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Alistair Overeem UFC 156 Testosterone Levels Below Normal | Bleacher ReportResults have come back from drug tests administered to UFC 156 fighters, and they indicate that heavyweight Alistair Overeem's testosterone levels were below normal.
The event at the start of the month was Overeem's first since he began his nine-month drug suspension and it was marked by an embarrassing KO at the hands of Antonio Silva in the third round.
But those speculating how a drug-free Overeem would fair already saw the consequences of the low testosterone during the weigh-ins for the fight. One blogger on MMA Freak described him as a much "softer" Overeem to the one that defeated Brock Lesnar more than two years before.
According to MMA Junkie, Overeem not only passed the UFC 156 drug test, but his testosterone levels were in fact well below the lower range for the average male.
"[Overeem's] testosterone total level actually fell below the normal range of 250-1,100ng/dL," said MMA Junkie. "Overeem's total testosterone came in at 179 from the test, which was administered the morning after the fight at 8:25am on Feb. 3."
The low value could explain this "softer" Overeem.
The Dutch fighter, who has spent most of his career fighting untested in Japan at light heavyweight, shocked everyone as he ballooned to a heavyweight behemoth with next to no fat. Speculations of suspected steroid use only grew louder after he missed a drug test in the run-up to his first UFC fight against Brock Lesnar.
The failed test in his next fight confirmed all the suspicions.
But now, following his first loss in over five years, his testosterone levels seem to have fallen far below normal.
The question now is whether this is a sign of his years of steroid abuse, or overtraining in the run up to UFC 156. His languid, almost disinterested performance on the night, hardly suggests it was the latter.
One bit of "good" news Overeem could draw from this, however, is that he could now have a legitimate claim for a therapeutic use exception for testosterone replacement therapy (TRT), allowing him to use steroids legally. But whether a fighter who has been found to be a drugs cheat should be allowed to use TRT is sure to spark fierce debate.


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The audience for the Friends of the Arts' Saturday evening Sounds of Joy concert was as diverse as groups that performed for what lived up to its billing as "a gospel celebration in song, dance and art."
An eclectic blend from a robed church choir's hymns to a Christian rock band's electric guitar riffs inspired folks ranging from kids to senior citizens. Though only about 75 people attended, the spirit flowed throughout the evening.
"We have definitely heard from different kinds of groups tonight, but it's all for one purpose: the glory of God," emcee Sandra Daggs said near the concert's conclusion.
"Christ the Redeemer," an Easter cantata performed by St. Mark United Methodist Church's choir, kicked off the evening. The choir drew nods and appreciative smiles as familiar hymns "The Old Rugged Cross" and "He Arose" weaved into the performance.
Florida Ballet Conservatory members Brittany Swain and Shelley Theiss of The Calling, a local Christian dance troupe, presented graceful interpretations of several praise songs.
"We all go to church to praise the Lord, but to see young people so engaged is just wonderful," Daggs said.
Pianist Pam Meyers provided accompaniment on two numbers for The Wesley Boys, a men's gospel harmony quartet who got the audience clapping and singing along during its rendition of "I'll Fly Away."
Some members of the crowd sang along with several of The Journey Band's contemporary praise songs, which segued to the closing act, a performance by SALT, a Christian rock band.
"We're going to be a bit louder than the rest," lead singer David Cadenhead said before Tim Rebholz on lead guitar shook the rafters with a heavy electric riff.
Audience members heard music in their favorite genres and were exposed to music that was new, different and, perhaps, a tad outside their comfort zone.
And that's not such a bad thing.
The arts stimulate in all sorts of ways, and woe be to the observer who leaves a concert or exhibition uninspired.
Contact News Bulletin Arts & Entertainment Editor Brian Hughes at 682-6524 or email@example.com. Follow him on Twitter @cnbBrian.

subset: commoncrawl


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NYU files permanent resident petitions for individuals holding full-time permanent academic appointments only. All such petitions are filed by or with the approval of the Office of Global Services. Privately-retained attorneys will not have authority to represent the University in these matters unless authorized by the Office of Global Services and in consultation with the university's Office of General Counsel.
With approval of the school's dean, permanent residence petitions are filed at an appropriate time after one complete term of service. The Office of Global Services determines under what category of permanent residence to file and generally files one of two types of petitions, Labor Certification or Outstanding Professor and Researcher.


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A verbal altercation led to gunfire and felony charges following an incident north of Antlers.
According to reports filed in district court, Pushmataha County Sheriff's Deputy Chad Wilkerson took a complaint on September 21 at a residence at K River Campground. The reporting party, Ed Bakemeyer, told the deputy that he and the shooter, James Scott Anderson, had gotten unto a verbal altercation, after which Anderson left and came back with a rifle.
Anderson fired twice toward the vehicle, striking it once, before reportedly turning the weapon towards Bakemeyer, fired once and missed. Bakemeyer told deputies he took the rifle for Anderson and struck him once with it before Anderson went back to his vehicle and returned with a pistol, aiming it at Bakemeyer and telling him that he would kill him.
A by-stander talked Anderson into giving up the gun and leaving.
Anderson faces felony charges of assault with a dangerous weapon and feloniously pointing a firearm. Each count is punishable by up to 10 years imprisonment.
[1] http://www.theantlersamerican.com/sites/default/files/4.jpeg


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Cards & Games
Adam & Eva$24.95Adam & Eva is a game where players take turns offering each other apples of different varieties and colors. Players try to score points by taking high-valued apples or bonus points by collecting sets of low valued apples. Learn More
Lost Cities: The Card Game$24.95
Out of stock
For the daring and adventurous, there are many lost cities to explore. They are in the Himalayas, the ever-shifting sands of the desert, the Brazilian rain forest, ancient volcanoes and in Neptune's Realm. With limited resources the players must choose which expeditions to begin. Those with high confidence may want to up the stakes: increasing the rewards for success, but risking more should the expedition fail. The player who finds the right balance will find victory!

Author: Reiner Knizia
Players: 2 aged 10 and up
Length: 30 minutes
 Learn More


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Written by Mike Swofford Thursday, 06 January 2011 13:51
Some of the rank and advancement patches and insignia available for purchase in the Scout Shop are restricted. This means that they cannot be purchased freely by the general public and some evidence of achievement is required for them to be obtained. With the hard work and commitment that go into earning these Scouting achievements, it is important that some control be put on their purchase to protect their value for those that have earned them.Last Updated on Tuesday, 06 November 2012 20:45
Written by Mike Swofford Wednesday, 06 October 2010 02:21Last Updated on Wednesday, 31 July 2013 15:14
Written by Mike Swofford Wednesday, 06 October 2010 02:11
Can't make it to the Scout Shop? All of the items available in the Scout Shop can be ordered right from the comfort of your own home!
Call the Dan Beard Scout Shop today for fast delivery. Most orders ship with next day delivery for the Tri-State Area!Last Updated on Tuesday, 06 November 2012 20:32
Written by Mike Swofford Wednesday, 06 October 2010 01:47
Dan Beard Scout Shop
10078 Reading Road
Evendale, OH 45241
Phone: (513) 961-0500
Fax: (513) 961-2069
Page 1 of 2


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Class Notes
Get behind the most interesting education stories, research and trends with the Express-News education reporters.
Posts filtered on Tag
Alamo Colleges students not given housing rental preference
Alamo Colleges officials initially said that its students, faculty and staff would be given rental preference at the Tobin Lofts at San Antonio College ahead of students from other schools, but this preference is not yet part of the rental policy. [Read More]


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Biological and Environmental Research (BER)
The award search returns lists of (1) grants, (2) cooperative agreements,
and (3) interagency awards currently funded by the DOE Office of Science.
An award will appear in the search if it matches ALL criteria entered.
The dollar amount returned by the search represents the planned award amount over the award period
at the time the award was initiated. The total actual award amount may be more or less, depending on
the outcome of progress reviews, supplemental proposal considerations, and available funding.
Award lists can be exported into spreadsheets for sorting and analysis. To do this, search under the
organization heading of interest. On the search results page, an "Export to Excel" link can be found.
New awards recommended for funding by program managers will not appear in the search until after they are awarded by the contracting officer.
This awards search does not return DOE national laboratory awards; the individual program office websites may provide information on laboratory programs.
The Office of Science (SC) is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States.


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|15 posts found
Apprentice Member
Joined: 3/23/05
I miss DAoC
Trammel killed Ultima Online
Shadows of Luclin killed EverQuest
Trials of Atlantis killed Dark Age of Camelot
NGE killed Starwars Galaxies
Wrath of the Lich King killed WoW...
It seems like Every MMO I've ever thoroughly enjoyed had a point in its existence when an outcry of people (I won't say the majority because lets be honest sometimes the loudest don't fit into the majority) said that some sort of major change ruined the game for them - and incidentally after every one of these moments, the games in question DID start to see a decline in popularity some more prevalent than others, of course.
My question to those of you who read this is; Do you buy into the idea that developers sometimes go way overboard with changes to their games without consulting their playerbase or is all these instances of X killed Y just a fabrication of loud and whiny twats of the forum communities, etc?
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Oh absolutely.
Star Wars and DAoC being the best examples. DAoC built itself on being a PvP(RVR) game, while its competitor at the time was the PvE giant (Everquest). Well, DAoC decided to try and out-PVE EQ to take some of their subscribers. It back fired horribly. The PVE was awful, and it just made people quit DAoC, since their players weren't PvE players anyway.
Warcraft on the other hand... They have always been a PVE centric game. When it launched, we didn't even have BG's. All we had were PVP servers, duels, and the old-school FFA PVP arenas. The focus was clearly on "progression". Obtaining "keys" and clearing "content". The amazing PvP was a side-quest, never really the focus sadly.
With Burning Crusade, they tried to focus on both. But they realized how difficult it would be to pump resources into PVE, and balancing their newly crowned E-sport, "5v5/3v3/2v2 Structured Arena". The cracks began to show under the spotlight of this highly controlled environment, and the developers were in a constant class/racial arms-race, trying to balance classes for the E-sport Arena, and the raids. With Wrath of the Lich King (And a whole new class added to the fray), balance was completely thrown out of wack again.
So after Wrath, to me, it seems like they decided to throw their arms up and say "F*** it" when it comes to PvP, especially Arena.
This seems the major reason people point to post BC as the "falling off point" for Warcraft. Granted, it still has many more subcribers than any other MMO. Probably 10x the amount of people playing it than newly release subscriptionless Guild Wars 2. But to many hardcores, like myself, the game is dead.
Spotlight Poster
Joined: 6/17/10
Originally posted by Dulu
well for me personally, I didnt give a shit about Class Balance like that in Arena.
What bothered me in regarding TBC and Onwards, was the fact that ARENAS became the MAIN FORMAT OF PVP!
Arenas couldnt be pugged queued. It was all premades. So this meant, if you were not playing a class/spec that was strong, aka a bottom of the barrel kind of class, you likely wont get a chance to play on an Arena Team,,,,
This meant, the Arena players could jump into BG and stump the rest of us PvPers that dont have access to Arena.
I played a Ret/Prot Paladin back then in TBC, and I know from experience how it felt to play the bottom of the barrel class/spec.
Paladins were worst healers (although I stop playing healer paladins during TBC)
Paladins were the worst Tanks (and dont hand me that AoE tanking bullshit. that was clearly a gimmick and you know it!!)
Paladins were the worst DPS (Lolret even coined a term on UrbanDictionary!!!)
I had to always work harder than other classes any anything I did in terms of PvP as a Ret Paladin.
Most the time when you do find a Arena team, you would get blamed for anything that went wrong since you were the Ret Paladin, lol. my my my johnny gil.
I hated Arenas in MMOs ever since. it just showed me that in a MMO, LARGE SCALE PvP is just more balanced than SMALL SCALE PVP.
Problem came with what Blizard did during TBC and onward.
the continuted to nerf the battlegrounds to the point were they were only a shell of what they once were. Look at the evolution of AV for example. would be nice if somebody could write a well detailed evolution of AV article so new people can see what they missed out on. Greatest PvP I had in WoW ever. Even my experiences in World PvP dont hold up to Old AV.
Season 3, I hit Gladiator with a Retribution Paladin on my 5's team.
Arms Warrior
Ret Paladin
Frost Mage
Restoration Shaman
Discipline Priest
But yes, you further proved my point. Blizzard had to choose between two types of gamers. The dedicated PVP player, and the casual who whines and can't seem to get out of his scrubby habbit of making excuses for his own failures. (You.)
This choice also had to be made in PvE, with Blizzard making everything much easier, adding a raid finder/auto-join dungeon finder, and moving to a pure token system for 100% viable pre-raid loot.
So, we're in agreement, the game could not be developed for both types of player in mind, and they made their choice. I hope you all are enjoying your Pandas.
Elite Member
Joined: 1/13/10
Currently playing EVE, SMITE, ArcheAge, and Combat Arms
Originally posted by Stormakov Do you buy into the idea that developers sometimes go way overboard with changes to their games without consulting their playerbase or is all these instances of X killed Y just a fabrication of loud and whiny twats of the forum communities, etc?
Hell yes. It's around the 5 or 6 year mark usually.
The old guard starts looking to do something other than what they've done for the past 6-8 years, and the new guard coming in is more than likely trained on the procedure far more than the history and the original vision of the game. It's consistent with most of the MMOs that make it 6+ years into their post-release cycle. Losing touch with the playerbase isn't the result of an immediate shift, but rather the first outward evidence to the players of how much the devs have drifted.
BTW, for UO, it wasn't Trammel. It was Age of Shadows.
It's not that these things kill the game, but often they do significant enough damage to prompt a series of updates and expansions focused on finxing the damage they had done to either the game mechanics or the player population.
There isn't a "right" or "wrong" way to play, if you want to use a screwdriver to put nails into wood, have at it, simply don't complain when the guy next to you with the hammer is doing it much better and easier. - Allein
Spotlight Poster
Joined: 6/17/10
Originally posted by Dulu
lol the tournament only had one ,,, ONE ret Paladin.
Originally posted by MMOExposed
Many of the good players didn't bother with the tournament servers.
We were too busy cleaning house on the live servers, with our actual characters.
It wasn't just about the single character, like you seem to think. This is where the scrub mentality comes into play.
A retribution paladin was powerful with the proper team composition. Freedom on himself or the warrior, combined with dispels from the priest made our two melee DPS pretty hard to peel. Combined with the burst and lockdown from having windfury totem...
It was a powerful comp. It was essentially a 2345 set-up, with the Paladin and Shaman switching roles.
Elite Member
Joined: 3/30/10
I don't Forum PVP. If you feel I've attacked you, it was probably by accident.
Originally posted by Stormakov
This part, yes. However, consulting the community shouldn't be needed. If the dev was adequately in touch with their own game, they'd know "too much" and wouldn't do it.
My way of thinking is: If the playerbase likes the game, add to it (more) not change it (different).
More simply stated: Don't piss off the fans who pay your salary.
Novice Member
Joined: 5/19/06
The bottomline to all this is "MONEY"
The saturation of the market and the competition of titles all trying to get YOU as a potential customer is what drives most of the X kills Y segments of gameplay.
15 years ago we didn't have many choices....as more and more access became readily available the Games evolved which was natural, a new type of player also evolved, we started to see the more casual player, one that also seemed to have a short attention span.
So in essence the game titles that succeed are the ones that can evolve with their playerbase. Sadly the market is so saturated across the board, there is no longer any identity.
Just ask yourself why F2P is the preferred method that games go towards....
It's a cash grab, what harm is it to a publisher to attempt to get as many customers as possible in the shortest amount of time?
What makes ANGRY BIRDS so popular? it's braindead easy to see that it's a simplistic game.
Gamers in general should realize we are a dying breed.... Why should a developer want to make a game that is against the norm? Today's X kills Y segment is not persay the actual gameplay but it's the MIND of today's gamer.
Instant gratification in the least amount of time is what the world is today...
All gamer's should wake up and understand that.
Hard Core Member
Joined: 11/15/09
The only luck I had today was to have you as my opponent.
while nothing killed eve - debatably supercaps and monocles did - most MMOs have had 'one of those' really really attrocious patches or expansions.
from what these forums tell me, NGE really was (queue mortal combat theme) FATALITY for SWG. Others are more subtle. WoW shifted its focus back and forth and back and forth so much - with each shift alienating some people and pleasing others that it crunched itself down. Right now its suffering from a loss of direction, and its unclear if next tier will kill that guy's guild, be exactly what the other guy always wanted etc.
games that don't change so much last longer. again pointing at eve...it doesnt have critical gamebreaking changes often. some stuff on planets here, merging your guns together there, some new pvp stuff, some new ships, some rebalancing, some easier way to fuel pos'es...but no NEW RAID, EVERYONE MUST BE IN HERE OR ELSE!!!. NEW GEAR> EVERYONE NOT HAVING THIS IS WORTHLESS.
my corp is hosting a frigate roam in 2 days. we're way up there in North fighting in Tribute. This tuesday we'll roam in ships that all of us were flying 30 minutes into our first character. Do that in WoW. do a level 4 pvp roam.
Advanced Member
Joined: 3/05/07
I think, honestly, that the problem with MMO design is that its not prepared to handle its own sunset with any dignity. This is a normal business issue, really. You have to have an idea that makes money, then you work out the details to get people to make the idea a reality and pay them for it. Then, as time goes on, inevitably the idea will wane so you must either have a new idea or be prepared to rework the process to keep the first idea on life support knowing it cannot grow. Growth is the bottom line in all business.
Growth is how a company stabilizes. You want good people to work for you, so that the quality of product you create is high. These good people want growth for themselves, higher pay, promotions, better benefits. So the company must always be in a state of growth to compensate for that. Then they have to acknowledge that a sunset will come, and they need to grow financially to accomodate driving new creative things to make money from. Take Wal-mart. There is a point where an individual store really cannot make much more in terms of raising profit higher. There are set numbers of potential customers in an area. So they have to make new stores, to raise that profit potential again. This must all happen pretty quickly, before the initial stores plateu. Then they have to micromanage the growth from those combined stores to find ways to increase profit in individual ones. Like buying out suppliers to cut out middle men from their overhead.
For an MMO, this is much simpler, yet much different too. You can see the most MMO companies that have made any money are always pushing new material and new games in future projects. Blizzard has had their secret MMO in works for years and years. SOE buys new property and moves it onto their all access platform to encourage it. NCSoft is restructuring their affairs to relocate resources into new projects instead of floating old ones. This is all because an MMO will die. It cannot live forever anymore than any other game can. We play them, and tire of them. Single player games do not suffer this, as they are designed for one-time consumption and one time pay off. MMO design is so much larger, and needs constant money. The programmer working on WoW in vanilla won't be there today. Why would he? What career man in his right mind would stay at the same position for a decade? He went to school, worked hard, and wants success. He wants forward motion. So do his team members. Over time they move up, or move on to new jobs. WoW has done well with its subscribers to keep this motion as long as it has. Other games are falling faster, because its painfully hard to manage finances in a market that can drop overnight.
So, I do not think that, outside of SWG for obvious reasons, that these games are making content in a bad way. I think that players have no clue what goes on in the real world, and that the businessmen in MMO gaming cannot plan ahead well enough to allow a game to reach its peak, while releasing a new game near that same time. Thats the real goal here. To hit the mountaintop and then stop, let the game float on life support and get rare, if any, new content, while bringing something new and awesome to the table to take over for its losses. This is actually an area that SOE is taking a neat approach. Station Pass with a giant library of games is a great deal. If those games get a barebones dev crew, slow updates, but stead users paying for station passes...they can float a dead game for years and keep it alive longer than other companies will. Hell, thats the only reason SWG lived for as long as it did anyway. Vanguard players should be thanking SOE everyday for the fact they have that game at all. NCSoft would have killed it, and moved those servers to a new game and its crew to other projects.
Maybe if the world were different, maybe if things were cheaper, maybe if programming and business management weren't so costly or hard. Maybe maybe maybe. But in the real world these factors weigh heavy on the dreams and hopes of game developers. They have to make you happy, make their team happy, make their investors happy. None of those three groups are happy about the same things the others are. In fact, most times, what makes one group happy will take away from the joy of another.
Hard Core Member
Joined: 1/28/05
Correcting wrongs on the Internet...
But wasn't SWG losing subs even before NGE?
I skate to where the puck is going to be, not where it has been -Wayne Gretzky
Novice Member
Joined: 10/15/12
Wrath of the Lich King is the best expansion of World of Warcraft imo.
Advanced Member
Joined: 2/28/04
Originally posted by Stormakov
Developers consult their marketing department, which doesn't always get it right, in fact in the MMO market they usually get it wrong.
Generally the release of a dodgy expansion starts the death of a successful MMO, and it is not a personal view, the subscription numbers speaks volumes, more than thousands words.
Joined: 5/21/08
I agree devs often go overboard with changes, not just with expansions / updates, but sometimes in development / alpha / beta stages also.
It's a common problem usually having to do with a mix of things like:
a) devs just being completely out of touch with their fanbase
b) devs not being able to discern between well thought out suggestions & requests that will make the entire game better vs needless whining by people who want the game to be catered to them
c) decisions being made based on short sighted easy profit goals vs longevity and better overall success
d) changes in staff which wind up replacing the original devs who were very in touch witht heir playerbase and created the games we love with people who dont have 1/4 the talent, vision, or common sense of said original devs
e) being developed & published by a group of people with no real vision / goal and who are just kind of like "hey lets make this awesome MMO with no solid foundation and well thought out design. We will just kind of wing it and change things as we see fit depending on how we feel or how much pople complain at the time"


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Click Here to Watch the Whole Video in HD at Chaos Men
Chaos Men videos and pictures are of the utmost quality, with some hot ass and cock action found in all of the web today. Chaos Men has what it takes to make you beg for more!
Tucker is another guy that I think looks more mature than he really is. He had only turned 18 about a couple weeks before this shoot. LOVE his body hair and facial hair. Very sexy guy. And his nuts are HUGE. Fans of big balls and body hair should be super happy. Tucker is a military kid, and he and his buddies checked out the site before he came in to do his solo. He's was concerned he would be on the front of the site forever, so I think he is hoping to stay under the radar on this shoot. So keep it quiet so he will come back and do more! He's got an amazing hairy bubble butt, and I wanna see a dude (or me!) give it some atttention. Not sure we will see him again, so snatch this video up! Enjoy!
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Hot hairy fucker!!!
What a dream of hairy legs and ass. Would like touch this extremly masculine body. Very nice!
GREAT & massive balls - luv them & would like to lick them real hardddd:-))
I love his huge balls! :P
well you guys would love me then if you all like hairy bodys
fuck yah love that hairy ass want to pound that
What a nice ass, and a hot body. All the hair makes him even more sexy
hairy ass and huge balls, wow hot....
Hmmmmmmmmmm, would love to tongue fuck his hairy ass for hours
YUM on the BUM...love the hairy ass & legs.
Huge Balls ;)
nice ass to munch on
Damn, i would love to fuck that hairy bubble butt!!!
DAMN,,,kick ass, muscled, hairy body!! LOVE that hairy butt!!!
Damn--And he'd have been jail-bait just a few weeks before!
HOLY FUCK!!! Love this stud`s hairy, muscled body!! Esp, his hairy ass!!!!!
I have to say again that this is some serious butt and leg hair and I love it!!! Absolutely beautiful.
love you, nice hairy butt...
he is such a stud. i love his hair
Nice and hairy
this guys a complete stud. Clip to short to really check him out though
Yummy for my tummy!


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As you probably know, the MB closes for a while on Tuesday for Ms Mod's well-earned vacation.
The Social Groups remain open 24/7/365 though, as long as you've got TEN posts or more, and most of the groups are open to everybody - all welcome, and if there's not a group for your special interest, then just start one!
SKMB Closed -, Meet at the Dark Tower is a little like a mini MB, and the games like Stephen King Trivia, Word Game, Song Game et are always open so I hope to see you in the Groups over the holidays.
To access the Groups just click on 'Community' above, then click on 'Group's and Robert's your aunt's husband.
And if you don't have ten posts yet, keep posting till Tuesday!
Oh, and one more thing-
Long days and pleasant nights


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State Fair admission prices increase by $1
Mar. 07, 2013 @ 05:59 PM
RALEIGH — People heading to the 2013 N.C. State Fair may need another dollar to get in.
In a conference call Thursday, the N.C. Board of Agriculture voted 7-0 to approve a $1 increase in admission prices. The increase is subject to final approval by the board later this year.
Under the proposal, adult admission would increase to $7 for advance sales and $9 at the gate. Children ages 6 through 12 would cost $4 at the gate, with a $1 discount for advance purchases. Children under 6 and adults 65 and over still would get in free.
State Fair Manager Wesley Wyatt said the increase would allow the fair to keep up with rising operating expenses and still make improvements to the fairgrounds. The State Fair does not receive tax dollars.


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Case Study Series
- Africa Gender Compendium (#)
- ART Access and Adherence (#)
- Combination Prevention (#)
- Gender-based Violence (#)
- HIV Program Integration (#)
- HIV Testing (#)
- Implementing WHO HIV Treatment Guidelines (#)
- Intergenerational Sex (#)
- Mental Health (#)
- Mixed Epidemics (#)
- Most-At-Risk Populations (#)
- Multiple and Concurrent Sexual Partnerships (#)
- Private Sector Engagement (#)
- Supporting Youth (#)
In Zambia's border towns and commercial corridors, the HIV prevalence rate has been significantly increased by a high transient population. This case study details the efforts of the Corridors of Hope program to promote HIV prevention and testing efforts in both the general population and among at-risk groups.
This is one of five case studies in the Compendium of Programs in Africa series.
In South Africa, men are increasingly rejecting wide-spread stereotypes of manhood by stepping forward to challenge gender roles that compromise their well-being and the health of their partners and their families. This case study documents the Sonke Gender Justice Network's Fatherhood project, which was designed to reduce HIV transmission and address related problems, such as gender-based violence, women's overwhelming burden of care, and the preponderance of children in need of care and support.
This is one of five case studies in the Compendium of Programs in Africa series.
The Polyclinic of Hope in Rwanda takes a comprehensive approach to combating gender-based violence for genocide survivors affected by HIV by facilitating support groups, encouraging income generation activities and providing HIV testing and treatment services.
This is one of five case studies in the Compendium of Programs in Africa Series.
A complex matrix of factors, such as low literacy, early sexual initiation, and limited economic opportunities, increases the vulnerability of women to HIV infection in Mozambique. The Women First program addresses the role that poverty and lack of access to health information play in the spread of HIV through legal rights and income-generating activities.
This is one of five case studies in the Compendium of Programs in Africa series.
In Kenya, the government's work against HIV is supplemented frequently by civil society organizations (CSOs). These organizations, however, are often faced with a lack of available funding and knowledge. The Maanisha Community Focused Initiative, a program that works in many of Kenya's provinces, works to provide CSOs with both grants and capacity building in all HIV program areas while simultaneously addressing multiple gender-related issues.
This is one of five case studies in the Compendium of Programs in Africa series.
According to the World Health Organization, more than two-thirds of the 34.2 million people living with HIV at the end of 2011 live in countries affected by acute and protracted emergencies. During emergency situations, violence, displacement, closure of health facilities, and disruption of drug supplies often compromise access to care and treatment services. This case study describes Côte d'Ivoire's efforts to ensure continuous access to ART during the political violence following the presidential elections in November 2010.
In South Africa, where rates of alcohol consumption and HIV are among the highest in the world, sexual risk taking and drinking frequently intersect. In Cape Town, the Phaphama ("Wise Up") program demonstrated dramatic behavior change in the months following a single, 60-minute counseling session offered to repeat patients at a sexually transmitted infection clinic.
Through their innovative Community Popular Opinion Leader (CPOL) approach, the Y.R. Gaitonde Center for AIDS Research and Education (Y.R.G. CARE) provided peer education on the risks of alcohol consumption and HIV in informal bars known as wine shops in Chennai, India between 2002 and 2007. Using "I statements" to convey relatable personal experiences, focusing more realistically on risk reduction rather than risk elimination, and continually seeking new information on the social and structural environment in Chennai helped Y.R.G. CARE develop an adaptable, peer-based HIV prevention program.
Chronic food insecurity and achieving strict adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) are global challenges that, together, have a deleterious effect on children and pregnant women living with HIV. In Ethiopia, where the child malnutrition rate is one of the highest in the world, side effects of treatment threaten to reduce adherence to drug regimens and contribute to the development of drug-resistant strains of HIV. This case study examines how the Breedlove Project integrates HIV programming (treatment and PMTCT) with nutrition programming to address short-term and long-term needs of families and households in Ethiopia.
Emergency Planning for HIV Treatment Access in Conflict and Post-Conflict Settings: The Case of Northern Uganda
During emergencies, the fragile healthcare infrastructures in many developing countries cannot address acute injuries while continuing to manage chronic illness. Potential interruptions in antiretroviral therapy (ART) for people living with HIV are serious concerns because continuity of treatment is critical to prevent transmission and ensure individual and community health. This case study documents Uganda's planning process for continuity of HIV programs in the event of emergencies and highlights changes to the process since the violence from northern Uganda's civil war ended.
In 2007, Kenya experienced a wave of violence following its presidential elections. This case study documents the emergency plans that had been in place to ensure continuity of HIV treatment programs prior to the outbreak of violence, and the events that occurred during the period of violence. It also highlights the changes to contingency planning for HIV that have taken place since the violence ended.
In areas of high HIV prevalence, people living with HIV often fail to adhere to their treatment not because HIV care is unavailable, but because the organizations that can provide services and support do not work together to ensure adherence and follow-up. The Samastha project, conducted in 12 districts in rural Karnataka, India, used a "link worker" approach to improve coordination and collaboration among a large number of community, public, and private organizations that provided services to people living with HIV. The approach significantly increased clients' access to regular HIV care and services, while improving the ability of public and private agencies to identify, recruit, and retain people living with HIV.
AIDSTAR-One's first case study in the Promising Approaches to Combination Prevention series examines the efforts of the Alliance-Ukraine to reach most-at-risk populations (MARPs) in Ukraine. Through its partner organizations, the Alliance-Ukraine provides the majority of HIV prevention services in the country, targeting the primary driver of Ukraine's HIV epidemic: injecting drug use. Community engagement, advocacy for supportive policies, and linkages to government services complement evidence-based programming.
Launched in 2003, the Avahan-India HIV prevention program has become a global model for combination HIV prevention programming that meets the complex and varied needs of most-at-risk populations. This case study describes Avahan's behavioral, biomedical, and structural components and how the program was able to quickly scale up its activities across 82 districts in India.
In many countries facing high-prevalence, generalized HIV epidemics, the development of a national prevention strategy is difficult and often does not produce coordinated and comprehensive results. In Namibia's prevention planning process, these challenges were addressed using a combination prevention strategy tailored to local epidemiology and demographics. The development process was furthered by a strong sense of cooperation between Namibia's Ministry of Health and Social Services and staff at UNICEF and UNAIDS, as well as CDC and USAID (funded by PEPFAR).
The Georgian Harm Reduction Network (GHRN) is a combination HIV prevention approach that includes a mix of strategies and risk reduction approaches using current epidemiological and programmatic evidence. GHRN coordinates the nongovernmental response to meeting the treatment and care needs of the country's drug users. GHRN's human rights-centered, evidence-based approach has successfully supported effective treatment and prevention services and advocated for legal and policy change in Georgia.
Matching Supply with Demand: Scaling Up Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision in Tanzania and Zimbabwe
In order to improve voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) service uptake and target demand creation activities more effectively, clients currently accessing and receiving VMMC services should be better characterized by their demographic, socioeconomic, and sexual risk behaviors. This case study of VMMC programs in the Iringa Region of Tanzania and Zimbabwe describes both the age distribution of clients accessing different VMMC services in both areas and the demand creation and supply side activities that country programs have implemented to increase service uptake by target clients.
In regions of high fertility and HIV prevalence, integration of family planning and HIV services has emerged as a promising strategy to prevent transmission of HIV, particularly from mother to child. This case study explores different models of integration and how they have been realized in Kenya and Ethiopia, two pioneers in family planning and HIV service integration.
There continues to be a tremendous focus on enrolling people in treatment programs and ensuring that they remain in care. This case study examines an integrated clinical and social support program that used quality improvement, decentralization, task shifting, and community engagement to identify and address challenges to sustaining HIV treatment programs in India.
This case study documents how the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI) is effectively mainstreaming HIV/AIDS and broader health issues into their natural resource management and economic growth activities in Western Tanzania. Working closely with the communities surrounding Gombe National Park, the home of "Goodall's chimps", JGI has developed a community-centered model of conservation that addresses the socio-economic development needs of the local people.
Social stigma and fear impede HIV prevention, treatment, care, and support efforts. This case study examines how a collaboration led by the Avert Project implemented a District Comprehensive Approach (DCA) in two districts of Maharashtra, linking available public, private, and community resources to identify and reach people who are most vulnerable to HIV with comprehensive services.
More than a decade of conflict has ravaged the health infrastructure and service delivery in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). As a result, prenatal care--including prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV--is often difficult to access and fails to meet the needs of expectant mothers. One program, the DRC Integrated HIV/AIDS Project (ProVIC), is using a community-based approach to link mothers, health care providers, and community caregivers with support and quality service.
In Karnataka, India, HIV testing and counseling services have revealed unexpectedly high levels of TB-HIV co-infection. In response, the Samastha Project began supporting the integration of TB and HIV services from 2006 to 2012. Under the Samastha Project, specialized staff training and new collaborations between hospitals, state-level public health agencies, health facilities, and other NGOs have helped to catch and treat TB-HIV co-infection.
In Andhra Pradesh, India, the Samastha Project utilized an innovative community-based micro-planning process to train HIV peer outreach workers. This training has helped peer outreach workers to create custom care and support action plans for people living with HIV in the community. This case study outlines the development, implementation, and results of Samastha Project's community-based micro-planning process.
In recent years, the once-insular Maasai people of Longido District in northern Tanzania have established greater contact with non-Maasai populations and have experienced an increase in HIV infections. The LOOCIP Project, staffed by Maasai, engages directly with the community and its leaders to identify cultural practices and behaviors that put Maasai at risk of HIV and to develop prevention strategies. The project is implemented as part of natural resource management programming in the region.
The Samastha Project aimed to provide a comprehensive program of networked HIV prevention, treatment, care and support services for most-at-risk populations in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, India. In addition to creating linkages across different types of HIV services, a key component of the Samastha project was capacity building and systems strengthening. This case study focuses on the development of Samastha's technical assistance strategy and approaches.
In Zambia's Southern Province, the Community PMTCT Follow-up Register Project is improving access and adherence to HIV testing and treatment for pregnant women and their children. The program works through a specialized register and uses outreach and follow-up by trained lay counselors to enhance community understanding of HIV and increase the use of HIV services by women and their infants.
Gender-based violence (GBV) is widely recognized as both a cause and a consequence of HIV infection. To help program managers integrate GBV prevention and response strategies into existing HIV, family planning, and reproductive health services, AIDSTAR-One conducted three case studies in countries where GBV services were available. This case study documents Vietnam's Improving Health Care Response to Gender-based Violence project—a public sector intervention that builds on a medical model and links survivors to ongoing counseling and support.
Although many in Ecuador do not recognize the link between gender-based violence (GBV) and HIV, the Ministry of Public Health has made an effort to include this link in guidelines and protocols to improve the national health sector response to violence. In partnership with the government, Centro Ecuatoriano para la Promoción y Acción de las Mujeres (CEPAM) is a major force in providing care and support to GBV survivors while raising awareness about this important issue. This case study documents CEPAM's leadership in the GBV response and the NGO's partnership with the Government of Ecuador to take a holistic approach to GBV services and prevention.
Entrenched gender inequality is a major contributor to Swaziland's HIV prevalence rate, which in turn, hinders poverty reduction and national development activities. For the past ten years, the Swaziland Action Group Against Abuse (SWAGAA) has been addressing the links between the HIV epidemic, gender-based violence (GBV), and human rights. Although SWAGAA was initially formed to provide counseling services to survivors of GBV, it has expanded its programs to better meet the needs of the community.
Despite scale-up of HIV testing and counseling (HTC) interventions mostly involving voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) or client-initiated testing and counseling sites, HTC uptake and individual knowledge of HIV status in many countries remains low. Provider initiated testing and counseling (PITC) is an emerging model of HTC that aims to increase testing rates. The private sector provides a significant portion of care in resource-poor countries, yet these providers are often left out of training or other capacity building efforts, which can affect a country's ability to effectively implement and expand health services, such as PITC. To our knowledge, APHIA II Western is one of few programs engaging private providers in PITC efforts. Lessons learned from this project can be applied to other countries seeking to initiate, roll-out, or expand PITC activities.
Home-based HIV testing and counseling (HBHTC) has emerged as a promising approach to meet the Kenyan government's challenge—that 80 percent of all Kenyans to know their HIV status by the end of 2013. By using rapid tests, HIV programs are able to offer HTC services to individuals and families within the privacy and convenience of their own homes. Furthermore, HBHTC provides an entry point at the community level for referrals and integration of other health messages, such as family planning, tuberculosis screening, and malaria prevention. This case study provides program planners, implementers, and decision makers with examples of strategies and approaches for ensuring quality in HBHTC.
This case study details Guyana's process for revision of their national HIV treatment guidelines, based on WHO's 2010 revised recommendations . While many countries are still working to revise their national guidelines in response to WHO's latest guidance, the National AIDS Programme in Guyana has been implementing elements of WHO's 2010 recommendations since 2006.
After the 2009 release of WHO's Rapid Advice for HIV treatment in adults and adolescents, Zambia launched a broad-based effort to update its national treatment protocols. The Ministry of Health succeeded in creating an efficient and inclusive review and revision process for the guidelines, which they began implementing in 2011.
Little attention is paid to the potential risk of HIV exposure in intergenerational relationships, through which older men offer young women money or goods in exchange for sex. In Tanzania, the Fataki radio campaign uses humor and familiar stories to foster dialogue around the dangers of intergenerational sex and to empower community members to intervene.
A step-by-step example of how a program in Vietnam integrated mental health services into 1) a HIV care and treatment program and 2) a methadone maintenance treatment to improve the quality of life among PLHIV. These two examples show how mental health services can be integrated into the health system through technical, financial, and policy support to improve the well-being of PLHIV.
An in-depth look at the Peter C. Alderman Foundation's efforts to integrate HIV services and referrals into their mental health program in the post-conflict area of Northern Uganda. This case study provides concrete recommendations for programs to increase the links between mental health and HIV services thus providing holistic care for PLHIV.
Prompted by a growing knowledge of the complexity of HIV transmission, many countries are reassessing the nature of their HIV epidemics. "Mixed" epidemics, or concurrent epidemics experienced by both the general population and members of most-at-risk populations (MARPs), are of growing importance in HIV programming. Nigeria, a country with a range of regional and local epidemics, is now attempting to incorporate programming for MARPs into the national HIV response. This case study documents the country's analysis of its epidemics and the efforts of the Nigerian government to adjust their national strategic plan according to the results of the analysis.
Data from a 2009 modeling exercise suggested that Rwanda has a mixed HIV epidemic, meaning that transmission occurs within both most-at-risk populations as well as the general population. This case study documents how Rwanda, with support from PEPFAR, created one of Africa's first comprehensive HIV programs, covering prevention, care, treatment, and impact mitigation.
Men who have sex with men (MSM) have been neglected in HIV programming in sub-Saharan Africa, frequently ignored in national strategies and hidden in the face of intolerance, stigmatization, and punitive laws. In Ghana, community-based organizations (CBOs) have been at the forefront of HIV interventions for MSM. Among the small number of CBOs working with this highly vulnerable population are the Accra-based Center for Popular Education and Human Rights, Ghana (CEPEHRG) and Maritime Life Precious Foundation (Maritime) in Takoradi. With the support of PEPFAR, these two organizations have been part of much-needed efforts to reach MSM with prevention messages, condoms, and lubricant and to increase uptake of HIV-related services using cell phone-based communications.
Recent studies confirm that globally men who have sex with men (MSM) are at significantly greater risk for HIV infection than other adults of reproductive age, due to a combination of biological, behavioral, and structural factors. In a sometimes difficult cultural and political environment, the Humsafar Trust works with MSM in Mumbai and successfully links community advocacy and support activities to the development of effective HIV prevention and health services. In India as elsewhere, the development of responsive programming and service options for MSM will help reduce their vulnerability to HIV and improve the overall effectiveness of the HIV response.
Along the U.S.-Mexico border, a growing HIV epidemic fueled largely by commercial sex and injecting drug use threatens both countries. Working in an often dangerous climate, two Mexican NGOs provide most-at-risk populations in Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez with HIV prevention services that use a combination of approaches.
In Nicaragua, HIV prevention for "sexually diverse" populations, including men who have sex with men (MSM), is made significantly more difficult by societal norms that stigmatize same-sex sexual activity and favor conformity to strict gender roles. Centro para la Prevención y Educación del SIDA (CEPRESI) is addressing this issue by both working to change perceptions of masculinity in Nicaragua's general population and educating MSM on HIV prevention and treatment.
The influence of religious groups in parts of Latin America positions them to target most-at-risk populations (MARPs) who may have been overlooked by traditional HIV prevention outreach. In Mexico, La Iglesia de la Reconciliación, VIHas de Vida, and El Mesón de la Misericordia are challenging assumptions about faith-based organizations (FBOs) and the role they can play in HIV prevention. These three FBOs integrate spirituality and a holistic vision of health into their activities, sharing information on HIV and providing other HIV-related services in Mexico City and Guadalajara.
Integrating strategies to address gender inequity and change harmful gender norms is an increasingly important component of HIV programs, including those targeting most-at-risk populations (MARPs). This case study (one of nine in a series) documents Indonesia's STIGMA Foundation, which uses a peer outreach model to help men and women who inject drugs live safer, healthier, more productive lives through community organizing, advocacy, and networking.
This is one of nine case studies in the Gender Strategies in Concentrated Epidemics series.
Successful outreach to most-at-risk populations (MARPs) recognizes the sociocultural context and particularly the gendered norms in which MARPs live. This case study (one of nine in a series) documents how outreach workers in Lebanon raise awareness about how gender norms can increase HIV risk; deliver basic information on HIV, hepatitis, and other STIs; offer counseling to support positive behavior change, and distribute free condoms, syringes, and lubricants.
This is one of nine case studies in the Gender Strategies in Concentrated Epidemics series.
Programs focused on promoting gender equity and combating detrimental gender norms play a key role in HIV prevention. This case study (one of nine in a series) documents how the PRASIT program in Cambodia targets entertainment workers, their mainly middle class and male clients, and males who have sex with males using strategic behavior communication. Although the programs vary in their approaches, strategies employed by PRASIT have focused on community outreach, mass media campaigns, and peer education.
This is one of nine case studies in the Gender Strategies in Concentrated Epidemics series.
Integrating strategies to address gender inequity and change harmful gender norms is an increasingly important component of HIV programs. However, gender integration among programs targeting most-at-risk populations (MARPs) is much less prevalent. This case study (one of nine in a series) reviews how SANGRAM, a women-led network of collective empowerment groups in India, is developing and administering projects that promote and protect the rights—and health—of MARPs.
This is one of nine case studies in the Gender Strategies in Concentrated Epidemics series.
In Peru, where cultural norms emphasize women's subordination and the importance of masculinity, programs with a focus on gender—particularly those involving sex workers are often underfunded and underrepresented. This case study (one of nine in a series) describes how three organizations focused on sex workers and transgendered and transsexual people have joined together to advance the rights of sex workers. The Sex Work, HIV, and Human Rights Program uses a democratic and participatory approach in order to raise awareness of human rights and advocate for sex workers' rights on both national and local levels.
This is one of nine case studies in the Gender Strategies in Concentrated Epidemics series.
Together, a support network plus access to legal and psychological support are essential components of HIV programming for most-at-risk populations. In Colombia, obtaining this support is difficult for many members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community due to pervasive stigma and discrimination. Bogotá's LGBT Community Center was founded in order to help fill this need and serves a clientele comprised mainly of men who have sex with men. This case study (one of nine in a series) examines the center's efforts to provide a social and educational base for its clients while also advocating for their rights.
This is one of nine case studies in the Gender Strategies in Concentrated Epidemics series.
Gender norms affect the behavior and life choices of both men and women. In Vietnam, these norms sometimes drive people into situations where they are at increased risk of violence, STI acquisition, and/or incarceration. This case study (one of nine in a series) examines CARE International's STEP program, which seeks to ensure that both men and women have equal access to services to prevent STIs, safeguard their health, avoid gender-based violence, and participate in income-generating activities.
This is one of nine case studies in the Gender Strategies in Concentrated Epidemics series.
Different Needs But Equal Rights: Giving Voice to Transgender Communities through ASPIDH in El Salvador
Although transgender individuals are a highly vulnerable segment of El Salvador's population, the national political climate has only recently begun to support HIV programming that is tailored to their needs. Additionally, limited access to medical services and legal protection and considerable societal stigma and discrimination means that organizations working with transgender individuals must meet a variety of complex and varied needs. This case study, one of 9 in a series, describes the challenges and successes of the Solidarity Association to Promote Human Development (ASPIDH), an NGO that promotes transgender rights via sensitization, education, and advocacy activities.
This is one of nine case studies in the Gender Strategies in Concentrated Epidemics series.
Gender inequality is a major contributor to men who have sex with men's (MSM) vulnerability to HIV. Understanding the gender dynamics of MSM, as well as their specific sexual identity issues and concerns, is important for delivering effective HIV services. This case study (one of nine in a series) describes how an NGO in Russia created an MSM-supportive environment and provided free access to HIV services through its "Follow the Voice of Life" program.
This is one of nine case studies in the Gender Strategies in Concentrated Epidemics series.
In India, most new HIV infections are concentrated in specific groups within the population and in certain areas of the country. To effectively reach most-at-risk populations, including sex workers, people who inject drugs and men-who-have sex with men, the Mumbai-based Avert Society is working with other nongovernmental organizations in five districts of Maharashtra to deliver HIV and STI testing via mobile testing clinics. Although the mobile clinic program is less than a year old, it has shown promising results to date.
"It Makes Me Want to Come Back Here": Silom Community Clinic's Approach to HTC Among MSM in Thailand
High rates of HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) in the Asia-Pacific region are a concern. Many MSM living with HIV remain unaware of their status and are often diagnosed in late stages of the disease. In 2005, the Silom Community Clinic was established in Bangkok to promote HIV testing and counseling while conducting high-quality HIV prevention research among MSM, including transgender populations. The clinic provides supportive, confidential, non-judgmental, and client-centered HIV rapid testing and counseling for MSM.
In many cases, HIV programming collapses transgender people under the umbrella category of men who have sex with men without taking into consideration the particular needs of transgender people. Yet, surveys of transgender populations in Thailand report extremely high HIV prevalence and very limited access to HIV prevention. Sisters, a transgender-focused, community-based organization in Thailand, helps to fill this gap. Sisters' approach helps transgender people in Pattaya, Thailand access the health system, providing a safe place for health education, prevention services, and overall support.
In the Dominican Republic, two nongovernmental organizations offer comprehensive, integrated HIV and other health services that serve the special needs of high-risk and vulnerable populations: sex workers, migrant workers, young people, and people with disabilities.
The Targeted Outreach Project (TOP) provides HIV prevention services, as well as social, civic, and educational programs, for sex workers and men who have sex with men in Burma. TOP's community-driven and evidence-based strategies have contributed to its success and scale up across the country. Furthermore, epidemiological data suggest that TOP has contributed to declining HIV incidence in Burma.
Both NGO and community-based organization (CBO) approaches can benefit HIV program management. This case study explores the significant role of community-based initiatives and the process of collaborating with community-based organizations (CBOs) to address HIV within communities of MARPs. The study focuses on two CBOs—Sarathi, located in the city of Nagpur, and Prerana Samajik Sanstha (Inspire Community Organization, or PSS), an organization comprised of and for female sex workers (FSWs) in Aurangabad.
Makhwapheni Uyabulala, or "Secret Lovers Kill," was Swaziland's first national media campaign to focus on the HIV risk of multiple and concurrent sexual partnerships (MCP). The campaign promoted HIV prevention in the country with the world's highest HIV prevalence by broadcasting a powerful message that resonated with the public and encouraged behavior change. The Makhwapheni Campaign launched a widespread public exchange about multiple sexual partnerships and the spread of HIV, a topic rarely discussed in Swazi society.
Launched on South African television in June 2008, the Scrutinize Campaign was a year-long series of HIV prevention ads targeting multiple and concurrent sexual partnerships. Irreverent and humorous, with strong, colorful visuals, the campaign's ads were markedly different from previous South African HIV prevention campaigns for youth. Rather than telling the audience what to do, the Scrutinize campaign messaging encouraged those in the audience to scrutinize their own behavior, resulting in dramatic uptake of key HIV prevention messages.
As a lynchpin of its bold goal of zero new HIV infections by 2016, Botswana's national O Icheke: Break the Chain campaign offers a wake-up call on the risks of multiple and concurrent sexual partnerships. O Icheke ("Check Yourself" in Setswana) combines mass media with district-level interventions targeting community norms change and individual behavior change.
Addressing multiple and concurrent sexual partnerships (MCP) and other drivers of HIV in Zambia, this fictional mini-series and its associated One Love Kwasila! multimedia campaign encouraged viewers to protect themselves and their partners by "cutting their connections to HIV."
The Health Initiatives for the Private Sector (HIPS) Project is a model for involving private providers in a national HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment approach, while strategically planning for long term sustainability. This case study looks at the issues around decentralization of HIV treatment to private providers, as well as how private sector engagement can support the goals of the PEPFAR strategy.
An example of how assistance can be mobilized from within communities to protect young people's access to education, Youth Alive Tanzania's Youth and Parents Crisis Counseling Center (YOPAC) is implementing "community-enforced agreements"—simple and straightforward commitments of support—that give orphans like Jamilla confidence and optimism about their futures.
Orphans and other vulnerable children (OVC) are susceptible to abuse, exploitation, violence, and neglect and often do not have access to support systems designed to assist in these instances. This case study examines Legal Units in Côte d'Ivoire, a network of individuals and resources that can be tapped as needed to protect the rights of children and their families. Their mission is to help resolve legal problems for OVC and their families either by mediation or prosecution, and to raise awareness about children's rights among OVC and their communities.
The SIDHAS program (2010-14) helps to mitigate the risks faced by Nigeria's orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) through technical assistance to government agencies, health facilities, and CBOs. SIDHAS's OVC integration model has demonstrated that leveraging existing capacity and building strong linkages between sectors can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of HIV programs and create a system of holistic services to support affected communities.


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Courses: Senior Research Tutorial in Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton (BIOLH407A01)
Fall 2009
Studies on the structure and function of microtubules and other cytoskeletal components. Techniques employed include the generation of mutants and their characterization by genetic analysis; the manipulation of DNA, RNA and protein, including studies of transformation and expression; and the production of antibodies and their use in immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy. Laboratory work is supplemented by readings from the current literature.
Prerequisites: Consent of instructor.
Fulfills: NA II
Taught By
Meeting Times


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This ChemMatters article provides a history of the study of ozone, a description of an experimental simulation called "The World Avoided," a brief introduction to the chemistry of ozone, an explanation of how ozone is measured, and the difference... (View More) between "good" ozone in the stratosphere vs "bad" ozone in the troposhere. ChemMatters is an educational magazine published by the American Chemical Society. (View Less)
Materials Cost: Free
This module focuses on ultraviolet radiation on Earth and in space and how it affects life. Learners will construct their own "martian" using craft materials and UV beads. They will explore how UV radiation from the Sun can affect living things,... (View More) comparing conditions on Earth and Mars, and then discuss ways in which organisms may protect themselves from UV radiation. They will then take part in a Mars Creature Challenge, where they will change their creature to help it survive harsh UV conditions — like on Mars. They will then test their Mars creatures by subjecting them to different environmental conditions to see how well they "survive" in a martian environment. This investigation will explore shelter and protection as one of life's requirements and how Earth's atmosphere protects life from harmful UV radiation. It also includes specific tips for effectively engaging girls in STEM. This is activity 5 in Explore: Life on Mars? that was developed specifically for use in libraries. (View Less)
This activity allows participants to build a paper model of the GPM Core Observatory and learn about the technology the satellite uses to measure precipitation from space. Directions explain how to cut, fold and glue the individual pieces together... (View More) to make the model. The accompanying information sheet has details about the systems in the satellite including the Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR), the GPM Microwave Imager (GMI), the High Gain Antenna, avionics and star trackers, propulsion system and solar array, as well as a math connection and additional engineering challenges. (View Less)
Materials Cost: 1 cent - $1 per group of students
Students are introduced to the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite mission and its role in studying the water cycle. This webquest provides links to eight websites, allowing middle school students to explore the water cycle and its... (View More) impacts on Earth's weather and climate. Through online videos and articles, students follow a water molecule through the cycle, discover the connection between the water cycle and global water/heat distribution, examine the role of solar energy, and assess the importance of fresh water. (View Less)
Materials Cost: Free
In this activity, students face an engineering challenge based on real-world applications. They are tasked with developing a tool they can use to measure the amount of rain that falls each day. Students will find out why freshwater is important,... (View More) learn about the water cycle, and the need to have a standard form of calibration for measurement tools. They will learn that keeping track of precipitation is important, and learn a little bit about how NASA's GPM satellite measures precipitation from space. This lesson uses the 5-E instructional model. (View Less)
Materials Cost: $1 - $5 per group of students
This lesson was developed to give participants an understanding of Earth's water cycle. In this one-hour long activity, students participate in a webquest to learn about the water cycle, and then build a mini-model of the water cycle to observe how... (View More) water moves through Earth's four systems. The activity uses the 5E instructional model and is part of the "Survivor Earth" series of one-hour lessons. (View Less)
Materials Cost: 1 cent - $1 per group of students
In this activity, participants learn about the hydrosphere by making observations and taking measurements. They will go outside and use scientific equipment to investigate temperature, pH and transparency of a body of water. They will use this... (View More) qualitative and quantitative data to understand why it is important to know about the condition of freshwater sources in many places in the natural environment and how these places are connected in the water cycle. Data collection is based on protocols from The GLOBE Program. This activity uses the 5E instructional model and is part of the "Survivor Earth" series of one-hour lessons. (View Less)
Materials Cost: $1 - $5 per group of students
This is an activity about magnetic fields. Learners will study magnetic fields at four separate stations: examining magnetic fields generated by everyday items, mapping out a magnetic field using a compass, creating models of Earth's and Jupiter's... (View More) magnetic fields, and observing aurora produced by magnetic fields on both planets. This activity is part of Explore! Jupiter's Family Secrets, a series designed to engage children in space and planetary science in libraries and informal learning environments. (Note: the activity was adapted for informal education from Magnetic Globe, by Sonoma State University, and Exploring Magnetism, by Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley) (View Less)
Materials Cost: Over $20 per group of students
In this inquiry activity, teams of students are challenged with engineering a greenhouse heat trap for use with exotic plants. The investigation requires thermometers, plastic wrap, and a shoebox for each team. Students graph data and determine the... (View More) effectiveness of their design. This activity is supported by a textbook chapter, Atmospheric Energy, part of the unit, Energy Flow, in Global Systems Science (GSS), an interdisciplinary course for high school students that emphasizes how scientists from a wide variety of fields work together to understand significant problems of global impact. (View Less)
Materials Cost: 1 cent - $1 per group of students
In this problem-based learning activity, students assume roles as members of the Department of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE). Your major area of concern is locating areas best for collecting solar power. You will need to evaluate... (View More) locations in the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere, and decide which is the best location for solar energy development. Step-by-step instructions for use of the MY NASA DATA Live Access Server (LAS) guide students through selecting a data set, importing the data into a spreadsheet, creating graphs, and analyzing data plots. The lesson provides detailed procedures, related links and sample graphs, follow-up questions, extensions, and teacher notes. Designed for student use, MY NASA DATA LAS samples micro datasets from large scientific data archives, and provides structured investigations engaging students in exploration of real data to answer real world questions. (View Less)
Materials Cost: Free per student


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The See-Inside Alphabet Peg Puzzle will help your child to tell a story, play a guessing game, or find the hidden pictures! Each letter peg piece reveals a full-color illustration that begins with the letter above. Perfect for a variety of learning games!
Measures 12 x 9" and features 26 pieces.
Age: 3 years +


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Learn more about ODonnell Industries 26091 Small Luxury Pillow Dog Bed - Suki Pecan:
Manufacturer: ODonnell Industries
Mfg Part#: 26091
Sku: 231243296
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|Features DIV DIV20" DiameterDIV DIVMicrosuede fabric with heavy cording around middle DIV Separate liner filled with spring wound high-loft spun polyester Removable cover - machine wash cold and cool dry Available in a variety of fabric options DIV DIV Snoozer Luxury Round Pillow Pet Bed with Micro Suede Fabric.The Luxury Round Pillow Pet Bed is designed with your pets comfort in mind the Snoozer Luxury Pet Pillow is sure to meet all the needs of your pet. Filled with spring wound high-loft spun polyester this pet bed will keep its form after continued use. Many fabrics options are available so pet owners can find the perfect match for their pet.DIV Removable cover in Micro Fiber Suede with a heavy cording around the middle. Separate Liner filled with spring wound high-loft spun polyester. Machine wash cold andamp; cool dry. Manufactured by ODonnell Industries in Greenville South Carolina;a leader in pet products for nearly 20 years. Comfort quality and style all wrapped up in one pet pillow!; Ultra-comfortable the Snoozer Luxury Round Pillow Dog Bed offers appearance and longevity.


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What's more important to you:
• Knowing when your baby is crying?
• Knowing when your baby is not breathing?
While it is good to know when your baby is awake, moving or wants attention, it's even more crucial to know when they are completely still. This is where Snuza can help. Snuza monitors your baby's movements. If there is no movement sensed for 15 seconds, Snuza will gently vibrate to stimulate your baby. If no further movement is sensed within 5 seconds, an audible alarm will alert you to act. Specifically, this monitor helps prevent SIDS deaths and lets new parents get a good nights sleep.
Snuza - Simple, Portable, Peace of Mind.
The value of Snuza monitors in today's mobile world is significant as it is an 'out-and-about' monitor, unrestricted by the conditions imposed by other monitoring products.
The innovative Snuza range offers unsurpassed technology in the world of baby monitoring in that it uniquely combines finely-tuned precision monitoring with mobility and ergonomics
About Snuza:
- Best proactive monitor on market
- Will stimulate baby to breathe if motion is not detected
- Smallest, lightest monitor on market (weighs only 1oz)
- Ergonomically designed to fit comfortably on baby's diaper
- Placement next to baby's abdomen means more accurate detection
- Has no cables, wires or plugs which makes it easy to use
- Comprehensive 1 year warranty
- Portability means it offers protection for baby everywhere it sleeps
Snuza Halo is a small, light Baby Movement Monitor that can be used anywhere your baby sleeps. Traditional Movement Monitors that utilize pads are useful if you only have one child who only sleeps in their crib, but if you have multiples, or your baby sleeps somewhere other than a crib, such as a Moses Basket or Pram, then these monitors may not be suitable.
Because Snuza Halo clips over the waistband of baby's diaper, it doesn't matter where they sleep. Perfect for at home, when traveling or when visiting friends and family.
You can rest assured that Snuza Halo is safe. There are no wires or cords that could potentially harm baby. Your Snuza is made with hypo-allergenic, medical grade plastics; and importantly, does not send or receive radio frequency signals.


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A man is in serious condition after a motorcycle wreck on Jefferson Davis Highway in Burnettown this morning.
The wreck happened about 10:30 a.m. near the intersection of Jefferson Davis Highway and Anthony Drive, according to Chief David Paul Smith of the Burnettown Police Department.
The driver of a Honda Shadow motorcycle tried to avoid traffic that had shifted and slowed down in front of him, but the motorcycle "locked up" and slid about 100 feet into the median, Smith said. The motorcycle came out of the median and struck a concrete curb, causing the driver to go airborne and land in the grass median.
The motorcycle was the only vehicle involved, Smith said. The driver's name has not been released.
"He's in serious condition, but he's responding," Smith said, adding that the driver was not wearing a helmet and did suffer head injuries.
Smith said it's a "miracle" there weren't more vehicles involved. "The motorcycle couldn't slow down. He didn't want to hit the vehicles and went to the median," he said. "It's a miracle he didn't flip the first time. Anytime you hit a concrete median with a motorcycle, it's amazing if you don't flip it." Smith added that the driver was driving too fast for conditions.
"We encourage all motorcycle riders to ride safe and wear a helmet," he said.
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It's the holiday season, and what better gift for that McFarlane fan than a comic or toy signed by the legendary innovator himself? Spawn creator and McFarlane Toys CEO, Todd McFarlane, will be on hand Saturday, December 18th at his McFarlane store for an exclusive signing. Taking place from 10 AM to 1 PM, signing will be limited to two items per person. Don't have that special comic book or toy for Todd to sign? The McFarlane store carries a variety of choices for that special person on your gift list, or even for you! Be sure to be there early -- a special giveaway item, a McFarlane Toys Limited Edition Halo Metallic Gold Master Chief, will be handed out to the first 100 people in line.
McFarlane at Westgate was voted "Best Place to Buy An Action Figure" by The Phoenix New Times, and features all the new lines from McFarlane Toys. Hot on hand for this holiday season are official league-licensed NFL, MLB, NBA and NHL sports figures, Halo action figures, and McFarlane's Twisted X-Mas figures, including the very hot limited edition Mrs. Claus figure (blonde variant).
The store also carries the season's most recent collectible toys for kids from three years and up, including Star Wars, Marvel, DC Universe, Justice League, Gears of War, Street Fighter, Bioshock, Nintendo characters, urban vinyl and blind box figures, bobbleheads, assorted plush from mainstream to urban, Kubricks, Be@rbricks and Lego minis.
For the ladies on your holiday list, McFarlane has you covered with My Little Pony collector edition ponies, Littlest Pet Shop, Hello Kitty and collector Barbies.
You'll also find a variety comic books and novelties items such as retro lunch boxes, mugs, shirts, totes, t-shirts and coffee mugs featuring The Beatles, Elvis, Betty Page, Marilyn Monroe and Wizard of Oz.
The McFarlane toy store is located within the Westgate City Center adjacent to Jobing.com arena. For more information on the signing, or any of the special products on hand for the holiday season, call the McFarlane toy store at 623-670-5601.


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We live in a small house. On purpose. We chose a smaller home because we wanted it to be efficient and cost-effective, and it is. But there were a few things we didn't really consider when we committed to a more eco-conscious way of living. Like, how to get both kids to sleep at night… [read more]
Small house? Light Sleepers? Get #SeriousSleep Help with Dohmie
November 23, 2013 by 29 Comments


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From historic urban hotels, to country bed and breakfast inns, Philadelphia shows her multitasking muscle with solid hotel choices in several levels of hospitality. City fixes are plentiful, with a plush list of luxury Philadelphia hotel addresses mixed with affordable boutiques, bed and breakfasts, and national chains.
Many Philadelphia hotels in the city center provide access to exercise equipment on-site or with membership to nearby gyms. Several smaller boutique hotels provide a more intimate stay, with similar historic emphasis and edgy style.
A renaissance of sorts has come to many of the near neighborhoods, inspiring a host of creative Philadelphia hotels with personalities all their own. Consider the East Passyunk district, named one of the 10 best foodie streets in America, or the Callow Hill district's creative vibe, for rooms with both a good view and a little panache. Fishtown is another area that has come into its own, dovetailing the city's most vibrant music, art, and culinary scenes into a hugely flavorful neighborhood. Its narrow streets, row homes, and unique shops are the perfect choice for a more eclectic stay in Philadelphia.
Venturing out to Philadelphia's surrounding Bucks, Chester, Delaware, and Montgomery Counties, lodging options are also great areas to explore as well.
Hotels in Philadelphia
The birthplace of the cheesesteak and the United States Constitution, Philadelphia is rich in history and culture. If you're planning a trip to the City of Brotherly Love, you can find great deals on Philadelphia hotels. In Philadelphia, most of the hotels are located in the Center City neighborhood, which is the city's central business district, right in the middle of all the action, and a great area to explore on foot. If you're coming in through the Philadelphia airport, hotels are also located close by. When you save money by booking flights and accommodations on Travelocity, you can experience more of what this great city has to offer.
Philadelphia is a city rich in history and is home to many national historic sites. The city is often called the "Birthplace of America" due to its role in the Revolutionary War and the development of the United States Constitution. People who are interested in early United States history will especially love the sites. The Liberty Bell Center is open year-round and features exhibits about this famous symbol of freedom as well as the iconic bell. Independence Hall, the location where the Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were adopted, can be seen in the distance behind the Liberty Bell.
Another national historic landmark is the Eastern State Penitentiary, a former prison that is open to the public as a museum for tours that are conducted throughout the year. The building is known for its ominous, looming appearance (some believe it to be haunted) and for housing some of the nation's most notorious criminals. If you're visiting Philadelphia in the fall, be sure to check out the "Terror Behind the Walls" haunted house event.
Fine Art
As with many other major cities, Philadelphia has its fair share of museums. The Philadelphia Museum of Art is one of the largest art museums in the country and has a collection of more than 227,000 objects spanning 2,000 years. The museum also holds special exhibitions throughout the year. At The Barnes Foundation, you can find works by Impressionist and Modernist masters like Monet, Renoir, van Gogh, and Matisse. The Woodmere Art Museum showcases the artistic achievements of local Philadelphia artists and has free admission on Sunday. In fact, much of the art of Philadelphia can be seen entirely for free. Philadelphia has more public art than any other city in the United States. Scattered throughout the city, you can find sculptures, memorials, murals, and more.
Performance Art
The Avenue of the Arts in Center City is home to Philadelphia's theater district. In this vibrant community, you can find the Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts, which is home to the Philadelphia Orchestra. The Merriam Theater is owned by the University of the Arts and features performances by students of their dance and music programs as well as touring Broadway shows. The Wilma Theater is another popular venue that puts on original productions.
For Kids
If you're traveling with kids, there is plenty for them to do in Philadelphia. The Please Touch Museum at Memorial Hall is a great place to take the kids. Essentially a gigantic playground, this museum offers plenty of interactive exhibits aimed at children aged seven years and younger. Another great attraction that people of all ages can enjoy is the Philadelphia Zoo. This is the oldest zoo in America and is home to more than 1,000 animals. The Franklin Institute is a science museum and features several kid-friendly, educational exhibits related to many different branches of science.
Although it's a major city, there is certainly not a shortage of green spaces in Philadelphia. In fact, it has one of the largest urban park systems. Fairmount Park boasts more than 9,200 acres of natural landscape and is home to the Shofuso Japanese House and Garden, the Philadelphia Zoo, and the Philadelphia Museum of Art. Rittenhouse Square is a busy neighborhood square surrounded by many trendy shops, bars, and cafes and luxury real estate. There are plenty of park benches throughout the square, and it is a popular people-watching destination. Nature-lovers who are physically active can rent a bike and ride along the 12-mile Schuylkill River Bike Path.
Philly has an eclectic food scene with many fine dining establishments. New American cuisine, French, Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, Cuban, vegetarian… no matter what you're in the mood for, you can find it in Philadelphia. Some of the most popular fine dining spots are Bibou, Tinto, Sbraga, and Serpico. For a taste of history, make sure you stop at the City Tavern. Since rebuilt, the original historic tavern was the unofficial meeting place of the First Continental Congress. Today, you can still get the colonial experience, as waiters in period dress serve food inspired by the cuisine of the time. In an effort to maintain a historically accurate depiction of the era, cell phones are not allowed in the restaurant.
If this is your first time visiting Philadelphia, you can't go home without first trying the famous Philly cheesesteak. This culinary creation was first invented at Pat's King of Steaks, which is still open for business today. Geno's Steaks, located right across the street, is another famous cheesesteak joint. Philadelphia is also famed for its soft pretzels. If you want to eat out like a native Philadelphian, hit up one of the top brunch spots, like Sabrina's Cafe or Morning Glory Diner. Of course, no meal is complete without dessert. Philadelphia's Capogiro was named as the top place to eat ice cream by National Geographic. Their gelato is made from fresh, local ingredients and features unique flavors that you won't be able to find anywhere else.
When to Visit
People visit Philadelphia year-round, but the busiest time is during the summer. If you're planning on traveling during peak tourist season, be sure to reserve a room well in advance in order to get the best rates on hotels in Philadelphia, PA. The cheapest time to travel is during the winter due to the frigid conditions, with average low temperatures in the 20s. If you want to avoid the crowds and find the best deals on cheap hotels in Philadelphia, this is the time to visit. Spring is a pleasant time to visit, but it's still a little chilly during March and April. In spite of this, you can find great rates on Philadelphia hotels and flights during the spring months with Travelocity.


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Kansas City, Kan. (October 7, 2013) – In the No. 99 Fastenal Ford, Carl Edwards had his 13th start at Kansas Speedway and determined to land his first Sprint Cup win at his home track. The No. 99 team spend most of the 267 lap race tweaking reoccurring handling adjustments they have experienced for much of the season, and through the hard work of the Blue Team and Edwards' determination, landed his ninth top-five finish.
"Well, I don't know if we actually deserved to finish that well as much as I wanted to finish better than that. Holy moly that track is tough. In my opinion that Goodyear dual zone tire is awesome technology and it worked great in the test when it was about 25 degrees warmer but I didn't see any rubber on the race track today. I think the conditions changed and we went into an unknown area and didn't know the tire would act that way. It was treacherous, I mean death-defying every time you went into the corner on a run. It is tough to be racing for points when you have those kinds of restarts."
Out of the gate Edwards was sitting ninth and kept his No. 99 Fastenal Ford around tenth place when the first yellow flag pit stop came in on lap 43. Pit strategy was essential to the Hollywood Casino 400 and The Blue Team gave Edwards four tires and a track bar adjustment to help loose handling conditions. By lap 124 Edwards expressed the car was feeling much better, but the team was focused on getting the left front shim out and Fennig was waiting out with strategy in mind.
On the fifth pit stop, Edwards had the team pull the left front shim and took four tires while others took two, sending him back to 21st. Fennig knew Edwards would have his chance to work on track position with at least another one hundred laps to go.
Edwards said the car was feeling "pretty decent" and the team went at the left front shim once more on lap 188 and he came out 27th. A final pit stop on lap 227 is where Fennig's strategy played off when Edwards came off pit road fifth. A final restart on lap 248 shuffled him back to sixth, but Edwards was able to gain one more track position and claimed a fifth place finish at the checkered flag.
Edwards sits 11th in the points standings going into the Bank of America 500 at Charlotte Motor Speedway. Coverage of the race begins at 6:30 p.m. EST on ESPN.


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|Home > Guides > Tag Developers Guide > Struts Tags > UI Tags > Themes and Templates > simple theme
The simple theme renders "bare bones" HTML elements. The simple theme is most often used as a starting point for other themes. (See Extending Themes for more.)
For example, the textfield tag renders the HTML
<input/> tag without a label, validation, error reporting, or any other formatting or functionality.


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WALTERBORO — In late March 1945, Glenn Chaney witnessed the most famous bathroom break of World War II.
After spending the previous 22 hours building a pontoon bridge across the flooded Rhine River, Chaney and his unit of combat engineers got word Gen. George Patton was on his way.
Eager to catch a glimpse of the colorful top brass leader, Chaney climbed to the top of a nearby dirt pile and saluted the Third Army chief as he drove by.
Moments later and near the bridge's mid-point, Chaney suddenly saw Patton's jeep slow to a crawl, then stop. The general got out, stepped to the side of the newly finished span and casually unfastened his trousers.
"There, you Nazi sons of b-----s," Chaney said, trying to get inside Patton's thoughts that day. The moment was captured by photographers but not widely disseminated.
Delayed diagnosis
Nearly 70 years later, Chaney is among the dwindling number of South Carolinians who fought in World War II. And at 87, he may be among the oldest to receive post-traumatic stress disorder benefits for it.
After decades of nightmares and sessions with doctors, Chaney last year was approved based on his World War II experiences that, according to some of the paperwork involved, included much more than spanning Europe's rivers and streams.
"My unit was involved in the release of prisoners of war at the Buchenwald concentration camp," he said in one account his family provided to the Department of Veterans Affairs. "The prisoners looked like walking skeletons and some died while I was there. We used big earth moving machines to dig massive graves."
Also: "1944 — On our way into St. Lo (France), I pushed through a hedge row. Unknown to me, there was about a 6-foot ditch on the other side. As I burst through, I fell into the ditch and onto a dead German soldier. The stench was horrible. I rubbed dirt on my uniform, tried water and everything else. I only had one uniform so I had to live with the stench."
He also was wounded by a burst of artillery shrapnel.
The PTSD ruling, which about doubled his monthly VA benefits, his family said, helped settle some of the nagging questions that had plagued Chaney's children since they were young.
"Growing up, we were not allowed to make noise," said daughter Peggy Craven of Columbia. "We couldn't eat potato chips or celery," she added. "You had to tell him before you could get ice out of the ice machine."
Critical effort
Chaney grew up in Washington, Pa., not far from Pittsburgh. After the war broke out, he was drafted into the Army and steered toward becoming a medic. He gave that up, realizing that seeing wounded and bleeding G.I.s probably was not something he could handle. That set up his change of career, toward the 160th Engineers Combat Battalion.
During World War II, combat engineers had a variety of responsibilities, including clearing mines, carrying flamethrowers and blowing up enemy bunkers. But Chaney's specialty became building bridges.
What he did was critical. By design, the countries of northern Europe depend on waterways and bridges. So when the American Army approached a water obstacle, it usually meant the engineers had to cross 100 feet or so of canal before tackling the adjacent river.
Remembering Patton
Chaney remembers the physical labor involved through dozens of crossings. Still, it is the Patton crossing at the German city of Mainz that stands out, including the symbolic puncturing of the last of the German defenses.
"I'm proud of the fact he was my general," Chaney said of the eccentric Patton, who boasted ornate sidearms, believed in reincarnation and was one of the more colorful figures on the American side.
Historical notes say Patton wrote about his "call of nature," which apparently was far from impromptu.
"I drove to the Rhine River and went across on the pontoon bridge," he recorded afterward. "I stopped in the middle to take a p--- and then picked up some dirt on the far side in emulation of William the Conqueror."
The crossing was the first and only time Chaney said he saw his top commanding officer.
Patton's grandson, George Patton "Pat" Waters, lives in Mount Pleasant. He knows the Rhine story well, but said he wanted to focus on Chaney's efforts in getting the Army across, "and for getting my grandfather almost home."
Patton survived the fighting but died later that year following a car accident.
Living with PTSD
For Chaney, when the war ended he got on a boat in southern France and came home. He started a family and followed various career paths, including as a bartender and working in the glass industry.
"Drank cold beer," he said. And hid his PTSD.
His diagnosis came after repeated trips to the VA hospital in Charleston, he said.
Today, psychology experts say it became common for some WW II vets to carry on after the war, trying to function by keeping their memories buried. Dr. Ron Acierno, director of the post-traumatic stress disorder clinic at the Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center in Charleston, said the vets might cope by immersing themselves in intense work habits or, at the far opposite extreme, relying on substance or alcohol abuse to self-medicate, which became common among some members of the Greatest Generation.
"If the symptoms are not gone in three or four months, they don't seem to go away at all," said Acierno, who is not Chaney's doctor. "Just because you've had this for 70 years doesn't mean you can't treat it," he added.
Chaney said he can speak openly about his experiences now because he wants people to know what he went through, especially seeing the Holocaust up close.
"Like I said, there are those who don't believe it," he said.
World War II veteran Glenn Chaney, of Walterboro, served as a combat engineer helping the American Army cross canals and rivers in Europe. (chris hanclosky/staff)×
World War II veteran Glenn Chaney, of Walterboro, served as a combat engineer helping the American Army cross canals and rivers in Europe. In late March 1945, Gen. George Patton crossed the Rhine River on Chaney's bridge, pausing for the most famous bathroom break of the war. (chris hanclosky/staff)×
World War II veteran Glenn Chaney, of Walterboro, served as a combat engineer helping the American Army cross canals and rivers in Europe. In late March 1945, Gen. George Patton crossed the Rhine River on Chaney's bridge, pausing for the most famous bathroom break of the war. (chris hanclosky/staff)×
World War II veteran Glenn Chaney, of Walterboro, served as a combat engineer helping the American Army cross canals and rivers in Europe. (chris hanclosky/staff)×
The PTSD ruling has nearly doubled the monthly VA benefits for World War II veteran Glenn Chaney.×
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