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Devices and methods for altering gaseous flow within a lung to improve the expiration cycle of an individual, particularly individuals having chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The methods and devices create channels in lung tissue and maintain the patency of these surgically created channels in tissue. Maintaining the patency of the channels allows air to pass directly out of the lung tissue which facilitates the exchange of oxygen ultimately into the blood and/or decompresses hyper-inflated lungs.
1. An implant delivery system for locating and placing the implant within an opening in tissue, the delivery system comprising:
an elongate shaft having a distal portion, a proximal end, a distal end, and at least one lumen extending through the proximal end;
a balloon member having an interior in fluid communication with the lumen, the balloon member located on the distal portion of the elongate shaft;
a guide member located at the distal end of the elongate shaft and located distal to the balloon member, where the guide member has a blunt front surface, such that it may tactilely locate the opening and not drag on tissue or cause trauma and at least one resistance feature, such that when the guide member enters the opening, the resistance feature exerts resistance against tissue upon removal of the guide member from the opening; and
an expandable implant located over the balloon member.
2. The implant delivery system of
3. The implant delivery system of
4. The implant delivery system of
5. The implant delivery system of
6. The implant delivery system of
7. The implant delivery system of
8. The implant delivery system of
9. The implant delivery system of
10. The implant delivery system of
11. The implant delivery system of
12. The implant delivery system of
13. The implant delivery system of
14. The implant delivery system of
15. The implant delivery system of
16. The implant delivery system of
17. The implant delivery system of
18. The implant delivery system of
19. A method for locating and placing an implant within a hole in an airway wall, the method comprising:
locating the hole with a balloon catheter by probing the airway wall with a guide body located at a distal end of the balloon catheter and located distal to a balloon member of the balloon catheter, where the guide body has an atraumatic front surface to locate the hole without dragging on the airway tissue;
inserting the guide body into the hole, where the guide body includes a resistance feature located proximal to the atraumatic front surface;
temporarily anchoring the balloon catheter in the hole using the resistance feature of the guide body; and
expanding the hole in the airway wall with the balloon catheter.
20. The method of
21. The method of
This application is a continuation of International Application Number PCT/US2004/023305 filed Jul. 19, 2004 which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/488,332 filed Jul. 18, 2003, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
This is directed to methods and devices for altering gaseous flow within a lung to improve the expiration cycle of an individual, particularly individuals having chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The methods and devices create channels in lung tissue and maintain the patency of these surgically created channels in tissue. Maintaining the patency of the channels allows air to pass directly out of the lung tissue which facilitates the exchange of oxygen ultimately into the blood and/or decompresses hyper-inflated lungs.
The American Lung Association (ALA) estimates that nearly 16 million Americans suffer from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) which includes diseases such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and some types of asthma. The ALA estimated that COPD was the fourth-ranking cause of death in the U.S. The ALA estimates that about 14 million and 2 million Americans suffer from emphysema and chronic bronchitis respectively.
Those inflicted with COPD face disabilities due to the limited pulmonary functions. Usually, individuals afflicted by COPD also face loss in muscle strength and an inability to perform common daily activities. Often, those patients desiring treatment for COPD seek a physician at a point where the disease is advanced. Since the damage to the lungs is irreversible, there is little hope of recovery. Most times, the physician cannot reverse the effects of the disease but can only offer treatment and advice to halt the progression of the disease.
To understand the detrimental effects of COPD, the workings of the lungs requires a cursory discussion. The primary function of the lungs is to permit the exchange of two gasses by removing carbon dioxide from arterial blood and replacing it with oxygen. Thus, to facilitate this exchange, the lungs provide a blood gas interface. The oxygen and carbon dioxide move between the gas (air) and blood by diffusion. This diffusion is possible since the blood is delivered to one side of the blood-gas interface via small blood vessels (capillaries). The capillaries are wrapped around numerous air sacs called alveoli which function as the blood-gas interface. A typical human lung contains about 300 million alveoli.
The air is brought to the other side of this blood-gas interface by a natural respiratory airway, hereafter referred to as a natural airway or airway, consisting of branching tubes which become narrower, shorter, and more numerous as they penetrate deeper into the lung. Specifically, the airway begins with the trachea which branches into the left and right bronchi which divide into lobar, then segmental bronchi. Ultimately, the branching continues down to the terminal bronchioles which lead to the alveoli. Plates of cartilage may be found as part of the walls throughout most of the airway from the trachea to the bronchi. The cartilage plates become less prevalent as the airways branch. Eventually, in the last generations of the bronchi, the cartilage plates are found only at the branching points. The bronchi and bronchioles may be distinguished as the bronchi lie proximal to the last plate of cartilage found along the airway, while the bronchiole lies distal to the last plate of cartilage. The bronchioles are the smallest airways that do not contain alveoli. The function of the bronchi and bronchioles is to provide conducting airways that lead air to and from the gas-blood interface. However, these conducting airways do not take part in gas exchange because they do not contain alveoli. Rather, the gas exchange takes place in the alveoli which are found in the distal most end of the airways.
The mechanics of breathing include the lungs, the rib cage, the diaphragm and abdominal wall. During inspiration, inspiratory muscles contract increasing the volume of the chest cavity. As a result of the expansion of the chest cavity, the pleural pressure, the pressure within the chest cavity, becomes sub-atmospheric. Consequently, air flows into the lungs and the lungs expand. During unforced expiration, the inspiratory muscles relax and the lungs begin to recoil and reduce in size. The lungs recoil because they contain elastic fibers that allow for expansion, as the lungs inflate, and relaxation, as the lungs deflate, with each breath. This characteristic is called elastic recoil. The recoil of the lungs causes alveolar pressure to exceed atmospheric pressure causing air to flow out of the lungs and deflate the lungs. 'If the lungs' ability to recoil is damaged, the lungs cannot contract and reduce in size from their inflated state. As a result, the lungs cannot evacuate all of the inspired air.
In addition to elastic recoil, the lung's elastic fibers also assist in keeping small airways open during the exhalation cycle. This effect is also known as "tethering" of the airways. Tethering is desirable since small airways do not contain cartilage that would otherwise provide structural rigidity for these airways. Without tethering, and in the absence of structural rigidity, the small airways collapse during exhalation and prevent air from exiting thereby trapping air within the lung.
Emphysema is characterized by irreversible biochemical destruction of the alveolar walls that contain the elastic fibers, called elastin, described above. The destruction of the alveolar walls results in a dual problem of reduction of elastic recoil and the loss of tethering of the airways. Unfortunately for the individual suffering from emphysema, these two problems combine to result in extreme hyperinflation (air trapping) of the lung and an inability of the person to exhale. In this situation, the individual will be debilitated since the lungs are unable to perform gas exchange at a satisfactory rate.
One further aspect of alveolar wall destruction is that the airflow between neighboring air sacs, known as collateral ventilation or collateral air flow, is markedly increased as when compared to a healthy lung. While alveolar wall destruction decreases resistance to collateral ventilation, the resulting increased collateral ventilation does not benefit the individual since air is still unable to flow into and out of the lungs. Hence, because this trapped air is rich in CO2, it is of little or no benefit to the individual.
Chronic bronchitis is characterized by excessive mucus production in the bronchial tree. Usually there is a general increase in bulk (hypertrophy) of the large bronchi and chronic inflammatory changes in the small airways. Excessive amounts of mucus are found in the airways and semisolid plugs of this mucus may occlude some small bronchi. Also, the small airways are usually narrowed and show inflammatory changes.
Currently, although there is no cure for COPD, treatment includes bronchodilator drugs, and lung reduction surgery. The bronchodilator drugs relax and widen the air passages thereby reducing the residual volume and increasing gas flow permitting more oxygen to enter the lungs. Yet, bronchodilator drugs are only effective for a short period of time and require repeated application. Moreover, the bronchodilator drugs are only effective in a certain percentage of the population of those diagnosed with COPD. In some cases, patients suffering from COPD are given supplemental oxygen to assist in breathing. Unfortunately, aside from the impracticalities of needing to maintain and transport a source of oxygen for everyday activities, the oxygen is only partially functional and does not eliminate the effects of the COPD. Moreover, patients requiring a supplemental source of oxygen are usually never able to return to functioning without the oxygen.
Lung volume reduction surgery is a procedure which removes portions of the lung that are over-inflated. The portion of the lung that remains has relatively better elastic recoil, providing reduced airway obstruction. The reduced lung volume also improves the efficiency of the respiratory muscles. However, lung reduction surgery is an extremely traumatic procedure which involves opening the chest and thoracic cavity to remove a portion of the lung. As such, the procedure involves an extended recovery period. Hence, the long term benefits of this surgery are still being evaluated. In any case, it is thought that lung reduction surgery is sought in those cases of emphysema where only a portion of the lung is emphysematous as opposed to the case where the entire lung is emphysematous. In cases where the lung is only partially emphysematous, removal of a portion of emphysematous lung which was compressing healthier portions of the lung allows the healthier portions to expand, increasing the overall efficiency of the lung. If the entire lung is emphysematous, however, removal of a portion of the lung removes gas exchanging alveolar surfaces, reducing the overall efficiency of the lung. Lung volume reduction surgery is thus not a practical solution for treatment of emphysema where the entire lung is diseased.
Both bronchodilator drugs and lung reduction surgery fail to capitalize on the increased collateral ventilation taking place in the diseased lung. There remains a need for a medical procedure that can alleviate some of the problems caused by COPD. There is also a need for a medical procedure that alleviates some of the problems caused by COPD irrespective of whether a portion of the lung, or the entire lung is emphysematous. The production and maintenance of collateral openings through an airway wall allows air to pass directly out of the lung tissue responsible for gas exchange. These collateral openings serve to decompress hyper inflated lungs and/or facilitate an exchange of oxygen into the blood.
It was found that creation of collateral channels in COPD patients allowed expired air to pass out of the lungs and decompressed hyper-inflated lungs. Such methods and devices for creating and maintaining collateral channels are discussed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/633,651, filed on Aug. 7, 2000; U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 09/947,144, 09/946,706, and 09/947,126 all filed on Sep. 4, 2001; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/317,338 filed on Sep. 4, 2001; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/334,642 filed on Nov. 29, 2001; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/367,436 filed on Mar. 20, 2002; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/374,022 filed on Apr. 19, 2002 each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
It was found that creating an opening/channel through an airway wall overcomes the shortcomings associated with bronchodilator drugs and lung volume reduction surgery. To further improve the benefit provided by the channel a need further remains to extend the duration of which the channel remains open (e.g., patency of the opening). Surgically creating a hole in tissue triggers a healing cascade. The body's natural healing response sets into motion, amongst other things, cell proliferation which can result in a build-up of scar tissue. This tissue overgrowth can occlude or otherwise close the surgically created opening. Additionally, in the event an implant is deployed in the surgically created opening to maintain the patency of the opening, the implant may become encapsulated or filled with tissue thereby occluding the channel.
Drug eluting coronary-type stents are not known to overcome the above mentioned events because these stents are often substantially cylindrical (or otherwise have a shape that conforms to the shape of a tubular blood vessel). Hence, they may slide and eject from surgically created openings in an airway wall leading to rapid closure of any channel. Additionally, the design and structure of the coronary-type stents reflect the fact that these stents operate in an environment that contains different tissues when compared to the airways not to mention an environment where there is a constant flow of blood against the stent. Moreover, the design of coronary stents also acknowledges the need to avoid partial restenosis of the vessel after stent placement. In view of the above, implants suited for placement in the coronary are often designed to account for factors that may be insignificant when considering a device for the airways.
Not surprisingly, experiments in animal models found that placement of a paclitaxel drug eluting vascular stent into the opening did not yield positive results in maintaining the patency of the opening. The shortcomings were both in the physical structure of the stent along with the failure to control the healing cascade caused by creation of the channel.
An understanding of the distinctions between the healing response in the coronary versus the airways may explain this outcome. For purposes of our discussion, the healing response in both the coronary and the lungs may be divided into approximately four stages as measured relative to the time of the injury: 1) acute phase; 2) sub-chronic phase; 3) chronic phase; and 4) late phase.
In the coronary, after trauma caused by the placement of a coronary stent, the healing process begins in the acute phase with thrombus and acute inflammation. During the sub-chronic phase, there is an organization of the thrombus, an acute/chronic inflammation and early neointima hyperplasia. In the following chronic phase, there is a proliferation of smooth muscle cells along with chronic inflammation and adventitial thickening. In the late stage of the healing process there is chronic inflammation, neointimal remodeling, medial hypertrophy and adventitial thickening. Based upon the observations in a rabbit model, the healing response in the airway begins with a fibrinous clot, edema hemorrhage, and fibrin deposition. In the sub-chronic phase there is re-epithelialization, mucosal hypertrophy, squamous metaplasia, fibroplasias and fibrosus. In the chronic phase, while the epithelium is intact and there is less mucosal hypertrophy, there is still fibroplasia and fibrosis. In the late stage the respiratory epithelium is intact and there is evidence of a scar.
In view of the above, a need remains to create channels in airways of COPD patients. A need also remains for methods and devices for creating the channels and placing conduits therein such that the patency of the opening is extended.
The invention includes methods and devices for treating a lung suspected of having chronic obstructive pulmonary disease through the creation of collateral channels. The invention also includes extending the duration during which these channels remain open (e.g., maintaining patency.)
In one variation, the invention includes a method comprising selecting a treatment site in an airway of the lung, creating a hole in an airway wall of the airway; and expanding the hole in the airway wall.
Selecting the treatment site may include visual inspection of the site or inspection for the presence or absence of a blood vessel underneath the surface of the airway wall.
Selection of the site may be performed or aided by non-invasive imaging. Such imaging may include x-ray, ultrasound, Doppler, acoustic, MRI, PET, and computed tomography (CT) scans. Furthermore, a substance may be administered into the lungs to assist in the selection of the treatment site. For example, the substance may comprise a hyperpolarized gas, a thermochromatic dye, a regular dye, and/or a contrast agent.
Variations of the invention include the use of a less-traumatic holemaker for creation of the channel (note that a channel includes a hole that is created and subsequently expanded.) The less traumatic holemaker may include a piercing member (e.g., a needle, a cannula, a blade, a tube, a rod or other similar structure). The less traumatic holemaker may also include devices which minimize the collateral damage to tissue (e.g., low temperature RF devices, pulsating RF, low temperature laser, ultrasound, high pressure water, etc.)
In particular, the devices and methods prevent closure of the channel such that air may flow through the channel and into the airway. Such channels may be made by a variety of methods as discussed in the patents incorporated by reference above. For example, the channel may be made via a surgical incision, a needle, a rotary coring device, etc. Furthermore, the channel may be made by an energy based device, e.g., RF device, laser, etc. However, it has been noted that use of low temperature devices, e.g., mechanical devices, to create the channel result in less trauma to surrounding tissue and thereby minimize the healing response of the tissue. Accordingly, such modes of creating the channel often result in less occlusion of the channel.
The method includes expanding the hole by inserting a conduit into the hole. Furthermore, the method may comprise partially expanding the hole by deploying the conduit in the hole, and then fully expanding the hole by expanding the conduit within the hole.
Preventing closure may be performed using various approaches including, but not limited to, biochemical, electrical, thermal, irradiation, or mechanical approaches (or any combination thereof).
The method may also include delivering a bio-active composition, as described herein, to maintain patency of the channel or conduit. The bio-active composition may be delivered to the airway wall prior to creation of the channel, subsequent to creation of the channel, and/or after insertion and deployment of the conduit. The bio-active composition may also be delivered through a drug eluting process, either through a composition placed on the conduit, or via delivery of a separate eluting substance.
Biochemical approaches include delivery of medicines that inhibit closure of the surgically created channel. The medicines may be delivered locally or systematically. In one variation, a delivery catheter includes a dispense lumen that sends a drug to the target site. Also, bioactive substances may be delivered to the channel tissue using various delivery vehicles such as a conduit. The bioactive substance may be disposed on an exterior surface of the conduit such that it interacts with the channel tissue when the conduit is placed at the injury site. Also, bioactive substances may be delivered to the channel tissue before or after the conduit is positioned in the channel. The bioactive agent may also be delivered to the target site alone. That is, a medicine may be sent to the surgically created channel as the sole mechanism for maintaining the patency of the channel.
Also, systematic delivery of medicines may be carried out through digestion, injection, inhalation, etc. Systematic delivery of medicines may be provided alone or in combination with other techniques described herein. For example, a patient having undergone the procedures described herein may be prescribed steroids and/or COX-2 inhibitors in an attempt to prolong the effects of the treatment.
Any of the conduits discussed herein may also include at least one visualization feature disposed on a portion of the tissue barrier. The visualization feature may be a stripe circumferentially disposed about at least a portion of the center section. The visualization feature serves to aid in placement or deployment of the conduit in a target site.
Another conduit for maintaining the patency of a channel created in tissue comprises a radially expandable center section and extension members as described above. A bioactive substance is disposed on at least a portion of a surface of the conduit. Also, when the conduit is radially expanded it has an overall length and an inner diameter such that a ratio of the overall length to the inner diameter ranges from 1/6 to 2/1. The conduit may also be provided such that this ratio ranges from 1/4 to 1/1 and perhaps, 1/4 to 1/2. A tissue barrier may be disposed on at least a portion of the exterior surface corresponding to the center section. The tissue barrier may be comprised of various materials including but not limited to polymers and elastomers. An example of a material which may be used for the tissue barrier is silicone. Additional matrixes of biodegradable polymer and medicines may be associated with the tissue barrier such that controlled doses of medicines are delivered to the tissue opening.
The invention includes a hole-making catheter for creating and dilating an opening within tissue, the catheter comprising an elongate shaft having a proximal portion and a distal portion, and at least one lumen extending through the proximal end; a balloon having an interior in fluid communication with the lumen, the balloon located on the distal portion of the elongate shaft, the balloon having an uninflated state and an inflated state; a piercing member located at the distal portion of the elongate shaft, the piercing member being extendable and retractable within the elongate shaft; and a depth limiter stop located on the exterior of the distal portion of the elongate shaft, proximal to the balloon and larger in working diameter than the uninflated balloon, which limits the maximum penetration of the catheter into tissue.
The piercing member may include a body portion having a lumen extending therethrough. The lumen of the piercing member may be in fluid communication with a central lumen of the elongate shaft. In some variations of the invention an obturator is used within the device, where the obturator is slidably located within the lumen of the elongate body and piercing member.
The elongate body and/or piercing member may have multiple lumens. For example, they may be constructed from multi-lumen tubing. In some variations, the piercing member is retractable within the elongate shaft.
The balloon member may consist of a distensible balloon or a non-distensible balloon. For either type of balloon, the working diameter may closely match the outer diameter of the piercing member.
The invention may also include an implant located about the balloon of the device. In use, the piercing member would create a channel within the tissue, the device is then further advanced until the implant is located within the channel. Inflation of the balloon then deploys the implant within the channel thereby improving the patency of the channel.
Implants for the present invention include, but are not limited to, a stent, conduit, grommet, valve, graft, anchor, etc.
It should be noted that since the device must often access airways deep within the lung, the elongate shaft may be comprised of a flexible material. In particular, the elongate shaft may be sufficiently flexible to pass through a fully articulated bronchoscope.
The piercing member of the current invention may also be used to deliver bioactive agents to the site of the collateral channel. As described herein, such agents may increase the duration of patency of the channels and/or implants.
The invention includes a balloon catheter for deploying a device within an opening in tissue, the balloon catheter comprising an elongate shaft having a proximal portion, a distal portion, a proximal end, a distal end; and at least one lumen extending through the proximal end, a balloon having an interior in fluid communication with the lumen, the balloon located on the distal end portion of the elongate shaft, a guide member extending distally from the distal end of the elongate shaft, the guide member comprising a rounded surface at an end opposite to the elongate shaft, where the guide member has sufficient column strength to penetrate the opening in tissue, the guide member further comprising at least one resistance surface a such that when the body enters the opening, the resistance surface exerts resistance against tissue upon removal of the guide member from the opening.
The resistance surface may have an increased diameter greater to provide resistance upon removal from tissue. It may alternatively, or in combination, comprise a rough surface to provide added friction upon removal of the device.
The guide member may be tapered, rounded, partially-spherical, elliptical, prolate, cone-shaped, triangular, or any similar shape. It is contemplated that there may be more than one resistance surface on the guide body. Moreover, the guide body may have a wavy/variable diameter shape providing several resistance surfaces on the areas of increased diameter.
The device may also be used with an implant that may be located about the balloon where upon expansion of the balloon, the implant deploys. The implant may be selected from a stent, conduit, grommet, valve, graft, and anchor.
In another variation of the invention, the balloon catheter may further comprise a dilating member located distally of the balloon. The dilating member may be is located on the distal portion of the shaft between the distal end and the balloon and may comprise a tapered section, a second balloon, or other similar structure.
In some variations of the invention, the dilating member may be retractable within the elongate shaft.
The device may also include a needle assembly moveably located in the instrument lumen, where the needle assembly is advanceable through a hole-making lumen and out of the opening in the rounded surface.
The balloon catheter may be constructed to be sufficient flexibility to advance through a fully articulated bronchoscope.
The balloon catheter may also be configured to deliver bio-active substances (e.g., drugs, medicines, compounds, etc.) to the tissue, either via the elongate tube or the guide member. Furthermore, the device may be adapted to provide suction to clear the target site.
The preceding illustrations are examples of the invention described herein. It is contemplated that, where possible, combinations of features/aspects of specific embodiments or combinations of the specific embodiments themselves are within the scope of this disclosure.
This application is also related to the following application 60/420,440 filed Oct. 21, 2002; 60/387,163 filed Jun. 7, 2002; Ser. No. 10/235,240 filed Sep. 4, 2002; Ser. No. 09/947,144 filed Sep. 4, 2001; Ser. No. 09/908,177 filed Jul. 18, 2001; Ser. No. 09/633,651 filed Aug. 7, 2000; and 60/176,141 filed Jan. 14, 2000; Ser. No. 10/080,344 filed Feb. 21, 2002; Ser. No. 10/079,605 filed Feb. 21, 2002; Ser. No. 10/280,851 filed Oct. 25, 2002; and Ser. No. 10/458,085 filed Jun. 9, 2003. Each of which is incorporated by reference herein.
Described herein are devices (and methods) for improving the gas exchange in the lung. In particular, methods and devices are described that serve to maintain collateral openings or channels through an airway wall so that air is able to pass directly out of the lung tissue and into the airways. This facilitates exchange of oxygen into the blood and decompresses hyper inflated lungs.
By "channel" it is meant to include, but not be limited to, any opening, hole, slit, channel or passage created in the tissue wall (e.g., airway wall). The channel may be created in tissue having a discrete wall thickness and the channel may extend all the way through the wall. Also, a channel may extend through lung tissue which does not have well defined boundaries such as, for example, parenchymal tissue.
The channels may be maintained by preventing or inhibiting tissue from growing into or otherwise blocking the channel. Chemical, electrical, light, mechanical, or a combination of any two or more of these approaches may be performed to maintain the channel openings. For example, the channel walls may be treated with a bioactive agent which inhibits tissue growth. The bioactive agent may be delivered locally or systematically. Also, the channels may be treated with rf energy, heat, electrical energy, or radiation to inhibit tissue overgrowth. These treatments may be performed once, periodically, or in response to the severity of the channel blockage. For example, the tissue blockage may be periodically removed with a laser or another tissue-removal tool. Also, mechanical devices and instruments may be deployed in the channel to prevent tissue growth from blocking the channel. Mechanical devices include without limitation conduits, valves, sponges, etc. These mechanical devices may be deployed permanently or temporarily. If deployed temporarily, the devices are preferably left in the channel for a sufficient amount of time such that the channel tissue heals coaxially around the device.
Although not shown, the airway comprises an internal layer of epithelial pseudostratified columnar or cuboidal cells. Mucous secreting goblet cells are also found in this layer and cilia may be present on the free surface of the epithelial lining of the upper respiratory airways. Supporting the epithelium is a loose fibrous, glandular, vascular lamina propria including mobile fibroblasts. Deep in this connective tissue layer is supportive cartilage for the bronchi and smooth muscle for the bronchi and bronchioles.
As shown in
Additionally, the conduits shown in
It is understood that the conduits discussed herein are not limited to those shown in the figures. Instead, conduits of various configurations may be used as described herein. Such conduits are described in the following patent application Ser. No. 09/908,177 filed Jul. 18, 2001; PCT/US03/12323 filed Apr. 21, 2003; Ser. No. 09/947,144 filed Sep. 4, 2001; Ser. No. 10/235,240 filed Sep. 4, 2002; and Ser. No. 10/458,085 filed Jun. 9, 2003 the entirety of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
Conduit States
The conduits described herein may have various states (configurations or profiles) including but not limited to (1.) an undeployed state and (2.) a deployed state.
The undeployed state is the configuration of the conduit when it is not secured in an opening in an airway wall and, in particular, when its extension members (or fingers) are not outwardly deflected to engage the airway wall.
The deployed state is the configuration of the conduit when it is secured in a channel created in an airway wall and, in particular, when its extension members are outwardly bent to engage the airway wall such that the conduit is fixed in the opening. An example of a conduit in its deployed configuration is shown in
Center Section of the Conduit
As shown in
The axial length of the center section or passageway may be relatively short. In
The overall length (L) of the conduit may be distinguished from the length of the center section because the overall length includes the lengths of the extension members. Further, the overall length (L) is dependent on which state the conduit is in. The overall length of the conduit will typically be shorter when it is in a deployed state as shown in
The diameter of the center section, when deployed, thus may be significantly larger than the passageway's axial length (e.g., a 3 mm diameter and an axial length of less than 1 mm). This ratio of the center section length to diameter (D1) may range from about 0:10 to 10:1, 0.1:6 to 2:1 and perhaps from 1:2 to 1:1.
The diameter of the center section, when deployed, may also be nearly equal to the overall length (L) of the conduit 200. This overall length (L) to diameter (D1) ratio may range from 1:10 to 10:1, 1:6 to 2:1, and perhaps from 1:4 to 1:1. However, the invention is not limited to any particular dimensions or ratio unless so indicated in the appended claims. Rather, the conduit should have a center section such that it can maintain the patency of a collateral channel in an airway wall. The dimensions of the center section (and the conduit as a whole) may be chosen based on the tissue dimensions. When the channel is long in its axial length, for example, the length of the center section may likewise be long or identical to the channel's length.
Extension Members of the Conduit
As mentioned above, extending from the ends of the center section 208 are extension members 202A, 202B which, when the conduit is deployed, form angles A1, A2 with a central axis of the passageway. When viewed from the side such as in
The angles A1, A2 may vary and may range from, for example, 30 to 150 degrees, 45 to 135 degrees and perhaps from 30 to 90 degrees. Opposing extension members may thus form angles A1 and A2 of less than 90 degrees when the conduit is deployed in a channel. For example, angles A1 and A2 may range from 30 to 60 degrees when the conduit is deployed.
The conduits of the present invention are effective and may maintain a surgically created opening despite not substantially sandwiching tissue between opposing extension members as described above. Additionally, it is not necessary for the conduits of the present invention to prevent air from flowing along the exterior of the conduit. That is, air may move into (and through) spaces between the exterior of the conduit and the interior wall of the tissue channel. Thus, fluidly sealing the edges of the conduit to prevent side flow or leakage around the conduit is not crucial for the conduits to be effective. However, the conduits of the present invention are not so limited and may reduce or eliminate side flow by, for example, increasing the angles A1 and A2 and adding sealant around the exterior of the conduit.
Moreover, the angle A1 may be different than angle A2. Accordingly, the conduit may include proximal extension members which are parallel (or not parallel) to the distal extension members. Additionally, the angle corresponding to each proximal extension member may be different or identical to that of another proximal extension member. Likewise, the angle corresponding to each distal extension member may be different or identical to that of another distal extension member.
The extension members may have a length between 1 and 20 mm and perhaps, between 2 and 6 mm. Also, with reference to
The number of extension members on each end of the center section may also vary. The number of extension members on each end may range from 2-10 and perhaps, 3-6. Also, the number of proximal extension members may differ from the number of distal extension members for a particular conduit. Moreover, the extension members may be symmetrical or non-symmetrical about the center section. The proximal and distal extension members may also be arranged in an in-line pattern or an alternating pattern. The extension members or the center section may also contain barbs or other similar configurations to increase adhesion between the conduit and the tissue. The extension members may also have openings to permit tissue ingrowth for improved retention.
The shape of the extension members may also vary. They may be open-framed and somewhat petal-shaped as shown in
In another variation the conduit is constructed to have a delivery state. The delivery state is the configuration of the conduit when it is being delivered through a working channel of a bronchoscope, endoscope, airway or other delivery tool. The maximum outer diameter of the conduit in its delivery state must therefore be such that it may fit within the delivery tool, instrument, or airway.
In one variation, the conduit is radially expandable such that it may be delivered in a smaller working channel of a scope while maximizing the diameter to which the conduit may expand upon deployment. For example, sizing a conduit for insertion into a bronchoscope having a 2 mm or larger working channel may be desirable. Upon deployment, the conduit may be expanded to have an increased internal diameter (e.g., 3 mm.) However, the invention is not limited to such dimensions. It is contemplated that the conduits 200 may have center sections that are expanded into a larger profile from a reduced profile, or, the center sections may be restrained in a reduced profile, and upon release of the restraint, return to an expanded profile.
Additionally, the conduit need not have a smaller delivery state. In variations where the center section is not able to assume a second smaller delivery profile, a maximum diameter of the first or deployed profile will be sufficiently small such that the conduit may be placed and advanced within an airway or a working channel of a bronchoscope or endoscope. Also, in cases where the conduit is self-expanding, the deployed shape may be identical to the shape of the conduit when the conduit is at rest or when it is completely unrestrained.
Additionally the conduit may be partially expanded in its proximal region in the delivery state, as shown in figure X. The partially expanded portion would still me sized small enough to fit within the working channel of the bronchoscope, but would be significantly larger (e.g., 0.5-2 mm) larger that the distal portion of the conduit. This partial expansion allows for easy placement of the conduit by providing a physical stop for the conduit within the airway wall. After the conduit is placed the entire conduit can be expanded to its intended expanded shape.
The partial expansion state can also be achieved by partially inflating the proximal section of the conduit with a separate balloon on the delivery device. Another possible method is to design the conduit to preferentially expand the proximal section before the distal section, thereby partially expanding the conduit to create the size differential, placing the stent inside the airway wall with the aid of the stop, and then fully expanding the conduit.
Control Members
The conduit 200 shown in
Typically, one end of the center-control segment is attached or joined to the center section at one location (e.g., a first rib) and the other end of the center-control segment is connected to the center section at a second location (e.g., a rib adjacent or opposite to the first rib). However, the center-control segments may have other constructs. For example, the center-control segments may connect adjacent or non-adjacent center section members. Further, each center-control segment may connect one or more ribs together. The center-control segments may further be doubled up or reinforced with ancillary control segments to provide added control over the expansion of the center section. The ancillary control segments may be different or identical to the primary control segments.
As shown in
This also serves to control the deployed shape of the conduit by, for instance, forcing angle A1 to differ from angle A2. Using control segments in this manner can provide for cone-shaped conduits if the various types of control-segments have different lengths. For example, providing longer proximal-control segments than distal-control segments can make angle A1 larger than angle A2. Additionally, cylindrical-shaped conduits may be provided if the center-control segments and the extension-control segments are sized similarly such that angle A1 equals angle A2. Again, the control segments straighten as the conduit expands and the conduit is thus prevented from expanding past a predetermined amount.
The control segments, as with other components of the conduit, may be added or mounted to the center section or alternatively, they may be integral with the center section. That is, the control segments may be part of the conduit rather than separately joined to the conduit with adhesives or welding, for example. The control segments may also be mounted exteriorly or interiorly to the members to be linked. Additionally, sections of the conduit may be removed to allow areas of the conduit to deform more readily. These weakened areas provide another approach to control the final shape of the deployed conduit. Details for creating and utilizing weakened sections to control the final shape of the deployed conduit may be found in U.S. patent Ser. No. 09/947,144 filed on Sep. 4, 2001.
Manufacture and Materials
The conduit described herein may be manufactured by a variety of manufacturing processes including but not limited to laser cutting, chemical etching, punching, stamping, etc. For example, the conduit may be formed from a tube that is slit to form extension members and a center section between the members. One variation of the conduit may be constructed from a metal tube, such as stainless steel, 316L stainless steel, titanium, titanium alloy, nitinol, MP35N (a nickel-cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy), etc. Also, the conduit may be formed from a rigid or elastomeric material that is formable into the configurations described herein. Also, the conduit may be formed from a cylinder with the passageway being formed through the conduit. The conduit may also be formed from a sheet of material in which a specific pattern is cut. The cut sheet may then be rolled and formed into a tube. The materials used for the conduit can be those described above as well as a polymeric material, a biostable or implantable material, a material with rigid properties, a material with elastomeric properties, or a combination thereof. If the conduit is a polymeric elastic tube (e.g. a thermoplastic elastomer), the conduit may be extruded and cut to size, injection molded, or otherwise formed.
Additionally, the conduits described herein may be comprised of a shape memory alloy, a super-elastic alloy (e.g., a NiTi alloy), a shape memory polymer, or a shape memory composite material. The conduit may be constructed to have a natural self-assuming deployed configuration, but is restrained in a pre-deployed configuration. As such, removal of the restraints (e.g., a sheath) causes the conduit to assume the deployed configuration. A conduit of this type could be, but is not limited to being, comprised from an elastic polymeric material, or shape memory material such as a shape memory alloy. It is also contemplated that the conduit could comprise a shape memory alloy such that, upon reaching a particular temperature (e.g., 98.5° F.), it assumes a deployed configuration.
Also, the conduit described herein may be formed of a plastically deformable material such that the conduit is expanded and plastically deforms into a deployed configuration. The conduit may be expanded into its expanded state by a variety of devices such as, for example, a balloon catheter.
The conduit's surface may be modified to affect tissue growth or adhesion. For example, an implant may comprise a smooth surface finish in the range of 0.1 micrometer to 0.01 micrometer. Such a finish may serve to prevent the conduit from being ejected or occluded by tissue overgrowth. On the other hand, the surface may be roughened or porous. The conduit may also comprise various coatings and tissue barriers as discussed below.
Tissue Barrier
The tissue barrier may be formed from a material, mesh, sleeve, or coating that is a polymer or an elastomer such as, for example, silicone, fluorosilicone, polyurethane, PET, PTFE, or expanded PTFE. Other biocompatible materials will work, such as a thin foil of metal, etc. The coatings may be applied, for example, by either dip coating, molding, spin-coating, transfer molding or liquid injection molding. Alternatively, the tissue barrier may be a tube of a material and the tube is placed either over and/or within the conduit. The tissue barrier may then be bonded, crimped, heated, melted, shrink fitted or fused to the conduit. The tissue barrier may also be tied to the conduit with a filament of, for example, a suture material.
Still other techniques for attaching the tissue barrier include: solvent swelling applications and extrusion processes; wrapping a sheet of material about the conduit, or placing a tube of the material about the conduit and securing the tube to the conduit. The tissue barrier may be secured on the interior of the conduit by positioning a sheet or tube of material on the inside of the center section and securing the material therein.
The tissue barrier may also be formed of a fine mesh with a porosity or treatment such that tissue may not penetrate the pores. For example, a ChronoFlex™ DACRON® or TEFLON® mesh having a pore size of 100-300 microns may be saturated with collagen or another biocompatible substance. This construct may form a suitable tissue barrier. The mesh may be coaxially attached to a frame such as the open frame structures disclosed above. Still other suitable frames include a continuous spiral metallic or polymeric element. Given the mesh's radial strength or lack thereof, the use of a reinforcement element serves to prevent the implant from collapsing. Also, as described below, other substances may be applied to the exterior surface of the conduit to control elution of various medicines.
Additionally, the tissue barrier 330 covers only a first region 350 of the extension members and leaves a second region 340 of the extension members uncovered. The second or free region 340 of the extension members 320 is shown as being open-framed. However, the invention is not so limited. The second region of the extension members may be solid and it may include indentations, grooves, and recesses for tissue ingrowth. Also, the extension members may include small holes for tissue ingrowth. For example, the second region of the extension members may have a dense array of small holes. In any event, the conduits described herein may include at least one region or surface which is susceptible to tissue ingrowth or is otherwise adherent to the tissue. Accordingly, tissue ingrowth at the second region 340 of the extension members is facilitated while tissue growth into the passageway 325 is thwarted.
As shown in
Visualization Feature
The conduit shown in
The visualization ring or mark may be a biocompatible polymer and have a color such as white. Also, the visualization feature may protrude from the center section or it may be an indentation(s). The visualization mark may also be a ring, groove or any other physical feature on the conduit. Moreover, the visualization feature may be continuous or comprise discrete segments (e.g., dots or line segments).
The visualization feature may be made using a number of techniques. In one example, the mark is a ring formed of silicone and is white. The polymeric ring may be spun onto the tissue barrier. For example, a clear silicone barrier may be coated onto the conduit such that it coaxially covers the extension members and the center section as shown in
The shape of the visualization mark is not limited to a thin ring. The visualization mark may be large, for example, and cover an entire half of the conduit as shown in
Accordingly, the visualization member is made visually apparent for use with, for example, an endoscope. The visualization feature, however, may also be made of other vision-enhancing materials such as radio-opaque metals used in x-ray detection. It is also contemplated that other elements of the conduit can include visualization features such as but not limited to the extension members, tissue barrier, control segments, etc.
In some variations of the invention, it was found that incorporation of a bioactive, as discussed herein, or other substance into the coating caused a coloration effect in the composition layer (e.g., the polymer turns white). This coloration obscures the support member structure in the layer making it difficult to identify the edges and center of the support member or implant. As discussed herein, placement of the implant may depend upon positioning the center of the implant within the opening in tissue. If the support member structure is identifiable, then one is able to visually identify the center of the implant. When the composition colors obscures the support member or renders the implant otherwise opaque, it may become difficult to properly place the device. This may be especially true when the composition layer extends continuously over the support member.
Additionally, the coloration may render the visualization mark difficult to identify especially under direct visualization (e.g., using a scope) In some cases it was undesirable to simply add additional substances on or in the composition layer for marking because such substances could possibly interfere with the implant's ability to deliver the substance as desired. To address these issues, a variation of the invention includes a delivery device for delivering an expandable implant (such as those described herein and in the cases referenced herein), where the delivery device includes an expandable member having an expandable implant located about the expandable member. Where the implant and the expandable member are of different visually identifiable colors or shades such that they distinction is easy to identify under endoscopic or bronchoscopic viewing.
In one example, as shown in
It should be noted that variations of the invention include coloring the balloon itself, or other expandable member, a color that meets the above criteria.
In another variation, the visualization mark may comprise providing a contrast between the implant and a delivery catheter. In one example the implant is appears mostly white and while mounted on a contrasting color inflation balloon. In this example the implant would be placed over a blue deflated balloon catheter. The proximal and distal areas of the implant would be flanked by the deflated blue balloon, thus giving the appearance of a distinct distal and proximal end of the implant. This would allow a physician to place the implant properly by using the blue flanks as a guide for placing the central white portion in the tissue wall. Similarly, a colored flexible sheath covering the balloon would also suffice.
It is noted that while the visualization features described above are suitable for use with the implants described herein, the inventive features are not limited as such. The features may be incorporated into any system where placement of an implant under direct visualization requires clear identification of the implant regardless of whether the implant is opaque or colored.
Bioactive Agents
As discussed above, the bio-active substance or combination of bioactive substances is selected to assists in modifying the healing response as a result of the trauma to the lung tissue resulting from creation of the collateral channel. As noted above, the term lung tissue is intended to include the tissue lining the airway, the tissue beneath the lining, and the tissue within the lung but exterior to the airway (e.g., lung parenchyma.) The purpose of modifying the healing response is to further extend the patency of the channel or implant to increase the duration which trapped gasses may exit through the implant into the airways. The term antiproliferative agent is intended to include those bioactive substances that directly modify the healing response described herein.
The bioactive substances are intended to interact with the tissue of the surgically created channels and in particular, lung tissue. These substances may interact with the tissue in a number of ways. They may, for example, 1.) accelerate cell proliferation or wound healing to epithelialize or scar the walls of the surgically-created channel to maintain its patent shape or 2.) the substances may inhibit or halt tissue growth when a channel is surgically created through an airway wall such that occlusion of the channel due to tissue overgrowth is prevented. Additionally, other bioactive agents may inhibit wound healing such that the injury site (e.g., the channel or opening) does not heal leaving the injury site open and/or inhibit infection (e.g., reduce bacteria) such that excessive wound healing does not occur which may lead to excessive tissue growth at the channel thereby blocking the passageway.
A variety of bioactive substances may be used alone or in combination with the devices described herein. Examples of bioactive substances include, but are not limited to, antimetabolites, antithrobotics, anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, thorombolytics, antiproliferatives, antinflammatories, agents that inhibit hyperplasia and in particular restenosis, smooth muscle cell inhibitors, growth factors, growth factor inhibitors, cell adhesion inhibitors, cell adhesion promoters and drugs that may enhance the formation of healthy neointimal tissue, including endothelial cell regeneration. The positive action may come from inhibiting particular cells (e.g., smooth muscle cells) or tissue formation (e.g., fibromuscular tissue) while encouraging different cell migration (e.g., endothelium, epithelium) and tissue formation (neointimal tissue).
Still other bioactive agents include but are not limited to analgesics, anticonvulsives, anti-infectives (e.g., antibiotics, antimicrobials), antineoplastics, H2 antagonists (Histamine 2 antagonists), steroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, hormones, immunomodulators, mast cell stabilizers, nucleoside analogues, respiratory agents, antihypertensives, antihistamines, ACE inhibitors, cell growth factors, nerve growth factors, anti-angiogenic agents or angiogenesis inhibitors (e.g., endostatins or angiostatins), tissue irritants (e.g., a compound comprising talc), poisons (e.g., arsenic), cytotoxic agents (e.g., a compound that can cause cell death), various metals (silver, aluminum, zinc, platinum, arsenic, etc.), epithelial growth factors or a combination of any of the agents disclosed herein.
Examples of agents include pyrolitic carbon, titanium-nitride-oxide, taxanes, fibrinogen, collagen, thrombin, phosphorylcholine, heparin, rapamycin, radioactive 188Re and 32P, silver nitrate, dactinomycin, sirolimus, everolimus, Abt-578, tacrolimus, camptothecin, etoposide, vincristine, mitomycin, fluorouracil, or cell adhesion peptides. Taxanes include, for example, paclitaxel, 10-deacetyltaxol, 7-epi-10-deacetyltaxol, 7-xylosyl-10-deacetyltaxol, 7-epi-taxol, cephalomannine, baccatin III, baccatin V, 10-deacetylbaccatin III, 7-epi-10-deacetylbaccatin III, docetaxel.
Of course, bioactive materials having other functions can also be successfully delivered in accordance with the present invention. For example, an antiproliferative agent such as methotrexate will inhibit over-proliferation of smooth muscle cells and thus inhibit restenosis. The antiproliferative is desirably supplied for this purpose until the tissue has properly healed. Additionally, localized delivery of an antiproliferative agent is also useful for the treatment of a variety of malignant conditions characterized by highly vascular growth. In such cases, an implant such as a implant could be placed in the surgically created channel to provide a means of delivering a relatively high dose of the antiproliferative agent directly to the target area. A vasodilator such as a calcium channel blocker or a nitrate may also be delivered to the target site. The agent may further be a curative, a pre-operative debulker reducing the size of the growth, or a palliative which eases the symptoms of the disease. For example, tamoxifen citrate, Taxol® or derivatives thereof. Proscar®, Hytrin®, or Eulexin® may be applied to the target site as described herein.
Variations of the invention may also include fibrinolytics such as tPA, streptokinase, or urokinase, etc. Such fibrinolytics prevent or reduce the accumulation of fibrin within the opening. Accumulation of fibrin in the opening may result from inflammation of the tissue. The fibrin may form a structure which makes it easier for tissue to grow into the opening using the fibrin structure as a framework. Use of fibrinolytics, either topically, locally, or on the implant, serves to remove or hinder the network of fibrin from forming within the opening (or implant) and therefore aids in modifying the healing response.
In the event that poisonous and toxic compounds are delivered, they should be controlled so that inadvertent death of tissue does not occur. The poisonous agent should be delivered locally or only be effective locally. One method for delivering the bioactive agent locally is to associate the bioactive agent with an implant. For example, the implants described herein may include a bioactive substance or medicine deposited onto the interior, the exterior, or both the interior and exterior surfaces of the implant. The bioactive substance may remain on the implant so that it does not leach. Cells that grow into the surgically created channel contact the poison and die. Alternatively, the bioactive agent may be configured to gradually elute as discussed below.
When used in the lungs, the implant modifies the healing response of the lung tissue (e.g., at the site of newly created hole/channel) for a sufficient time until the healing response of the lung tissue subsides or reduces such that the hole/channel becomes a persistent air path. For example, the implant and bioactive substance will modify the healing response for a sufficient time until the healing response is reduced and, from a visual observation, the body treats the opening essentially as a natural airway passage rather than as an injury to the airway wall.
In one variation of the invention which modifies the healing response as describe above, the implant provides a steady release rate of bio-active substance as well as has a sufficient amount of available bio-active substance to modify the healing response of the lung tissue. As noted herein, the term lung tissue is intended to include the tissue lining the airway, the tissue beneath the lining, and the tissue within the lung but exterior to the airway (e.g., lung parenchyma.) Such a delivery profile allows for a concentration gradient of drug to build in these tissues adjacent to the delivery site of the implant.
It is believed that forming the concentration gradient affects the healing response of the lung tissue so that the implant does not become occluded as a result of the healing response. Because the implant is often placed in the airway wall it is exposed to the healing process of the multiple tissues. Providing a sufficient amount of bio-active substance allows for the formation of a concentration of the bio-active substance across these various tissues. In one variation of the invention it is believed that the fluids from these tissues enter into the composition layer of the device. The fluids then combine with the bio-active substances and migrate out of the composition layer to settle into the lung tissue. A concentration gradient forms when the drug 'saturates' local tissue and migrates beyond the saturated tissues. Furthermore, by providing a sufficient delivery rate, the healing response may be affected or suppressed during the critical time immediately after the wounding caused by creation of the collateral channel when the healing response is greatest.
To select a proper combination of drug and polymer, it is believed that the solubility parameter of the polymer must be matched with the bio-active substance to provide an acceptable slow elution rate from the polymer. Next, the polymer itself must be selected to have the proper attributes, such as a proper diffusion coefficient (to slow fluid entering and departing from the implant), and proper mechanical expansion properties (to allow for the significant expansion of the polymer to accommodate formation of the grommet shape.)
The solubility parameter is defined as the square root of the cohesive energy of the molecules in a compound. The level of control that a polymer has over the elution of a drug is the difference between the solubility parameters of the polymer and the solubility parameter of the drug. To select a polymer with the approximate diffusion a polymer with a high internal density could be selected to be less permeable to a complex molecule such as paclitaxel. Using a polymer with high internal density also accommodated the significant expansion required of the polymer to form the structure necessary to grommet about the airway wall. An example of the polymer selection is found below.
It is also important to note that paclitaxel is a taxane that is regarded as a microtubule stabilizer. The benefits of a microtubule stabilizing substance for use in vascular drug eluting stents is discussed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,616,608 to Kinsella et al. This type of drug operates to enhance microtubule polymerization which inhibits cell replication by stabilizing microtubules in spindles which block cell division. In contrast to the vascular applications, the implant for use in the present invention may use microtubule stabilizing substances such as taxanes (e.g., paclitaxel) as well as those microtubule destabilizing substances that are believed to promote microtubule disassembly in preventing cell replication. Such destabilizing substances include, but are not limited to vincristine, vinblastine, podophylotoxin, estramustine, noscapine, griseofulvin, dicoumarol, a vinca alkaloid, and a combination thereof.
Additionally, the exterior surface of the implant may be treated via etching processes or with electrical charge to encourage binding of the bioactive substances to the implant. The exterior surface may also be roughened to enhance binding of the medicine to the surface as discussed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2002/0098278. See also U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2002/0071902, 2002/0127327 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,824,048 which discuss various techniques for coating medical implants.
Although the implant may comprise a frame or body with a bioactive matrix disposed or otherwise associated therewith, the invention is not so limited. In one variation, the support member is formed from a polymer and the composition is joined to the polymeric support member. Alternatively, the bioactive substances may be placed directly onto the polymeric support member.
Various additional substances may be used incorporated into the device to reduce an adverse reaction resulting from possible contact with the implant and the airway wall. Adverse reactions include, but are not limited to, granulation, swelling, and mucus overproduction. These substance may also be inhaled, injected, orally applied, topically applied, or carried by the implant. These substances may include anti-inflammatory, infection-fighting substances, steroids, mucalytics, enzymes, and wound healing-accelerating substances. Examples of these substances include but are not limited to, acetylcysteine, albuterol sulfate, ipratropium bromide, dornase alfa, and corticosteroids.
As noted above, conventional vascular drug eluting devices are not designed for exposure multiple tissue environments. Moreover, those devices are placed in an environment where a constant flow of blood creates an environment requiring a different delivery mechanism and rate. As noted herein, experiments with conventional coronary drug eluting implants demonstrated that such devices were unsuitable.
Channel Creation Devices and Methods
As discussed above, the use of low temperature devices, (e.g., mechanical devices, newer generation RF-type devices, etc.) to create the channel may result in less trauma to surrounding tissue and minimize the healing response of the tissue.
As shown in
The piercing member 604 may have a lumen and may be open at a distal end or closed. In those cases where the piercing member 604 is hollow and has an opening at or near the distal end, the surgeon may aspirate the site using the piercing member 604 to determine whether a blood vessel is present and/or penetrated. For example, flashback catheters contain chambers which will fill with blood upon the penetration of a vessel by the distal tip of the catheter. The piercing member may be incorporated to have a flashback chamber to detect the presence of blood flow from a penetrated vessel. Using these approaches, a target site may not be selected until after a hole is made in the airway 100 wall. It should be noted that a piercing member may be of a diameter which results in closure of the puncture site upon removal of the piercing member. Alternatively, the piercing member may be of a sufficient size or construction that the hole remains open upon removal of the piercing member. In any case, the piercing member or another device may be used to mark the site of the opening (e.g., via ink, dye, physical marker, via application of electrical energy, etc.) Furthermore, the invention includes use of both a detecting device as described above in combination with a piercing member. For example, the site may be inspected by the detecting device prior to insertion of a piercing member.
The piercing member lumen may also used to deliver therapeutic fluids to the lungs. For example, in case of bleeding after channel creation the physician may apply epinephrine or saline the lungs. Alternatively the physician may use the piercing member to apply epinephrine to the airway wall prior to creation of the channel, to prevent bleeding. This may be done by injecting directly into the airway wall at or about the site of passage creation; singly or in a surrounding pattern of multiple applications. The physician may also use the piercing member lumen to apply any of the bioactive agents discussed herein, before or after passage creation.
Because it may be desirable to reach remote airways within the lung, it may be necessary to fully articulate the scope 404 to access and inspect a desirable site. Therefore, to inspect the site and create an opening, it may be desirable to maintain the scope 404 in a fixed position and simply advance/retract various components of the scope or devices in the scope. Accordingly, a piercing member may be selected to have a length that will sufficiently pass through the airway wall, while being small enough that it will also pass through a fully articulated bronchoscope. Furthermore, the piercing member may have sections of varying stiffness where a distal portion, (that is sufficient stiff to penetrate the tissue) may be of a length such that it is able to advance through a fully articulated bronchoscope. For example, the piercing member may comprised of a sharpened cannula which has a length from between 2 mm to 30 mm. The diameter may range between 16 Ga to 25 Ga or larger. The cannula may be affixed to a catheter having a relatively flexible proximal portion. In any case, the length of the piecing member 604 may vary as needed.
The piercing member is not limited to a cannula, it may be of solid construction, such as a sharpened rod or wire. Additionally the piercing member may be adapted with an elongate member, such as a wire, rod, or tube, which extends throughout the device. The purpose of the elongate member is to provide column strength to the piercing member and necessary bending resistance to the catheter, because it has been found that the device must have high column strength to effectively pierce the airway wall, otherwise the device will deflect and not create a passageway. The elongate member may be utilized to expose and retract the piercing member within the catheter, as the elongate member may extend throughout the device to a user interface. The elongate member and piercing member may also be constructed from one piece of material, thereby making them one part. Alternatively the elongate member may be a separate part welded, bonded, mechanically attached, or a combination thereof, to the piercing member.
However, it is understood, that the current invention is not limited to any particular length of the piercing member. Furthermore, the piercing member may be comprised of a resilient polymer, a polymer with a reinforced structure (e.g., a braid, coil, etc.), a super-elastic alloy, a metallic material with sufficient resilience, etc, such that it may navigate through a fully articulated bronchoscope yet return to its original profile upon exiting the working channel of the scope.
In some variations of the invention, the piercing member of the device may be retractable within a lumen of an elongate shaft so as to prevent damage to the bronchoscope or to tissue as the device advances to the target site. Additionally the piercing member may be retracted after the initial piercing of the airway wall, and blunt trauma may be used to further push the remaining portion of the catheter into the airway wall. This technique may help avoid additional bleeding and pneumothoraxes from an exposed piercing member. The catheter may be advanced to tortuous locations, therefore the device may incorporate low friction materials to make it easier to reach the treatment site. The materials may be selected from a group of low friction polymers, for example PTFE. Low friction materials may also be applied as a coating onto the pierced member or elongate member, for example PTFE or titanium nitride. Reducing the contact surface area between the members may also help to reduce friction. Adding or removing material from the surfaces of members is one way to reduce contact surface area. For example attaching a closed coiled spring around the piercing member or elongate member, effectively reduces the surface area contacted between the elongate member and lumen because only the peaks of the coils contact the lumen.
In additional variations of the invention, as shown in
The piercing member 604 may also be used to deliver bioactive substances (as described herein) to the site of the opening. In such a case, the piercing member 604 may deliver the bioactive substance during creation of the opening (e.g., see
It is also contemplated that variations of the invention include a piercing member which is affixed to the catheter. Alternatively, the piercing member could have a flexible body that extends through the catheter to a proximal hub which is able to be coupled to a vacuum source, a source of medication, etc. Furthermore, either the piercing member and/or balloon catheter may be "pre-loaded" with a bioactive substance. Such a feature allows improves the precision of amount of substance delivered to the desired site.
As mentioned above, the piercing member 604 may be of a sufficient size or construction that the hole remains open upon removal of the piercing member. Once variation of this as shown in
The makeup of airway tissue may require a considerable amount of force to create a channel with the piercing device. Therefore, it will generally be easier to create a channel if the device has sufficient column strength to avoid bending of the device when applying a force at the proximal end of the device.
Additional variations of the invention may incorporate a nondistensible balloon to overcome the toughness of the airway tissue. Nondistensible balloons are generally made up of relatively inelastic materials consisting of PET, nylons, polyurethanes, polyolefins, PVC, and other crosslinked polymers. The makeup of airway tissue may be very tough and resist radial expansions. Therefore it will be generally easier to expand the channel in the airway wall using high pressure nondistensible balloons (>6 atm), which generally inflate in a uniform shape.
Nondistensible balloons will occupy a greater mass than distensible balloons because they in an inelastic predetermined form. Too much balloon mass will have too large of a working diameter, which in turn will hinder entry into a channel. Working diameter is the smallest effective diameter opening the uninflated nondistensible balloon can be inserted into. Therefore it is desirable to have the uninflated nondistensible balloon to have a working diameter close to the diameter of the piercing device 604. This can be attained by using a thin walled balloon, using a balloon with a small distal profile, by using a balloon with a distal end which is close in actual diameter to the diameter of the piercing member, or by using a balloon which folds into a low profile state, or a combination of these.
As shown in
Variations of the invention include a depth limiting feature that may prevent inadvertent advancement of the device when creating the channel. One example of this may be a circular tube 654 placed over the device and set at a fixed distance (e.g. 10 mm) from the distal tip of the piercing member, proximal to the balloon, as shown in
As shown in
The collar 650 protects the bronchoscope by preventing deflection of the distal tip. Deflection can take place when there is a significant amount of gap between the inner sheath 622 and the distal tip of the piercing member in the retracted mode. When the device is being maneuvered through a bronchoscope in a torturous configuration, the lumen 656 can deflect while the stiffer piercing member will not, and thus the piercing member may pierce through the deflected lumen 656 and subsequently into the bronchoscope. By setting a small gap (e.g. <1 mm) this deflection may be eliminated, and the scope protected.
The collar 650 also allows the piercing member to be reliably extended. It was found that when a similar feature was placed at the proximal section of the device the piercing member could not reliably be extended to a set distance beyond the distal tip. This is because when in a torturous configuration the outer sheath 620 of the device may have a tendency to stretch or compress. As a result the tubing may stretch to such a degree that when the piercing member is fully extended it still may not fully extend past the distal tip of the lumen 656. By locating the collar 650 in the distal portion of the lumen 656 (e.g. less than 2 inches from the distal tip) the stretching or compression is minimized or eliminated.
Conduit Deployment Devices and Methods
It should be noted that deployment of conduits is not limited to that shown in
In one additional variation of the invention, as shown in
In use, the conduit 200 is deployed with the distal side towards the parenchymal tissue 460 while the proximal side remains adjacent or in the airway 450. Of course, where the proximal and distal extension members are identical, the conduit may be deployed with either side towards the parenchymal tissue.
In any case, after creation of the channel 112 the surgeon may advance a balloon catheter 630 containing a conduit 200 towards the site of the opening 112. The variation of the balloon catheter 630 depicted in the figure also includes a guide body 632. Because the opening 112 may be difficult to locate, the guide body 632 may serve various functions to assist in locating the opening 112 and placing the conduit 200. For example, as shown in
As shown in
The balloon catheters 630 of the present invention may include a dilating member between the guide body 632 and balloon 614. In the variation shown in
Any of the balloons described herein may be distensible balloons (e.g., they assume a predetermined shape upon expansion) or elastic balloons (e.g., simply expand). Use of a distensible balloon permits control in dilating the opening 112 or placement of the conduit.
All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. To the extent there is a conflict in a meaning of a term, or otherwise, the present application will control. Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the teachings of this invention that certain changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the appended claims. It is also contemplated that combinations of the above described embodiments/variations or combinations of the specific aspects of the above described embodiments/variations are within the scope of this disclosure.
Implants comprising stainless steel mesh frame fully encapsulated with a composition comprising silicone (as described below) and paclitaxel were implanted in several canine models. Visual observation indicated that, on average, the passage through the implants of the present invention remained unobstructed and were associated with significantly reduced fibrotic and inflammatory responses, in canine models, at a considerably higher rate than an implant without any drug adjunct or coronary drug eluting stents (as shown in
The composition comprised approximately a 9% paclitaxel to silicone ratio with approximately 400 micrograms of paclitaxel per implant. Measurements found that approximately 30% of the paclitaxel released after 60 days. In general, for implants with the paclitaxel/silicone composition, observations of chronic inflammation, epithelial metaplasia and fibrosis were all very mild.
For paclitaxel as the bioactive substance, polymers with solubility parameters between 5-25 (MPa)^˝ were believed to provide sufficient elution rates. The polymer used in the example device has good diffusivity for lipophilic drug (such as paclitaxel) because the side methyl group on the silicone may be substituted with more lipophilic hydrocarbon molecules containing vinyl group or groups in addition polymerization by platinum catalyst.
The composition for the example may be as follow: polymer part: polydimethylsiloxane, vinyldimethyl terminated, any viscosity; and/or polydimethylsiloxane, vinylmonomethyl terminated, any viscosity. The cross-linker part: polydimethylsiloxane, any viscosity; and or polymonomethylsiloxane, any viscosity. Platinum catalyst part and/or cross-linker part: platinum; and/or platinum-divinyltetramethyldisiloxane complex in xylene, 2-3% Pt; and/or platinum-divinyltetramethyldisiloxane complex in vinyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane, 2-3% Pt; and/or platinum-divinyltetramethyldisiloxane complex in vinyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane, ˜1% Pt; platinum-Cyclovinylmethylsiloxane complex, 2-3% Pt in cyclic vinyl methyl siloxane.
These components may be combined in different ratios to make the polymer. The hydrocarbon side chain off the silicone back bone makes this polymer system unique and may result in a "zero-order"-like release profile. The amount of vinyl siloxane cross-linker may determine the rate of the drug release and diffusivity of the polymer to the drug. There are other types of polydimethylsiloxanes such as: trimethylsiloxy terminated polydimethylsiloxane in various viscosities, (48-96%) dimethyl (4-52%) diphenylsiloxane copolymer in various viscosities, dimethylsiloxane-ethylene oxide copolymer, dimethyl diphenylsiloxane copolymer, polymethylhydrosiloxane, trimethylsilyl terminated at various viscosities, (30-55%) methyldro—(45-70%) dimethylsiloxane copolymer at various viscosities, polymethylphenylsiloxane, polydimethylsiloxane silanol terminated at various viscosities, polydimethylsiloxane aminopropyldimethyl terminated at various viscosities. For paclitaxel a release profile was found to be acceptable with a polymer system consisting of polydimethylsiloxane vinyl terminated at various viscosity and a range of platinum-mono, di, tri and/or tetramethyldisiloxane complex.
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Movin' on up: Comcast ranks 6th on latest Ethernet LeaderboardAugust 21, 2014 12:27 pm | by Mike Robuck | News | Comments
Comcast Business marched from eighth to sixth place on Vertical System Group's most recent Mid-2014 U.S. Carrier Ethernet Leaderboard. Comcast is the second-ranked cable operator on the Leaderboard one spot behind Time Warner Cable, which it's in the process of acquiring.
Cable One teams up with Arbor Day Foundation for paperless billingAugust 21, 2014 12:23 pm | by Mike Robuck | News | Comments
Cable One is encouraging its subscribers to go green with paperless billing via a partnership with the Arbor Day Foundation. The Arbor Day Foundation will plant a tree on behalf of each Cable One customer that elects to go with paperless billing. The initiative started earlier this month and runs through April 24.
MLB online chief optimistic on relaxing blackoutsAugust 21, 2014 12:20 pm | by Associated Press | News | Comments
An easing of blackout restrictions on Major League Baseball games online could come as early as next season, according to the head of baseball's online business. In an interview this week, Bob Bowman said he is optimistic that a deal could be reached soon with various cable operators, channels and ballclubs.
FCC approves MSOs' shift to new Wi-Fi spectrumAugust 20, 2014 7:11 pm | by Brian Santo | News | Comments
Comcast, Time Warner Cable, and Cox have received approval from the FCC to switch the frequency at which their outdoor Wi-Fi access points operate from a portion of the unlicensed band now in common use to another nearby frequency at 5.1 GHz.
TWC, Bright House, add NBC/U content to TV appsAugust 20, 2014 12:39 pm | by Brian Santo | News | Comments
Time Warner Cable and Bright House Networks have secured the rights to offer NBC Universal's full portfolio of broadcast and cable network programming through their TV Everywhere applications. The multi-screen deal also includes local NBC and Telemundo-owned broadcast stations.
Piksel exits stealth mode with SaaS video systemAugust 20, 2014 12:23 pm | by Brian Santo | News | Comments
The company, which has risen from the ashes of KIT Digital, is launching an over-the-top video platform built on a set of software modules that address encoding, DRM, authentication, and a range of other functions, all available on a software-as-a-service model.
AT&T to take on Comcast in Cupertino with GigaPower launchAugust 20, 2014 12:23 pm | by Mike Robuck | News | Comments
To date, AT&T has targeted Time Warner Cable's footprint with its GigaPower network, but now it will take on Comcast when the 1-Gig service launches in Cupertino. AT&T didn't provide a lot of details on the Cupertino launch, but The San Jose Mercury News reported that the service was scheduled to go live in Apple's hometown in December, with other Bay area rollouts to follow early next year.
NimbleTV touches down in Windy CityAugust 20, 2014 12:20 pm | by Mike Robuck | News | Comments
NimbleTV's TV Everywhere service is now available to existing Comcast and AT&T video subscribers in Chicago. With the Chicago announcement this morning, NimbleTV announced it was no longer charging a monthly fee for the service when it includes 10 or more channels.
Apple's stock bounces back to hit a new highAugust 20, 2014 12:16 pm | by Associated Press | News | Comments
Apple's stock touched a new high Wednesday, reflecting investors' renewed faith in CEO Tim Cook's ability to outwit the competition and expand the technological hit factory built by the late Steve Jobs. The milestone represents a dramatic turnaround in sentiment since Apple's shares reached its previous split-adjusted peak of $100.72 in September 2012.
Ballmer steps down from Microsoft boardAugust 20, 2014 12:10 pm | by Associated Press | News | Comments
Former Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer is stepping down from the company's board, closing a chapter on 34 years with the software giant. Ballmer says he plans to devote more time to his ownership of the Los Angeles Clippers, civic contributions, study and teaching business at Stanford in the fall and USC next spring.
Nielsen Catalina to use FourthWall viewer dataAugust 19, 2014 1:40 pm | by Brian Santo | News | Comments
The company links advertising with retail sales by integrating data from Nielsen with shopper data from over 70M households. With access to FourthWall Media's TV viewing data, NCS is expanding the size of its dataset. FourthWall gathers data on 1.4M households.
Black Arrow aims at ad exhaustionAugust 19, 2014 1:14 pm | by Brian Santo | News | Comments
There really aren't enough advertisers with enough different targeted ads, which means some viewers often see the same ad over and over. BlackArrow has addressed the issue by adding support for audience-based frequency capping in its Advanced Advertising System.
Time Warner Cable holds serve on U.S. Open Wi-FiAugust 19, 2014 12:10 pm | by Mike Robuck | News | Comments
Time Warner Cable will be serving up free Wi-Fi access at next month's U.S. Open Tennis Championships in New York City. The nation's second-largest cable operator said the Wi-Fi deployment at the U.S. Open was its largest public venue installation to date with 235 access points.
Cincinnati Bell to join Gigabit clubAugust 19, 2014 12:04 pm | by Mike Robuck | News | Comments
Add Cincinnati Bell to the growing list of services providers that are preparing to offer a 1-Gigabit service to their subscribers. Cincinnati Bell President and CEO Ted Torbeck announced that his company would start offering a fiber-based 1 Gbps tier to its residential subscribers on Sept. 8.
Google's pivotal IPO launched a decade of big betsAugust 19, 2014 11:55 am | by Associated Press | News | Comments
Google's IPO, a decade ago this week, launched the company on a trajectory that continues to reshape its business and much of the world in its orbit. And CEO Larry Page is determined to push even further. Although Page has been taking risks since he co-founded Google with Sergey Brin 1998, the stakes probably wouldn't be as high if not for the company's pivotal IPO on Aug. 19, 2004.

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Police probe latest knifepoint robbery - this time in WallingfordJanuary 21,2014
Staff Report
Vermont State Police are investigating a knifepoint robbery in Wallingford that took place late Monday night - the sixth knifepoint robbery in the region since the start of the year.
Police said around 9:30 p.m. they were called to the Mobil gas station and convenience store at 172 North Main St. for a reported armed robbery.
Police said an investigation revealed that a man went into the store, brandished a knife to the clerk and demanded money. An undisclosed amount of money was handed over to the robber who then fled the store on foot.
The robber was described as a white male, wearing blue jeans, and a blue or black hooded sweatshirt. Anyone with information is asked to call state police at 773-9101.
The robbery Monday night comes on the heels of another knifepoint robbery Sunday evening in Rutland. In that case, a robber went into Beer King on Crescent Street around 6:30 p.m., brandished a knife to the clerk and fled with an undisclosed amount of money. Four other knifepoint robberies have been reported in the city since Jan. 1.
No injuiries have been reported in any of the robberies and no arrests have been made in any of the cases. It is unclear if any of the robberies are related.MORE IN This Just InBy Kathleen Phalen Tomaselli Full StoryBennington College and Middlebury College both top a list for most entrepreneurial colleges in... Full StoryWas the response to an alleged assault at College of St. Full Story
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Howard Reich
10:50 AM EDT, May 9, 2011
Chicago's newly appointed Commissioner of the Department of Cultural Affairs and Special Events happens to be one of the city's most influential jazz advocates.
But Michelle Boone's impact extends far beyond the music she has championed in the job she's about to leave: senior program officer for the Joyce Foundation.
In her seven years at Joyce, Boone has helped direct funds toward culturally diverse drama at Chicago's Silk Road Theatre Project; the training of minority arts administrators at Steppenwolf Theatre; and grass-roots performance organizations across the Midwest – to the tune of $2 million a year.
Though Boone commands a stellar reputation among arts professionals citywide, she knows she's about to take on the toughest job of her career.
"I'm not fooling myself into thinking this will be easy and lots of fun," says Boone, 49. "It's going to be tough. There's going to be a lot of work to do.
"Number one is kind of rebuilding the department. The reality is that there are these two massive departments that have been kind of thrown together," adds Boone.
She refers to Mayor Daley's recent, controversial merger of Department of Cultural Affairs and the Mayor's Office of Special Events (the latter produces the summertime music festivals), with some Cultural Affairs staffers shifted to the Chicago Office of Tourism and Culture.
"So how do you bring some unity and some sense of a unified theme to (the) two camps?" asks Boone. "While they've been working together on some things, they've really been functioning independently, and they have very different cultures."
How well these factions cooperate will affect the quality of cultural life in Chicago, for the city presents hundreds of arts events, large and small, through the course of a year.
"I've got to wrap my mind around an enormous amount of programming that's being produced in both departments," says Boone.
Moreover, Boone realizes she'll need to form a unified vision for the non-profit arts in Chicago – and how city government can use its shrinking budget to promote it.
Those who have worked with Boone during her career in the arts believe she's up to the task.
"She knows the arts, she knows the artists, she's got an incisive mind, she's straightforward," says David Hawkanson, executive director of Steppenwolf Theatre Company.
"She is a collaborator – she believes hugely in institutions working together, artists working together, people working together," says Malik Gillani, founding executive director of the Silk Road Theatre Project.
"Michelle's greatest asset is her knowledge of how the arts are happening throughout the city, beyond the Loop," says Deepa Gupta, program officer of the Chicago-based MacArthur Foundation.
"She's got a real understanding of neighborhood-based organizations and the role individual artists play. … She's going to be that bridge-builder. She's already active and visible on the scene, and it will be great to have her in this role.
"And that's not saying anything against Lois Weisberg," adds Gupta, referencing Boone's recently resigned predecessor. "But it's a different era now, and if Rahm Emanuel is serious about not having (cultural) competition between downtown and the neighborhoods, I think he picked exactly the right person."
Not that Boone expected to find herself in this critical post.
"I was probably as surprised as you are," says Boone, with characteristic directness.
Early on, says Boone, her name "seemed to bubble up from the community" as a possibility for the cultural commissioner's job. "But I was really hesitant to even go in and interview for it. And then I got invited to join (Emanuel's) arts transition team."
She savored the opportunity to participate in the arts brain trust and, thereby, have a voice in the city's cultural future. When she was offered the top job, she found it impossible to resist.
"This is a great place, there's so much here – so how could you not want to?" says Boone, who was born in Chicago.
Smitten with the arts since childhood, Boone says that she "played clarinet in the school band really badly" and "was in the choral program singing really badly, in the photography program taking really bad pictures.
"But I knew there was something there for me. In high school (in Gary, Ind.) I got involved in a radio-TV program, and that's when the light went off, when I realized I could do things behind the scenes, that all these talented people need people to support their work."
Thus Boone says, "I'm not an artist, but I call myself an arts crusader."
Born on the South Side, where she now lives, Boone's family moved to Gary when she was 10. After earning a bachelor's degree in telecommunications at Indiana University, in Bloomington, in 1983, Boone worked for the rest of the decade full-time as a TV engineer in Chicago. Subsequent work in record promotions "wasn't for me," she says, so she spent a stint as a Peace Corps Volunteer in Chad, from 1994 to 1996. She returned to Indiana University to earn a master's degree in Public Affairs, in 1998.
Her tenure at the city's arts job-training program Gallery 37 stretched from 1998 to 2004, with the last two as director, and "got me on the track for (being an) arts administrator," she says.
In her new post, Boone will head a Cultural Affairs Leadership Team that includes David McDermott as chief of staff for the Department of Cultural Affairs; and she'll collaborate with a Cultural Affairs Advisory Committee chaired by Nora Daley, Mayor Richard M. Daley's daughter, with Marj Halperin as vice chair.
Though Boone believes it's a bit early to spell out her goals, some overarching themes clearly are important to her.
"Pie-in-the-sky, I want the department to continue to thrive and be a resource for high-quality programming," says Boone. "I'd like to see the department be more of a platform for the smaller or neighborhood, community-based organizations. …
"It's still very foggy. Ask me in six months, and I might have a better picture of all that."
Perhaps no constituency is more pleased by Boone's appointment than Chicago's jazz community, for Boone has been a key figure in the Chicago Jazz Partnership, which has poured millions into the music since 2005.
"She has an understanding and an appreciation of Chicago jazz," says Alyce Claerbaut, president of Strayhorn Songs and a leading Chicago jazz advocate.
Boone apparently plans to act on her love of the music.
"Don't worry, my colleagues in the Jazz Partnership are not going to let me forget about jazz," says Boone.
"I read what you wrote about Mayor Daley, that you never saw him at a jazz concert," adds Boone, referring to a Tribune column that appeared on May 1.
"I promise I'm going to get Rahm out there to jazz events, and we'll be snapping our fingers together."
To read more from Howard Reich on jazz, go to chicagotribune.com/reich.
Twitter @howardreich
Copyright © 2015 Chicago Tribune Company, LLC


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What is god to you?
Is god no more than a superstition? Do you look toward the clouds after hearing the preacher talk about ted nugent and cat scratch fever? What the hay is cat scratch fever? And do you wonder just what the hay he was talking about when he spoke about the cedars, that one man saw profit there, while the preacher, good man that he is, saw a kind of beauty he has the luxury to enjoy? And they passed around a plate at the end of it all, i didn' have a penny to pay. sO i got me a pen and a paper, and I made up my own little sign
Men to whom god is dead worship one another. So wrote the crews, gospel singer, circa 1968. Wonder how ole harry is doing today, probably retired.
How does one take hold of the concept of god? How does one arrive at more than a superstition? Or does one leave god out of it all, now and forever, amen?
Or do you think, yeah, well, theres time. I can make do there at the last moment. And for all we know, that works. Take hold at the last moment.
Or are you one of those that does not credit a god? I mean, look around, right, walk into any flavor of ice cream you think you might like and where does it lead? May they all go to hell, except for cave 19? Cave 19 is living la vida loco. Walk into one or ten, not one in ten is in agreement. Even now, one laughs.
Or do you figure god is an evolution of things, of thought, of the times?
Curious is all. Lately, Im wondering if my own faith is nothing more than superstition. Strike me dead kinda thing, quick glance at the cloudy sky.