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Brief Summary
Thryothorus ludovicianus
A medium-sized (5 ¾ inches) wren, the Carolina Wren is most easily identified by its plain reddish-brown back, buff breast, long tail (often held up at an angle), long curved bill, and conspicuous white eye-stripes. This species may be distinguished from the similar House Wren (Troglodytes aedon) by that species' small size and fainter eye-stripes and from Bewick's Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus) by that species' smaller size and paler plumage. Male and female Carolina Wrens are similar to one another in all seasons. The Carolina Wren occurs in much of the eastern United States, southern Canada, and northern Mexico, being absent only from northern New England and the upper Midwest. Isolated populations also occur in southern Mexico and Central America. The Carolina Wren is non-migratory in all parts of its range. Carolina Wrens inhabit a variety of well-vegetated habitats, including bushy fields, woodland undergrowth, and (in the southern part of its range) palmetto scrub. Where food and groundcover is available, this species is also present in suburban areas. Carolina Wrens primarily eat small insects, but may also eat small quantities of seeds and berries during the winter when insects are scarce. In appropriate habitat, Carolina Wrens may be seen foraging for food on the ground or in the branches of bushes and shrubs. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species' song, a series of "chirpity" phrases repeated in rapid succession. Carolina Wrens are most active during the day.
- Carolina Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus). The Internet Bird Collection. Lynx Edicions, n.d. Web. 20 July 2012. http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/carolina-wren-thryothorus-ludovicianus.
- Haggerty, Thomas M. and Eugene S. Morton. 1995. Carolina Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus), The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America Online: http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/188
- Peterson, Roger Tory. Birds of Eastern and Central North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1980. Print.
- Thryothorus ludovicianus. Xeno-canto. Xeno-canto Foundation, n.d. Web. 20 July 2012. http://xeno-canto.org/browse.php?query=Thryothorus+ludovicianus.
- eBird Range Map - Carolina Wren. eBird. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, N.d. Web. 20 July 2012. http://ebird.org/ebird/map/carwre.
Carolina wrens are year-round residents of the southeastern United States. The distribution of this species stretches from the Atlantic seashore to as far west as Texas, Nebraska, Kansas and eastern Oklahoma. It is bounded in the north by southern Michigan, New York, Massachusetts, and in extreme cases, Ontario Canada. The species has trickled as far southward as the northeast corner of Mexico and the Yucatan Peninsula, as well as parts of Central America. In unprecedented cases, Carolina wrens have been recorded as far west as New Mexico and Colorado, and as far north as Quebec, New Brunswick, and Maine.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); neotropical (Native )
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 1999. "Carolina Wren (Thryothorus Ludovicianus)" (On-line). Accessed March 14, 2001 at http://birds.cornell.edu/birdhouse/speciesaccounts/CAROLINAWREN.htm.
- Haggerty, T., E. Morton. 1995. Carolina Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus). Pp. 1-20 in A Poole, F Gill, eds. The Birds of North America, Vol. 188. Philadelphia, PA: The Academy of Natural Sciences, and Washington, DC: The American Ornithologists' Union.
occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
National Distribution
Origin: Native
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Present
Confidence: Confident
Type of Residency: Year-round
United States
Origin: Native
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Present
Confidence: Confident
Type of Residency: Year-round
Global Range: (>2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)) Resident from eastern Nebraska east to southern Ontario and New England, south through eastern Mexico to Nicaragua, and to Gulf Coast and southern Florida. Northern range limit retracts after harsh winter, extends northward after mild winter.
Geographic Range
Carolina wrens are year-round residents of the southeastern United States. They are found from the Atlantic seashore to as far west as Texas, Nebraska, Kansas and eastern Oklahoma. They are found as far north as southern Michigan, New York, Massachusetts, and Ontario Canada. This species is also found in the northeast corner of Mexico and the Yucatan Peninsula, as well in a few spots in Central America.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); neotropical (Native )
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 1999. "Carolina Wren (Thryothorus Ludovicianus)" (On-line). Accessed March 14, 2001 at http://birds.cornell.edu/birdhouse/speciesaccounts/CAROLINAWREN.htm.
- Haggerty, T., E. Morton. 1995. Carolina Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus). Pp. 1-20 in A Poole, F Gill, eds. The Birds of North America, Vol. 188. Philadelphia, PA: The Academy of Natural Sciences, and Washington, DC: The American Ornithologists' Union.
Physical Description
Carolina wrens are small birds, though they are large relative to other wrens. They weigh about 20 g and are 12 to 14 cm long. Carolina wrens have a deep rusty-brown back and a lighter cinnamon-colored underside that is unbarred. The throat and chin are white, and the wings, tail and undertail are barred black (in addition to white barring on the wings). This distinct coloring along with a distinctive broad white stripe above each eye distinguish Carolina wrens from other wren species. Carolina wrens have long, thin, slightly decurved bills with a dark upper mandible and a light-yellow lower mandible. Their legs are pink, and their tails are relatively long.
Male and female Carolina wrens are very similar, though males are, on average, slightly heavier. Males often have somewhat more prominent features, including longer bills, wings and tails. Juveniles are very similar to adults, with slightly lighter plumage.
Four subspecies of Thryothorus ludovicianus are recognized by the American Ornithologists' Union. These subspecies are largely distinguished by size, plumage and geographic variation.
Average mass: 20 g.
Range length: 12 to 14 cm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry ; polymorphic
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike; male larger; sexes shaped differently
Average mass: 17.5 g.
- Sauer, J. 1997. "USGS: Science For a Changing World, Patuxent Bird Population Studies - Carolina Wren" (On-line). Accessed March 14, 2001 at http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i7180id.html.
Physical Description
Carolina wrens are small birds (though they larger than most Troglodytidae). They weigh about 20 g and are 12 to 14 cm long. Carolina wrens have a rusty-brown back and a lighter cinnamon-colored underside. Their throat and chin are white, and their wings and tail are brown with very fine black stripes. Carolina wrens also have a broad white stripe above each eye, which makes them easy to identify from other wrens. Carolina wrens have long, thin bills that curve downward. The top part of the bill (called the upper mandible) is dark, and the bottom part of the bill (called the lower mandible) is light-yellow. Carolina wrens have pink legs and long tails.
Male and female Carolina wrens are very similar. However, males are slightly heavier and often have longer bills, wings and tails. Young Carolina wrens look like adults, but are usually lighter colored.
Average mass: 20 g.
Range length: 12 to 14 cm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry ; polymorphic
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike; male larger; sexes shaped differently
Average mass: 17.5 g.
- Sauer, J. 1997. "USGS: Science For a Changing World, Patuxent Bird Population Studies - Carolina Wren" (On-line). Accessed March 14, 2001 at http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i7180id.html.
Length: 14 cm
Weight: 21 grams
Diagnostic Description
Differs from Bewick's wren in having buffy (vs. whitish) underparts and in lacking white on the tail.
Carolina wrens inhabit a wide variety of habitat types from brushy clearcuts to wooded swamps. Moist woodlands are a preferred habitat type, and moderate to dense shrub or brushy cover is an important habitat requirement. Examples of Carolina wren habitats include wooded riparian zones, wooded swamps, thickets, shrubbery, undergrowth, masses of logs, decaying timber, farmyards, forests, suburban gardens, live oak and palmetto hummocks, isolated clumps of trees in prairies, and old sheds.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; forest ; scrub forest
Wetlands: swamp
Other Habitat Features: suburban ; agricultural ; riparian
- Hill Collins, Jr., H., N. Boyajian. 1965. Familiar Garden Birds of America. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc.
Habitat and Ecology
- Terrestrial
Comments: Open deciduous woodland, mostly in undergrowth and thickets; parks; also shrubbery of residential areas, hammocks, swamps, pine barrens; humid forest edge and clearings.
Nests in small niche or cavity in tree trunk or stump, in a crotch, among roots, in a bank, or among low undergrowth, usually less than 3 m above ground; also nests in various cavities or niches around buildings (Harrison 1978), including potted plants.
Carolina wrens can live in many different types of habitats. They prefer wooded areas that are moist rather than dry. They also need dense shrubs or brush for hiding and feeding. Some of the habitats where you might find Carolina wrens include wooded areas along streams and swamps, in thickets and shrubbery, in piles of logs or decaying wood, farmyards, forests, suburban gardens, live oak and palmetto hummocks, isolated clumps of trees in prairies, and old sheds.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; forest ; scrub forest
Wetlands: swamp
Other Habitat Features: suburban ; agricultural ; riparian
- Hill Collins, Jr., H., N. Boyajian. 1965. Familiar Garden Birds of America. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc.
Non-Migrant: Yes. At least some populations of this species do not make significant seasonal migrations. Juvenile dispersal is not considered a migration.
Locally Migrant: No. No populations of this species make local extended movements (generally less than 200 km) at particular times of the year (e.g., to breeding or wintering grounds, to hibernation sites).
Locally Migrant: No. No populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km.
Trophic Strategy
Carolina wrens are ground-foraging insectivores. They eat a large variety of insects and spiders opportunistically, without showing much preference. Carolina wrens search for food by using their bills to move brush and vegetation, to search under brush piles, in masses of logs and decaying timber, under upturned roots, under tree bark, and around the banks of swamps. As ground feeders, Carolina wrens are vulnerable to harsh winters. During long winters, this species is often forced to retreat to man-made feeding stations and brush piles. Though they primarily feed on the ground, Carolina wrens may also be seen climbing tree trunks in a manner similar to creepers, prying under bark and in crevices.
A study of the stomach contents of 291 Carolina wrens found that 94% of the food was animal matter, while the remaining 6% was vegetable matter. The stomach contents broke down as follows: 22% caterpillars and moths, 19% bugs (including stick bugs, soldier bugs, leaf-legged bugs, leaf hoppers, and chinch bugs), 14% beetles (including ground beetles, weevils, cucumber beetles, bean leaf beetles, and flea beetles), 13% grasshoppers, crickets, and cockroaches, 11% spiders, 5% ants, bees, and wasps, 3% flies. Millipedes, sowbugs, snails, and cotton-boll weevils made up a small percentage of stomach contents. In a few rare instances, lizard, frog and snake remains were also found. The 6% vegetable matter was composed of bayberry seeds, sweet gum, poison ivy, sumac, acorn mast and weeds.
Animal Foods: amphibians; reptiles; insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods; mollusks
Plant Foods: seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit
Primary Diet: carnivore (Insectivore )
Comments: Eats mainly arthropods (Terres 1980); also sometimes small amphibians or reptiles, and some seeds. Picks food items from ground or gleans from foliage, logs, branches, and stems.
Food Habits
Carolina wrens are insectivores. They eat many different insects and spiders. They feed mostly on the ground, and seem to eat whatever they insects and spiders they find. Carolina wrens search for food by using their bills to move brush and vegetation, to search under brush piles, in decaying logs and trees, under tree bark, and around the banks of swamps. As ground feeders, Carolina wrens have trouble surviving long winters with a lot of snow. During harsh winters, Carolina wrens depend on bird feeders for food.
Scientists found that 94% of the food that Carolina wrens eat comes from animals (mostly insects) and 6% comes from plants (mostly seeds and fruit). Lepidoptera, bugs, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Blattaria, Aranaea, Apocrita were the most common animal foods that Carolina wrens ate. Bayberry seeds, sweet gum, poison ivy, sumac, acorns and weeds were some of the plant foods that Carolina wrens ate.
Animal Foods: amphibians; reptiles; insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods; mollusks
Plant Foods: seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit
Carolina wrens affect the populations of the insects and spiders they eat, and provide valuable food for their predators. They compete with other cavity-nesting species for nest sites. They also provide habitat for various parasites, including mites, lice, ticks, and blowfly larvae.
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
- mites
- lice
- ticks
- blowfly larvae
Predation of adult carolina wrens has not been documented. However, birds such as blue jays, Cooper's hawks and sharp-shinned hawks are likely predators.
Carolina wren eggs and nestlings are vulnerable to predation by raccoons, black rat snakes, gray squirrels, mink, gray foxes and eastern chipmunks.
When approached by a predator, Carolina wrens may call in alarm or chase after the predator, sometimes pecking at it.
Known Predators:
- blue jays
- Cooper's hawks
- sharp-shinned hawks
- raccoons
- black rat snakes
- gray squirrels
- mink
- gray foxes
- eastern chipmunks
Ecosystem Roles
Carolina wrens affect the populations of the insects and spiders they eat, and provide valuable food for their predators. They compete with other cavity-nesting species for nest sites. They also provide habitat for various parasites, including mites, lice, ticks, and Protocalliphora.
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
- mites
- lice
- ticks
- Protocalliphora
Birds such as Cyanocitta cristata, Accipiter cooperii and Accipiter striatus are the most likely predators of adult Carolina wrens.
Carolina wren eggs and nestlings are eaten by Procyon lotor, Elaphe obsoleta, Sciurus carolinensis, Mustela vision, Urocyon cinereoargenteus and Tamia striatus.
When predators come near, Carolina wrens may call in alarm or chase after the predator, sometimes pecking at it.
Known Predators:
- Cyanocitta cristata
- Accipiter cooperii
- Accipiter striatus
- Procyon lotor
- Elaphe obsoleta
- Sciurus carolinensis
- Mustela vision
- Urocyon cinereoargenteus
- Tamia striatus
Population Biology
Number of Occurrences
Note: For many non-migratory species, occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations.
Estimated Number of Occurrences: 81 to >300
Global Abundance
10,000 to >1,000,000 individuals
General Ecology
Pairs stay together on territory after breeding season.
Life History and Behavior
Carolina wrens communicate using physical displays and vocalizations. Examples of physical displays employed by Carolina wrens include courtship displays (described in "Mating Systems") and agonistic displays that involve holding the body horizontal with the wings held out, the tail fanned and the head and bill pointed at the intruder. Physical displays are often accompanied by vocalizations.
The song of Carolina wrens is loud and high pitched. It consists of varied sounds including: trills, clacks, chatters (mostly used by females) and rattles. Songs normally contain 3 to 5 identical syllables, each containing 2 to 12 notes. The frequency has an average range of 1.8-4.5 kHz. The phonetic translation of these songs has been described as: TEA-kettle, TWEEdle, SWEETheart, CHE-wortle, and CHOO-wee. While females produce the basic sounds, only male Carolina wrens produce songs. The sounds and songs of this species can be used in a number of situations. A few of these instances include: to threaten a predator or another wren, in interspecific mobbing, during territorial defense, to indicate mood, for appeasement between mates, as a "distress" call, to differentiate rivals by sex, etc. Carolina wrens sing at all times of the year and all times of the day, but they are heard most frequently during late winter and early spring.
Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Communication and Perception
Carolina wrens communicate using body signals and calls and songs. For example, Carolina wrens may use body signals to threaten another wren that enters their territory. To do this, a Carolina wren will hold their wings out, fan their tail and point their bill at the intruder.
Carolina wrens' songs are loud and high pitched. They sound like TEA-kettle, TWEEdle, SWEETheart, CHE-wortle, or CHOO-wee. Females are able to make sounds, but only males are able to make songs. The sounds and songs are used in many different situations. For examples, Carolina wrens may call or sing when they threaten a predator or another wren, while defending their territory, or to signal distress. Carolina wrens sing and call year-round.
Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic
Life Expectancy
The oldest known Carolina wren lived at least 6 years and 1 month.
Range lifespan
Status: wild: 6.1 (high) years.
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 111 months.
The oldest known Carolina wren lived at least 6 years and 1 month.
Range lifespan
Status: wild: 6.1 (high) years.
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 111 months.
Lifespan, longevity, and ageing
Carolina wrens are monogamous. Breeding pairs remain together for many years until one member of the pair dies or disappears. Male Carolina wrens put on an elaborate show in order to attract a mate. Their courtship involves encircling a female wren in a stiff, hopping, pattern while puffing out the feathers and fanning the tail. Occasionally a male will bring an offering of food to entice the female.
Mating System: monogamous
Carolina wrens breed between March and October. Both members of a breeding pair work together to build a suitable nest. Nest construction takes place in the morning hours, and lasts up to one week. The first nests of the season are often larger and more time consuming than later nests. Carolina wrens will build their nests in a wide variety of natural and artificial sites. These include upturned roots, tree stumps, vine tangles, conifer branches, overhangs, abandoned woodpecker holes, boxes, tin cans, old shoes, mailboxes, old articles of clothing and furniture, window sills and coffee pots. The nests are usually built of twigs, grasses, weeds, leaves, mosses, pine needles, bits of bark and found objects such as hair, string, feathers, etc. The average nest is 8 to 23 cm long and 8 to 15 cm wide, and is usually less than 1.8 m above the ground. Nests are not reused for additional broods.
Females lay 3 to 7 (average 4) eggs at a rate of one per day. Eggs are usually laid within 1 to 2 hours of sunrise. Egg laying can begin as early as March in southern populations, and can continue through the summer. Carolina wrens nesting in the northern part of the range generally raise two broods per year, while pairs in the souther part of the range can raise up to three broods. Eggs are generally light cream to pinkish-white and spotted with dark purple to brown flecks near the ends of the egg. Carolina wrens' eggs are oval shaped and about 18 mm long.
The female incubates the eggs for 12 to 16 days. Meanwhile, the male spends his time gathering and delivering food to the female. The eggs usually hatch within one hour of each other. The newly hatched young have closed eyes (which open in three days), pale gray down, translucent pink skin and a yellow bill. They are fed immediately upon emerging.
During the first four days after hatching, the young are brooded intensively by the female. After this, the female continues to brood the young at night. The young are fed butterfly and moth larvae, crickets, grasshoppers and beetles by both parents.
The chicks leave the nest 12 to 14 days after hatching. After much coaxing from parents (for instance, adults will decrease food deliveries) the young depart the nest by hopping and flying erratically. The parents continues to visit the young, who remain together, for feeding purposes for weeks after they depart. The young become independent about 4 weeks after fledging. The young Carolina wrens are able to breed the first spring following their birth.
Breeding interval: Carolina wrens may raise up to three broods per summer.
Breeding season: Carolina wrens breed between March and October.
Range eggs per season: 3 to 7.
Average eggs per season: 4.
Range time to hatching: 12 to 16 days.
Range fledging age: 12 to 14 days.
Average time to independence: 4 weeks.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1 years.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1 years.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; oviparous
Average eggs per season: 5.
Carolina wrens share parental care. Both members of a breeding pair build the nest and feed the young. The female does all of the incubating of eggs and brooding of young. Meanwhile, the male brings food to the incubating female.
Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Male, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Male, Female)
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 1999. "Carolina Wren (Thryothorus Ludovicianus)" (On-line). Accessed March 14, 2001 at http://birds.cornell.edu/birdhouse/speciesaccounts/CAROLINAWREN.htm.
- Haggerty, T., E. Morton. 1995. Carolina Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus). Pp. 1-20 in A Poole, F Gill, eds. The Birds of North America, Vol. 188. Philadelphia, PA: The Academy of Natural Sciences, and Washington, DC: The American Ornithologists' Union.
- Hill Collins, Jr., H., N. Boyajian. 1965. Familiar Garden Birds of America. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc.
Clutch size is 4-8 (usually 5-6). Often produces two broods per year, sometimes three in the south. Incubation lasts 12-14 days, by female. Young are tended by both parents, leave nest at 12-14 days.
Carolina wrens are monogamous. Males and females form breeding pairs that remain together for many years. Male Carolina wrens try to attract a mate by performing courtship displays for her. They may hop around the female in a circle while puffing out their feathers and fanning their tail. They may also bring food to a female to try to attract her. This is called courtship feeding.
Mating System: monogamous
Carolina wrens breed between March and October. The male and female work together to build a nest. The nest is built in the mornings, and takes up to a week to build. Carolina wrens will build their nests in a wide variety of sites. These include upturned roots, tree stumps, vine tangles, conifer branches, overhangs, abandoned woodpecker holes, boxes, tin cans, old shoes, mailboxes, old articles of clothing and furniture, window sills and coffee pots. The nests are usually built of twigs, grasses, weeds, leaves, mosses, pine needles, bits of bark and found objects such as hair, string, feathers, etc. The average nest is 8 to 23 cm long and 8 to 15 cm wide. Nests are usually less than 1.8 m above the ground. Each nest is only used once.
Females lay 3 to 7 (average 4) eggs. One egg is laid each day in the early morning. The eggs are light cream to pinkish-white with dark spots near the ends. They are oval shaped and about 18 mm long. Females can begin laying eggs as early as March in southern populations and as early as April in northern populations. Carolina wrens nesting in the northern part of the range generally raise two broods per year, while pairs in the souther part of the range can raise up to three broods.
The female incubates the eggs for 12 to 16 days. Meanwhile, the male spends his time gathering food and delivering it to the female. When the chicks hatch, they are helpless. They have closed eyes (which open after three days), pale gray down, translucent pink skin and a yellow bill.
The female broods the chicks for the first four days after hatching. This protects them and keeps them warm. After four days, the female broods the chicks mostly at night. Both parents feed the chicks butterfly and moth larvae, crickets, grasshoppers and beetles.
The chicks leave the nest after 12 to 14 days. After they leave the nest, the chicks stay together and the parents continue to feed them for about 4 weeks. The young Carolina wrens are able to breed the next spring when they are about a year old.
Breeding interval: Carolina wrens may raise up to three broods per summer.
Breeding season: Carolina wrens breed between March and October.
Range eggs per season: 3 to 7.
Average eggs per season: 4.
Range time to hatching: 12 to 16 days.
Range fledging age: 12 to 14 days.
Average time to independence: 4 weeks.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1 years.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1 years.
Key Reproductive Features: seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)
Average eggs per season: 5.
Male and female Carolina wrens both care for their young. The male and female work together to build the nest and feed the chicks. The female incubates the eggs and broods the young herself. While she is doing this, the male brings food to her.
Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Male, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Male, Female)
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 1999. "Carolina Wren (Thryothorus Ludovicianus)" (On-line). Accessed March 14, 2001 at http://birds.cornell.edu/birdhouse/speciesaccounts/CAROLINAWREN.htm.
- Haggerty, T., E. Morton. 1995. Carolina Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus). Pp. 1-20 in A Poole, F Gill, eds. The Birds of North America, Vol. 188. Philadelphia, PA: The Academy of Natural Sciences, and Washington, DC: The American Ornithologists' Union.
- Hill Collins, Jr., H., N. Boyajian. 1965. Familiar Garden Birds of America. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc.
Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Barcode data: Thryothorus ludovicianus
The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.
There are 8 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank.
Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species.
See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.
-- end --
Download FASTA File
Statistics of barcoding coverage: Thryothorus ludovicianus
Public Records: 7
Specimens with Barcodes: 7
Species With Barcodes: 1
Conservation Status
Because Carolina wrens are highly adaptable and able to inhabit a range of habitats, this species is common and widespread. With an estimated global population of 17,000,000 individuals, this species is thriving, and its range is increasing. Humans do manage for Carolina wrens in the northern part of their range where harsh winters can severely impact populations. During harsh winters, conservation organizations may place nest boxes in the wrens' habitat to aid in survival. These boxes are used for roosting and nesting.
US Migratory Bird Act: protected
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
Red List Criteria
Year Assessed
National NatureServe Conservation Status
Rounded National Status Rank: N4 - Apparently Secure
United States
Rounded National Status Rank: N5 - Secure
NatureServe Conservation Status
Rounded Global Status Rank: G5 - Secure
Reasons: Widespread and common; persists near human habitation.
Carolina wrens are very adaptable and are able to live in many different habitats. This ability has helped Carolina wrens to remain common and widespread. There are about 17,000,000 Carolina wrens in the world.
Humans do help Carolina wrens in the northern part of their range where harsh winters can kill a lot of birds. In northern areas, people build nest boxes that the wrens can use for roosting and nesting.
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
US Migratory Bird Act: protected
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
There are no known negative effects of Carolina wrens on humans.
We do not know of any way in which Carolina wrens affect humans.
Economic Importance for Humans: Negative
There are no known negative effects of Carolina wrens on humans.
Economic Importance for Humans: Positive
We do not know of any way in which Carolina wrens affect humans.
Carolina wren
The Carolina wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus) is a common species of wren that is a resident in the eastern half of the United States of America, the extreme south of Ontario, Canada, and the extreme northeast of Mexico. Severe winters restrict the northern limits of their range while favorable weather conditions lead to a northward extension of their breeding range. Their preferred habitat is in dense cover in forests, farm edges and suburban areas. This wren is the state bird of South Carolina.
There are seven recognized subspecies across the range of these wrens and they differ slightly in song and appearance. The birds are generally inconspicuous, avoiding the open for extended periods of time. When out in the open, they investigate their surroundings and are rarely stationary. After finding a mate, pairs maintain a territory and stay together for several years. Both sexes give out alarm calls, but only males sing to advertize territory. Carolina wrens raise multiple broods during the summer breeding season, but can fall victim to brood parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds, among other species. Some populations have been affected by mercury contamination.
The Carolina wren was first described under the name of Sylvia ludoviciana by John Latham in 1790.[4][note 1] Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot considered all wrens under the genus Troglodytes and called the Carolina wren Troglodytes arundinaceus but placed it subsequently in a separate genus Thryothorus (initially misspelled Thriothorus [2]) that he created in 1816.[7] Thryothorus is of Greek origin from the combination of thryon (rush, reed) and thouros (derivative of verb throskein to leap up, spring, jump at) which means 'Reed Jumper'; its specific name ludovicianus is a post-classical Latin term for Ludovicus (derivative from Louis XIV) that means 'of Louisiana' that identifies the locality of the specimen collected near New Orleans.[8][9]
There are seven recognized subspecies of the Carolina wren:[4][10]
T. l. ludovicianus (Latham, 1790) - Southeast Canada (Southern Ontario, irregularly in Eastern and Southern Quebec) and the eastern United States (Southern Wisconsin and New England southward to Texas and northern Florida).
T. l. miamensis Florida wren (Ridgway, 1875) - Florida from approximately 30 degrees (Gainesville) region southward through the rest of the state.
T. l. nesophilus (Stevenson, 1973) - Dog Island in Northwestern Florida.
T. l. burleighi - Burleigh's Carolina wren (Lowery, 1940) Offshore islands off of the Mississippi coast: Cat Island, Ship Island (Mississippi), and Horn Island.
T. l. lomitensis - Lomita wren (Sennett, 1890) southern Texas to the extreme northeast of Mexico (Tamaulipas).
T. l. berlandieri - Berlandier's wren (S. F. Baird, 1858) Northeastern Mexico (eastern Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and southwestern Tamaulipas)
T. l. tropicalis - Northeastern Mexico (eastern San Luis Potosi and southern Tamaulipas).
T. ludovicianus is traditionally placed within its own genus as its only representative of North America, but recent DNA work suggests it is closely allied with the Bewick's wren.[11] A distinct population in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico, Belize, Nicaragua, and in Guatemala is treated as a separate species, either known as Cabot's wren or white-browed wren (Thryothorus albinucha).[4][12] It is considered a subspecies of T. ludovicianus by some authors, however.[10]
At 12.5 to 14 cm (4.9 to 5.5 in) long, with a 29 cm (11 in) wingspan and a weight of about 18 to 23 g (0.63 to 0.81 oz), the Carolina wren is a fairly large wren; the second largest in the United States species after the cactus wren. Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 5.4 to 6.4 cm (2.1 to 2.5 in), the tail is 4.5 to 5.6 cm (1.8 to 2.2 in), the culmen is 1.4 to 1.8 cm (0.55 to 0.71 in) and the tarsus is 2 to 2.3 cm (0.79 to 0.91 in).[4] Sexual dimorphism is slight with males being larger than their mates. A study indicated that out of 42 mated pairs, all but one of male was larger than the female of the pair. The males were on average 11 percent heavier along with having longer wing chords.[13]
There are several differences among the subspecies. For T. l. ludovicianus, the crown is rich brown that appears more chestnut-colored on its rump and uppertail-coverts. Shoulders and greater coverts are a rich brown, with a series of small white dots on the lesser primary coverts. The secondary coverts are rich brown with a darker brown barring on both webs; the bars on the primaries are on the outerwebs only, but darker and more noticeable. The retrices are brown with 18 to 20 bars that span across the tail. The white supercilious streak borders thinly with a black above and below, and extends above and beyond its shoulders. The ear coverts are speckled gray and grayish-black. Its chin and throat are grey that becomes buff on its chest, flank and belly, though the latter two are of a warmer color. The underwing coverts sport a grayish buff color. Its iris is reddish-brown, the upper mandible is lemon-colored and paler at the base and lower mandible. The legs are flesh-colored.[4]
As for the other subspecies in contrast to T. l. ludovicianus, T. l. berlandieri is of a slightly smaller build, but possesses a larger bill, the upperparts are duller brown with deeper colored underparts, T. l. lomitensis is of a duller color (than either ludovicianus or berlandieri) with its underparts either pale or almost white, T. l. miamensis contains darker rusty chestnut upperparts and deeper colored below. T. l. burleighi is duller and sootier with less distinct tail markings, T. l. mesophilus has paler underparts and a whiter supercilium, and T. l. tropicalis is darker than all races, and contains heavier bars than T. l. berlandieri.[4]
The juvenile T.l. ludovicianus is similar in appearance, but the plumage is generally paler with a softer texture with buff-tipped wing coverts, a superciliary streak is less white, a fluffy vent and crissum (flanks) without bars.[4][14] In August and September, the partial plumage molt for the post-juvenile wrens is darker in color and affects the contour plumage, wing coverts, tail and develops a whiter superciliary stripe. The post-nuptial molt for adults in the same time period is more pronounced in color than the spring molt, with both sexes similar in appearance.[14]
Life span[edit]
Survival rates differ by region. A male captured in Arkansas lived to be at least 73 months old, and in Alabama, the oldest female and male captured were six and ten years old, respectively. A mark-and-recapture analysis of the wrens analyzing survival probability within the Southeastern United States captured was monitored from 1992 to 2003. Roughly 90 percent of the banded wrens died within 10 years.[15]
Similar species[edit]
The easiest species to confuse with the Carolina wren is Bewick's wren,[16] which differs in being smaller but with a longer tail, grayer-brown above and whiter below. The Carolina and white-browed wrens differ from the house wren in being larger, with a decidedly longer bill and hind toe; their culmen has a notch behind the tip.[17]
Habitat and distribution[edit]
These birds are largely resident, and will only disperse beyond their range after mild winters.[4] Carolina wrens sporadically breed as far north as Maine and Quebec after mild winters.[4][18] In certain parts of their range, such as most of Iowa, prolonged periods of snow can curtail potential expansion.[19] Permanent breeding locations range from eastern Nebraska, southern Michigan, southeast Ontario and the New England states to Mexican states such as Coahuila, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí and Tamaulipas and the Gulf Coast of the United States.[15] Local occurrences with infrequent and likely breeding locations include southeast South Dakota, central Kansas, eastern Colorado, western Oklahoma and Texas as far as Maine and New Brunswick.[15] There have been occasional vagrants spotted in Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, Wyoming, South Dakota, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, and the Gulf of St. Lawrence.[4][18]
The range of the wrens increased northward and westward in several regions over the past few centuries. In Massachusetts, the wrens had expanded westward and northeastward from its former southeastern location in approximately 35 years, in New York the population increased three-fold in roughly 25 years, while in midwest states such as Ohio and Michigan have seen numbers of the birds increase since the mid-1800s and early 1900s, respectively.[15] Expansion around Ontario occurred since early reports in 1890 and 1905. Explanations given include infrequent winter storms in the 20th century, expanded forest habitats, and the wrens taking advantage of urban areas containing feeders, especially in winter.[15]
Carolina wrens adapt to various habitats. Natural habitats include various types of woodland such as oak hardwoods and mixed oak-pine woodlands, ash and elmwoods, hickory-oak woodlands with a healthy amount of tangled undergrowth.[4][20] The preferred habitats are riparian forests, brushy edges, swamps, overgrown farmlands, and suburban yards with abundant thick shrubs and trees, and parks.[4][20] It has an affinity for dilapidated buildings and unkempt yards in man-made areas.[20] Subspecies burleighi and neophilus inhabit slash pine and palmettos.[4][20]
Song and calls[edit]
Carolina wrens sing year round and at any point during the daytime, with the exception of performing during the most harsh weather conditions.[20] The birds are also the only species in the Certhiidae family that neither sings in duet nor has their song control regions affect repertoire size.[21] Males alone sing, and have a repertoire of at least twenty different phrase patterns and on average, thirty two.[21][22] One of these patterns is repeated for several minutes, and although the male's song can be repeated up to twelve times, the general amount of songs range from three to five times in repetition. While singing, the tail of the birds is pointed downward. Some general vocalizations have been transcribed as teakettle-teakettle-teakettle and cheery-cheery-cheery.[20][14] Various descriptions of the teakettle song include whee-udel, whee-udel, whee-udel, che-wortel, che-wortel and túrtee-túrtee-túrtee and familiar names and phrases such as sweet heart, sweet heart, come to me, come to me, sweet William, and Richelieu, Richelieu.[14]
Males are capable of increasing their repertoire through song learning, but due to their sedentary nature and territorial defense habits, the song learning must occur within the first three months of life.[23] Geographic barriers affect song repertoire size from male wrens, as one study indicated that distances separated as close as 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) by water barriers can have the same effect as that of a distance of 145 kilometres (90 mi) in the mainland with no barriers.[23]
Female Carolina wrens possess song control regions that would appear to make them capable of singing with repertoires like the male. Due to vocalizations that they occasionally make with the male, it has been suggested that song perception plays a role and is of behavioral relevance.[21]
Different subspecies have variations in songs and calls, such as miamensis having a more rapid song that contains more notes than the races that are further north.[4]
Their songs can be confused with the Kentucky warbler. The song patterns are similar, but is of a different quality, as the warbler's songs is described as richer, with more ringing and a hurried pace.[20] Other bird species that have their songs described as akin to the wrens are the flicker, Baltimore oriole, gray catbird, and more specifically the peto, peto, peto calls of the tufted titmouse, and whistles of the northern cardinal.[14] Occasionally, the wrens mimic other species, and in Pennsylvania it has led for it to be also known as the 'Mocking wren'.[4]
Sexual selection[edit]
A 2006 study suggested that the correlation of tail length and body size in males, wing length in females, and lifespan for both sexes were signs of individual quality, and the wrens of high quality tend to mate with like individuals. The courting and antagonistic encounters that involve the tail fanning and wing drooping was suggested to be a possible signaling use. Age and life experience are not thought of as significant for potential mates due to their relatively short lifespan and sedentary lifestyle. Due to the large size of male wrens and the male's vigor in defending its territory, intrasexual selection was given as a possible explanation for the sexual dimorphism.[13]
Territorial and predator defense[edit]
Both sexes are involved in defending the territory. One aspect of territorial defense involves identifying the proximity of the threat based on the loudness of bird song as well as the level of degradation of the calls. In experiments involving playback, the wrens are capable of discriminating between degraded and undegraded songs, as well as degraded songs in the same acoustic conditions, and can detect changes of acoustic properties within their territories, such as songs under foliage.[24] Song degradation can also be used to determine the proximity of potential intruders. If the song of a bird appears to be degraded, the wrens will assume that the threat is distant not respond; if the song is not degraded, they respond by attacking.[25] Not all birds within their territory are potential enemies. Some species of birds that are neighbors are designated as 'dear-enemies' by the wrens, and the responses to neighbors and intruders in their territories differ by the season. In spring, the wrens respond more aggressively toward neighbors, though in the fall, no major discrepancy in responses is shown.[26] When protecting their nest, alarm calls are the general response. The wrens judge the size of the potential threat, such as a blue jay and avoid the risk of injury when attacking.[27] Countersinging produced by intruder birds is more likely to be taken as an aggressive threat to male Carolina wrens.[28]
Both males and females utilize calls in alarm situations, especially in territorial disputes and encounters with predators. Males alone produce the cheer call, which can sound indistinct. In southern regions of their range, the sound males use in alarm disputes is a ringing pink or p'dink sound. Females are the only ones that can perform the paired dit-dit or chatter sounds. The former can be used in territorial disputes with predators, and with at least northern populations the songs are used in alternation with the males cheer chant. The chatter is used exclusively with territorial encounters with male song, and the song can either follow or overlap her mate's song.[21][29]
Carolina wrens spend the majority of their time on or near the ground searching for food, or in tangles of vegetation and vines. They also probe bark crevices on lower tree levels, or pick up leaf-litter in order to search for prey. Their diet consists of invertebrates, such as beetles, true bugs, grasshoppers, katydids, spiders, ants, bees, and wasps. Small lizards and tree frogs also make up the carnivorous portion of their diet. Vegetable matter makes up a small percentage of their diets, such as fruit pulp and various seeds. In the northern portion of their range, they frequent bird feeders.[4][20]
Carolina wrens are wary, and are more often heard than seen. When on the ground, they move in jerky hops pillaging through various objects, whether man-made or natural.[20] While moving abruptly, they pause momentarily for chattering or singing.[14] When stationary, they move in twitched motions, jerking their breast around.[20] They also sun- or sand-bathe.[30] The wrens also displays a skittish behavior when encountered by humans, as they can be seen thrusting off into cover slowly if approaching is detected. However, they occasionally seek out humans that are near, so long as there is no movement from them.[14] Other movements involve being capable of crawling like a creeper and hanging upside-down like a nuthatch.[20]
Flights are generally of short duration, rapid, low-leveled, and wavelike. The wings during flight are flapped rapidly, and are frequently used during foraging. They are also capable of flying vertically from the base of a tree to the top in a single wing assisted bound.[4][20]
Carolina wrens are both genetically and socially monogamous and will usually mate for life. Mate changing is rare,[13] and there has been one possible instance of polygamy.[4] During the winter season, males are more responsible for guarding the territory. Females vary in succeeding to maintain winter territories without a mate.[4] It has been suggested that the possibility of desertion and decline in care-taking from males along with the need for security in resources year-round prevent extra pair copulations from females, as the mortality rate for Carolina wrens peaks during the winter.[31] Along with thermoregulatory benefits, roosting is thought to reinforce pair-bonding and prevent divorce between mates.[32]
The nests are arch-shaped structures with a side entrance and built of dried plants or strips of bark, as well as horsehair, string, wool and snake sloughs. Males obtain nesting materials while the females remains at the site to construct the nest. Nests are located in fragmented or complete cavities in trees, or in man-made structures such as bird-boxes, buildings, tin cans, mailboxes or unorthodox places such as pockets of hanging jackets in sheds or in a tractor in everyday use.[14][4] Nests are from 1–3 m (3.3–9.8 ft) from the ground and are rarely higher. They occasionally can be built in sloping locations or at ground level.[4]
Egg laying dates and clutch size vary by region; in Texas the time period is from late February to late August, in Iowa it ranges from late April to June.[12][19] The clutch size is generally 3 to 6 eggs, but can reach as high as seven in Texas.[4][12] The eggs are creamy white with brown or reddish-brown spots, and are more heavily marked at the broad end.[4] The eggs are incubated by the female for 12–16 days. After the young hatch, they are fed exclusively on invertebrates and they fledge in 12–14 days. As many as three broods may be raised by a pair in a single breeding season.[4] In one study, three of the 70 fledglings remained or defended territory adjacent to the natal area.[15]
Male and females are involved in the process of provisioning at similar rates throughout most nest stages, with the males providing slightly more in the nestling stages. Both sexes increase their provision rates as the nestlings grow in age.[33]
Predation and threats[edit]
Brood parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds is common, with up to 25% of Carolina wren nests being affected in certain regions such as Oklahoma and Alabama.[4][15] Cowbird parasitism peaks in April at 41%, and is as low as 8% and 0% in July and August, respectively. Female cowbirds sometimes eject Carolina wren eggs before laying their own, and even if host eggs are retained, the size of cowbird eggs negatively affect the hatching success of wren eggs. As a result, cowbirds may have a significant impact on the reproductive success of wrens.[4][15] The feeding rate for cowbird nestlings is higher than wren feeding rates, and some have been raised to independence.[15] This also can be detrimental to the survival of wren nestlings.[15] A rare instance of brood-parasitism by a House finch has been recorded.[15][34] The rate of brood parasitism is thought to be lower in more natural and concealed nesting locations.[15] Body parasites such as the larvae of blowflies feed on nestlings and the blood loss weakens nestlings.[15] Fellow species of wren such as Bewick's wren and the winter wren compete for nesting locations and food, respectively.[15]
In Virginia, some Carolina wrens populations show high levels of mercury in their blood and this is acquired from feeding all-year-round on spiders.[35][note 2] Spiders being at a higher trophic levels contain a higher concentrations of mercury (through biomagnification) than herbivorous invertebrates. As these wrens are year-round residents, they are at a higher risk than other species to acquire mercury in its blood. Nest abandonment and failure to raise young were more common with higher mercury content.[35] Exposure, and prolonged periods of cold, ice, and snow is thought to affect the wren nestling and adult populations, respectively.[15] Wrens that outlast those winters reside in sheltered areas during the season.[14]
Among the top predators of adult Carolina wrens are domestic cats, and snakes such as the canebrake rattlesnake.[36][37] Racoons and black rat snakes also feed on wren eggs and nestlings.[15]
In Culture[edit]
In 1930, the South Carolina Federated Women's club adopted the Carolina wren as the unofficial state bird over the eastern mourning dove and pushed for its official state adoption until 1939, when the South Carolina Legislature named the northern mockingbird as the state bird. In 1948, the legislature repealed their previous decision, and the wren became the official state bird.[38]
In 2000, the Carolina wren was featured on the back of the South Carolina edition of the 50 State Quarters.[39]
- ^ Johann Friedrich Gmelin wrongly associated the Carolina wren with the European wrens under the name Motacilla troglodytes (originally coined by Carl Linnaeus in Systema Naturae)[5] in 1788.[4][6]
- ^ The North Folk Holston and South Rivers were used in the study and were both contaminated by industrial activity.
- ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Thryothorus ludovicianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ^ a b David, Normand; & Dubois, Alain (2011). "The original spellings of Thryothorus Vieillot, 1816 (Vertebrata, Aves): a correction". Zootaxa 2918: 68–68.
- ^ Mayr, E. * J.C. Greenway, Jr., ed. (1960). Check-list of birds of the World. Volume IX. Cambridge, Mass.: Museum of Comparative Zoology. pp. 409–410.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Brewer, David (2001). Wrens, Dippers, and Thrashers. Yale University Press. pp. 132–4. ISBN 978-0-300-09059-8.
- ^ Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Tomus I. Editio Decima, Reformata (in Latin). Holmiae: Laurentius Salvius. p. 188.
- ^ Harding, J. (1824). Journal of the Academy of the Sciences of Philadelphia: Volume IV, Part I. Philadelphia: Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia. pp. 28–29.
- ^ Oberholser, Harry C. (1902). "A synopsis of the genus commonly called Anorthura". Auk: 175–181.
- ^ Sandrock, James (2014). The Scientific Nomenclature of Birds in the Upper Midwest. University of Iowa Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-1609382254.
- ^ Coues, Elliot (1882). Coues check list of North American Birds (2 ed.). Boston: Estes and Lauriat. p. 31.
- ^ a b "Carolina or White-browed Wren (Thryothorus [ludovicianus or albinucha])". AviBase. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
- ^ Mann, Nigel I.; Barker, F. Keith; Graves, Jeff A.; Dingess-Mann, Kimberly A. & Slater, Peter J.B. (2006). "Molecular data delineate four genera of "Thryothorus" wrens". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (3): 750–9. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.04.014. PMID 16750640.
- ^ a b c "Thryothorus ludovicianus". Texas A&M AgriLifeExtension. Texas A&M University. 2006. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
- ^ a b c Haggerty, Thomas M. (2006). "Sexual size dimorphism and assortative mating in Carolina Wrens". Journey of Field Ornithology 77 (3): 259–65. doi:10.1111/j.1557-9263.2006.00051.x.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Bent, Arthur C. (1948). "Life Histories of North American Nuthatches, Wrens, Thrashers, and their Allies: Order Passeriformes". Bulletin of the United States National Museum: 205–16. doi:10.5479/si.03629236.195.1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "The Birds of North America Online: Carolina Wren".
- ^ Martínez Gómez, Juan E.; Barber, Bruian R. & Peterson, A. Townsend (2005). "Phylogenetic position and generic placement of the Socorro Wren (Thryomanes sissonii)". The Auk 122: 50. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[0050:PPAGPO]2.0.CO;2.
- ^ Brattstrom, Bayard H. & Howell, Thomas R. (1956). "The Birds of the Revilla Gigedo Islands, Mexico". Condor 58 (2): 107–120. doi:10.2307/1364977.
- ^ a b Dunn, John Lloyd; Alderfer, Jonathan K. (2004). National Geographic Illustrated Birds of North America. National Geographic Books. p. 342. ISBN 978-1426205255.
- ^ a b Jackson, Laura Press (1996). The Iowa Breeding Bird Atlas. University of Iowa Press. pp. 266–7. ISBN 978-1426205255.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Dunne, Pete (2006). Pete Dunne's Essential Field Guide Companion: A Comprehensive Resource for Identifying North American Birds. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 479. ISBN 978-0-300-09059-8.
- ^ a b c d Nealen, Paul M.; Perkel, David J. (2000). "Sexual Dimorphism in the Song System of the Carolina Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus)". The Journal of Comparative Neurology 418 (4): 346–360.
- ^ Elliott, Lang (1999). Music of the Birds: A Celebration of Bird Song. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 30. ISBN 978-0618006977.
- ^ a b Morton, Eugene S. (2005). "The Effects of Distance and Isolation on Song-type Sharing in the Carolina Wren". Wilson Bulletin 99 (4): 601–10.
- ^ Naguib, Marc (1995). "Ranging by Song in Carolina Wrens (Thryothorus ludovicianus): Effects of Environmental Acoustics and Strength of Song Degradation". Animal Behaviour 133: 541–559. doi:10.1163/156853996x00206.
- ^ Richards, Douglas G. (1981). "Estimation of the Distance of Singing Conspecifics by the Carolina Wren". The Auk 98: 127–33.
- ^ Hyman, Jeremy (2005). "Seasonal Variation in Response to Neighbors and Strangers by a Territorial Songbird". Ethology 111: 951–61. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2005.01104.x.
- ^ D'Orazio, Kelly; Neudorf, Diane L. H. (2008). "Nest Defense by Carolina Wrens". The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 120 (3): 467–72. doi:10.2307/20456180.
- ^ Hyman, Jeremy (2003). "Countersinging as a signal of aggression in a territorial songbird". Animal Behaviour 65: 1179–85. doi:10.1006/anbe.2003.2175.
- ^ Elliott, Lang (2004). Know Your Bird Sounds: Songs and calls of yard, garden, and city birds. Stackpole Books. p. 29. ISBN 978-0811729635.
- ^ Hauser, Doris C. (1957). "Some Obversations of Sun-bathing in Birds". The Wilson Bulletin 69 (1): 259–65.
- ^ Haggerty, Thomas M.; Morton, Eugene M.; Fleischer, Robert C. (2001). "Genetic Monogamy in Carolina Wrens (Thryothorus ludovicianus". The Auk 118 (1): 215–19. doi:10.1642/0004-8038.
- ^ Labinsky, Ronald F.; Arnett Jr., John E. (2006). "Pair Roosting of Carolina Wrens (Thryothorus ludovicianus)". The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 118 (4): 566–569.
- ^ Neudorf, Diane L. H.; Broddick, Mallory J.; Cureton II, James C. (2013). "Parental Provisioning by Carolina Wrens". The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 125 (1): 179–184. doi:10.1676/12-009.1.
- ^ Wood, Douglas R. & William A. Carter (2006). "Carolina Wren Nest Successfully Parasitized by House Finch". The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 118 (3): 413–415. doi:10.1676/05-102.1.
- ^ a b Jackson, Alison K.; Evers, David C.; Etterson, Matthew A.; Condon, Anne M.; Folsom, Sarah B.; Detweiler, Jennifer; Schmerfeld, John; Cristol, Daniel A. (2011). "Mercury Exposure Affects the Reproductive Success of a Free-Living Terrestrial Songbird, The Carolina Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus)". The Auk 65 (4): 759–769. doi:10.1525/auk.2011.11106.
- ^ Mitchell, Joseph C.; Beck, Ruth A. (1992). "Free-Ranging Domestic Cat Predation on Native Vertebrates in Rural and Native Virginia". Virginia Journal of Science 43 (1B): 197–208.
- ^ Parmley, Dennis; Parmley, Amanda M. (2001). "Food Habits of the Canebrake Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus atricaudatus) in Central Georgia". Georgia Journal of Science 59 (4): 172–80.
- ^ "South Carolina State Bird - Thryrothorus ludovicianus". NetState. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
- ^ "The Official South Carolina State Quarter". TheUS50. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
Names and Taxonomy
Comments: Population in Middle America (Yucatan Penninsula, plus isolated localities in Guatemala and Nicaragua) sometimes has been regarded as a distinct species, T. ALBINUCHA (e.g., Phillips 1986, who suspected that ALBINUCHA belongs in the genus TROGLODYTES).


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How do i re-install Win7 on my preinstalled Sony vaio laptop
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Rand Paul Got One (Huge) Thing Right
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Delusionary Washington: The Desperate Plight of a Declining Superpower
Emoti-Conned: Facebook's Messenger App Tracks Users' Very Specific Coordinates
The Pre-Charge Punishment of Julian Assange
By Chris Abani
Americans jonesing for a cigarette, or any other tobacco product, will soon have to take their business somewhere besides CVS/pharmacy.
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Before you rush out and follow Snoop Dogg's lead, you might read the fine print about a new NIH-funded study about moderate long-term marijuana use and its effects (or lack thereof) on lung function. On the other hand, the study makes a strong case for giving up cigarettes and rolling a joint.
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Scientists are now able to map the complete genetic codes of lung and skin cancer, and now an international effort is in motion to do the same for more varieties, including breast, stomach, liver, brain, mouth and pancreatic cancer.
The study results even surprised the UCLA researchers who were running the tests.
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The first car to be crushed under boy racer laws has been given a Facebook memorial.
The car was flattened this morning in Lower Hutt when police minister Anne Tolley used a remote control to trigger the Aljon Impact Five car crushing machine at Macaulay Metals.
The law it was crushed under - the Vehicle Confiscation and Seizure Bill in 2008 - was passed by National last term and earned Cabinet minister Judith Collins the sobriquet "Crusher Collins".
Tolley told Parliament's law and order select committee yesterday the car belonged to a "silly young man" who had been convicted of driving offences four times.
It was understood the driver of the vehicle was Paraparaumu Beach digger operator Daniel Ronald Briant, 19.
Briant created the memorial page after yesterday expressing his fears for the "Laurel".
He posted a cover photo of the car in full burnout mode on Facebook. "Long live the Laurel," responded one friend.
It took 49 seconds and 150 tonnes of pressure to crush the car.
Walking over to the foot-high lump of metal today, Tolley said it was "pretty effective".
"It's pretty graphic sort of consequences. If you're a car lover that's pretty devastating.
"It would be devastating for me if it was my car, but I don't hoon around neighbourhoods doing wheelies."
The Minister then stood defiantly atop the wreckage, posing for media photos.
Constable Jason Andrews said on one occasion Briant was caught doing burnouts in the middle of State Highway 1 near Paraparaumu in front of an off duty police officer.
He was arrested as he tried to change his "shredded tyres" in the Burger King car park nearby.
Tolley said less than three hours after receiving his third strike from the court Briant was back behind the wheel performing a burnout.
He lost control and crashed into a fence. It is understood he and a passenger fled the vehicle on foot.
He was awaiting sentencing on that fourth offence.
He had already been found guilty of driving while suspended, sustained loss of traction and dangerous driving leading to a 21 month disqualification.
Previously Milton teenager Karn Clarrie Forrest, 18, was to be the first to have his car crushed after notching up his third offence of wheel-spinning in December last year.
But the action, in April, was halted when police realised his 1982 Toyota Corolla DX had been switched before it could be taken to a Dunedin scrap metal yard.
There were 116 people on their second strike. "Those who are not clever enough to heed the warning should be aware that their cars could be seized and undergo a radical change in shape," Tolley said.
- Fairfax Media
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NEW YORK (GenomeWeb News) – Cepheid today said that the US Food and Drug Administration has categorized the firm's Xpert CT/NG test as moderate complexity under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments.
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The Guardian discusses whether big science projects are worth the loss of resources available for other scientific pursuits.
An NEJM update from the ClinVar team highlights the difficulties of interpreting genetic variants.
In Nature this week: genomic analysis of high-grade serous ovarian cancer, and more.
The new Riken president outlines some of his plans for the institute.
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The Dig Tree, by Sarah Murgatroyd
Where the Stress Falls, by Susan Sontag
The Long Recessional: The Imperial Life of Rudyard Kipling, by David Gilmour
Primo Levi, by Ian Thomson
Cigarettes, by Tara Parker-Pope
Saturday 15 February 2003
The Dig Tree, Sarah Murgatroyd, Bloomsbury, £7.99, 373pp
Though undeniably brave and charismatic, Robert Burke was not an ideal choice to lead the first trans-Australia expedition in 1860. As Sarah Murgatroyd points out in this thrilling yarn, the Melbourne policeman "was notorious for getting lost on his way home from the pub". His deputy John Wills, a quiet scientist, was more practical, but neither man was aware of conditions in "the driest region of the driest inhabited continent on earth". Their expedition was financed in some style by Melbourne citizenry (hence the choice of one of their own to lead it): 16 men and 25 camels set out. Their 12 tonnes of equipment included four enema kits and 12 dandruff brushes.
After a hellish time getting halfway across the endless Outback, Burke whittled his unwieldy force down to four. Burke and Wills made it to within 20 kilometres of the coast, but impassable mangrove swamps prevented them reaching the sea. Deserted by their waiting colleagues, Burke and Wills died on the return journey. The sole survivor died a few months after returning to Melbourne. The main reason for Burke's precipitate and ill-fated trek is that a rival expedition from Adelaide was hard on his heels. Led by John Stuart, an indomitable sourpuss, the Adelaide party made it to the north coast and back again, but it is the doomed Burke and Wills who are remembered. The death of Murgatroyd from breast cancer last year, aged 35, casts a sad shadow over this excellent book.
Where the Stress Falls, by Susan Sontag, Vintage, £7.99, 351pp
Ironic self-deprecation is not Susan Sontag's strong suit. Several items in her latest collection of essays might be Craig Brown parodies. From her catalogue for a Jasper Johns show: "The spoon is not quite grown-up in the way that the knife and fork are." Her account of directing Waiting for Godot in Sarajevo is particularly cringe-making: "The play now belonged to the actors and I knew it was in good hands ... my eyes began to sting with tears." Yet her essays are always passionate and perceptive. Many, such as the title piece about narrative pacing in novels, are unexpectedly enjoyable.
The Long Recessional: The Imperial Life of Rudyard Kipling, by David Gilmour, Pimlico, £15, 351pp
This is one of those rare biographies that leaves the reader clamouring for more. Gilmour's elegant account concentrates on Kipling the public figure. Much of what you learn is endearing. Kipling was free of humbug, writing openly about prostitution in 1895, when a quarter of the British army in India had syphilis. But he also harboured a mass of prejudices. He was against suffragettes, democracy and bungalows. His authorial identification with the glory of Empire switched to doom-mongering as the Imperial grip on India relaxed.
Primo Levi, by Ian Thomson, Vintage, £8.99, 626pp
Wonderfully perceptive on so many levels, it is all the more remarkable that this biography was written by a man who is neither Italian nor Jewish, born 16 years after Levi's release from Auschwitz. Thomson's account of the novelist's wartime experience – a scar as indelible as the number electrically tattooed on his arm – is graphic and chilling. Surprisingly, Levi's life after the war as a senior chemist, while writing The Periodic Table, was also profoundly stressful. Recurring depression prompted him to take his own life in 1987, yet this book is so beautifully written, so precise in its construction, that it is a joy to read.
Cigarettes, by Tara Parker-Pope, The New Press, £9.95, 192pp
Unlike Ian Gately's La Diva Nicotina, this is no paean to the dread weed, but neither is it an all-guns-blazing excoriation. The author is an ex-smoker who recognises that the tobacco industry is both remarkable and deadly. She snappily explores the history, promotion and risks of tobacco. A link was suggested between snuff and nose cancer as early as 1761. Today, tobacco is the "known or likely cause" of 25 diseases. Yet, as Parker-Pope points out, since smokers in the past have risked torture and execution, it is unlikely that lawyers, politicians or dire health warnings will kill the habit.
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Guitarist Claude Bourbon will make a return appearance at the Barton County Arts Center at 7:30 p.m. Sunday.
ELLINWOOD -The United Methodist Church women are sponsoring their 2nd Annual Delectable Delight Dessert Debut at 3 p.m. on Oct. 23 at 3 PM at the Ellinwood United Methodist Church. For $5 you may sample all the delicacies you can fit on your plate. Profits will go towards UMW missions.
This week's Chamber of Commerce Coffee will be hosted by the Salvation Army Thrift Store, 2545 10th Street, at 9:30 a.m., Thursday. Ambassador in charge will be Julie Smith with greeters Rebecca Ford and Karmi Green. Coffee, doughnuts and door prizes will be available.
The Great Bend Knights of Columbus will hold its annual chili and chicken noodle soup supper on Thursday. The come-and-go meal will be served from 4:30 to 7 p.m. at the Knights of Columbus hall, 723 Main, in Great Bend. Take-out meals will also be available. Unlike previous soup suppers where tickets could be purchased in advance, attendees this year can simply pay at the door. In addition to soup, the event will feature a variety of homemade desserts. A raffle will be held with prizes including cash, meat bundle and a flat screen TV. Proceeds from the ...
Dear Editor,
Berjuan Toys is already selling its Breast Milk Baby online ($70) and expects to have it in stores later this year.
DETROIT (AP) - Matthew Stafford's second touchdown pass put Detroit ahead in the third and Jahvid Best's 88-yard run later in the quarter gave the Lions a double-digit lead in a 24-13 win over the Chicago Bears on Monday night.
SALINA - McKenna Mauler, a sophomore, qualified for the Class 5A state tournament for the first time and Great Bend teammate Maddie Werth qualified for a second time during a regional at the par-70 Salina Municipal on Monday.
NEW YORK (AP) - Saying he was sad and sorry, NBA Commissioner David Stern canceled the first two weeks of the season Monday after players and owners were unable to reach a new labor deal to end the lockout.
HOISINGTON - The Hoisington High School girls' golf team qualified for the Class 3-1A state meet by winning its regional on Monday.
The Barton Community College women's soccer team battled through poor weather conditions and shut down Independence 2-0 Saturday at the soccer/track complex.
KANSAS CITY, Mo. (AP) - There are two ways to look at the Kansas City Chiefs right now.
Page 1716 of 2269
For something to be a scandal doesn't it have to be shocking? Doesn't it have to be surprising? That the leaders of FIFA, the governing body of worldwide soccer have been indicted for racketeering and bribery and money laundering certainly doesn't qualify then. There is nothing shocking or surprising about it. In fact, haven't we all said, "Ho hum, what else is new?"
Stephen Curry and LeBron James, this season's brightest stars taking basketball's biggest stage.
NEW YORK- Royals manager Ned Yost said Wednesday that Alex Rios, on a rehab assignment at Triple-A Omaha, will be re-evaluated on Thursday and could rejoin the team on Friday in Chicago for the series opener against the Cubs.
NEW YORK- Alex Rodriguez belted a go-ahead three-run homer and right-hander Michael Pineda delivered 6 2/3 superb innings as the Yankees completed a three-game sweep of the Royals with a 4-2 victory on Wednesday at Yankee Stadium.
Due to heavy rains today's 2-1A state baseball championships have been postponed to a noon start. "We will immediately play the next game after," said Christina Hayes of the Great Bend Rec Commission. "Depending on how long the games take, we might or might not be on schedule." "The games will be possible in Great Bend, other locations might not be so lucky," said Jeremy Holliday, KSHSAA official.
The circular towers that have been Great Bend landmarks since 1964 will start coming down Monday, June 1. During the month-long process, dust will be controlled and traffic will continue to flow.
Developments on the women-in-combat front are cause for concern, even for leftists that have made cognitive dissonance a way of life, because the women don't seem to be holding up their end of the ideological bargain.
And now, your weekly update from the world of poly ticks.
Between 500 and 1100 CE the treeless western Kansas plains were inhabited by people who made pottery and used spear throwers and the bow and arrow. They lived in small temporary houses with round packed-earth floors and ate deer, bison, pronghorn, fish, and small mammals. The Kansas Historical Society and the Kansas Anthropological Association will hold the annual Kansas Archeology Training Program (KATP) field school June 5-20 at a High Plains prehistoric village site located west of Hays in Ellis County.
Starting around Friday, May 29, the Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT) will begin an asphalt overlay project on US-281 Highway in Barton County, from the west US-281/K-4 junction continuing north 11 miles to the Barton/Russell County line. The purpose of this asphalt roadway surface milling and overlay project is to extend the life of the asphalt pavement and it is scheduled to be completed by the middle of July, depending on delays due to adverse weather conditions.
HAYS - Iola May Depperschmidt, 94, died on May 25th. She was born July 24, 1920.
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In the north of Brittany, the attractive seaside destination of Tréguier has everything that the yachting community may wish for: breathtaking scenery, access to beautiful nautical destinations, and a modern, secure and easily accessible dry port — West Riviera Yachting, now served by a completely new, bilingual website.
West Riviera Yachting offers a full range of services to boat owners who want to experience for themselves the beauty of Brittany: the dry-port facility is situated next to the deep-water port of Tréguier. Visitors will be given a full tour of the facilities when coming to the Tréguier marina. For those attending the Boat Show, in Southampton (England), between 14 and 23 September of this year, West Riviera Yachting will be on Stand No.F004.
West Riviera Yachting can meet all the expectations of sailing and motor-cruising enthusiasts, and is positioned close to Southern England and the Channel Islands, along the attractive northern Breton coastline. Tréguier and its marina represent an alternative to the congested ports on the British side of the Channel.
West Riviera Yachting features 8,200 m² of secure land (storage zones, eco-careenage area and technical area); 2,400 m² of covered storage facilities; up to 300 boats parked, all sizes included; handling without dismasting; an innovative lifting system without straps (hence, there are no constraints on the hull of the boat); secure and efficient wedging; and, last but not least, a clubhouse due to open very soon.
With its professional team of marine enthusiasts, West Riviera Yachting offers smooth and safe sailing-and-storage facilities. More particularly, the gentle, hazard-free handling is carried out thanks to Nautipartk® — the company's patented system of hydraulic trailers that makes it possible to transport each boat (without dismasting) directly from the slipway on to the storage area, which is clean, closed off and sheltered from prevailing winds.
West Riviera Yachting offers maintenance services that are both flexible and environmentally friendly. Hull-and-deck cleaning maintenance is performed in a dedicated facility. The rinsing water is recycled, while the residue of the cleaning process is treated on site; the dangerous waste, for its part, is sent to a certified treatment centre.
"We are proud that our environmental authority has granted West Riviera Yachting the ecological, anti-pollution Vague Bleue [literally, Blue Wave] label," explains Yann Huchet du Guermeur.
West Riviera Yachting has chosen not to rely on in-house repair services, so that clients can choose any service provider they want for repairs and maintenance: West Riviera Yachting has a list of trusted partners to choose from. Any repair job is done under the client's supervision.
"And if you are more do-it-yourself minded, you will have access to a technical area with [the provision of] air, water and electricity," adds Yann Huchet du Guermeur.
West Riviera Yachting offers tailor-made services: the company is committed to making its clients' boating experience as enjoyable as possible. "The West Riviera Yachting team sets everything up so that yachters are able to concentrate on the pleasures of sailing, with no constraints," explains Yann Huchet du Guermeur.
West Riviera Yachting can provide various dedicated services, such as organising the transfer of the boat owner from the nearest airport (or railway station) to the marina, or sorting out the victualling of the ship. When the owner of the boat arrives in Tréguier, everything can be set up so that he (or she) finds the ship moored to one of the pontoons of the marina (reserved for users of the dry port), ready to put to sea.
In the very near future, UniverSail, a specialist web portal, will carry a full catalogue of West Riviera Yachting services; it will enable boat owners to manage their ship's maintenance and handling operations remotely.West Riviera Yachting's dry-sailing solutions and wintering services are all priced very competitively, as sample prices quoted here (below) illustrate. The package of services offered by West Riviera Yachting simplifies matters for the boat owner and can encompass car-hire services, hotel bookings, etc.
- Overwintering services: A reserved site in the park is provided for the duration of the client's choice; handling and rinsing of the hull are included. For an 8.50-metre boat, with handling (out and back), for six months in the marina, the price is €820.
- Careenage: In an area that is clean and in compliance with the highest environmental standards (i.e. Vague Bleue Carénage-approved), for an 8.50-metre boat, the price is €75 (excluding handling). For this service, clients need to give 24 hours' notice.About Tréguier
West Riviera Yachting is a member of The Yacht Harbour Association (TYHA), based in Egham, in Surrey (England).
For further information about TYHA, please go to: http://www.tyha.co.uk/Default.asp
West Riviera Yachting will attend the Boat Show in Southampton (England) from 14 to 23 September 2012 (Stand No.F004).
For further information about the Boat Show, please go to: http://www.southamptonboatshow.com/2012/home.aspx
Tréguier's deep-water port, alongside the West Riviera Yachting dry port, is accessible at all times throughout the year and offers 45 places to passing yachtsmen and yachtswomen.For further information about West Riviera Yachting, please go to: www.westrivierayachting.com
Katherine Woods | UBIFRANCE
Further information:
Further reports about: > Riviera > TYHA > Tréguier marina > West Riviera Yachting > Yachting > boat owners > storage zones
We will find "the fly in the ointment" and show it to you
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JULABO – the 'World of Temperature' with many novelties
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Physicists have developed an innovative method that could enable the efficient use of nanocomponents in electronic circuits. To achieve this, they have developed a layout in which a nanocomponent is connected to two electrical conductors, which uncouple the electrical signal in a highly efficient manner. The scientists at the Department of Physics and the Swiss Nanoscience Institute at the University of Basel have published their results in the scientific journal "Nature Communications" together with their colleagues from ETH Zurich.
Electronic components are becoming smaller and smaller. Components measuring just a few nanometers – the size of around ten atoms – are already being produced...
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Nanoengineers at the University of California, San Diego developed a gel filled with toxin-absorbing nanosponges that could lead to an effective treatment for skin and wound infections caused by MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), an antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This "nanosponge-hydrogel" minimized the growth of skin lesions on mice infected with MRSA - without the use of antibiotics. The researchers recently published their findings online in Advanced Materials.
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text: This RV park has nice facilities, rest rooms are clean, pools are fine, and because it's oceanside, I had high hopes. BUT, the roads are unpaved and you can't keep the RV windows open to enjoy the breeze or just sit outside because of the fine sandy dust. This place would be wonderful if the streets were paved!