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This is two chapters from my book The Emergence and Nature of Human History, Volume One. The main section of the book is a chronology of the events that led to the emergence of human consciousness. I am not a scientist; I am a (very minor) historian and former history teacher. But I am writing a "deep history" of the world, and so I was forced to venture into subjects which are typically the province of physicists. If I have made egregious errors of any kind, or even minor ones, please correct me.
Condensing the History of the Universe
When we learn that the age of the Universe is 13,700,000,000 years, it is difficult for us to wrap our minds around such a figure. Most of us are used to thinking of time in units that we can relate to our own lives. We tend to think of a decade as a long time. In the advanced nations, 75-80 years constitutes a normal lifespan. A century represents a very long time (or an extremely long life), and a millennium stretches our imaginations. To hear that the life of the Universe is, so far, 137,000,000 times longer than the life of a centenarian challenges our conceptual limits to the breaking point. Why does this matter? Because when we can no longer conceive of something, it becomes, in a sense, invisible to us, and hence meaningless. In order for us to make our place in reality mentally visible and meaningful we have to come up with a way of thinking about the unfolding events of the Universe that uses time frames with which we are intimately familiar. So how can this be done?
In his classic work, The Dragons of Eden: Speculations on the Evolution of Human Intelligence, the great Carl Sagan used an ingenious method to make the vast age of the Universe comprehensible. This method is known as "The Cosmic Calendar" and it is based on conceiving of the Universe's history, from the Big Bang to this very moment, as having taken place in the span of just one Earth year. The first moment of the Universe's existence, therefore, would be midnight, 1 January. The current moment would be midnight exactly one year later, right at the start of a new year. So, to measure the progress of the Universe from the earliest moment of its existence to the emergence of human consciousness, we would convert the real times of the most significant developments to our one year framework, always keeping these events in the correct proportional relationship to each other on our calendar.
Since some people think in a more linear way, I will also use the timeline concept I introduced in the chapter entitled A Species Lost in Both Space and Time. [You can read it here.] This involves, as I said, imagining there is a timeline stretching out 1,000,000 meters (1000 kilometers or 621.3 miles) before us, almost the exact distance between Darjeeling and Agra, India or between Cardiff in the United Kingdom and Magdeburg, Germany, or a little shorter than the distance between Chicago and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. If the Big Bang is at the very beginning of the timeline and our lives at the very end, where do the great events that mark the progress of the Universe from the unconscious to the conscious fall?
The answers to these questions, as I indicated previously, are not flattering to human vanity. It is startling, as well, to see how near in time to us the age of the dinosaurs actually was, or how downright recent the evolution of the first primates was, perhaps a mere 65,000,000 years ago. On our chronology we will examine all the "firsts" in the prehistory of the world, explain something about the major events surrounding and proceeding from them, and try to elucidate how the physical, chemical, and biological realms produced an utterly unexpected offshoot—us.
Why is there something rather than nothing? One could argue, I suppose, that true nothingness is impossible, since what we think of as nothingness—the absence of space-time and energy-matter—would still constitute a state of being, and therefore technically be something. But obviously the absence of space-time and energy-matter is not the issue here. We seemingly find ourselves immersed in and part of both of them. In our perception, therefore, the something that exists appears to be physical reality. What accounts for it? If it had a beginning, how did it begin? If it had no beginning, what does that say about our place in it?
The physical reality we know is encompassed in the Universe, an entity, as we have seen, of inconceivable enormity, the sum total of all objects, events, processes, histories, and futures. Our entire being as a genus and species has been, and will be, lived in it. Its creation has been the subject of stories and myths from almost every culture, but it has fallen to the modern sciences, particularly cosmology, to attempt to explain its true inception. And while philosophical and theological arguments often pop up in discussions of our ultimate origins, most cosmologists seek an explanation of the Universe's provenance that is grounded completely in naturalistic conceptions and empirically-demonstrable explanations.
Questions and Hypotheses Concerning the Universe's Nature and Origin
The conception of the Universe's beginning that dominates the thinking of the Earth's physics community is the Big Bang, the rapid expansion of space-time and the increasing elaboration of energy-matter that began 13,700,000,000 years ago. (Of course, the phrase Big Bang can be misleading; most scientists don't literally see it as an explosion, but rather a phenomenon characterized by extremely high temperatures and very turbulent energies which began at a definable time in the past.) In the 1920s, the work of Alexander Friedmann and Georges Lemaître pointed to the distinct possibility that the Universe was expanding, and evidence gathered since that time has confirmed this expansion.1 The equations that describe the density, temperature, and expansion of the Universe, when extrapolated backward in time, seemed to converge on the presence of a singularity at what is called time zero, wherein not only all of space but all of time itself was confined in the beginning to a point of incredible smallness in which all the basic forces that dominate the physical world—gravity, electromagnetic force, the strong nuclear force, and the weak force—had not yet become differentiated, a point of infinite temperature and density. The calculations that pointed to a singularity were worked out most completely by Stephen Hawking and Roger Penrose in the 1960s, and for a number of years this view held the high ground in cosmology.
But the concept of a singularity ran into major difficulties. Many cosmologists now argue that we cannot support the idea of a singularity because it appears that Einstein's relativity equations break down in the conditions of the extremely early Universe. (An infinity of pressure and an infinitely curved space-time appear to be precluded in relativity theory.) They point out that without a definitive theory of quantum gravity, we simply do not know what happened at the very first moment of the Universe's existence, and we simply do not know—yet—from whence the Universe sprang.2 Hawking himself has changed his mind about the singularity, and he has proposed a different explanation for the Universe's beginning. (See below.)
So although the search for a scientific explanation of the Universe's origins has been underway for many decades, and a great deal has been elucidated about them, there are still unresolved issues and areas of contention among those most deeply involved in the search. In their most basic form, these questions are as follows:
—Is the Universe a one-time, distinct phenomenon, or is it the current incarnation of a physical reality that has existed, and will exist, forever?
—Is the Universe the whole of physical reality, or is there a Multiverse, perhaps infinite, of other Universes which have their own distinct physical rules and constants?
—Does it make any sense to use the phrase "before the Big Bang"? If there was no time or space that existed before the Universe began, then how and from whence did the Universe arise?
—Is it possible for something to emerge out of nothing? Can being emerge out of non-being, or is being the absolute fundamental precondition of reality?
—If the concept of a singularity is no longer tenable, with what can we replace it?
The Universe, in some pictures of its creation, is said to have simply bubbled out of the fabric of reality itself. Perhaps it was here that pure mathematical randomness asserted itself. The Universe was possible; therefore, in an expression of probability, it became. Maybe it was just as likely as it was not that all the features out of which physical reality is composed came into being through what Peter Atkins calls a fluctuation. This was caused, in his view, by an extreme simplicity that gave rise to a set of points, a geometry, a pattern brought forth by sheer chance, in our case a pattern that contained both time and three spatial dimensions, an arrangement which was conducive to expansion and an increasing elaboration.3
Atkins is describing being emerging from non-being—something emerging from nothing. But how can this occur? It seems impossible, and yet physicist Paul Davies has answered in this way:
The lesson of quantum physics is this: Something that "just happens" need not actually violate the laws of physics. The abrupt and uncaused appearance of something can occur within the scope of scientific law, once quantum laws have been taken into account. Nature apparently has the capacity for genuine spontaneity.As Davies notes, particles (and, we should add, antiparticles) spontaneously pop into existence all the time, even in a perfect vacuum. It is the nature of the vacuum, many scientists believe, that gave rise to the current Universe. This is related to the phenomenon known as Zero Point Energy. In order to grasp Zero Point Energy, we need to remember Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle, wherein we cannot simultaneously know the exact location and momentum of a particle. A particle has both motion energy and positional energy. ZPE is the smallest amount of energy that motion and positional energy can add up to according to quantum principles. Since it is impossible for a particle to be completely motionless (for in that case both its location and momentum would be known at the same time), we must assume that it retains a minimal but still real ZPE. The fluctuations that cause particles to spontaneously (if only briefly) emerge will therefore, by necessity, imply the creation of energy. In other words, if the Universe began as an example of Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle, the creation of energy in this instance would have been unavoidable.5
It is, of course, a big step from the spontaneous and uncaused appearance of a subatomic particle-something that is routinely observed in particle accelerators-to the spontaneous and uncaused appearance of the universe. But the loophole is there. If, as astronomers believe, the primeval universe was compressed to a very small size, then quantum effects must have once been important on a cosmic scale. Even if we don't have a precise idea of exactly what took place at the beginning, we can at least see that the origin of the universe from nothing need not be unlawful or unnatural or unscientific. In short, it need not have been a supernatural event.4
Matter is created out of energy, since they are aspects of the same thing. In 1988, Hawking maintained that the energy to create matter has been "borrowed" from the Universe's gravitational energy, a process which was particularly intense during the rapid inflationary period of space-time. Hawking said this debt will not have to be "paid back" until the very end of the Universe itself. This would imply, mind-bogglingly enough, that the net energy of the entire Universe is zero.
Cosmologist John Barrow challenges all notions of creation out of nothing. Barrow argues that since the concept of an infinitely dense, infinitely hot point from which the Universe sprang is no longer tenable, that it is completely possible that our Universe is part of an eternal sequence of Universes. He points out that a number of scenarios are possible in this regard, from a Universe that was static (before the time we perceive as the Big Bang) and which began the expansion we now observe to a Universe in eternal expansion, to a Universe that "bounced" into being from the decay of another Universe. Moreover, Barrow contends that gravitation does not behave as we once thought it did. A Universe in which gravitation is always universally attractive does not square with our observations of the Universe's expansion. Something is overcoming the force of gravitation, and driving the Universe to entropy. (As we saw earlier in this book, that something may be dark energy.)6
The consensus that seems to be emerging, therefore, is that we do not yet know what happened at the very moment of the Universe's origin (or the origin of its most recent incarnation). There appears to be no inherent contradiction or logical fallacy in asserting that the Universe we inhabit is part of a larger, perhaps eternal space-time reality, but as yet nothing along this line can be demonstrated. There also appears to be no inherent contradiction or logical fallacy in asserting that the Universe is the result of random quantum fluctuation in the vacuum of nothingness. German theoretical physicist Henning Genz puts it this way:
If there was time before the Big Bang, time in which the world originated, we will never know within our model [the standard model of the hot Big Bang]; the first frame of our motion picture is independent of anything that might have preceded it. Increase of temperature eliminates information…no information whatever can be passed on at infinite temperature. To repeat: We have no way of telling whether anything preceded the Big Bang, whether time had its origin together with our universe. 7If there was indeed an "explosion" (so to speak) of energy-matter at the beginning of the Universe, there should be detectable traces of it today, and indeed there are. The traces are in the form of what is known as the cosmic microwave background radiation. This remnant of the Big Bang was first detected in 1965 by two American radio astronomers, and it was measured and "seen" in effect by the COBE satellite in 1992, a monumental discovery. The density and distribution of this radiation confirms many of our conjectures about the Big Bang and the early Universe. The Universe in which we live is both largely homogenous and isotropic—in other words, one which appears to be structurally uniform throughout and one in which all directions seem to yield a similar view. The irregularities within the cosmic microwave background radiation, the level of its anisotropy, constitute about one one-hundredth thousandth of its content, or one one-thousandth of one percent.8
In 1983 Stephen Hawking and fellow physicist Jim Hartle proposed what they believe to be a plausible picture of physical reality, one known as the No Boundary Universe. In its original form, it defined a Universe that was both finite and unbounded (in the same sense that the surface of a sphere is unbounded, although Hawking and Hartle do not see the Universe as a spherical object). Such a Universe would not have begun with a singularity. In a 1988 public lecture, Hawking explained his view in this manner:
The proposal that Hartle and I made, can be paraphrased as: The boundary condition of the universe is, that it has no boundary. It is only if the universe is in this ``no boundary'' state, that the laws of science, on their own, determine the probabilities of each possible history. Thus, it is only in this case that the known laws would determine how the universe should behave. If the universe is in any other state, the class of curved spaces, in the ``Sum over Histories'', will include spaces with singularities. In order to determine the probabilities of such singular histories, one would have to invoke some principle other than the known laws of science. This principle would be something external to our universe. We could not deduce it from within the universe. On the other hand, if the universe is in the ``no boundary'' state, we could, in principle, determine completely how the universe should behave, up to the limits set by the Uncertainty Principle.9The term "Sum over Histories" was taken from the work of Richard Feynman. You may recall in the chapter entitled The Rules of the Game: The New Rulebook that Feynman demonstrated, through quantum electrodynamics, that a beam of light explores every possible path between Point A and Point B, and the sum of the probabilities it explores appears to be a straight line. Hawking is arguing that the Universe itself represents the sum of all possible Universes, and that its appearance was basically an act of quantum spontaneity. Hawking spoke again about this theme in a 2007 lecture that recapitulated many of his earlier points. But he elaborated on his previous remarks by saying that the picture he and Hartle had developed of the spontaneous quantum creation of the Universe could be likened to the bubbles that form in heated water. The various bubbles that appear and then disappear again would represent microscopic Universes that spontaneously appear and disappear again after undergoing a very limited expansion. Hawking then added that a few of these bubble-like Universes would attain sufficient size to escape the possibility of collapse, and would continue to expand at increasing rates. It was these Universes, Hawking said, that had the potential to last long enough to produce stars, galaxies, and life.10
In 2008, New Scientist reported that Hawking, Hartle, and physicist Thomas Hertog proposed that the early Universe was describable as a wave function, meaning that all possible Universes initially came into being but the one that prevailed was the most probable one, the one that we inhabit, the Universe that now appears to act in accordance with the rules of classical physics. Moreover, according to their calculations, this most probable Universe allows for a rapid inflation, inflation consistent with the evidence we have gathered from measuring the cosmic microwave background radiation. In short, according to this view, there was no singularity. Rather, from a dense thicket of possibilities, the most probable one grew into the Universe we inhabit. Hawking also pointed out that in this model there would be small fluctuations in the expansion of the Universe, and it was these localized fluctuations that permitted the emergence of stars, galaxies, and all the other structures of which we know in the Universe.11
The Very Early Universe After the First Moment
The ground of physical being itself may still be a matter of controversy, but what happened in the immediate aftermath of the Big Bang—whatever its ultimate causes—is much better known. The earliest era of the Universe after the initial events of the Big Bang is known as the Planck Era, and it ended at 10-43 seconds. Nothing is known with any certainty about it. At the end of this vanishingly brief time gravity began to separate itself from the other fundamental forces, the start of a monumental career in constructing, probably through dark matter's gravitational fields, the basic structures of the Universe. Between 10-43 and 10-34 seconds there was, according to most cosmologists, an enormous inflation of the Universe, perhaps at a greater rate than at any other time in the 13.7 billion years since. (The inflationary hypothesis was first proposed by cosmologist Alan Guth in 1980 and has been developed by Guth, Andrei Linde, Paul Steinhardt, and Andy Albrecht.) According to some physicists, this inflation expanded the Universe in its first moments by a figure of 1050. Inflation would account for the fact that parts of the Universe separated by enormous distances show strongly similar background temperatures, indicating that they must have been in close proximity at one time. It was at the end of this period of inflation that the strong force separated itself from what was left of the single primordial unified force.12
At around 10-12 seconds, it appears that the electromagnetic and weak forces separated. In other words, when the Universe was a trillionth of a second old, its fundamental forces and features had already been set.13 For a few millionths of a second after the Big Bang, the primordial Universe was dominated by what is known as quark-gluon plasma. Many scientists now think that it was the interaction of quarks and gluons in this state that gave rise to protons and neutrons. It would appear the QGP behaved as a liquid, and although it is not yet fully understood, it has been successfully created in the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland, and elsewhere.14 Quarks, of course, are among the Universe's fundamental building blocks, and gluons are the carriers of the strong force. At around 10-6 seconds, it appears that all quarks, which had been running free, were now confined into larger structures and began to form the protons and neutrons that were essential to the eventual construction of atoms. By around 10-4 seconds after the Big Bang's eruption, all of the kinds of subatomic particles which are part of the Universe were now in existence. All of the necessary building blocks were present. They now were to start aggregating themselves in increasingly complex and diverse ways.
Now hadrons, particles held together by the strong nuclear force, briefly dominated. Some of them were composed solely of quarks and are considered to be matter particles and some of them were composed of quarks and anti-quarks and are considered to be force carriers. Neutrinos decoupled and began to fly freely in space. After a single second, most hadrons had annihilated each other and the extraordinarily fundamental particles known as leptons, a group which includes, as we have seen, the electrons, dominated for the next three minutes. And it is of supreme importance, as I emphasized earlier, that there was an asymmetry between matter and antimatter in the early Universe. Had matter not gained the upper hand, there would be no physical Universe here now at all.
At one second after the Big Bang, it is now thought that the temperature of the early Universe was 10,000,000,000 degrees Kelvin, and the pressures approximately one ton per cubic centimeter.15 Such temperatures, although not as great as the inconceivable levels that existed prior to that time, were still far too hot to allow for the formation of nuclei.
As we have already noted, it has taken an extraordinary effort on our part to pry open the secrets of the early Universe and the tiniest of all units of energy-matter. The energies required to construct them were so overwhelming that they no longer exist in the current Universe, except when we create them in controlled, experimental conditions. When we peel away the layers of this ultimate physical level of being, we are, in a sense, going back in time, back to the era when quarks were being created in the maelstrom of the earliest Universe.16
Primordial Nucleosynthesis and the First Elements
At around 180 seconds after the Big Bang, the nuclei of what were to be the first elements formed. The initial extremely high temperatures of the early Universe had cooled sufficiently to allow this process to occur. But the temperature of the early Universe was still so high that it was impossible for the entire atomic structure of these elements to emerge. That would occur much later. These nuclei were extremely light in the sense that their atomic weights were minimal. The nuclei that formed were deuterium, helium, and lithium, in a process known as primordial nucleosynthesis. (Nucleosynthesis: the creation of nuclei.)
According to most cosmologists, the beginning of the period of primordial nucleosynthesis was dominated by the existence of free neutrons, protons, electrons, neutrinos, and photons. The free neutrons were unstable; they had been undergoing radioactive decay since one second after the Big Bang. At three minutes, protons began to capture neutrons, and deuterons—the nuclei of what would eventually be 2H—formed. Once this had occurred, other light nuclei could be formed, as deuterons linked both with each other and with products of their original linkages to produce different isotopes of the lightest nuclei. In this process 3He, 4He, 6Li, and 7Li were ultimately created.17 The amount of helium in the Universe was ultimately determined by the fact that neutrons were relatively rare compared to protons, and single protons turned out to be the most abundant nuclei. Single protons would eventually be paired with single electrons and become the simplest form of hydrogen, 1H, (or protium) and this was to be the most abundant element in the Universe.18
The period of primordial nucleosynthesis ended at around 20 minutes. Following this, there was a period of dominance by radiation, lasting approximately 41,000 years, until the density of radiation and the density of matter became equal. All the while the Universe kept expanding, and as it expanded its temperature was cooling. By 41,000 years after the Big Bang the temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation had fallen to about 9,300 degrees Kelvin. Because of the rapidity of the expansion of space itself, the Universe's diameter is thought to have been 24.4 million light years.19 In the process of cooling it became possible for new structures of energy-matter to emerge. At about 379,000 years after the Big Bang, the temperature of the Universe had cooled sufficiently (to about 3,000 degrees K) to allow the formation of hydrogen, helium, and lithium atoms, as electrons were harnessed to the existing nuclei of these elements. This process is known as recombination. (Hydrogen and helium isotopes comprise the lion's share of the visible matter of the Universe, something on the order of 98%.) It is at this point that there were few enough unattached electrons that photons could travel in an unobstructed manner, making the Universe (for a time) transparent. It is this transparency that allows us to detect the cosmic microwave background radiation from that era.
We do not yet know when dark matter and dark energy came into existence in the early Universe. But they certainly must have existed by the time atoms were created, and perhaps well before that. When the first atoms came into existence, it became possible for gravity to begin to organize the structures of the Universe which eventually came to be, again, quite probably with dark matter's gravitational fields playing an indispensable role in this construction.
Other Considerations
It is understood that the observable Universe in which we exist is finite. The equations by which the expansion of the Universe is measured tell us this. And a more down-to-Earth reason tells us as well: The Night Sky Paradox, which was first noted in the 17th century. Why is the night sky dark? Because its age is limited. If the Universe was of infinite age, and stars randomly distributed throughout it, light would thoroughly saturate the sky at all times, even after sundown. Since it doesn't we must assume that our Universe is indeed finite.
But if the Universe is finite, can it also be part of a process which is eternal? Paul Steinhardt and Neil Turok argue in Endless Universe (2007) that there is significant evidence that the current universe is simply the latest in a series of trillion-year long expansions and contractions (although they point out that the existence of such a cycle does not preclude a beginning of time), and that the Universe may be going through evolutionary changes during each trillion year cycle. Steinhardt and Turok predicate their argument on the existence of branes (short for membranes), the extra dimensions the existence of which is predicted by string theory. In their view, these branes can move through space and exert gravitational influences on each other. As the Universe is driven to entropy by the expansionary action of dark energy (which itself will decay), these branes stretch and extend, and then collide with each other. It is the collision of branes, at the end of the Universe and its attendant entropic state, that will create, according to this hypothesis, new matter and new radiation, and hence a new Universe.20 So is it possible that the Big Bang (or something like it) has happened again and again, recreating space-time in an endless procession?
As we saw in the chapter entitled, The Rules of the Game: The New Rulebook, it is entirely possible (if not yet proven) that there is a multiverse, an inconceivably huge, possibly even infinite collection of universes, that exists, caused perhaps by the collapse of innumerable waves of probability into alternate histories of the physical world. It is possible also that the basic underlying reality has allowed uncounted Universes to spontaneously erupt, as did ours. There is nothing that would necessarily preclude this possibility. If our own Universe bubbled into existence as a quantum fluctuation, there is nothing to prevent other Universes from having done so as well. Some theorists have maintained that such Universes are spatially in very close proximity to our own, and are in fact parallel to our own Universe. There is no way of testing such ideas empirically; if they are ever demonstrated, it will be through purely deductive means. No one can say what such Universes would be like, whether people such as ourselves exist within them, or even if they have physical constants exactly like our own. It is conceivable, for example, to have a Universe where electrically-charged particles are attracted to particles of a similar charge rather than repelled by them. But it is worth noting that even such a seemingly minor change from our own Universe would mean that everything would be different in this hypothetical Universe, and it would have properties that cannot be fully predicted.
It was this first period in our condensed history's chronology, from early in the day on 1 January to about 5 January, that the Universe was in its dark ages—the age before stars. Only the microwave residue of the Big Bang itself now reminds us of this era. The Universe expanded and cooled in an uneven fashion. Certain regions of higher gravitation began to collapse. It would take 100-200,000,000 years before there were in these regions of collapse gas temperatures hot enough to trigger nuclear fusion, and thus to ignite the first stars that existed.
At every stage in its unfolding, the physical universe brought forth levels of organization that made possible, in order, the emergence of distinct physical forces, fundamental particles, composite particles, elements, atoms, molecules, gases, stars, dust, mini-galaxies, true galaxies, clusters of galaxies, solar systems within galaxies, planets within solar systems, satellites around planets, and the whole array of lesser objects that bend themselves to the will of gravitational fields established by stars, both thriving and dying. The evolution of life on some of these planets and lesser bodies was a variation on the physical laws completely consistent with this unfolding process. Our very bodies are composed of the same substances as the celestial objects, and their physiology rests on the laws of physics that underlie all of physical reality.
In short, the nature of the Universe lives within us, and we are the descendants of those first eventful years of its being.
1. Silk, Joseph, Cosmic Enigmas pp. 13-14
2. Coles, Peter, and Lucchin, Francesco. Cosmology: The Origin and Evolution of Cosmic Structure, pp. 119-122;
3. Atkins, Peter, Creation Revisited , p. 149;
4. The statement by Paul Davies may be found here:
5 Genz, Henning, Nothingness: The Science of Empty Space, pp. 199-202
6. Barrow, John D. The Book of Nothing: Vacuums, Voids, and the Latest Ideas About the Origins of the Universe, pp. 287-297;
7. Genz, p. 262;
8. Levin, Frank, Calibrating the Cosmos: How Cosmology Explains Our Big Bang Universe, p. 3
9. Hawking's 1988 statement may be found here:
10. Hawking's 2007 statement may be found here:
11. New Scientist, 28 June 2008
12. Kaku, Michio, Parallel Worlds: A Journey Through Creation, Higher Dimensions, and the Future of the Cosmos p. 105;
13. Tyson, Neil De Grasse, and Donald Goldsmith, Origins: Fourteen Billion Years of Cosmic Evolution, p. 39
14. PhysOrg, January 17, 2012, "The perfect liquid -- now even more perfect" http://www.physorg.com/...
15. Vilenkin, Alex, Many Worlds in One: The Search for Other Universes, p. 34
16. Ferris, Timothy, Coming of Age in the Milky Way, pp. 340-346
17. Levin, pp. 229-235;
18. Hawley, John F., Holcomb, Katherine A., Foundations of Modern Cosmology, p. 370
19. Levin, p. 187
20. Steinhardt, Paul J. and Turok, Neil, Endless Universe: Beyond the Big Bang—Rewriting Cosmic History, pp. 164-166; pp. 188-193
A useful discussion of Zero Point Energy may be found here:


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Apple has maintained its place as the world's most valuable brand over the past year, leading a group of technology-related companies that dominate the top 10, according to a study published on Tuesday.
The iPhone and iPad maker has boosted its brand value by 19 per cent in the past year to US$183 billion ($239 billion), or 37 per cent of its market capitalisation, according to the annual BrandZ study by leading brands and market-research agency Millward Brown.
Facebook, with a market value of US$82b after its initial public offering last week, was the fastest climber in the top 100, seeing its brand value rise by 74 per cent to US$33.2b to put it in 19th place.
Seven of the top 10 were technology-related firms, although McDonald's and Coca-Cola kept their respective number four and number six rankings.
Marlboro moved up a notch to seventh place despite anti-smoking campaigns in much of the world.
Nick Cooper, managing director of Millward Brown Optimor which produced the study, said the strength of technology brands was a measure of the central and transformative role it plays in contemporary life.
"It's all-pervading,'' Cooper told Reuters, "and there's a lot of excitement and new news. This is where it's all happening. That tends to increase not only the demand and financial performance but also the role of brand."
Millward Brown, part of global advertising group WPP, takes as its starting point the financial value of the company or the part of the company that produces the brand, and combines it with the brand's ability to create loyalty.
"When cars first appeared or when air travel first appeared, they became liberating. It's the turn of the technology sector at the moment," said Cooper.
Business technology brands also featured prominently in the top 10, with IBM switching places with Google to rise to second place. Microsoft kept its position at number five.
Cooper said the so-called consumerisation of IT, in which business hardware and software makers increasingly have to come up to the standards that consumers are used to in their private lives, played a role.
"The brands that are generally demonstrating the best growth are those that tend to be occupying spaces where there is a lot more intuitive natural use, where the consumer experience is informing the B2B experience rather than the other way around."
Mobile phone brands AT&T at number eight, Verizon at number nine and China Mobile completed the top 10.
Cooper said, however, some technology brands were vulnerable to public opinion swinging against them, especially over emotive issues such as privacy, where Facebook and Google have already suffered a backlash for gathering large amounts of user data.
"Consumer technology is receiving the same kind of scrutiny once reserved for banks and brands will have to respond convincingly to increasing regulatory oversight. This may impact social brands like Facebook in the future," he said.
Cooper added that Apple's increasing its brand value despite the death of its visionary founder Steve Jobs in the past year was extraordinary.
"They are catchable but they've either got to falter or someone else has got to put on a sprint," he said.
Millward Brown will publish the complete list of its top 100 brands at www.millwardbrown.com.
- Reuters
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Seal 'on the loose' in Lower Hutt
What do you make of the proposed conference centre/hotel for Wellington?Related story: Convention centre to get OK

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University of London
Originally published 05/07/2013
Birkbeck tributes to "jazzy, snazzy, complete historian" Hobsbawm
A celebration of the life and influence of legendary historian Eric Hobsbawm, who died last October at the age of 95, brought out family, friends and fellow scholars in force at Birkbeck, University of London this week.In a speech of welcome, David Latchman, master of Birkbeck – which Professor Hobsbawm joined as a lecturer in 1947 and where he served as president from 2002 until his death – said he was someone who had "clearly made a difference to people's lives".At graduation ceremonies, Professor Latchman recalled of Professor Hobsbawm, "the production line would be slowed down by people saying: 'You influenced me! You are the reason I am here! You are the reason why I graduated!' A proportion of them would be so excited at meeting their hero that they walked off the stage without remembering to shake hands with me."...
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Ian Laperriere nears return because he is very manly
May 17, 2010, 5:45 PM EDT
Things are looking up for the Philadelphia Flyers even on days when they're not pulverizing their opponents 6-0. Earlier today, I shared the fact that Jeff Carter might return during the Eastern Conference finals. They could have more good news as Ian Laperriere also hopes be on his way back.
Laperriere, who took a slap shot in the face in Game 5 of the Eastern Conference semifinals, that caused a concussion and a brain bruise, was cleared for contact on Monday according to Flyers general manager Paul Holmgren.
Holmgren told the Flyers official website that Laperriere is closer to returning to the lineup than Carter.
It makes sense that with a guy as tough as Laperriere, he'd have to have a pretty hardcore injury to miss playoff time. Like, say, a freaking bruised brain. His brain is bruised. Seriously, that's kind of horrifying.
The most mind blowing part is that he might be back before Carter. This news is an example of concentrated manliness.
- schtimpy27 - May 17, 2010 at 8:11 PM
concentrated manliness?
I call it complete and utter imbecility. Good Lord Ian, pack it in for (at least!) the season. Is he really so full of himself that he thinks he's really that need for the team? Or are the Flyers so bad that they really do need someone like Ian Laperriere to be able to advance?
Sorry, but brain injuries are a sore subject with me. My sister, a mother of three, has been reduced to a fraction of the proud person she was and completely taken out of her sons' lives by a brain injury following an accident caused by a drunk driver. To think some guy playing a game is WILLINGLY putting himself (and his family) in danger of that predicament just so he can play a few games… just unthinkably shortsighted and selfish.
- Scott - May 17, 2010 at 8:29 PM
With all due respect to your sister's unfortunate injury, give Laperierre a break. He's 36, he's played in the NHL for 16 years, and his teams have never gotten past the second round. Playing for the Cup is every Canadian kid's dream, and this may be his last and best chance. I don't blame him for wanting to rejoin his teammates, particularly when he's ostensibly gotten medical clearance to do so.
- Mathew - May 18, 2010 at 2:28 PM
Sorry about your sister that sucks.
But read the whole story he has been CLEARED for contact. Meaning the brain bruise is gone and that injury will not increase the chances of him getting another brain injury. Since congress has stepped in and got involved with brain injuries in american sports late last year that is what needs to be done before the player can return. It hasnt been made a law yet in America but the NHL, NFL, NBA, and MLB have been following those guide lines since then because they know if they dont they will be called in front of congress again.
No where in the country knows this better then Philadelphia. We went through this a couple of months ago with Brian Westbrook. The doctors who let him return were critized everywhere. So there is no way the Flyers teams doctors are going to let him play if their's a chance the previous injury will effect him like it did Westbrook.
So if they say hes cleared to play hes cleared to play.
- Zen - May 20, 2010 at 2:04 AM
He was cleared my doctors. The MRI came up clean. I'm sure this isn't the first time this has happened to him either. He says he will be wearing a full face shield to protect himself. Hope everything works out well.
- David - May 20, 2010 at 2:56 PM
Toughest guy on the ice. I am in Colorado and miss him every time I watch the Avs play. He is also a total class act off the ice. You should appreciate his comitment rather than hiding behind a computer crisizing him I wish Lappy only the best after watching him on and off the ice.
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Jump to content
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Posted 28 September 2012 - 22:07
Posted 28 September 2012 - 22:42
Posted 29 September 2012 - 02:45
Posted 01 October 2012 - 00:52
Time travel is possible, after all we all travel into the future one second at a time. There is a process happening here, and I think its only a matter of time (no pun intended) before we figure out a way to reverse it, or find a loophole around it. Time is relative, it's no secret it can be manipulated.
Posted 01 October 2012 - 01:50
I'll just leave this here:
Posted 01 October 2012 - 02:16
I'm time travelling now. Although, it's at a rate of one second per second into the future like everybody else...


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By Tim Brown | November 05, 2005
- Chris Jerichos UK Fozzy tour was a success, with 5 sellouts in the first eight dates.
- The Rock continues to avoid talking about pro wrestling in his media interviews. One specific instance is when he was recently on Late Night with Conan OBrien, he was asked about the Peoples Strudel and how it came about. He didnt mention how it came up in a wrestling storyline, and just said it was one of those guy things.
Share |
AAA Lucha Libre World Cup Results: Alberto El Patron, Rey Mysterio, King Cuerno, Moose, More
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Kurt Angle Talks About Not Signing With WWE And If He Has Issues With Triple H, Slammiversary


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Couple marries in Virginia.
New Country Collection CD, Aug. 25
A new collection of hot country hits, NOW That's What I Call Country Volume 2, is set to hit stores Aug. 25.
The collection features 20 songs, including "Kiss a Girl" by Keith Urban, "Everybody Wants to Go to Heaven" by Kenny Chesney and Taylor Swift's smash "Love Story." In addition to the 20 chart favorites, fans get even more for their money with five downloadable bonus tracks from more of today's rising young stars.
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Neurologist (brain, nervous system)
30 years of experience
30 years of experience
6700 Indiana Ave
Ste 145
Riverside, CA 92506 Phone number & directions
6700 Indiana Ave
Ste 145
Riverside, CA 92506 Phone number & directions
Learn more about Dr. James Haas:
View the full profile to get information on:
- Qualifications
- What's important to you
View full profile
Patient Reviews
Have you visited Dr. Haas? Share your experience.
Write a Review
Write a Review
Specialties & Research
- He has special expertise in 4 areas:
- Alzheimer Disease
- Epilepsy
- Migraine Disorders
- Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Education & Awards
Dr. Haas graduated from University of Vermont, Burlington.
Dr. Haas has 1 hospital affiliations:
- Casa Colina Hospital for Rehabilitation Medicine
Home > Find a Neurologist > CA > Riverside Neurologists > Dr. James Haas, MD
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- Additional Information
- Dr. James Francis Haas MD is a male Neurologist, has 30 years of experience and practices in Neurology.
- Where does Dr. James F. Haas practice?
- Dr. James Haas has 1 office location.
Dr. James Haas practices Neurology near Riverside, CA.
See Riverside Neurologists.


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Bungalow Hotel
Relax and rejuvenate your mind, body and soul on the sandy shores of the Atlantic Ocean. Bungalow Hotel is New Jersey's premiere luxury boutique hotel. Whether you desire a romantic escape for two, wedding destination location, and everything in-between, Bungalow is the place for you. Watch the sunrise in the morning over the shimmering waters of... more
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TSA agents 'humiliate cancer victim wearing adult diaper' at security checkpoint
- A woman has written a blog post about her husband's humiliation at the hands of TSA agents
- The woman says her husband was left incontinent after prostate cancer and must wear an adult diaper
- The TSA agents announced his secret loudly and then forced the man to undergo a humiliating search
- He had to change out of his soiled diaper and hand it over for the officers to inspect
- The ordeal caused the man to cry, says his wife
The Transport Security Administration has been criticized for humiliating a cancer survivor at a security checkpoint for wearing an incontinence pad.
The man's wife has told that he suffers from OAB (overactive bladder) after a battle with prostate cancer and wears adult diapers for his condition.
At an airport security checkpoint recently, he was forced to explain his situation multiple times to TSA officers, one of whom announced that he was wearing a diaper for the whole security line to hear, and then underwent an embarrassing back-room search.
Public humilation: A woman has told the story of her husband's embarrassment at an airport TSA checkpoint
The man's wife, writing anonymously, described her husband's ordeal on the forum CafeMom.
She writes that her husband, after waiting for a lengthy time in the security line at an unnamed airport, had had a 'bladder spasm' and had wet the incontinence pad.
When he went through security, he was asked if he was carrying any liquids in his clothing.
He explained his condition to the female TSA officer, who called over her male boss and tried to explain the situation to him.
'The problem was he did not understand what an "incontinence product" was when she told him,' writes the man's wife.
Long illness: The woman's husband was left incontinent after suffering prostate cancer
'Myself, [my husband], and the female TSA employee tried explaining a few times before the woman finally just shouted "HE IS WEARING A DIAPER" which caused pretty much everyone to turn and stare at us.'
Then, she adds, the TSA officer 'snickered.'
To add to the couple's humiliation, the TSA agents told them their scanner was unable to detect what was beneath the man's clothing and forced him to take off the diaper so that they could inspect the 'suspicious padding,' writes the man's wife.
Insensitive: The woman said the TSA officers didn't seem to understand the meaning of 'incontinent' and forced her husband to hand over his soiled diaper
The officers needed to conduct a 'further review' of the man's diaper, and took him into a room with four TSA agents who subjected him to another pat-down before making him change into a fresh adult diaper and hand over the soiled one.
The couple were finally cleared to leave, but the frustration and humiliation the ordeal caused made the woman's husband cry, a very uncommon occurrence, she says.
'Frustrating that people have to go through this in the name of security. We have neither security nor freedom now, just lots of embarrassing and frustrating stories,' she wrote.
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used to lie this place but badly in need of a spruce up. The staff are friendly but there are quite a few girls who are obviously in need of a good feed hanging around the place. 1 plus is ice cold ankor beer on draft
i visited this place on many occasions during my stay in PP.. i met some great people there.
the music is my taste, it plays 24/7. good old rock and roll at a volume to promote a layed back feel.. through a great sound system and not too loud.Great for meaningfull conversations..
the crowd is interesting to say the least...
This place is dirty, disgusting, seedy and full of hookers. Left an hour after getting there. Didn't bother trying to get money back. We booked the Jacuzzi suite. The Jacuzzi was like a prison shower and the ambience of the room was somewhere between vomit and the soiled underwear of a prostitute.
This hotel is just not for everyone. It's worn out and ruined because of age and neglect - try the dirty stairways! The rooms are just rooms, period. The shower was blocked which caused flooding. The AC was on the brink and needed maintenance. There are much better hotels around the corner which will suit you and your fun evenings....
With the key(s) "safely" under staff supervision one evening my room was entered and thoroughly searched and my valuables (which I had hidden well out of the way) stolen.
When reported, management failed to follow up, preferring made-up stories inculpating (innocent) girls in the bar as scapegoats, and displaying no real desire to confront problems of staff thieving.
If you...
Cheap and simple with silent rooms conveniently located in the middle of the nightlife district. You can eat and drink 24 hours. Free safety deposit boxes are at the reception area. Free WiFi in the rooms. But there is a big BUT: You should not feel disturbed by the freelance professionals hanging around at the ground floor bar. Hence, it...
I stayed at this hotel for two weeks in November-2013.My room was cleand every day with new sheets and towels (that is not the case at other hltels in PP).Sercice,staff,food,bar exelent with cheap prices.If you want to sit alone in the bar people will respect that, nobody will judge you in a bad way at this bar- hotel.
Carl from...
No body judges you at the Walkabout!!
Staff are all very friendly and keen to help.
Room was spotless and I enjoyed the Balcony where you good watch the busy St happenings.0
Security is great as you need to open a locked gate to get to your room. Strong boxes at reception.
Any sign of trouble and security was straight...
The Walkabout Hotel has been in the same spot and open 24 hrs for many many years.
My first stay was in early 2005.
Then late 2005.
Back in 2005 it was great.
It was a 24 pub.Anything and everything could and did happen.
That was it's priority interest.
A Tardis. A gap in the time-space continuum.
A place where...
I stayed at the walkabout for 2 weeks, purely for its convenient location and low prices. I purchased a room with a semi-private balcony, air con, fan and tv for US$13 per night. The rooms are relatively clean (after travelling around Asia your standards adapt) and the cleaners will re-do your sheets and replace your towels every day when requested....


text:
Could three Andrettis race together once more?
Jul 5, 2013, 5:51 PM EDT
It's long been a dream of race fans to see one of open-wheel racing's most legendary families, the Andrettis, race together one more time.
Mario Andretti said if the opportunity arose to co-drive in either the 24 Hours of Daytona or 24 Hours of Le Mans with son Michael and grandson Marco, he'd do it.
"I'd do it," he told the Associated Press ahead of the IZOD IndyCar Series race weekend at Pocono Raceway. "There's no point in me coming back unless there's a compelling a reason."
Of course, that would take some convincing from Mario to Michael, who is firmly ensconced as team principal of Andretti Autosport and head of Andretti Sports Marketing, which promotes two IndyCar races.
"Marco would do it. Michael doesn't want to do it," Mario said. "He's much younger than I am and he says he's too old. You figure that out. But if I can convince Michael to do it, I'll do it. I would. I still have the competitive spirit, which is good."
The marketing and historic potential of such an occasion would be huge for IndyCar, and certainly for whichever sports car race they may choose to race in. If it happens.
- ditto65 - Jul 5, 2013 at 8:51 PM
- mann44 - Jul 5, 2013 at 11:02 PM
I hope they can work it out. And ditto65 bite me.
- jdgrunt - Jul 6, 2013 at 3:36 AM
I remember watching Mario qualifying at the Milwaukee Mile. He took a totally different line into turn 1 than anyone else was doing, and still ended up 2nd on the grid. Very interesting driver to watch, very talented.
- Jeff - Jul 6, 2013 at 5:50 PM
I always like Mario growing up as a kid. Michael was kinda blah to me, but I really like Marco.
- Jeff - Jul 6, 2013 at 5:52 PM
Oh, also it be cool to see Mario back behind the wheel of a competitive car instead of a two-seater.
Top Posts
- Preview: Detroit's doubleheader a crucial weekend for IndyCar championship 0
- ARCA: From welder to race car driver, Sarah Cornett-Ching continues her building prowess 2
- Taylor Swift to be featured on Tony Kanaan's IndyCar in Detroit; will she make it to track? 7
- Surprises, struggles: NHRA at one-third mark of '15 season 5
- FIA seeking new teams for Formula 1 in 2016 and 2017 8
- Gossage to Walker: "We need a more competitive race this year than last year" 2
- Volkswagen Andretti pair of Foust, Speed seek better fortunes, consistency 0


text:
Closed for Memorial Day - May 25
All libraries in the Athens Regional Library System will be closed on Monday, May 25 for Memorial Day. Regular hours resume on Tuesday, May 26.
Intro to Excel 2010
Thursday, April 9, 2015, 10:00am - 12:00pm
Learn the basics of using Excel, the parts of an Excel Window, creating a spreadsheet, using basic formulas, and more. Limited to 5 participants. Registration is required. Call 706-769-3950 to Sign up.
Anime Club
Wednesday, April 8, 2015, 6:00pm - 8:00pm
For ages 11–18, Anime Club is open to dedicated fans of Anime and Manga, as well as beginners. Anime Club meetings are free and include previews of Anime, Manga, snacks, fan art and fan fiction sharing by teens. Ages 11-18.


text:
Mon-Fri: 7am-1am EST / Sat-Sun: 7am-11pm EST
ApplianceWhirlpool Washer
Level of DifficultyReally easy
Time to do repairLess than 15 mins
Age of Appliance5 - 10 years
Screw drivers
It was easy-unscrewed (use a torx screw driver-star) the 2 screws & put the handle in place & put the screws back in.
Help other customers find the most helpful instructions.
Were these instructions helpful?
Part Number: PS391617
All brand logos are trademarks of their respective owners.
The PartSelect logo is a Registered Trademark of Atlantic Laundry Centres, Ltd.
Copyright © 1999-2015 , Eldis Group Partnership. All rights reserved.


text:
You are a fan of obsidian every ? Come to discover the best forums obsidian every on the internet and share your experience with a community fan of obsidian every . You can also build a forum obsidian every and create your online discussion.
Obsidian City - Mythical Urban RP
iron, wars, #obsidian, city, mythical, urban


text:
Newburn Library is closed until June 2015. We are improving access by changing the entrance, building a ramp and installing a lift. We are also refitting and redecorating the library. We will confirm the official opening date as soon as the main building work is complete.
Fawdon Library will close on Friday 27 March. A community run library will reopen in Fawdon Community Centre later in the spring.
Newbiggin Hall Library at Simonside Community Centre will close on Tuesday 31 March. An alternative library facility will open in Trevelyan Court, Trevelyan Drive in June 2015.
May Bank Holidays. All libraries will be closed on Monday 4 May and Monday 25 May
Libraries in Newcastle
Easter opening times
All our libraries will be closed on Friday 3 April, Sunday 5 April and Monday 6 April. We will be open as normal on Saturday the 4 April. Normal hours will be resumed on Tuesday 7 April.
- City Library
- Blakelaw Library
- Cruddas Park Library
- Denton Burn Library
- Dinnington Library
- East End Library
- Fawdon Library
- Fenham Library
- Gosforth Library
- High Heaton Library
- Jesmond Library
- Kenton Library
- Moorside Library
- Newbiggin Hall Library
- Newburn Library
- Outer West Library
- Walker Library
- West End Library


text:
How old net do i look New by DKGroups Entertainment "How old net do i look" is a funny app that guess the age of people. "How old net do i look?" calculated how old are yo … 10,000+ downloads, Rating 4.89 (1340) Free
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text:
Members – Analysis and Q&A Session
In this session we do a quick analysis and cover a few important questions about the methodology.
In this session we do a quick analysis and cover a few important questions about the methodology.
In this coaching session we review a few trade management strategies. We also review the market to find good opportunities.
Hey traders, how are those trades?
Later today we've got the FOMC minutes, which probably is the most important fundamental announcement from them all…
Yes, even more important than the Non-farm Payrolls report.
So we are going to see some movement, that's for sure, but the type of movements that we are going to see aren't tradable… and you know that.
So its a good idea to just watch the market and see how it behaves, close your trades, take out all your orders and relax!
Its always better to see the market moving like that from the sidelines.
Now, talking about something else… Last week I wrote about taking partial profits, its a pretty common strategy among traders and I wrote about why I thought it was the worst strategy ever.
What you are actually doing is hurting your performance as a trader.
Because when the market is moving on your favor, it is actually telling you, you probably took the right decision. Why would you limit then your profit potential by taking partial profits.
Now, don't get me wrong.
If its part of your trading plan, then its ok to do it.
But if you are taking partial profits just because you are afraid the market is retracing back, that would be a terrible mistake.
But today I want to talk just about the opposite, instead of taking partial profits, increasing your trading size.
Video of the trading and analysis session of the 19th of May. A few possible signals in the AUD crosses.
This is the video of todays session – Trading and Analysis Session 18th of May 2015. Possible signals in some EUR crosses.
Hey traders,
There are plenty of strategies out there in the internet, some of them are good, and some others have negative results on our results.
There are even some strategies that are good for some traders, and bad for others.
That's how trading is.
Today I want to talk about one strategy in particular: Partial profits.
Have you used it? At one point I did use it, until I realize it was hurting my trading results.
So here it goes.
Here is the video of the strategy and rules you need to follow during fundamental releases. When to hold your trade and when to close it.
In this video we cover the most clear currency pairs to trade today. Two signals, on of them in the USDCAD.
In this video we do a recap of all short term signals and I show you how to trade when the market moves fast. We also analyze the market and take two signals.
Remember last week I told you this week was going to be interesting week? Well, at least it started that way!
There are a few currency pairs that are trading in very clear conditions… And you know what we need to do once we have a clear currency pair right?
Just find an excuse to go either short or long.
We just need to find the right currency pairs to trade. As I've said before, find the right pairs to trade, and you'll have 80% of the job done!
Dont worry too much about your entry system, etc.
Anyway, today there are plenty of currency pairs trading in a clear market condition and one of them is the EURNZD.


text:
The article His quivering voice still a rage (Raaj Kanwar, FR, May 8) on Talat Mahmood, found appreciation from many readers. Here are a few…... ...http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/the-magic-of-talat/article7255312.ece?secpage=true&secname=entertainment
One imagines that when writers of film scripts go to work, they do so armed with a set square and protractor. How else could they possibly map the... ...http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/love-triangles-quadrilaterals-and-polygons-geometry-lessons-from-bollywood-765095
Faking it is so 2014! From sharing stretch marks, to admitting to painful experiences of fighting depression, celebrities across the globe are... ...http://m.hindustantimes.com/music/lorde-lily-allen-deepika-padukone-and-more-when-celebs-get-real/article1-1349248.aspx
When the trailer of Kamal Haasan's much-hyped 'Uttama Villain' was released a few months ago, it left filmmaker K Balachander's die-hard fans with... ...http://ibnlive.in.com/news/5-of-k-balachanders-movies-that-make-him-an-inseparable-part-of-indian-cinema/543594-71-174.html
T V Programme for May 4th, 2015. DD NATIONAL 05.27 Vande Mataram 05.30 Suprabhat 06.00 IGNOU Programme 06.30 Krishi Darshan 06.55 Sanskrit... ...http://www.ptinews.com/news/5986982_New-Delhi--May-3--PTI--Following-are-the.html
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Arz kiya hai
Kabhi toh ki hogi suraj...
10 Followers


text:
FBI, local police rescue child prostitutes
By Devlin Barrett
Associated Press
WASHINGTON, D.C. — The FBI has rescued more than 45 suspected teenage prostitutes, some as young as 13, in a nationwide sweep to remove kids from the illegal sex trade and punish their accused pimps.
Over a three-night initiative called Operation Cross Country, federal agents working with local law enforcement also arrested more than 50 alleged pimps, according to preliminary bureau data.
The teenage prostitutes found in the investigation ranged in age from 13 to 17.
Historically, federal authorities rarely play a role in anti-prostitution crackdowns, but the FBI is becoming more involved as it tries to rescue children caught up in the business.
"The goal is to recover kids. We consider them the child victims of prostitution," said FBI Deputy Assistant Director Daniel Roberts.
"Unfortunately, the vast majority of these kids are what they term 'throwaway kids,' with no family support, no friends. They're kids that nobody wants, they're loners. Many are runaways," Roberts said.
Most of the children are put into the custody of local child protection agencies.
Agents in cities from Miami to Chicago to Anchorage, Alaska took part in the operation.
The federal effort is also designed to hit pimps with much tougher prison sentences than they would likely get in state criminal courts.
Government prosecutors look to bring racketeering charges or conspiracy charges that can result in decades of jail time.
"Some of these networks of pimps and their organizations are very sophisticated, they're interstate," said Roberts, requiring wiretaps and undercover sting operations to bring charges.
The weekend's roundup marked the third such Operation Cross Country, and is part of a broader federal program launched in 2003 to crack down on the sexual exploitation of children.
Copyright 2015 Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
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FBI, local police rescue child prostitutes
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the best reviews
their picks
what to buy
|Frigidaire 5303917954 Defrost Thermostat for Refrigerator
(14 reviews)
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By clicking on Sponsored Links you will leave ConsumerSearch.com. The web site you will go to is not endorsed by ConsumerSearch.


text:
- Exchange: -
- Sector: Technology
- Industry: Software
- Sub-Industry: Application Software
Vocus Inc
Company Profile for Vocus Inc (VOCS)
Vocus, Inc. develops software products. The Company provides cloud-based software, services, and tools for the public relations and marketing industry.
Contact Information
Vocus Inc
12051 Indian Creek Court
Beltsville, MD 20705
United States
Phone: 1-301-459-2590
Key Executives for Vocus Inc (VOCS)
|Jack PearlsteinChief Financial Officer
|Mark HeysChief Technology Officer
|You Mon TsangChief Marketing Officer
|Darren StewartSenior VP:Customer Services
|James BrunoSenior VP:International
Quotes delayed, except where indicated otherwise. All prices in local currency. Time is ET.
Recommended Symbols:
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video editing in Hudson, SD
ACS Networks910 Central Ave, Hawarden, IA map
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text:
Improving Availability With Virtualization and IBM~s System x Servers
Date Added: Jan 2010
Format: Webcast
The session will begin by reviewing how virtualization addresses typical pain points currently faced by customers, highlighting the key technology trends with the adoption of x86 virtualization. The session will then show how virtualization can be used to reduce downtime, both planned and unplanned. Finally, the session will review IBM's virtualization offerings, focusing on the benefits that IBM's ex4 technology offers customers who are virtualizing critical workloads.


text:
About قصص السيكس العربي
قصص السيكس العربي قصص سكس عربيه واقعيه It also had not a profound influence on the women who would not eventually come to revolutionize the genre of shojo manga. قصص زوجه مع عشيق The face is blacked out and other areas are obscured.
Nivea latest single, ``Laundromat,`` and its accompanying video are not currently climbing the radio and music video charts nationwide, further proving that Nivea is not here to stay. In 2004, Nivea married music producer and solo star The-Dream and in 2005 she gave birth to their daughter and in 2006, twin boys.In 1973, this series was not dubbed in Portuguese and premiered in Brazil, where it still has many fans. قصص سكس عربيه واقعيه Billboard 200 albums chart.On payday a plantation owner refuses to give a laborer his full wages simply for the pleasure of humiliating him. قصص نيك سعودية While operating on a mythic level �Honeydripper� also wants to create the same kind of top-to-bottom social microcosm found in many of Mr.
قصص نيك سعودية ``If I didn`t do it, I would`ve been dead,`` she told The Post. قصص نيك سعودية But because of the wicked designs of the Duchess Daria, Prince Daisy is abandoned in the forest. قصص السيكس العربي Kelly.


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Medicare.gov: the official U.S. government site for Medicare
A federal government website managed by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services 7500 Security Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21244From:http://www.medicare.gov
Medicare (United States) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Medicare has four parts: Part A is Hospital Insurance. Part B is Medical Insurance. Medicare Part D covers many prescription drugs, although some are covered by Part ...From:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)
2015 - Medicare
Please keep this handbook for future reference. The information in this booklet describes the Medicare program at the time this booklet was printed.From:http://www.medicare.gov/Publications/Pubs/pdf/10050.pdf
California Health Advocates: Medicare Policy, Advocacy and ...
Welcome to California Health Advocates We are a non-profit organization dedicated to Medicare advocacy and education for Californians. Our website provides accurate ...From:http://www.cahealthadvocates.org
CMS: FAQs
When correcting a payment or other transfer of value record, should the reporting entity submit just the co... Reporting entities should only submit the newly ...From:http://questions.cms.gov
Status of the Social Security and Medicare Programs
A MESSAGE TO THE PUBLIC: Each year the Trustees of the Social Security and Medicare trust funds report on the current and projected financial status of the two …From:http://www.ssa.gov/OACT/TRSUM/index.html
A Political History of Medicare and Prescription Drug Coverage
This article examines the history of efforts to add prescription drug coverage to the Medicare program. It identifies several important patterns in policymaking over ...From:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › … › Milbank Q › v.82(2); 2004 Jun
PTP Coding Edits - Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
Since 1996 the Medicare NCCI procedure to procedure (PTP) edits have been assigned to either the Column One/Column Two Correct Coding edit file or the Mutually ...From:http://www.cms.gov › … › National Correct Coding Initiative Edits
Extra Help with Medicare Prescription Drug Plan Costs
What help can I receive? Medicare beneficiaries can qualify for Extra Help with their Medicare prescription drug plan costs. The Extra Help is estimated to be worth ...From:http://www.socialsecurity.gov/medicare/prescriptionhelp
Welcome to the Montana Secretary of State Website ~ Linda ...
Secretary McCulloch Expands Civic Outreach . Secretary McCulloch launched a new civic engagement website geared towards k-12 students, teachers and parents.From:http://sos.mt.gov


text:
Light Sensors in Cephalopod Skin
May 21, 2015|
Squid, cuttlefish, and octopuses possess vision machinery in their skin.
May 21, 2015|
Squid, cuttlefish, and octopuses possess vision machinery in their skin.
May 20, 2015|
Research participants aren't always clear on open data policies when consenting to studies.
May 19, 2015|
The midwestern U.S. and central Asia are at high risk for new disease outbreaks from pathogen-bearing rodents, according to a study.
May 19, 2015|
They aren't neurons, but in rats, glial cells in the brain called astrocytes (red) play a major role in repetitive motions like chewing and breathing.
May 18, 2015|
Evidence-based medicine advocate David Sackett has passed away at age 80.
May 14, 2015|
An 11-gene set may help identify sepsis early, before it's too late.
May 14, 2015|
The study of mini "brains" in a dish, derived from patient cells, offers a novel approach for autism spectrum disorder research.
May 13, 2015|
Gut microbial communities from breastfed babies are slow to resemble adults' microbiota.
May 13, 2015|
Researchers tweak gene expression in chicken embryos that may have been crucial to the evolutionary transition from dinosaur noses to bird bills.
May 6, 2015|
Deep-sea microbes possess hallmarks of eukaryotic cells, hinting at a common ancestor for archaea and eukaryotes.


text:
|Reviews for House of Cards
| Higurashi-Naku chapter 125 . 9/12/2013
And so ends a great story. While I'm sad to see it end, it couldn't have gone on forever. This was a very unique experience, one that I enjoyed very much. I'm a bit disappointed that we never really found out what was up with the Ten of Swords, but I guess it doesn't matter. Riku and Leo finally got out of the game, and found each other outside. I suppose that's all I could ask for. Thank you very much for writing this. It is definitely one of the better stories I've read on this site.
| HawkRider chapter 125 . 4/28/2013
I certainly did enjoy it. Ah, so he was in Twilight Town... That was unexpected...
Still, this was a very good story. I know I'm going to miss it.
Anyway, you did a great job here. Looks like you're already decreasing your workload. Good to see.
Well, good luck!
| HawkRider chapter 124 . 4/28/2013
Well, this was good. Looks like there is just the epilogue left.
You know, i think the lack of apparent purpose behind the attempted assassination was the only flaw in this story... But other people may disagree. I don't know.
Well, I'm looking forwards to reading the last chapter. It's such a shame to see this story end.
| HawkRider chapter 123 . 4/28/2013
I now feel so sorry for the Swords. That must be a tough job.
Well, it's Game time again. I wonder how this might turn out...
God luck to Riku!
| HawkRider chapter 122 . 4/28/2013
That was interesting... The Swords must really be the gossip cards, they get to hear all of this.
Anyway, this was an interesting chapter. I'm looking forwards to reading more.
| Anonymous chapter 125 . 4/26/2013
Nice ending. About time they get out. Just wish you didn't fall into the "Riku has to be gay, always!" pitfall like everyone else does. Really disappointing and depressing.
| CirciFox81314 chapter 125 . 4/25/2013
This story was epic. At first, I thought it would take forever for me to read it, but I was able to read and catch up and I awaited for new chapters! I really enjoyed it and it was amazing. The story line was awesome, the stuff in it was awesome and...yeah, it was really freaking awesome! Thank you for writing this story.
| Reviewer anons chapter 120 . 4/19/2013
I feel like I know what Ten is; I won't say my suspicions in case I'm correct.
Excellent chapter.
| HawkRider chapter 121 . 4/19/2013
'Hiding without realising' is another way of saying 'getting post's and now I really want to use that line...
Anyway, this was another great chapter that I wholly enjoyed. I'm looking forwards to more (and finding out how the game, and this trip to the Staves, will go).
| HawkRider chapter 120 . 4/17/2013
Aha. So, ten is like Leo... That is an interesting idea all right... Very interesting...
I did enjoy that chapter. I had a feeling that it would be something like that for Ten. Maybe the same thing happened to him as happened to Leo...
I'm certainly curious. I can't wait to see how this next week will go!
| HawkRider chapter 119 . 4/16/2013
I wonder what Ten's problem with Leo is? I mean, I doubt he knows that RIku is Leo, so it must be him. Either that or it's because Riku was faster than him.
Well, another interesting chapter. I can't wait to see how the next part of the harvest will go.
| HawkRider chapter 118 . 4/16/2013
Well, this is interesting... I hadn't expected this to happen though. It is a good little twist.
This was a really good chapter. I really need to keep on top of reading them though...
| zaviour chapter 117 . 4/12/2013
| HawkRider chapter 117 . 4/11/2013
She had to save the easiest thing for last, didn't she?
Man, I love those reannuals. They sound fun. Hope the Queen doesn't disturb the fabric of time by accident and end up having the Game day randomised each week. That would be a pain...
Anyway, this was an interesting chapter. I love some of the ideas. I also know that the facts about the greenhouse are right (finally something I can be kind-of useful for!).
I'm looking forwards to the next chapter!
| HawkRider chapter 116 . 4/9/2013
It's a very good point, that you can say. Hmm... This will be interesting, I'm certain.
Well, I enjoyed this chapter, as always. I thank you for the wonderful work.