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I do not know who Nargal's parents were, or who his wife or wives were beyond his widow Jane. She was named in his 1769 will. Also mentioned in his will is this land which he describes as "beginning at the head of the middle cove running up the branch to a large persimmon, a corner to Robert Palmer". He is closely associated with the Palmers on the adjoining properties and is first named in the 1748 will of Isaac Palmer, who refers to him as his cousin, leaves him half his estate, and appoints him executor. William James, who's land adjoins this piece of property, named a daughter Winifred Palmer in his 1758 will. At least two of Nargal's sons named daughters Winnie or Winnefred James Palmer. Robert Palmer, who's land is also mentioned was married to another of William James' daughters.
This deed, found during my recent stint at the Library of Virginia, does not solve any of the Nargal mysteries (including why he was given such a dreadful name). But it does place him squarely in the midst of many of the families he is believed to have been closely related to. It is also one of the most densely written deeds I've worked with - almost unreadable in terms of verbage. I have chosen to share it in smaller print fully expecting that few will read it unless it directly relates to their research. Names and significant points have been indicated with font changes. I have attempted to match the original spelling.
One final point of interest - the indenture specifies the purchase price for the land as 125 pounds, but the memorandum at the end records a payment of 115 pounds.
Lunsford }
to } Deed
Palmer }
This Indenture made the Seventh Day of November in the Twenty third year of the reign of our Sovereign Lord George the Second by the Grace of God of Great Britain France and Ireland King Defender of the faith and in the year of our Lord one thousand Seven Hundred and fifty Between Moses Lunsford of Wicomoco Parish in Northumberland County and Colony of Virginia of the one Part and Nargalsharezzer Palmer of the same Parish and County and Colony of the other Part Witnesseth that the said Moses Lunsford for and in Consideration of one hundred and Twenty five pounds Currant Money in hand Paid the Receipt where of the said Moses Lunsford doth Acknowledge Hath demised granted Sold promised released Enfeossed (sp?) and Confirmed and by these Presents doeth Demise Grant Bargain Sell Remise Release Enfeosse (sp?) and Confirm unto Nargalsharezzer Palmer his Heirs Executors Administrators or assigns one hundred and Eighty Six acres of Land Situate Lying and being on Great Wicomoco River side in the aforesaid Parish County and Colony and is Bounded as followeth beginning for the bounds of the Said Land at a Water Oak on the Bank by the River Side -- Joyning Mr George Paynes Land thence Southerly along a line of marked trees to a Cedar Post Joyning Mr. George Paynes and William Jameses Land thence along a line of Marked trees Joyning William Jameses Southwest to a Dogwood at the head of the Cool Spring Branch Joyning William Palmers Land a Corner tree thence along a line of marked Trees Northerly to a Corner Post by the -- Road Joyning the above Said William Palmer and Robert Palmers Land thence Northeastily down along a path to a Pissimin tree Joyning Robert Palmers Land thence along a line of Marked trees Northeast to a Corner Ash in Robert
(next page)Palmers Spring Branch Joyning the said Moses Lunsfords Land thence down the Branch to the Creek thence down the Creek to the River thence down the Above said River to the Place begun Including by Estimation one hundred and Eighty Six acres of Land with all woods Underwoods trees timber trees waters Meadows Pastures feedings Marshes as also fensing houses orchards Gardens and backsides to the Said one hundred and Eighty Six acres of Land --
Belonging or any wayes Appertaining or therewith used occupied or enjoyed together with all Right Priviledges advantages appertinances to the Same or any wise appertaining and the Reversion and Reversions remainder or Remainders Rents Issues Profitts thereof To have and to hold the said one hundred and Eighty Six acres of Land be the Same more or Less and Premises and Every Part and Parcell of them hereby Granted Bargained and Sold or Mentioned or -- intended to be Bargained Granted and Sold and Every Part and Parcell thereof with the appurtances unto the said Nargalshrezzer Palmer his heirs Executors Administrators and Assigns for Ever to the only Proper use and behooss (sp?) of him the said Nargalsharezzer Palmer his heirs Executors Administrators and assigns for Ever and _____ and Paying the Quitrents for the Same of right Accustomed and the Said Moses Lunsford for him Self his heirs Executors and Administrators that at thte time of the Ensealing and Delivery of these Presents hath on him Self good Right - and Lawfull Power and authority to Grant and Convey the said one hundred and Eighty Six acres of Land and Premisses in manner and form aforesaid and that the said Nargalsharezzer Palmer his heirs Executors Administrators or assigns shall or may from time to time and at all times hereafter hold occupy Possess and Enjoy the Same and Every Part thereof without the Least hindrance and Missistation (sp?) of him the Said Moses Lunsford or his heirs Executors Administrators or any other Person or Persons whatsover Claming from or by under him free and Clear and freely and Clearly Acquitted Exonorated and Discharged of and from and from all manner of Joynheres Dowers Gifts Grants Bargains
(next page)Sales Leases Morgages Judgements Executions and Ext__ts and from all other Troubles whatsoever Committed and done by him the Said Moses Lunsford his heirs Executors Administrators or any other Person or Persons Claiming from or under him and Shall and will warrent and forever Defend the said Promises unto him the Said Nargalsharezzer Palmer his heir Executors Administrators or assigns for Ever and will from time to time and at all times hereafter at and upon the Reasonable request Cost and Charge of him the Said Nargalsharezzer Palmer his heirs Executors Administrators or assigns delivery Suffor and acknowledge or couse to be made done Served and acknowledged all or any other Deed Conveyance or Conveyances assurance or assurances in the Law Whatsoever for the more Perfect and Sure making of the Said Premisses unto the Said Nargalsharezzer Palmer his heirs Executors Administrators or assigns as his Councill in the Law Shall be in that behalf reasoned devised Advised tendered and Required In Witness whereof the Part first Mentioned above to this Present Indenture hath set his hand and fixed his Seale the Day and year first above Writton.
Signed Sealed an' Delivered }
In the Presence of } Moses Lunsford {L:S}
Moses Oldham --} Rodam Lunsford}
Wm Coppedge --} Thomas James --}
William Harding} John Palmer ---- }
William Palmer }
December the 10th 1750
Memorandum That Quiet and Peaceable Possession and Seizeon of the within Mentioned one hundred and Eighty Six acres of land and Premisses was this Day Given and Delivered by the Within named Moses Lunsford first Part of this Indenture unto Nargalsarezzer Palmer of the other Partie to this Indenture by the Delivery of ___ and ___ upon the said Land in the Presence of Thomas James, John Palmer and William Palmer
Then Received of Nargalsharezzer Palmer one hundred and fifteen Pounds Current Money being full satisfaction for the Within mentioned Land and Premises as Witness my hand this 12 Day of November 1750,
Thomas James - } Moses Lunsford
William Palmer} John Palmer
At a Court held for Northumberland County the 10th Day of December 1750
This Deed from Moses Lunsford to Nargalsharezzer Palmer and Livery and Seisen and Receipt Endorsed was acknowledged by the said Lunsford and ordered to be Recorded,
Teste, Thos Jones Junr C C
Source: Northumberland, VA, Record Books, No. 1:183, Lunsford to Palmer Deed, 7 Nov 1750; Library of Virginia Reel #6.


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subset: commoncrawl


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Last weeks cookie was Oatmeal scotchies. That I had to make after seeing this photo. The recipe is right on the bag of butterscotch chips. I can't believe that I have never made them. They were a big hit, and the butterscotch chips seemed to make them extra sweet.
Also last week, I made the batter for this cookie, after seeing this post on Parikha's blog. I baked them today. Perfect for this coming week. This cookie definitely is not as sweet as the oatmeal scotchie. I sprinkled the second and third batches with sugar before baking. Added a little bit of "sweetness" if you know what I mean.
And to keep their snappiness, I took the advice and stored them in a ziplock bag. Sort of a bummer since I like cookies in the cookie jar. But nobody probably wants a soggy gingersnap.


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Why Choose Willamette University's Executive Development Center?
Willamette University's Executive Development Center offers innovative, integrated and transformative executive programs that prepare leaders to think holistically and act boldly and ethically in response to organizational and industry change.
Our programs are:
- Diverse – We serve customers from a broad set of industries spanning private and public organizations and industry segments, with both faculty and practitioners whose experience and expertise is both broad and deep, and content that integrates the best thinking and practices available
- Practical – Our programs provide managers the skills and know-how to lead and manage change in their specific organizations and industries
- Results-Driven – Our programs are flexible and customizable, able to adapt to the specific needs of client organizations to achieve specific outcomes
- Community-Oriented – We build and nurture a connected, supportive and collaborative learning environment where students are never alone in their pursuit of knowledge and information
The EDC delivers value in both our expertise and approach:
- We are the only NASPAA- and AACSB-accredited school in Oregon; only 1 of 2 schools in the country with both public- and private-sector accreditation
- The Atkinson Graduate School of Management is the only ranked school in Oregon on Forbes magazine's "best business schools" list
- We are a school of management, not just a business school
- Our programs are customizable to fit with clients' needs. Students learn business management essentials in their context
- All our programs are face-to-face, facilitating collaboration and engagement


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Hello, April.
Hello, goodbye spring break. THAT was fast.
We spent it at home this year and I must admit, I liked it. It was a taste of what summer is... in our home. We checked some things off our list. The adventures weren't as often as I would have liked, but that's okay.
Those mitts can really be knit in a few days.
And I think that makes the perfect little gift for a very sweet friend.


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Quick Links
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RGZ10880 In Stock
This Royalty Inspired sapphire crystal ring is inspired from the engagement ring and is made in sterling silver lavishly gold plated and set with Swarovski crystals. This beautiful royal ring is available in sizes 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10. This Royalty Inspired Sapphire Ring is from our Royal Regalia Collection, and comes packaged in a beautiful navy blue velvet pouch and navy blue gift box.
Eve's Addiction.com wants you to be a happy customer. We want you to be completely satisfied with the sterling silver jewelry that you receive from us, as we only sell high quality silver and cubic zirconia cz jewelry. We do understand that you may not like your purchase for some reason.
You may return or exchange your jewelry within 60 days of purchase if you are not satisfied with it. The jewelry must be returned in its original condition for a refund or exchange. Engraved, personalized, photo, monogram, name and initial, chocolate and clearance items are not returnable or exchangeable.


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To corey at eyewantmedia dot com:
your misunderstanding lies in passing in the naked $object parameter. It is correct for is_callable to return FALSE since you cannot 'call an object', you can only call one of its methods, but you don't specify which one. Hence:
is_callable(array($object, 'some_function'), [true or false], $callable_name)
will yield the correct result.
Notice, though, that a quick test I made (PHP 5.0.4) showed that is_callable incorrectly returns TRUE also if you specify the name of a protected/private method from outside of the context of the defining class, so, as wasti dot redl at gmx dot net pointed out, reflection is the way to go if you want to take visibility into account (which you should for true OOP, IMHO).


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Confidential services, including non-medical counseling and specialty consultations, are available through Military OneSource. Eligible individuals may receive confidential services at no cost. Check eligibility. International Calling Options.
Log in to your Military OneSource account to access online counseling services.
Click here to access confidential non-medical counseling and resources to balance and improve work performance and overall health.
In July, Military OneSource can help you be ready for change.
If you would like to become a blogger for Blog Brigade, click the link below to find out how!.
When your spouse incurs a severe injury or debilitating illness, you face the prospect of starting a whole new chapter of your life – one that you hadn't expected. Becoming your spouse's caregiver presents a unique set of challenges that can affect you emotionally and physically, and can often seem overwhelming. This article contains information about common reactions to becoming a caregiver, resources for support and help and tips on taking care of yourself throughout the caregiving process.
It's common to experience many different emotions when a loved one requires long-term care.
If you feel overwhelmed, it's important to talk with a health care professional about getting help. Warning signs that you may be depressed or under too much stress include:
Seek help immediately if you or your spouse has thoughts of death or suicide.
Caring for a person with special needs is demanding and often frustrating. But you don't have to go it alone. Caregivers who learn what help is available and how to access it tend to feel more in control of a difficult situation.
Caring for a loved one is exhausting work. Your own health and well-being may be the last thing on your mind, but if you're feeling drained, you may become impatient, run down or at risk for making poor decisions. Caring for yourself physically and mentally will make you feel better, help you take better care of your spouse and make you more resilient.
If you're overwhelmed with your new role as caretaker to your spouse, help is available.Military OneSource can provide you with further resources and can help connect you with a counselor. Additionally, military and family life counselors are available to provide non-medical counseling services. Contact them through your installation's family support center.
Stay up to date on all things related to Service and Family Members.
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Service members, family members, surviving family members, service providers and leaders rely on Military OneSource for policy, procedures, timely articles, cutting-edge social media tools and support. All in one place, empowering our military community.
Release 06.30.15.1.184.108.40.206.7


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Majorca Sun is crafted of rich brown leather, this women's mid-calf boot is accented with an asymmetrical zipper with a snap strap keeper, buckled accent strap, and rugged outsole. Soft faux fur lines the top. Wear this trendy biker style boot with jeans, or contrast it with a girly skirt.
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Justice Brothers Gas Treatment Protects Against Ethanol Damage
In 2010, the EPA allowed gasoline manufacturers to blend 15 percent ethanol (E15) into gas to be used by late model cars. Ethanol is basically a mixture of ethyl and alcohol. The main problem with this type of blended gasoline is that the ethanol mixture will separate from the gasoline over time, causing a moisture buildup (water) in the fuel tank. The presence of water can result in corrosion, resin/gum buildup, hard starting, reduced performance and possibly internal engine damage. (more…)


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Holland Christian Schools is a partnership between parents, staff, students, and supporters who passionately love the Lord and are deeply rooted in His grace and love. We strive daily to bring our 1,700 students preschool-12th grade to a greater sense of awe and gratitude for the amazing world that He has called us to care for and serve.
With an outstanding teaching faculty, Holland Christian Schools has gained a reputation for educational excellence and for innovation and creativity both in and outside of the classroom. Leading test scores and the pursuit of best practices by our remarkable staff of professional educators have proven that to be the case year after year.
Education today is so much more than classrooms, science labs, art rooms, and gymnasiums. It is also the playgrounds and athletic fields, service trips and Bible studies, music rehearsals and marching bands; it is the relationships built between teachers and students, friends and colleagues, coaches, and athletes.
More than simply Bible classes and prayer tacked on to a standard curriculum, at Holland Christian faith and learning are inseparable, since all learning revolves, in some way, around the universe of our Creator. This encourages a "school of thought" where students learn not what to think but how to think.
Students at Holland Christian participate in an award winning technology program, equipping them with 21st century skills. The One to One Laptop Initiative equips each 6th-12th grade student with their own laptop computer for use 24/7, extending the educational experience well beyond the classroom walls.
Holland Christian has designed 21st century spaces for learning at all of our five school buildings to best reflect the way that today's student learns. This includes classrooms that utilize the latest in technology and meeting spaces for collaboration between students and faculty.
Transforming the world for Jesus Christ is highly inclusive work. More than 13,000 Holland Christian graduates are leaders in their homes, churches, communities, and in nearly every imaginable walk of life. With a Holland Christian education contributing to a rock-solid foundation, these leaders are making an impact in local, national, and international arenas.
At Holland Christian, educational, social, and spiritual opportunities abound beyond the classroom. 78% of High School students participate in co-curricular or extra-curricular activities. Holland Christian High School teams have won 19 State Championships in Athletics and four State Championships in Theatre.
"The academic setting at Holland Christian is a culture of development and growth where students and staff are always looking for ways to improve and to discover new ways of learning and communicating." Dale Eizenga, Holland Christian High School Teacher
"Knowing that our children are being taught about how God is evident & real in all subject areas is priceless! We've been, and continue to be, blessed by Holland Christian." Mark and Rita Bos, Holland Christian Parents
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WINSTON-SALEM— Nineteen Surry County elementary students, the highest number ever, were selected to be included in the 2012 North Carolina Elementary Honors Chorus. Out of 611 fourth, fifth and sixth grade students from all over the state who auditioned, 197 were chosen to represent North Carolina and participate in a two-day clinic/concert under guest conductor Dr. Angela Broeker of The University of St. Thomas, Minnesota. The two-day event culminated in a performance before a packed audience of parents, music educators, and supporters at the Stevens Center in Winston-Salem on Sunday, Nov. 11, as a part of the annual North Carolina Music Educators Conference.
Music specialists who are members of the state music organization are eligible to submit six students per school to be judged on vocal diction, melodic and rhythmic accuracy, expression, and tone quality. The students were recorded individually with piano accompaniment singing an excerpt of "Shady Grove". Their audio files were submitted to judges for consideration, with scores of 22 out of 25 points giving an elementary student a position in the choir. 141 schools participated in the audition with 92 schools having students chosen.
The music teachers receiving notification of students accepted then rehearsed the six-composition repertoire with their respective students to help prepare them for their joint rehearsal in Winston-Salem Saturday before the concert. Schools, teachers, and students represented from Surry County are as follows:
Cedar Ridge Elementary, Luann Lovelace with 5th graders Anna Cockerham, daughter of Mike and Deborah Cockerham, and Ashley Hunsucker, daughter of Randy and Yvonne Hunsucker, all from Mount Airy.
Dobson Elementary, Keena Moxley with 4th graders Abigail Nina, daughter of Brenda Jenkins, and Brooke Mosley, daughter of Scott and Sherri Mosley and 5th graders Abigail Johnson, daughter of Greg and Beverly Johnson, Cara Scott, daughter of Kevin Scott and Donnelda Hamm, and Riley Stanley, two-time selectee and daughter of Mitch and Amy Stanley, all from Dobson.
Rockford Elementary, Keena Moxley with 5th grader Madison Goins, daughter of Ronald and Angela Goins of Rockford; Masters Academy, Sherri Collins with 6th grader Sara Terilliger, three-time selectee and daughter of Roy and Barb Terwilliger of Pilot Mountain.
Pilot Mountain Elementary, Sherri Collins with 4th grader Jacob Gates, son of Jason and Judy Gates of Mount Airy, and 5th graders Landon Barnes, son of Daniel and Jenny Barnes, Isabella Hooker, daughter of Phillip Hooker and Tina Shelar, and two-time selectee Attilah Fant, daughter of Timothy Tate and Michelle Fant (Michigan), all from Pilot Mountain;
Westfield Elementary, Sherri Collins with 4th grader Michael Senter, son of Gray Senter and Tonya Senter, all from Mount Airy; Franklin Elementary, Amey King with 5th grader Chloe Easter, daughter of Greg and Kristy Easter, all of Mount Airy.
Mountain Park Elementary, Susan Gentry with 5th grader Bailey White, daughter of Brian White and Dawn Wood of Mountain Park.
Copeland Elementary, Beverly Hembree with 5th grader and two-time selectee Peyton Martel, daughter of Rebekah Taylor and Donald Martel.
Shoals Elementary, Beverly Hembree with 4th grader Olivia Marion, daughter of Matt and Pam Marion, and 5th grader and two-time selectee Cheyenne Tilley, daughter of Matthew and Deana Tilley, all of Shoals.


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Imagine the dusty old globe in your Grandfather's study that captivated you as a child. emform has a knack for reviving such traditional accents in evolved and enduring forms. On the Titan Globe, silver continents pop from an ocean of black. The result is an heirloom in the making—just add a few decades.
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JQuery Events/live + ScrewUnit = :-(. ScrewUnit swaps the DOM "out from under" the elements that Events/live is watching, which messes with ScrewUnit. Call
dieon the DOM elements that live events are watching.
ScrewUnit + CI + IE = :'-( Also, When ScrewUnit suites become large, they trigger IE's "slow script" warning, which can freeze your continuous integration build. Check out the Registry Hack to set your own timeout.
We have a fan of Thor in the house: "Map options to a class. Simply create a class with the appropriate annotations, and have options automatically map to functions and parameters." Which, as is (not) obvious, indicates that Thor is a replacement for rake.
Standup 06/26/2009: Poor ScrewUnit…
Friday, June 26, 2009


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The win puts Chicago (48-23-1-6) just one point away from securing first place in the West Division with two games remaining in the regular season. The club currently holds a four-point lead on the second-place Texas Stars, and will face either Milwaukee or the Rockford IceHogs in the West Division Semifinal, which begins at the Allstate Arena on Wed., April 14.
"We're trying to get a little momentum and a little consistency to our game right now," said Wolves Head Coach Don Lever. "Our effort was better tonight. We competed harder."
Milwaukee (40-29-2-7) took the lead, 1-0, at 7:32 of the first period. Center Mark Van Guilder won a face-off in the Wolves zone and chipped the puck out to right wing Ryan Thang, who fired it past Chicago goaltender Peter Mannino.
Mannino (25-4-1) posted 35 saves on 36 shots in the win.
Defenseman Paul Postma knotted the score, 1-1, when he bagged a power-play goal with one second remaining in the first period. The Wolves won the faceoff and the puck squirted out to Postma at the blue line, where the defenseman wound up and cranked a shot that clanked up under the crossbar past Admirals netminder Chet Pickard.
Left wing Andrew Kozek gave the Wolves a 2-1 lead at 14:19 of the second period when he was streaking down the slot at the perfect time to catch the rebound from an Anthony Stewart shot on his stick and bang it back past Pickard.
Pickard (14-15-3) turned aside 34 shots for Milwaukee.
The Wolves and Admirals will meet for a rematch – the final contest in the Amtrak Rivalry series - at the Bradley Center on Friday at 7 p.m.
Milwaukee 1 0 0 -- 1
Chicago 1 1 0 -- 2
First Period---1, Milwaukee, Thang 2 (Van Guilder), 7:32; 2, Chicago, Postma 14 (Kozek, A. Stewart), 19:59 pp. Penalties---Scatchard, Milwaukee (tripping), 0:40; Pohl, Chicago (interference), 10:24; Vishnevskiy, Chicago (hooking), 12:22; Yonkman, Milwaukee (hooking), 18:13.
Second Period---3, Chicago, Kozek 12 (A. Stewart, Pohl), 14:19. Penalties—-Yonkman, Milwaukee (hooking), 7:43.
Third Period---None. Penalties---Vishnevskiy, Chicago (slashing), 7:42
Shots on goal---Milwaukee: 11-13-12--36. Chicago: 15-14-7--36. Power plays---Milwaukee: 0-3. Chicago: 1-3. Goalies---Milwaukee, Pickard (34-36). Chicago, Mannino (35-36). A---5,636. Referee---Chris Ciamaga. Linesmen---Peter Cichy and Aaron Mills.


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Quick Links
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RGZ10134 In Stock
A sea of shimmering dancing lights welcome the eyes in this sterling silver diamond cubic zirconia pave glam ring. The myriad of glittering cubic zirconias that encrust the ring will shine brightly even in the dimmest light. The rhodium finished sterling silver adds another dimension of beauty with its silver luster as it encases the finger. Weighing 8.6 grams and with a total carat weight of 4.6 carats, this ring is truly meant to attract the right attention.
Eve's Addiction.com wants you to be a happy customer. We want you to be completely satisfied with the sterling silver jewelry that you receive from us, as we only sell high quality silver and cubic zirconia cz jewelry. We do understand that you may not like your purchase for some reason.
You may return or exchange your jewelry within 60 days of purchase if you are not satisfied with it. The jewelry must be returned in its original condition for a refund or exchange. Engraved, personalized, photo, monogram, name and initial, chocolate and clearance items are not returnable or exchangeable.


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Wednesday, April 24, 2013
A sure sign of spring is when you see someone wetting a line and casting off in search of some really big catfish.
On May 11, fishing enthusiasts of all ages will cast off again in the 20th Annual Moncks Corner Medical Center Family Open Catfish Tournament at the William Dennis Boat Landing on the Tail Race Canal across from Gilligan's in Moncks Corner.
Sponsored by Moncks Corner Medical Center, Kickin' 92.5 FM, the Rhoad and Rhoad Law Firm and the Fraternal Order of Police Lodge 19, the Family Open Catfish Tournament benefits the Berkeley County Rescue Squad.
"This is the rescue squad's sole fundraising event for the year," Berkeley County Coroner and Rescue Squad Chief Bill Salisbury said. "All proceeds generated from the fishing tournament will directly benefit the Berkeley County Rescue Squad."
Boats will launch at 5 a.m. with the tournament beginning at 7 a.m. Contestants will fish until the official weigh-in at 3 p.m.
Cash and prizes will be offered for largest fish, largest weight of five fish and a new wrinkle added for this year's Family Open tournament.
"We are offering a $1,000 cash prize for the biggest catfish over 55 pounds but under 65 pounds," Salisbury said. "Or we will give out a $2,000 cash prize for the biggest catfish over 65 pounds."
Salisbury added, "You can't have both though."
The funds raised benefit the Berkeley County Rescue Squad and serves as the group's major fundraiser for the year.
"The Berkeley County Rescue Squad is an all-volunteer group and while we receive some grants and donations from other people this is our primary means of raising funds to meet our budget," said Salisbury of the organization he helped found in 1966.
"We had a good turnout last year and hope for a larger turnout this year. And we very much appreciate the support of our sponsors and to those who participate in the tournament year in and year out."
The Berkeley Independent is pleased to offer readers the enhanced ability to comment on stories. We expect our readers to engage in lively, yet civil discourse. We do not edit user submitted statements and we cannot promise that readers will not occasionally find offensive or inaccurate comments posted in the comments area. Responsibility for the statements posted lies with the person submitting the comment, not The Berkeley Independent.
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Learn how to deliver a Keynote presentation that wows your audience.
Learn how to build a Keynote presentation from scratch, and transform a rough outline into a polished presentation.
Discover how to use animation effectively in Keynote presentations.
Learn everything you need to get the most from the new features and revised workflows in iWork, including iCloud integration and the new mobile-friendly layouts.
Learn how to add photos and video to your Keynote presentation and make it more professional and engaging.
Learn how to build and deliver a great Keynote presentation.
"I almost feel as if I am in a classroom but with the benefit of sitting at my home computer." —Christine B.
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Universal Orlando
Foundation Library
9907 Universal Blvd.
Orlando, FL 32819
Ph.: 407-903-8100
Fax: 407-903-8101
MICE (Meeting, Incentive, Convention,
and Exposition) Industry
After consulting reference works and circulating books on your topic,
you are ready to begin looking for articles in journals, magazines, and newspapers.
Articles are typically useful for their up-to-date and focused treatment of subjects. However, there are many different kinds of articles, and some professors will stipulate that you use only certain types of articles in your assignments. Here is an overview of three types of articles --popular, trade, and scholarly --each having different merits and drawbacks.
Definition & Use: Also known as peer-reviewed or refereed periodicals, scholarly periodicals publish original research and commentary on developments within a specific discipline. Articles are signed, often lengthy, include minimal illustrations and advertisements, and almost always include a bibliography. Scholarly journals are usually peer-reviewed, meaning that articles are evaluated by one or more subject experts (referees). Scholarly articles are useful for their original and rigorous approaches to problems by experts in a particular field. Students can almost always use scholarly articles in their research, although they may need to supplement such research with books or other sources of information.
Definition & Use: Also known as professional, industry-specific, or special interest periodicals, trade periodicals are "devoted to disseminating news and information of interest to a specific category of business or industry, often published by a trade association" (Rietz). Articles in trade periodicals are usually short to medium-length, may or may not be signed, usually contain some advertisements or illustrations, and may or may not contain a bibliography. Trade journals are useful for their coverage of industry trends, practices, and opinions. Students may generally use trade journals but should often supplement research in them with material from scholarly articles, books, or other sources of information.
Definition & Use: Popular periodicals usually
contain short articles on a variety of topics written by various authors in an informal
style. Articles are sometimes unsigned and usually do not include a bibliography. Popular
publications usually contain illustrations or advertisements and are usually
sold at newsstands or in bookstores. They are useful for their coverage of current events
and popular opinion, but should be used sparingly in research and supplemented with material
from trade or scholarly journals, books, or other sources of information.
The following periodicals are available in print at the Rosen Library and may contain helpful information about the MICE industry. A denotes a scholarly (peer-reviewed) source.
|BizBash Florida
|Journal of Convention & Event Tourism
|Meeting News
|Convention South
|Meetings & Conventions
|Corporate & Incentive Travel
|Meetings South
|Event Management
|Plan Your Meetings
|Event Solutions
|Successful Meetings
|Venue Safety & Security
Some hospitality periodicals, such as Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, are moving from print to electronic versions. You can find these and other periodicals online by clicking on Online Journals and typing in the journal title.
In addition, special issues of periodicals often contain statistics, reports, and other current industry information that can be difficult to find elsewhere. See the Special Journal Issues page for more information.
While browsing our periodical shelves can help familiarize you with a subject, sometimes a more precise search for articles on a specific MICE topic is needed. In this case, you will usually need to search in one of our databases or OneSearch, which are the subjects of the next section in this tutorial.
For additional information on the different types of articles, see the Rosen Research guide on Scholarly, Trade, or Popular? (A Guide to Understanding Periodicals).
Last updated May 06, 2013 4:25:56 PM


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September 24, 2008
Google Contacts
One of the most visible changes in Gmail 2.0 was the new contact manager with better search options and more flexible exporting. You might have noticed that the contacts list doesn't load instantly and that's because Gmail opens a separate web page in an iframe.
Google has recently updated the stand-alone contacts page by adding a logo and a more prominent search box. Unfortunately, the URL is not user-friendly: http://mail.google.com/mail/contacts/ui/ContactManager.
The page should be useful if you have a Google account that is not connected to a Gmail address and you would like to access your list of contacts from services like Google Docs or Google Reader.
{ Thanks, Tony. }
This blog is not affiliated with Google.


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Summer Camp
Ready for an adventure?
Online Registration Now Open!
Preschool thru 12th Grade
Camps run from 9 a.m. – 3 p.m.
Beforecamp from 8 a.m. to 9 a.m. and Aftercamp from 3 p.m. to 6 p.m.
Join the Dallas Zoo and Children's Aquarium at Fair Park for WILD ADVENTURES this summer! Become a paleontologist, mad scientist, or even a zookeeper. Each camp is jam-packed with exciting and educational tours, games, arts and crafts, and up-close animal encounters. Choose from a variety of week-long or single day camps. Campers will get to experience our new and exciting exhibit Giants of the Jurassic this summer! Remember that we offer a 5% discount on the total camp cost if you enroll siblings or if your child signs up for more than one Zoo camp. (Discounts do not apply to camps at the Children's Aquarium at Fair Park.)
Preschool (3 yrs – 5 yrs)
We offer half-day (9 a.m. to 12 p.m.) or full-day (9 a.m. to 3 p.m.) options for both PreK camps. These immersive, nature-based programs are good options for parents who want unique preschool programs for their children.
Tiny Paleontologists
Does your tiny paleontologist love dinosaurs? Put on your discovery gear and join us for a prehistoric adventure. Campers will experience some larger than life dinosaurs and find out how these dinosaurs relate to our present day world. Half-day or full-day options available.
Colorful Innovations
Color is all around us! Explore and investigate with color at the Dallas Zoo. Campers will experience close-up animal encounters and experiment with vivid color.
Cost: Half-day camp is $150/week for non-members ($135/week for members); Full-day camp is $220/week non-members ($200/week for members. Aftercamp is available for full-day campers only.
*Entering Preschool in Fall 2015
Kindergarten and 1st Grade
Fun-tastic Fossils
Dig in to the prehistoric world and find out how it has influenced the world around us. Discover some amazing animals that have lived almost as long as dinosaurs. Campers will meet the Giants of the Jurassic and discover the traces they left behind.
I Wonder How…
Have you ever wondered how animals adapt to different seasons? Learn about how weather works and how it influences animals with exciting experiments.
Cost: $220/week for non-members ($200/week for members).
*Entering Kindergarten and 1st grade in Fall 2015
2nd and 3rd Grade
Jump into the Jurassic
Jump into the Jurassic and learn how dinosaurs used some of their unique adaptations. Meet these prehistoric predators and see how they connect to present day animals.
The Icky Side of Science
Glurp! Blop! Squish! Delve into the icky side of zoos. Learn why goats chew cud and how Okapis can pick their noses with their tongues. Campers will take an adventure through the zoo and get some hands on experience with the icky side of science.
Cost: $220/week for non-members ($200/week for members).
*Entering 2nd and 3rd grade in Fall 2015.
4th and 5th Grade
Cretaceous Cases
Piece together the mysteries of the prehistoric world. Campers will go on secret tours, partake in a geo-caching adventure, and use their deduction skills to shed some light on these gigantic creatures.
Cost: $220/week for non-members ($200/week for members).
Keeper Camp
What's it like to be an animal keeper at the Dallas Zoo? Go behind the scenes and meet zookeepers as they teach the dynamics of animal husbandry and enrichment. This camp includes a staff-supervised sleepover on Thursday night.
*Entering 4th and 5th grade in Fall 2015.
6th through 8th Grade
Zoo by Design
This is your chance to help us design a real Zoo exhibit! You and your Project Design Team will work with keepers, Zoo educators, facility operations, and others to develop ideas for a Zoo exhibit scheduled to open at the Dallas Zoo in the near future. This camp includes a staff-supervised sleepover on Thursday night.
Cost: $265/week for non-members ($240/week for members).
Top Photographer
ATTENTION aspiring photographers and nature lovers! Using digital cameras, campers will be introduced to the basics of wildlife photography. Select photos will be featured on the Dallas Zoo website! This camp includes a staff-supervised sleepover on Thursday night. Campers must bring their own digital cameras and USB cables.
Texas Born and Bred -Partner Camp with John Bunker Sands Wetland Center
Get your muck boots on and head to the wetlands! Spend three days at the Dallas Zoo exploring Texas native animals all around us, then spend two days at John Bunker Sands Wetland Center experiencing the science of wetlands and getting up close to Texas wildlife. This camp includes a staff-supervised sleepover Thursday night at the Wetland Center, where campers will discover just what comes out in the wetlands at night.
Cost: $265/week for non-members ($240/week for members).
*Entering 6th through 8th grade in Fall 2015.
9th through 12th Grade
Careers Camp
Find out what it takes to be an animal keeper, veterinarian, a trainer and the countless other positions at the Dallas Zoo. Go behind the scenes and meet Zoo professionals, who will teach campers the dynamics of their careers. This unique camp gives animal enthusiasts valuable hands-on knowledge.
Cost: $265/week for non-members ($240/week for members).
*Entering 9th through 12th grade in Fall 2015.
Children's Aquarium at Fair Park Camps
Camp H20
Can a shark smell? What does a stingray eat? What is it like to touch a horseshoe crab? Campers spend a week exploring the underwater worlds of the Children's Aquarium at Fair Park. They also spend time visiting Texas Discovery Gardens for a special experience in these week-long camps.
We offer half-day (9 a.m. to 12 p.m.) or full-day (9 a.m. to 3 p.m.) camps. This immersive, nature-based program is a good option for parents who want a unique preschool program for their children.
Cost: Half-day camp $140/week; full-day camp $210/week (no member discount). Beforecamp: $25/week; Aftercamp (for full-day campers only): $50/week.
Kindergarten and 1st Grade
Cost: $210/week (no member discount). Beforecamp: $25/week; Aftercamp: $50/week
2nd and 3rd Grades
Cost: $210/week (no member discount). Beforecamp: $25/week; Aftercamp: $50/week
4th and 5th Grade
From Land to Sea – Partner Camp with Texas Discovery Gardens
A special camp designed just for the 4th and 5th graders! Take a journey from land to sea without leaving Dallas! Spend three days at Texas Discovery Gardens exploring the exciting things that live above, in and underneath gardens; then spend two days at the Children's Aquarium learning about the underwater world. This camp includes a staff-supervised sleepover on Thursday night at the Children's Aquarium.
Cost: $265/week for non-members ($240/week for members of the Dallas Zoo or Texas Discovery Gardens). Beforecamp: $25/week; Aftercamp: $50/week.
General Scheduling Information
*Registrations must be completed during single registration session.
We strictly enforce grade level requirements. Campers enrolled in the wrong grade level will be removed from the camp without a refund. They will be given the opportunity to enroll in the appropriate grade level camp and placed on the waitlist if the appropriate camp is sold out.
Cancellation and Refund Policy
All camp sales are final. No refunds will be given for cancelled camp reservations or camp withdrawals. A program credit may be issued based on circumstance. The credit may be used for any education program or camp at the Dallas Zoo. Credit will not be issued for cancellations made within 48 hours of your scheduled enrollment or for no-show participants. All programs will take place rain or shine. The Dallas Zoo and Children's Aquarium at Fair Park reserves the right to cancel or change any program for reasons we deem appropriate. In the event that we cancel your program, a full refund will be issued and individuals will be contacted directly.
Toilet Training
All camp participants must be completely toilet trained (requiring no assistance in the bathroom). Our definition of toilet trained means that the child is not wearing pull-ups and is able to manage his/her own clothing by him/herself.
All requests to be placed on the waitlist must be submitted in writing to email@example.com. Phone or in-person requests cannot be accepted. Properly submitted requests will receive an e-mail from Dallas Zoo Education within 48 hours acknowledging receipt. If a spot becomes available, you will be contacted directly. Please be aware this may occur as little as 24 hours prior to the first day of camp. If you would like to be removed from a waitlist, please let us know as soon as possible in order to give the opportunity to another camper. Buddy requests cannot be accommodated for waitlisted campers.
To be placed on a waitlist, please submit your e-mail request EXACTLY as follows to email@example.com.
Subject Line: SUMMER CAMP 2015 WAITLIST REQUEST
Adult Contact Information:
- First and last name
- Relationship to camper
- Phone #
- E-mail address
For EACH camper:
- First and last name
- Grade level entering in Fall 2015
- Camp name
- Camp date
The Dallas Zoo and Children's Aquarium at Fair Park is licensed by the Texas Department of State Health Services.
The Education Office is open Monday-Friday during regular Zoo hours. Contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com or 469.554.7300.


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Don't see your size? We may be able to special order it for you. Call our Customer Service Dept at (888) 400-2623 or email us if you prefer.(please note: sale items are discontinued and cannot be special ordered)
No Reviews yet. Be the first to review this product.
Measurements & Ordering The Right Size
Shoe sizes vary by style—they run long, short, wide or narrow. We test fit size 8.5 shoes, and sometimes recommend ordering a larger or smaller size. Look for this information on any product page. (e.g. Fit: Runs long, buy a half size down.)
If one foot is larger than the other, always fit the larger foot.
The letters "4A", "3A", "2A", "B", or "C" below the sizes refer to the width of the shoe. The following chart explains the various widths Arthur Beren carries:
|4A or SS
|= Extra Narrow
|2A or N
|= Narrow
|B or M
|= Medium (Standard)
|C or W
|= Wide
Eric Javits:
It all started with the hat, and has since expanded into handbags and shoes. Best known for his work with advanced fibers and for his creation of Squishee® fabric, Eric Javits is a true artist who has been creating products that celebrate a woman's sense of style since 1985.
Featured in publications such as Elle, Vanity Fair, Harper's Bazaar and Vogue, Javits versatile mix and match accessories have attracted an elite following of women who appreciate his knack for creating an effortless, coordinating look that is also fun to wear.
With thoughtful design and smart luxury, it is no surprise that the Eric Javits brand is loved by women worldwide.
Arthur Beren offers a fine mix of Eric Javits hats, shoes and bags.


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NEC DSX Line & Station Cards
Get NEC DSX line and station cards with The Telecom Spot for the best service, quality products and expertise.
NEC designed the DSX hybrid key system from the ground up with affordability in mind. High-density circuitry maximizes economy per port. Native support for T1 and ISDN PRI provides maximum connectivity for a low initial investment. The DSX system offers high performance, flexibility and the ability to custom design a system that meets your company's specific telecommunication requirements.
Click here to view the NEC DSX Business Brochure
NEC DSX-80/160 8 Port Analog Station (8SLIU) Card w/MWSKU: 1091010$284.90
NEC DSX-80/160 8 Port CO Line (8COIU) Card with Caller IDSKU: 1091009$236.00
NEC DSX-40 8-Port Analog Station (8SLIU) CardSKU: 1091003$207.90


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Quick Links
Shop All Jewelry
ERZ10290 In Stock
As if inspired from the dangling ice crystals in a magical cave of lights, these Sparkling Diamond CZ Drop Chandelier Earrings will add that special effect to your image that you'll notice and feel. The intricate design in the sterling silver earrings makes the earrings seeming come alive with their easy movements and silver luster. The brilliant cut white diamond cubic zirconias that are imbedded throughout the earrings to make them positively shimmer with elegance and class. The earrings weigh a fine 5.6 grams to make these Sparkling Diamond CZ Drop Chandelier Earrings the perfect touch of class for yourself. Shop with confidence knowing that the quality of our sterling silver cubic zirconia cz earrings is backed by our 60 day jewelry return policy to assure complete satisfaction.
Eve's Addiction.com wants you to be a happy customer. We want you to be completely satisfied with the sterling silver jewelry that you receive from us, as we only sell high quality silver and cubic zirconia cz jewelry. We do understand that you may not like your purchase for some reason.
You may return or exchange your jewelry within 60 days of purchase if you are not satisfied with it. The jewelry must be returned in its original condition for a refund or exchange. Engraved, personalized, photo, monogram, name and initial, chocolate and clearance items are not returnable or exchangeable.


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The invention provides a low density paperboard material and associated method for use in producing an insulated container, and is especially well-suited for making cups. The paperboard material comprises a paperboard web including wood fibers and expanded microspheres, and has a relatively low density ranging from about 6 to about 10 lb/3MSF/mil, a relatively high caliper ranging from about 24 to about 35 mil, and an internal bond strength of at least about 80×10−3 ft-lbf., preferably at least 100×10−3 lft-lbf. For applications such as cups the material is also coated on one or both sides with a barrier coating, preferably low density polyethylene, to limit liquid penetration into the web. The low density paperboard material of the invention is convertible for manufacture of containers, particularly cups, and exhibits insulative properties comparable to higher cost materials conventionally used to make cups. Also, the surface of the low density board may have a Sheffield smoothness of 300 SU or greater compared with the surface smoothness of 160 to 200 SU for conventional cupstock, the latter having been thought necessary for adequate print quality. However, it has been found that the low density board exhibits good printability on flexo printing machines despite its relatively rough surface, which is surprising and bonus effect realized along with the insulative and other properties of the board.
1. A paperboard material, comprising a paperboard web comprising wood fibers and expanded microspheres dispersed within the fibers; the web having an apparent density of from about 6.0 to about 10 lb/3MSF/mil, a caliper of from 24 to about 35 mil, an average internal bond of at least about 80×10−3 ft-lbf, and a Sheffield smoothness of at least about 300 SU.
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This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/665,330 filed Sep. 19, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,335,279, which is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/770,340, filed Jan. 26, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,802,938, which claims benefit of provisional application Ser. No. 60/178,214, filed Jan. 26, 2000.
This invention relates generally to the production of articles from low density paper and paperboard and to insulated articles made therefrom, and in particular, relates to cups made of low density paper and paperboard.
Insulated cups and containers are widely used for serving hot and cold beverages and other food items. Such articles may be made from a variety of materials including polystyrene foam, double-walled containers, and multi-layered paper-based containers such as paperboard containers containing an outer foamed layer. Paper-based containers are often more desirable than containers made from styrene-based materials because paper-based materials are generally more amenable to recycling, are biodegradable and have a surface more acceptable to printing. However, multi-layered and multi-walled paper-based containers are relatively expensive to manufacture compared to polystyrene foam-based articles and often do not exhibit comparable insulative properties. Paperboard containers having an outer foam insulation layer are generally less expensive to produce than double-walled containers, but the outer surface is less compatible with printing.
Attempts have been made to improve certain properties of paper by incorporating expanded as well as unexpanded microspheres within the paper. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,556,934 to Meyer describes production of paper products for books, magazines, and the like wherein unexpanded microspheres are incorporated into a papermaking furnish which is then formed into a web and dried. The microspheres expand on drying to produce a sheet said to have improved stiffness and caliper. However, the '934 patent deals with relatively low basis weight paper not suitable for insulated container manufacture, makes no mention of use of the product in the manufacture of paperboard containers having insulative properties, and gives no teaching as to how such a product could be produced so as to enable use of the product in fabricating insulative containers such as cups and the like.
Accordingly, there continues to be a need for paper-based materials which have good insulative properties and which can be produced on a competitive basis with polystyrene foam-based articles.
The present invention is directed to a low density paperboard material for use in producing insulated containers such as paper cups. In general, the paperboard material comprises a paperboard web that includes expanded microspheres and has a basis weight suitable for manufacturing an insulated container such as a paper cup, in which case the board preferably has a basis weight ranging from about 200 to about 220 lbs/3000 ft.2 (3MSF). Low density paperboard according to the invention incorporates from about 0.25 to 10 wt. % (on a dry basis) expanded microspheres and has a relatively low apparent density ranging from about 6.0 to about 10 lb./3MSF/mil and a relatively high caliper ranging from about 24 to about 35 mil. These properties are especially well-suited for board products used to manufacture cups, particularly cups dimensioned to contain 16 ounces of fluid (Internal base diameter=2Ľ inches). However, it is to be appreciated that low density paperboard according to the invention may find utility in a wide range of applications and product dimensions where properties of low density/thermal insulation are desirable.
In cup applications where the product is intended to contain a liquid, it is preferred to include on the surface of the board to contact the liquid a barrier coating suitable for blocking passage of liquid into the board. A low density polyethylene coating is preferred for this purpose.
For cups and containers intended for heated fluids, it is generally only necessary to coat the surface of the board to be used on the inside of the container, and for chilled fluids (i.e. iced or cold drinks) where outer condensation is an issue, to coat both surfaces.
For paperboard according to the invention within the aforementioned ranges of density and caliper destined for cup manufacture, it is preferred that the board also be formed so as to exhibit an average (i.e. average of MD and CD) internal bond strength of at least about 100×10−3 ft-lbf. This minimum internal bond together with other board properties is believed necessary in order that the board may be successfully converted into cup shapes and similar articles without significant adverse effects caused by the converting operations. Among these adverse effects are so-called "buckles" which can appear along the height of a cup during the process of cup forming where polyethylene-coated board develops small ripple-like deformations as a blank is wrapped around a mandrel to form a cup wall.
Other factors believed to influence development of buckles during conversion operations include the method of applying the coating onto the board and the weight of the coating. Thus, for conventional extruded polyethylene coating conditions (speed and weight) the 100×10−3 ft-lbf minimum average internal bond is believed necessary for proper conversion, while lowering the extrusion speed by 25 percent below the conventional speed or increasing the coat weight in the neighborhood of about 50 percent above the conventional weight will ordinarily allow a corresponding reduction in the minimum average internal bond to about 80×10−3 ft-lbf.
According to one aspect of the invention, the uncoated low density board surface has a roughness substantially higher than conventional cupstock on the Sheffield smoothness scale which, quite surprisingly, results in comparable print quality in a flexo printing operation. Thus, for a typical low density board according to the invention suitable for cupmaking, the uncoated surface of the board exhibits a Sheffield smoothness of at least about 300 SU and a PPS10 smoothness at or below about 6.5 microns.
The low density board of the invention is contrasted with conventional cupstock which is calendered to provide, among other things, a much higher density in the order of 11-12 lb/3MSF/mil, a much lower caliper in the range of 20 mil, and an associated relatively smooth surface in the range of from about 160 to about 200 SU believed necessary for acceptable print quality. This higher density/lower caliper board has the effect of increasing the thermal conductivity of the board (i.e., decreased insulation).
In another aspect, the invention provides a method for making a low density paperboard material suitable for use in producing insulated containers such as cups. The method includes providing a papermaking furnish containing cellulosic fibers, and from about 0.25 to about 10% by weight dry basis expandable microspheres, preferably from about 5 to about 7 wt. %, forming a paperboard web from the papermaking furnish on a papermaking machine, and drying and calendering the web to an apparent density ranging from about 6.0 to about 10.0 lb/3MSF/mil, most preferably from about 6.5 to about 10.0 lb/3MSF/mil, and a caliper of from about 24 to about 35 mil, most preferably from about 28 to about 35 mil.
In yet another aspect, the invention provides a method for making an insulated container such as a paper cup from a paperboard material. The method includes providing a papermaking furnish containing cellulosic fibers and from about 0.25 to about 10 wt % dry basis expandable microspheres, preferably from about 5 to about 7% by weight, forming a paperboard web from the papermaking furnish on a paper machine, and drying and calendering the web to an apparent density ranging from about 6.0 to about 10.0 lb/3MSF/mil, preferably about 6.5 to about 10.0 lb/3MSF/mil, a caliper ranging from about 24 to about 35 mil, preferably from about 28 to about 35 mil, an internal bond of at least about 80×10−3 ft-lbf, preferably at least about 100×10−3 ft-lbf, and a Sheffield smoothness of at or above about 300 SU, and thereafter forming the web into a container such as a paper cup including the paperboard web at least for the sidewall portion of the cup.
Paperboard webs made according to the invention exhibit increased insulative properties compared to conventional single ply paperboard webs and are significantly less expensive to produce than multi-layered paperboard products or paperboard products containing a foamed outer coating. The low density paperboard material may therefore be converted into cups and other insulated containers on conventional processing equipment with minimal loss in machine speed, and a reduced tendency to form buckles and other irregularities in the converting operations.
A key feature of the invention is the use of expandable microspheres in the papermaking furnish and a resulting relatively low density/high caliper board containing the expanded spheres. Although the presence of microspheres in the papermaking furnish had been thought to adversely effect physical properties of the resulting materials for certain end use applications, it has now been found that by producing the materials according to the invention, the resulting board may be readily converted into containers such as insulated cups. Without desiring to be bound by theory, it is believed that suitable insulative paperboard products having strength properties required for cup converting operations may be produced by significantly increasing the caliper of the material and decreasing the density (compared to conventional board products) while maintaining a relatively high internal bond.
The above and other aspects and advantages of the invention will become further apparent by reference to the following detailed description of preferred embodiments when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
Insulated containers such as cups are widely used for dispensing hot and cold beverages. Paperboard webs coated with an insulating layer often provide acceptable insulative properties, however, the outer layer is usually a foamed thermoplastic polymeric layer which raises the cost and is difficult to print. Corrugated and double-walled paperboard containers also generally provide suitable insulative properties, but are more complex and expensive to manufacture than single ply containers. Until now, it has been difficult to produce an economical insulated container made substantially of paperboard which has the required strength for convertibility, exhibits insulative properties, and contains a surface which is receptive to printing.
The invention provides an improved low density paperboard material having insulative properties suitable for hot and cold beverage containers, and which has the strength properties necessary for conversion to cups in a cup forming operation. The low density paperboard material is made by providing a papermaking furnish containing hardwood fibers, softwood fibers, or a combination of hardwood and softwood fibers. A preferred papermaking furnish contains from about 60 to about 80 percent by weight dry basis hardwood fiber and from about 20 to about 40 percent by weight dry basis softwood fiber.
Preferably, the fibers are from bleached hardwood and softwood kraft pulp. The furnish also contains from about 0.25 to about 10 percent by dry weight basis expandable microspheres, preferably in an unexpanded state. Most preferably, the microspheres comprise from about 5 to about 7 percent by weight of the furnish on a dry basis. Other conventional materials such as starch, fillers, sizing chemicals and strengthening polymers may also be included in the papermaking furnish. Among the fillers that may be used are organic and inorganic pigments such as, by the way of example only, polymeric particles such as polystyrene latexes and polymethylmethacrylate, and minerals such as calcium carbonate, kaolin, and talc.
The production of paper containing expandable microspheres is generally described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,556,934 to Meyer, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. Suitable expandable microspheres include synthetic resinous particles having a generally spherical liquid-containing center. The resinous particles may be made from methyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate, ortho-chlorostyrene, polyortho-chlorostyrene, polyvinylbenzyl chloride, acrylonitrile, vinylidene chloride, para-tert-butyl styrene, vinyl acetate, butyl acrylate, styrene, methacrylic acid, vinylbenzyl chloride and combinations of two or more of the foregoing. Preferred resinous particles comprise a polymer containing from about 65 to about 90 percent by weight vinylidene chloride, preferably from about 65 to about 75 percent by weight vinylidene chloride, and from about 35 to about 10 percent by weight acrylonitrile, preferably from about 25 to about 35 percent by weight acrylonitrile.
The center of the expandable microspheres may include a volatile fluid foaming agent which is preferably not a solvent for the polymer resin. A particularly preferred foaming agent is isobutane which may be present in an amount ranging from about 10 to about 25 percent by weight of the resinous particles. Upon heating to a temperature in the range of from about 80° to about 190° C. in the dryer unit of papermaking machine, the resinous particles expand to a diameter ranging from about 0.5 to about 50 microns.
Conventional pulp preparation (cooking, bleaching refining, and the like) and papermaking processes may be used to form paperboard webs from the furnish. However, one feature of the invention is that the low density web containing expanded microspheres is preferably produced in such a manner as to exhibit a minimum average internal bond (average of CD and MD internal bond) in conjunction with its decreased density and increased caliper in relation to conventional paperboard used to make insulative containers such as paper cups. To this end, those of ordinary skill are aware of various measures that alone or in combination may be taken to increase the internal bonding strength properties of paperboard webs for a given basis weight. These include, but are not limited to, increasing the addition of wet and/or dry strength agents such as melamine formaldehyde, polyamine-epichlorohydrine, and polyamide-epichlorohydrine for wet strength and dry strength agents such as starch, gums, and polyacrylamides for dry strength in the furnish, increasing the refining of the pulp, and increased pressing of the wet web in the press section of the paper machine. In addition to improving internal bond, increased wet pressing also reduces the moisture in the web and allows the paperboard to be dried at a faster speed than otherwise possible.
According to the invention, it is preferred that measures be taken sufficient to maintain a minimum average internal bond of at least about 100×10−3 ft-lbf. These measures are preferred, at least in regard to cupstock carrying a conventional weight of barrier coating applied in a conventional manner on one or both of its surfaces. However, the minimum internal bond strength may be relaxed somewhat for the heavier weight barrier coatings applied at the middle-upper end of the conventional 0.5 to 3.5 mil range of coating thicknesses. For example, at barrier coating thicknesses above about 1.5 mil a minimum internal bond of about 80×10−3 ft-lbf is believed sufficient for acceptable converting performance. Also, reduction in the extrusion processing speed in the order of about 25 percent allows relaxation of the internal bond requirement to about the same minimum level.
Among the various approaches for increasing average internal bond, it is preferred to accomplish the desired increase by increasing the refining the pulp furnish, increasing the level of internal starch and dry strength additives, the wet pressing of the wet web during papermaking to a level below sheet crushing, and increasing the amount of starch and other materials applied to the surface of the paper web as is done, for example, at the sizepress.
The inclusion of expandable microspheres in the papermaking furnish in an unexpanded state has the effect of lowering the apparent density of the resulting dried board. However, it has been found that reducing the density of paperboard by inclusion of expanded microspheres adversely affects the convertibility of the board into cups and other containers. In accordance with the invention, it has been determined that low density paperboard products containing expanded microspheres produced in a relatively narrow range of densities and calipers in conjunction with the above-mentioned increased internal bond provides the physical properties necessary for processability in various converting operations. Such boards exhibit significantly improved insulation performance compared to conventional cupstock and double-walled containers and provide insulative properties comparable to containers having a foamed outer layer at a much lower cost. For example, low density board according to the invention has been observed to exhibit an R value in the neighborhood of 0.0752 ft2-° F.-hrs/btu compared to an R value in the order of about 0.03 ft2-° F.-hrs/btu for conventional cupstock, all the while exhibiting good convertibility properties, print quality, and other advantages.
Thus, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention, a paperboard web containing expandable microspheres is dried and calendared on the papermaking machine to an apparent density ranging from about 6.0 to about 10.0 lb/3MSF/mil and a caliper in the order of from about 24 to about 35 mil. As described above, the resulting web containing expanded microspheres interspersed among the fibers is preferably produced from a pulp and/or furnish treated in order to cause the web to exhibit an average internal bond of at least about 80×10−3 ft-lbf for more heavily coated board (i.e., above about 1.5 mil up to the maximum of about 3.5 mil) and at least about 100×10−3 ft-lbf for average for lightly coated board (i.e., from about 0.5 to 1.5 mil). Paperboard web containing expanded microspheres and having densities and calipers outside these ranges or, if within them, having an internal bond below about 80×10−3 ft-lbf, is not believed to be suitable for use in forming commercially insulated cups. The upper bound for the caliper is selected to provide paperboard webs which may be converted into cups on existing cup-making equipment with only minor or no modifications to the machines.
In terms of other physical properties needed for cup manufacture, low density paperboard webs according to the invention also preferably have a minimum tensile strength as determined by Tappi Standard Test T of about 30 lbf/in, a minimum value for the average CD stretch of the substrate as determined by Tappi Standard Test T494 of about 3.3 percent.
It is an additional feature of the invention that the low density board has a roughness of at least about 300 on the Sheffield smoothness scale, while exhibiting comparable print quality in a flexo printing operation. The printability of the board is quite unexpected since conventional board such as cupstock is ordinarily calendered down to a caliper of about 20 mil in order to achieve a surface smoothness (uncoated) generally in the order of from about 125 to about 200 SU (from a pre-calendered smoothness in excess of 400 SU) believed necessary for acceptable print quality.
Thus, in calendering the board of the invention down to a caliper ranging from only about 24 to about 35 mil (preferably from about 28 to about 35 mil) and a density of from about 6.0 to about 10 lb/3MSF/mil (preferably from about 6.5 to about 10 lb/3MSF/mil) leaving a relatively rough surface having a Sheffield smoothness (uncoated) of about 300 SU or higher (ordinarily from about 320 to about 350 SU) and a PPS10 smoothness less than about 6.5 microns, a surprising bonus effect is observed in terms of printability over and above the insulation value and convertibility of the board for cup manufacture. Without being bound by theory, it is believed the printability of the board is attributable to its relatively high compressibility, which enables improved performance on flexo printing machines.
As mentioned previously, board made according to the invention is especially well-suited for making cups that require good thermal insulation properties. Such cups are ordinarily made with cupstock that includes a barrier coating on one or both sides. Cups designed for hot beverages such as coffees, soups, and other heated material generally require a coating only on the inside surface, so cupstock according to the invention for making these products may be barrier-coated only on one side, with the other side often carrying printing indicia/designs applied directly to its surface. In the assembled cup, the coated side is arranged interiorly.
Cups designed for cold beverages are ordinarily made from cupstock coated on both sides and any printing is applied to one of the coating layers. Accordingly, cupstock according to the invention for making these products may be barrier-coated on both sides, with the non-printed side arranged interiorly. In cups carrying chilled beverages, the exterior barrier coating helps prevent any condensation forming on the outside from penetrating and possibly weakening the board substrate.
Any suitable barrier coating may be used to complete the product for conversion into a thermally insulated container such as a cup. Although low density polyethylene coatings are used for many such products and are preferred for use in the invention, natural and synthetic chemical systems such as starch-based coatings and polyvinyl alcohol-based coatings may also be used as well as pigmented coatings containing inorganic or organic pigments such as clay, carbonate, and latexes, so long as they provide sufficient barrier or other properties for the intended application. The coating(s) may be applied by conventional means, and in the case of polyethylene may be applied to the low density board surface by an extrusion lamination or by laminating a pre-formed film. The thickness of the coating may generally range from about 0.5 to about 3.5 mil, and is preferably about 1.5 mil on the inside surface of the container or cup and about 1 mil when used on the outside surface.
As a specific and especially preferred low density board product according to the invention, a low density paperboard material comprises a paperboard web which includes expanded microspheres and has an apparent density of 7.0 lbs/3000 ft2/mil, a caliper of 28 mil, Sheffield smoothness of at least 300 SU, PPS10 smoothness of 6.5 microns or less, tensile strength (cross direction) of 30 lbf/in, and an internal bond (cross-direction) of 90×10−3 ft/lbf/mil. This board has a basis weight of 200 lb/3000 ft2 and the microspheres constitute 5 to 6 wt. % dry basis of the web. A low density polyethylene is extrusion laminated to one or both sides of the web in a thickness of about 1.5 mil. The resulting low density paperboard material is convertible into cups without significant problems and exhibits and R value in the order of 0.07 ft2-° F.-hrs/btu.
Again, it is to be appreciated that low density board according to the invention may be used to make a range of potential products including, but not limited to, cups and other paperboard containers formed to hold warm, hot, or cold material where there is a need for insulation and at least short-term barrier properties. Also, when used to make cups (a primary intended application), the bottom section is normally a flat separate piece and may or may not be formed from low density insulated board made according to the invention, depending on economics and other factors.
Also, in forming cups it is a commercial reality that some conventional packaging machinery is designed to accommodate the use of only a narrow range of board calipers. Because insulated board according to the invention may be thicker than standard cupstock (for a given basis weight), the increased caliper may cause manufacturing issues potentially requiring new or modified tooling. The present invention may to used to advantage in these situations by exposing a portion of the paperboard (generally after having been cut to form a blank) to relatively high pressures (approximately 200 psi or greater), which will permanently compress the portion of the board allowing it to be used in conventional tooling.
An example is the sideseam of a package or cup. At a given basis weight the insulated board of the invention may have a significantly higher caliper than a standard board, creating a sideseam which may be too thick for some conventional converting applications. By exposing the side seam portion of the blank or the formed carton to high pressures, the thickness may be reduced to at or near conventional board caliper levels (generally about 20 mil). This processing step is generally referred to in the art as "crimping" and may be considered a pretreatment of the finished low density board (i.e., board that has been coated) to facilitate its use in forming cups and other paperboard containers having one or more lap seams.
The same sort of crimping operation may be performed on the portion of the blank to be used to make the rim of a cup or tub type of container to reduce the final rim thickness. This has the advantage of improving aesthetic appearances with a smaller diameter rim or allowing use of existing lids on a cup or tub container made of insulated board. The rim consists of an edge of the package being rolled into a cylinder. This is typically a 360 degree wrap of the board.
It is also to be noted that the minimum rim cylinder diameter is typically a function of the board thickness. Thus, for a conventional cup manufacturing process the rim diameter (the diameter of the cylinder form taken by the rolled-over part of the blank that forms the rim encircling and forming the top edge) is ordinarily about 7 times the board caliper. If the top portion of the rim is crimped to reduce the caliper, the diameter of rim cylinder may also be reduced. The portion of the blank that will form the rim may be crimped to reduce its entire diameter, or it may be crimped with a series of parallel scopes which will aid deformation.
The same crimping technology may be applied to sideseams after they are formed to reduce their overall thickness.
Further aspects, advantages and features of the invention may be seen by way of the following non-limiting examples. In these examples, the paperboard with a LDPE coating was used to form the sidewall blank for the cups on a cup-making machine, the cups having a sidewall seam. In the tables, the basis weight is of the paperboard itself without the polyethylene coating, which ordinarily adds in the neighborhood of about an additional 5 to 20 percent to the overall weight of the paperboard when, for example, LDPE material is extrusion laminated to one surface of the board at about 1.5 mil thickness.
In the following example, samples of low density board containing microspheres were produced and compared to a sample marked "control" which contained no microspheres. Expandable microspheres used in the furnish are available from Expancel, Inc. of Duluth, Ga. of under the trade name EXPANCEL. The targeted caliper for the samples was 19 mil to simulate conventional cupstock calipers. After producing the boards, they were taken off-machine to an extruder and extrusion coated with low density polyethylene at a rate of 14 lbs/3MSF to provide a barrier coating on one side having a thickness of about 1 mil. All of the samples except Sample D contained the polyethylene coating. Sample D had insufficient strength and was too brittle to be extrusion coated with polyethylene. The polyethylene-coated samples were converted to 16 oz. cups on a commercial cup machine. The insulative properties of the cups were determined by measuring the time a person could hold a cup filled with hot water having a temperature of 190° F. Relevant properties of the low density board samples are given in Table 1.
Of the foregoing samples, Sample G exhibited notably good insulative properties. The average time a person could hold a cup made from sample G was 29 seconds compared to 11 second for the control sample. While Sample G had excellent insulative properties, the lower basis weight of the board resulted in lower stiffness and consequently a cup made with the board had lower rigidity. Rigidity is an essential attribute for cups, accordingly it was necessary to improve the stiffness of the cupstock. Sample M having a density of 6.6 lbf/3MSF/mil and an average internal bond strength of 91×10−3 ft-lbf could be processed on an extrusion line and converted to cups. The stiffness of the board was somewhat improved over the stiffness of Sample G. Sample M also had better insulative performance than the control sample, the latter having a density of 10.3 lb/3MSF/mil.
The internal bond of sample M was somewhat below the preferred internal bond of at least about 100×10−3 lb/3MSF/mil, but still was able to be converted. However, as mentioned earlier this somewhat lower internal bond may be deemed acceptable when extruder speed is reduced and/or the weight of the barrier coating is increased.
The density of Sample D was too low for web handling processes. The density of Sample D was 2.3 lb/3MSF/mil and the average internal bond strength was 49×10−3 ft-lbf. This bond strength was found to be too low for the web to be processed in an extrusion coater or to be used in a cup forming operation.
The apparent thermal conductivity of the low density boards was measured by the Guarded Heat Flow Method (ASTM C177). The results showed an essentially linear relationship between density and conductivity with the higher density boards exhibiting higher conductivity (i.e., lower thermal insulation). Graphing the data, it was determined that the relationship between conductivity and density for the boards tested may be expressed by the following equation:
In the following example, two different low density board stocks were made having densities in the range of from about 6 to about 10 lb/3MSF/mil and from furnish containing expandable microspheres. The board stock thus made was converted to 16 oz. cups. The physical properties of the board stock are shown in Table 2. All of the samples in Table 2 were coated with low density polyethylene on an extrusion line and printed on an aqueous flexo press. The coating was applied to one side of the board at about 20 mil and the printing was applied to the other side.
The coated board indicated as Sample 19 was converted to cups on a commercial machine with existing tooling. The board indicated as Sample 32 was converted to cups using prototype tooling on a commercial cup machine. The rims of the cups formed using the prototype tooling were only partially formed. Modification of the tooling will enable completely formed cups.
Of the foregoing samples, Sample 32 exhibited notably good insulative properties. The average time a person could hold a cup made from Sample 32 was 37 seconds compared to 11 second for the control sample. Furthermore, the relatively high stiffness of the board of Sample 32 as indicated in the table resulted in suitable rigidity compared to standard board. The stiffness of Sample 32 was significantly greater than the stiffness of any of the samples of Example 1.
The insulative properties of a cup made from paperboard cup stock was determined by measuring the sidewall temperature of a cup containing a hot liquid. A maximum value of sidewall temperature for a cup containing a hot liquid is typically specified for an insulated cup. The sensory perception of heat is dictated by skin tissue exposed to the hot cup sidewalls for a period of time. Tissue temperature is a function of the heat flow to the tissue from the cup and the internal heat dissipation within the tissue. The heat flow to the tissue is a combination of several factors including the thermal properties of the board, the temperature of the liquid, and the contact resistance between the tissue and the outer wall of the cup. The cup rigidity and surface roughness (i.e. texture) is also believed to contribute to the sensory perception of heat by influencing the effective contact area between the cup sidewalls and the tissue.
It is believed the data for
As shown by the curves of
In the following example, eight low density board stocks were made having densities in the range of from about 6 to about 10 lb/3MSF/mil and from furnish containing expandable microspheres. The board stock thus made was converted to 16 oz. cups. The physical properties of the board stock are shown in Table 3. All of the samples in Table 3 were coated with low density polyethylene on an extrusion line and printed on an aqueous flexographic press. The coating was applied to one side of the board at about 1.5 mil and the printing was applied to the other side directly on the paper surface.
Samples P1 and P2 were manufactured on a pilot papermachine and extruded on a pilot extruder whereas samples C1 through to C5 were manufactured on a commercial papermachine. In both cases, the papermaking furnish used to produced these samples contained a blend of hardwood and softwood pulps and wet-end chemicals, such as starch and dry strength additives, and a suitable amount of expandable microspheres to achieve a range of board densities. In each case, the refining energies and level of wet-end chemical addition was varied to achieve a range of internal bond strengths. Following polyethylene extrusion and conversion into cups, the samples were inspected and rated for the degree of MD buckling or wrinkles, which are a measure of the converting potential of the coated board. Samples with a severe degree of buckling would be unsuitable as a commercial product.
Samples P1 and C1 illustrate the condition wherein the internal bond strength is below the minimum of 80×10−3 lb/3MSF/mil. For these conditions, the samples showed severe MD buckling, indicating that they would not be suitable as a commercial product. Sample P2 illustrates the case where the density of the board is significantly lower than normal paperboard used in the production of cups but because of its high internal bond strength the product does not exhibit MD buckling. Sample C2 shows some degree of buckling because its internal bond strength of 81×10−3 lb/3MSF/mil is at the lower limit of the preferred range of internal bond strength. Samples C3, C4, and C5 illustrate the preferred levels of density and internal bond strength.
Samples P1 and C1 illustrate the condition wherein the polyethylene has a caliper of about 1.5 mil and the internal bond strength is below the minimum of 80×10−3 lb/3MSF/mil. For these conditions, the samples showed severe MD buckling, indicating that they would not be suitable as a commercial product. Sample P2 illustrates the case where the density of the board is significantly lower than normal paperboard used in the production of cups but because of its high internal bond strength the product does not exhibit MD buckling. Sample C2 shows some degree of buckling because its internal bond strength of 81×10−3 lb/3MSF/mil is at the lower limit of the preferred range of internal bond strength. Samples C3, C4, and C5 illustrate the preferred levels of density and internal bond strength. Sample C6 illustrates how an increase polyethylene coat weight in the order of about 20 percent can compensate for the low internal bond strength.
The foregoing examples demonstrate that within the apparent density range of about from about 6 to about 10 lb/3MSF/mil and calipers ranging from about 24 to about 35 in conjunction with a relatively high internal bond above at least about 80 ft-lbf the physical properties of the low density board are suitable to enable processing of cupstock to make insulated cups.
Cups are typically shipped in sleeves of 50. In order to prevent the cups from interlocking in the sleeve, the cup is ordinarily designed so that the outer bottom edge of one cup rests on the inner bottom of the cup below it. This requirement along with the desired interior volume of the cup and the aesthetic needs of the cup place additional constraints on the allowable board thickness. For example, it is preferable that the caliper of the basestock for 16 ounce cups not exceed about 35 mil. Accordingly, the upper limit of caliper for a 16 ounce cup is preferably about 32 mil.
In the web forming process, webs containing the expandable microspheres were preferably pressed to a higher solids content than webs which do not contain the microspheres.
Once the web is pressed and dried it is calendared to a thickness which provides the desired density/caliper within the ranges set forth for low density board according to the invention. The calendaring machine may be a conventional multi-roll calendar, but is preferably a heated extended nip, long nip, or shoe nip calendaring machine which provides an improved microsmoothness at an extended dwell time and reduced pressure. Accordingly, the calendaring machine may contain one or more extended nips having a dwell time in the range of from about 2 to about 10 microseconds and a peak nip pressure of less than about 1200 psi.
With reference to
As seen in
Because of the increased caliper of the paperboard material used to form the wall and bottom portions 12, 22 of the cup 10, modifications to the converting equipment and/or the board itself may be necessary to achieve the folds and rolls required for assembling the cup portions together. Pretreatment measures of modifying the caliper of portions of the board (i.e. "crimping") have already been described above in order to facilitate conversion/assembly of the cups.
As seen in
Circular top end 38 of wall portion 12 (which may be crimped in pretreatment step) is preferably rolled as shown in
It will again be appreciated that the interior and, optionally, the exterior of the cup 10, may contain conventional barrier coatings to reduce the porosity of the cup so that liquids will not soak into the paperboard substrate of the wall and bottom portions 12, 22. The coatings may be one or more layers of polymeric materials such as polyethylene (preferably low density), EVOH, polyethylene terephthalate, and the like which are conventionally used for such applications.
The foregoing description of certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention has been provided for purposes of illustration only, and it is understood that numerous modifications or alterations may be made in and to the illustrated embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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DETROIT (AP) — Sometimes the manager of a struggling baseball team will resort to pulling the names of his starting lineup out of a hat. But last week, Joe Maddon of the Tampa Bay Rays decided to pull his lineup out of a hit.
Figuring his team would have a tough time against Detroit Tigers ace Max Scherzer, Maddon went with what he calls his "Tommy Tutone lineup" — named after the group's 1980s hit: "867-5309/Jenny."
Maddon listed his batting order by position: centerfield, shortstop, left field, third base, first-base, designated hitter and right field. Which, if you're scoring at home, correspond to 8-6-7-5-3-0-9 — with the zero standing for the designated hitter who, unlike Jenny, doesn't play the field.
The tactic failed as Scherzer gave up just two hits over 8 innings — and the Tigers won 8-1.


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