text:
The Boulder Earth and Space Science Informatics Group (BESSIG) aims to galvanize and support networking and collaboration among Earth and Space Science data users, data providers, data managers, and middleware providers, especially those in the Boulder, Colorado area. Topical areas include issues of scientific data representation, management, discovery, access, analysis, visualization, citation, transparency, and the infrastructure to support those efforts. The end goal is to improve the usage and thus the value of scientific data, thereby improving our understanding of our Earth and its systems.
Our next meeting is on Monday, October 6, at 4:30 PM. Our speaker is Beth Huffer, who will present "What's an Ontology and What Should I Do With It?". More information about the October 6 meeting is available at this October 6 Meeting Announcement.
Note that we have a new venue, The Gondolier, in the Meadows Shopping Center.
We continually seek topics and speakers of interest. If you have an idea for a relevant topic you would like to see presented, please contact bessig dot info at lasp dot colorado dot edu to discuss setting up a presentation. See our news page for past meeting agendas and other news that might spur ideas.
To access member-only content and post to this site, you must first register to obtain a username and password.


text:
Transmission and reflection type holograms may be formed utilizing a novel polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) material and its unique switching characteristics to form optical elements. Applications for these switchable holograms include communications switches and switchable transmission, and reflection red, green, and blue lenses. The PDLC material offers all of the features of holographic photopolymers with the added advantage that the hologram can be switched on and off with the application of an electric field. The material is a mixture of a polymerizable monomer and liquid crystal, along with other ingredients, including a photoinitiator dye. Upon irradiation, the liquid crystal separates as a distinct phase of nanometer-size droplets aligned in periodic channels forming the hologram. The material is called a holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (H-PDLC).
1. A crossbar switch comprising:
multiple polymer-dispersed liquid crystal holographic elements, wherein each of the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal holographic elements deflects light in a first state and transmits light in a second state, and further wherein the multiple polymer-dispersed liquid crystal holographic elements may be arranged to form an N2�N2 matrix cross-connect switch, where N equals at least two, the cross-connect switch including multiple layers each comprised of N�N elements, the layers being arranged in sets, each set containing N layers, in a first set of N layers each element therein is capable of deflecting light in one of the up or down direction and in a second set of N layers each element therein is capable of deflecting light in one of the right or left direction.
2. The crossbar switch of
3. The crossbar switch of
4. The crossbar switch of
This application is a divisional of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/002,116, filed Dec. 3, 2004 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,068,405 which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/742,397 entitled "SWITCHABLE POLYMER-DISPERSED LIQUID CRYSTAL OPTICAL ELEMENTS" filed Dec. 22, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,867,888, which further claims priority to and incorporates by reference in its entirety provisional application Ser. No. 60/17 1,478, filed Dec. 22, 1999 entitled "SWITCHABLE POLYMER-DISPERSED LIQUID CRYSTAL OPTICAL ELEMENTS" and provisional application No. 60/240,77 1, filed Oct. 17, 2000, also entitled "SWITCHABLE POLYMER-DISPERSED LIQUID CRYSTAL OPTICAL ELEMENTS" and which is a continuation-in-part of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/033,5 12 entitled "SWITCHABLE VOLUME HOLOGRAM MATERIALS AND DEVICES" filed Mar. 2, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,699,407; wherein U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/033,512 is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/680,292 entitled "SWITCHABLE VOLUME HOLOGRAM MATERIALS AND DEVICES" filed Jul. 12, 1996 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,942,157.
The invention relates generally to switchable grating elements for use in telecommunications optical systems. Specifically, embodiments of the present invention relate to the use of polymer-dispersed liquid crystal switchable holographic elements for wavelength selection and deflection.
Summary of the Problem
The current worldwide expenditure for communications infrastructure is $43 billion/year. Approximately $29 billion of this is for telephone networks in the U.S., with the local exchanges accounting for $20 billion, and the long distance carriers accounting for $9 billion. There has been a dramatic expansion in demand for communications capacity due to an explosion in traffic driven by the Internet, business data transmission, and the transfer of images. By the year 2005, a 100-fold increase in traffic is likely. The infrastructure of long distance carriers and local exchanges must be expanded to meet these demands.
Three approaches underway to meet this growing demand include, increasing the number of optical fibers connecting nodes within the network; increasing the bandwidth through wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) using multiple lasers; and/or increasing the data rate capability of a single laser.
The revolution in telecommunications is placing severe demands on network switching capabilities. This includes areas such as add/drop switches, attenuators, and cross-connect switches for reconfiguring data channels. Current state-of-the-art technology uses opto-mechanical switches that have limitations in speed, power consumption, and lifetime (i.e., mechanical wear). Electro-optic directional couplers can be made with electro-optic materials (e.g., LiNbO3). These have no moving parts and switch quite rapidly. However, they are expensive and have high loss and polarization dependent loss. Thermo-optic switches based on interferometers have relatively poor cross talk. Finally, semiconductor optical amplifiers can be used as on/off switches. They are quite fast, but they are expensive and difficult to make polarization independent. Future systems will demand the increased capability promised by all-optical switches.
Similarly, electrically switchable transmission gratings have many applications for which beams of light must be deflected or holographic images switched. Among these applications are: fiber optic switches; reprogrammable N�N optical interconnects for optical computing; beam steering for laser surgery; beam steering for laser radar; holographic image storage and retrieval; digital zoom optics (switchable holographic lenses); graphic arts and entertainment; and the like.
Summary of the Solution
A hologram is an interference pattern that is recorded on a high-resolution recording plate. Two beams formed by a coherent beam from a laser, interfere within the recording plate, causing an interference pattern. This pattern represents object formation. The object formation is a function of the light diffracted from the object to be recorded when the object is placed in the path of one of the two formation beams. If after processing, the recording plate is viewed correctly by monochromatic light, a three-dimensional image of the object is seen. When forming a holographic grating, there is no object, per se, which is put into the path of one of the beams. Instead, given the wave properties of light, when two beams interact, they will form a grating within the recording plate. This grating, as is explained below can be formed so as to have any of a variety of characteristics.
Preferred embodiments of the present invention can utilize a novel polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) material and its unique switching characteristics to form optical elements. The PDLC material of the present invention offers all of the features of holographic photopolymers with the added advantage that the hologram can be switched on and off with the application of an electric field. The material is a mixture of a polymerizable monomer and liquid crystal, along with other ingredients, including a photoinitiator dye. Upon irradiation, the liquid crystal separates as a distinct phase of nanometer-size droplets aligned in periodic channels forming the hologram. The material is called a holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (H-PDLC).
Both transmission and reflection type holograms may be formed with this material. The same concepts embodied in this disclosure are viable for other applications, including those for communications switches, switchable transmission, and reflection red, green, and blue lenses.
Preferred embodiments of the present invention can also provide devices and methods for (a) selecting at least one specific wavelength optical signal from a group of other nearly-equal wavelength optical signals and (b) selectively attenuating one or more wavelength optical signals. Certain embodiments incorporate a fiber optic waveguide geometry which utilizes at least one wavelength selective switch (i.e., short-period Bragg grating), which can be used as a wavelength selective switchable Bragg filter for add/drop multiplexers and for switching specific DWDM wavelengths from a multiple wavelength, multi-mode laser. In a further embodiment, a long-period Bragg grating is fabricated for use as a variable optical attenuator.
Preferred embodiments of the present invention can also provide integrated devices which include optical switches integrated with fibers in order to maintain the cylindrical geometry of fiber optics to control optical loss, where for example, an optical signal cannot be physically separated from the fiber transmission system.
A first embodiment of the present invention describes a wavelength selective optical element that includes, a first polymer-dispersed liquid crystal switchable holographic component for diffracting a wavelength of an incident beam and a second polymer-dispersed liquid crystal switchable holographic component for diffracting a wavelength of an incident beam. The first and second polymer-dispersed liquid crystal switchable holographic components are located in stacked relationship with one another and placed in the path of the incident beam.
A second embodiment of the present invention describes an optical system for wavelength selection that includes; a coherent beam for inputting multiple wavelengths, a first polymer-dispersed liquid crystal switchable holographic component for diffracting a single wavelength of an incident beam; and a second polymer-dispersed liquid crystal switchable holographic component for diffracting a single wavelength of an incident beam. The first and second polymer-dispersed liquid crystal switchable holographic components are located in stacked relationship with one another and are placed in the path of the incident beam. An output component receives from the first and second polymer-dispersed liquid crystal holographic components at least one of the following group consisting of at least one of the diffracted single wavelengths, all undiffracted multiple wavelengths, and both the diffracted single wavelengths and the undiffracted multiple wavelengths.
A third embodiment of the present invention describes an optical connector that includes, first matrix comprising N�N polymer-dispersed liquid crystal switchable holographic components for deflecting and transmitting incident radiation and a second matrix comprising N�N optical components for accepting the deflected and transmitted incident radiation.
A fourth embodiment of the present invention describes a polarization diversity system that includes a first polarizing beam splitter for receiving an input beam of light and splitting the input beam of light into a first beam of light polarized in first direction and a second beam of light polarized in a second direction; a first optical path including a first deflector, a half-wave plate, a second deflector, and a mirror, wherein the first optical path receives the first beam of light polarized in a first direction from the first polarizing beam splitter and outputs the first beam of light polarized in a second direction; a second optical path including a mirror, a third deflector, a half-wave plate, and a fourth deflector, wherein the second optical path receives the second beam of light polarized in a second direction from the first polarizing beam splitter and outputs the second beam of light polarized in a first direction; and a second polarizing beam splitter for receiving the outputted first beam of light polarized in a second direction from the first optical path and the outputted second beam of light polarized in a first direction from the second optical path.
A fifth embodiment of the present invention describes an optical switch that includes a pair of conductive slides at least one of which is transparent, a voltage source electrically contacted to the pair of conductive slides, at least one spacer for separating the pair of conductive slides, a layer of polymer-dispersed liquid crystal material located within the confines of the pair of conductive slides and the at least one spacer, and a switchable holographic grating formed within the layer of polymer-dispersed liquid crystal material.
A sixth embodiment of the present invention describes a method for forming a switchable holographic waveguide filter that includes etching a channel into a substrate, filling the channel with a polymerizable material, forming at least two sets of electrodes on the substrate, and exposing the polymerizable material to at least two interfering light beams in order to form a hologram therein.
A seventh embodiment of the present invention describes a holographic switch that includes a substrate, a waveguide within the substrate having a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal holographic layer therein, and at least two sets of electrodes attached to the substrate and electrically contacting the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal holographic layer.
An eighth embodiment of the present invention describes a crossbar switch that includes N�M, polymer-dispersed liquid crystal holographic elements, where N=M and N is equal to at least 2 and further wherein each of the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal holographic elements deflects light in a first state and transmits light in a second state, such that light input at any N, is capable of output at any M by alternating between the first and second states of the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal holographic elements.
A ninth embodiment of the present invention describes a nonblocking switch that includes multiple polymer-dispersed liquid crystal holographic elements arranged into an N input and an M output configuration, wherein each of the elements alternates between either a first state and a second state or a first state and a third state, and further wherein, light incident upon any N input is coupled to any M output without blocking the path of any other N input to M output coupling.
A tenth embodiment of the present invention describes a method for forming a switchable holographic filter. The method includes: inserting a first end of a first optical fiber into a first end of a capillary tube and inserting a first end of a second optical fiber into a second end of a capillary tube, leaving a space within the capillary tube between the first end of the first optical fiber and the first end of the second optical fiber; filling the space within the capillary tube with a polymerizable material; and exposing the polymerizable material to radiation, thereby forming a switchable holographic filter within the capillary tube.
An eleventh embodiment of the present invention describes an electrically switchable holographic filter. The filter comprises: a substrate containing an etched groove; a first and second set of finger electrodes positioned on the surface of the substrate on either side of the etched groove; a capillary tube containing a switchable grating positioned within the etched groove; and first and second optical fibers, wherein the first optical fiber is inserted into one end of the capillary tube and the second optical fiber is inserted into the other end of the capillary tube, such that the switchable grating is positioned between the inserted first and second optical fibers.
A twelfth embodiment of the present invention describes a magnetically switchable holographic filter. The filter comprises: a capillary tube containing a switchable grating; a coil of wire wrapped around the capillary tube; and first and second optical fibers. The first optical fiber is inserted into one end of the capillary tube and the second optical fiber is inserted into the other end of the capillary tube, such that the switchable grating is positioned between the inserted first and second optical fibers.
A thirteenth embodiment of the present invention describes a thermally switchable holographic filter. The filter comprises a capillary tube containing a switchable grating positioned between at least two heating elements and first and second optical fibers. The first optical fiber is inserted into one end of the capillary tube and the second optical fiber is inserted into the other end of the capillary tube, such that the switchable grating is positioned between the inserted first and second optical fibers.
In the drawings:
FIG(S). 22(a)-(d) are schematic illustrations of a switchable Bragg filter in a channel waveguide during the formation thereof according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG(S). 25(a)-(b) are schematic illustrations of alignment scenarios of liquid crystal domain axes in a PDLC holographic reflection grating according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG(S). 27(a)-(b) are schematic representations of a filter with electrodes during formation thereof according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG(S). 28(a)-(b) are schematic representations of recording scenarios for recording long-period gratings according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG(S). 30(a)-(b) are graphs showing distributions of voltage and index modulation for a voltage-controlled long-period PDLC grating according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG(S). 31(a)-(b) are schematic representations of a filter integrated with a fiber during formation thereof according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG(S). 31(c)-(d) are schematic representations of the electrode configuration for switching a filter according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG(S). 38(a)-(b) are schematic representations of individual PDLC switches for use in a switch architecture according to an embodiment of the present invention.
A basic component of the optical elements described in detail within this disclosure is the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal ("PDLC") material used therein. Accordingly, a general description of the ingredients which comprise this PDLC material as well as various specific examples of combinations of these ingredients which are used to form specific types of PDLC materials, are discussed immediately, below.
In accordance with embodiments of the present invention there is provided a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal ("PDLC") material made from a monomer, a dispersed liquid crystal, a cross-linking monomer, a coinitiator and a photoinitiator dye. These PDLC materials exhibit clear and orderly separation of the liquid crystal and cured polymer, whereby the PDLC material advantageously provides high quality holographic gratings. The PDLC materials of the present invention are also advantageously formed in a single step. The present invention also utilizes a unique photopolymerizable prepolymer material that permits in situ control over characteristics of the resulting gratings, such as domain size, shape, density, ordering, and the like. Furthermore, methods and materials of the present invention can be used to prepare PDLC materials that function as switchable transmission or reflection gratings.
Polymer-dispersed liquid crystal materials, methods, and devices contemplated for use in the practice of the present invention are also described in R. L. Sutherland et al., "Bragg Gratings in an Acrylate Polymer Consisting of Periodic Polymer-Dispersed Liquid-Crystal Planes," Chemistry of Materials, No. 5, pp. 1533-1538 (1993); in R. L. Sutherland et al., "Electrically switchable volume gratings in polymer-dispersed liquid crystals," Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 64, No. 9, pp. 1074-1076 (1984); and T. J. Bunning et al., "The Morphology and Performance of Holographic Transmission Gratings Recorded in Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystals," Polymer, Vol. 36, No. 14, pp. 2699-2708 (1995), all of which are fully incorporated by reference into this specification.
A preferred polymer-dispersed liquid crystal ("PDLC") material employed in the practice of the present invention creates a switchable hologram in a single step. A new feature of a preferred PDLC material is that illumination by an inhomogeneous, coherent light pattern initiates a patterned, anisotropic diffusion (or counter-diffusion) of polymerizable monomer and second phase material, particularly liquid crystal ("LC") for this application. Thus, alternating well-defined channels of second phase-rich material, separated by well-defined channels of nearly pure polymer, are produced in a single-step process.
A resulting preferred PDLC material has an anisotropic spatial distribution of phase-separated LC droplets within the photochemically cured polymer matrix. Conventional PDLC materials made by a single-step process can achieve at best only regions of larger LC bubbles and smaller LC bubbles in a polymer matrix. This is due to multiple constraints such as material limitations, exposure times, and sources of exposure, all of which are well known to those skilled in the art. The large bubble sizes are highly scattering which produces a hazy appearance and multiple order diffractions, in contrast to the well-defined first order diffraction and zero order diffraction made possible by the small LC bubbles of a preferred PDLC material in well-defined channels of LC-rich material. Reasonably well-defined alternately LC-rich channels and nearly pure polymer channels in a PDLC material are possible by multi-step processes, but such processes do not achieve the precise morphology control over LC droplet size and distribution of sizes and widths of the polymer and LC-rich channels made possible by a preferred PDLC material.
The features of the PDLC material are influenced by the components used in the preparation of the homogeneous starting mixture and, to a lesser extent, by the intensity of the incident light pattern. In a preferred embodiment, the prepolymer material comprises a mixture of a photopolymerizable monomer, a second phase material, a photoinitiator dye, a coinitiator, a chain extender (or cross-linker), and, optionally, a surfactant.
In a preferred embodiment, the two major components of the prepolymer mixture are the polymerizable monomer and the second phase material, which are preferably completely miscible. Highly functionalized monomers are preferred because they form densely cross-linked networks which shrink to some extent and tend to squeeze out the second phase material. As a result, the second phase material is moved anisotropically out of the polymer region and, thereby, separated into well-defined polymer-poor, second phase-rich regions or domains. Highly functionalized monomers are also preferred because the extensive cross-linking associated with such monomers yields fast kinetics, allowing the hologram to form relatively quickly, whereby the second phase material will exist in domains of less than approximately 0.1 μm.
Highly functionalized monomers, however, are relatively viscous. As a result, these monomers do not tend to mix well with other materials, and they are difficult to spread into thin films. Accordingly, it is preferable to utilize a mixture of penta-acrylates in combination with di-, tri-, and/or tetra-acrylates in order to optimize both the functionality and viscosity of the prepolymer material. Suitable acrylates, such as triethyleneglycol diacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, pentaerythritol pentaacrylate, and the like can be used in accordance with the present invention. In a preferred embodiment, it has been found that an approximately 1:4 mixture of tri-to penta-acrylate facilitates homogeneous mixing while providing a favorable mixture for forming 10-20 μm films on the optical plates.
The second phase material of choice for use in the practice of the present invention is a liquid crystal. This also allows an electro-optical response for the resulting hologram. The concentration of LC employed should be large enough to allow a significant phase separation to occur in the cured sample, but not so large as to make the sample opaque or very hazy. Below about 20% by weight very little phase separation occurs and diffraction efficiencies are low. Above about 35% by weight, the sample becomes highly scattering, reducing both diffraction efficiency and transmission. Samples fabricated with approximately 25% by weight typically yield good diffraction efficiency and optical clarity. In prepolymer mixtures utilizing a surfactant, the concentration of LC may be increased to 35% by weight without loss in optical performance by adjusting the quantity of surfactant. Suitable liquid crystals contemplated for use in the practice of the present invention include the mixture of cyanobiphenyls marketed as E7 by Merck, 4′-n-pentyl-4-cyanobiphenyl, 4′-n-heptyl-4-cyanobiphenyl, 4′-octaoxy-4-cyanobiphenyl, 4′-pentyl-4-cyanoterphenyl, methoxybenzylidene-4′-butylaniline, and the like. Other second phase components are also possible.
A preferred polymer-dispersed liquid crystal material employed in the practice of the present invention is formed from a prepolymer material that is a homogeneous mixture of a polymerizable monomer comprising dipentaerythritol hydroxypentaacrylate (available, for example, from Polysciences, Inc., Warrington, Pa.), approximately 10-40 wt % of the liquid crystal E7 (which is a mixture of cyanobiphenyls marketed as E7 by Merck and also available from BDH Chemicals, Ltd., London, England), the chain-extending monomer N-vinylpyrrolidone ("NVP") (available from the Aldrich Chemical Company, Milwaukee, Wis.), coinitiator N-phenylglycine ("NPG") (also available from the Aldrich Chemical Company, Milwaukee, Wis.), and the photoinitiator dye rose bengal ester (2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-3′,4′,5′,6′tetrachlorofluoroescein-6-acetate ester) marketed as RBAX by Spectragraph, Ltd., Maumee, Ohio). Rose bengal is also available as rose bengal sodium salt (which must be esterfied for solubility) from the Aldrich Chemical Company. This system has a very fast curing speed which results in the formation of small liquid crystal micro-droplets.
The mixture of liquid crystal and prepolymer material are homogenized to a viscous solution by suitable means (e.g., ultrasonification) and spread between indium-tin-oxide ("ITO") coated glass slides with spacers of nominally 15-100 μm thickness and, preferably, 10-20 μm thickness. The ITO is electrically conductive and serves as an optically transparent electrode. Preparation, mixing and transfer of the prepolymer material onto the glass slides are preferably done in the dark as the mixture is extremely sensitive to light.
The sensitivity of the prepolymer materials to light intensity is dependent on the photoinitiator dye and its concentration. A higher dye concentration leads to a higher sensitivity. In most cases, however, the solubility of the photoinitiator dye limits the concentration of the dye and, thus, the sensitivity of the prepolymer material. Nevertheless, it has been found that for most general applications photoinitiator dye concentrations in the range of 0.2-0.4% by weight are sufficient to achieve desirable sensitivities and allow for a complete bleaching of the dye in the recording process, resulting in colorless final samples. Photoinitiator dyes that are useful in generating PDLC materials in accordance with the present invention are rose bengal ester (2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-3′,4′,5′,6′-tetrachlorofluroescein-6-acetate ester); rose bengal sodium salt; eosin; eosin sodium salt; 4,5-diiodosuccinyl fluorescein; camphorquinone; methylene blue, and the like. These dyes allow a sensitivity to recording wavelengths across the visible spectrum from nominally 400 nm to 700 nm. Suitable near-infrared dyes, such as cationic cyanine dyes with trialkylborate anions having absorption from 600-900 nm, as well as merocyanine dyes derived from spiropyran should also find utility in connection with the present invention.
The coinitiator employed in the practice of the present invention controls the rate of curing in the free radical polymerization reaction of the prepolymer material. Optimum phase separation and, thus, optimum diffraction efficiency in the resulting PDLC material, are a function of curing rate. It has been found that favorable results can be achieved utilizing coinitiator in the range of 2-3% by weight. Suitable coinitiators include: N-phenylglycine; triethylene amine; triethanolamine; N,N-dimethyl-2,6-diisopropyl aniline; and the like.
Other suitable dyes and dye coinitiator combinations that should be suitable for use in the present invention, particularly for visible light, include: eosin and triethanolamine; camphorquinone and N-phenyglycine; fluorescein and triethanolamine; methylene blue and triethanolamine or N-phenylglycine; erythrosin B and triethanolamine; indolinocarbocyanine and triphenyl borate; iodobenzospiropyran and triethylamine; and the like.
The chain extender (or cross-linker) employed in the practice of the present invention helps to increase the solubility of the components in the prepolymer material as well as increase the speed of polymerization. The chain extender is preferably a smaller vinyl monomer as compared with the pentaacrylate, whereby it can react with the acrylate positions in the pentaacrylate monomer, which are not easily accessible to neighboring pentaacrylate monomers due to steric hindrance. Thus, reaction of the chain extender monomer with the polymer increases the propagation length of the growing polymer and results in high molecular weights. It has been found that chain extender in general applications in the range of 10-18% by weight maximizes the performance in terms of diffraction efficiency. In a preferred embodiment, it is expected that suitable chain extenders can be selected from the following: N-vinyl pyrrolidone; N-vinyl pyridine; acrylonitrile; N vinyl carbazole; and the like.
It has been found that the addition of a surfactant material, namely, octanoic acid, in the prepolymer material lowers the switching voltage and also improves the diffraction efficiency. In particular, the switching voltage for PDLC materials containing a surfactant are significantly lower than those of a PDLC material made without the surfactant. Scanning electron microscopy ("SEM") studies have shown that droplet sizes in PDLC materials including surfactants are reduced to the range of 30-50 nm and the distribution is more homogeneous. Random scattering in such materials is reduced due to the dominance of smaller droplets, thereby increasing the diffraction efficiency. Thus, it is believed that the shape of the droplets becomes more spherical in the presence of surfactant, thereby contributing to the decrease in switching voltage.
For more general applications, it has been found that samples with as low as 5% by weight of surfactant exhibit a significant reduction in switching voltage. It has also been found that, when optimizing for low switching voltages, the concentration of surfactant may vary up to about 10% by weight (mostly dependent on LC concentration) after which there is a large decrease in diffraction efficiency, as well as an increase in switching voltage (possibly due to a reduction in total phase separation of LC). Suitable surfactants include: octanoic acid; heptanoic acid; hexanoic acid; dodecanoic acid; decanoic acid; and the like.
In samples utilizing octanoic acid as the surfactant, it has been observed that the conductivity of the sample is high, presumably owing to the presence of the free carboxyl (COOH) group in the octanoic acid. As a result, the sample increases in temperature when a high frequency (˜2 KHz) electrical field is applied for prolonged periods of time. Thus, it is desirable to reduce the high conductivity introduced by the surfactant, without sacrificing the high diffraction efficiency and the low switching voltages. It has been found that suitable electrically switchable gratings can be formed from a polymerizable monomer, vinyl neononanoate ("VN") C8H17CO2 CH═CH2, commercially available from the Aldrich Chemical Co. in Milwaukee, Wis. Favorable results have also been obtained where the chain extender N-vinyl pyrrolidone ("NVP") and the surfactant octanoic acid are replaced by 6.5% by weight VN. VN also acts as a chain extender due to the presence of the reactive acrylate monomer group. In these variations, high optical quality samples were obtained with about 70% diffraction efficiency, and the resulting gratings could be electrically switched by an applied field of 6 V/μm.
PDLC materials in accordance with the present invention may also be formed using a liquid crystalline bifunctional acrylate as the monomer ("LC monomer"). The LC monomers have an advantage over conventional acrylate monomers due to their high compatibility with the low molecular weight nematic LC materials, thereby facilitating formation of high concentrations of low molecular weight LC and yielding a sample with high optical quality. The presence of higher concentrations of low molecular weight LCs in the PDLC material greatly lowers the switching voltages (e.g., to ˜2 V/μm). Another advantage of using LC monomers is that it is possible to apply low AC or DC fields while recording holograms to pre-align the host LC monomers and low molecular weight LC so that a desired orientation and configuration of the nematic directors can be obtained in the LC droplets. The chemical formulae of several suitable LC monomers are as follows:
Semifluorinated polymers are known to show weaker anchoring properties and also significantly reduced switching fields. Thus, semifluorinated acrylate monomers which are bifunctional and liquid crystalline should find suitable application in the present invention.
In a preferred embodiment, the prepolymer material utilized to make a reflection grating comprises a monomer, a liquid crystal, a cross-linking monomer, a coinitiator, and a photoinitiator dye. In a preferred embodiment, the reflection grating is formed from prepolymer material comprising by total weight of the monomer dipentaerythritol hydroxypentaacrylate ("DPHA"), 34% by total weight of a liquid crystal comprising a mixture of cyano biphenyls (known commercially as "E7"), 10% by total weight of a cross-linking monomer comprising N-vinyl pyrrolidone ("NVP"), 2.5% by weight of the coinitiator N-phenylglycine ("NPG"), and 10−5 to 10−6 gram moles of a photoinitiator dye comprising rose bengal ester. Further, as with transmission gratings, the addition of surfactants should facilitate the same advantageous properties discussed above in connection with transmission gratings. Similar ranges and variation of prepolymer starting materials should find ready application in the formation of suitable reflection gratings.
It has been determined by low voltage, high resolution scanning electron microscopy ("LVHRSEM") that the resulting material comprises a fine grating with a periodicity of 165 nm with the grating vector perpendicular to the plane of the surface. Thus, as shown schematically in
Although interference is used to prepare both transmission and reflection gratings, the morphology of the reflection grating differs significantly. In particular, it has been determined that, unlike transmission gratings with similar liquid crystal concentrations, very little coalescence of individual droplets was evident. Furthermore, the droplets that were present in the material were significantly smaller, having diameters between 50 and 100 nm. Furthermore, unlike transmission gratings where the liquid crystal-rich regions typically comprise less than 40%, of the grating, the liquid crystal-rich component of a reflection grating is significantly larger. Due to the much smaller periodicity associated with reflection gratings, i.e., a narrower grating spacing (˜0.2 microns), the time difference between completion of curing in high intensity versus low intensity regions should be much smaller. Thus, gelation occurs more quickly and droplet growth is minimized. It is also believed that the fast polymerization, as evidenced by small droplet diameters, traps a significant percentage of the liquid crystal in the matrix during gelation and precludes any substantial growth of large droplets or diffusion of small droplets into larger domains.
Analysis of the reflection notch in the absorbance spectrum supports the conclusion that a periodic refractive index modulation is disposed through the thickness of the film. In PDLC materials that are formed with the 488 nm line of an argon ion laser, the reflection notch typically has a reflection wavelength at approximately 472 nm for normal incidence and a relatively narrow bandwidth. The small difference between the writing wavelength and the reflection wavelength (approximately 5%) indicates that shrinkage of the film is not a significant problem. Moreover, it has been found that the performance of such gratings is stable over periods of many months.
In addition to the materials utilized in a preferred embodiment described above, suitable PDLC materials could be prepared utilizing monomers such as triethyleneglycol diacrylate, trimethylolpropanetriacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, pentaerythritol pentaacrylate, and the like. Similarly, other coinitiators such as triethylamine, triethanolamine, N,N-dimethyl-2,6-diisopropylaniline, and the like could be used instead of N-phenylglycine. Where it is desirable to use the 458 nm, 476 nm, 488 nm or 514 nm lines of an Argon ion laser, that the photoinitiator dyes rose bengal, rose bengal sodium salt, eosin, eosin sodium salt, fluorescein sodium salt and the like will give favorable results. Where the 633 nm line is utilized, methylene blue will find ready application. Finally, it is believed that other liquid crystals, such as 4′-pentyl-4-cyanobiphenyl or 4′-heptyl-4-cyanobiphenyl, can be utilized in accordance with the invention.
Referring again to
In general, a reflection grating tends to reflect a narrow wavelength band, such that the grating can be used as a reflection filter. In a preferred embodiment, however, the reflection grating is formed so that it will be switchable. In accordance with the present invention, switchable reflection gratings can be made utilizing negative dielectric anisotropy LCs (or LCs with a low cross-over frequency), an applied magnetic field, an applied shear stress field, or slanted gratings.
It is known that liquid crystals having a negative dielectric anisotropy (Δ∈) will rotate in a direction perpendicular to an applied field. As shown in
Liquid crystals can be found in nature (or synthesized) with either positive or negative Δ∈. Thus, in some specific embodiments of the present invention, it is possible to use a LC which has a positive Δ∈ at low frequencies, but becomes negative at high frequencies. The frequency (of the applied voltage) at which Δ∈ changes sign is called the cross-over frequency. The cross-over frequency will vary with LC composition, and typical values range from 1-10 kHz. Thus, by operating at the proper frequency, the reflection grating may be switched. In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, it is expected that low crossover frequency materials can be prepared from a combination of positive and negative dielectric anisotropy liquid crystals. By way of example, a preferred positive dielectric liquid crystal for use in such a combination contains four ring esters as shown below:
A strongly negative dielectric liquid crystal suitable for use in such a combination is made up of pyridazines as shown below:
Both liquid crystal materials are available from, for example, LaRoche & Co., Switzerland. By varying the proportion of the positive and negative liquid crystals in the combination, crossover frequencies from 1.4-2.3 kHz are obtained at room temperature. Another combination suitable for use in the present embodiment is a combination of the following: p-pentylphenyl-2-chloro-4-(p-pentylbenzoyloxy) benzoate and-4-(p-pentylbenzoyloxy) benzoate and p-heptylphenyl-2-chloro-4-(p-octylbenzoyloxy) benzoate. These materials are available from Kodak� Company. A preferred embodiment of the present invention comprises a basic optical grating component formed with the previously described PDLC material as a hologram. The formation of this type of holographic grating using the PDLC material described above results in at least the following advantages which are critical to switching success in the telecommunications as well as other optically based industries. H-PDLC gratings offer reduced loss, reduced scattering, reduced crosstalk, polarization independence, operation at 1.3 and 1.5 microns, operation at lower voltages, reduction in temperature dependence, and increased reliability and stability, particularly as compared to mechanical devices.
By way of example, the building block for an optical switch is illustrated in
In particular, a preferred embodiment of the present invention contemplates the formation of a Bragg-type grating using a PDLC material.
In the exemplary embodiment wherein the grating hologram 36 is formed from PDLC material, the interior of grating hologram 36 reveals a Bragg transmission grating 56 formed when layer 50 was exposed to an interference pattern from two intersecting beams of coherent laser light. In
The polymer-dispersed liquid crystal material is a mixture of liquid crystal and prepolymer material homogenized to a viscous solution by suitable means (e.g., ultrasonification) and spread between indium-tin-oxide ("ITO") coated glass slides with spacers of nominally about 10-100 μm thickness and, preferably, about 10-20 μm thickness. The ITO is electrically conductive and serves as an optically transparent electrode. Preparation, mixing and transfer of the prepolymer material onto the glass slides are preferably done in the dark as the mixture is extremely sensitive to light. Gratings are typically recorded using the 488 nm line of an Argon ion laser with intensities of between about 0.1-100 mW/cm2 and typical exposure times of 30-120 seconds. The angle between the two beams is varied to vary the spacing of the intensity peaks, and hence the resulting grating spacing of the hologram. Photopolymerization is induced by the optical intensity pattern. A more detailed discussion of exemplary recording apparatus can be found in R. L. Sutherland, et al., "Switchable holograms in new photopolymer-liquid crystal composite materials," Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE), Proceedings Reprint, Volume 2404, reprinted from Diffractive and Holographic Optics Technology II (1995), incorporated herein by reference.
In an embodiment of the present invention, a Bragg grating of
In this embodiment of the present invention, the liquid crystal phase separates as uniaxial domains 20 with symmetry axis pointed preferentially along the grating vector 22 as shown in
The symmetry axes of liquid crystal domains 20 are not perfectly aligned with the grating vector 22. There is some small statistical distribution 25 of the axes about this direction. The average of the statistical distribution 25 points along the grating vector 22 as shown in
In still more detailed embodiments of the present invention, switchable reflection gratings can be formed using positive Δ∈ liquid crystals. As shown in
In a second exemplary embodiment,
Primarily, slanted holographic gratings are used to control the direction of a diffracted beam. For example, in reflection holograms a slanted grating is used to separate the specular reflection of the film from the diffracted beam. In a PDLC holographic grating, a slanted grating has an even more useful advantage. The slant allows the modulation depth of the grating to be controlled by an electric field when using either tangential or homeotropic aligned liquid crystals. This is because the slant provides components of the electric field in the directions both tangent and perpendicular to the grating vector. In particular, for the reflection grating, the LC domain symmetry axis will be oriented along the grating vector K and can be switched to a direction perpendicular to the film plane by a longitudinally applied field E. This is the typical geometry for switching of the diffraction efficiency of a slanted reflection grating.
When recording slanted reflection gratings, it is desirable to place the sample between the hypotenuses of two right-angle glass prisms. Neutral density filters can then be placed in optical contact with the back faces of the prisms using index matching fluids so as to frustrate back reflections which would cause spurious gratings to also be recorded. The incident laser beam is split by a conventional beam splitter into two beams which are then directed to the front faces of the prisms, and then overlapped in the sample at the desired angle. The beams thus enter the sample from opposite sides. This prism coupling technique permits the light to enter the sample at greater angles. The slant of the resulting grating is determined by the angle at which the prism assembly is rotated (i.e., the angle between the direction of one incident beam and the normal to the prism front face at which that beam enters the prism).
The exposure times and intensities can be varied depending on the diffraction efficiency and liquid crystal domain size desired. Liquid crystal domain size can be controlled by varying the concentrations of photoinitiator, coinitiator and chain-extending (or cross-linking) agent. The orientation of the nematic directors can be controlled while the gratings are being recorded by application of an external electric field across the ITO electrodes.
The scanning electron micrograph shown in
By increasing the frequency of the applied voltage, the switching voltage for minimum diffraction efficiency can be decreased significantly. This is illustrated in
Smaller liquid crystal droplet sizes have the problem that it takes high switching voltages to switch their orientation. As described in the previous paragraph, using alternating current switching voltages at high frequencies helps reduce the needed switching voltage. As demonstrated in
Thermal control of diffraction efficiency is illustrated in
The polymer-dispersed liquid crystal materials described herein successfully demonstrate the utility for recording volume holograms of a particular composition for such polymer-dispersed liquid crystal systems. Although the disclosed polymer-dispersed liquid crystal systems are specialized, embodiments of the present invention will find application in other areas where a fast curing polymer and a material that can be phase-separated from the polymer will find use.
A switchable hologram is one for which the diffraction efficiency of the hologram may be modulated by application of an electric field, and can be switched from a fully on state (high diffraction efficiency) to a fully off state (low or zero diffraction efficiency). A static hologram is one whose properties remain fixed independent of an applied field. In another embodiment of the present invention, PDLC materials can be made that exhibit a property known as form birefringence whereby polarized light that is transmitted through the grating will have its polarization modified. Such gratings are known as subwavelength gratings, and they behave like a negative uniaxial crystal, such as calcite, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, or lithium niobate, with an optic axis perpendicular to the PDLC planes. Referring now to
Where the combined thickness of the PDLC plane and the polymer plane is substantially less than an optical wavelength (i.e., (tPDLC+tp)<<λ), the grating will exhibit form birefringence. As discussed below, the magnitude of the shift in polarization is proportional to the length of the grating. Thus, by carefully selecting the length, L, of the subwavelength grating for a given wavelength of light, one can rotate the plane of polarization or create circularly polarized light. Consequently, such subwavelength gratings can be designed to act as a half-wave or quarter-wave plate, respectively. Thus, an advantage of this process is that the birefringence of the material may be controlled by simple design parameters and optimized to a particular wavelength, rather than relying on the given birefringence of any material at that wavelength.
To form a half-wave plate, the retardance of the subwavelength grating must be equal to one-half of a wavelength, i.e., retardance=λ/2, and to form a quarter-wave plate, the retardance must be equal to one-quarter of a wavelength, i.e. retardance=λ/4. It is known that the retardance is related to net birefringence, |Δn|, which is the difference between the ordinary index of refraction, no, and the extraordinary index of refraction ne, of the sub-wavelength grating by the following relation:
Thus, for a half-wave plate, i.e., a retardance equal to one-half of a wavelength, the length of the subwavelength grating should be selected so that:
Similarly, for a quarter-wave plate, i.e., a retardance equal to one-quarter of a wavelength, the length of the subwavelength grating should be selected so that:
If, for example, the polarization of the incident light is at an angle of 45� with respect to the optical axis 210 of a half-wave plate 212, as shown in
For a quarter wave plate plane polarized light is converted to circularly polarized light. Thus, referring now to
Referring now to
As discussed in Born and Wolf, Principles of Optics, 5th Ed., New York (1975) and incorporated herein by reference, the birefringence of a subwavelength grating is given by the following relation:
It is known that the effective refractive index of the liquid crystal, nLC, is a function of the applied electric field, having a maximum when the field is zero and a value equal to that of the polymer, np, at some value of the electric field, EMAX. Thus, by application of an electric field, the refractive index of the liquid crystal, nLC, and, hence, the refractive index of the PDLC plane can be altered. Using the relationship set forth above, the net birefringence of a subwavelength grating will be a minimum when nPDLC is equal to np, i.e., when nLC=np. Therefore, if the refractive index of the PDLC plane can be matched to the refractive index of the polymer plane, i.e., nPDLC=np, by the application of an electric field, the birefringence of the subwavelength grating can be switched off.
The following equation for net birefringence, i.e. |Δn|=|ne−no|, follows from the equation given in Born and Wolf (reproduced above):
Furthermore, it is known that the refractive index of the PDLC plane nPDLC is related to the effective refractive index of the liquid crystal seen by an incident optical wave, nLC, and the refractive index of the surrounding polymer plane, np, by the following relation:
where fLC is the volume fraction of liquid crystal dispersed in the polymer within the PDLC plane, fLC=[VLC/(VLC+VP)]
VLC=the volume of the liquid crystal and
VP=the volume of the polymer.
By way of example, a typical value for the effective refractive index for the liquid crystal in the absence of an electric field is nLC=1.7, and for the polymer layer np=1.5. For a grating where the thickness of the PDLC planes and the polymer planes are equal (i.e., tPDLC=tp, fPDLC=0.5=fp) and fLC=0.35, the net birefringence, Δn, of the subwavelength grating is approximately 0.008. Thus, where the incident light has a wavelength of 0.8 μm, the length of the subwavelength grating should be 50 μm for a half-wave plate and 25 μm for a quarter-wave plate. Furthermore, by application of an electric field of approximately 5 V/μm, the refractive index of the liquid crystal can be matched to the refractive index of the polymer and the birefringence of the subwavelength grating turned off. Thus, the switching voltage, Vπ, for a half-wave plate is on the order of 250 volts, and for a quarter-wave plate approximately 125 volts.
By applying such voltages, the plates can be switched between the on and off (zero retardance) states on the order of microseconds. As a means of comparison, current Pockels cell technology can be switched in nanoseconds with voltages of approximately 1000-2000 volts, and bulk nematic liquid crystals can be switched on the order of milliseconds with voltages of approximately 5 volts.
In an alternative embodiment of the invention shown in
Subwavelength gratings in accordance with embodiments of the present invention find suitable application in the areas of polarization optics and optical switches for displays and laser optics, as well as tunable filters for telecommunications, colorimetry, spectroscopy, laser protection, and the like.
Similarly, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention, a high birefringence static sub-wavelength wave-plate can also be formed. Due to the fact that the refractive index for air is significantly lower than for most liquid crystals, the corresponding thickness of the half-wave plate would be reduced accordingly. Synthesized wave-plates in accordance with embodiments of the present invention can be used in many applications employing polarization optics, particularly where a material of the appropriate birefringence at the appropriate wavelength is unavailable, too costly, or too bulky.
In a first preferred embodiment of the present invention, the PDLC holographic grating elements are components in an optical add/drop multiplexer (OADM). When inserted into an optical path (e.g., fiber) carrying multiple wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) wavelengths, an OADM performs the function of "dropping" one or more of the wavelength streams from the fiber and/or "adding" one or more wavelength streams to the fiber. It is relatively simple to construct an OADM that drops and adds fixed wavelengths all the time. However, optical networks need the flexibility to respond dynamically to a changing demand profile. Therefore, a remotely reconfigurable OADM is desirable. A schematic for a reconfigurable OADM using the PDLC material is shown in
Referring to
In an alternative preferred embodiment of the present invention, switchable PDLC gratings are combined to create a variable frequency laser source for Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM). As the number of wavelengths in DWDM systems increases, the provisioning of laser sources becomes more and more of a problem for carriers. Ideally, one would like to have a tunable laser source so that one laser could serve as a replacement for a large number of different wavelength sources. The tunable laser would be tuned to the correct frequency when it was put into service. The PDLC variable frequency laser source is discretely tunable and is very cheap relative to the tunable sources currently under development.
In an embodiment of a DWDM scheme, optical signals at different wavelengths centered about 1550 nm and separated by 100-200 GHz (˜0.8-1.6 nm) are multiplexed down a single fiber or waveguide. A filter is desired that can select one wavelength out of this set. A Bragg filter is ideal for this, because it will selectively reflect light at a specific wavelength. However, another requirement is that it have a narrow bandwidth so that it does not partially reflect another nearby wavelength, producing loss and crosstalk between channels. The bandwidth of a Bragg filter can be estimated by Δβ˜κ, where Δβ=β-|K|/2, β=2πneff/λ,neff is the effective mode refractive index, K is the grating vector, and κ is the grating coupling constant. The latter can be given by κ=πn1/λ, where n1 is the grating index modulation. The bandwidth relation can be recast in terms of frequency bandwidth Δν(Δν/ν=Δβ/β), which sets the size of n1 by the wavelength separation requirement of the DWDM scheme. Thus, n1˜2neffλΔν/c, where c is the speed of light. For neff≈1.5, λ≈1550 nm, and Δν=100-200 GHz, we have the requirement that n1˜0.0015-0.0030. This is about one order of magnitude smaller than the index typically achieved in switchable PDLC holograms (n1˜0.02-0.05). The reflection efficiency can be estimated from R≈tanh2 (κL), where L is the physical length of the filter. Given the above requirement on index modulation, for R=0.9999, we must have L˜0.9-1.8 mm. For R=0.99999, L˜1.1-2.2 mm. This is very thick compared to typical PDLC holograms that are typically ˜10 μm thick. Therefore, two requirements of the switchable Bragg filter in these DWDM applications are that it (1) be physically thick, and (2) have small index modulation.
A concept for a switchable Bragg filter in a channel waveguide that meets the aforementioned requirements is described as shown in FIG(S). 22 a-d. In a process for forming a channel waveguide Bragg filter an empty channel of waveguide dimensions known to those skilled in the art, is etched in a glass or polymer substrate of the appropriate refractive index (
Light propagating down the channel waveguide will see liquid crystal domains 20 with symmetry axes pointing primarily along the grating vector 22, but with a small statistical distribution 25 about this direction as shown in
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the switching of the PDLC Bragg filters is accomplished by supplying and removing a voltage to the filter via a voltage source. Finger electrodes 27 attached to the filter are deposited in the formation illustrated in
In a further embodiment of the present invention, multiple individual Bragg filters are concatenated as shown in
The finger electrode pattern can be fabricated simultaneously with the holographic filter recording in a manner outlined in FIG(S). 27 a-b. In this process, the selected electrode material is coated uniformly onto the non-etched regions of the glass or polymer substrate. Next, the electrode materials are coated uniformly with a negative photoresist. The negative photoresist is exposed to the interfering incident beams and the photoresist is consequently exposed to alternating light and dark regions. As a result of this exposure, alternating regions will be susceptible to etching processes so as to form the finger electrodes. Prior to laser exposure, the etched channel is filled with a prepolymer/liquid crystal material as shown in
Long-period fiber gratings, with Λ>>λ, have been employed as wavelength selective attenuators in DWDM applications. These can be used, for example, to flatten the gain spectrum of an Er-doped fiber laser [see, e.g., A. M. Vengsarkar et al., Opt. Lett. 21, 336 (1996)]. These are a series of different static gratings that must be pre-recorded to precisely match the inverted gain profile of the Er laser when concatenated. Long-period fiber gratings produce wavelength selective loss by coupling radiation at a specific wavelength from a guided mode to a cladding mode. The cladding modes are very lossy. Thus, the optical signal at the selected wavelength is attenuated.
In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, a wavelength selective attenuator whose properties can be finely adjusted by an external stimulus (e.g., an electric field) to control the attenuation is shown. The variable attenuator is formed using a PDLC switchable hologram. A channel waveguide PDLC grating is fabricated as described above with reference to FIG(S). 22(a)-(d) and FIG(S). 27(a)-(b). However, the two laser beams are directed in a symmetrical way at relatively small angles with respect to the normal of the glass or polymer substrate as illustrated in
The phase-matching condition for coupling light from the core (channel) to the cladding (substrate) mode is given by nco-ncl=λ/Λ, where "co" stands for core, "cl" stands for cladding, nco, and ncl are the effective core and cladding refractive indices, respectively, at, for example, wavelength ˜1550 nm, and Λ˜100 μm. The strength of the coupling, or equivalently, the transmission loss through the grating, is determined by the index modulation of the grating. Through the application of electric fields as described above, the index modulation can be varied in a continuous manner from maximum at zero field to zero modulation at a field where droplet symmetry axes are all aligned along the grating vector.
In an embodiment of the present invention, several long-period PDLC gratings centered at wavelengths λi are concatenated as shown in
An alternative method of fabricating a voltage-controlled long-period PDLC grating is illustrated in FIG(S). 30(a)-(b). A PDLC grating is fabricated using the process described with reference to FIG(S). 27(a)-(b), but with a short period that is well outside the Bragg regime for, by way of example, λ˜1550 nm (e.g., Λ≦0.4 μm or Λ≧0.6 μm, with neff˜1.5). The grating is made several millimeters in length and finger electrodes may be applied as described with reference to FIG(S). 27(a)-(b). Light will not be diffracted by this index modulation, but will see an effective index that will change as a voltage is applied to the electrodes. A different voltage is applied to each finger electrode in such a manner that the voltage profile is periodic along the channel waveguide with period ˜100 μm. This will electro-optically induce a long-period grating in the waveguide as shown. In an alternative embodiment, a complex transmission spectrum is produced where the desired spectral shape is Fourier analyzed, and the resulting combination of periodic voltages superposed on the electrodes, yielding the desired transmission spectrum.
In an alternate embodiment shown in FIG(S). 31(a)-(b), a method and system for fabricating a switchable Bragg grating (either short-period or long-period) coupled to two optical fibers is illustrated. Referring to FIG(S). 31(a), a pre-polymer/liquid crystal holographic material 50 is formed in a cylindrical geometry, such that when the material 50 is polymerized, a switchable Bragg grating is formed that is in line with two optical fibers 110 and 112, respectively. In this embodiment, the two fibers are fitted with graded refractive index (GRIN) lenses 114 and 116. A first GRIN lens 114 out-couples and collimates light from a first fiber 110 into the switchable Bragg grating formed from material 50. A second GRIN lens 116 collects and couples light into a second fiber 112. These GRIN lenses are optically contacted to the ends of the fibers using an optical adhesive. The two optical fiber/GRIN lenses 114 and 116 are inserted into a hollow capillary tube 118, leaving a gap 120 for the Bragg grating, on the order of a few millimeters in length. The pre-polymer/liquid crystal holographic material 50 is injected, e.g., by a syringe 122, into the gap 120 so that it fills the gap and makes optical contact with the GRIN lenses 114 and 116. The geometry of the capillary tube 118 is not limited, and may be, for example, cylindrical or rectangular. In a specific embodiment, the capillary could be fitted with a fill port over the region of the gap between the two fibers to facilitate the injection of the pre-polymer/liquid crystal material 50.
The previously prepared pre-polymer/liquid crystal material 50 is then sandwiched between two optical flats 124 (e.g., glass plates), as shown in
Referring to FIG(S)., 31(c)-(d), a system and method for switching the holographic PDLC Bragg grating of FIG(S). 31(a)-(b) is nearly identical to the system described with reference to
In an alternate embodiment, the polymerized PDLC grating is etched and/or polished to a dimension that is commensurate with the core of the fiber (˜10 μm for single-mode fibers) and the finger electrodes are placed in close proximity to the reduced structure. This configuration may lower the applicable voltage requirement for establishing the critical field for switching the liquid crystal droplets. Techniques are well known in the art for polishing glass fibers in this way to expose the core. Another advantage to reducing the dimension of the PDLC grating is the resulting total internal reflection (TIR) which occurs at the grating-air interface. The occurrence of TIR increases the propagation and coupling efficiency of the incoming beam into the receiving fiber.
An alternative switching method and system, compatible with the cylindrical geometry of fibers, is illustrated in
A further alternative switching method and system for a cylindrical grating is illustrated in
Referring to
The light emitted from the multiple wavelength, multi-mode laser 42 is directed into a switchable fiber Bragg filter 35 similar to the one described earlier with reference to the OADM system 30. In this case, the desired wavelength can be passed through while all the others are diffracted elsewhere. Alternatively, as shown in
In further preferred embodiments of the present invention, a N2�N2 optical cross-connect switch consisting of 2N principal layers of H-PDLC matrix holographic switches is presented. One purpose of a cross-connect switch is to direct an optical signal from any element of a rectangular input matrix to any element of an identical output matrix. This can be accomplished by a series of up-down and right-left moves. All inputs and outputs are assumed to be parallel.
The beam deflector system shown in
The same holographic grating can be used for the "down," "right," and "left" deflections. If the holographic grating 36 in
The switches in this concept are transmission holographic switches that either deflect up/down or right/left. Thus, based on the discussion above, the incident light should be polarized in the vertical plane or the horizontal plane, respectively, for optimum efficiency (and hence minimum loss and crosstalk). The scheme shown in
The N2�N2 matrix cross-connect switch is unique. Most cross-connect switches discussed in the literature (see, e.g., Ramaswami and Sivarajan, 1998) are linear N�N switches. Actually, any set of columns in the U/D layers or any set of rows in the R/L layers constitute an N�N switch and can be discussed as such. These N�N cross-connect switches are wide-sense nonblocking in that, for the given paths defined, any unused input can be connected to any unused output without requiring any existing connections to be broken. This can be seen in that (a) the directions of signals to their respective outputs are determined by defections set in the very first layer (none of these conflict with one another), and (b) the output of a signal in any channel is selected by activating a hologram that is Bragg-matched only to the desired direction selected in the first layer. Any other signal passing through that hologram is not Bragg-matched and hence not deflected. This type of N�N cross-connect switch, which we will designate by SU, requires 2[(N−1)2+1] elementary switches.
Another type of wide-sense nonblocking N�N switch that has been discussed in the literature is a crossbar (CB) switch. This type of switch requires only N2 elementary switches. A 4�4 crossbar switch made with down deflector, switchable PDLC transmission holograms is shown in
For these wide-sense nonblocking switches, a path or paths may be found that make them nonblocking. However, alternate paths exist to make connections, and not all of them will be nonblocking.
An architecture discussed in the literature that is strict sense nonblocking (no alternative paths that lead to blocking) is the Spanke (SP) architecture. This can be achieved using a combination of existing 1�2 and 2�1 switches (e.g., optical fiber directional couplers) in optical communications networks. The key to the Spanke architecture is that each input can be independently coupled to N outputs. A Spanke architecture can be achieved using switchable PDLC transmission gratings as follows.
Three different types of switchable up/down deflector/acceptor holograms, as illustrated in FIG(S). 38(a)-(b) may be utilized in connector components. Note that in the powered state, all holograms pass light straight through. We designate each hologram by an integer m, where this is the multiple of an angle θ through which the beam is deflected down as shown in
In an embodiment of the present invention, these types of holograms may be stacked up in two layers in the configuration shown in
In a further embodiment of the present invention, a Spanke architecture can also be realized using just one type of switchable transmission hologram. Consider the symmetric elementary holographic switch illustrated in
These manifestations of the Spanke architecture can also be generalized to N parallel columns of up or down deflectors coupled to N parallel rows of right or left deflectors to form an N2�N2 matrix cross-connect switch. A polarization diversity scheme similar to that shown in
In another embodiment of the present invention, a 4�4 (or 22�22) cross-connect component 80, is shown in
In another embodiment of the present invention, a 9�9 (32�32) cross-connect switch 90, is shown in
In another embodiment of the present invention, a 16�16 (42�42) cross-connect switch 100, is shown in
The cross-connect switches described herein are fully operational in a free space configuration (though not limited thereto). The principal optical concerns and limitations of cross-connect switches are insertion loss and cross talk. Ultimately, both of these limitations depend on the diffraction efficiency η of the PDLC holograms. In any of the N2�N2 cross-connects, we can readily see that the maximum number of deflections will be four (one up/down deflector/acceptor pair and one right/left deflector/acceptor pair). Hence the minimum throughput of the desired signal is η4. (When only two deflections are required, this will increase to η2.)
By way of example, transmission holograms with η=80% results in a minimum throughput of 41%, or an insertion loss of 3.9 dB. This is the minimum diffraction efficiency resulting from the PDLC holographic switches. This surpasses currently available commercial devices. Continuing with the present example, PDLC holograms have an index modulation of ˜0.024. At a wavelength of 670 nm, this corresponds to a coupling coefficient of κ˜0.11 μm−1. Consequently, for a 10 μm thick hologram η=80% and this diffraction efficiency increases to 95% and 99% for a thickness of 12 μm and 15 μm, respectively. With η=99%, the throughput is 96%, and the insertion loss is 0.17 dB. This analysis ignores losses in the ITO layers, which is minimal.
The analysis of cross talk is more complicated. A first-order analysis can be accomplished by examining the 4�4 switch of
Electrical requirements are also a consideration and possible limitation to the overall efficiency and usefulness of optical cross-connect switches. For example, given η=80% it is possible to make transmission gratings that switch at about 5 V/μm. Similarly, 15 μm thick film would thus require 75 V for switching.
Power requirements are computed with the following reasoning. The AC power is given by
While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described herein, the disclosure is not intended to be limiting. The present invention encompasses any and all modifications, adaptations, and embodiments that would be understood by those in the art based on this disclosure.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Legal Events
Original Image

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Official Position on Workplace Violence
The American Nurses Association (ANA) upholds that all nursing personnel have the right to work in healthy work environments free of abusive behavior such as bullying, hostility, lateral abuse and violence, sexual harassment, intimidation, abuse of authority and position and reprisal for speaking out against abuses.
Professional Issue Panel on Workplace Violence and Incivility
Lateral violence refers to acts between colleagues and bullying is often described as acts perpetrated by one in a higher level of authority. This behavior may involve covert or overt acts of verbal and non-verbal aggression. These types of behavior have been reported to result in enough psychological distress to nurses to cause them to leave the profession (Dellasega, 2009).
Although, there is no federal standard that requires workplace violence protections, effective January 1, 2009 The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organization created a new standard in the "Leadership" chapter (LD.03.01.01) that addresses disruptive and inappropriate behaviors. Additionally, there are several states that have enacted legislation or regulations aimed at preventing workplace violence.


text:
DOBSON — An armed robbery suspect from Virginia is being held under a $125,000 secured bond after his apprehension Thursday in Surry County, which involved a deputy being injured.
Jeffrey Alan Boggs, 22, of Midland, Va., was arrested after a foot chase Thursday in the Elkin area.
Sheriff Graham Atkinson said officers were called there in regard to a suspicious vehicle pulling in and out of driveways in the vicinity of Mulberry Church Road.
A deputy who responded initially located a woman standing on the edge of the roadway who informed him that she was waiting on a friend and he had mistakenly driven past her home. The deputy then located the vehicle further down the road with a man inside.
The driver of the pickup told the deputy he was from Virginia and was looking for his friend. He also gave his name as Travis Boggs. However, a check of the tag on the vehicle revealed that the truck was registered to Jeffrey Alan Boggs, who was wanted for armed robbery.
When the driver said he was using his cousin's pickup, and had no identification, the officers asked him to ride back to the residence where the woman was to see if she would verify his identity.
"One deputy stayed with Mr. Boggs while another went and asked the woman who he was," said Atkinson. "She said that her friend was Jeffrey Boggs and that he was the one who drove the truck."
When the deputy returned to place Boggs under arrest, he began to struggle and broke free of the officers and ran. During the struggle, one of the deputies, Josh Wiles, fell and injured his knee, but the second deputy pursued him on foot. Boggs fled into the woods and other officers arrived to aid in the search.
Assisted by a police dog handler from the N.C. Department of Correction, officers searched the area for about four hours before locating Boggs in a van near the woman's house.
He was arrested on a fugitive warrant from Virginia for armed robbery. Boggs also is charged with felony assault on a law enforcement officer; resisting, obstructing or delaying a public officer; and damage to property.


text:
Quick Links
Shop All Jewelry
BERZ10105 In Stock
The beauty of rich purple cubic zirconia is the highlight of our Bali Style Omega Clip Amethyst CZ Earrings. Each rounded square earring with an omega clip backing measures a half inch wide, and features an entrancing mix of textures and colors. Gold plating surrounds the amethyst cubic zirconia, while complementary patterns of black and silver tones add rich detail. While these lovely purple earrings would be stunning on their own, we offer a wide range of Bali inspired pendants, bracelets, and rings that will complete the look you want.
Eve's Addiction.com wants you to be a happy customer. We want you to be completely satisfied with the sterling silver jewelry that you receive from us, as we only sell high quality silver and cubic zirconia cz jewelry. We do understand that you may not like your purchase for some reason.
You may return or exchange your jewelry within 60 days of purchase if you are not satisfied with it. The jewelry must be returned in its original condition for a refund or exchange. Engraved, personalized, photo, monogram, name and initial, chocolate and clearance items are not returnable or exchangeable.


text:
Embassies and other diplomatic missions, such as consulates represent the government of a country in another (host) country. A government can help its citizens abroad through its foreign missions within limited possibilities.
Embassies, consulates and other representations
This issue contains 4 sections.
- Overview
- Contents
- News
- Documents and publications


text:
Tuesday, November 1, 2011
the security, prosperity, and peace of the Libyan people have not been secured
17 comments:
Spencer Ackerman has declared that Libya is over.
This is an absurd misreading of his post. -K.
- November 1, 2011 at 7:58 PM
- Freddie said...
Do you think that the United States and other NATO countries are actually done manipulating Libya?
- November 1, 2011 at 8:23 PM
- davidly said...
So, Nony 7:58 aka K:
I have to agree that your boiling this post's reading of the other post down to the first sentence is absurd.
Nevertheless, Ackerman is having two slices of mission accomplished bread with a pathetic helping of "serious questions" to complete his pure bullshit sandwich.
He clearly defines the war as successful at both the beginning and end of his "analysis" of it.
- November 1, 2011 at 9:58 PM
Do you think that the United States and other NATO countries are actually done manipulating Libya?
Did Ackerman ever claim that that the US and NATO are done "manipulating" Libya? He made a prediction that NATO peacekeepers would be on the ground battling insurgents, that prediction has proven wrong, and Ackerman pointed this out. This seems like the kind of accountability in blogging that you often talk about.
- November 1, 2011 at 10:27 PM
What trizzlor said. -K.
- November 1, 2011 at 11:09 PM
- Freddie said...
What davidly said.
- November 1, 2011 at 11:35 PM
- Who's being a what? said...
You are being completely tendentious. Ackerman says NATO's military operations are at an end and "Lots of questions remain about the future of Libya." He is receiving Sullivan's award for the end of his post when he says "And so, in the spirit of intellectual honesty, I need to concede that I got the Libya war wrong." and then links to his earlier erroneous predictions.
- November 2, 2011 at 2:27 AM
- Ranjit Suresh said...
He's not being tendentious. Libya has been a disaster. Sirte was just destroyed and NATO is calling it a success. Thousands of Black Africans have been become political refugees in what can fairly characterized as ethnic cleansing. The other day there was a firefight in a hospital between rival militias when a bunch of soliders waltzed inside to finish off someone they had shot earlier.
- November 2, 2011 at 5:41 PM
- That Fuzzy Bastard said...
So "manipulating" is synonymous with war? So the US is at war with most of South America? And China is at war with most of Africa? And Europe is at war with much of Southeast Asia?
Or do you only mean manipulation in the sense of sending troops? Which would mean that the US is already at war with China over Taiwan. Yikes!
Or perhaps you mean "manipulating" in the sense of sending drones to shoot people? In which case, well, that seems to no longer be happening in Libya.
- November 2, 2011 at 6:13 PM
When did Gaddafi "ruthlessly murder" his people?
Leaving that aside, who gives a crap about Spencer Ackerman, his "predictions," his "retractions," and the response thereto by little Andy Sullivan?
The real issue, as always, is imperialism. Not whether the manipulation is over (it isn't, of course) or whether manipuation equals war (it doesn't, but so what? war can be reintroduced when and if manipulation fails to do the job), and still less whether Spencer Ackerman got it right the first time, the second time, both or neither.
Predictions about the duration of overt military actions are red herrings. The imperialists love to point to all the "liberals" who "got it wrong" when it came to predciting how long it would take for the US military, or its proxies, to reach Kuwait City, Baghdad, Kabul, or Tripoli. As if that war gaming question was the key one. It isn't. The real issue is the legality and morality of the intervention, not how quickly it "succeeds." And, even at the secondary level, ie the level of
"realism" or "pragmatism," success is not achieved merely by overruning the offending leader's capitol city. Because that is the easy part. If the US, NATO and its proxies couldn't destroy the conventional forces of Iraq, Afghanistan, or Libya, and do so relatively quickly, that WOULD be news. But, of course, they can. What has not been shown is that they can easily "win the peace" that follows, that they can "nation build" as they claim they can, and that, even judged solely in terms of realpolitik, these interventions are worth more than they cost, or even lead to a better situation (again, even as judged exclusively from the power political view of the empire) than that which preceded them, without even considering the cost.
- November 2, 2011 at 8:55 PM
And, of course, "what actually matters-- what has moral valence" is NOT "the material condition of the lives of the Libyan people," however judged, despite what our author claims. An intervention that is illegal and immoral ab initio does not become retroactively legal and moral because, according to whatever metric, "the material condition" of those intervened upon has improved. To use a crude analogy, if M. L'Hote were to come into my home against my will, and start rearranging things, that would be both illegal and wrong. The claim, even if true, that his rearrangements saved me monetary costs or improved my convenience or otherwise improved my "material conditions" would still be an irrelevant one. Hr took away my autonomy, my right to self determination, Hr acted in a paternalistic manner, he treated me as less than fully human, thus, he did wrong, whether it really was "for my own good" or not. That is hot hard to understand at the human level, and it should not be hard to understand on the State to State level.
(The only complication is that while I clearly speak for my home ((particularly as only I live in it)), it is not always clear who speaks for a country. But, in this case, that is really a non starter. There is no way in the world that the tiny, regionally based groups of protesters in Benghazi could possibly be said to speak for Libya generally, and certainly not as opposed to the established, recognized government.)
So all of this,
"To call it a democracy now would be an absurd act of projection. Many corrupt men are now freely operating in Libya, armed to the teeth and with a feeling of entitlement. Some of them want to execute homosexuals, oppress women, and adopt Islamic theocracy. Some want to ensure the ascension of their tribe or clan. Some just want to get their piece of the pie. But that's the reality. There is neither security nor stability yet, and anyone who actually cares for the future of the Libyan people would admit that."
while true, is besides the point. The issue isn't whether the new government respects women's and homosexual's rights, whether it is corrupt, trigger happy, or religously intolerant. Nor whether the resulting regime is secure or stabile, or tribally or clan based, or indeed, whether "the security, prosperity, and peace of the Kibyan people have been" secured, or not. The issue is Western imperialsim, pure and simple.
- November 2, 2011 at 8:55 PM
- Will said...
You know, try as I might: there is no way I can imagine what it is like to be in the head of a young Libyan. What do they think the future will/should be?
One aspect of this is how much affinity there will be between the young, Tunisian/Egyptian/Libyan community as a global movement. Do they extend the feeling of kinship to the Iranian revolution (and mockery of an election)? How do they view the protests in Oakland and New York (and whether substantial or not, how might they view the sordid/troubling history of the 2000 election)? If international interest only extends as far as Syria it will be a loss for everyone.
It will be exciting to see how the overwhelmingly young nations of the middle east react once the wall has been torn down. How far can the community extend it before the natural tendency to put up a new wall sets in? Does it include women? Foreigners? Persians? Christians? Capitalists? Europeans? Homosexuals? Socialists? Drug users? On average, I expect 5 to be welcomed in and 4 will to be cast.
We've brought the Libyan people into a wider society and removed a tired dictator. We do it at the cost of chaos in the future - but I imagine some of the saved souls will be worth the cost.
As a tangential query Freddie: Assuming that much of the revolutionary fervor globally is fueled by massive unemployment, how will Americans react to these eager Arab revolutionaries who hold aspirations (as Bush,Obama,Friedman all imagine) of joining the western democratic capitalistic culture, with the tendency to produce similar talent/products/demands? Will we appreciate the competition as reasonable globalists must, or will Americans continue a long history of keeping our metaphorical "in-group" defined by our geographical borders.
It occurred to me, you could wave away this westernized Arab youth as a myth, but if I were one of the millions of youth witnessing the birth of a global communication network toppling established regimes, I would romanticize the idea in some form.
Exciting times.
- November 3, 2011 at 3:02 AM
"Leaving that aside, who gives a crap about Spencer Ackerman, his 'predictions,' his 'retractions,' and the response thereto by little Andy Sullivan?
The real issue, as always, is imperialism"
Yes. As Orwell put it:
"Political language — and with variations this is true of all political parties, from Conservatives to Anarchists — is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable, and to give an appearance of solidity to pure wind."
This is almost universally true of the media as well (new and old alike).
- November 3, 2011 at 6:06 AM
- Freddie said...
Will, it is none of my business. I am not a Libyan.
- November 3, 2011 at 11:27 AM
- Freddie said...
Lord knows, we would never commit drones where we weren't in an active military campaign....
- November 3, 2011 at 12:44 PM
"You know, try as I might: there is no way I can imagine what it is like to be in the head of a young Libyan. What do they think the future will/should be?"
That being the case, perhaps it would be beter if you, and your country, let them make their own future.
"Do they extend the feeling of kinship to the Iranian revolution (and mockery of an election)?"
There was no "mockery of an election." Just because the Western media is in consensus about something (eg that Gaddafi "murdered his people" and was responsible for various acts of terrorism, that the election in Iran was a "mockery") does not make it so. The results of the election in Iran were in line with pre election polls. The results were announced quickly. There has been nothing at all, other than the certainty of the Western media and the planned-in-advance outrage of the defeated candidate's backers, to substantiate the charges of election rigging. The simple fact is that most Iranians (ie the ones without Western backing, who don't have Facebook or, indeed, internet connections at all, who aren't in the Shah-loving, Western-educated upper middle and upper classes, etc) are actually relatively content with their regime. In any event, real power in Iran is divided, with the president not necessarily being in charge, and a change of president would not have led to a "revolution," and moreover, most backers of the losing candidate did not even desire a revolution.
"We've brought the Libyan people into a wider society and removed a tired dictator. We do it at the cost of chaos in the future - but I imagine some of the saved souls will be worth the cost."
That "wider society" being the system of global corporate economic exploitation and political subservience to the Western imperialist powers. How noble of us. Now, Western oil companies can carve up Libya, free from concern that its "tired dicator" will demand a fair payment from them, or take his business to China instead. Now the best-in-Africa systems of public health, welfare, education and housing established by that "tired dictator" can be dismantled and replaced with Western corporate looting, crony capitalism, and comprador elites. And all at the cost of a little "chaos." Clearly, it was worth it.
"Exciting times."
Not really. Just the same ole, same ole. Western imperialists riding their local despots for all that their worth, then trading them in at the last moment for new despots, paying lip service to the desires of the rebelling masses while subverting and co opting their revolutions. Or, Western imperialists replacing pesky, politically and economically nationalist leaders with docile, subservient puppets. Puppets swept into power on the back of Western military might who thus owe their postions to the West, and be counted on to do its bidding.
Until the next cycle of rebellion comes along, and it starts all over again...rinse and repeat...
- November 3, 2011 at 5:01 PM
- Buy World Of Warcraft Gold said...
Great article. I merely found your blog along with planned to declare i get genuinely liked looking at your blog blogposts.
Tera Gold in goldsoon is your wise choice.Goldsoon has a full stock of World Of Warcraft Gold.Buy RS Gold in Goldsoon, no wasting time and money. Only 100% happy game and shopping experience!
- November 30, 2011 at 2:43 AM


text: Joel McAlexander, 86, of Hillsville, VA., died peacefully on Tuesday, January 29, 2013. Joel "Mac" was the youngest of six children born to John R. Martin and Cora Williams McAlexander of Meadows of Dan, Virginia. He lived on the family farm until he joined the US Navy during World War II at the age of 17. He served in England and on a destroyer in the Mediterranean, was discharged in June 1946, and returned home to finish high school. His many talents led him to be a farmer, truck driver, carpenter, deputy and finally a Virginia State Trooper for 31 years, serving as Sergeant in Sussex County for seven years. Hobbies included vegetable gardening, furniture and cabinet making, auto repair and always a bit of farming on the side. Mac was a faithful member and deacon of Hillsville First Baptist Church, a member of the Hillsville Masonic Lodge, and belonged to the VFW. Preceded in death by his wife, Madeleine, he is survived by two daughters, Brenda Hawthorne and Karen (Mike) Chan; three grandchildren, Anna, Lee and Roberta; nieces, nephews and grand- and great- nieces and nephews. Friends will be received Saturday, February 2 from 1:00 to 2:00 pm. at Vaughan Guynn McGrady Funeral Home in Hillsville, VA, where a funeral service will follow at 2:00 with Rev. Jerry Keegan officiating. Interment will be at the McAlexander Family Cemetery, Meadows of Dan, Va. In lieu of flowers, donations may be made to: Virginia State Police Association, Emergency Relief Fund, 6944 Forest Hill Avenue, Richmond, VA 23225, (804) 320-6272, http://vspa.org/ and Wheatland Hillsville Resident Activity Fund, 100 Kyle Drive, Hillsville, VA 24343, c/o Karen Worrell. The family would like to extend a special thank you to the nurses and staff at Wheatland Hills Assisted Living in Hillsville, Virginia. Dad, your love and guidance will be greatly missed! Vaughan-Guynn-McGrady Chapel is serving the family.


text:
Renovation Estimates
Use TrustedPros to post your project and receive bids from to-rated local contractors. Posting your project is fast, free and easy to use. It gives you the tools to manage your projects, negotiate the best rates and find the right contractor for your project.Post Your Project
Search for a Contractor
Use the TrustedPros directory to browse profiles, read real customer reviews and find the best local contractor.Search for Pros
Design Your Home
Browse thousand of beautiful home design and renovation photos.Browse Photos
Write a Review
Help other homeowners find the right contractor or avoid the bad ones by submitting your reviews today.Write a Review