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A random number generating algorithm is seeded with an unpredictable number. The seed value is computed by subjecting variable data to a Secure Hashing Algorithm, and truncating the right most, or left most, 16 bytes from the message digest generated. The algorithm generates the unpredictable number by using the seed value as a counter value in the random number generator, and performing a data encryption standard operation. In one exemplary embodiment, the unpredictable number is modified to a predetermined maximum unpredictable number value as determined by the sender and receiver of the unpredictable number.
1. A method for generating an unpredictable number to facilitate securing a transaction:
obtaining, by an Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) reader, variable data;
performing, by said RFID reader, a secure hashing algorithm on said variable data to produce a message digest, wherein the secure hashing algorithm is configured to produce a digest of at least 16 bytes;
selecting, by said RFID reader, at least one of a left-most 16 bytes or a right-most 16 bytes of said message digest to form a random 16-byte value;
creating, by said RFID reader, said unpredictable number using said random 16-byte value as an input for a seeded pseudo-random number generator;
determining, by said RFID reader and based upon at least one of an account issuer or a merchant system, a proposed maximum value for said unpredictable number;
truncating, by said RFID reader, said unpredictable number, wherein the result of said truncating is said unpredictable number limited to said proposed maximum value;
sending, by said RFID reader, the truncated unpredictable number to an RFID transaction device;
receiving, by said RFID reader, a cryptogram from said RFID transaction device, wherein said cryptogram includes the truncated unpredictable number; and
sending, by said RFID reader, the truncated unpredictable number and said cryptogram to an account issuer, wherein said account issuer validates said cryptogram and verifies that said cryptogram includes the truncated unpredictable number.
2. The method of
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7. The method of
8. A tangible computer-readable medium having stored thereon a plurality of non-transitory computer executable instructions, the plurality of instructions when executed by an RFID reader cause said RFID reader to perform the method comprising:
obtaining variable data;
performing a secure hashing algorithm on said variable data to produce a message digest, wherein the secure hashing algorithm is configured to produce a digest of at least 16 bytes;
selecting at least one of a left-most 16 bytes or a right-most 16 bytes of said message digest to form a random 16-byte value;
creating said unpredictable number using said random 16-byte value as an input for a seeded pseudo-random number generator;
determining, based upon at least one of an account issuer or a merchant system, a proposed maximum value for said unpredictable number;
truncating said unpredictable number, wherein the result of said truncating is said unpredictable number limited to said proposed maximum value;
sending the truncated unpredictable number to an RFID transaction device;
receiving a cryptogram from said RFID transaction device, wherein said cryptogram includes the truncated unpredictable number; and
sending the truncated unpredictable number and said cryptogram to an account issuer, wherein said account issuer validates said cryptogram and verifies that said cryptogram includes the truncated unpredictable number.
9. The computer-readable medium of
This application is a continuation-in-part, and claims priority to, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/708,545, entitled "SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR SECURING RF TRANSACTIONS USING A RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION DEVICE INCLUDING A TRANSACTIONS COUNTER," filed Mar. 10, 2004 (which itself claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/507,803, filed Sep. 30, 2003. This application is also a continuation-in-part of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/340,352, entitled "SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR INCENTING PAYMENT USING RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION IN CONTACT AND CONTACTLESS TRANSACTIONS," filed Jan. 10, 2003 (which itself claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/396,577, filed Jul. 16, 2002). This application is also a continuation-in-part and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/192,488, entitled "SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PAYMENT USING RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION IN CONTACT AND CONTACTLESS TRANSACTIONS," filed Jul. 9, 2002 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,239,226 (which itself claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/304,216, filed Jul. 10, 2001). All of the above-listed applications are incorporated herein by reference.
This invention generally relates to securing a transaction involving radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. More particularly, the invention relates to a system and method for securing the RFID enabled transaction using an unpredictable number generated by a seeded algorithm.
Like barcode and voice data entry, RFID is a contactless information acquisition technology. RFID systems are wireless, and are usually extremely effective in hostile environments where conventional acquisition methods often fail. RFID has established itself in a wide range of markets, such as, for example, the high-speed reading of railway containers, tracking moving objects such as livestock or automobiles, and retail inventory applications. As such, RFID technology has become a primary focus in automated data collection, identification and analysis systems worldwide.
Of late, companies are increasingly embodying RFID data acquisition technology in a fob or tag for use in completing financial transactions. A typical RFID fob is ordinarily a self-contained device, which may take the shape of any portable form factor. The RFID fob may include a transponder for transmitting information during a transaction. In some instances, a battery may be included in the fob to power the transponder, in which case the internal circuitry of the fob (including the transponder) may draw its operating power from the battery power source. Interrogation by the reader for activation of the fob is not required when using a battery source.
Alternatively, the fob may gain its operating power directly from a RF interrogation signal. U.S. Pat. No. 5,053,774, issued to Schuermann, describes a typical transponder RF interrogation system, which may be found in the prior art. The Schuermann patent generally describes the powering technology surrounding conventional transponder structures. U.S. Pat. No. 4,739,328 discusses a method by which a conventional transponder may respond to a RF interrogation signal. Other typical modulation techniques that may be used include, for example, ISO/IEC 14443 and the like. In the conventional fob powering technologies used, the fob is typically activated upon presenting the fob into an interrogation signal. In this regard, the fob may be activated irrespective of whether the user desires such activation.
One of the more visible uses of the RFID technology is the introduction of American Express' Expresspay«, Exxon/Mobil's Speedpass« and Shell's EasyPay« products. These products use transponders, placed in a fob or tag, which enable automatic identification of the user when the fob is presented at a merchant's point-of-sale (POS) device, for example, when attempting to complete a transaction. During the transaction completion, information from the RFID fob is ordinarily passed to the POS, which delivers the information to a merchant system.
To complete a typical transaction, fob identification data is passed to a third-party server database. The third-party server references the identification data to a consumer (e.g., user) credit or debit account. In an exemplary processing method, the third-party server seeks authorization for the transaction by passing the transaction and account data to an authorizing entity, such as for example an "acquirer" or account issuer. Once the server receives authorization from the authorizing entity, the authorizing entity sends clearance to the POS device for completion of the transaction.
To lessen the financial impact of fraudulent transactions in the RFID environment, fob issuers have focused much effort on securing RFID transactions. Many of the efforts have focused on securing the transaction account or related data during transmission from the user to the merchant, or from the merchant to a third-party server or account provider system. For example, one conventional method for securing RFID transactions involves requiring the device user to provide a secondary form of identification during transaction completion. The RFID transaction device user may be asked to enter a personal identification number (PIN) into a keypad. The PIN may then be verified against a number associated with the user or the RFID transaction device, wherein the associated number is stored in an account issuer database. If the PIN number provided by the device user matches the associated number, then the transaction may be cleared for completion.
One problem with the issuer's efforts in securing RFID transactions is that they are susceptible to eavesdropping and decrypting during transit, such as when transferred from the merchant system to the account issuer system. Such information may be sensitive information concerning the fob user or the fob user's account. Should the fob user's sensitive information be retrieved without authorization during transit, the fob user or issuer may be subjected to fraudulent activity.
As such, a need exists for a method of securing sensitive transaction account information, which permits the account provider, merchant system, or acquirer to have a significant influence on the security of the fob user information stored on a merchant system.
The invention includes a system and method for generating an unpredictable number using a seeded algorithm. The algorithm is seeded using a random 16-byte value used as a counter. The random 16-byte value is used in a pseudo random number generator to produce the unpredictable number.
In one embodiment, the random 16-byte value is generated from variable data. The variable data is subjected to a Secure Hashing Algorithm to produce a message digest. The left most, or right most 16 bytes of the message digest is selected as the random 16-byte value. In another embodiment, the random 16-byte value is used in a pseudo random number generator to produce the unpredictable number. A range of values for the unpredictable number is chosen, and the maximum value permitted for the unpredictable number is determined. A standard triple Data Encryption Standard (DES) operation is then performed on the random 16-byte value to produce the unpredictable number. In one exemplary embodiment, the unpredictable number is subjected to a mod function to trim the unpredictable value to the maximum value permitted.
A more complete understanding of the present invention may be derived by referring to the detailed description and claims when considered in connection with the Figures. In the Figures, like numerals refer to similar elements, throughout.
The present invention is described herein in terms of various functional components and processing steps. It should be appreciated that such functional components and processing steps may be realized by any number of software, hardware or structural components configured to perform the specified functions. For example, the present invention may be practiced using various integrated circuit components (e.g., memory elements, digital signal processing elements, logic elements, look-up tables, and the like), which may perform a variety of functions under the control of one or more microprocessors.
Although the point-of-interaction (POI) device is described with respect to a merchant point-of-sale (POS) device, the invention is not to be so limited. Indeed, a merchant POS device is used by way of example. Thus, the point-of-interaction device includes any device capable of receiving transaction device 102 account data or data from RFID reader 104. In this regard, the POS includes any point-of-interaction device enabling the user to complete a transaction using transaction device 102. POS device 106 receives RFID transaction device 102 information and provides the information to merchant system 132 for processing.
As used herein, an "acquirer" is any software, hardware, and/or entity including various databases and processors for facilitating the routing of the transaction request to an appropriate account issuer 112. Acquirer 110 routes the request to account issuer 112 in accordance with a routing number provided by RFID transaction device 102. The "routing number" in this context is a unique network address or any similar device for locating an account issuer 112 on host network 108. Traditional means of routing the payment request in accordance with the routing number are well understood. As such, the process for using a routing number to provide the payment request will not be discussed herein for brevity.
Additionally, account issuer ("account provider" or "issuer system") 112 includes any software, hardware, and/or entity which provides a transaction account for facilitating completion of a transaction request. The transaction account includes any charge, credit, debit, loyalty, direct debit, checking, savings, financial or other account. The term "issuer" or "account provider" also refers to any software, hardware, and/or entity facilitating payment of a transaction using a transaction device, and which includes systems permitting payment using at least one of a preloaded and non-preloaded transaction device. Typical issuers include American Express, MasterCard, Visa, Discover, and the like. In the preloaded value processing context, an exchange value (e.g., money, rewards points, barter points, etc.) is stored in a preloaded value database (not shown) for use in completing a requested transaction. The preloaded value database, and thus the exchange value, may not be stored on transaction device itself, but is stored remotely, such as, for example, at account issuer 112 location. Further, the preloaded value database is debited the amount of the transaction requiring the value to be replenished. The preloaded value includes any conventional value (e.g., monetary, currency units, rewards points, barter points, etc.) which is exchanged for goods or services. In that regard, the preloaded value has any configuration as determined by issuer system 112.
In general, during operation of secure system 100, RFID reader 104 provides an interrogation signal via antenna 130 to transaction device 102 for powering transaction device 102 and receiving transaction device 102 related data. The interrogation signal is received at a transaction device antenna 120 and is further provided to a transponder (not shown). In response, a transaction device processor 114 retrieves a transaction device identifier from a transaction device database 116 for providing to RFID reader 104. RFID reader 104 receives the transaction device identifier at antenna 130. RFID reader processor 122 is provided the transaction device identifier and processes it.
As noted, transaction account issuers are continually seeking new ways to secure an RFID transaction. In accordance with the present invention, an RFID transaction is secured using an unpredictable number (UN). In one embodiment, the UN is generated by RFID reader 104 and used by transaction device 102 as one of the data elements that is an input to the calculation of a cryptogram calculated by transaction device 102 and sent in the authorization message. For more information on calculating cryptograms, see U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/708,545, entitled "SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR SECURING RF TRANSACTIONS USING A RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION DEVICE INCLUDING A TRANSACTIONS COUNTER," filed Mar. 10, 2004, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/905,005, entitled "SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR AUTHENTICATING A RF TRANSACTION USING A RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION DEVICE INCLUDING A TRANSACTIONS COUNTER," filed Dec. 9, 2004, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Use of a UN in the calculation of the cryptogram prevents or restricts an unauthorized person from stealing a copy of a transaction and sending this transaction to issuer 112 because the reader generates a random value for the UN and it is nearly impossible to predict the value of the UN to be used for each transaction. The unpredictable number, in one embodiment, is generated using a seeded algorithm. The algorithm is a pseudo random number generator. In another embodiment, the time clock on the reader or POS terminal, which is in seconds, milliseconds, and/or any other time frame, is used. In yet another embodiment, the algorithm is seeded with the transaction value in cents concatenated with the time in milliseconds (or any other time increment) and/or any other changing numerical value that can be used to seed the algorithm.
An exemplary use of the UN in the cryptogram is accomplished as follows: RFID reader 104 sends a UN to transaction device 102 at, for example, the start of a payment transaction. Transaction device 102 encrypts the UN together with other information (a transaction counter and a user identifier) using a secret key and sends the transaction to RFID reader 104. The process continues as illustrated in
Two parties communicating using the present invention may decide that the resulting unpredictable number may have any value (step 202). For example, the sending party (e.g., merchant system 132) and the receiving party (e.g., account issuer 112) may determine that the unpredictable number may have a value range of 0 to 64000. The strength of the security is improved with a larger value for the UN. For example if the range is 0-7, then there is a 1 in 8 chance that someone could 'guess' the correct value of the UN and compromise the security of the transaction. For example, if the range is 1-64000, then the chances for 'guessing' the value is much reduced because it is a 1 in 64000 chance that the guess is correct.
The algorithm of method 200 then uses the predetermined value of the unpredictable number to determine the maximum value of the resulting unpredictable number (step 204). For example, the maximum value of the UN is selected based on the available space in the message sent to issuer 112. This limitation is based on, for example, the space in track 1 or 2 of the magnetic stripe format used for financial transactions. The limitation may also be based on the use of predefined optional fields in the ISO 8583 message sent to the issuer and in this case, larger values are used. The final selection of the maximum value is a compromise between the available space in the magnetic stripe format (or the ISO8583 format) which limits the size, and the desired maximum value to make it difficult to predict the UN. The largest size that can be used on the network is normally selected to maximize the strength of the security. The algorithm is then seeded with a seed value generated in accordance with the method of
With brief reference to
RFID processor 122 then performs a secure hashing algorithm on the variable data to obtain an output called a "message digest" (step 304). RFID processor 122 performs suitable secure hashing algorithms that include, for example, any secure hashing algorithm defined by the Federal Information Processing Standard Publication 180-1, incorporated herein by reference. For example, Secure Hashing Algorithm SHA-1 is an exemplary algorithm that is useful with this invention.
In one exemplary embodiment, the message digest generated by RFID processor 122 includes 160-bits (20-bytes). RFID processor 122 truncates the message digest into a 16-byte format. In one exemplary embodiment, RFID processor 122 truncates the message digest so that only the right most (or left most) 16 bytes of the message digest remain (step 306). Processor 122 then provides the 16-byte value to a RFID database 128 for storage and/or later use as a counter value in the algorithm describe in
Returning now to
In an exemplary embodiment, the sender or receiver may wish to trim the unpredictable number to the maximum value allowed (step 210). Trimming of the maximum number is used because of limitations in the available space in a message. The message can be a magnetic stripe formatted message (track 1, 2 or 3) or a suitable field in the ISO8583 message used to send financial transactions to issuer 112. For example, in one embodiment, RFID processor 122 uses a modification function to trim the unpredictable number as predetermined by merchant system 132 and/or account issuer 112.
Although an embodiment of the invention includes generating an unpredictable number at RFID reader 104, the invention is not so limited. The unpredictable number is generated and/or regenerated by any one of the computing systems in the transaction stream. For example, the unpredictable number is generated by computing systems at the account issuer 112, acquirer 110, the receiver, or merchant system 132 locations. Moreover, the algorithm described herein is used in any environment wherein security of a transaction is required.
The system may include an application server, host server or other computing systems including a processor for processing digital data, a memory coupled to said processor for storing digital data, an input digitizer coupled to the processor for inputting digital data, an application program stored in said memory and accessible by said processor for directing processing of digital data by said processor, a display coupled to the processor and memory for displaying information derived from digital data processed by said processor and a plurality of databases, said databases including client data, merchant data, financial institution data and/or like data that could be used in association with the present invention. As those skilled in the art will appreciate, user computer will typically include an operating system (e.g., Windows NT, 95/98/2000, Linux, Solaris, etc.) as well as various conventional support software and drivers typically associated with computers.
Similarly, the software elements of the present invention can be implemented with any programming or scripting language such as C, C++, Java, COBOL, assembler, PERL, extensible markup language (XML), JavaCard and MULTOS with the various algorithms being implemented with any combination of data structures, objects, processes, routines or other programming elements. Further, it should be noted that the present invention employs any number of conventional techniques for communicating data, data transmission, signaling, data processing, network control, and the like. For a basic introduction on cryptography, review a text written by Bruce Schneier entitled "Applied Cryptography: Protocols, Algorithms, and Source Code in C," published by John Wiley & Sons (second edition, 1996), herein incorporated by reference.
The term "communication" refers to a signal that travels to/from one component to another. The components are directly connected to each other or are connected through one or more other devices or components. The various coupling components for the devices can include but are not limited to the Internet, a wireless network, a conventional wire cable, an optical cable or connection through air, water, or any other medium that conducts signals, and any other coupling device or medium. A variety of conventional communications media and protocols are used for data links between components. For example, the data links include an Internet Service Provider (ISP) configured to facilitate communications over a local loop as is typically used in connection with standard modem communication, cable modem, dish networks, ISDN, Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL), or any wireless communication media. In addition, a merchant system according to this invention includes a POS device and host network. The merchant system may reside on a local area network which interfaces to a remote network for remote authorization of an intended transaction. The merchant system communicates with the remote network via a leased line, such as a T1, D3 line, or the like. Such communications lines are described in a variety of texts, such as, "Understanding Data Communications," by Gilbert Held, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Certain communications between the parties and the system of the present invention are accomplished through any suitable communication means, such as, for example, a telephone network, intranet, Internet, point-of-interaction device (point-of-sale device, personal digital assistant, cellular phone, kiosk, etc.), online communications, off-line communications, wireless communications, transponder communications and/or the like. One skilled in the art will also appreciate that, for security reasons, any databases, systems, or components of the present invention may consist of any combination of databases or components at a single location or at multiple locations, wherein each database or system includes any of various suitable security features, such as firewalls, access codes, encryption, decryption, compression, decompression, and/or the like.
Where required, the system user communicates with a system via any input device such as, a keypad, keyboard, mouse, kiosk, personal digital assistant, handheld computer (e.g., Palm Pilot«, Blackberry«), cellular phone and/or the like). Similarly, the invention could be used in conjunction with any type of personal computer, network computer, work station, minicomputer, mainframe, or the like, running any operating system such as any version of Windows, Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows 98, Windows 95, MacOS, OS/2, BeOS, Linux, UNIX, Solaris, or the like. Moreover, although the invention may frequently be described as being implemented with TCP/IP communications protocol, it should be understood that the invention could also be implemented using SNA, IPX, Appletalk, IPte, NetBIOS, OSI or any number of communications protocols. Moreover, the system contemplates the use, sale, or distribution of any goods, services or information over any network having similar functionality described herein.
It should be further noted that the transfer of information in accordance with this invention, is done in a format recognizable by a merchant system or account issuer. In that regard, by way of example, the information is transmitted in magnetic stripe or multi-track magnetic stripe format. Because of the proliferation of devices using magnetic stripe format, the standards for coding information in magnetic stripe format were standardized by the International Standards Organization (ISO).
Typically, magnetic stripe information is formatted in three tracks. Certain industry information must be maintained on certain portion of the tracks, while other portions of the tracks may have open data fields. The contents of each track and the formatting of the information provided to each track is controlled by ISO standard ISO/IEC 7811. For example, the information must typically be encoded in binary. Track 1 is usually encoded with user information (name) in alphanumeric format. Track 2 is typically comprised of discretionary and nondiscretionary data fields. In one example, the nondiscretionary field may comprise 19 characters and the discretionary field may comprise 13 characters. Track 3 is typically reserved for financial transactions and includes enciphered versions of the user's personal identification number, country code, currency units, amount authorized per cycle, subsidiary accounts, and restrictions.
As such, where information is provided in accordance with this invention, it is provided in magnetic stripe format track. For example, counter values, authentication tags and encrypted identifiers, described herein, is forwarded encoded in all or a portion of a data stream representing data encoded in, for example, track 2 or track 3 format.
An RFID transaction device identifier, as used herein, may include an identifier for a transaction device which is correlated to a user transaction account (e.g., credit, charge debit, checking, savings, reward, loyalty, or the like) maintained by a transaction account provider (e.g., payment authorization center). A typical transaction account identifier (e.g., account number) is correlated to a charge, credit or debit account, loyalty account, or rewards account maintained and serviced by such entities as American Express, Visa and/or MasterCard, or the like.
In that regard, the transaction device identifier discussed herein may be, for example, a sixteen-digit credit card number, although each credit provider has its own numbering system, such as the fifteen-digit numbering system used by American Express. Each company's credit card numbers comply with that company's standardized format such that the company using a sixteen-digit format will generally use four spaced sets of numbers, as represented by the number "0000 0000 0000 0000". In a typical example, the first five to seven digits are reserved for processing purposes and identify the issuing bank, card type and, etc. In this example, the last sixteenth digit is used as a sum check for the sixteen-digit number. The intermediary eight-to-ten digits are used to uniquely identify the customer. The account number is stored as Track 1 and Track 2 data as defined in ISO/IEC 7813, and is unique to RFID transaction device.
In one exemplary embodiment, the transaction device identifier may include a unique RFID transaction device serial number and user identification number, as well as specific application applets. In another embodiment, the transaction device identifier may include a marker that facilitates recognition of the transaction device identifier as originating with an RFID device. The transaction device identifier is stored on a transaction device database located on the transaction device. Additionally, the RFID device may include a transaction device database configured to store multiple account numbers issued to an RFID transaction device user by the same or different account providing institutions. In addition, where the transaction device identifier corresponds to a loyalty or rewards account, a merchant system database is configured to store the attendant loyalty or rewards points data in associated relationship with the RFID transaction device identifier.
In addition to the above, the transaction device identifier is associated with any secondary form of identification configured to allow the consumer to interact or communicate with a payment system. For example, the transaction device identifier is associated with, an authorization/access code, personal identification number (PIN), Internet code, digital certificate, biometric data, and/or other secondary identification data used to verify a transaction device user identity.
Databases discussed herein is a graphical, hierarchical, relational, object-oriented or other database, and is maintained on a local drive of a server or on a separate computer coupled to the server via a local area or other network (not shown). In one embodiment, databases disclosed are a collection of ASCII or other text files stored on a local drive of a server. Database information is suitably retrieved from the database and provided to transaction processing systems upon request via a server application, as described more fully below.
Further still, various components are described herein in terms of their "validity." In this context, a "valid" component is one which is authorized for use in completing a transaction request in accordance with the present invention. Contrarily, an "invalid" component is one which is not authorized for transaction completion. In addition, an invalid component is one which is not recognized as being permitted for use on the secure RF system described herein.
It should be noted that conventional components of RFID transaction devices may not be discussed herein for brevity. For instance, one skilled in the art will appreciate that RFID transaction device and RFID reader disclosed herein include traditional transponders, antennas, protocol sequence controllers, modulators/demodulators and the like, necessary for proper RFID data transmission. As such, those components are contemplated to be included in the scope of the invention. For a more detailed description of the operation of RFID transaction devices and RFID readers please refer to commonly-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/340,352, entitled "SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR INCENTING PAYMENT USING RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION IN CONTACT AND CONTACTLESS TRANSACTIONS," filed Jan. 10, 2003, and its progeny, all incorporated by reference in their entirety.
The preceding detailed description of exemplary embodiments of the invention makes reference to the accompanying drawings, which show the exemplary embodiment by way of illustration. While these exemplary embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention, it should be understood that other embodiments may be realized and that logical and mechanical changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. In addition, the steps recited in any of the method or process claims may be executed in any order and are not limited to the order presented. Further, the present invention may be practiced using one or more servers, as necessary. Thus, the preceding detailed description is presented for purposes of illustration only and not of limitation, and the scope of the invention is defined by the preceding description, and with respect to the attached claims.
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|42 posts found
To be honest I cant see why people hate the combat so much. I personally really enjoy it. Im guessing its just a taste thing. The thing that I found that really holds the game together is the story driven through it. If you dont read the quest texts and just zerg through it like you would in wow-esque mmo, you will hate it. I really enjoy the game and I hope that others will aswell :)
A class I would really recomend is the runekeeper. If you like huge criticals and fairly fast paced combat, try it out!
Oh and btw the new expansion (Rise of Isengard) is a really good deal for those that are F2P or are just starting up. for 50 dollars it comes with the expansion (dur :P) Path of the fellowship quest packs including Evendim Troillshaws etc. It also comes with the Mines of moria quest pack and the Siege of mirkwood questpack and 1000 TP. the quest packs alone total to 44 dollars in turbine points. Moria unlocks legendary items and both the Runekeeper and Warden classes. I really recomend anyone that may be starting the game or are F2P to get it.
best wishes
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Apprentice Member
Joined: 3/20/11
everything instant cast would be:
- everything about the same damage , higher dmg soekks usually need cast
-animations keave, 30% of the animation is casting the spell itself
-and come on....yust spam every button for the win> without casting time the guy with the lucky spell wins anyway then (and i mean the guy who has a spell 1% stronger then the other classes)
Trove code for free ally: H2CHN-MNKXY-2K3FN-79KFW
Novice Member
Joined: 10/20/04
Originally posted by Comaf
Whoa there little buddy and take a deeeeeeep breath then count to ten. Other than your rant about PvP exactly (which is a matter of personal taste frankly) just HOW did Turbine slap the Tolkein fanbase in the face? As someone that has not only read both the LotR series, The Hobbit and more epic fantasy then is probably healthy for most, I dont see any problem with what Turbine did with the game.
As someone that has played the game from beta and still plays it to this day I think they have stayed pretty loyal to the lore and background set by the books. Frankly the only thing I'm getting from your post is that since it wasnt some PvP fest then its nothing more than a fail insult to fans everywhere. Well from one fan of Tolkiens I'd have to say get off your high horse pal, you dont speak for any of us fans, gamer or reader at all. You want PvP? Go play GW2.
I recall hearing awhile back that Turbine is bound by IP contract to follow exactly what the Tolkien society dictates is correct. If they do not follow the lore and obey, the contract wlll be revoked and they will have to close the game. I cannot prove that this is true as it was just something I had read quite a while ago. May be some food for thought.
anyways thought id offer something I had heard haha. take it with a grain of salt -bow-
best wishes
Originally posted by Twistingfate
I don't believe it's true with rune-keepers and wardens running around there. Especially rune-keepers.
Apprentice Member
Joined: 7/26/11
This is one of those things I just dont get "Combat Speed". I enjoy the pace of combat and find it much better myself than just killing a mob in 2 seconds over and over. What i also dont get is speed on Burglar skills. I (funny enough) atm have a level 40 burglar i have been playing and dont see this forever arms in air you speak of. I can say Burg is not the fun till mid 30's least for me, but now i am enjoying the class a lot. ALong with my support heal spec captain which im sure you might just break something if you played it attempting to do a quest >_<. Some of the animations on the other hand could use some work. But i Found Burglars not to be the one the needs it. You might try a champion instead. Though the animations are not that great. Also burgs are not really a high dps class. They are more support (cc/debuffs)not a rogue.
Novice Member
Joined: 8/31/11
Darkness is Death's ignorance, and the Devil's time
Originally posted by UrzaElent
I agree on the pvp bit...monster play was....odd. As for Tolkien and his greatness, as many authors have done and will continue to do, he pulled from lore and mythology of yesteryore, put his own great spin on it and sold to the masses. Even the Silmarillion has had it's themes and tales based upon those of many an eon ago. Turbine did a great job of rendering digitally what Tolkien had described in great (and at times waaaay to lengthy) detail. Where Turbine dropped the ball in my opinion, was the time frame. If I want to rehash the fellowship of the ring, I'll read the book, or watch the movies, I don't need to play it in a MMO.
Yes I know the interaction with the fellowship is minimal, but you are still a side note to that story. There are two ages before the fellowship is formed, and that's a crap ton of time frame to work with. Of course they would have had to deal with Chris for that and not the Tolkien estate, but it would have been worth it I think.
Advanced Member
Joined: 10/13/05
Combat was an issue for me too for a while. The game isn't a combat level based game. Its a quest based leveling system. I've been back for a month or so and I still haven't really started to level going from 50 to 54 in a month. The reason is I still haven't joined a Kin and truly gotten in to the fellowships. Your level time is reduced to about a 10th of what it will be solo. Even with the "solo" quests, nothing prevents 6 people from doing the same content faster and turning it all in. You aren't really fighting, you are questing. Usually I'd gripe and hiss about the forced to group systems but I never had a complaint doing it here. Once I get caught up in crafting aspects I will dive in full force in the Kin aspect.
RK was mentioned, they have some huge nuke dps. I made the conclusion they were good at the start, they sucked at end game as with alot of classes in MMOs.
Originally posted by Akiye
I think you misunderstood me a bit; I do not have problems with the killing speed; I have problems with things being "initiated". The best Rogue class I have ever played is, tadaa; Rogue in World of Warcraft. If you have ever played it, you would know why the Burglar sucks so much. (personal preference yes yes)
Let me give you an example; I was doing one of them epic quests, a level 10 quest only when I was level 18. I was in this Brigand cave escorting this old woman Sarah Oakheart out. Well, when we once were attacked just near where she picks up the staff (I think) we were attacked by 2 npc's lieing on the floor close up to us. I "ambushed" one from stealth to get aggro then swithched over to the other to grab aggro from both so Sarah O would not die. I was quite shocked to see her loosing nearly 70% of total health before I was able to get the aggro from the other just due to slooooooooow animations and insane long casting times & bla bla bla. That was the time I "hit the wall" and I realized that this Burglar probably would not be worth it after level 20.
Well, I started a Minstrel, just to "get the feel" of it again (have one at level 35ish, but not "set up" after I returned). Of course there was "something" gay about the whole Minstrel class that I had forgotten as well; How lame it is to PLAY A LUTE up in the face of a bear! Jeez, have they smoked crack when they made this game..??
So, discarding the Minstrel as well. Are there any other class that could be "for me you think"? I leave the Rune-Keeper alone too; I am not too fan of waving 2 stones in my hands for "attacks"...
I can live with the gay animations, but I need a class that RESPONDS when I click the keybindings, and not initiates some lame animations BEFORE something happens. That is not what I call "being in control" of my character.
Could the Loremaster be something for me you think? I definately need a class that can "insta pull" mobs from range, like the Minstrel's are able to.
Chrisel, try a Rune Keeper. It has high damage. can pull from a distance and the animations are pretty cool :). The biggest thing i have to say about your WoW Rogue vs LOTRO Burglar is i think they are two different class concepts. they have similarities but the Burgalar focuses on debuffing and hindering enemies vs the WoW rogue that is just all about High dps poison damage. If you expect the Burgalar to play like a WoW rogue you will really hate it. They both function completely differently
Hope it helps
Spotlight Poster
Joined: 6/15/04
I agree with the OP on this. Personally it's the one area of LOTRO that needs a complete overhaul. Get rid of the combat team and bring in people who know fun combat.
I've leveled a hunter, minstrel and LM to level cap and each of them has annoying qualities in combat that make killing mobs over and over, basically tedious and unfun. Whoever tested the combat pacing needs a shot of caffiene or 2 just to liven it up a bit.
Leveling a Runekeeper now and again, on even con mobs, soloable, I have to spam my one instant lightning cast a ton before the mob dies. If I had a chance to redo the skill I would increase the damage done so that the fights aren't quite as long. Matter of fact, I would do that for all combat skills in the game. buff some of them up to make combat take about 15 to 30 seconds less than it currently does.
Originally posted by Twistingfate
Thanks. I am quite "open minded" when it comes to classes; I am in no "need" to play some certain class, as the classes in LOTRO are kinda...different from other games. Since LOTRO's release I have tried to get into this game ALOT of times, more of pure principe lately than fun, but I am giving it an honest try at least I think.
Elite Member
Joined: 1/06/05
Originally posted by chrisel
I would also suggest Warden.
It's a fun class though it takes a more proactive approach in that you almost have to be thinking ahead.
Personally, I should be playing either champion or Hunter but both classes just couldn't hold my interrest. Yet, funny enough, I love howthe guardian and Warden play.
Advanced Member
Joined: 5/31/06
The combat in this game is abysmal. That half a second downtime before almost every skill is especially annoying during one of their grandios skirmishes (pretty much their main end-game), where you stand at one place for 30 minutes and defend yourself from the same waves of mobs. Add some irritating horn sounds before each wave and a message through the whole screen "A COUNTER ATTACK HAS BEEN LAUNCHED BY THE ENEMY"... and you've got the worst end-game design you could possibly think of.
Advanced Member
Joined: 10/13/05
Originally posted by chrisel
Try a Captain, use a Halberd. It's slow as shit too but it's that way with an atmosphere. Swinging a halberd is work. Most of the specials, you just yell alot and that does tend to get you lots of attention. You also have marks that you use and one is a dot mark so it pulls and from a long way out.
Of course you will get your ass kicked if you pull too much aggro. Halberd as with all 2 handed weaps dont carry much damage. Not enough to balance the lack of defence your shieldless Aggro machine takes. (Captain can pull aggro off the best of Guardians if they chose - much to the shagrin of a good Guardian)
You get a heal in your Maid/ Man at arms and it does help but unlike our dps, AI dps is a steady stream so if you are seeing your Morale decline it means your screwed because it will continue to faster than you can kill.
Still if optic combat is your issue, give Captain a try. Be sure to fellowship him at least a bit. They are monsters in a Fellowship and alot of fun.
Apprentice Member
Joined: 11/07/08
From my perspective its barely ok ( the clunky cooldown activation of skills) in an instance but when you are leveling it is simply brutal. It has gotten so boring I really am having trouble continuing even tho I love the lore and atmosphere. It is beautiful but please help.
Originally posted by free2play
Hmmm... maybe I will. In fact, my very first character was a Captain, (still have him at leve 24) and he also have the "Undying" title from old school days. Not that the title matters much, but thats more of affection value to me.
I might have a look into him and set up the keybindings accordingly. I do remember the Captain being quite "instant" in his attacks, at least with initiating them. I never been too fond of the pet, but never hated it either, so Captain might be a good choice.
Thanks, will give it a go after I come home from work tomorrow!
Apprentice Member
Joined: 7/26/11
Originally posted by chriselOriginally posted by Akiye
As someone else suggested already try an RK. Also, i now understand what the problem with this class is for you you wanted a rogue. Your diffently not the first one to think this when making the class it is also why I did not make the class for so long. You really might enjoy the champion though. Its dps and has great aoe melee dps. It is one of those classes you see 3-5 targets by your 20's you can just charge in and have some fun. Also can pull other mobs decently fast with a bow once level 20 i think it is. Loremaster is not really my thing but funny enough i consider it the caster version of burg as in it is CC and debuffer =).
Novice Member
Joined: 11/07/08
You can get more with a kind word & a 2x4 than you can with just a kind word
Originally posted by chrisel
(Disclaimer: I have played LoTRO since closed beta and am a founder and lifetime sub holder, so I understand the mechanics of the game fairly well)
I have little to no problem pulling on any class. I switch target, pull aggro, and go. I find this is easier on my toons that have a high aggro ability/taunt or on my toons that have high DPS, but I am capable of doing it on any of my toons. Someone else has already pointed out this idea, but it bears repeating: there are excellent guides and hints/tips/tricks threads for each class posted on the LoTRO forums. Any new player to any class would do well to take a few minutes to review them. Hell, I've been playing since several months before launch and I still review them from time to time because the information they contain is extremely useful.
LoTRO is NOT WoW. Games have gone to a WoW-like turn-based FPS style where everything is instant since WoW launched some seven years ago for the most part. It was, in fact, largely WoW's launch that caused the overhaul known as the NGE in SWG (heard straight from the devs' mouths - specifically Julio Torres - by me in person in 2006). LoTRO is more a pure turn-based style (no FPS to it at all) where combat takes time: you take your turn, your opponent takes their turn... and has a timer that you can check in your options to show to tell you exactly what skill your character is casting, how long it will take, etc. The next skill you wish to cast, when you hit it, goes in queue and is highlighted on your UI so that you can see that the skill is up to be cast next. In addition, you can spec your character in such a manner through deeds and such in order to lower induction times. Gaining deeds is less "grindy" than in games such as WoW because you encounter many of the creatures needed for kill deeds on your way to and from quests and some deeds are accomplished simply by following the quest chains through to completion.
Because we now live in the era of instant gratification, including in our games, LoTRO is not for everyone (no game will appeal to everyone in all honesty). Some love it, some hate it. Some people love the Final Fantasy MMO; personally, I find it to be a grindy bore. Others love PvP-centric games; I would rather have a root canal without novocaine than play any one of those. It is all a matter of personal taste.
Burglar is a brilliant support class, by the way, but it is not a class that is typically going to be great on the DPS scales nor is it going to be the best for you if you find yourself soloing a lot - at least not in my experience. It can be done, yes, but generally, for those things, as already advised, you might want to look at the champion instead. I have yet to find much I cannot solo on my champion when necessary.
"You are obviously confusing a mature rating with actual maturity." -Asherman
Maybe MMO is not your genre, go play Modern Warfare...or something you can be all twitchy...and rank up all night. This is seriously getting tired. -Ranyr
Novice Member
Joined: 2/27/11
Originally posted by Koen83
Yeah, I really wanted to keep playing as well, but the mechanics of it did just get too boring. I did like many of the features and am of course a HUGE fan of the lore of course (even took a course on it long ago back in college LOL).
I also wish they would update the graphic engine a bit (not the graphics per se, they are fine, but the engine). The constant pop-in of trees was really annoying to me, although of course not a gamebreaker. The gamebreaker was too many kill 10 rats type quests with slow combat that made it tedious. Particularly annoying would be when I would get multiple quests from different people that had me killing the same things multiple times. It's like the different adventure pack developers didn't coordinate at all (I payed the monthly subscription so had access to all of them)
GW2 "built from the ground up with microtransactions in mind"

subset: commoncrawl


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To the Tent! Be patient, my wife was no so hot on the subject either. I started to write down my research and have her proof read it. In less than 6 months she was no longer a E.Ter. I only had her read my research, and asked a few questions. It takes time for the human mind to overcome tradition! Be patient, print some of the many good articals on the main site and just ask questions. Why (Start small)Peace,Paul
But he also hopes that he's wrong and that at the end every knee will bow. I love that he can say that


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Glee Music Spoilers: First Listen and Song List: Season 4, Episode 15 — Leaked
Glee comes back from hiatus tonight: Thursday, March 7, and we're in for quite the show. Season 4, Episode 15 is titled "Girls (and Boys) On Film," and that means that every song in the episode will be have been featured in a movie. Here's the list of what songs you can expect to hear, as well as first listen audio for each and every one of the songs — and even two full musical performances.
Track List
- "Come What May" from Moulin Rouge, performed by Kurt (Chris Colfer) and Blaine (Darren Criss)
- Mashup of "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" from Gentlemen Prefer Blondes and Madonna's "Material Girl" from Moulin Rouge, performed by the New Direction girls
- "Footloose" from Footloose, performed by Sam (Chord Overstreet) and the New Directions
- "You're All The World to Me" from the musical Royal Wedding, performed by Will (Matthew Morrison) and Emma (Jayma Mays)
- "Shout" from Animal House, performed by the New Directions
- "In Your Eyes" from Say Anything, performed by Will and the New Directions
- "Unchained Melody" from Ghost, performed by Jake (Jacob Artist) and Ryder (Blake Jenner)
- A mashup of "Old Time Rock and Roll" from Risky Business and "Danger Zone" from Top Gun, performed by the New Direction Boys


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Rebuilding /etc/mnttab
From Brandonhutchinson.com
From mnttab(4):
The file /etc/mnttab is really a file system that provides read-only access to the table of mounted file systems for the current host.
To rebuild /etc/mnttab on Solaris systems on which it is a file system (Solaris 8 and later?), issue the following commands:
# umount /etc/mnttab # mount -F mntfs mnttab /etc/mnttab


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Headphones, once considered simply an accessory, have become a necessary part of virtually every musician's toolbox. From tracking to practice sessions to live monitoring – even to mixing – you need at least one great-sounding pair of 'cans' to offer a new perspective on the music you make. But choosing a pair can be tricky, depending on the intended application and what your level of physical comfort with different styles is. Let's look at different types, one by one.
In-ear phones, sometimes called "earbuds" or "earphones" are the smallest, lightest and least conspicuous choice. They're definitely the best choice for onstage wireless monitoring and some of the available fit options make for superb isolation. The seal with your ear can make for exaggerated frequency response, so in-ears wouldn't normally be the first choice for mixing or any sort of reference-quality listening. Some people have issues with comfort for long sessions, and some just don't like sticking something in their ear.


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How to switch calendar views on your iPhone or iPad
The Calendar app for iPhone and iPad offers several different ways to view your events and appointments. If you have a busy day ahead of you, list or day view may be best. If you're trying to get a good idea of what your next several weeks are going to be like, month view on the iPad lets you view everything in a glance. However, there are slight differences in how Calendars for iPhone and Calendars for iPad function, so you'll want to know how to use both.
How to switch calendar views on your iPhone
The built-in Calendar app for iPhone gives you quite a few choices when it comes to viewing your information. The most general time frame is year, followed by month, then day, and finally, individual event view. You can also toggle a convenient list view as well to see a stream of all your events, or view it underneath the default month view.
- Launch the Calendar app on your iPhone.
- By default, you'll normally see a month view.
- Tap on the list button in the top navigation to combine month view with a summary view underneath it. Any day you tap on will then show all the events for that day underneath it.
- Tap the month in the upper left to pan out to year view.
- Alternately, from month view, you can also tap any day on the calendar to view a day view. Keep in mind that in order for day view to work, you need to have the list option turned off in month view.
- Lastly, tap the list button in the top of day view in order to view a scrollable endless stream of all of your events.
How to switch Calendar views on your iPad
The iPad has similar options to the iPhone but also gives you a year view in landscape mode.
- Launch the Calendar app on your iPad.
- By default, your calendar is most likely on month view. Tap any of the view tabs along the top to toggle between day, week, month, and year views.
- Tap on any event title to view details on an event.
- Turn your iPad to change from portrait to landscape mode. In landscape mode, you can view more on one screen when in week view and you also get access to year view.
Have something to say about this story? Leave a comment! Need help with something else? Ask in our forums!
Reader comments
How to switch calendar views on your iPhone or iPad
This is the least useful howto you guys ever did. Who needs this? I don't get it.
Next you're gonna do one how to switch iDevices to standby? (spoiler: just leave it sitting there for 1-5 minutes -- advanced users can use the power button)
PS: The How-To about calendar sharing http://www.imore.com/how-publicly-share-calendar-your-iphone-and-ipad actually is pretty useful. Reminds me of Steve Jobs' advice for Nike:
"You make some of the best products in the world — but you also make a lot of crap. Get rid of the crappy stuff."
Haha +1
This was a sanity saver! Switching to the day view without the list button turned on was driving me crazy. That alone made the article worth while Thanks for the article and especially the tip
This was a great article! Switching to the day view without the list button turned on was driving me crazy. Thanks for the post and tip!
My trouble with Calendar on the iPad is when I am in Month view and wish to see a specific dates, day view. It does not seem possible to select the day by touching the number(date) and move into its day view, only available action is to select an event on that day and then back out of that event in the day view. I do not necessarily want to view a specific event as there may be an event listed out of view denoted only by a 1-more etc. Am I incorrect that there is no way to do that. I have been very surprised I have not seen more about this.
Today I got into week view on my iphone, but now I can't get it back. Do you know how?
I can't get into day view any more. Instead of showing me the day it shows a summary of all my appointments for the month. Every time I install an "upgrade" some basic functionality is taken away.
No week view? Wonder why not?


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Test ID: AFC
Amniotic Fluid Culture for Genetic Testing
Useful For Suggests clinical disorders or settings where the test may be helpful
Producing amniocyte cultures that can be used for genetic analysis
Once confluent flasks are established, the amniocyte cultures are sent to other laboratories, either within Mayo Clinic or to external sites, based on the specific testing requested.
Genetics Test Information Provides information that may help with selection of the correct test or proper submission of the test request
Aminocyte culture for prenatal genetic testing. The additional test(s) desired must be indicated on the request form that accompanies the specimen.
Clinical Information Discusses physiology, pathophysiology, and general clinical aspects, as they relate to a laboratory test
Fetal cells obtained by amniocentesis (amniocytes) are used for a wide range of laboratory tests. Prior to testing, the cells may need to be cultured to obtain adequate numbers of amniocytes.
Reference Values Describes reference intervals and additional information for interpretation of test results. May include intervals based on age and sex when appropriate. Intervals are Mayo-derived, unless otherwise designated. If an interpretive report is provided, the reference value field will state this.
Not applicable
Cautions Discusses conditions that may cause diagnostic confusion, including improper specimen collection and handling, inappropriate test selection, and interfering substances
Prior to obtaining amniotic fluid specimens for specific genetic testing, it is crucial to identify a laboratory that will perform testing for the disorder in question and establish that they will perform the study on amniocytes.
Including clinical information provided with the specimen is very useful. This allows the laboratory to identify or verify the correct testing to perform.
Interfering factors:
- Improper syringes or transport vessels may damage amniotic cells, see Specimen Required
- Transport time should not exceed 2 days
- A bloody specimen may interfere with attempts to culture cells
- Inadequate amount of fluid (we recommend 25 mL of fluid) may not permit adequate culture for analysis
- Improper packaging may result in broken, leaky, and contaminated specimens
- Exposure of the specimen to temperature extremes (freezing or >30 degrees C)
- It is difficult to differentiate between maternal and fetal cells in some specimens. Culturing of maternal cells rather than fetal cells can cause discrepant results.
Clinical Reference Provides recommendations for further in-depth reading of a clinical nature
Barch MJ, Knutsen T, Spurbeck JL: In The AGT Cytogenetics Laboratory Manual. Third edition, 1997


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A Gilbert resident who had been arrested on a charge of battery by the Gilbert Police Department is now facing an additional charge of aiding escape and other offenses to adults and juveniles in custody, after she was discovered to be concealing baggies containing prescription pills inside her mouth.
According to the criminal complaint completed and filed by Southwestern Regional Jail (SWVRJA) Corrections Officer Pamela McNeeley, Heather Robinette, 38, appeared to begin choking and gagging while undergoing a strip search during her booking procedures on the battery charge, and was made to open her mouth and spit out what she was attempting to conceal. After inspecting the contraband, McNeeley stated it included two baggies that contained a total of 12 Xanax, six Fioricet, eight Neurontin tablets and three pills that were identified as an antibiotic.
Robinette was originally arraigned before Mingo Magistrate Pam Newsome on the battery charge and was issued a bond of $1,000. She was arraigned by Logan County Magistrate Dwight Williams on the charge of aiding escape and other offenses to adults and juveniles in custody and had her bond amount set at $5,000.
Several attempts have been made during the last 2-3 weeks by inmates to smuggle contraband that includes prescription drugs and marijuana into the SWVRJA, and law enforcement officers, court bailiffs and correction officers have had to beef up their search and detection skills, in order to stay a step ahead of those who choose to break the law in this manner.
"When a defendant is in magistrate court or circuit court here in Mingo County, we keep a close eye on every movement they make to deter these types of crimes from happening," stated Mingo County Chief Court Marshal, Yogi Croaff. "This is something that we take very seriously, and I can assure that if you try to smuggle drugs while you're in our court system, you will be caught, charged and prosecuted."
Robinette was released from custody after meeting the requirements of her bail and is scheduled to appear in magistrate court in both Mingo and Logan County for a preliminary hearing on these charges.


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By now, I think most people are familiar with the rape case in Ohio that has captured the world's attention thanks to the way the alleged sexual assault was documented and debated publicly on social media sites. For background you can read this lengthy New York Times piece or Atlantic Wire's ongoing coverage. The short version: in August, a 16-year-old girl in Steubenville, Ohio became very intoxicated at a party. Two fellow 16-year-olds, Ma'lik Richmond and Trent Mays, who belonged to the town's storied football team, allegedly proceeded to carry her from party to party — literally, as seen in the Instagram at right — allegedly sexually assaulting her along the way. Some reports say she was also urinated on. The events were witnessed, recorded, discussed and broadcast on social media sites such as Twitter and Instagram throughout the night, because that is the world we live in today.
Why did a small town rape case garner national attention? It's certainly due in part to the extremity of the allegations and the outrageousness of a teenager being publicly assaulted and peed on while parties raged on, and claims that those involved were part of a group called "The Rape Crew." Oy.
But part of the reason is the nature of the evidence. The victim, her parents, police, bloggers, Anonymous, and others turned to social media to figure out what exactly happened. What's publicly available doesn't answer all the questions in the case but it seems to have given many people the false sense of knowing what exactly transpired that night, despite the certain presence of uninformed gossip and rumor in the mix. It's not just the alleged perpetrators of the assault — who are slated to go to trial in February — who are being punished for terrible life decisions made that night. For the victim, trauma came in the form of a well-documented night she cannot remember and ongoing social media comments alternating between shaming her and defending her. Meanwhile, the consequences for those who took to social media to record the events have come in the form of permanently-damaged Google footprints and lost academic opportunities.
One particularly offensive piece of social media evidence discovered was an 18-year-old classmate's 12-minute video cracking jokes about the "dead girl" who had been "raped harder than the Duke lacrosse team." The video was uploaded publicly on YouTube according to blogger Alex Goddard, a former resident of Steubenville who started covering the case shortly after it was reported in local media, before someone came to their senses and deleted it. It was later unearthed by members of Anonymous who decided their vigilante justice and digital investigative skills were needed in the case. The student was identified as Michael Nodianos. His twelve minutes of cracking rape jokes had serious consequences. On Monday, Ohio State University, where he had been a freshman, announced on Facebook that he was no longer a student there. The Daily Beast reports that he dropped out, saying he was being threatened.
Another student of the school, Cody Saltsman, who took a photo of the girl being carried around, and uploaded it to Twitter and Instagram calling her "sloppy" got upset when Goddard published the posting on her blog.
"When I read about the incident two weeks after it happened, I put a big net around their social network of friends," says Goddard. "I was astonished by what I saw. Two weeks later, it was all still there. These kids don't have a social off button."
He sued her and commenters on her blog for defamation of character — which only served to bring more attention to the photo and incident. The suit was eventually dismissed with Saltsman posting an apology on Goddard's blog.
"Not a moment goes by that I don't wish I would have never posted that picture or tweeted those comments," he wrote. "I want to sincerely apologize to the victim and her family for these actions."
The case has attracted a Wikileaks-style group, called Local Leaks, which has compiled a long dossier accusing authorities in the town of not pursuing the case aggressively because they wish to shield members of the football team from punishment. The dossier is full of allegations and unverified claims that are not part of official reports. Whether they're true or not is undetermined, which is problematic. As Amanda Marcotte points out in Slate, "online vigilante justice is potentially invading the privacy of or defaming innocent Steubenville residents." This has led the local police department to start a blog called "Steubenville Facts" through which they're seeking to gain some control over the narrative of what's happening there as they're increasingly subjected to national and international scrutiny.
It's all one big Lifetime movie waiting to happen. So what can we learn from this?
- I think this is a given, but Lesson #1: Don't sexually assault people.
- If someone is being sexually assaulted or is in a compromised position, don't Instagram it. Perhaps think instead about intervening or calling the police.
- If you do make the stupid mistake of Instagramming it, don't then sue a person because they repost your Instagram.
- Don't make a video making jokes about the sexual assault and then upload it to the Internet.
- For the parents: Know what your kids are doing on social networks. If you see anything like this, it's time for a little talk.
Goddard was inspired by the incident to start a "CreepYourKids" website. "It's your duty to be nosy," she says.


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Remember when I told you how my birds were not very happy with this here
Supplies Needed for this project:
- Nasty bird bath that needs some TLC
- Old plates or tiles for inset- for this project I used 6-8 small plates
- Hammer to break up tile or ceramic plates
- Non-Toxic spray paint for stone birdbath. I used some left over White Ultra Hard Enamel Appliance Epoxy from Rust-oleum since it is moisture resistant
- quick set concrete to secure tiles or ceramic
- Safety glasses to eliminate flying debris in your eyes
- Work gloves to help minimize sharp pieces piercing your skin
- Small bucket for your pieces
Spray the inside and outside edge of the birdbath with your spray paint. You do not need to cover the inside of the birdbath since your concrete will be covering it. Let dry
Next you will want to begin smashing your tile or plate pieces with a hammer. Safety glasses are suggested so you don't get flying debris in your eyes.
Do NOT smash your plates from the front side or this will happen
Smashing from the back side reduces sharp pieces from flying and cutting body parts - yes that's blood from a cut on my finger.
Gather your pieces with your gloves on and place them in a bucket
Prepare your concrete mixture according to directions. I used Quick Set for this project. Pour a small to medium layer on the bottom of your birdbath.
Smooth out the concrete on the bottom of your birdbath making sure to not cover up your sides. Your painted sides should be exposed.
Place your tile or broken plate pieces in the concrete with any sharp edges submerged in the concrete, as we don't want to hurt the birds
Let dry. Paint the remainder of the birdbath base, being careful not to paint the inside of your birdbath.
Last thing, fill with water and watch your birds enjoy there amazing space!
Perhaps this will be your weekend project. If so, let me know how it turned out!


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Mr Ritchie,
That was deep, but so true. My 85 year old fathe, and 83 year old mother, zip around on their iphones, pads and touches like they were "born to run" on ios. Selecting a wifi network and connecting to it on their windows PC's, or other particular things of that nature, is a completely different story. They never got it, and never will. They have become empowered with iOS.


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"Thank You" for inquiring about sailing a J/Boat!
This is the first step into a world of wonder and enjoyment. A step that can take you as far as you wish to go-- across the pond or across an ocean.
We sell our boats through sailboat dealers worldwide. And, most J/Boats Dealers can get you sailing at local sailing schools, on their demonstration boats, or with friends. After all, they love sailing with friends and hope you do, too!
Please be sure to fill out this form and we'd be happy to connect you to the right people for you to experience the joy of sailing the world's best sailboats.
Sailing is Cool!
Sailing is the ultimate freedom, the experience of being at one with nature and the sea, powered only by the wind and one's imagination. It's one of the few "life sports" that offers both a relaxing escape as well as an invigorating challenge. You pick your level of comfort and excitement. Sailing is never the same twice - each time on the water is a unique adventure that can enrich friendships, strengthen family ties, and refresh one's own sense of well-being. How many other outdoor activities can be shared with three family generations? It's been said there are two types of sailors in the world - the young and the young-at-heart. How great is that?
What a Difference a J Makes
Fulfilling those sailing dreams starts with finding a boat that fits you - whether you aspire to sail close to home, cruise to distant shores, or take up the challenge of competitive sailing. Performance differences between sailboats are greater than differences between golf clubs, tennis rackets, skis or cars. There aren't many wooden or metal tennis rackets, skis or golf clubs in use anymore. That's because newer designs that perform better and are easier to use are MORE FUN! A well designed sailboat, like a good sports car, is an extension of its owner. It could take years of sailing other boats to learn the difference that good design and quality make to one's sailing enjoyment. Or you can save time and take advantage of what we've learned and designed into every "J." We invite you to explore our site to learn more.
J/Sailing Gear For 2015
Look great this season in J sailing apparel. Check out the comfortable and fashionable sailing clothing, tech shirts, polo shirts, sailing jackets and sailing hats at the J/Sailing Gear site. Also backpacks, totes, J battleflags and other fun items like half-models are available as gifts and trophies.
J/Gear is fully customizable to your needs. When you order, you can specify just about anything you wish, including boat name, boat type, yacht club, hailing port, etc. Please be sure to visit our store here.
Upcoming Events
Jul 4-10- J/80 World Championship- Kiel, Germany
Jul 5- Marblehead- Halifax Race- Marblehead, MA
Jul 6-11- J/70 World Championship- La Rochelle, France
Jul 10-26- J/24 PAN AM Games- Toronto, ONT, Canada
Jul 10-12- J/70 Pacific Coast Championship- San Francisco, CA
Jul 10- RORC Cowes-Dinard-St Malo Race- Cowes, England
Jul 11- Chicago-Mackinac Island Race- Chicago, IL
Jul 11-19- Larchmont Race Week- Larchmont, NY
Jul 11-12- Fiesta Cup Regatta (J70, J105)- Santa Barbara, CA
Jul 11-14- Lake Ontario 300 Race- Mississauga, ONT, Canada
Jul 13- Transpac Race- Los Angeles, CA
Jul 23-26- J/70 New Englands- Marblehead, MA
Jul 23-26- Helley Hansen Marblehead NOOD- Marblehead, MA
J/70 is the new Sailing Dimension
The J/70 speedster is the new "baby J" that is generating tremendous enthusiasm for a next-generation ramp- launchable keelboat. J/70 introduces a new dimension of fun, fast sailing in a stable, easy to own boat that all of your friends and family can enjoy. J/70's 22-foot long waterline with high aspect, all carbon mast and boom provides spirited performance and stability that feels like a much larger boat upwind. Off-the-wind, J/70 simply lights up the crew with a smile! Set the masthead asymmetrical spinnaker and plane away in moderate breezes.
J/70 sailing has taken the world by storm-- it's the fastest keelboat class to receive ISAF International Class status in history. 20+ fleets have developed in the USA alone, and Europe has fleets forming in nearly a dozen countries. Learn more about the J/70 concept here. Find out why J/70's are setting records for class participation at Key West Race Week (60 teams), Charleston Race Week (87 teams), North Americans (93 teams), World Championships (89 boats) and Europeans (41 boats)!
J/111 One-Design/ Offshore Speedster
2014 was another great season for J/111 one-design and offshore sailing around the world. With numerous events organized in Europe and in the USA, J/111 sailors enjoyed the camaraderie of sailing close, tactical racing around-the-buoys and in major offshore events. Highlights again included domination by J/111s in Chicago-Mackinac Race overall. J/111s hosted their 2014 North American Championships in Harbor Springs, Michigan in August and the Europeans and World Championship in Cowes, England. J/111's have established a remarkable sailing record offshore. Learn more about this versatile, easy-to-sail, offshore racer-cruiser and, more importantly, join in on the fun and set your sights on the best combination of offshore and one-design racing in the world's greatest sailing areas- Cowes, Newport, La Trinite, San Francisco, Great Lakes, Harbor Springs, to name a few. Find out more about the J/111 and the one-design sailing regatta schedule here.


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GDP (official exchange rate): $2.133 billion (2013 est.)
Definition: This entry gives the gross domestic product (GDP) or value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year. A nation's GDP at offical exchange rates (OER) is the home-currency-denominated annual GDP figure divided by the bilateral average US exchange rate with that country in that year. The measure is simple to compute and gives a precise measure of the value of output. Many economists prefer this measure when gauging the economic power an economy maintains vis-�-vis its neighbors, judging that an exchange rate captures the purchasing power a nation enjoys in the international marketplace. Official exchange rates, however, can be artifically fixed and/or subject to manipulation - resulting in claims of the country having an under- or over-valued currency - and are not necessarily the equivalent of a market-determined exchange rate. Moreover, even if the official exchange rate is market-determined, market exchange rates are frequently established by a relatively small set of goods and services (the ones the country trades) and may not capture the value of the larger set of goods the country produces. Furthermore, OER-converted GDP is not well suited to comparing domestic GDP over time, since appreciation/depreciation from one year to the next will make the OER GDP value rise/fall regardless of whether home-currency-denominated GDP changed.
Source: CIA World Factbook - This page was last updated on June 30, 2015See Also
Related Data From the International Monetary Fund
Variable: Gross domestic product, current prices
Note: Values are based upon GDP in national currency converted to U.S. dollars using market exchange rates (yearly average). Exchange rate projections are provided by country economists for the group of other emerging market and developing countries. Exchanges rates for advanced economies are established in the WEO assumptions for each WEO exercise. Expenditure-based GDP is total final expenditures at purchasers? prices (including the f.o.b. value of exports of goods and services), less the f.o.b. value of imports of goods and services. [SNA 1993]
Units: U.S. dollars
Scale: Billions
Country-specific Note: See notes for: Gross domestic product, current prices (National currency).
Source: International Monetary Fund - 2011 World Economic Outlook
© 2015 IndexMundi. All rights reserved.


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Satellite View Selection
13:00 ACST on Saturday 1 August 2015 | Cloud/surface composite, Australia
Images from Japan Meteorological Agency satellite MTSAT via Bureau of Meteorology.
IDY28000 Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology Bureau National Operations Centre Satellite Notes for the 0600UTC chart on 1 August 2015 Issued at 6:31 pm EST Saturday on 01 August 2015 A band of middle and high level cloud extends from the southeast of Western Australia, across coastal South Australia, over Victoria and New South Wales. This cloud is due to a surface low pressure trough. A cold front now lies over the Tasman Sea, with a mass of cloud extending southeastwards from the coast of Victoria. A second, stronger cold front lies to the distant southwest of Tasmania, although the frontal band of cloud is not yet fully developed. A significant pool of cold air lies over the Southern Ocean behind this front. Patchy low cloud over the Queensland's east coast is the result of the southeast trade wind flow. An extensive area of low cloud is seen over waters to the southwest of WA and is trapped under ridge of high pressure. The remainder of the country is mostly clear due to another ridge of high pressure.


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CONCORD, N.C. – The Reserved Number Form for the 2012 WKA Vega Tire Speedway Pavement Series Grand Nationals – coming up August 10-12 at Chapel Hill (N.Y.) Raceway – is now available.
Click here to view and print the Pavement Grand Nationals Reserved Number Form.
Cost to reserve a number for the Pavement Grand National is just $10 per class.
Mail completed Reserved Number forms to WKA at 6051 Victory Lane; Concord, NC 28027 or fax to 704-455-1609.


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A local Christmas tradition that has been around for more than three decades is being replaced with something new this season.
Millbrook Baptist Church will not be doing its well-known "Living Christmas Tree" production this year but, instead, will present a fresh, original show titled, "A Night with the King."
"People wanted to see something different," said the Rev. Bill Howard III, minister of music and worship. "We were able to make that happen this year."
Howard said they have a great selection of music for the show and he wrote the script. The cast and crew have labored over the production with love and excitement, ready to wow Aiken with something different.
"It's been an incredible thing to watch it all unfold," Howard said. "We're real pumped about it, real excited about it. The church is real into it."
The theatrical biblical presentation will also include a large screen in which the audience will "see the life ministry of Jesus Christ," Howard said.
More than 100 people are in the cast and choir. Members of the church made new costumes for those participating in the production.
"Through this presentation, we really want to make it a gift to the community more so than we have in the past," Howard said. "We really want the public to come out, experience it and enjoy."
The event is free but obtaining tickets (at no charge) is encouraged to make sure they have enough seating. Howard said anyone who forgets to get a ticket will still be admitted.
Tickets can be found at the church office or online www.itickets.com/events/296174.html.
The event will be held at Millbrook Baptist Church located at 223 South Aiken Blvd. S.E. in Aiken on Dec. 8 at 4 and 7 p.m. and Dec. 9 at 10:30 a.m. and 6 p.m.
On Dec. 9, the church will also hold Kid Blitz Live from 5:30 to 7:30 p.m. with an comedy group entertaining the children and a youth concert at The Rock at 6 p.m. with Bellarive playing. Those two events are free, as well.
Notice about comments:
Aiken Standard is pleased to offer readers the enhanced ability to comment on stories. Some of the comments may be reprinted elsewhere in the site or in the newspaper. We ask that you refrain from profanity, hate speech, personal comments and remarks that are off point.
We do not edit user submitted statements and we cannot promise that readers will not occasionally find offensive or inaccurate comments posted in the comments area. If you find a comment that is objectionable, please click the X that appears in the upper right corner when you hover over a comment. This will send the comment to Facebook for review. Please be reminded, however, that in accordance with our Terms of Use and federal law, we are under no obligation to remove any third party comments posted on our website. Read our full terms and conditions.


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Set up camp, party at a rally, or sleep in the dirt. All the necessary gear is here to make your stay more comfortable: tents, sleeping bags, cooking equipment, knives and shovels, microfiber towels, bug spray, first aid kits, flashlights, lanterns, and more.
There are no products matching the selection.


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An unidentified man entered the Walmart on Whiskey Road on Wednesday, put on a new pair of shoes then exited the store without paying for the shoes.
A man who reportedly entered the Walmart on Richland Avenue on Wednesday and filled a bag with clothing items, left the bag and exited the store when he was confronted by a store employee.
A vehicle break-in was reported to the Aiken Department of Public Safety on Tuesday. The owner reported a bag full of jewelry and a coat missing.
The Aiken County Sheriffs Office responded to burglaries on Wednesday on Gibson Drive in North Augusta, Wagener Trail Road in Wagener, Willis Road in Ridge Spring, Senn Street in Vaucluse, Beech Island Avenue in Beech Island, and Bay Street in Bath.
A 40-year-old Batesburg man told sheriffs deputies he accidentally shot himself in the abdominal area on Wednesday at his home on Old 96 Indian Trail. The man was transported to Georgia Health Sciences University.
Notice about comments:
Aiken Standard is pleased to offer readers the enhanced ability to comment on stories. Some of the comments may be reprinted elsewhere in the site or in the newspaper. We ask that you refrain from profanity, hate speech, personal comments and remarks that are off point.
We do not edit user submitted statements and we cannot promise that readers will not occasionally find offensive or inaccurate comments posted in the comments area. If you find a comment that is objectionable, please click the X that appears in the upper right corner when you hover over a comment. This will send the comment to Facebook for review. Please be reminded, however, that in accordance with our Terms of Use and federal law, we are under no obligation to remove any third party comments posted on our website. Read our full terms and conditions.


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Thursday, April 17, 2014
The mission of the North Augusta Optimist Club is to be a friend to the youth.
Every year, the group accomplishes that goal with its annual Easter egg dash.
The dash is scheduled for Saturday, April 19, at Lions Field, located at 619 Buena Vista Ave.
The event is slated to begin at 10 a.m. and is free for everyone to attend.
A flier for the event promises the Easter egg hunt will include lots of candy, prizes and eggs left by the Easter bunny.
Last year, children were broken up into age groups to make the event more enjoyable. Groups included ages 3 and younger, 4 to 6, and 7 to 10.
John Nicholls, treasurer of the club, said the dash is often the only source of candy that kids can get during the this time of year.
The Optimist Club has cooperated with the North Augusta Department of Parks and Recreation for many years to sponsor the Easter Egg Hunt, Nicholls added. Its always been free of charge, and we suspect it may be the only candy some kids get at this time of the year. Its surprising how quickly a few hundred kids can pick the field clean of several hundred dollars worth of candy.
The North Augusta Optimist Club was founded in 1966.
It is a local civic organization whose goal is to support the youth of the community in the areas of sports, civic awareness and education.
For more information, email firstname.lastname@example.com or firstname.lastname@example.com.
Derrek Asberry is a beat reporter with the Aiken Standard. Follow him on Twitter @DerrekAsberry.
The North Augusta Star is pleased to offer readers the enhanced ability to comment on stories. We expect our readers to engage in lively, yet civil discourse. We do not edit user submitted statements and we cannot promise that readers will not occasionally find offensive or inaccurate comments posted in the comments area. Responsibility for the statements posted lies with the person submitting the comment, not The North Augusta Star.
If you find a comment that is objectionable, please click "report abuse" and we will review it for possible removal. Please be reminded, however, that in accordance with our Terms of Use and federal law, we are under no obligation to remove any third party comments posted on our website. Read our full terms and conditions.
© 2015 The North Augusta Star an Evening Post Industries company. All Rights Reserved.
Registration on or use of this site constitutes acceptance of our Terms of Service, Privacy Policy and Parental Consent Form.


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Details and Shopping
Customer Favorite
Oversized burnout tee with high-low hem and slit at each bottom side. We love this ruggedly tucked into a pair of slouchy boyfriend jeans.
We the Free brings us back to our down-to-earth, All-American roots, made mostly with casual cottons that have a lightly distressed and perfectly worn in feel.
We the Free brings us back to our down-to-earth, All-American roots, made mostly with casual cottons that have a lightly distressed and perfectly worn in feel.
*50% Polyester, 38% Cotton, 12% Rayon
*Machine Wash Cold
*Made in USA
*Machine Wash Cold
*Made in USA
Measurements for Small:Length: 26 1/4"
Bust (all around): 37 1/2"
Sleeve Length: 15 3/4"
Rated 3.8 out of 5Â by 21 reviewers.
Rated 4 out of 5Â by whishful Cool Shirt Just got this shirt in the mail... and the fit is great, the material is nice and soft (although a little too thin), and my only complaint is that the Ocean colour is not nearly as washed out as the photo online makes it look. There is hardly any black on my shirt, it is mostly just blue, maybe it will change with ware. Other than that, it is a great piece. I am usually a small, but got a medium and it fits just like on the model. For reference my measurements are : bust 34, waist 29, hips 34. 8.2.2013
Rated 2 out of 5Â by tdubbleyou damaged after first wear I recently ordered this shirt in anticipation of warm weather. I love the style of the shirt, it can really go with anything. However after just one wear, I noticed a small hole on the upper chest area. I have no idea how a hole would form there, if I received it that way and just didn't notice, or what. Unfortunately that warm weather didn't come for a while. So after noticing the flaw and writing to customer service, was told I couldn't return or exchange it as it was past the 30 days. Very disappointed. Can't even get an item of this material mended without it being noticeable. This is not something I expect out of a t-shirt for this price. I have never had any issues with Free People clothing in the past, I usually love evereything I buy. 5.12.2013
Rated 3 out of 5Â by ThinLizzy Not as Expected I ordered this shirt in "ocean" and sized up to a medium in hopes for the oversized look like the model is wearing. The color is not what I expected. I thought it was more shimmery like in the picture but that was probably just the lighting because the color really is just a flat teal. Also, even though I'm a small, the medium really doesn't give too much of an oversized look. It falls off one shoulder slightly but I'm thinking a large would have been better. Plus, I haven't even washed it yet so I'm really not sure how much it'll shrink. Overall, I like the shirt and I'm definitely keeping it, it's just not as special as I originally thought it was. 3.29.2013
Rated 3 out of 5Â by lautie83 a little awkward I love the material, it's really soft, but it's a strange fit that I have to get used to. It have really long slits on the sides, so not ideal for tucking in, it's not long enough to be a tunic, but too long for a traditional tshirt. I kept it and I have accepted the challenge, but in the ocean blue, which is a really dark color, I found it difficult to wear with anything except black or grey. Thanks for pushing the envelope FP and I like that it's made in the USA! 3.28.2013
Rated 4 out of 5Â by zombieboogie Love the color I ordered ocean, and when it arrived, it was ripped at the bottom. I mended it, but that was really disappointing, and I don't like to send clothes back. It doesn't exactly look like the pictures, but they noted that in the description. It's very thin, and I wore a tank under it. It's super nice and unusual looking but can also look awkward with the side cuts LOL! I wish it fell off my shoulders like the model, but I have man shoulders LMAO, so if you have the same, don't expect it to fall over! Also, if you have a high waist like me, it won't form to you at all, even though the L was almost fitting enough. 3.28.2013
Rated 1 out of 5Â by LuluFPUV not my favorite I got this shirt in the white color in my regular size S. It just looked so frumpy and bad one me. It was see through and just not worth it. I should have purchased the xs because it ran so big. I would maybe consider purchasing this in an xs in a different color...it's just so plain, and thin. 3.18.2013
Rated 5 out of 5Â by daydream040 Must have! This is super flattering. If you are on the fence go ahead and purchase. It'll be great for warm days when you don't want to wear a cap sleeve or tank. I've worn it layered with a tank underneath or with a jacket or cardi over. I don't feel comfortable wearing it on its own...too sheer. I am 5'9" and a consistent size 6 and thought the medium or large looked the best on me. This is one of the few FP tees that do not require a size down. 3.16.2013
Rated 5 out of 5Â by vfj Perfect basic I initially got this in the sour cherry and ivory and ended up loving the top so much that I bought it in the grey heather and ocean as well. It's a great top--the weight of it, the fit, the high slit. The top itself runs a tad on the large size in my opinion, but I would not recommend sizing down as the slit is pretty high. I ordered my usual size small and the top is pretty roomy, but the slit does show my side. 3.14.2013
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Die antwoord: Enter the Ninja
Very...intriguing music.
Well I'm currently listening to Rascal Flatts - Still Feels Good Album on my i pod. At the moment plying on still feels good song
Bobby Darin : Beyond the Sea.. one of my all time favorite classics.....
Looking for CW 2010 Sidious and TX-20...if anyone can help it would be greatly appreciated. thanks
One, Metallica. For the first time ever, I fast forwarded to the good part.
Darth Vader is becoming the Mickey Mouse of Star Wars.
"In Brooklyn, a castle, is where dwell I"
The use of a lightsaber does not make one a Jedi, it is the ability to not use it.
Dang! I wanted to get post #1138 in this thread as a Star Wars song. Oh well... it's "General Grievous" from the Corellian Edition CD right now.
"I went to Star Wars Celebration VII in Anaheim, and I didn't get even a lousy t-shirt."


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Questions & Answers
Do you have questions about this product?
Get answers from real customers and in-house experts with AnswerBox.
Q:How long does this last once it's been opened?Asked on 10/11/2014 by lushie92 from Gainesville, VA.
2 answers
A:It has a best before date and the made on date on the container, it has a 12-14 month shelf life.Answered on 10/14/2014 by Anonymous
A:Good question.... I have had mine for awhile ( say over 6 months) and I don't wear make up often. I just checked it and its creamy and fine. Sorry no timeline for you though. This is the first time I have bought it, so I am curious too.
JAnswered on 10/11/2014 by Anonymous