued events.
In another aspect, this embodiment includes client object commands for starting a work item, releasing work items, saving work item contexts, restoring work item contexts, serializing work items, freeing work item storage, beginning batch processing, and ending batch processing.
In another embodiment, a inter-module communication definition is disclosed. The definition includes a command definition, wherein the command definition comprises commands for interfacing with a multi-channel, multi-media, communication queuing system.
In one aspect of this embodiment, the command definition includes driver object commands to request media type lists and command event lists, create drivers, request service, and release drivers.
In another aspect of this embodiment, the command definition includes service object commands to release service objects, notify when handling of an event is complete, invoke commands, release work items, suspend work items, resume work items, handle queued events, and cancel queued events.
In another aspect of this embodiment, the command definition includes client object commands to start a work item, release work items, save work item contexts, restore work item contexts, serialize work items, free work item storage, begin batch processing, and end batch processing.
The foregoing is a summary and thus contains, by necessity, simplifications, generalizations and omissions of detail; consequently, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be in any way limiting. As will also be apparent to one of skill in the art, the operations disclosed herein may be implemented in a number of ways, and such changes and modifications may be made without departing from this invention and its broader aspects. Other aspects, inventive features, and advantages of the present invention, as defined solely by the claims, will become apparent in the non-limiting detailed description set forth below.
The present invention may be better understood, and its numerous objects, features, and advantages made apparent to those skilled in the art by referencing the accompanying drawings.
The use of the same reference symbols in different drawings indicates similar or identical items.
In accordance with the present invention, client/server system 100 includes a universal queuing (UQ) system 102 capable of assigning, routing, and queuing work items from multiple channels of communication to an agent having the appropriate skills to respond to a customer support request. The term work item refers to a request from a customer that requires a response from an agent assigned by client/server system 100, such as responding to a customer support request in the form of a telephone call, email, fax or other communication of a different media type. A work item can be initiated when an event such as an incoming customer support request arrives or by an agent using a user interface to client/server system 100.
Client/server system 100 also includes a communication server 109 that enables agents to use communication channels of different media types to communicate with customers. Communication server 109 handles events such as the arrival of incoming customer support requests from a channel driver 120 such as one of channel drivers 120A, 120B, and 120C. Each channel driver 120 communicates with a communication channel 130 such as one of communication channels 130A, 130B, 130C and 130D.
Interaction between UQ system 102 and communication server 109 occurs when, for example, communication server 109 receives and routes an incoming customer request as a work item to UQ system 102 for assignment to an agent. UQ system 102 assigns an agent to the work item and sends the work item back to communication server 109 for communication to the assigned agent.
Web browser client 104A includes a web browser program such as Microsoft's Internet Explorer running on a client computer system (not shown). The web browser client 104A communicates with a web server 188. Application server 126 in client/server system 100 performs functions for and sends information to web browser client 104A via web server 188, which provides web pages for web browser client 104A to display. Web server 188 can download program instructions, such as Java applet 116, to the web browser client 104A to provide additional functionality, such as a user interface.
Web browser client 104A is shown including a toolbar 105. One of skill in the art will recognize that other user interfaces providing the functionality of toolbar 105 can be implemented using a variety of different display formats to interface with multiple communication channels of different media types within the scope of the invention. Toolbar 105 is presented as part of a user interface.
In one embodiment, application server 126 of client/server system 100 includes object manager 107, session mode communication server 110, request mode communication server 140, inbound communication receiver 170, UQ system 102, web server 188, web server 146, Enterprise Application Interface (EAI) object manager 190, and workflow process 144. In one embodiment, communication between components in application server 126 is enabled using a suitable inter-process communication protocol in conjunction with transfer control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP) as known in the art.
UQ business service 106 allows communication server 109 to request information from UQ system 102, which returns the information via web server 146, and EAI object manager 190. In one embodiment, both session mode communication server 110 and inbound communication receiver 170 can communicate with UQ system 102. Other embodiments can communicate with a third party queuing system for maintaining work item queues and assigning agents to work items.
Communication server 109 includes session mode communication server 110. Communication server 109 may optionally include one or both of request mode communication server 140 and inbound communication receiver 170. It is important to note that the functionality provided by servers 110, 140, and 170 can be implemented on one server computer system or distributed across two or more server computer systems. Communication server 109 handles all communication between agents and customers via communication channels 130 of one or more media types. Communication server 109 is not media-specific and has no knowledge of communication channels or media.
To communicate with multiple communication channels of different media types, communication server 109 is designed to communicate with a channel driver 120 such as one of channel drivers 120A, 120B, and 120C. A channel driver 120 is written according to Communication Application Program Interface (API) 125. Communication API 125 provides an interface for third party vendors of communication devices and software (e.g., middleware vendors for communication devices) to provide a channel driver 120 so that their products are compatible with application server 126. By implementing a channel driver 120, vendors can take advantage of the customer support center management features and multi-media communication channel capabilities of application server 126.
Communication API 125 is designed to provide flexibility to third party vendors for integrating their products. In the implementation of a channel driver, a vendor defines the commands the vendor's communication channel 130 understands so that communication server 109 can issue commands for the communication channel 130 to perform. Normally these commands are issued when session mode communication server 110 is presenting a user interface to the agent, although inbound communication receiver 170 also can send commands in some circumstances.
In addition, the vendor defines the events that the vendor's communication channel 130 provides regarding activity of a specific communication channel 130. Finally, the vendor provides a channel driver 120 implementation, such as a dynamic link library (.DLL file), for performing each command and generating and providing each event. The channel driver 120 implementation is required by communication API 125 to include code to instantiate a driver object and at least one service object.
By requiring the vendor to provide facilities for the communication server 109 to issue commands to and to receive information from the vendor's communication channel 130, communications API 125 enables communications server 109 to operate independently of the command channel 130 media type and specific protocols to communicate with the vendor's communication device or software.
Referring to
The tables in
Customer support centers can establish configurations that define the groups of agents that have similar requirements to communicate, therefore requiring access to the same communication channel 130. For example, salespersons within a company may need the ability to communicate via wireless access protocol, whereas telephone operators may not. A configuration can be established for each group within the company. A channel driver profile allows more than one customer support center configuration to share a single channel driver 120, with each additional channel driver profile overriding the values of some channel driver parameters such as the location of the channel driver DLL. For example, due to the network architecture of the company, salespersons for the company in Phoenix may use a different channel driver 120 than salespersons in Palo Alto. A channel driver profile will enable the Phoenix and Palo Alto salespersons to use the same channel driver but point to different DLLs. The term channel driver 120 is used herein to include at least one channel driver profile providing default values for the channel driver parameters.
The tables in
{"XYZ Phone Driver", "Telephone", "xyz.dll", "Y", "Y", "XYZ Phone Implementation", "N"},
{"XYZ Email Driver", "Email", "xyz.dll", "Y", "Y", "XYZ Email Implementation", "N"},
{"XYZ Web Chat Driver", "Web Chat", "xyz.dll", "Y", "Y", "XYZ Web-Chat Implementation", "N"}
Note that when a work item is submitted to UQ system 102 (
An example of an algorithm for determining the list of channel drivers 120 for a particular agent is as follows:
1. Determine the configuration ID for the agent by searching AGENT table (
2. For the configuration ID, search the CFG_PROF table (
3. For each of channel drivers 120, load the channel driver information and channel driver parameters from CNCTR, CNCTR_PARM, PROF, and PROF_PARM tables (
An example of an algorithm for loading a list of channel drivers 120 upon the agent logging in to client/server system 100 is as follows:
1. For each of channel drivers 120,
2. End loop
By default, an agent is authorized to access all channel drivers 120 associated with the configuration to which the agent belongs. For example, if the agent belongs to "Customer support center 1," all channel driver profiles configured in "Customer support center 1" are accessible for all agents in "Customer support center 1" by default. The administrator can further limit the agent's access to channel drivers 120 using table AGENT_LIM (
Agent preferences are stored in table AGENT_PREF (
Embodiments of the present invention support multiple communication media channels and agent assignment with UQ system 102 (
When the "NOT_READY_FLG" parameter in table AGENT_STAT (
Table AGENT_STAT is updated mainly at run time. When the agent first logs on using the user interface, one record for each media type that the agent is authorized to access is created. For example,
{"agent_emp_id", "Phone Control", " ", " ", "1234", " "},
{"agent_emp_id", "Email/Fax", " ", " ", "1234", " "},
{"agent_emp_id", "Web Chat", " ", " ", "1234", " "}
The records are updated according the agent's working status. For example
{"agent_emp_id", "Phone Control", "Y", " ", "1234", "Y"} indicates that agent is not ready but is talking on the phone,
{"agent_emp_id", "Email/Fax", "Y", " ", "1234", " "} indicates that the agent is not ready to accept Email/Fax type of work, and
{"agent_emp_id", "Web Chat", "N", " ", "1234", "Y"} indicates that the agent is ready to accept web chat type work and he or she is currently working on a web chat session.
Referring to table MEDIA_STAT (
"WORKING_SINCE_DT" is the time the agent starts to talk on the phone, or the time the agent starts to work on a work item such as an email or fax.
"WORK_ITEM_STR" is the unique string to identify the work item and the value of the field is determined by communication server 109. The MEDIA_STAT table is updated at run time to reflect the agent's current work status. An example of an agent's data records at run time is as follows:
{"agent_id", "Phone Control", "Ext. 5216", "6/25/2000 12:34:45", "phone_item_str", "1-1S2-X7E"},
{"agent_id", "Email", "firstname.lastname@example.com", "6/25/2000 11:34:00", "email_item_str", "1-1S2-X7D"}
The above records show that the agent is currently talking on extension 5216 and is working on an email sent to email@example.com.
Multiple extensions and multiple queues are supported in client/server system 100 (
The term standard extension refers to a type of telephone extension that is not allowed to log in to the ACD queue. Standard extensions are mainly used for dialing outbound calls or answering internal calls. The ACD switch does not dispatch customer calls to a standard extension.
The term agent ID refers to an identifier used by client/server system 100 to identify the agent. In order for client/server system 100 to be aware of the agent's availability, each customer support center agent is assigned an agent ID. When the agent logs in to a communication channel having an ACD switch 130E, the agent ID is provided to the ACD switch 130E. Depending upon the configuration of the system, either the ACD switch 130E or UQ system 102 determines an available agent ID for the work item. Then either the ACD switch 130E dispatches the customer call to the ACD extension of the agent ID or, when UQ system 102 is used to assign agents, communication server 109 uses one of channel drivers 120 to dispatch the customer call to the ACD extension of the agent ID.
"Multiple DN" refers to multiple extensions configured for one telephone handset, and one or more extensions are ACD extensions.
"Multiple queue" means that one ACD extension can log in to multiple queues. In general, since an ACD queue is a list of agent IDs, as long as the agent ID is acceptable for ACD queue, any ACD extension can be used to login to ACD queue.
In one embodiment, a method for determining the list of extensions for an agent includes searching by the agent's ID in the AGENT table (
As described above, customer support centers can establish configurations that define the groups of agents that have similar requirements to communicate, therefore requiring access to the same communication channel 130. Configuration base 202 includes tables about configurations. CFG table (
AGENT_CFG table (
CFG_PARM table (
The command and event data structure 204, includes information describing commands and events implemented by channel drivers 120. This information includes associating each command with a channel driver 120 and each event with a channel driver 120.
CMD table (
A command can have a group of associated commands which operate as subcommands. A group command includes other commands with a Subcommand keyword.
Following is an example of a single command for making a telephone call to a contact.
Following is an example of a group command for making a telephone call to a contact:
The following example command can be either a single command or a subcommand
A command can have a command data section with a CmdData keyword to specify the data parameter in order to communicate with channel driver 120.
When a customer support center configuration includes multiple channel drivers 120, it is then possible for communication server 109 to determine which commands and events are handled by each of channel drivers 120. This configuration can also help distinguish between channel drivers 120 from different vendors that use the same name for commands performing different functions.
Following is an example of a command with a data section having a CmdData keyword
The event table contains events that are sent to communication server 109 from channel driver 120. Vendors specify the events that will be sent in channel driver 120. An event response determines how communication server 109 reacts upon receiving each media event. The process of handling an event includes the following: searching for the event handler for the event, querying a customer support center database to determine the appropriate event response, and logging the event.
An example of an event, the event handler, event response, and event log for an InboundCall event are shown below:
Each event handler corresponds to an event provided by channel driver 120 and it is sequenced among the event handlers for an event. Each event handler has an event response. An event response can be shared among event handlers. An event response can have multiple event logs, and an event log can be shared among event responses.
When operating in session mode, communication server 109 is under the control of session mode communication server 110. Session mode communication server 110 receives incoming events such as customer support requests and communicates interactively with the agent by controlling a user interface presented to the agent. Preferably the incoming customer support request is communicated to the agent at substantially the same time the customer support request is received by the communication channel 130, with brief intermissions only to allow for processing and transport time in transporting the customer support request. This ensures that the customer's waiting time is minimized, particularly for requests for live interaction with an agent.
When an event such as arrival of an incoming telephone call occurs, the user interface notifies the agent using a notification function to change the user interface to capture the agent's attention. For example, a notification function can cause a button to blink to notify the agent of the phone call. A notification function can also display other information such as information about the caller before the agent picks up the phone. When the agent uses toolbar 105 to accept a telephone call, put a call on hold, or release a call, the user interface sends a command to session mode communication server 110, which communicates with one of channel drivers 120 to issue the command to the communication channel controlling the telephone.
Session mode communication server 110 also handles establishing and maintaining connections to one or more communication channels 130, such as communication channels 130A through 130D. Session mode communication server 110 uses one of channel drivers 120, such as channel driver 120A, to establish the connection. Having a connection to a communication channel enables the agent to receive an incoming work item, such as an email, intended specifically for that agent in real time. The connection can be to a middleware server, to a web server, directly to a media device, or to any other communication intermediary from which the customer can receive a communication. The connection can be established as a TCP/IP socket connection to a middleware server, as an OLE interface such as the IadviseSink interface, or as any other suitable inter-process communication scheme. Each of channel drivers 120 contains all information needed to establish the connection with communication channel 130 so that communication server 109 operates independently of communication channel 130.
Session thread 122 represents a session during which an agent interacts with client/server system 100 using web browser client 104A. A customer uses a customer communication device, here a telephone, to access the communication channel. The agent also uses a communication device, such as a telephone headset, to access the communication channel.
Session thread 122 listens for inputs from its web browser client 104A and dispatches notifications of events from ACD switch driver 120D to web browser client 104A. Session thread 122 uses a communication channel manager such as communication channel manager 124 to interact with ACD switch driver 120D. Each channel driver 120 provides an active connection such as active connection 133 between the client and the associated communication channel. Channel driver 120 can be implemented to establish a persistent connection for interactive communication between client 104 and communication channel 130E but providing a persistent connection is not required by communication API 125.
The following examples describe processes that are followed by web browser client 104A during startup, initialization and operation. The processes for web browser client 104A are applicable to other types of clients, as will be explained in further detail below.
When web browser client 104A begins execution:
1. Web browser client 104A downloads program instructions for generating a user interface on the display for the web browser, such as toolbar 105, shown here as implemented using Java applet 116, from web server 188. Java applet 116 also establishes persistent HTTP connection 131 between Java applet 116 and web server 188 so that web server 188 can continuously provide information to web browser client 104A.
2. Web browser client 104A interfaces with session mode communication server 110 via web engine session thread 166. Object manager 107 spawns web engine session thread 166 to interface with web browser client 104A using web engine plug-in 185 and web engine 115. Communication client service 160 provides all communication related to the user interface with web browser client 104A.
3. Communication client service 160 requests the object manager 107 for communication service. Communication service 113, which provides all communications not related to the user interface, is provided.
4. Communication service 113 loads configuration information such as commands, events, agent information and preferences, channel driver information and channel driver parameters.
5. Communication service 113 registers an asynchronous event receiving function with object manager 107 to be invoked when an asynchronous event is subsequently received. The asynchronous event receiving function is also referred to as a callback function. Receiving asynchronous events is described in further detail below.
6. Communication service 113 request an active connection 135A between object manager 107 and web engine plug-in 185 and an active connection 135B between communication service 113 and session mode communication server 110. Persistent HTTP connection 131, and active connections 135A and 135B enable session mode communication server 110 to continually push user interface changes to toolbar 105 using Java applet 116.
7. Session mode communication server 110 spawns a session thread such as session thread 122 in response to the connection request.
8. Session thread 122 runs communication channel manager 124.
9. Communication channel manager 124 loads ACD switch driver 120D and passes the channel driver parameters determined by communication service 113.
10. ACD switch driver 120D establishes an active connection 133 to the ACD switch 130E. A vendor implementing channel driver 120 may choose to provide a persistent connection to the communication channel 130, as for telephone connections such as active connection 133. However, a persistent connection is not required by communication API 125.
When the agent performs an activity using web browser client 104A that requires a command to be executed, such as clicking a button on toolbar 105:
1. Communication client service 160 searches the command configuration data previously loaded for the command to invoke. It also collects the data associated with that command and then passes the command and data to communication service 113.
2. Communication service 113 passes the command and data to communication channel manager 124.
3. Communication channel manager 124 then determines which of channel drivers 120 performs the command requested by the client, and passes the command and data to the channel driver 120 such as ACD switch driver 120D for execution.
4. ACD switch driver 120D issues the command to the communication channel 130. In this example, the ACD switch driver 120D issues the command to ACD switch 130E.
When a channel driver 120 such as ACD switch driver 120D needs to push an event (status data or an incoming event such as a customer call) to web browser client 104A:
1. ACD switch driver 120D receives the event and posts the event to communication channel manager 124. This requires asynchronous interruption at session thread 122 for event posting.
2. Communication channel manager 124 pushes the event to communication service 113.
3. Communication service 113 receives the event and executes the registered asynchronous event receiving function.
4. The registered asynchronous event receiving function inserts the event sent from ACD switch driver 120D into an event queue stored inside object manager 107.
5. A frame manager (not shown) running in session thread 122 picks up the event from the event queue and invokes the registered asynchronous event receiving function using communication client service 160.
6. Communication client service 160 asks communication service 113 to process the event.
7. After communication service 113 has processed the event, communication client service 160 continues to communicate with Java applet 116 to control the web browser for user interface changes.
A request mode server thread such as server thread 142 is spawned when request mode communication server 140 begins execution. Communication manager 152 is loaded to collect data for the request. Request mode communication server 140 determines the appropriate channel driver to handle the request and directs a communication channel manager 156 to load email driver 120E. Communication channel manager 156 dispatches the request and data to email driver 120E, which sends the information to email communication channel 130F. In the embodiment shown in
As another example of the operation of request mode communication server 140, object manager 107 can send one or more work items from UQ system 102 to request mode communication server 140. Similar to the previous example, a request mode server thread is spawned and communication manager 152 is loaded to collect data for the request. Request mode communication server 140 determines the appropriate channel driver to handle the request and directs a communication channel manager 156 to load an appropriate driver, such as email driver 120E. Communication channel manager 156 dispatches the request and data to the driver, which sends the information to a communication channel.
Inbound communication receiver 170 uses channel drivers 120 such as email/fax channel driver 120F to "listen" for particular types of customer support requests from a common source. Email channel driver 120F handles all email messages directed to a particular email address and all faxes sent to a particular fax number. To avoid overlap among agents, inbound communication receiver 170 can be configured to work with UQ system 102 to assign an agent to the inbound customer support request (email 173 or fax 175) and route the customer support request to a component associated with or representing the assigned agent, such as a client.
Inbound communication receiver 170 is also configured during initialization to recognize events, such as receiving a customer support request, and to include corresponding channel driver information and background profiles to handle recognized events. Background profiles include one or more monitored media objects, such as a list of email addresses, fax numbers, and web-chat end points. For example, email communication channel 130G represents a background profile for firstname.lastname@example.com and fax communication channel 130H represents a background profile for fax number 1-800-123-4567.
Inbound communication receiver 170 spawns a server thread such as server thread 174 to handle inbound events, such as customer support requests. This contrasts to session mode communication server 110, which spawns a session thread such as session thread 122 for each client 104 being used by an agent. Communication channel manager 177 then initializes a service such as fax service object 183A, email service object 183B, or phone service object 183C with the designated background profile.
When the email/fax channel driver 120F receives an incoming customer support request, e.g. new fax 175, fax channel driver 120F posts the event to communication channel manager 177. This posting interrupts the idle state of server thread 174 and causes server thread 174 to invoke communication channel manager 177 to process the event. Communication channel manager 177 determines how to respond to the event based on an event response included in an event response table, such as EVTRESP (
In alternative embodiments, client/server system 100 can support multiple types of clients 104 having hardware/software configurations that are different from web browser client 104A.
Thin client 104B includes one or more client software modules that are installed and executed on the client computer system used by the agent. Thin client 104B provides minimal functionality, with the majority of the functions for thin client 104B are performed by application server 126. It is often desirable to use thin clients so that application programs can be updated once in a centralized location instead of multiple times for each thin client 104B.
Thin client 104B provides more functionality on the client side than web browser client 104A, and can, for example, perform some functions of object manager 107. Thin client 104B also controls the user interface including toolbar 105. If changes are necessary to the functions performed on the client side, a new copy of thin client 104B must be installed on each individual agent's computer system.
Dedicated client 104C includes software modules that perform a significant portion of the functions required to support an agent. Dedicated clients are sometimes referred to as "fat clients," in contrast to the "thin client" designation. If changes are necessary to the functionality provided by dedicated client 104C, a new copy of the dedicated client software modules usually must be installed on the client computer system.
Dedicated client 104C provides even greater functionality than does thin client 104B, including, for example, all functionality provided by object manager 107, web server 188, communication client service 160 (
It is important to note that other types of clients having hardware and software components that are different from clients 104A, 104B, and 104C can also be integrated with client/server system 100.
Communication API
Referring now to
As shown in
Driver objects 189 maintain the instantiation of service objects 183. Any special steps for constructing and destructing service objects 183 can be implemented in driver objects 189. Multiple driver objects 189 can be included to manage different types of media. Also, a single driver object 189 can manage one type of service objects 183 or different types of service objects 183. For example, a single driver object 189 can manage phone, email and fax media.
As an example of the operation of driver objects 189, when communication server 109 is starting up, the channel driver 120 data link library (DLL) is loaded. Communication server 109 calls CreateISCSDriverInstance( ) in channel driver 120 to ask for the construction of a driver object 189. The channel driver 120 returns the driver handle back to communication server 109. The channel driver 120 determines how driver objects 189 are created. If driver objects 189 already exist, for example, the channel driver 120 could simply pass the handle of an existing driver object 189 instead of creating a new one.
In one embodiment, service objects 183 are created by driver objects 189 and provide functionality in the form of device commands to interact with the associated media type. For example, making an outbound call, or sending an outbound email is implemented at service objects 183. A service object 183 is usually associated with a single type of media. For example, there can be service objects 183 for phone media and other service objects 183 for email media. Communication server 109 interfaces directly with service objects 183 to invoke a device command.
After communication server 109 obtains the driver handle, communication server 109 uses a RequestService( ) function to request a service object 183 for the specified media type. The driver returns the handle of the corresponding service object 183 to communication server 109. Communication server 109 then uses this handle in an InvokeCommand( ) function directly to request the corresponding service object 183 for executing a particular type of function.
After communication server 109 obtains the handle to a service object 183, Communication server 109 will use the service handle directly to interact with the service object 183. Service objects 183 can inherit facilities from, and/or share resources with, driver objects 189. For example, driver objects 189 can maintain the physical TCP/IP connection to a middleware server and service objects 183 can share the connection with the driver objects 189.
Client objects 179 are instantiated and implemented by communication server 109. The handles to client objects 179 are passed to service objects 183. Service objects 183 can utilize the client handles and invoke the function to be executed at communication server 109.
In one embodiment, every service object 183 has a corresponding client object 179. Therefore, each client object 179 has knowledge of the media type that its corresponding service object 183 is using. Since service objects 183 can each be instantiated for different media from different driver DLLs, this one-to-one relationship allows a client object 179 to know the driver object 189 and service object 183 that initiate the notification when client object 179 receives notification from service object 183.
There are several alternatives for implementing asynchronous notification of events from middleware servers to driver objects 189 including:
With alternative 1, since the driver objects 189 can be implemented as a DLL, the driver object DLL either constructs a listening thread which blocks on select( ) call until the arrival of event, or a polling thread which periodically polls the middleware server for the arrival of event. Polling threads are useful for low-priority media types, e.g. email or fax, because polling periods typically last seconds or minutes. Polling threads are not as useful to detect high-priority media events, such as phone requests, because it is desirable to report the arrival of incoming call at anytime. Listening threads generate less network traffic than polling threads, and are generally useful for high priority and low priority media, however, some types of middleware servers do not support listening threads.
To implement both polling threads and listening threads, a "task" thread is required in the driver object DLL. The "task" thread can be executed in driver objects 189 as shown in
Referring to
Referring to
In one embodiment, client objects 179 are a collection of function pointers implemented by communication server 109 and passed to the service objects 183 for asynchronous event notification. In one implementation, when the listen thread in channel driver 120 receives an event, the following processes occur:
Communication API Commands
Communication API 125 includes commands and data structures to allow third parties to develop applications that can integrate with client/server system 100. The data structures include arrays for passing data elements such as an agent's key value element, key value parameters, and string parameter lists.
The following provide examples of runtime status flags that can be used in communication API 125:
The following provide examples of commands that can be used in one embodiment of communication API 125:
In one embodiment, driver objects 189 within each of channel drivers 120 can include the following functions:
In one embodiment, service objects 183 within each of channel drivers 120 can include the following functions:
The following are examples of functions that can be included in Client Objects 179. The interface to these functions can be implemented with a function pointer so that driver objects 189 do not need to link to any libraries in communication server 109.
The driver objects 189 call this function when restoring is complete. In response, client objects 179 restore the working context(screen+work-tracking obj) and set the active work item as the one identified by "trackingID". The parameter trackingID can be used to identify the work item.
Note that other functions and parameters can be included in communication API 125 instead of, or in addition to, the functions listed herein.
Universal Queuing System
UQ system 102 queues requests for all types of media until an agent is assigned to the request. As agents become available, either by an agent logging in, finishing a task, or due to a change in state or assignment, UQ system 102 pushes a work item from a communication channel to an agent, and removes the work item from the respective queue. In one implementation, when multiple work items are routed to an agent, the work item that arrived first is presented to the agent and the other work item is returned to its respective queue and rerouted/pushed to the next available agent that is capable of handling the particular work item.
UQ system 102 includes UQ receiver 302 and UQ requester 304 that interface with UQ engine 306 via UQ server 308. Web server 146 can be included in system 100 to receive messages from UQ system 102. In one embodiment, web server 146 receives the message and sends it to EAI object manager 190. EAI object manager 190 packages the messages and transmits it to UQ business service 106. In other embodiments that do not include EAI object manager 190, the message can be sent directly to UQ business service 106.
UQ Business Service
UQ system 102 interfaces with UQ business service 106 and web server 146 via UQ application programming interface (UQ API) 314. UQ business service 106 places information received from UQ system 102 into data structures used by communication server 109. UQ business service 106 also places information from communication server 109 into data structures, commands, and parameters recognized and used by UQ API 314.
In one embodiment, UQ business service 106 includes the following functions, with input and output parameters shown in parentheses, for initializing and communicating with the UQ system 102:
UQOpenConnection (UQConfigurationName, Return)
UQAssign (Return)
UQ Disconnect (Return)
In one embodiment, UQ business service 106 also includes the following functions for initializing and maintaining agents:
In one embodiment, UQ business service 106 also includes the following functions for initializing and maintaining work items:
The next state for the agent will depend on the Auto-Wrap setting, which can be set via a user interface such as toolbar 105. If Auto-Wrap is True, the agent is in Wrap mode and the work item will be in wrap mode. If Auto-Wrap is FALSE, the agent is placed back in the Available state.
In one embodiment, UQ business service 106 includes the following functions for reporting performance statistics:
In one embodiment, UQ business service 106 includes the following functions for handling work items:
The foregoing lists are examples of functions that can be included in UQ business service 106. Other functions can be included in addition to, or instead of, these examples. Some of the functions include return codes and/or state codes to indicate whether a requested function was performed successfully and/or the state of UQ system 102, a work item, or an agent. The following lists provide examples of codes that are used as parameters in the preceding functions:
UQ Configuration
Referring to
Table 1 shows an example of parameters in a UQ configuration table that is stored in UQ system 102 and used to establish communication with and perform functions as requested by communication server 109 via the UQOpenConnection function. For example, Table 1 includes parameters for identifying and establishing communication with the host for UQ system 102. Table 1 also includes default settings for agent preferences such as whether an agent is in the auto-ready state after login or in the auto-auxwork state after login.
Table 2 shows a subset of parameters in the UQ Configuration table in Table 1 referred to as PropertyInfo parameters that are used in other functions that are included in UQ business service 106.
Web server 146 handles packing information using a suitable data transfer protocol for outgoing messages to EAI object manager 190. In one implementation, for example, HTTP is used to communicate messages to and from UQ API 314. Web server 146 converts information in HTTP format to another suitable transport protocol which EAI object manager 190 unpacks for use by UQ business service 106. In other embodiments, other protocols known in the art can be used instead of, or in addition to, HTTP.
UQ Routing
UQ engine 306 defines a route for processing each work item. For example, if a work item is a fax requiring response from an agent with knowledge of computer networking, the UQ engine 306 would define a route that specifies an agent with computer networking skills. An agent can transfer the work item to a route queue using the functions TransferWorkItemToRoute(Route configuration Name) or BlindTransferWorkItemToAgent(agentID) if the agent is not able to respond to the work item. The skill requirements for the work item can be changed before invoking the transfer if the agent determines that a different skill is necessary to respond to the work item.
In one embodiment, route points are generated, wherein each route point has specific skill requirements. When a work item is to be transferred to another point, the transferring agent can choose a route point from a pop up list, for example. The list can include the option to either list all agents or all route points.
UQ System Scenarios
The following examples show how requests from clients are processed through one embodiment of system 100:
Initialization and Rules Download
Communication server background mode server 170 uses UQOpenConnection function in UQ business service 106 to connect clients with UQ system 102. In one embodiment, two or more configurations can be available to initialize UQ business service 106, including a default configuration. The default UQ configuration parameters are used if no other configuration specified. The UQPropertyInfo parameters of UQOpenConnection included PrimaryReceiverName and PrimaryReceiverPort which identify the location of the primary receiver server in web server 146.
UQOpenConnection can be invoked multiple times to connect multiple receiver servers in web server 146 to UQ system 102, and UQ system 102 maintains a list of all connections to the connected receiver servers. After a successful UQOpenConnection, the function UQInitRules can be invoked to download agent skill information, as well as rules for escalating agents and specifying routes. In one embodiment, UQInitRules is invoked only once during initialization, and the function UQReplaceRules is used to update the rules once they have been initialized. The parameter ERROR_UQ_INITIALIZED indicates an error if UQInitRules if subsequently invoked. An indicator of whether the initialization was successful is supplied in the Return parameter associated with the UQInitRules function.
Agent Logon
New agents invoke UQOpenConnection through business service 106 to inform UQ system 102 that there is a new agent. The function AgentLogon is then invoked by UQ business service 106 to log the agent into UQ system 102. UQ business service 106 then sends a message that includes the agent skill information to UQ system 102.
If multiple receiver servers are connected, each invocation of the function AgentLogon includes information about the receiver server that the agent is associated with. Agent information also includes information including auto-available setting and auto-wrap setting. UQ system 102 returns either the error if the invocation to AgentLogon fails, or returns the new agent state if the logon operation was successful.
Email Arrival
When communication server 109 receives an email message, it sends the message along with related information regarding the client who sent the message to UQ business service 106. UQ business service 106 transfers the email message and related information to UQ system 102 via the AddWorkItem function. UQ system 102 determines whether to accept the work item and issues a response to communication server 109 via web server 146, EAI object manager 190, and UQ business service 106 indicating whether the work item was accepted using the status parameter in the HandleWorkItem function.
UQ Delivers Work Item
UQ system 102 determines an agent for a work item and sends a message that the work item was assigned to an agent to communication server 109 via the receiver server associated with the agent. UQ system 102 then transmits a message via the HandleWorkItem function to the receiver server associated with the agent. The ProcessEvents function in UQ business service 106 is then invoked to dispatch the message to an agent. The agent invokes the WorkItemAccept function to inform UQ system 102 that it received the work item.
UQ System Issues an Alarm or Error
As an example of one method for UQ system 102 to notify communication server 109 of an error or alarm, assume UQ system 102 determines that the number of requests that can be handled by one of the communication channels has exceeded a predefined threshold. UQ system 102 sends a return code to the receiver server via the HandleError function indicating that the queue capacity has been exceeded. Web server 146 receives the message and invokes the function "ProcessEvents" in UQ business service 106. The error message can be logged and broadcast to the component that issued the request. Alarm messages are handled in a similar manner. The error/alarm can be broadcast visually, aurally, textually, and/or by any other suitable means known in the art.
UQ System Sends Statistics to Communication Server
A client or other component in system 100 (
Agent Accepts a Work Item
When an agent is in AuxWork mode, the agent can choose a work item from the queue through a user interface such as the toolbar 105. When a work item is selected, UQ system 102 is notified via the RequestWorkableItemList function in business service 106. If the work item is available, the function will indicate a successful selection through the return parameter and the work item is delivered via the HandleWorkItem function. The RequestWorkableItemList function can return an error indicator if the work item is not available for the agent.
Call Routing
When UQ system 102 receives a route request, UQ system 102 determines the agent to assign to the work item and sends a message to the agent's receiver server in EAI object manager 190 that includes the assigned agent and the work item. If UQ system 102 cannot find an agent to assign within the time allowed, the request is placed in a waiting queue as implemented by UQ engine 306. It is important to note that many different types of commercially available queuing engines 306 can be used in UQ system 102.
Automated Call Distribution (ACD) Interaction with the UQ System
Referring to
In one implementation of AuxWork mode, ACD switch 130E dispatches a call to an agent, and the agent informs session mode communication server 110 when it answers the call. Session mode communication server 110 then relays the notice to UQ system 102. At this point, UQ system 102 asks session mode communication server 110 to place the agent in the AuxWork state using, for example, the AgentInitAuxwork function as described herein, after the agent finishes the call.
When the agent finishes the call, it informs session mode communication server 110 that the call is done, and the session mode communication server 110 in turn informs UQ system 102 that the call is finished. UQ system 102 then determines whether there is a suitable work item to assign to the agent based on the media channels in the agent's configuration. If a work item is available, the work item will be sent to the agent through the agent's receiver server in EAI object manager 190. The agent informs UQ system 102 when it finishes the work item. If UQ system 102 determines that there are no more work items for the agent, it informs session mode communication server 10 to set the agent's ACD mode to ready to continue receiving calls through ACD switch 130E.
There are several alternative implementations that can be used to place an agent in the AuxWork state. For example, an agent can default to AuxWork state. UQ system 102 can be notified when ACD switch 130E receives a call that should be handled by the agent, and the agent notified to suspend processing a work item, such as a response to an email request, to take the call. The agent notifies UQ system 102 when the call is completed, and returns to processing the suspended work item.
Agent State Change
When a work item is dispatched to an agent, the agent invokes the AcceptWorkItem function to accept the work item. Output parameters in AcceptWorkItem inform UQ system 102 of the new agent state and work item state. When the agent completes the work item, it invokes the CompleteWorkItem function to inform UQ system 102 of the new agent state and work item state.
An auto-wrap option can be set in the agent's configuration table that allows an agent time to wrap up a work item upon completion. Agents can select an interface option that invokes the AgentAvailable function to indicate that they are out of wrap up mode and ready to accept another work item. UQ system 102 changes the status of the work item to Complete and places the agent in the Auxwork state if AgentInitAuxWork function has been invoked. If the AgentInitAuxWork function is not invoked, the agent's state is set to BUSY if there are other work items in the queue that the agent can handle. Otherwise the agent is placed in the Available state.
Work Item Cancelled
A situation can arise when a work item is cancelled after it has been assigned to an agent, but before the agent has accepted the work item. Such a situation may arise, for example, when a caller hangs up while waiting. In this case, the UQ system 102 informs the client that the work item is cancelled through HandleWorkItemStatus and a signal, such as a blinking button on the agent's user interface display, can be changed to indicate that the work item was removed.
PBX and Email with PBX Higher Priority
The term private branch exchange (PBX) refers to a subscriber-owned telecommunications exchange that usually includes access to the public switched network. When an email and a PBX work item are queued, UQ system 102 uses the priority set forth in the route rules to determine which media will have higher priority over the other. Client configurations typically give PBX work items higher priority than email.
Work Item Journal
When a work item is completed, UQ system 102 sends a work item journal entry to communication server 109 via the HandleJournal function. The journal entry includes information to identify whether the journal entry pertains to the agent state history and/or the work item escalation history of the work item.
System Failure
If the connection between UQ system 102 and session mode communication server 110 fails, UQ system 102 will remove all agents associated with session mode communication server 110 and mark all work items as "Complete" with a failure error code.
Multiple Requesters and Receivers
When UQ business service 106 is instantiated, it will load the UQ configuration including the sender's server component name and the workflow name. In one embodiment, the sender server component is the EAI object manager 190, which is transparent to clients 104. If there are multiple instances of EAI object manager 190, communication server 109 routes the request to the appropriate component in communication server 109. A load balancer can be included to balance the load between multiple instances of EAI object manager 190.
Each work item sent by UQ clients include a login and a client key associated with the work item. When the same work item is being returned form UQ system 102 as a result of either an agent assignment or problem with the work item, the login and the client key are used to route the result to the right client.
Blind Transfer of a Work Item to an Agent
An agent can use the function BlindTransferWorkItemToAgent to transfer a work item to another agent if the agent cannot respond to the work item, or thinks that another agent is better qualified to respond. If the transferee agent is not available to accept the work item being transferred, the work item will be queued until the agent is available.
Consultative Transfer of a Work Item to an Agent
An agent can invoke the TransferWorkItemToAgent function to transfer a work item to another agent to consult with the other agent regarding the work item. If the agent is not available for consultation, UQ system 102 informs the agent that the other agent is not available. The agent can select whether to hold on to the work item, retry, or send the work item to a route.
Transfer Work Item to a Route
An agent can use the function TransferWorkItemToRoute to transfer a work item to along a route to another agent. This is useful, for example, when an agent receives a work item that would be handled more efficiently by an agent with other skills.
In one embodiment, a client server system 100 (
In one embodiment, a user interface for entering and editing agent skills is provided. An example of an agent skill graphical user interface (GUI) is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/823,531, entitled "Communication Toolbar Supporting Multiple Communication Channels of Different Media Types", which application was filed on the same day and is assigned to the same assignee as the present application and is incorporated by reference herein. The agent skill GUI includes fields for selecting, entering and editing agent information including name, employee number, job title, login name, contact information, skills, and the level of expertise for each skill item. After a client updates the skills of an agent through the agent skill GUI, the ChangeAgentSkill function in UQ business service 106 can be used to update agent information in UQ system 102.
UQ API Data Structures
Other tables can be included in an embodiment of UQ system 102 in addition to, or instead of, the tables shown in
An Exemplary Computing and Network Environment
It will be noted that the variable identifier "N" is used in several instances in
One or more of client computers 35(1)-(N) and/or one or more of servers 25(1)-(N) may be, for example, a computer system of any appropriate design, in general, including a mainframe, a mini-computer or a personal computer system. Such a computer system typically includes a system unit having a system processor and associated volatile and non-volatile memory, one or more display monitors and keyboards, one or more diskette drives, one or more fixed disk storage devices and one or more printers. These computer systems are typically information handling systems which are designed to provide computing power to one or more users, either locally or remotely. Such a computer system may also include one or a plurality of I/O devices (i.e., peripheral devices) which are coupled to the system processor and which perform specialized functions. Examples of I/O devices include modems, sound and video devices and specialized communication devices. Mass storage devices such as hard disks, CD-ROM drives and magneto-optical drives may also be provided, either as an integrated or peripheral device. One such example computer system, discussed in terms of client computers 35(1)-(N) is shown in detail in
Bus 12 allows data communication between central processor 14 and system memory 16, which may include both read only memory (ROM) or flash memory (neither shown), and random access memory (RAM) (not shown), as previously noted. The RAM is generally the main memory into which the operating system and application programs are loaded and typically affords at least 16 megabytes of memory space. The ROM or flash memory may contain, among other code, the Basic Input-Output system (BIOS) which controls basic hardware operation such as the interaction with peripheral components. Applications resident with computer system 10 are generally stored on and accessed via a computer readable medium, such as a hard disk drive (e.g., fixed disk 44), an optical drive (e.g., CD-ROM drive 40), floppy disk unit 36 or other storage medium. Additionally, applications may be in the form of electronic signals modulated in accordance with the application and data communication technology when accessed via network modem 47 or interface 48.
Storage interface 34, as with the other storage interfaces of computer system 10, may connect to a standard computer readable medium for storage and/or retrieval of information, such as a fixed disk drive 44. Fixed disk drive 44 may be a part of computer system 10 or may be separate and accessed through other interface systems. Many other devices can be connected such as a mouse 46 connected to bus 12 via serial port 28, a modem 47 connected to bus 12 via serial port 30 and a network interface 48 connected directly to bus 12. Modem 47 may provide a direct connection to a remote server via a telephone link or to the Internet via an internet service provider (ISP). Network interface 48 may provide a direct connection to a remote server via a direct network link to the Internet via a POP (point of presence). Network interface 48 may provide such connection using wireless techniques, including digital cellular telephone connection, Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) connection, digital satellite data connection or the like.
Many other devices or subsystems (not shown) may be connected in a similar manner (e.g., bar code readers, document scanners, digital cameras and so on). Conversely, it is not necessary for all of the devices shown in
Moreover, regarding the signals described herein, those skilled in the art will recognize that a signal may be directly transmitted from a first block to a second block, or a signal may be modified (e.g., amplified, attenuated, delayed, latched, buffered, inverted, filtered or otherwise modified) between the blocks. Although the signals of the above described embodiment are characterized as transmitted from one block to the next, other embodiments of the present invention may include modified signals in place of such directly transmitted signals as long as the informational and/or functional aspect of the signal is transmitted between blocks. To some extent, a signal input at a second block may be conceptualized as a second signal derived from a first signal output from a first block due to physical limitations of the circuitry involved (e.g., there will inevitably be some attenuation and delay). Therefore, as used herein, a second signal derived from a first signal includes the first signal or any modifications to the first signal, whether due to circuit limitations or due to passage through other circuit elements which do not change the informational and/or final functional aspect of the first signal.
The foregoing described embodiment wherein the different components are contained within different other components (e.g., the various elements shown as components of computer system 10). It is to be understood that such depicted architectures are merely examples, and that in fact many other architectures can be implemented which achieve the same functionality. In an abstract, but still definite sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively "associated" such that the desired functionality is achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality can be seen as "associated with" each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermediate components. Likewise, any two components so associated can also be viewed as being "operably connected", or "operably coupled", to each other to achieve the desired functionality.
Referring to
The foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments of the present invention via the use of block diagrams, flowcharts, and examples. It will be understood by those within the art that each block diagram component, flowchart step, and operations and/or components illustrated by the use of examples can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof.
The present invention has been described in the context of a fully functional computer system, however those skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention is capable of being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that the present invention applies equally regardless of the particular type of signal bearing media used to actually carry out the distribution. Examples of signal bearing media include: recordable type media such as floppy disks and CD-ROM, transmission type media such as digital and analog communications links, as well as media storage and distribution systems developed in the future.
The above description is intended to be illustrative of the invention and should not be taken to be limiting. Other embodiments within the scope of the present invention are possible. Those skilled in the art will readily implement the steps necessary to provide the structures and the methods disclosed herein, and will understand that the process parameters and sequence of steps are given by way of example only and can be varied to achieve the desired structure as well as modifications that are within the scope of the invention. Variations and modifications of the embodiments disclosed herein can be made based on the description set forth herein, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims.
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The Citadel Career Center supports students in their career planning, preparation, and search over the course of their Citadel career and beyond! We will also assist alumni with their career-related questions through a self-service approach. Employers and graduate schools seeking candidates for their full-time, part-time/seasonal, internship, and graduate study opportunities are invited to participate in our recruitment services to connect with Citadel students and alumni.
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Aug. 5, 2013
The All For One inaugural on-line auction starts on at noon on August 5th and runs through August 26th. All proceeds from this auction will benefit all Xavier student-athletes and the 18 varsity sports programs.
This auction will offer a wide range of packages that will include exclusive golf packages, ticket and suite opportunities for major sporting events including the World Series, 2014 Indy 500 and several local events that include the Cincinnati Reds and Xavier Basketball.
Other unique packages will include exclusive travel packages with the Xavier Men's Basketball team. Additional items will include sports memorabilia as well as several dinner and hotel packages. Don't miss this exciting opportunity to show your support for Xavier Athletics.
The All For One Club auction page will go live at noon on August 5. If you have questions, please contact Tom Brady at (513) 745-4256.
The mission of the All For One Club is To provide financial support to Xavier Athletics programs through private donations, and to assist Xavier Athletics in achieving its goals of student-athlete academic and athletic achievement.


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Fire ProtectionAppropriate solutions to meet the diversified demands from construction engineering.
Solutions that add value to the building
Tigre is one of the major building engineering agents in the South American market, specializing in building applications and focusing on segmentation, relatively to both demand and commercialization channels. Tigre�s unique and innovating solutions simplify the implementation of works whichever the profile or pattern, thereby reducing engineering works time, risks and cost. The Tigre trademark is present in thousands of traditional retail outlets, at home centers, in the specialized retail, and also through dealers and construction engineering contractors. Segmentation adds value to products and services, besides enabling knowledge to be spread throughout the entire productive chain.


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What is this?
I was kayaking and these guys kept swimming up right next to me and then jetting back down.
Saw one for the first time. Saw in eastern Washington. went by too fast to see a picture.
Three species could be present. Most individuals were ammoceotes found in fine sediment areas in pools and backwaters
At least two species. Permits did not permit voucher specimens for ID.
Young of the year difficult to differentiate from steelhead/rainbow trout
Fish moving project assoociated with bank stabilization project. All fish were young of the year.
Just starting to flower at te end of march. Recognizeable hanging pink flowers. Leaves resemble a rounder version of salmonberry, and with rounder serrations on the edge of the leaf.
Two distinct herbaceous forms to this plant. A wide round and deeply lobed leaf that probably is the namesake is the first, on its on stem. The second part of this plant is a thick stalk that grows slightly taller and supports the large white flower head, there are triangular leaves attached to the flowering stalk.
Found on campus growing in wide area in wood chips, with several mushrooms throughout contiguous wood chip area, many 'fairy rings' were growing suggesting multiple individual colonies.
I think it is an immature mushroom, which was found growing on the mossy surface of a downed log.
This foliose lichen was found growing on the mossy surface of a downed tree. It was difficult to even guess at an identity without a guidebook but the closest I could guess at might be "Nephroma."
This foliose lichen was found growing on the mossy surface of a downed tree. It was difficult to even guess at an identity without a guidebook but the closest I could guess at might be "Nephroma."
Port Orford cedar found on the Pack Forest grounds, near the dining area. Diagnostic early male cones present, but underdeveloped.
Many deciduous trees were found along trails in Pack Forest. Nearly every deciduous tree was missing foliage, but Big Leaf Maple was confirmed via analysis of leaf litter underneath several trees.
Trailing blackberry was seen in Pack Forest as a common ground cover plant in the understory of the forest. several instances of this blackberry were observed alongside each trail traveled while within Pack Forest.
for context, see daily account for 3/31 at Pack Forest. as was characteristic of the lichen in this forest, they was usually found with other kinds of lichens in the same place. there seem to be at least three different kinds of lichens on this one branch, but i'm fairly certain that the fatter one on top is Parmelia sulcata, and that the one below the stringier one is Evernia prunastri.
for context, see daily account for 3/31 at Pack Forest. this type of lichen resembles coral and is a whitish blue color. this particular lichen was on a dead branch of a madrone tree, but they cover most of the trees found in this area and are usually paired with one or two other types of lichen.
hollow tube lichen, light blue-green on one side, black on the other. located with many other lichens on downed red alder tree branch.
Flattened, folios lichen, found on downed branch of alder, this specimen is surrounded by several other lichens.
Growing in the under-story of Douglas fir, in swampy soil. Osoberry is a common shrub easily distinguised by its bright green foliage, and small, hanging, white flowers.
approx. 7 cm stem to tip, complex but shallow ridges, with thick solid stem. Mushroom was growing among leaf litter on walking/previous driving path in extremely wet soil near drainage ditch. abundance of fruiting bodies was low, and relatively spread out along the trail.
this particular specimen was trampled, but allows a view of the stem underneath the indented outer structure.
many, many Douglas-fir trees were seen at pack forest, and along with some big leaf maple, and some red alder, make up a large part of the canopy at pack forest, especially at wetter, lower elevations. mosses and lichens are common on all trees, and can bee seen here growing on the branches and stem of several Douglas-fir trees.
Growing in several meter radius patch along an apparent vehicle path. Leaves numerous, with sparse flowering structures; all growing in a very wet, muddy substrate, with open sky above, surrounded by several deciduous trees, as well as some douglas fir, none of which grow within several meters of the patch of coltsfoot, isolated by the road, as well as a drainage ditche paralleling the road adjacent to the patch of coltsfoot.


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Academics . Liberal Arts . Courses
Fiber: Silkscreen
Course No. FIB269/369/469 Credits: 3.0
Faculty Christina Cassara | William Lorton
Students will investigate surface, mark, and materiality from both a technical and conceptual point of view. The silkscreen can accept a wide variety of printing substances (pigments, dyes, mud, talc, honey, etc), and can be applied to an equally diverse range of surfaces. Lectures, readings, and critiques will help students understand the historical role of the screen-print and how it relates to their own work. Open elective.
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Diane Lichtenstein
Diane Lichtenstein MA and PhD, University of Wisconsin, Madison, is a professor in the Liberal Arts Department...more
While at CIA, you'll learn from the masters through our rigorous, world-class curriculum and connect with working professionals to begin your career.


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Friday, February 8, 2013
Claiming eyesight and hearing difficulties, a frail-looking Robert Payne took the stand Thursday to testify in his defense about shooting off a shotgun and exposing himself to residents of Bayview Acres. He refused to place his hand on the Bible and swear to tell the truth. "The Bible says not to swear. I will not swear on the Bible," he said.
"But I promise to state the true facts under penalty of perjury."
A jury ultimately found former Mount Pleasant Town Councilman Robert Payne guilty of indecent exposure and of pointing or presenting a firearm, but not guilty on a charge of assault and battery.
The victim Graham Stone said that is not what he hoped for, but was relieved Payne would not be able to come near him or Bayview again for at least the next five years.
Circuit Judge Roger Young sentenced Payne, 67, to three years in prison with credit for time served and five years probation. He faced a maximum five years on the weapon charge.
He fully admitted to discharging the firearm in May of 2011. But he said he shot it straight into the air, not at anyone. He told his public defender Ashley Pennington that it was probably the biggest mistake he had ever made in his life, but that he only did it to annoy Graham Stone, a resident of Bayview Acres.
Payne who has been housed at the Al Cannon Detention center for the last two years said that he had been continuously harassed by Stone for more than two years. "I thought it was a good idea to send him an audible message that would make a lot of noise." He testified that he chose the safest gun he could find from friend Jerry Moore's collection.
He loaded the gun and other supplies into a golf cart, headed down a man-made causeway toward his boat.
This houseboat, considered uninhabitable by most, was stuck in the mud just off the shore of Jerry Moore's home in Bayview. Where it sat, the boat had a 360 degree view of Shem Creek.
Three bilge pumps, running off of batteries kept the boat afloat. A hole in the hull caused water to leak in. The boat had no motors or running water or toilet facilities. But Payne called it home.
After residents of the neighborhood complained about the derelict boat anchored off their neighborhood, the then Mount Pleasant Police Chief Harry Sewell contacted Payne. He told him the boat needed to be removed.
Payne said he agreed to do just that.
But that one afternoon in May, alcohol and annoyance got the best of him, Payne testified.
The incident occurred on May 29, 2011. Police received a call about a man walking around drunk and naked in the marsh. When officers arrived that night at about 7:10 p.m. they found Payne in the marsh carrying a shotgun and wearing swim trunks, according to an incident report. While officers were there, they heard a gunshot, then saw Payne walking toward them while holding the gun with the barrel pointed in the air, the report stated. That's when officers arrested him.
Payne is accused of shooting a gun and exposing himself in a marsh near Shem Creek on Memorial Day weekend in 2011. Payne was living on that inoperable, unregistered houseboat there.
A Charleston County jury continued deliberations Friday in the trial of Payne, a former Mount Pleasant town councilman. The trial began Monday and wrapped up Thursday afternoon, but the jury failed to reach a verdict before the judge sent them home for the evening.
Testimony by resident Graham Stone indicated Payne consistently could be seen drinking and urinating off his boat.
More often than not, he would "flip the bird" toward Stone's home as he walked back and forth from land to his boat.
Payne testified he did not know exactly which house was Stone's but knew the general direction.
Payne said that "flipping the bird" was a symbol of contempt and frustration.
He said he was irritated because he couldn't get any work done on his boat due to "cops coming down there all the time, harassing and stalking" him.
"Stone was the ring leader sending them down there to pester me," said Paybne in testimony.
"I wanted to send him a clear message. I knew it was illegal to shoot a gun in the city limits, but not that illegal," he said.
He said he pointed the Mossberg 12 gauge shotgun through the scuttle hatch on his boat and fired once straight into the air.
Thirty minutes later he got off of his boat, walked to a small island, now part of Shem Creek Park and fired the gun again, straight up into the air.
Payne testified that as he walked back toward Moore's house, the police were waiting on him and arrested him.
"All I wanted to do was irritate Stone. I never saw him and didn't know if he was even home. It was pot luck in case he was home," Payne told the jury.
Payne said that due to having prostate cancer, he urinates frequently. Not always off of the side of the boat, he said, but on this particular day he thought the view was better from the top of his boat.
So he dropped his pants, he testified, and urinated while flipping his middle finger in the direction of Stone's home.
"If they would have left me alone, none of this would have happened," Payne testified. "Firing that gun was a political expression. You see it in the movies all the time."
He said he could not think of a single government agency that Stone "hasn't whined or complained to."
Payne testified that Stone caused him a lot of discomfort and he wanted to do the same to Stone.
He said his actions don't seem like a good idea now, and he certainly wouldn't do it again.
Pennington argued that Payne wasn't trying to hurt anyone that day. He shot his gun in the air to annoy the neighbors. The conflicting testimony however, left the jury having to decide the possibility of his aim and intent to cause personal injury.
Pennington too tried to argue that urinating in public with his pants all the way down was protected under the First Amendment as an expression of disdain toward Stone.
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