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- Mark Henley
- Nude men Jasper loves to claim a smooth and tight rump for h
- 18 year old Twink Billy Taylor has a first time fuck with Justin Owen
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- Diego Sans gives Scotty Marx a long hard fuck
- Super Hung Max Fonda gives all 9 inches twice in Maxxed Out, our new movie from Director Danny Ray. And Max gets as good as he gives in one of the scenes. These guys are stretched to the limit!
- Ain't no big thang. Aint nothin' but a big black bang! Watch these fine black brothers and badass thugs, jump each other hard. There is plenty of ass slapping and ebony dick being swallowed by big, juicy lips including a face full of freakish black meat
- Gay Porn Star Scotty Marx wakes Brandon Foster up by riding his cock
- Ripped: No Pain, All gain
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- Micah and Noah have a hot relationship that started at the gym. They both like to work out, and found out later that they like to work each other over too. When one wants to go to the gym, but the other isn't feeling it, they agree on one thing: hard b
- Halfway through the red-eye flight, Captain David comes down the galley to check on his passengers when he's grabbed by horny passenger Brent Moon. After quickly deciding the rest of the passengers are fast enough asleep, he goes down on Brent's sweet coc
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- Armond Rizzo has one desire in life - BAREBACK ME PLEASE! Adam Russo doesn't need to be asked twice. This muscle daddy love the smell of hot young boys and Armond is as sexy as they cum. He's also incredibly flexible and Adam puts him in a multitude o
- Hot Twink Skylar West massages 18 year Old Ryan Knightly
- In the prison infirmary, Antonio, Rod and Steve find all new ways to aid their recovery, including getting their stunning physiques into a spitroast and skewering ass and mouth in equal measure. Prison is supposed to by rough, right? Well, it certainly lo
- How often is it that you get two big-dicked spunks in the one video? Not often! But we have two very good contenders with Dustin and Patric: a set of smooth Euro spunks that plow into each other on the sofa bed after sucking on each other's big juicy tool
- Andrew Barclay and Ryan Patrick return to finish what they started in their previous double bill performance. This time Ryan is in the position we all love to see him in: on the receiving end of a big fist. He swallows it up in true style. This guy has to
- Dallas and Mario really love their favorite sport wrestling, but one thing keeps "coming up," so to speak. They both get raging hard-ons during certain holds, and neither of them wants to be caught with a fatty at tomorrow's big competition. So they put
- Daddy Hunt: Volume Five includes eight men in five cum-filled scenes. Watch as four hung dads meet the needs of four randy young men who hunger for daddy dick in this celebration of older/younger sex!
- Three smooth, muscled Euro boys in one room full of bunks; what did you expect to happen? Jack and brothers Alex and Ian certainly don't take long to see the promise in their unique sleeping arrangements and tear into Jack's hole in this hot threeway vide
- It's time to hit the gym with muscle twinks Mason Wyler and Christian Owen. But they're in for a training session of a whole other sort. Watch them use punching bags, weight tables and whatever else is available as they suck and fuck each other in this ha
- Goodness, the double entendres are endless with this hot video. Plumbers, handyman, agents preparing for an 'open house', where do we begin? Let's just stick with the facts, perhaps. Those being that this is and incredibly hot threesome between some very
- In their beach-side villa, Jake Harvey and Rip Curl get up to all sorts of naughty business on the couch. The ripped twinks start by teasing each other's cocks through their underwear, but it's not long before they have to get right to the hard ass-bangin
- Have you ever seen two smooth jocks this hot together? Steve Sax and Joshua Sterling burn up the screen, rubbing their faces into each other's underwear, before engaging in some scorching couch sex that'll have you reaching for the tissues within minutes.
- Gay Porn Star Jay Landford fucks jock bottom Jayden Tyler
- We find RC Ryan in the shower at the beginning of this solo video. He's slowly rubbing his soft cock and feeling his way around those incredible muscles. Once out of the bathroom, he jerks off his horse-hung cock on the staircase with the camera capturing
- Straight stud Jordan Levine plays Santa and gives jock Greg Jameson an Xmas fuck.
- Ginger never looked so good as on the deliciously red-hot Ryan Patrick. This smooth, thick-dicked stud sports a jock strap you'd kill to sniff after this solo video as he strokes that perfect, pink cock and stares with those deep, piercing eyes into the c
- It's straight into the action for these two dirty fuckers, with fingering and a bit of ass-play to get the mood started. Both smooth and toned, the horny duo get to some nasty fucking before Ryan tries his best to stick two hands up Sky Devil's hungry hol
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- Cameron is suffering from a unique condition, a mega hard-on. Dr. Lawler does a little triage on a big dick, and finds Cameron has been popping "male enhancement pills" like they are candy! This emergency requires immediate attention, and there is only
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- It's Mark-on-Mark in this Brit-boy team-up between uber-hot twinks Mark Henley and Mark Lloyd. Twinks.com fans will already know the gorgeous Lloyd and his smooth, ripped body. But they may not know new-cummer Mark H who is a perfect fit for this Euro fuc
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- Kevin has returned from a lunch date with his boyfriend, who just broke up with him. He is crushed, and when Tristan comes downstairs to get a bite to eat, he sees Kevin, and decides to cheer him up. Kevin needs major consoling, and Tristan thinks the b
- Latin Jock, Angel Santiago gets his ass fucked by Gym Hunk Austin Wolf
- Everyone's favorite Ginger fisting fanatic, Ryan Patrick, has made quite the impact on our members since his debut only a few months ago, now he's back with Andre Barclay in part one of a hot fistfest with the star. This video starts off with a rare displ
- Callum Baxter, Justin Baber
- Dayton isn't feeling well and his friend let him stay the night at his place. When the older brother Christian comes home from work, he finds Dayton still laid up in bed. Christian brought some chicken soup with him, and it makes Dayton feel much better
- You've got to see the hot, black bubble butt on Troy in this video. My God, boy that's a piece of ass that's crying out for a good fucking. Juice is wild and randy in this video too. Nothing gets in the way of this guy and another black hottie, and nothin
- Marcos Soares
- We brings together some of our best and most accomplished fisters for some hot and greasy, up-to-the-elbow action when Steve Cruz takes control of Billy Berlin's alabaster ass. Steve can't get enough of his own tongue up into Billy's beautiful pink hole.
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- I'm not sure you could get a more ripped and athletic couple as Kenny and Boris? They don't seem too disappointed in each other's hard muscles either. Kenny takes no time to lift up Boris' shirt and start licking those beautiful pecs. Soon each guy is rub
- When Seth Williamson began his yoga workout, I bet he didn't expect to end up being in the middle of a steamy threeway by the time he was done. But when he stretches his amazing muscles in the middle of the gym, it's too much for Benjy and Jesse Hutton to
- Olive skinned Leo Forte is especially good at ensuring that Troy Daniel's pain is mixed with pleasure. When he ropes Tony onto a padded fuck bench, about the only thing the captive can do is rear his ass upward. Leo meets it face first, roughing up that a
- Davyd bangs Tiago Rios
- The hot globes getting pounded at the start of the vid would make even a straight man crooked! But this is just a prelude to the orgy action, which features 8 hot fuckers pairing up, sucking dick then fucking all around the living room. Just wait til you
- Going out for a morning jog, these two jocks discover a scantily-clad muscle boy in a seemingly abandoned apartment block. Within seconds it becomes apparent that he'd like to see these runners in very little as well and they've soon taken out their big c
- Tanner Hayez says he likes to be dominated and resident Latino stud Erik knows just how to do it. Erik gets his cock wet in young Tanner's mouth before flipping him on his back to fill his tight pink boy hole. Tanner then takes a huge load of Erik's hot c
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- Gay Porn Star Tyler Wolf cums inside of muscle hunk, Austin Wolf
- Gabe's asshole is all healed up, tighter than ever and ready to be fucked and filled with cum by SX Video's newest hot piece of ass, Steven Shields. The scene starts off with the commanding and vocal Steven Shield's demanding Gabe to drop to his knees and
- Antonio Squillart is one hot, young man. He kisses Diego Dal Silvia deeply before making his way down those abs to his fat cock. Diego allows himself the pleasure as Antonio slurps and swallows his uncut meat. Diego plays the tough man and watches as Anto
- Trevor and Nikko are supposed to go for a bike ride but when Trevor's tire falls flat, the boys find another way to burn those calories..
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- Phenix is in the wrong locker room just before the big wrestling meet, and Nash isn't going to put up with it. Both of the these guys have plenty of attitude, and neither is going to back down, so they go ahead and handle it like men should -- on the mat
- Leo Foxx, Mylo Jordan
- Hot gay sex Young smooth lad Ricky is imagining something am
- Vitor bangs Kaio
- Jayden needs some tax help so he calls the family accountant Rusty to help him get his papers in order..
- Bruno & Mauro
- A new batch of sex-crazed twinks are back for hot pro-am roadtrippin' action.
- Hot Hunks Austin Wolf and Kurtis Wolfe flip fuck and eat cum
- Spencer just got caught by his boss Drew passing an email around the office, making fun of him. Drew calls him into the office to fire him immediately, but ultimately decides to teach him a lesson. This submissive underling is going to learn to respect
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- Online Buddy - STG - Str8 to Gay - Johnny Forza & Tom Faulk
- Hot twink scene Kevin not only had a smooth toned body, he h
- Logan Milano shows off his hard cock and tight ass
- Ashton Stone
- Carter Longway has a huge, fat dick; its impressive and looks amazing when ever on screen. He may seem young and innocent but his 9 inch dick knows where the good stuff is. In this naughty 4-way he is joined by CJ, Tyler and Alexy and soon the foursome ar
- Seven hot and horny black hunks go wild together in this big, bad, black gangbang. Who would have thought there was so many ways to suck cock!? Well these hung hotties show you how it\'s done as they shove their huge poles down hungry throats, and love ev
- Legendary Chris Rockway fucks the hell out of gay porn star Killian James
- Rod is having a hard day. He got in a car accident and needs some attention from a trained professional. Since Shane is a sports therapist, he's happy to oblige. A good massage can be healing, but so can a good blow job, and this trained professional k
- Green-eyed Enrico is a sexy bad boy with a pierced tongue and lots of tattoos. Ruda doesn't care he loves that pierced tongue and loves kissing Enrico. He also loves how that piercing feels when Enrico is sucking his cock while toying with his balls. Bu
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- It may be sunny outside, but these two Australian spunks have found all the exercise they need indoors for this video. They get things started with some frisky oral that sees the duo smack each other in the face with their hard cocks. Then it's on to some
- Blond, well-built twink Boris Encias has a damn big dick on him and will go down as one of our hottest young models. He's got a sexy smooth body, but when you see his uncut dick pop out of his jeans, you will be rock-hard your self in no time. He's a natu
- Like a horse to water, these two sexy stallions are drawn into a barnyard bang with spectacular results. David and Danko suck each others beautiful uncut cocks, get into some deep-rimming action and then fuck hard in multiple positions on a desk surrounde
- Cameron and Dareian are getting ready for a night at an exclusive nightclub, but only if Nikko helps line up the VIP access. Problem is he'd rather play video games and talk smack than help his two friends out, so they show him what a real joy stick is a
- The Boys are in heat as they sneak away from the Florida pride festivities to work on their floats and each other. We took our cameras to Fort Lauderdale, Tampa, and Orlando to get a sizzling inside look at Gay Pride Southern Style! Led by scorching hot R
- Talk about twink ass-munching and plowing: Cody and Felix are smooth-bodied machines that look like they've been gagging for a good session for months! They've taken to some outdoor festivities to keep things interesting and these pretty boyz won't disapp
- J.D. Lopez and Gianni Luca, both very handsome men, passionately make out in this video before getting down to the delicious cock sucking. Gianni then gets a taste of J.D.'s hole and has to have it around his cock. J.D., a stunning muscle bottom, simply h
- After a night of partying, Hunter wakes up with a raging hangover! His friend's brother, Devon, greets Hunter with chatter about how much fun they had at the gay bar last night, but Hunter puts on the "I'm not gay" routine. Devon doesn't like labels eith
- SKINNY Guy takes the big cock bareback
- Pierced hottie Skot is absolutely beautiful. He lifts off his shirt to reveal that completely smooth body and the cutest little nipples you've ever seen. His abs aren't too shabby either and lead down to that 8" uncut dick. It doesn't look like it could p
- Chad Chambers, Luke Desmond
- Dirty Magazines
- Drew kissed an ex of his at a party, and his wife is ticked. He asks his friend Jeremy, what the big deal is, and so they both lock lips. At that point, it's pretty clear. Loose lips, suck dicks. Locked lips, get to do it again.
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- Sean McIntyre
- Justin and Jack hook up under some moody blue lighting, quickly removing their clothes to bare their incredible smooth bodies and then working on each other's cocks on at a time. Jack clearly likes what he sees with Justin's famously thick cock, wrapping
- Dakota (BN), Ryan (BN), Sebastian Kane
- Brandon is having trouble in the sack with his wife, and needs some advice. To his surprise, Jack is willing to give a helping hand, and more. Brandon has a wife, but he isn't married to the idea of passing up a good fuck. What the wife won't do is her
- Bare Loaded #05
- These three stunning muscle jocks take to the couch for a hot group fuck. Taking turns sticking their dicks in each other's mouths (and then each other's holes) the groans and moans are constant. When their smooth, buff bodies can take no more of the heav
- Love Hotel
- Brazilian beauty Alex starts his solo session in the bath, rinsing down his smooth muscles as he talks to Steve, who wishes he was in there too. He gives us an insight into his history and then jumps out where he dries off and gets down to the hot tool-je
- God Damn! This is a thick, big dick! When you see it, you cant help but be impressed by that thing - it is huge and watching it grow, inch by inch to an impressive 10 inches will send any lover of big cock over the edge!
- Headlining this new entry in the Jocks Roadshow series is Christian Wilde, who is a wild and crazy guy indeed. Whether alone or partnered up, Christian knows how to manhandle himself, especially with Darin and then Beau Marcus helping him out.
- Oh baby it might be cold outside but these boyz know how to generate the heat! This is a no holds all-out sex fest to make you cream.
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- There's Something About Johnny Part 5 - JO - Johnny Rapid - Jaxton Wheeler - Jake Jammer - Johnny Forza & Ty Roderick
- Brad comes over to Troy's house to go shopping with Troy's wife. She isn't home and has also left Troy with a laundry list of things to do around the house. Brad makes fun of him, saying that he makes his boyfriend do all the household chores. Brad wan
- Horay for Hollywood and its casting couch with 6 new models ready for their closeup and much more!
- McKenzie Walker
- By far one of the hottest assemblies of twink cock we've had in a long time: Dallas, Krist and Sebastian take part in an incredibly hot three-way fuck in this video. The guys have amazingly toned, smooth bodies which they put through considerable physical
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- Victor Steele and Tristan Phoenix are silhouetted in the living room mirror, locked in an embrace, with San Francisco's Japantown sunlit on a hilltop through the window behind them. Victor definitely takes the lead here! With his dark tousled hair and scr
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- In a very cleverly-edited scene, Justin and Jack hook up under some moody blue lighting, quickly removing their clothes to bare their incredible smooth bodies and then working on each other's cocks on at a time. Jack clearly likes what he sees with Justin
- Marcos and Justin unite for a hot latino-on-latino fuckfest. And you bet we have found the right Latinos for the job: both these guys are hung like donkeys!. Unfortunately for Justin Christopher (or perhaps fortunately) he has to bare the brunt of one Mar
- Lovers Soloman Gregory and Platinum are tired and crash on their bed, but they aint too tired for sex! The black studs begin with some nipple sucking, then oral (where you get a great look at Soloman's beer-can-thick cock) and fuck till they blow their wh
- Dark haired beauties Tristan Phoenix and Marcos David fuck in the kitchen. Phoenix applies his culinary skills to Marcos's huge curving monster, swallowing the big cock down his gullet and bending over the stove to let Marcos prep him with some deep tongu
- Kevin Rocha visits a dirty movie theater where he starts stroking his fattie. Another patron, Phoenix Rising, follows suit before going down on Rocha's rock hard piece. Once Kevin's cock is all pumped, Phoenix wraps his bubble butt around it, riding up an
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- Daniel Magam, with a handsome chiseled face and sexy Sebastian Nadraq, are two firemen who after checking no one is around begin to make out. Daniel is the first one to eat cock, getting Sebastian's dick hard in his mouth. Daniel then gets fucked smoothly
- Jack will take any chance to show off his muscle twink body, and he really gives us a good show in the process. Slowly revealing his immaculate, toned body he oils up his chest so we can see his pec glisten under the light and then he gets to work on his
- Kaden quickly takes off his bright polo in his solo video revealing his smooth, slender body then gyrating on his seat. Before the camera moves down we're not quite sure what he's doing - he could be riding a dildo or fingering his hole - but instead we f
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- Damon is studying for a big midterm coming up. Danny and Tommy are partying with Damon's older brother, who had to leave the house. Danny and Tommy don't want to stop, and so they raid Damon's room. Damon tries to tell them to go away and leave him alo
- Alex brought over Rocco's iPod so Rocco thanks him the only way he knows how...
- You can tell Milan is proud of his body - and who wouldn't be if they had his ripped, hairless chest. You'll be hard-pressed deciding whether your favourite part of his solo video is when he's rubbing down his chiselled bod or when the blonde-haired beaut
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- Buff builders, Atilla and Lazlo, take time out from their sweat-inducing schedules renovating a house to put their muscled physiques together for a bit of fun. They fill their work break with hard-pounding anal and high-powered sucking that'll have you wa
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- Smooth young jock kickboxers Nico and Micky are training in the gym when the adrenaline gets too much for them and they decide to have a round of one-on-one. But this isn't the usualy type of athletic engagement they're used to. Instead they work their mo
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- Lil Jodi is new but he knows that Dark Thunder is sexy and powerful already. But y'all know that Dark Thunder is hot, dark sexy sex. Jodi is a cocksucker from way back and he works Intrigue's schlong with gusto til that monster is ready to fuck Jodi in
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text:
You always have a choice, they say. And they are right, you do have a choice, always! But not the one you think you have.
Some people look at their possible responses, asking themselves how to react in the situation; should they do this, or that, or the other? Do you ever wonder how it will change your life?
Yet some call this a life of Illusion. And in some ways it is, since the decisions you seem to make are part of the Illusion. This is rather a bold statement, so I'll type real slow to explain.
You Do what You Think is Right
You do what seems to be right most of the time, this determines the decisions you make. Which means your decisions are pre-determined by what you think is right.
What you think is right is controlled by the beliefs you've adopted so far, which are relatively unchangeable. This implies the way you think doesn't vary much, and so your decisions also don't vary that much.
Your decisions don't change because they're actually governed by your beliefs, whether self sabotage or not. Which means your decision points are not actually where you have a choice, they are indeed part of the Illusion.
So do you have a choice in life? And if so what is it? Yes, you do indeed - but it's neither what nor where you think it is!
The Real Choice
Have the wisdom to see your real choice is in choosing what to be! Each time, you first decide whether to be positive, or negative, before you make your decision of what to do. Your choice of what to be comes before you decide what to do.
Your self sabotage mechanism will often try and hide this choice from you, but you always have a choice of what to be.
A choice to be negative leads away from Peace, Love, Calm, and Joy long-term. You will know this inside, check your vibe. A negative choice will bring you less peace, and less joy. It cannot bring you more, because the result of a idea is never separate from its source - which here is negative!
A choice to be positive will lead you towards Peace, Love, Calm, and Joy long-term. You will also know this inside, you have a feeling, a vibe about it. So how to change your life in any circumstances is to choose to be positive. Don't choose what will give you less!
This seems so simple, but simple does not mean easy. Have fun discovering how to overcome your self sabotage.
© Copyright worldwide Cris Baker, www.LifeStrategies.net All rights reserved. Republishing welcomed under Creative Commons noncommercial no derivatives license preserving all links intact, so please +1 and share this widely!
Food for Thought
"Our heart of hearts .. is, by definition, the one place where we cannot fool ourselves. It is the place where none of our justifications, none of our rationalisations penetrate .. the truth (is) there. .. the message sent by the heart of hearts is a pure, basic feeling .. look for and trust the first flash of feeling. Feelings may well provide the truer counsel."
- Robert B. Cialdini, psychologist, author, Professor Emeritus of Psychology and Marketing
Cris Baker has much practice in overcoming adversity, he's been screwing things up for years! Why suffer the consequences of your own mistakes? Now you can benefit from real knowledge, crucial know-how gained from his vast experience with extensive pain and suffering!
Check out choice at Life Strategies to see more about your choices, discover how to overcome your self sabotage and change your life!
How to Cultivate Seeds of Greatness in your Life by Dr Dennis Waitley (from Inspirational Books)
Being Your Personal Best Starts with Self Care
Inferiority Complex: Why Do Some People Have An Inferiority Complex?
How to Cope During Difficult Times
The Importance of Self-Respect
To Transform or Not to Transform
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Articles tagged backpacking
16 Feb 2011 // 9:00 PM
- //Columns
A Mexican dispatch, by the sea and on the road with students, musicians, actors, wild children, and juggling LSD dealers. On the backpacker trail from Cancún to Mérida, we discovered we were not the only ones on a global prowl.READ more
25 Oct 2009 // 9:00 PM
A familiar story about two naive, young Westerners that head to the Far East in search of adventure and inner-peace. Latent Orientalism interferes with the visual delights.READ more
//Mixed media
Starbenders "Diet Soda" (audio) (Premiere) // Music
Gringo Star "Undone" (audio) (Premiere) // Music
The Shoe Birds "You Leave Me Blind" (audio) (Premiere) // Music
//Pm Picks
Hozier + Death Cab for Cutie + Rock Radio 104.5's Birthday Show (Photo Gallery)
// Notes from the Road
"Radio 104.5's birthday show featured great bands and might have been the unofficial start of summer festival season in the Northeast.READ the article


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John H. Blaffer Lecture Series
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Columbia University
New York, NY
"Suppressing Cancer with PTEN"
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Virgil L Vanaman (1917 - 1993)
Biography & Family History Add details
Virgil L Vanaman (1917 - 1993) was born on July 31, 1917. He was born into the Vanaman family.
He died on October 1, 1993 at 76 years old.
Virgil L Vanaman's last known residence is at Kentland, Newton County, Indiana.
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- Bess C Vanaman
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In its marvelously perceptive portrayal of two young women in love, "Sense and Sensibility " is the answer to those critics and readers who believe that Jane Austen's novels, despite their perfection of form and tone, lack strong feeling.
Its two heroines--so utterly unlike each other-both undergo the most violent passions when they are separated from the men they love. What differentiates them, and gives this extroardinary book its complexity and brilliance, is the "way "each expresses her suffering: Marianne-young, impetuous, ardent-falls into paroxysms of grief when she is rejected by the dashing John Willoughby; while her sister, Elinor--wiser, more sensible, more self-controlled--masks her despair when it appears that Edward Ferrars is to marry the mean-spirited and cunning Lucy Steele. All, of course, ends happily--but not until Elinor's "sense" and Marianne's "sensibility" have equally worked to reveal the profound emotional life that runs beneath the surface of Austen's immaculate and irresistible art.
About the Author
Jane Austen's delightful, carefully wrought novels of manners "Pride and Prejudice" and "Emma" among them are those rare books that offer us a glimpse at the mores of a specific period while addressing the complexities of love, honor, and responsibility that still intrigue us today.
Praise For…
"As nearly flawless as any fiction could be."
—Eudora Welty


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President Obama proposes a new Secretary of Business, forgetting that the Cabinet has had a Secretary of Commerce since 1913. I guess it's understandable coming from a guy who skips most of his national security briefings, and who went on "The View" instead of meeting with Israel's Prime Minister. And it's probably understandable given that no fewer than four people have filled this position since Mr. Obama moved to the White House. It would seem that continuity in this theoretically vital position has not been a priority for this administration.
Maybe we need someone in the White House who views this kind of thing as a priority.
How to Get Your Car Unstuck From…Anything: An Illustrated Guide - There are a lot of things your car can get stuck in: mud, snow, even a ditch. While every situation is different, there are some principles you can follow ...
1 hour ago


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USA: Beringer and Kendall-Jackson in merger/takeover talks
The California wine industry is waiting with bated breath on reports that a merger or some sort of takeover move is in the works between Beringer and Kendall-Jackson (KJ). If the deal goes down, the combined companies would have total sales of almost $650m. That would make it the largest premium wine producer in the world, according to industry sources.
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Today at Flavorpill, we watched the Internet help one couple get engaged. We learned what the ten most popular dog breeds are and were surprised at the absence of Pugs. We approved of Steve Martin's prank on Gwyneth Paltrow. We were excited to see the Smithsonian Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden's new installation. We fought wanderlust looking at this pic of U.S. interstates charted like a giant subway map. We noted that the gorgeous high def photo of earth that NASA shot is now being sold as an affordable archival pigment print. We learned about the new plan for our expired Tweets. We practiced these 13 Dr. Seuss pickup lines for funsies. We wished Werner Herzog would narrate this new How's Waldo? Tumblr. We practiced Star Wars yoga. We saw what books a dating coach, a third-string quarterback, and a voice actor had on their shelves. And finally, we thought The Smithsonian's plan to build an archive of printable 3D scans of its collection sounded amazing. We also imagined the strange things and body parts that bored employees might scan during downtime.
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Local News
Third poaching: WGFD seeking information on bull moose killedOctober 14, 2014
SHERIDAN — A third incidence of poaching in the Sheridan region has been reported. The Wyoming Game and Fish Department is seeking information about the poaching of two young bull moose on the Bighorn National Forest west of Buffalo. The moose were discovered in the French Creek Swamps area on Oct. 11 by a hunter Read More
SCSD1 professional staff salary schedule policy gets review
SHERIDAN — An ongoing and often contentious review of the professional staff salary schedule policy for Sheridan County School District 1 may reach a final, and seemingly amicable, conclusion next week due to a work session held by the board of trustees yesterday. District policy GCBA has been a hot topic of discussion for the Read More
FIB to recognize customers at Heritage Club dinner
By Kelli Heitstuman-Tomko The Sheridan Press SHERIDAN — Homer Scott Sr. purchased Sheridan's Bank of Commerce in 1968, with the dream of establishing a community focused bank with a tradition of customer service and long-term thinking. This week, the culmination of Scott's efforts — First Interstate Bank — will continue to honor that tradition with Read More
Dayton candidate meet, greet set for Thursday
DAYTON — Voters will have the opportunity to meet Dayton's local candidates for mayor and Town Council on Thursday. Attendees will also have the opportunity to ask questions in order to make an informed vote Nov. 4. The meet and greet will be held at the Tongue River Valley Community Center from 7-9:30 p.m. For Read More
AAUW to host 100th anniversary celebration
SHERIDAN — The Sheridan Chapter of the American Association of University Women will host a 100th anniversary celebration Saturday. The event will be held at the Best Western Sheridan Center, located at 612 N. Main St., from noon to 2 p.m. Open to everyone, a lunch and live auction will highlight the event. Tickets cost Read More
Free landfill weekends scheduled throughout Oct.
SHERIDAN — The city of Sheridan will hold free landfill weekends for city and county residential customers in October to help with fall clean-up. City and county residents can dispose of up to one ton of household trash per visit at no charge. There will be a charge for car batteries, tires and refrigeration units Read More
Big Horn Woman's Club to meet Friday
BIG HORN — The October meeting of the Big Horn Woman's Club will be Friday at 1:30 p.m. at the clubhouse, located at 314 S. Second St. "Death at our Doorstep: The Fort Phil Kearny Saga" will be presented by Don Fisk. The meeting is free and open to all women. For more information call Read More
Wyoming PBS to feature SCSD1 on 'Farm to Fork'
SHERIDAN — Sheridan County School District 1's new lunch program will be featured on the Wyoming PBS program "Farm to Fork" on Monday at 8 p.m. The "Farm to Fork" program explores the growing "direct to market" economy in Wyoming by meeting with ranchers, growers and herders; learning from experts around the state about food Read More
Wednesday Events Oct. 14, 2014
Events for Wednesday, Oct. 15, 2014 • All day event, voting begins for Arvada-Clearmont High School "Celebrate My Drive" • 4:30 p.m. Cemetery tours, Sheridan Municipal Cemetery, $5 • 6:30 p.m. Movie night, Sheridan County Fulmer Public Library, 335 W. Alger St. • 7 p.m. Candidate forum, Whitney Presentation Hall, 3059 Coffeen Ave. • 7 Read More
Local Briefs Oct. 14, 2014
Library hosting Wonka events throughout October SHERIDAN — The Sheridan County library system is celebrating the 50th anniversary of Roald Dahl's "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory" throughout the month of October. There will be golden tickets hidden in library books. Those who find the tickets will receive a free Wonka chocolate bar. The library will Read More
SC reworking administration of remedial coursesOctober 13, 2014
SHERIDAN — With one-third of all first year students at Sheridan College beginning their journey to a degree with remedial math or English courses, the school has been working to ensure those starting out a little behind don't stay that way for long. After piloting changes to both the placement in and the structure of Read More
Candidate forums set for Tuesday, Wednesday
SHERIDAN — The general election Nov. 4 is just over three weeks away, and the Sheridan County Chamber of Commerce Governmental Affairs Committee will again host a candidate forum to enable members of the public to connect with candidates for local, state and national office. "The candidates we choose are our representatives who have our Read More
Johnson to sign copies of 'Wait for Signs' Thursday
SHERIDAN — Author Craig Johnson will sign copies of his book "Wait for Signs" on Thursday at 5:30 p.m. The event will be held at Sheridan Stationery, Books and Gallery located at 206 N. Main St. For more information call Robby Smith at 674-8080.
SC in Johnson County to host music courses
SHERIDAN — Sheridan College will hold three community music courses this fall taught by local musician Lynn Young. Young will offer "Let's pick – playing handmade music with friends," on Wednesday from 6:30-9 p.m. The cost is $35. Participants are encouraged to bring a fiddle, guitar, banjo, bass or mandolin, or just come sing and Read More
Libraries celebrating 50th anniversary of 'Charlie and the Chocolate Factory'
SHERIDAN — The Sheridan County library system is celebrating the 50th anniversary of Roald Dahl's "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory" throughout the month of October. There will be golden tickets hidden in library books. Those who find the tickets will receive a free Wonka chocolate bar. The library will also celebrate with Wonka Wednesdays and Read More
Ceramics exhibition on display this month
SHERIDAN — The Sagebrush Community Art Center will host "Ceramics Invitational," an exhibition featuring works in clay by well-known ceramicists and college art instructors from around the state. The opening reception is Thursday from 5-7 p.m. The reception is open to the public, and refreshments will be served. The Sagebrush Community Art Center is located Read More
'My journey started in jail': Woman learns she's pregnant while incarcerated, turns life aroundOctober 11, 2014
SHERIDAN — Anyone could pick a piece of her story — single mom, drug addict, pregnant with twins in jail, a restored relationship with her estranged father days before he died — and softly coo, "You poor girl." But Christina Oien wouldn't want them to. Oien looks at the pieces of her story that led her Read More
Sunday and Monday Events Oct. 11, 2014
Sunday • 2-4 p.m. 4-H project expo, Sheridan County Fairgrounds Exhibit Hall, 1734 Victoria St. • 4 p.m. Cemetery tours, Sheridan Municipal Cemetery, $5 per person • 5:30 p.m. Golden Years dinner, Sheridan Senior Center, 211 Smith St., $15 per person Monday No events scheduled.
Local Briefs Oct. 11, 2014
Science Museum to host lecture Wednesday SHERIDAN — The Sheridan College Mohn's Science Center will continue its fall 2014 lecture series Wednesday at 7 p.m. The lecture to be presented by Holly Martin will focus on "A Biological Arms Race." Martin is a member of the biology faculty at Gillette College. The lecture will be Read More
Agendas Oct. 11, 2014
Dayton Town Council 7:30 p.m. Wednesday 608 Broadway St. • Call to order 1. Recite Pledge of Allegiance • Approval of agenda 1. Additions 2. Deletions • Approve minutes of the Oct. 6, 2014, Town Council meeting • Announcements/correspondence • Old business update 1. Hear from Sen. Dave Kinskey 2. Optional Read More
LCCC tops Generals soccer at homeOctober 10, 2014
SHERIDAN — The Sheridan College men's soccer team lost 2-0 to Laramie County Community College Friday night. While still a loss, it was an improvement over the last time the teams met, when LCCC topped the Generals 6-0. "We gave up a couple of goals and had some mental errors," coach Jeff Hallenbeck said Friday Read More
Birding at The Brinton Oct. 18
SHERIDAN — Join instructor Dr. Jackie Canterbury for "Birding at The Brinton" Oct. 18 from 9-11 a.m. All ages and abilities are welcome, especially beginners. This event is free and open to the public. The museum is located 239 Brinton Road in Big Horn. For more information call Sarah Mentock at 763-0976.
WYO Theater to host 25th anniversary gala fundraiser
SHERIDAN — The WYO Theater will host the 25th anniversary gala fundraiser Oct. 18. Local actors will perform "42nd Street." According to the WYO Theater website, the play is "a big, bold musical set in 1933 that celebrates the stuff that dreams are made of. This is the story of hard work, being in the Read More
First United Methodist Women to hold fall luncheon Oct. 16
SHERIDAN — The First United Methodist Women will hold the annual fall salad luncheon Oct. 16 from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. Chicken enchiladas will be featured along with salads and dessert. The price for lunch is $7 and the public is welcome to attend. The lunch will be held at the church, located at Read More
Horton announced as keynote speaker at wellness festival
SHERIDAN — The Wellness Council of Sheridan County announced late last month that Tony Horton will be the keynote speaker at the annual wellness festival set for Jan. 23-24. Horton is a celebrity trainer and creator of the P90X fitness program. He will speak Jan. 23 at 6:30 p.m. in the Early Auditorium at Sheridan Read More


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Tolkien's The Hobbit: Go ThereTolkien's The Hobbit: Go There is the latest title from 'In the Footsteps of... series' The Hobbit is a very popular book and the latest stunning films will get more people interested in it and the author, JR Tolkien. Visiting film locations or places associated with books and authors is now a major part of international and national tourism. This ebook tells you more about film locations you
$2.99Dramatic and frightening, Macbeth is a haunting, unforgettable play with witches, villains, moving trees and a bloody dagger. Phrases such as 'Is this a dagger I see before me? and 'fire burn, and cauldron bubble' have become part of the English language. Macbeth is one of the most stunning of all Shakespeare's plays. It shows his ability to evoke terror and tragedy while providing profound
In the Footsteps of Romeo and JulietWhat makes Romeo and Juliet the greatest love story of all time? Why has it inspired so many writers, musicians and artists? And why do young lovers leave letters at Juliet's home? Find out about the real stories behind the play, the characters and the themes around which the play is built. There are real life love stories such as that of Harriet Smithson. She played Juliet in Paris. The
In the Footsteps of Ian FlemingJames Bond, superspy is known the world over – but few realise that the legend of 007 is based on reality – the wartime experiences of Ian Fleming. Ian Fleming's own story is equals any of James Bond's activities. As the creator of 30 Assault Group, he was involved in the greatest heist of WW2 – the capture of the entire archives of the German Navy. From being a Reuters journalist, banker and
In the Footsteps of A Midsummer Night's DreamA combination of romance, imagination and comedy make A Midsummer Night's Dream one of William Shakespeare's happiest and most popular plays. It was written for a wedding celebration around 1595. The story includes star-crossed lovers, the mechanicals with their ludicrous Wall and Lion, and above all Oberon and Titania's dispute. This results in Puck's prank causing Titania to fall in love with
In the Footsteps of Great ExpectationsGreat Expectations is one of Charles Dickens best known novels. The images of a frightened boy in a graveyard, a scary convict and Miss Havisham in her tattered wedding gown surrounded by a decaying wedding feast are very poignant. It is a story which has widespread appeal, leading to numerous film and television adaptations. This is Pip's story – a boy who has to grow up and find his way
In the Footsteps of the TitanicThe fateful voyage of the Titanic has caught the imagination of the world. It has gained mythical status with memorable images and stunning films. This ebook outlines the story as well as dealing with the myths that have grown up around this disaster. Why were there not enough lifeboats? Did Captain Smith have a good safety record? Were there premonitions that a disaster was about to happen?
In the Footsteps of Agatha ChristieDescribed as the Queen of Crime, Agatha Christie created the legendary detectives Poirot and Miss Marple. Her books sell worldwide in more than 70 different languages. She wrote plays – The Mousetrap is the longest running play in London. Her background is fascinating. She had a long-standing involvement in archaeology, in which she was actively involved in excavations. There was also a
In the Footsteps of William ShakespearePossessing universal appeal, Shakespeare is a truly global presence. He has contributed more words and phrases to the English language than any other writer, and his plays are studied by 50% of the world's children. Shakespeare was a genius, creating plays that appeal to everyone. Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, Midsummer Nights Dream, Hamlet, King Lear are classics of world literature. Writing at
In the Footsteps of Beatrix PotterBeatrix Potter is the most successful classic children's author of all time. The escapades of Peter Rabbit and his friends have charmed generations of children. Her appeal lies not just in the stories – she was also a skilled artist and illustrator. What is less well known is her business acumen. Peter Rabbit became the first licensed soft toy, laying the foundations for the development of
In the Footsteps of Charles DickensActor, playwright, editor and author – Charles Dickens played many roles. It is as an author he is best known, writing stories that are among the greatest ever written in English. All remain in print, and sales run into hundreds of millions of copies worldwide. The memorable characters and strong story lines have made them ideal for filmmakers. Characters such as Scrooge, Oliver Twist and
In the Footsteps of Robin HoodThe stories of Robin Hood, his band of outlaws and their continuing fight against the greed and tyranny of the Sheriff of Nottingham and Prince John are probably the most enduring of all English legends. "In the Footsteps of Robin Hood" outlines the legends and looks at their role in literature. It seeks to explore the historical basis of the legends, and shows why the tales of Robin Hood have


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A hole boring charge assembly suitable for explosively forming a wide borehole in a concrete target consists of a detonatable array of at least three hollow charges (12) having recessed, lined forward faces (14) facing towards the target in the same general direction as a fore-and-aft line of target penetration. Simultaneous detonation of the charges (12) produce individual jet penetrators derived from the charge liners (16) which penetrate the target and together produce a wide multi-sided borehole therein suitable for the subsequent emplacement of a blasting charge. The charges (12) may be focussed forward of the array to produce a single, coalesced penetrator which is capable of producing a wide, tapered, approximately axisymmetric hole in concrete.
1. Hole boring charge assembly for penetrating a target, said assembly comprising:
at least three hollow charges of explosive in a detonatable array, each charge in the array including a recessed forward face having an apex angle of between 15� and 55� and a non-explosive liner of a material having a density of less than 5 gmcm−3 lining the recessed forward face;
detonation means for detonating each charge thereby projecting a penetrator, derived from the liner, forwards along a line of trajectory, the charges being geometrically arranged in the array such that the lines of trajectory extend towards said target in the same general direction as a fore-and-aft line of target penetration; and
detonation initiating means for initiating detonation of the charges in the array in a temporal relationship with respect to one another such that the penetrators are projected towards the target concurrently.
2. Assembly according to
3. Assembly according to
4. Assembly according to
5. Assembly according to
6. Assembly according to
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9. Assembly according to
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12. Assembly according to
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14. Assembly according to
15. Assembly according to
16. Hole boring charge assembly for penetrating a target, comprising a detonatable array of at least three hollow charges of explosive supported laterally of one another in a detonatable array, each charge in the array having a recessed forward face and a non-explosive liner lining the recessed forward face, detonation means for detonating each charge thereby to project a penetrator, derived from the liner, forwards along a line of trajectory, the charges being geometrically arranged in the array such that the lines of trajectory extend towards said target in the same general direction as a fore-and-aft line of target penetration, and detonation initiating means for initiating detonation of the charges in the array in a temporal relationship with respect to one another such that the penetrators are projected towards the target concurrently wherein the lines of trajectory are substantially focussed at a focal point and at least two of the liners are of different materials which react together exothermically when the penetrators meet at said focal point.
17. Assembly according to
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a hole boring charge assembly and in particular to an assembly capable of penetrating concrete targets.
2. Discussion of Prior Art
It is known that the attack, disruption, and destruction of fixed targets such as airfield runways, shelters, bunkers, bridges, roadways, railway marshalling yards and dockyards may be effected by first emplacing and then detonating relatively small quantities of high explosive within or under the target. The materials of construction of these targets are typically strong in compression and yet weak in tension, as exemplified by most forms of concrete. Such emplacement exploits both the inherent confining effect of the target material on the charge of emplaced explosive and the tensile weakness of the target material, and furthermore enhances the transmission of energy f rom the detonated explosive into the immediately adjacent confining medium and onwards into the outlying and underlying target structure. Where the target consists of a wall or a roof of a shelter or bunker, the emplaced charge of explosive may be replaced by a more complex blasting and/or fragmenting device which may include hollow charge and/or secondary pyrophoric effects.
One known technique of rapid implantation of explosive charges into fixed targets is to first breach the surface of the target with a hole-boring charge of explosive before driving the blasting (secondary) charge of explosive into or through the hole so formed. This technique has the advantage that it may be used in both the manual demolition of fixed targets, in which the hole boring and secondary charges will usually be brought separately and sequentially to the target, and in the mechanical attack of such structures by remotely delivered munition systems such as bombs, missiles and shells which incorporate both types of charge in the delivered system. Furthermore, this technique of hole boring is also applicable to the rapid provision of access ways through fixed massive structures for personnel and equipment in the event of accident, emergency, or during the course of urban warfare.
The main requirement for a hole boring charge as applied to fixed targets is that it should be capable of producing a breach in the target of sufficient width and depth of penetration to permit subsequent emplacement of the secondary, blasting charge at a position which will cause enhanced damage to the structure once the secondary charge is detonated. The hole may be large enough to permit complete emplacement of the secondary charge within or even under the target. Alternatively, it may only be large enough to cause a remotely delivered secondary charge to lodge partly in the hole, but this at least has the advantage that it prevents ricochet of the secondary charge away from the target before detonation. In a remotely-delivered munition system in particular, the hole-boring charge should also preferably be of relatively small size and weight in comparison with that of the secondary charge because it is for the most part the latter charge which performs the task of destroying the target.
These requirements have in the past been met in part by the use of a hollow explosive charge having a conical concavity in one face lined with a non-explosive liner. When the charge is detonated, the liner collapses upon its axis and is formed into a high velocity jet which upon impact with the target produces a hole. However, such known hollow charges fail to fulfil all the requirements for a variety of reasons. Hollow charges with concavities having acutely-angled apexes generally collapse the liner into long, narrow, high speed jets. These are capable of penetrating both massive structures and armour to considerable depths. However the resulting holes bored in the target material tend to be narrow and tapered and so are not suitable for the subsequent emplacement of a secondary charge therein. The diameter of the hole can be increased by increasing the diameter of the hollow charge, but the corresponding increase in weight of the hollow charge is undesirable and furthermore the increase in target penetration in targets of finite thickness such as concrete walls, roads and runways may cause the secondary charge to be emplaced beyond the depth at which it can cause maximum damage to that target. Wider holes are also produced for the same calibre of charge using shallower angled, lined concavities (ie concavities with large-angled apexes, of apex angles generally greater than 80�, especially greater than 100�) which generally form the liners into projectiles which tend towards lower velocity, non-jet penetrators. However, the shorter lengths and lower kinetic energies of these penetrators result in a significant reduction in performance especially against concrete targets, necessitating an undesirably large charge mass in order to excavate a hole of sufficient volume to permit emplacement of the secondary charge to an optimum depth.
It is one object of the present invention to provide a hole boring charge assembly which overcomes the disadvantages associated with the use of a hollow explosive charge.
According to the present invention there is provided a hole boring charge assembly for penetrating a target, comprising a detonatable array of at least three hollow charges of explosive supported laterally of one another in a detonatable array, each charge in the array having a recessed forward face and a nonexplosive liner lining the recessed forward face, detonation means for detonating each charge thereby to project a penetrator, derived from the liner, forwards along a line of trajectory, the charges being geometrically arranged in the array such that the lines of trajectory extend toward the target in the same general direction as a fore-and-aft line of target penetration and detonation initiating means for initiating detonation of the charges in the array in a temporal relationship with respect to one another such that the penetrators are projected towards the target concurrently.
The effect of the linearly projected penetrators impacting concurrently on a target has been found to vary depending on whether they penetrate the target separately or as one. However, the present arrangement of hollow charges has in general been found to produce a hole in a target material of a volume which is significantly larger than that which could be produced by a single hollow charge of the same overall mass.
The mode of failure of the concrete and subsequent formation of the borehole is complex but the following which does not in any way limit the scope of the invention provides an explanation of the possible mechanics involved.
The initial effect of three or more hollow charge penetrators impacting separately and concurrently on a target is, as would be expected, to bore a number of narrow, deep holes into the target equal to the number of hollow charges detonated. The collision of the penetrators with the target material produces intense shock waves which radiate outwards from the holes as they are formed. The strength of the shockwaves radiating from each penetrating jet is sufficiently large to cause material immediately adjacent the holes produced to fail in compression. In the case of impact by a single hollow charge jet, shock wave intensity decreases with distance of travel into the target, and damage is limited to the immediate vicinity of the hole. However, when three or more jets impact concurrently on the target, the transmitted shock waves from adjacent jets are reflected upon collision, and in the process of collision subject the target material to intense compression thus extending the region of failure to encompass the material bounded by the holes. This material may be ejected from the surface of the target upon its subsequent relaxation immediately following compression, an effect which may be assisted by gases generated during penetration by the jets, to leave behind a single and relatively wide resultant borehole encompassing the narrow holes initially formed by the individual penetrators and extending for a substantial proportion of the depth of those narrow holes. Thus, the present array of hollow charges exploits the efficient hole boring and rapid energy dissipation characteristics of explosively-formed penetrators, especially jet penetrators, but at the same time produces a much larger hole suitable for access or for subsequent emplacement of a blasting or cratering charge.
For this effect to be produced, it is not essential that the hollow charges should be arranged to produce penetrators which are projected along parallel pathways, although the arrangement should be such that the penetrators preferably produce a non-linear array of impact points on the surface of the target so that the lines of trajectory encompass a finite volume of target material. By appropriate geometric arrangement of the individual charges within the array, the penetrators may diverge or converge slightly, though preferably at an angle of not more than 30�, more preferably not more than 20�, to a line parallel to a line of target penetration. Divergent penetrators will produce a shorter, wider resultant hole because the relaxation effect will diminish more rapidly with increasing distance into the target, whereas slightly convergent penetrators will tend to produce a deeper and slightly tapered hole.
If the hollow charges of the array are geometrically arranged so that the penetrators converge and meet at a focal point before or, more preferably, soon after penetrating the target, it has been found that a single coalesced penetrator will form which surprisingly has little tendency to diverge from its resultant trajectory. The resultant penetrator tends to retain approximately the same energy density as the separate penetrators from which it is formed, so that a significant depth of target penetration in both high and low tensile strength materials is maintained. However the hole produced in target materials such as concrete is found to be very much wider than would have been expected from that produced by a single hollow charge of similar linear geometry and equivalent mass. Furthermore, the resultant, coalesced penetrator dissipates its energy rapidly when it comes into contact with softer material such as sand, soil, clay or gravel which may underlie a ground target such as an airfield runway or roadway, leaving a bulbous cavity below the target which is ideally shaped and positioned for the subsequent emplacement of a blasting or cratering charge.
It has been found that a coalesced penetrator of optimum penetration efficiency and hole boring characteristics is produced by so arranging the hollow charges that the penetrators converge at a distance from the base of each charge recess (ie from the forward face) of between two and twenty times, preferably between two and ten times, most preferably between three and seven times, the diameter of the liner. A distance of a minimum of two diameters is required adequately to form the collapsed liners into penetrators, whereas at a distance of greater than seven diameters the penetrators tend to break up and become increasingly particulate, and at a distance of greater than 10 diameters, it becomes increasingly difficult to focus the charges in the array accurately. The most preferred upper limit of distance is therefore at the point at which the onset of particulation occurs for each single charge. In any event, unless a large and yet relatively shallow hole is required (for example in a concrete wall for access only), the penetrators will collide at angles of preferably not greater than 90�, more preferably not greater than 60�, most preferably not greater than 30� to one another in order to prevent a significant reduction in kinetic energy transmission in the direction of target penetration.
Since it will be understood that each of the individual penetrators do not by themselves contribute significantly to the width of the resultant hole produced by either of the effects described above in relation to focussed and non-focussed penetrators, it is therefore advantageous to provide a design of hollow charge which produces maximum depth rather than maximum width of penetration. Hollow charge and liner combinations which produce very long jet penetrators are therefore preferred.
Hitherto, such combinations have been found undersirable in hole boring charge assemblies for attacking concrete targets because singly such charges normally produce deep, narrow, tapered holes of little use for the emplacement of a secondary charge. In order to maximise the kinetic energies that can be attained by such jets, the non-explosive liners are preferably of relatively low density ductile materials having densities of less than 5 gm cm−3. Aluminium and alloys thereof are especially preferred, although plastics (such as polyethylene) and metal-loaded plastics may also be used, for example plastics loaded with up to 50% by weight of particulate aluminium or particulate aluminium alloy. Such low density materials can be formed into jet penetrators from much deeper recesses than traditional, high density shaped charge liner materials such as copper, so that within certain limits much higher penetrator velocities hence kinetic energies are possible with the former. The charges themselves are preferably axisymmetric with conical recesses which are commonly referred to as shaped charges, and using these low density liners the apex angle of the correspondingly conical liners is preferably from 15� to 70�, more preferably from 20� to 55�, most preferably from 25� to 50 �.
The array preferably contains up to 6 charges and is normally provided in a symmetrical form with the charges preferably equispaced about a line of target penetration and preferably lying in a plane normal to that line. For a non-focussed array of charges (which term also encompasses slightly convergent arrays), the most preferred number of charges is four (especially if the charges are positioned in a substantially square array) since a triangular array of only three charges significantly reduces the diameter of the hole produced. For a focussed array of charges, in which the charges are arranged such that the penetrators meet preferably before they particulate, the most preferred number of charges in the array is three, this being the minimum number required to produce a reasonably axisymmetrical, coalesced penetrator. In symmetrical arrangements the charges will normally be arranged to be detonated simultaneously, although in other arrangements a rapid succession of detonations may be advantageous. A relatively closely-spaced array is preferred especially when the charges are non-focussed, the centres of gravity of adjacent charges being located within a pitch circle diameter of preferably less than 6 charge widths, more preferably less than 4 charge widths.
Each hollow charge will generally be detonated from the rear and may be provided with its own, rearward detonator.
However, in order to provide a reliable means of detonating the charges, the initiating means may comprise a common detonator from which stems a track of explosive one to each hollow charge. The tracks can be made of different lengths to provide a apid succession of charge detonations or, more preferably, can be made substantially the same length as each other to provide substantially simultaneous detonations. The tracks of explosive preferably comprise detonating cord.
When the hollow charges are in a focussed configuration, at least two of the liners may be of different materials, especially of different materials which interreact exothermically when the penetrators coalesce. This can produce a significant pressure increase within the target during penetration, which can enhance the hole boring effect and can also produce cratering of the target without necessitating the subsequent emplacement of a follow-through charge. An example of three different liner materials which when coalesced may together produce this effect are zirconium, titanium, and iron. In this particular case, the liner may comprise a hollow cone with an apex angle of between 20� and 120� or a hemispherical cap, the latter being commonly referred to as a Miznay Schardin dish.
Embodiments of hole boring charge assemblies in accordance with the present invention will now be described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings in which
FIG. 1 is a view of the underside of a first embodiment of this invention having a parallel, symmetrical array of three hole-boring charges,
FIG. 2 is a sectional view taken along line XX of FIG. 1,
FIG. 3 provides a schematic representation of the effect of the three hole-boring charges configured in the arrangement shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 on a target,
FIG. 4 is a sectional view similar to that of FIG. 2 of a second embodiment of this invention having a divergent, symmetrical array of four hole-boring charges,
FIG. 5 is a sectional view of a third embodiment having a focussed, symmetrical array of three hole-boring charges, and
FIGS. 6 and 7 provide comparative schematic views of the effect of detonation of a focussed array of three hole-boring charges as illustrated in FIG. 5 on a target (FIG. 6) with the effect on the same target of a single one of the hole boring charges (FIG. 7).
Referring to the first embodiment of this invention illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, a hole boring charge assembly comprises three shaped charge munitions 2 mounted about a fore-and-aft axis AA′ of a cylindrical canister 4 having a closed rearward end 6 and an open forward end 8. Each shaped charge munition 2 consists of a cylindrical casing 10 open at its forward end and containing a hole-boring shaped charge 12 of high explosive having a right-conical recess 14 in its forward face. The recess 14 is lined with a liner 16 of non-explosive material, for example aluminium. The casing 10, charge 12 and liner 16 of each munition 2 are symmetrically disposed about an axis of symmetry. A detonator 18 is axisymmetrically located at the rear of the charge 12. The axes of symmetry of the munitions 2 are configured in the arrangement illustrated in FIG. 2 parallel to the axis AA′.
The munitions 2 are mounted equidistantly from one another and from the fore-and-aft axis AA′, within circular openings 20 in a flat, circular support plate 22 lying transverse the axis AA′ and attached to the inside of the canister 4. The liners 16 each face the open forward end 8 of the canister 4. The support plate 22 is positioned within the canister 4 so as to provide an optimum standoff distance for the munitions 2 between the plate 22 and the open end 8 of the canister which, in use, will normally rest against a target to be penetrated. Electric firing leads 24 extends from each detonator 18 to a common trigger switch 26 located outside the canister 4 which, when operated, initiates all three hole-boring charges 12 simultaneously. Initiation of the charges 12 collapses the three liners 16 forwardly into high speed penetrators which are each projected simultaneously along the axes of symmetry of the charges towards the target to be penetrated.
The effect of the penetrators on a hard, brittle target material such as concrete is shown in FIG. 3. FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a cross section taken through the target material laterally of the line of flight of the penetrators at the instant of their passage through the target. The penetrators (p) bore narrow, inwardly-tapered holes (ha) into the target material. The process of penetration generates shock waves (w) in the target material which radiate outwards from the holes (ha). Since they are generated concurrently, the shock waves derived from adjacent penetrators collide along planes (represented end-on by lines 1 1, 1 2 and 1 3) which extend into the target material and run parallel to and between the paths of the penetrators. Collision and reflection of the shock waves creates regions of intense compression along these planes, causing material in the vicinity of these regions to fail. Upon subsequent relaxation following compression, a large volume of target material surrounding the holes (ha) is ruptured. Gases generated during penetration contribute to the ejection of ruptured material outwards from the surface of the target to leave behind a large hole (HA) of triangular cross-section bounded by the jagged line (j). The position of the munitions 2 in the assembly approximately defines the corner locations hence lateral shape and dimensions of the hole (HA). The hole (HA) extends for most of the depth of the holes (ha) initially bored by the individual penetrators (p).
A similar hole boring effect to that described above with reference to FIG. 3 is produced by the second embodiment of this invention, illustrated in FIG. 4. In this second embodiment, four shaped charge munitions 2 are mounted within equidistantly-spaced openings 28 in a first, right-conical support plate 30 located transversely within a second cylindrical canister 32 having a fore-and-aft axis BB′, an open forward end 34 and a closed rearward end 36. The apex 38 of the support plate 30 is obtusely angled and points towards the open end 34 of this canister 32 to create a divergent alignment of the munitions 2 with respect to the axis BB′. The axes of symmetry of the shaped charge munitions 2 therefore diverge from one another forwardly of the support plate 30, so that simultaneous detonation of the charges 12 produce penetrators which each diverge from the axis BB′ at an acute angle of preferably not more than 20� to strike the target at separate locations and at a distance from the charges 12 defined by the stand-off distance provided by the length of canister 32 forward of the support plate 30. A hole is produced in the target which is generally wider but shorter than that produced by a parallel array of shaped charges 12 as exemplified by the first embodiment of this invention, since in comparison with the first embodiment, the divergence of the penetrators from the munitions 2 causes a more rapid reduction of shockwave collision intensity with increasing depth into the target.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that a similar effect will also be produced by a slightly convergent array of at least three shaped charge munitions 2, provided always that the penetrators strike the target at separate locations and preferably do not meet for a distance of less than ten charge diameters from the base of each conical recess 14. A slightly convergent array will tend to produce a hole in a concrete target which is deeper, narrower, and slightly tapered in comparison with that produced by a parallel array.
In FIG. 5 there is illustrated a sectional view similar to that of FIG. 2 of a third embodiment of this invention, in which the three shaped charge munitions 2 are mounted within equispaced circular openings 48 in a second conical support plate 50 such that their axes of symmetry are focussed on one another at a focal point F located at a distance of less than 10 charge diameters from the base of each recess 14. The support plate 50 is mounted transversely within a third, cylindrical canister 52 having an open forward end 54, a closed rearward end 56, and a fore-and-aft axis CC′ which passes through the focal point F and equidistantly between the munitions 2. The conical support plate 50 is mounted with its apex 58 facing rearwards to allow for the correct alignment with respect to the axis CC′ of the shaped charges 2 mounted in the openings 48. The location of the support plate 50 within the canister 52 is such that forward of the support plate, the cannister provides adequate stand-off distance to ensure the focal point F is located just beyond the open forward end 54.
The three munitions 2 do not include separate detonators. Instead, inside the closed rearward end 56 is axially housed a common detonator 60. An electric firing lead 62 extends from the detonator through the rearward end 56 to a trigger switch 64. Three flexible detonating cords 66 stem from the detonator 60 and extend one to the rear of each munition 2. Each cord 66 enters its respective munition 2 along the axis of symmetry of the munition. The three cords 66 are of equal length to enable the transmission of detonation waves from the detonator 60 which arrive at all three munitions 2 simultaneously.
In use, the open forward end 54 is presented to the surface of the target and the three charges 12 are detonated simultaneously by the detonator 60 through the detonating cords 66, from a signal transmitted by the trigger switch 64 to the detonator 60 through the lead 62. The penetrators produced by the collapsed liners 16 meet at the focal point F just below the surface of the target and coalesce into a single jet penetrator which then further penetrates the target.
The effect of the detonated array of three focussed munitions 2 on a target is shown schematically in FIG. 6, producing a funnel-shaped approximately axisymmetric hole (HB) in a concrete target (T) of considerable depth and width. The deep, tapered inner region (r2) of the hole is produced by the penetrators once they have coalesced within the target T. By contrast, the effect on the same target of a single one of the shaped charge munitions 2 is shown in FIG. 7, producing a tapered hole (hb) which even at its widest point is considerably narrower than that produced by the coalesced penetrator.
It has been found that, against a 0.3 m thick concrete vehicle-supporting ground target (eg airfield runway), a triple focussed array of identical shaped charges each having a diameter of 85 mm and conical aluminium liner of 45� apex angle and arranged on a pitch circle diameter of 200 mm with their axes inclined at 8�56′ to the axis CC′ of FIG. 5, such that the forward faces of the charges are located at a distance of 425 mm above the surface of the target and the axes are focussed at a point 200 mm below the surface, will produce a bore-hole of similar throat dimension and penetration depth as a 180 mm diameter unitary shaped charge with an 85� conical aluminium liner and an all up mass of twice that of the triple array.
It has further been found that against the same target, a triple parallel array of identical shaped charges arranged in accordance with the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 on a pitch circle diameter of 155 m, each charge having a diameter of 85 mm and a conical aluminium liner of 30� apex angle and having its forward face located at a distance of 425 mm above the surface of the target, will produce a bore-hole of similar throat dimension and penetration length as a 180 mm diameter unitary shaped charge with an 85� conical aluminium liner and an all-up mass of 1.8 times that of the triple array.
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Posted Mar 2 2011 3:45PM
Bill Davidson was one of the great owners in professional sports, and when he died, a generous piece of the Pistons went with him.
The team you see today -- fractured, mismanaged, troubled and embarrassing, a Charlie Sheen interview, basically -- isn't the one you once knew. The Pistons under Mr. D were a model in every which way, a rousing success financially and a rock on the floor. That's why the current mess is so alarming, and Detroit can only hope Tom Gores can change the stale atmosphere of a team suddenly viewed as a cruel joke.
When the sale of the Pistons to Gores becomes final, the new owner must bring down the sledgehammer, Rick Mahorn-style, because enough is enough. The Palace, once filled to the rim, is soulless and defiantly silent. The general manager, Joe Dumars, is reeling from a series of franchise-crippling mistakes. The coach, John Kuester, is clueless and vulnerable. And two remaining players from the good old days, Rip Hamilton and Tayshaun Prince, are suddenly sour and bitter and worst of all, poisonous.
Once the team shifts from Mr. D to Mr. G, there must also be a drastic shift in philosophy and some accountability, or else the Pistons run the risk of becoming just another blight in Detroit, abandoned and neglected.
Where did it go wrong? How did a franchise that owes its three championships to the team concept suddenly crumble into what we saw last weekend, when several players stiffed their coach? Well, yes, it can be traced back to the loss of a great owner. But there are the ripple effects, too.
Karen Davidson didn't want to own the team or the Palace; she would rather have cashed out and moved on. Which was fine, except the potential sale of her late husband's assets hit too many recession-placed roadblocks and dragged on longer than anyone previously thought. And in the interim, leadership suffered.
Tom Wilson, the long-time team president and loyal lieutenant to Mr. D, resigned. The team's public relations director for nearly three decades was fired and days later was found dead in his home. He was 51. Financial handcuffs placed on Dumars made him powerless to clean up the oversights he made in trades, or to fire Kuester, who was a bad/cheap hire in the first place.
What's left is a shell of a former powerhouse franchise that routinely went deep into the postseason, printed money at the Palace and saw its value soar high enough to be placed with the Lakers, Knicks and Celtics, teams in larger markets with more financial advantages. That's why Davidson was such a genius. He hired the right people, the Pistons were stable and they made many millions.
Now, the first order of business for Gores is to decide what to do with Dumars. The odds are against the general manager. Dumars' biggest mistake, aside from the Darko Milicic disaster, was holding onto Hamilton and Prince at least two seasons too long. Both players, spoiled by the good times, have undermined Kuester and torpedoed the Pistons with their high salaries and fading reputations. They've set a bad example for Austin Daye, Rodney Stuckey and Greg Monroe, three young players who are worth keeping. Hamilton, especially, bit the hand that fed him a $12 million-a-year contract by refusing to accept a trade and buyout from the Cavs.
One big reason Dumars didn't trade Hamilton and Prince is because he signed Ben Gordon and Charlie Villanueva two years ago and figured the Pistons still had a shelf life. Well, in hindsight, those signings were money poorly spent. One mistake led to another.
And for the second straight time, Dumars chose the wrong coach, with Kuester following Michael Curry, who quickly lost the locker room and lasted only one year.
Kuester probably has his bags packed, knowing he won't be back. As for cleaning up the roster, that's at least a two-year project, depending on Gores' willingness to spend and the new labor agreement. Detroit isn't exactly a choice destination for A-list free agents, so smart drafting is a must for a team that took Milicic over Carmelo Anthony and Dwyane Wade.
Strangely enough, despite the turmoil, the Pistons still have a shot at making the playoffs. Kuester and Hamilton put a smiley face on their relationship the other day, pretending to respect one another. Any late surge by this so-called newly-united team will be fool's gold, however, because the issues affecting them can't be swept aside easily. Too many important decisions await new ownership, and the immediate future of the franchise is at stake.
Bill Davidson never would've stood for this. But then, this would've never happened on his Rolex, either.
Shaun Powell is a veteran NBA writer and columnist. You can e-mail him here and follow him on twitter.
The views on this page do not necessarily reflect the views of the NBA, its clubs or Turner Broadcasting.
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Hands Free Mama: (A guide to putting down the phone, burning the to-do list and letting go of perfection to grasp what really matters)
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